1On appeal, both parties treat Transcontinental Gas Pipe

Line Corp. and Transco Energy Corp. (Transcontinental's parent

company) as one entity. For ease of reference, this opinion does

likewise. 

1

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

No. 93-2536.

QUEST EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

TRANSCO ENERGY COMPANY and Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line

Corporation, Defendants-Appellees.

July 1, 1994.

Appeal from the United States District Court For the Southern

District of Texas.

Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, DAVIS and WIENER, Circuit Judges.

WIENER, Circuit Judge:

In this suit to void a settlement agreement on grounds of,

inter alia, fraudulent inducement and economic duress, PlaintiffAppellant Quest Exploration and Development Company (Quest) appeals

the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of

Defendants-Appellees Transco Energy Company and Transcontinental

Gas Pipe Line Corporation (collectively, Transco1). Finding no

reversible error, we affirm.

I

FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS

Quest owned an interest in mineral production in the South

Lake Arthur Field, principally a natural gas field situated in

portions of Jefferson Davis, Vermilion, and Cameron Parishes in

southwest Louisiana. The wells in which Quest owned interests
 

2The market for natural gas changed, and, contemporaneously,

regulatory orders freed purchasers of gas at the delivery end of

Transco's pipeline from paying minimum contractual prices to

Transco. Thus the purchase prices that Transco was committed to

pay to producers under take-or-pay provisions were considerably

higher than the sales prices that Transco could expect to receive

for gas purchased from its customers. 

2

produced gas from that field for resale to purchasers. In 1980

Quest and several other producers in the field entered into a Gas

Purchase Agreement (the GPA) with Transco, which purchased gas and

transported it by pipeline to sell in interstate markets. Under a

take-or-pay clause in the GPA, Transco agreed either to take a

specified minimum quantity from each producer's gas on a monthly

basis and pay a set contract price for such quantities, or to pay

the contract price for such quantities if it took a lesser quantity

of gas (or no gas) into its pipeline. Specifically, Transco was

required to take or pay for 857 of Quest's delivery capacity of the

covered well or wells.

Responding in September 1984 to "current serious marketing

conditions,"2 Transco requested that certain portions of the GPA be

temporarily suspended, and that a Transco-proposed "Market

Maintenance Plan" (MMP) be implemented that would modify other

terms of the GPA during the period of suspension. Quest acceded to

a modification of the GPA and agreed to participate in the MMP as

an accommodation to Transco. This temporary modification of the

GPA was specified to be effective from November 1, 1984 to October

31, 1985: Once the MMP expired at the end of October 1985, the

GPA's original take-or-pay provisions would again dictate Transco's

obligations until the GPA's original expiration date in 1995.
 

3When deposed, Mark Gardner, Quest's president, testified

that before the middle of November, he and the lawyer-secretary

for Quest, Jack Manning, initiated a meeting with Jim Sirois of

Transco, and asked Sirois if, in view of Quest's small interest

[a 27 working interest] in the field, Transco would be willing to

discuss a settlement with Quest. Sirois was "kind enough to call

Trisha Pollard to the meeting," and both Sirois and Pollard

indicated that they would like to discuss some type of a

settlement with Quest. A meeting was set up for late November to

start these conversations, which meeting was only the "tip of the

iceberg" in terms of the negotiations in which the parties

engaged in efforts to reach the settlement agreement finally

attained in March of 1986. 

 

4Transco relied on "unforeseen regulatory changes in binding

FERC orders" that relieved purchasers of gas from Transco from

paying minimum prices for gas under contracts with Transco as

constituting a force majeure event. 

3

Upon expiration of the MMP on 10-31-85, the parties again

renegotiated the terms of the GPA—this time apparently at Quest's

instance.3 Quest expressed a desire to maintain a specified level

of monthly income, hoping that Transco would agree to purchase a

greater volume of gas at a lower unit price, which would generate

the stream of income Quest needed to meet its financial

obligations. Transco favored modification because of "falling

natural gas prices," and apparently believed that the force majeure

clause, as it related to general market conditions, applied.4

Transco and Quest conducted protracted settlement negotiations

from November 1985 until a settlement was reached in March 1986.

During the negotiations, Quest sought to make a "most favored

nations" clause part of the settlement. Such status would have

entitled Quest to a favorable change in the terms and conditions of

its settlement agreement with Transco if Transco were later to

enter into a more favorable settlement with any other producer in
4

the field. According to Quest, "Transco personnel repeatedly

assured Quest that, "although they cannot put such a provision in

a contract, no better deal would be made with other parties to the

[GPA].' "

Consistent with Transco's insistence, the settlement agreement

did not contain a "most favored nations" clause. Quite to the

contrary, after stating that Transco was released from, and

relieved of liability for, any and all claims related to the GPA,

the agreement provided that:

This Agreement and the [GPA] amended hereby constitute the

entire agreement between the parties hereto with respect to

the transactions contemplated herein, supersedes and is in

full substitution for any and all prior agreements and

understandings between them related to such transactions, and

no party shall be liable or bound to any other party hereto in

any manner with respect to such transactions by any

warranties, representations, indemnities, covenants or

agreements except as specifically set forth herein.

The settlement agreement was signed in March 1986 by, among others,

Quest's president, Mark Gardner, and its lawyer-secretary, Jack

Manning. Among the terms of the settlement, one provided for Quest

to receive a cash payment of $2 million, and another reduced

Transco's take-or-pay obligations by half.

Quest asserts that, during the period of negotiation, Transco

unilaterally reduced the volume of its monthly "take" from Quest

from the eighty-five percent of Quest's delivery capacity as

required under the GPA to no more than five percent, and refused to

"pay" for the untaken difference. Transco, Quest contends, had no

legal right to withhold the minimum payments to which Quest was

entitled under the GPA. Quest asserts that by October 1985—before
 

5We speculate that Quest's alleged $4 million loss may have

resulted primarily from its voluntary participation in the MMP

rather than from Transco's conduct after October 1985, of which

conduct Quest now complains. Quest offers no evidence to

demonstrate that its alleged losses resulted from Transco's

breach of the GPA or MMP rather than from Quest's participation

in the MMP. 

 

6At trial and on appeal, Quest does not appear to contest

that the settlement agreement would bar all of its claims if the

agreement were enforceable.

5

negotiation of the settlement agreement and before Transco reduced

the amount of gas it would take—Quest had lost $4 million in part

as a result of Transco's refusal to fulfill its obligations under

the GPA and MMP. Quest also asserts that one of the reasons which

forced it to settle the dispute was the precipitous drop in its gas

sales revenue, which resulted from its participation in the MMP—the

GPA's temporary modification in which Quest voluntarily

participated.5 Quest thus insists that, as it was facing imminent

bankruptcy because of Transco's unlawful conduct, Quest's forced

settlement was the result of acts constituting economic duress by

Transco.

Quest filed the instant suit in February 1988, almost two

years after the March 1986 settlement of which it complains. In

its complaint, Quest fired a broad side of charges ranging from

antitrust and fraud to breach of contract. Unfortunately for

Quest, though, all of these charges arose from conduct that related

to the GPA and that occurred before the settlement agreement.

Consequently, concluded the district court, all claims were barred

by the plain terms of that agreement. Apparently conceding this

point,6 Quest nonetheless asserted that the settlement was
One of the more puzzling aspects of this case is that

the district court claims to be the one that called the

parties' attention to the significance of the settlement

agreement. Given the obvious importance of this settlement

agreement, it is unclear from the briefs and the record

excerpts just why this case engendered almost five years of

discovery and a 4900 page record. 

 

7Interestingly, even though Quest maintains that it was

forced to settle because of "severe economic distress" that was

caused by Transco, Quest did not raise its economic duress

claim—or possibly was unaware that it had been subjected to

duress by Transco—until it learned that Transco had made better

deals with other producers. See Appellant's Reply Brief at 11. 

In fact, Quest did not raise its economic duress claim until

almost two years after it entered the settlement agreement. Cf.

Palmer Barge Line, Inc. v. Southern Petroleum Trading Co., Ltd.,

776 F.2d 502, 506 (5th Cir.1985) (holding that several-month

"delay in raising a claim of duress in addition to the existence

of a negotiated agreement between parties represented by counsel

is compelling evidence that there was in fact no duress"). 

6

unenforceable because it was fraudulently induced: Although

Transco had "represented" that it would make no better deals with

other producers, Transco made settlements with two other producers

in the field on terms more favorable than those received by

Quest—albeit at a time when Transco was under the added pressure of

a lawsuit filed by one of those two producers, which lawsuit Quest

elected not to join, and of a lawsuit threatened by the other. In

the alternative, Quest insists that it was forced to enter the

agreement because of economic duress, and that such duress rendered

the settlement unenforceable.7 Quest appears to have asserted the

fraudulent inducement and economic duress claims both as means to

avoid the settlement agreement, and also as its sole remaining

substantive grounds for recovery. The district court rejected both

of these contentions and granted summary judgment for Transco, from

which Quest timely appealed.
 

8United States Fidelity & Guar. Co. v. Wigginton, 964 F.2d

487, 489 (5th Cir.1992); Walker v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 853

F.2d 355, 358 (5th Cir.1988). 

 

9Walker, 853 F.2d at 358. 

 

10Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477

U.S. 242, 250, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L.Ed. 202 (1986). 

 

11Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 324, 106 S.Ct. at 2553, 91

L.Ed.2d at 272. 

7

II

ANALYSIS

A. Standard of Review

The grant of a motion for summary judgment is reviewed de

novo, using the same criteria employed by the district court.8 In

determining whether the grant was proper, we view all fact

questions in the light most favorable to the nonmovant; questions

of law are reviewed de novo.9 Nonetheless, when a properly

supported motion for summary judgment is made, the adverse party

may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of its pleadings,

but must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine

issue for trial to avoid the granting of the motion for summary

judgment.10 Unsubstantiated assertions are not competent summary

judgment evidence.11

B. Enforceable Settlement Agreement

1. Fraudulent Inducement

Quest claims that its assent to the settlement agreement was

induced by Transco's false representation that Quest would be given

most favored nations status and that no better deal would be made

with other parties to the GPA.
 

12E.g., Boggan v. Data Systems Network Corp., 969 F.2d 149,

151-52 (5th Cir.1992); Trenholm v. Ratcliff, 646 S.W.2d 927, 930

(Tex.1983). 

 

13Haralson v. E.F. Hutton Group, Inc., 919 F.2d 1014, 1025

(5th Cir.1990); see Finger v. Morris, 468 S.W.2d 572, 577

(Tex.Civ.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1971, writ ref'd n.r.e.). 

 

14Haralson, 919 F.2d at 1026. 

 

15See Ingram Corp. v. J. Ray McDermott & Co., 698 F.2d 1295,

1312 (5th Cir.1983) (observing that validity of a settlement is

buttressed by fact that parties to the settlement are

sophisticated and are represented by counsel). 

8

Reliance is, of course, an element of Quest's common law fraud

claim.12 Under Texas law, to survive summary judgment on its fraud

claim, Quest had to offer competent summary judgment evidence that

it relied on Transco's "fraudulent" conduct, and that such reliance

was "justifiable."13 Determination of justifiable reliance turns

on whether—given the "fraud plaintiff's individual characteristics,

abilities, and appreciation of facts and circumstances at or before

the time of the alleged fraud—it is extremely unlikely that there

is actual reliance on the plaintiff's part."14

Both parties to this settlement were sophisticated and were

represented by attorneys.15 The settlement agreement itself is in

writing and is straightforward: It releases any and all claims

related to the GPA, contains a comprehensive merger clause, and

contains nothing remotely resembling a most favored nations clause.

Indeed, Manning, who signed for Quest, is not just a sophisticated

corporate officer but is also an attorney. He testified under oath

that when he signed the agreement, he was aware of the merger

provision and was also aware that Quest "didn't get " most favored
 

16When Manning was further asked why he did not stop the

transaction to add this clause, he testified that he declined to:

Because we had asked for that provision and they

wouldn't give it to us. In effect we did that several

times. If you ask did we ever say we wanted a favored

nations clause, we did ask for it. We didn't get it.

He continued, "And I believe I have testified repeatedly

that we asked for it, they refsued to give it to us." 

 

17E.g., Rosas v. United States Small Business Admin., 964

F.2d 351, 355-56 (5th Cir.1992) (applying rule to loan

agreement); Shindler v. Mid-Continent Life Ins. Co., 768 S.W.2d

331, 334 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1989, no writ) (applying

same to insurance agreement); See Boggan v. Data Systems Network

Corp., 969 F.2d 149, 153 (5th Cir.1992) (noting general rule). 

9

nations status in the settlement agreement despite repeated

requests for such status. When Manning was asked why he allowed

himself and Gardner to sign an agreement devoid of the much-desired

"most favored nations" clause, he succinctly testified that "[i]t

was the best deal we could get."16

Given these facts—and given the general rule that parties are

presumed to have notice of what they have signed17—Quest has failed,

as a matter of law, to carry its burden of presenting summary

judgment evidence sufficient to raise a genuine issue of fact

whether it was justified in relying on oral assurances that it

would have "most favored nations" status. This is so even if we

accept Quest's version of the facts and assume arguendo that Quest

relied on such assurances.

2. Economic Duress

To establish economic duress, Quest had to show that (1)

Transco threatened to do some act that it had no legal right to do;

(2) the threat was of such character as to destroy the free agency
 

18Nance v. RTC, 803 S.W.2d 323, 333 (Tex.App.—San Antonio

1990), writ denied, 813 S.W.2d 154 (1991). 

 

19Cf. Palmer Barge Line Inc. v. Southern Petroleum Trading

Co., Ltd., 776 F.2d 502, 505-06 (5th Cir.1985). 

10

of Quest, and that it overcomes Quest's will and causes Quest to do

that which it would not otherwise do, and which it was not legally

bound to do; (3) the restraint caused by such threat was imminent;

and (4) the threat was such that Quest had no present means of

protection.18

Notwithstanding Quest's conclusionary allegations that it was

facing imminent bankruptcy and was thereby forced to enter the

settlement agreement, we find no competent summary judgment

evidence to support those assertions. The only summary judgment

evidence on this score is the unsupported statements in affidavits

of Quest's executives that payments by Transco were Quest's only

source of income, and that Quest could not meet its financial

obligations if it did not receive the income due under the GPA.

Although Quest offered documentary evidence that its monthly

revenue from Transco fell from $47,739.86 in October of 1985, the

last month of the MMP, to $2,974.97 in February of 1986 (the month

before Quest was "forced" to sign the Settlement Agreement), that

is not evidence that Quest was otherwise unable to meet its

financial obligations. The record contains no financial

statements, bank statements, income tax returns, collection

letters, or other evidence of Quest's imminent financial demise.19

Again, unsubstantiated assertions are simply not competent summary
 

20Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.Ct.

2548, 2553, 91 L.Ed.2d 265, 272 (1986). 

11

judgment evidence.20

III

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the district court

properly granted summary judgment in favor of Transco on both the

fraudulent inducement and economic duress claims. Therefore, the

judgment of the district court is in all respects

AFFIRMED.