Affirm in part, reverse in part, remand; Opinion Filed August 20, 2018.

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-17-00566-CV

ERWIN CRUZ AND THE ERWIN A. CRUZ FAMILY LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, 

BOTH OF THEM INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF NORTH DALLAS 

MEDICAL IMAGING, LP, PLANO AMI, LP, AND GHANI MEDICAL INVESTMENTS, 

INC., Appellants

V.

MEHRDAD GHANI, Appellee

On Appeal from the 101st Judicial District Court

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DC-10-16274

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Francis, Myers, and Stoddart

Opinion by Justice Stoddart

This lawsuit involves the interests of two medical imaging centers, North Dallas Medical 

Imaging, LP (“NDMI”) and Plano AMI, LP. Appellant Dr. Erwin Cruz was involved in the 

formation of both businesses with appellee Mehrdad Ghani. After NDMI was dissolved and Cruz 

was expelled from Plano AMI, he filed this lawsuit in his own name and on behalf of the Erwin 

A. Cruz Family Limited Partnership, NDMI, Plano AMI, and Ghani Medical Investments, Inc.

(collectively as appellants, “Cruz”). Following a multi-day trial, the jury resolved most questions 

in Cruz’s favor and awarded actual and punitive damages. The trial court granted Ghani’s motion 

for judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”) and entered judgment for Ghani on all claims, 

including his counterclaim. In three primary issues, Cruz argues the trial court erred by entering 
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JNOV because the evidence supports the jury’s findings and entitled him to judgment; the trial 

court erred by entering judgment on Cruz’s claim that Ghani improperly paid himself 

compensation; and the trial court failed to provide due process before entering judgment on 

Ghani’s counterclaim. Cruz also asserts four contingent issues in the event the Court does not find 

in his favor on his JNOV arguments. In twenty cross-issues, Ghani argues the evidence is 

insufficient to support several of the jury’s answers and many of the jury’s answers are against the 

great weight and preponderance of the evidence. We affirm the trial court’s judgment in part and 

we reverse the trial court’s judgment in part. We remand for the trial court to enter judgment in 

favor of appellants on those portions of the jury’s verdict we conclude are supported by the 

evidence, to consider Cruz’s request for equitable relief, and to conduct further proceedings on 

Ghani’s counterclaim.

BACKGROUND

Ghani and Cruz were friends. Ghani owned and operated businesses in the clothing 

industry and Cruz is a neurologist. They decided to open a medical imaging business, primarily 

offering MRI scans, in which they would be majority owners. They planned to offer financial 

incentives to doctors interested in buying into the business. The doctors would refer their patients 

for medical imaging and receive a share of the proceeds from the business. 

A. Formation of NDMI and Plano AMI

In April 2002, Ghani, Cruz, and Mark Mendes formed NDMI. They each owned a 30.33% 

limited partner interest. Each partner performed a specific function: Cruz referred his patients for 

scans and persuaded other doctors to refer patients; Ghani managed the business; and Mendes had 

a technical role. Cruz’s office was in the same building as NDMI and he was a primary referral 

source. The corporate general partner, MCG Group, Inc. (“MCG”), held a 1% limited partner 

interest and the remaining 8% was held by physician investors. Limited partner investors who 
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bought interests in NDMI included Dr. Michael Taba (an orthopedic surgeon), Debra Brown (a 

physician’s assistant), Drs. Robert Ippolito and Henry Raroque, and Adam Hardison (a lawyer). 

Taba, Ippolito, and Raroque all referred patients to NDMI. NDMI borrowed approximately $1.5 

million to start the business and Ghani, Cruz, and Mendes personally guaranteed the loan. 

Shortly after NDMI opened, Cruz and Mendes had a dispute, which ultimately led to Cruz 

and Ghani exercising a corporate protection or “bad boy” provision in the limited partnership 

agreement to expel Mendes from NDMI. Mendes sued Cruz, Ghani, NDMI, and MCG and they 

ultimately reached a settlement. Cruz and Ghani split Mendes’s limited partner interest between 

themselves. 

NDMI became profitable and, in 2004, Cruz, Ghani, and Taba created Ghani Medical 

Investments, Inc. (“GMI”) and Plano AMI, LP to operate a second imaging center. Taba sent most 

of his patients to Plano AMI because his primary practice was in Plano and he only maintained a 

small satellite office in Dallas. At trial, the parties disputed the ownership structure of GMI and 

Plano AMI. However, they agreed Cruz, Ghani, and Taba owned equal interests in Plano AMI, 

directly or indirectly through GMI.

The businesses relied on physicians referring patients for scans and, without such referrals, 

they were not sustainable. Ghani testified that as long as the doctors referred patients, they were 

financially strong.

B. Operation and Management of the Centers 

Other than a brief period in 2005-2006, Ghani managed the day-to-day operation of both 

centers. Taba explained Ghani was to consult Cruz and himself “if there was any issue or anything 

else that had to be decided by the three of us.” Otherwise, Taba trusted Ghani. Ghani testified: 

“[B]asically, everybody trusted me and . . . I didn’t have anybody to question me.” 
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There were common expenses shared by NDMI and Plano AMI, and Ghani moved money 

between the two entities. For example, the businesses shared a single software system, which was 

purchased by NDMI for approximately $100,000; some employees worked for both entities but 

were on the payroll of only one; and the centers shared a management office. The businesses hired 

a third-party certified public accountant, Hossein Zamanian, who worked for both entities. One 

of his employees, Tammy Boynton, testified Ghani determined how to allocate expenses between 

the entities and NDMI often transferred money to Plano AMI. Boynton believed Ghani used 

money transfers to even-out income between the partners because NDMI performed better than 

Plano AMI; she believed Ghani was “trying to redistribute the money so there was enough money 

there to pay the Plano partners and shareholders.” Frequently, at the end of the month, Ghani 

instructed Boynton to transfer a specific amount of money from NDMI to Plano AMI, but Boynton 

never saw reports supporting these transfers. Cruz testified Ghani began “running both businesses 

together,” inferring Ghani comingled funds from the two businesses. 

C. Selling the Businesses

In the spring of 2007, Cruz, Taba, and Ghani decided to sell the businesses. They hired a 

broker, Steve Denn Company & Associates (“Denn”), to market NDMI and Plano AMI to potential 

buyers. Cruz, Ghani, and Taba decided on an asking price of $5.9 million. Although there were 

numerous interested potential buyers, including some who provided letters of intent, they did not 

close a sale. Ghani testified he wanted to sell but, over time, realized this type of business “cannot 

be sold, because most of the referral[s] . . . come[s] from the investor, and the minute you buy out 

those investors, they have no incentive to sell the business anymore.” Ghani created an 

impediment for potential buyers by requiring interested parties to pay a $50,000 nonrefundable 

earnest money deposit as a condition to examine the businesses’ books. Denn considered Ghani’s 
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condition, which he had not seen in another transaction, to be an unreasonable barrier that would 

“scare off everyone.” 

On July 25, 2008, Denn emailed Ghani and Cruz stating: “I have raised the asking price, 

based on revenues trending up by !5% [sic] or better as you had told me!” When asked about the 

email at trial, Denn testified Ghani informed him revenue was up by 15 to 20% so they should 

raise the asking price. 

Denn began finding Ghani increasingly unresponsive when he sought updated financial 

documents about the businesses. On July 29, 2008, Denn emailed Ghani and Cruz with a list of 

financial documents he needed and noted he received no response from Zamanian. On August 21, 

2008, Denn emailed Cruz because his “calls and emails to Mike Ghani go unanswered.” 

Approximately two weeks later, Ghani unilaterally terminated Denn’s contract without consulting 

Cruz or Taba. Denn forwarded Ghani’s termination email to Cruz and Taba, stating: “In my 

opinion, there is a conflict of interest here. Mike is unwilling to share information, and had [sic] 

decided on his own, that he does not want to Sell [sic].” Cruz replied: “It has always been obvious 

[Ghani’s] lack of respect and fiduciary responsibilities not to communicate or consider our 

opinions on these important issues.”

D. Dissolution of NDMI

As 2008 progressed, the relationship between Cruz and Ghani became increasingly tense. 

In December 2008 or January 2009, a decision was made to dissolve NDMI. The dissolution forms 

the basis of some of the claims in this lawsuit, and Cruz and Ghani provided the jury with different 

accounts of what occurred. 

1. Ghani’s Account

Ghani believed NDMI should be dissolved because reimbursement rates from insurance 

companies were falling, which reduced profitability; key referring physicians, including Taba and 
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Raroque, were relocating and wanted to redeem their partnership shares; NDMI was unable to 

recruit other physicians to refer business; the MRI machine was nearing the end of its 

recommended life; and the lease was expiring and the renewal term was five years. Ghani testified

he and Cruz agreed it was better to have one thriving business rather than two weak ones. Because 

their referral base was moving to Plano, they decided to keep the Plano location and close the 

Dallas one, NDMI. 

In September 2008, Ghani stopped making distributions to the NDMI partners. Ghani 

testified he and Cruz believed this strategy would allow them to “pay the loan very aggressively”

in less than a year. From December 2008 until April 2010 when NDMI closed, they used the 

revenue to pay off debt on which they were personally liable. Ghani stated: “All the decision was 

[sic] made between Dr. Cruz and I [sic].” 

Taba testified Ghani explained the reduced distributions to him as being necessary to pay 

down NDMI’s debt. Ghani told Taba referrals had declined and he believed they would continue 

to do so, which would adversely impact the financial profitability of NDMI.

2. Cruz’s Account

Cruz believed NDMI was profitable. However, because Ghani no longer wanted to operate 

NDMI, Ghani stopped providing Cruz with financial information so that Cruz would believe 

NDMI faced financial problems and agree to close the businesses. Cruz was concerned that Ghani 

was misusing his management authority, including comingling money between the businesses. In 

September 2008, Ghani stopped providing financial reports to him and Cruz did not receive 

financial reports for September, October, November, or December 2008 even though he requested 

them from Ghani and Zamanian. Cruz testified: “So there was no way to get financials to see the 

veracity, the truth, behind what Mike was saying.” 
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Cruz knew Taba and Raroque intended to reduce their referrals to NDMI, but testified this

would impact NDMI “minimally” because the business could recruit other doctors. Cruz 

attempted to discuss marketing plans and new business strategies with Ghani, but Ghani refused 

to consider them. Ghani told Cruz: “[I]t’s too late. I already committed the machines.” Cruz 

asked Ghani for clarification and Ghani told Cruz he committed to selling NDMI’s machines.

When Boynton left her employment with Zamanian on August 30, 2008, she was not 

concerned about NDMI’s financial ability to pay distributions. Although her desk was outside 

Ghani’s office, she did not hear him express any concerns about financial matters. She stated: “He 

was just saying that he felt that he wanted out of that company because he didn’t take it on to do 

that job for his entire life.”

Cruz stated that if he had known the true financial status of NDMI, he would not have 

agreed to close it. But he believed Ghani who told him “there was no money in 2008. . . that the 

business was losing money.” Ghani asked Cruz to consent to closing NDMI and, eventually after 

being pressured by Ghani and Doug Brady, a lawyer hired by Ghani, Cruz agreed.

3. NDMI is Dissolved

Cruz and Ghani, acting as directors of NDMI’s general partner, executed a resolution dated

December 5, 2008, authorizing Ghani to oversee the dissolution of NDMI. NDMI continued 

operating as a business until April 2010, during which time Cruz, Taba, and Raroque continued 

sending patients to NDMI. Cruz believed the business was busy. 

Net revenue for NDMI in 2007 was approximately $1.7 million, it was approximately $1.8 

million in 2008 and approximately $1.75 million in 2009. Of those three years, taxable income 

for NDMI was the highest in 2009. Ghani explained that 2009 numbers were “healthy” because 

he reduced expenses by $230,000. He conceded that “if the business is making that kind of an 

income, you don’t close. But that’s not the only reason we decided to close down.” 
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E. Debra Brown Lawsuit

Debra Brown, a physician’s assistant who was a limited partner in NDMI, sued Ghani, 

Taba, and Cruz in August 2009 for breach of contract and breach of fiduciary duty. Brown 

believed Ghani did not disclose relevant information and there “was no transparency.” Brown 

testified Ghani stopped paying her distributions from NDMI in September 2008 without providing 

an explanation even though NDMI was profitable. She alleged NDMI was mismanaged and 

money was improperly moved from NDMI to Plano AMI. 

In December 2008, Brown began communicating with Adam Hardison, another NDMI 

limited partner and a lawyer. During discovery in the Brown lawsuit, Brown produced documents 

showing Cruz sent approximately ninety-five emails to Hardison in September 2008 (before 

Brown filed her lawsuit), which included tax returns from NDMI and Plano AMI. Hardison and 

Brown were not limited partners in Plano AMI and were not entitled to financial information about 

the entity. Cruz acknowledged he shared the information with Hardison and explained he sought 

legal consultation from Hardison as part of selling the businesses through Denn. 

Ghani, Cruz, and Taba hired a lawyer, Shawn Tuma, to represent them in Brown’s lawsuit. 

Ghani asked Tuma to convene a meeting in Tuma’s office. Ghani was “extremely upset” at the 

meeting and stated he discovered emails showing Cruz was communicating with Brown “behind 

the scenes.” According to Cruz, during the meeting, Ghani threatened him, saying: “Dr. Cruz, you 

are a traitor. You’re a traitor, and I’m going to hire my attorneys. I’m going to destroy you, and 

I’m going to take your license away.” Cruz then left the meeting. Taba felt betrayed by Cruz’s 

actions and said it was “dishonest[], disloyal toward the rest of the partners.” After the meeting in 

Tuma’s office, Taba and Ghani consulted with Doug Brady about removing Cruz from Plano AMI 

and GMI. Ghani believed removing Cruz was necessary because Cruz shared confidential 

information about Plano AMI with Debra Brown and Adam Hardison.
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F. Plano Open

In 2007 or 2008, Cruz, Ghani, and Taba discussed acquiring an open MRI machine to 

create an additional revenue stream for Plano AMI. Although Plano AMI could have acquired an 

open MRI machine, Ghani and Taba created new two new entities in January 2010: Plano Open 

MRI, LP and its general partner Ghani Medical Investment #2, LLC. Cruz was not invited to join 

or informed about the venture. 

Plano Open was located across the parking lot from Plano AMI. Ghani managed Plano 

AMI and Plano Open, marketed them together, and did not treat them as being in competition with 

one another. On occasion, when Plano AMI was overbooked, patients were sent to Plano Open. 

Plano Open was profitable for Ghani and Taba.

In May 2010, Taba apologized to Cruz for not including him and said: “Look, Mr. Ghani 

had said he doesn’t want to [do] any business with you and you had said you don’t want to do any 

business with him.” Taba testified it was impossible for Ghani and Cruz to form another business 

venture together. 

Cruz asserts Ghani breached his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI and GMI by pursuing Plano 

Open. Ghani testified he discussed Plano Open with Doug Brady who looked at the partnership 

documents and told him he could pursue Plano Open. 

G. Jury Verdict and JNOV

The jury returned a verdict nearly entirely favorable to Cruz. It determined Ghani failed 

to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with respect to the dissolution, that failure was not 

excused, and it damaged NDMI. The jury likewise concluded Ghani breached his fiduciary duties 

to Plano AMI and GMI with respect to the pursuit of Plano Open, those breaches were not excused, 

and they caused damages. The jury found Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI; Ghani directed 
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or participated in GMI’s conversion of Cruz’s shares in Plano AMI and GMI1; and Cruz suffered 

damages. 

Ghani filed a motion for JNOV challenging most of the jury’s findings. The trial court 

granted the motion in its entirety and entered judgment favorable to Ghani. This appeal followed. 

LAW & ANALYSIS

In his first issue, Cruz argues the trial court erred by granting Ghani’s motion for JNOV 

because the evidence supports the jury’s findings and entitles him to judgment. In twenty crossissues, Ghani argues the evidence is insufficient to support several of the jury’s answers and many 

of the jury’s answers are against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. 

A. Standard of Review

We review a trial court’s decision to grant JNOV under a no–evidence standard, examining 

whether any evidence supports the jury’s findings. Gharda USA, Inc. v. Control Solutions, Inc.,

464 S.W.3d 338, 347 (Tex. 20150); see also City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 823 (Tex.

2005) (test for legal sufficiency is same for summary judgment, directed verdict, JNOV, and 

appellate no–evidence review). No evidence exists when there is:

(a) a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact; (b) the court is barred by rules of 

law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered to prove a vital 

fact; (c) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a mere scintilla; 

(d) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of a vital fact.

Gharda USA, Inc., 464 S.W.3d at 347 (quoting City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810). We uphold the 

jury’s finding if more than a scintilla of competent evidence supports it. Id. More than a scintilla 

of evidence exists when the evidence supporting the finding “rises to a level that would enable 

reasonable and fair-minded people to differ in their conclusions.” Id. (quoting Burroughs 

Wellcome Co. v. Crye, 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995)). We review only the evidence tending 

 

1 The conversion of Cruz’s interests in Plano AMI and GMI are discussed below.
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to support the jury’s verdict and “must disregard all evidence to the contrary.” Id. (quoting 

Mancorp, Inc. v. Culpepper, 802 S.W.2d 226, 227 (Tex. 1990)). We consider the evidence and 

possible inferences in the light most favorable to the finding under review and indulge every 

reasonable inference that would support it. Id.; City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 822. When a party 

attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which it had the burden of proof, 

the party must demonstrate on appeal that the evidence establishes, as matter of law, all vital facts 

in support of the issue. Dow Chem. Co. v. Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 241 (Tex. 2001).

When a party complains about the factual sufficiency of the evidence, it must show the 

adverse finding is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. Dow Chem. Co. v.

Francis, 46 S.W.3d 237, 242 (Tex. 2001) (per curiam); PopCap Games, Inc. v. MumboJumbo, 

LLC, 350 S.W.3d 699, 722 (Tex. App.–Dallas 2011, pet. denied). We consider and weigh all of 

the evidence and set aside the verdict only if the supporting evidence is so weak or the finding is 

so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence that it is clearly wrong and unjust. 

Dow Chem., 46 S.W.3d at 242; PopCap Games, 350 S.W.3d at 722. 

When conducting our review of both legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence, we are 

mindful that the jury, as fact finder, was the sole judge of the credibility of the witnesses and 

weight to be given their testimony. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 819; Wash Techs. of Am. Corp. 

v. Pappas, No. 05-16-00633-CV, 2018 WL 718550, at *5 (Tex. App.—Dallas Feb. 6, 2018, pet. 

filed) (mem. op.). The jury is free to believe some, all, or none of a witness’s testimony. Pappas, 

2018 WL 718550, at *5. We may not substitute our judgment for that of the fact finder’s. Id.

B. NDMI Claim

The jury found Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with respect to 

the dissolution of NDMI and that failure was not excused. The trial court granted Ghani’s motion 

for JNOV as to these findings. In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by 
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entering JNOV on his NDMI claim. In his first and third cross-issues, Ghani asserts the evidence 

is insufficient to support the jury’s answers to Questions 1 and 3, respectively, and in his second 

cross-issue, he argues the jury’s answer to Question 2 is against the great weight and 

preponderance of the evidence. 

1. Jury Charge, Jury’s Findings, and JNOV 

Question 1 of the jury charge states MCG owed fiduciary duties as the general partner of 

NDMI. To the extent Ghani exercised a degree of control over MCG such that he directed MCG’s 

conduct as the general partner regarding the dissolution of NDMI, Ghani owed fiduciary duties to 

NDMI. To show Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI, Cruz was required to 

show:

a. The dissolution transaction was not fair and equitable to NDMI;

b. Ghani did not make reasonable use of the confidence that NDMI placed in him;

c. Ghani did not act in the utmost good faith or exercise the most scrupulous 

honesty toward NDMI;

d. Ghani placed his own interests before the interests of NDMI, used the advantage 

of his position to gain a benefit for himself at the expense of NDMI, or placed 

himself in any position where his self-interest might conflict with his 

obligations to NDMI; or

e. Ghani failed to fully and fairly disclose all important information to NDMI.

The jury answered “yes,” finding Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with 

respect to the dissolution.

In Questions 2 and 3, the jury determined Cruz did not waive Ghani’s failure to comply 

with his fiduciary duties and $2.075 million would fairly and reasonably compensate NDMI for 

the damages caused by Ghani’s breach of fiduciary duty. Ghani moved for JNOV on the grounds

there is no evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 1, the jury’s answer to Question 2 

should be disregarded because he established waiver as a matter of law, and there is no evidence 

to support the jury’s answer to Question 3 awarding damages. Ghani’s motion for JNOV did not 

challenge that he owed fiduciary duties to NDMI.
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2. Background Facts

Evidence, including Ghani’s own testimony, shows Ghani exercised control over NDMI

and directed the day-to-day operations. Ghani explained NDMI needed to be closed because the 

referral stream from doctors was declining and not being replaced, Ghani and Cruz were personally 

liable for debt on the equipment, and insurance reimbursement rates were dropping. However, 

ample evidence shows NDMI was not facing a financial crisis and could have continued operating 

successfully, but Ghani wanted to end his partnership with Cruz. There is evidence showing Ghani 

withheld financial information while misrepresenting the status of NDMI to induce Cruz to agree 

to close NDMI. 

a. Access to Financial Data

Ghani and Cruz presented contradictory evidence about whether Cruz had access NDMI’s 

complete financial data before he agreed to the dissolution. 

i. GHANI’S EVIDENCE

NDMI’s financial information was maintained on a computer using the software 

QuickBooks. Zamanian testified the computer was maintained in NDMI’s office and 

approximately twenty to thirty steps outside of Cruz’s personal office. Ghani explained one of the 

reasons they employed Zamanian, a third-party CPA, was to provide all partners access to financial 

information. Cruz and Taba also used Zamanian for personal tax returns and had relationships 

with him. Ghani stated that “everybody felt comfortable with him.” 

According to Ghani, in August or September 2008, Cruz began complaining about access 

to financial information even though he “always had access” through Zamanian and Tammy 

Boynton. Ghani testified: “I never sent him any financials, because I didn’t want to be responsible 

for that financial [sic]. That’s why we had the CPA. . . . So we had all the same source where we 

get our information from.” Ghani testified that in late 2008 he sent an email to Zamanian (copying 
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Cruz) stating Cruz was entitled to all financial information and Zamanian needed to make sure 

Cruz had what he needed. The email was not shown at trial. 

Boynton testified that while she worked for Zamanian, she provided Cruz with any 

financial information he requested about NDMI and Plano AMI, but she did not believe Cruz 

reviewed it. Zamanian and Ghani knew she provided this information. Before she stopped 

working for Zamanian in August 2008, she gave CDs containing backup copies of QuickBooks 

records for the businesses to Cruz.

Taba testified the financial information “was always there to be looked at, if someone 

wanted to look at it” and the information was always available through Ghani or Zamanian. 

Zamanian testified financial information was timely provided to any client who requested it, 

“especially for someone who is so close to me. His office was next door to me. How could I not 

do this?”

ii. CRUZ’S EVIDENCE

Cruz testified he stopped receiving financial information about the businesses in September 

2008 when Boynton stopped working for Zamanian. Taba also testified that although Ghani 

provided “all the documents” to Cruz and himself when the business started, he stopped doing so 

in later years. On January 5, 2009, Cruz emailed Taba asking if Taba received his Schedule K-1, 

a tax document, or “financial [sic] for 2008.” Cruz’s email states he left a multitude of messages 

for Zamanian, but did not receive any response. He stated “[i]t is like hitting a wall.” Taba replied 

he had not. When asked whether a person could expect to receive a Schedule K-1 by January 5, 

Zamanian replied “absolutely not” because the entire year’s financial data must be compiled before 

a Schedule K-1 can issue and, at best, that would not be finished before the end of January. 

Zamanian testified the Schedule K-1 usually issued in the summer. 
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On April 3, 2009, Cruz emailed Zamanian and Ghani “requesting again the detailed 

financial reports of Plano and Dallas MRI business, P and L and everything you agreed to provide 

me this past Monday.” Cruz testified he was concerned about the financial status of the 

partnerships. When asked about the same email, Zamanian stated he provided all information and 

did not know what Cruz was seeking. Zamanian recalled an instance when he had to deliver the 

same information to Cruz’s office two or three times. Cruz emailed Zamanian and Ghani again 

on April 16, 2009 stating: “Despite multiple verbal and written communications, you both have 

decided not to give me the information I requested for my tax return. Because of that I have to 

request an extension. You both have provided me with partial information which has not helped 

me at all. My K-1s do not match my records and I am at an impasse. As a general partner I have 

the right to have such documents. I should not even have to ask for them.” Although Cruz testified 

he needed tax information and he was trying to determine how Ghani spent money, Zamanian 

believed this information was provided to Cruz. 

On July 2, 2009, Doug Brady wrote a letter on Cruz’s behalf to Ghani and Zamanian 

requesting numerous financial reports for NDMI and Plano AMI. The letter states Cruz, a limited 

partner, is entitled to the information. Cruz testified that when this letter was sent, he had not 

received financials for nearly one year. 

Kimberly Ault Robinson worked for NDMI in the summer of 2008. When asked whether 

Ghani instructed her not to share information with Cruz, she answered affirmatively and explained: 

“[I]t was a very broad instruction. It was to never discuss anything that I heard in any of the 

facilities regarding business to Dr. Cruz. If I were to go in his office and market to him or check 

on how referrals were, I was just not to talk or discuss anything business related with Dr. Cruz. . . 

. it was very vague. There was some talks about that the Dallas location was going to close down 
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and the partners were not going to ask Dr. Cruz to go to the new investment. They were doing it 

hush-hush without his knowledge.” 

William Meier, an attorney who drafted some documents for NDMI, testified that several 

NDMI limited partners voiced concerns about the lack of timely information from Ghani. Cruz 

frequently called Meier and complained he was not receiving access to basic information about 

NDMI. During board meetings, Meier, Cruz, and Ghani discussed that Ghani needed to be more 

transparent and make information available to Cruz so he could have meaningful input as a 

member of the board. 

Adam Hardison, a lawyer and NDMI limited partner, testified Ghani did not provide 

sufficient financial information. On September 3, 2008, Hardison sent a letter to Ghani to force 

Ghani “to be transparent to the partners, to comply with the fiduciary duty that we all have, to 

provide this information to potential buyers, and why it’s not happening.” The letter requested 

Ghani provide numerous pieces of information about NDMI.

While the evidence shows that until approximately September 1, 2008, Cruz had ready 

access to financial data through Zamanian and Boynton, some evidence, including Cruz’s 

testimony, indicates access to financial information stopped once Boynton left Zamanian’s 

employment. Additionally, although the decision to dissolve NDMI was made in December 2008 

or January 2009, evidence shows Cruz’s difficulty obtaining financial information continued into 

2009. Cruz’s assertion that it was difficult to obtain financial information from Ghani and 

Zamanian was confirmed by Denn’s, Hardison’s, and Meier’s testimony as well. 

b. NDMI Financially Sound

Scott Hakala, Ph.D., testified as Cruz’s damages expert. Hakala works for a firm that 

values businesses and business interests. To value NDMI, he focused on the “market approach” 

to valuation, meaning he looked at how much a buyer would pay for the business based on its 
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present value. The first step in performing the analysis is to identify the value of similar businesses 

in the market. He looks for transactions involving companies of similar size and type to determine 

which multiple of earnings, multiple of revenue, or other measure that the businesses are being 

bought and sold for. Hakala testified the market for MRI centers was active from 2005 through 

2012. It was a “very active acquisition market” with private groups looking to buy imaging 

practices of “a certain size and type and profitability, and they were paying a certain known rate 

for those businesses.” 

He noted there were several indications of interest or offers to purchase NDMI along with 

Plano AMI. He testified: “we had a number of offers that we could look at and see what people 

were offering and then compare that with what we were seeing in reported general stories of what 

these firms were being bought, as well as specific identifiable transactions.” He considered the 

offers “conservative but reasonable offers consistent with what we were seeing in the imaging 

business.” He testified acquiring companies were generally paying “somewhere between three and 

six, sometimes a little more than six times EBITDA,

2 so they would look at EBITDA as their 

primary focus.” 

When determining which EBITDA multiple to use, one consideration is the life of the MRI 

machine. If the machine is nearing the end of its useable life, then the multiple is lower because a 

buyer will need to retrofit the existing machine or purchase a new unit. However, if the MRI 

machine has more than half its life remaining and the practice is still growing, a buyer may pay 

four or five times EBITDA. Other considerations are the referral base and the extent a buyer thinks 

it could expand that base and the level of competition among MRI service providers in the area. 

Hakala looked at the referral base for NDMI and its historic performance from the time of its 

inception until the date he valued the business. He also examined tax returns, portions of the 

 

2 EBITDA is an acronym for the calculation of earnings before interest, taxes, and amortization.
–18–

general ledger in QuickBooks, partnership and organizational documents, and deposition 

transcripts of “various individuals” taken during the litigation to ensure he understood how the 

business operated as well as its “unique factors.” 

Hakala opined NDMI would fall in the “lower middle part” of the EBITDA multiplier 

range. He testified it had a “good base of revenue, a good history, a good trend, but they appeared 

to have . . . basically leveled out.” The machines would be good for four and a half to five years. 

On the conservative side, he estimated “about four times EBITDA was about what we would 

typically expect NDMI to be sold for.” 

Hakala attempted to determine annual earnings for NDMI by analyzing historical financial 

statements. An exhibit used during his testimony shows:

C.

D.

E.

F.

Hakala explained net revenue declined for NDMI from 2006 to 2007 because the MRI 

reimbursement rates were reduced. Net revenue from 2007 through 2009 was stable. It fell again 

in 2010, which Hakala attributed to NDMI closing its operation in early 2010. The EBITDA, 

which Hakala testified is a “pretty good measure of the true profitability of the business,” also fell 

from 2006 to 2007 but remained relatively stable in 2007, 2008, and 2009, increasing slightly from

2008 to 2009. Once Hakala had these numbers, he conducted a “normalizing process” to show 

how much profit the business actually generated. 

Hakala testified that at the end of 2008, the owners could have sold NDMI for 

approximately $3.5 million. Once the net debt of $561,773 was subtracted, the equity value of 
–19–

NDMI at the end of 2008 was about $2.95 million. Based on his calculations, Hakala did not 

believe the decision to dissolve NDMI was justified. NDMI’s value was not maximized by 

dissolving the business and, unless the business was sold, a better strategy would have been to 

continue operating until it became unprofitable to do so. 

When asked whether doctors referring fewer patients to NDMI would affect the future 

financial viability of NDMI, Hakala testified: “Some, but not that much.” The potential for 

reduced referrals was one of the reasons he used a lower multiplier range for NDMI. Looking at 

the net revenue numbers for NDMI in 2008 and 2009, Hakala stated NDMI was not teetering on 

the “brink of financial viability.” He believed NDMI “would probably have to lose half or more 

of its revenue before you can really start seeing it get to a negative EBITDA where you’d no longer 

continue to try and operate it.” 

Hakala also used an income-valuation approach to value NDMI, which produced a value 

about 30 to 50 percent higher. Hakala testified: “Basically, you get more value if you continue to 

own and run it than if you try and sell it to somebody else, because they’re going to discount it for 

the risks.” Generally, he explained, the value to the existing owner is higher than to a potential 

buyer in the MRI business.

c. Ghani motivated to close NDMI

Some evidence shows Ghani no longer wanted to operate NDMI and was entering into a 

new MRI business venture that did not include Cruz. Kimberly Ault Robinson, a former employee, 

testified: “There was some talks [sic] about that the Dallas location was going to close down and 

the partners were not going to ask Dr. Cruz to go to the new investment. They were doing it hushhush without his knowledge.” Boynton stated Ghani “was just saying that he felt that he wanted 

out of that company because he didn’t take it on to do that job for his entire life.”
–20–

Additionally, in December 2008, Ghani formed a new business venture, Mesquite AMI, 

with his friend Reza Nabavi. Cruz testified Ghani created Mesquite AMI at the same time he 

sought to close NDMI by telling Cruz: “We’ve got to close. There is no money, no business going 

on.” When Cruz wanted to discuss marketing plans for NDMI so the business would not need to 

close, Ghani told Cruz: “[I]t’s too late. I already committed the machines.” Cruz asked Ghani for 

clarification, and Ghani told Cruz he committed to selling NDMI’s machines. Cruz testified: “And 

that’s the exact time he was in the business, or he’s registered this business with our machines.” 

NDMI eventually closed in April 2010 and Nabavi came to NDMI to collect the MRI 

machine. Nabavi told Cruz he was going into business with “Mike.” The record includes a service 

price quote given to “SASAN, Ltd. or assignee Reza Nabavi, Partner” and made to the attention 

of Mike Ghani to de-install an MRI machine located in Dallas and re-install it at a location within 

20 miles. The date on the invoice is April 23, 2010. 

Ghani testified Cruz gave him authority to sell all of the equipment. Nabavi was interested 

in buying the MRI machine and offered to pay more than any other potential buyers. Nabavi 

bought the machine and opened a business that Ghani is not part of. The Mesquite AMI proposal 

never came to fruition. Ghani denied he planned to open an MRI facility with Nabavi in 2010. 

3. Analysis of NDMI Claim

Although Ghani provided an explanation about why NDMI needed to be dissolved and 

why the dissolution was not a breach of his fiduciary duties, evidence presented at trial allowed 

jurors to reach the opposite conclusion. Some evidence shows Ghani withheld financial 

information from Cruz immediately before seeking Cruz’s consent to close the business. That 

information would have shown NDMI was not in financial straits and could continue operating as 

a profitable entity. Although Ghani stated the financial problems were due, in part, to declining 

reimbursement rates, Hakala testified that occurred in 2006-2007 and the businesses had recovered 
–21–

financially from that. Further, although Ghani asserted referrals were declining because Taba and 

Raroque were moving their practices away from Dallas, Hakala testified a change would have 

“some, but not that much” impact on future financial viability and Cruz stated the impact would 

be minimal.

A jury could reasonably infer that Ghani acted as he did because he no longer wanted to be 

in business with Cruz and wanted to pursue an opportunity with Nabavi. To accomplish this goal, 

Ghani falsely told Cruz there was “no money coming in, and we have big debt” to scare him into 

agreeing to close NDMI. Even as Ghani testified he was concerned about reimbursement rates 

going down and the medical imaging industry becoming less profitable, he formed a new MRI 

entity with Nabavi to invest in and pursue opportunities in the same industry and in the same 

geographic area. Based on the contradictory evidence, the jury could have disregarded Ghani’s 

explanation in favor of the one provided by Cruz.

This is some evidence Ghani placed his own interests before the interests of NDMI, used 

the advantage of his position to gain a benefit for himself at the expense of NDMI, or placed 

himself in any position where his self-interest might conflict with his obligations to NDMI. Thus, 

we conclude there is some evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 1 that Ghani failed 

to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI.

Additionally, Hakala’s testimony is sufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question 3 

awarding $2.075 million for Ghani’s breach. Hakala testified that the equity value of NDMI at the 

end of 2008 was about $2.95 million. Hakala provided a step-by-step process explaining his 

methodology to the jury. He stated buyers of medical imaging businesses were paying between 

three and six times EBITDA. He explained why, for NDMI, he used a lower multiplier, which 

included some of the concerns raised by Ghani. However, Hakala also explained to the jury how 

to reach its own calculation if it believed his numbers were too low or high. He testified: “So it’s 
–22–

simply multiplication. You have an earnings number, a multiplier to apply the earnings. That 

gives you the value of the business.” From that, the jurors could subtract the debt to find the net 

equity value of the business, meaning what the business is worth to the partners. 

The jury’s damages award is approximately three times EBITDA, which is within the range 

of the evidence presented at trial. See Basic Capital Mgmt., Inc. v. Dynex Commercial, Inc., 402 

S.W.3d 257, 265 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied) (jury has discretion to award damages 

within range of evidence presented at trial so long as there is a rational basis for calculation). We 

conclude there is some evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 3.

In response to Question 2, the jury determined Ghani’s failure to comply with his fiduciary 

duties to NDMI was not excused. The charge instructed the jury that failure to comply is excused 

if Cruz waived compliance. The charge defined waiver as the “intentional surrender of a known 

right or intentional conduct inconsistent with claiming it.” Although Cruz consented to closing 

NDMI, Cruz testified he relied on Ghani’s representations there was “no money coming in, and 

we have big debt,” which “came out to be not true.” Cruz stated: “[B]asically, if I would have 

known the financial status of the North Dallas Medical Imaging, which was shut down from Mr. 

Ghani explaining to me that there was no money in 2008,” he would not have agreed to dissolution. 

Cruz also testified he did not know about Mesquite AMI or that this potential venture was a reason 

Ghani sought to close NDMI. 

From this evidence, the jury could have concluded that, although Cruz consented to closing 

NDMI, he did not intentionally surrender a known right. He relied on false information from 

Ghani, at the same time Ghani withheld accurate financial information, and he would not have 

consented had he known NDMI was profitable. The evidence does not conclusively establish Cruz 

intentionally surrendered a known right.
–23–

4. Conclusion

Because more than a scintilla of competent evidence supports the jury’s answers to 

Questions 1, 2, and 3, we conclude the trial court erred by disregarding the jury’s answers and 

entering JNOV in Ghani’s favor on these questions. See Gharda USA, Inc., 464 S.W.3d at 347. 

Additionally, the jury’s answers to these questions are not against the great weight and 

preponderance of the evidence. See Dow Chem. Co., 46 S.W.3d at 242. We sustain Cruz’s first 

issue to this extent and we overrule Ghani’s first, second, and third cross-issues. 

C. Plano Open Claim

In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by granting Ghani’s motion for 

JNOV on his Plano Open claim. In his fourth through seventh cross-issues, Ghani asserts the 

jury’s answers to Questions 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B are against the great weight and preponderance 

of the evidence. Ghani’s eighth, ninth, and nineteenth cross-issues state the evidence is insufficient 

to support the jury’s answers to Questions 6A, 6B, and 22. Because we agree there is no evidence 

to support the jury’s answers to Questions 6A, 6B, and 22—the damages questions—we need not 

consider whether the evidence is sufficient to support the liability finding.

In response to Questions 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B, the jury found Ghani failed to comply with 

his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI and GMI with respect to the pursuit of Plano Open and the 

failures to comply were not excused. In Questions 6A and 6B, the jury was asked what sum of 

money would compensate Cruz for the damages caused by these breaches. The jury provided the 

same response to both Questions 6A and 6B: $1.657 million. Finally, in response to Question 22, 

the jury found by clear and convincing evidence that the injuries found in response to Question 6 

resulted from malice or fraud by Ghani. The trial court granted Ghani’s motion for JNOV as to 

these findings. 
–24–

Cruz’s only evidence of damages on his Plano Open claim was testimony from Hakala 

about the value of Plano Open at the end of 2011. Hakala testified the value of Plano Open at the 

end of 2011 was between $1.4 million and $1.75 million. The equity was between $1.1 million 

and $1.45 million. The adjusted EBITDA for Plano Open for 2011 was $347,413. This evidence 

does not reflect the damages sustained by Plano AMI and GMI because of Ghani’s breaches of 

fiduciary duty. Plano AMI and GMI may have sustained damages because Ghani diverted patients 

to Plano Open, comingled funds between Plano Open and Plano AMI, or because Plano AMI was 

competing with a similar venture located across the parking lot. However, Hakala’s evidence only 

provided the value of Plano Open as a whole and does not attempt to show the damages to Plano 

AMI and GMI.

In Question 22, the jury was asked: “Do you find by clear and convincing evidence that 

the injuries, if any, you found in response to Question 6 resulted from malice or fraud by” Ghani? 

The jury answered “Yes.” Ghani’s motion for JNOV asserts there is no evidence to support the 

jury’s answer. Question 22 was part of the jury’s determination of punitive damages. See Transp. 

Ins. Co. v. Moriel, 879 S.W.2d 10, 16 (Tex. 1994) (punitive damages are damages assessed to 

punish a defendant for outrageous, malicious, or otherwise morally culpable conduct). However, 

a party may not recover punitive damages unless it establishes actual damages. See Burbage v. 

Burbage, 447 S.W.3d 249, 263 (Tex. 2014). Because we conclude there is no evidence of actual 

damages from Ghani’s breach of fiduciary duty relating to Plano Open, the evidence is insufficient 

to support the punitive damages award. See id. 

Because there is no competent evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions 6A, 6B, 

and 22, we conclude the trial court properly granted JNOV as to these questions. We overrule 

Cruz’s first issue to this extent and we sustain Ghani’s eighth, ninth, and nineteenth cross-issues.
–25–

We do not consider whether there is legally or factually sufficient evidence supporting the 

jury’s answers to Questions 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B. We decline to address Cruz’s first issue to this 

extent and we decline to address Ghani’s fourth through seventh cross-issues. See TEX. R. APP. P.

47.1.

D. Plano AMI & GMI Claims

In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by entering JNOV in Ghani’s 

favor on his Plano AMI and GMI claims. In his tenth through sixteenth cross-issues, Ghani argues 

the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s answers to Question 7, 8, 9A, 9B, 10, and 12, and 

the jury’s answer to Question 11 is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence. 

1. Plano AMI Claim: Jury Charge, Jury’s Findings, and JNOV 

Question 7 asked the jury whether Ghani actively directed or participated in GMI’s 

conversion of the GMI shares belonging to Cruz. The jury answered “Yes.” In response to 

Question 8, the jury determined $8,000 would compensate Cruz for his damages proximately 

caused by the conversion. Questions 9A and 9B asked the jury whether there was an agreement 

that Cruz would be a limited partner in Plano AMI and, if so, what percentage interest he owned. 

The jury concluded Cruz possessed a 24% limited partnership interest in Plano AMI as of August 

2010. Question 10 asked the jury whether Ghani actively directed or participated in GMI’s 

conversion of Cruz’s limited partnership interest in Plano AMI and the jury answered “Yes.” 

Question 11 asked the jury whether Ghani complied with his fiduciary duties to Cruz with respect 

to treatment of Cruz as a limited partner in Plano AMI after August 11, 2010. The jury answered 

“No,” meaning Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties. In response to Question 12, the 

jury determined $617,000 would compensate Cruz for his damages proximately caused by the 

conduct found in response to Questions 10 or 11. Ghani’s motion for JNOV asserted there is no 
–26–

evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions 7, 8, 9A, 9B, and 10, and the jury’s answer to 

Question 11 should be disregarded because the issue was established as a matter of law. 

2. Plano AMI Claim: Background Facts & Analysis

The parties disputed the ownership structure of GMI and Plano AMI. Cruz maintained he 

was a limited partner in Plano AMI and held stock in GMI while Ghani asserted Cruz only owned 

stock in GMI. Some evidence shows Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI, owned stock in 

GMI, and Ghani directed or participated in the conversion of both interests. 

a. Cruz Owned a Limited Partnership Interest in Plano AMI

Cruz testified he was a limited partner in Plano AMI. Cruz claimed he, Ghani, and Taba 

each owned a 24% limited partnership interest directly in Plano AMI; GMI owned 1% as the 

corporate general partner; and physician investors owned the remainder. The Plano AMI limited 

partnership agreement lists GMI as the general partner and Ghani, Taba, and Cruz as limited 

partners. Ghani signed the Plano AMI limited partnership agreement as president of GMI and 

individually as a limited partner. Taba and Cruz each signed individually as limited partners. 

Exhibit A to the limited partnership agreement is titled “List of Partners and Percentage Interest.” 

It lists GMI as the general partner owning a 60% interest. Ghani is listed as a limited partner, but 

no percentage interest is given. Taba and Cruz are not listed on Exhibit A. Likewise, Exhibit B 

titled “Description of Property Contributed by the Partners” lists GMI as the general partner, but 

does not provide the amount of property GMI contributed. Ghani, individually, is listed as a 

limited partner, but, again, no amount of property is provided. Taba and Cruz are not listed on 

Exhibit B. From 2004 to 2010, Plano AMI made distributions directly to Cruz and Taba, but they 

did not receive distributions from GMI. The tax returns for those six years, which Ghani signed, 

show Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI. 
–27–

In contrast, Ghani asserted GMI owned 60% of Plano AMI and physician investors owned 

the remaining 40%. Cruz, Ghani, and Taba each owned one-third of the GMI stock, but were not 

limited partners in Plano AMI. According to Ghani, Cruz and Taba preferred this structure because 

holding their ownership interests through GMI concealed their large interests from physician 

investors. Cruz was particularly concerned because he would be referring fewer patients to Plano 

AMI than he did to NDMI. 

Ghani explained Doug Brady, a lawyer hired by Plano AMI, discovered in 2010 that the 

tax returns filed for Plano AMI incorrectly showed Cruz and Taba were limited partners in Plano 

AMI. Brady instructed Zamanian to file amended tax returns for 2004 through 2010, but the 

amended returns only changed the designations reflecting which people were shareholders in GMI 

and limited partners in Plano AMI. The amended tax returns show Cruz was a shareholder in GMI 

rather than a limited partner in Plano AMI. Ghani explained the error in the tax return occurred

because Zamanian assumed the corporate structure for GMI and Plano AMI was the same as for 

NDMI when it was not.

Although Ghani asserts the documents showing Cruz was a limited partner in Plano AMI 

were inaccurate and reflect a series of mistakes, the jury was free to disbelieve this testimony and 

instead credit the substantial contradicting evidence. Documentary evidence and Cruz’s testimony 

constitute more than a scintilla of competent evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions 

9A and 9B, in which it concluded there was an agreement for Cruz to be a limited partner in Plano 

AMI and he owned a 24% interest as of August 2010. 

b. Conversion of Cruz’s Plano AMI Limited Partnership Interest

It is uncontested that Ghani was president of GMI and exercised full control over Plano 

AMI. By the summer of 2010, there was conflict between Ghani and Cruz and they no longer 

wanted to be business partners. Over the next eighteen months, Ghani dissolved NDMI after 
–28–

inducing Cruz’s consent by withholding financial information and misrepresenting the status of 

the business. Additionally, Ghani started Plano Open, which siphoned customers from Plano AMI. 

Two former employees claimed Ghani and his wife, Rona, 3 were looking for a way to exclude 

Cruz from the partnerships. One former employee testified she heard Rona talk about their plans 

to “get [Cruz] out of the business.” When asked about her understanding of the plan, the former 

employee responded: “[T]hey were just going to get him out of the partnership. How that was 

going to take place, I don’t know.” The other former employee testified she knew the Ghanis were 

unhappy with Cruz and wanted him out of the business. Rona expressed her displeasure that Cruz 

“wasn’t carrying his weight, he wasn’t bringing enough business, and [Rona] didn’t feel that he 

earned or deserved to have any part of the [distribution] checks or any of the money of the 

shareholders.”

At a meeting in June 2010, Ghani was angry with Cruz and told him: “Dr. Cruz, you are a 

traitor. You’re a traitor, and I’m going to hire my attorneys. I’m going to destroy you, and I’m 

going to take your license away.” After this meeting, Ghani and Taba consulted Brady about 

removing Cruz. 

In July 2010, after Cruz sued Ghani, Ghani realized the Plano AMI tax returns erroneously 

showed Cruz was a limited partner and no dividends had been declared from GMI. Ghani 

instructed Zamanian to amend the tax returns and he began recognizing dividends for GMI. Once 

the tax returns were amended, they showed Cruz owned his interest only in GMI. Cruz no longer 

held any interest in Plano AMI. 

Taken together, there is some evidence showing Ghani actively directed or participated in 

GMI’s conversion of Cruz’s limited partnership interest in Plano AMI. Because there is sufficient 

evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 10 and it was instructed to consider damages 

 

3 Because Rona Ghani has the same surname as her husband who is a party to this appeal, we will call her by her first name. 
–29–

based on its answer to Question 10 or Question 11, we need not consider the evidence supporting 

the jury’s response to Question 11. See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.1. 

c. Damages for conversion of Plano AMI Interest

The jury concluded $617,000 would compensate Cruz for his damages proximately caused 

by the conversion of his interest in Plano AMI. Ghani’s motion for JNOV asserted there is no 

evidence to support this amount.

Hakala performed a similar valuation for Plano AMI as he did for NDMI and used a similar 

exhibit during his testimony. 

Plano AMI’s revenue and profitability steadily increased in 2008 and 2009. Hakala used the 

adjusted EBITDA for Plano AMI and, based on the offers from potential buyers, multiplied it by 

four. A high-end multiplier of five would reflect Plano, Texas, as a “premium area” with a good 

growth trend. The product would be between about $6 million and $7.5 million. He testified the 

net equity value was between $5.65 million and $7.15 million. 

However, by August 2010, the EBITDA “had been reduced substantially.” Hakala testified 

“some of the referrals went down and there was a clinic opened really close by called Plano Open 

AMI that began to draw revenue off and also incur expenses.” He used a lower multiplier of 3.5 

and 4.0 because “they were now facing direct competition nearby, and they had suffered a 

significant decline in revenue, so a buyer would be concerned about that.” He estimated the value 

was between $2.8 million and $3.2 million. He concluded the net equity was $2.275 million to 
–30–

$2.675 million. Cruz was a 24% limited partner, meaning his share was worth $546,000 to 

$642,000. Ghani argues these calculations fail to account for Cruz’s status as a limited partner 

with a minority interest. 

Hakala was asked: “If you wanted to find out . . . just what Dr. Cruz’s interest in Plano 

AMI was worth, could you take these numbers to do that calculation?” Hakala stated he could and 

would do so by multiplying Cruz’s percentage interest by the value of his net equity. “He would 

get a pro rata share of his net equity.” When asked why he could calculate Cruz’s share in that 

manner, he testified: 

The discounts for lack of marketability and some of the other factors, 

minority interest discounts, are already built into the prices that are paid for these. 

So to this extent, a lot of that’s already factored in.

We are also assuming in a fair market value sense, a willing buyer, willing 

seller, and neither under duress. So . . . if Dr. Cruz is not in a financial position 

where he has to sell his interests, he doesn’t really want to sell the interest, this is 

an awful lot of good income that’s throwing off of [Plano AMI]. He’s getting 30 

percent of this income every year. He’s getting a lot of value out of Plano AMI for 

his money. He wouldn’t ordinarily want to or need to sell, so the question is what 

do I have to offer to entice him to sell to me? Because he’s not openly saying, I 

want to sell.

Hakala’s testimony shows he considered Cruz’s status as a limited partner and determined, in this 

situation, the minority interest discount was “already built into the prices.” 

The jury’s damages award is within the range of evidence presented at trial. See Basic 

Capital Mgmt., 402 S.W.3d at 265. We conclude there is more than a scintilla of competent 

evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 12.

d. Malice or Fraud in the Conversion of Cruz’s Interest in Plano AMI

Question 23 asked, in part, whether the jury found by clear and convincing evidence the 

injuries it found in response to Question 12 resulted from malice or fraud by Ghani.4 Malice is 

 

4 Question 23 was premised on the jury’s response to Question 8 or Question 12. As discussed below, we conclude no evidence supports the 

jury’s response to Question 8. Therefore, we limit our analysis of Question 23 to Question 12.
–31–

defined as “a specific intent by Ghani to cause substantial injury or harm to Cruz.” When 

reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support a finding that must be proven by clear 

and convincing evidence, we look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to 

determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its 

finding was true.” Horizon Health Corp. v. Acadia Healthcare Co., Inc., 520 S.W.3d 848, 866 

(Tex. 2017). We assume the finder of fact resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a 

reasonable fact finder could do so. Id.

Evidence shows Ghani converted Cruz’s interest in Plano AMI after telling him: “Dr. Cruz, 

you are a traitor. You’re a traitor, and I’m going to hire my attorneys. I’m going to destroy you, 

and I’m going to take your license away.” He then had the tax returns for six years amended to 

show Cruz only owned an interest in GMI, thereby converting Cruz’s shares in Plano AMI. 

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury’s finding, a reasonable fact 

finder could have formed a firm belief that Ghani had a specific intent to cause substantial injury 

or harm to Cruz. We conclude the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s answer to 

Question 23. 

3. Conclusion: Plano AMI Claim

Because the evidence is legally sufficient to support the jury’s answers to Questions 9A, 

9B, 10, 12, and 23, we conclude the trial court erred by disregarding the jury’s answers to and 

entering JNOV in Ghani’s favor on these questions. See Gharda USA, Inc., 464 S.W.3d at 347. 

We sustain Cruz’s first issue to this extent and we overrule Ghani’s twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, 

sixteenth, and twentieth cross-issues. We need not consider whether the evidence is sufficient to 

support the jury’s answers to Question 11 and, thus, we do not consider Cruz’s first issue to this 

extent or Ghani’s fifteenth cross-issue. See TEX. R. APP. P. 44.1. 
–32–

4. Conversion of Cruz’s Shares of GMI

The jury found Ghani participated in the conversion of Cruz’s shares in GMI (Question 7) 

and $8,000 would compensate him for the conversion (Question 8). Ghani’s motion for JNOV 

asserted there is no evidence to support the jury’s answers to Questions 7 and 8. Because we 

conclude there is no evidence to support the jury’s answer to Question 8, the damages question, 

we need not consider whether the evidence supports its answer to Question 7.

It is uncontested that Cruz was removed as a shareholder from GMI and was paid nothing 

for his shares. The parties dispute whether Ghani and Taba were justified in removing Cruz. 

Assuming, as the jury found, that they were not justified, Cruz presented no evidence of his 

damages. Hakala testified about the value of NDMI, Plano AMI, and Plano Open. He offered no 

testimony about the value of GMI and, more specifically, the value of Cruz’s interest in GMI. We 

have found no other evidence in the record that would show the value of Cruz’s interest in GMI 

on August 11, 2010, the date provided in the jury charge. In his brief, Cruz makes no argument in 

support of the jury’s response to Question 8. Based on our review of the record, we conclude there 

is no evidence supporting the jury’s answer to Question 8. We overrule Cruz’s first issue to this 

extent and sustain Ghani’s eleventh cross-issue. We need not consider Ghani’s tenth cross-issue 

asserting the evidence is insufficient to support the jury’s answer to Question 7. See TEX. R. APP.

P. 47.1.

E. Ault Claims 

In his first issue, Cruz argues, in part, the trial court erred by entering JNOV in Ghani’s 

favor on his claims arising from litigation filed by Kimberly Ault Robinson,5 a former employee. 

In his seventeenth and eighteenth cross-issues, Ghani argues the jury’s answer to Question 19 is 

 

5 At the time Kimberly Ault Robinson filed her lawsuit, she was known as Kimberly Ault. At the time of trial in this matter, her name was 

Kimberly Ault Robinson. Because all parties refer to the underlying litigation as the Ault claims or Ault litigation, we will do so as well and, for 

purposes of this analysis, we will refer to Kimberly Ault Robinson as “Ault.”
–33–

against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence and the evidence is insufficient to 

support the jury’s answer to Question 20.

1. Jury Charge, Jury’s Findings, and JNOV 

Question 19 asked the jury whether Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to 

NDMI with respect to payments made concerning the Ault litigation on behalf of Rona Ghani.

The charge states that Ghani had to show:

a. the payments were fair and equitable to NDMI;

b. Ghani made reasonable use of the confidence that NDMI placed in him;

c. Ghani acted in the utmost good faith and exercised the most scrupulous honesty 

toward NDMI;

d. Ghani did not place its [sic] own interests before the interests of NDMI, did not 

use the advantage of his position to gain a benefit for himself at the expense of 

NDMI, and did not place himself in any position where his self-interest might 

conflict with his obligations to NDMI; and,

e. Ghani fully and fairly disclosed all important information to NDMI.

The jury answered “No,” meaning Ghani did not comply with his fiduciary duties and, in response 

to Question 20, determined the amount of $95,000 would compensate NDMI for its damages. 

2. Background Facts

Rona Ghani worked as the marketing director for NDMI and Plano AMI. Ault was hired 

to work with Rona and she worked for NDMI for approximately 90 days in 2008. After leaving 

NDMI, Ault sued Rona and NDMI alleging Rona forged her name on a non-compete agreement 

and sent the forged document to her new employer, causing her new employment to be terminated. 

NDMI paid legal fees on behalf of Rona and itself to defend the lawsuit and paid to settle the 

lawsuit. NDMI did not seek indemnification from Rona. 

Cruz testified Ghani did not inform him about the Ault litigation and he did not participate 

in the decision to pay expenses related to the litigation or settlement. Ghani testified he did inform 

Cruz who replied: “I want you to handle it. I don’t have time.” Taba testified Ghani told him that 

Rona contacted all of the NDMI partners and told them NDMI was paying the defense costs.
–34–

3. Law & Analysis

Cruz argues Ghani breached his fiduciary duties by not causing NDMI to seek 

indemnification from Rona. Under Texas law, the availability of common law indemnity is 

extremely limited. Mahrouq Enterprises Intern. (MEI), Inc. v. Griffin, No. 05-10-00071-CV, 2012 

WL 1537460, at *4 (Tex. App.—Dallas May 1, 2012, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing Affordable 

Power, L.P. v. Buckeye Ventures, Inc., 347 S.W.3d 825, 833 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.)). 

Common law indemnity survives in Texas only in products liability actions to protect an innocent 

retailer in the chain of distribution and in negligence actions to protect a defendant whose liability 

is purely vicarious in nature. Id. (citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d at 833). Vicarious liability 

is liability placed upon one party for the conduct of another, based solely upon the relationship 

between the two. Id. (citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d at 833). In a case in which one 

defendant’s liability is premised solely on respondeat superior, that defendant’s liability is purely 

vicarious, and a claim for common law indemnity exists. Id. (citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d 

at 833). There is no right of indemnity against a defendant who is not liable to the plaintiff. Id. 

(citing Affordable Power, 347 S.W.3d at 833).

When a party seeking indemnity, as Cruz argues NDMI should have, settles the claim of 

the potential indemnitor (Rona) without a judicial determination of the indemnitor’s liability to the 

plaintiff (Ault), the party “must satisfy three elements in order to be entitled to indemnity: 1) that 

it was potentially liable to the plaintiffs; 2) that the settlement was made in good faith; and 3) that 

the settlement was a reasonable amount under the circumstances.” Id. at *5 (citing St. Anthony’s 

Hosp. v. Whitfield, 946 S.W.2d 174, 179–80 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1997, writ denied)). Upon such 

a showing, the indemnitee may recover the amount paid in settlement of the claim. Id. (citing St. 

Anthony’s Hosp., 946 S.W.2d at 179–80).
–35–

There was no judicial determination of Rona’s liability to Ault. There is no evidence that 

in this record showing NDMI could have met the three elements listed above that are required to 

be entitled to indemnity. See id. at *4. Even if we assume NDMI was potentially liable to Ault, 

there is no evidence the settlement was made in good faith or the amount of the settlement was 

reasonable.

Because we conclude there is no evidence NDMI was entitled to indemnification against 

Rona, we also conclude there is no evidence Ghani breached his fiduciary duty by not seeking that 

indemnification. Additionally, the jury’s finding that Ghani breached his fiduciary duty by not 

seeking indemnification from Rona is against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.

To the extent Cruz argues in his brief that the trial court erred by excluding evidence 

concerning Ault’s allegations of forgery, Cruz provides no explanation of how the trial court’s 

decision was an abuse of discretion, see In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 575 (Tex. 2005), or caused 

reversible error, see TEX.R. APP. P. 44.1(a). Having reviewed Cruz’s offer of proof of the evidence 

excluded by the trial court, we cannot conclude the trial court abused its discretion or the exclusion 

of evidence resulted in reversible error. 

4. Conclusion

We conclude the trial court did not err by granting Ghani’s motion for JNOV on the jury’s 

answers to Questions 19 and 20. We overrule Cruz’s first issue to this extent. We sustain Ghani’s 

seventeenth cross-issue and we need not consider his eighteenth cross-issue challenging the 

damages awarded by the jury based on its finding of breach of fiduciary duty.

F. Salary Claims 

In his second issue, Cruz argues the trial court erred by refusing to enter judgment on his 

claim that Ghani improperly paid a salary to himself.
–36–

1. Background Facts

Ghani believed he should be compensated for managing the businesses because he 

performed the same functions as a management company, which would be paid for its services. 

Cruz opposed paying Ghani because he believed the partners were compensated through 

distributions.

The NDMI partnership agreement precludes the general partner from receiving 

compensation for services rendered on behalf of the partnership. However, the Plano AMI 

partnership agreement permits the general partner to receive compensation. Ghani wrote a letter 

dated November 1, 2007, to Taba and himself, stating GMI, the general partner of Plano AMI and 

manager of its business affairs, would begin paying compensation to Ghani and Taba. Ghani 

would receive $8,000 per month for acting as GMI’s president and overseeing the day-to-day 

affairs of Plano AMI on behalf of GMI. Taba would receive $2,500 per month for providing 

contrast services for patients. The minutes of the annual meeting of the GMI board of directors 

reflect Ghani, Taba, and Cruz were present at a meeting held on November 15, 2007. Cruz

disputed he was present and Taba’s testimony indicates Cruz may not have been. The meeting

minutes state: “IT IS FURTHER RESOLVED, that the compensation agreement entered into by 

the officers of the Corporation on or about November 1, 2007, a copy of which is attached hereto, 

is hereby adopted, approved and ratified by the Board of Directors of the Corporation.” The 

minutes are signed by Taba as the secretary and Ghani as the chairman. Taba testified the 

November 1, 2007 letter may have been created after September 1, 2008. 

From December 2008 through April 2010, Plano AMI paid $8,000 per month to MG 

International. The record shows MG stands for Mike Ghani. Ghani told Taba that the salary was 

less than a management company would be paid and Taba did not consider the salary unfair.
–37–

2. Jury’s Findings 

The jury found Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI with respect 

to the payments made to himself (Question 13), but awarded $0 in damages (Question 14). Ghani 

did not move for JNOV on the liability question and, thus, has not challenged the finding he 

breached his fiduciary duties by making payments to himself. The trial court did not award 

damages to Cruz on this claim. On appeal, Cruz argues the trial court should have entered 

judgment ordering disgorgement of Ghani’s compensation.

3. Law & Analysis

Courts may fashion equitable remedies such as disgorgement and forfeiture to remedy a 

breach of a fiduciary duty. Cooper v. Campbell, No. 05-15-00340-CV, 2016 WL 4487924, at *10 

(Tex. App.—Dallas Aug. 24, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing ERI Consulting Eng’r, Inc. v. 

Swinnea, 318 S.W.3d 867, 874, 873-75 (Tex. 2010); Burrow v. Arce, 997 S.W.2d 229 (Tex. 1999); 

Dernick Resources, Inc. v. Wilstein, 471 S.W.3d 468, 482 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2015, 

pet. denied)). Disgorgement is an equitable forfeiture of benefits wrongfully obtained. Id. (citing 

In re Longview Energy Co., 464 S.W.3d 353, 361 (Tex. 2015) (orig. proceeding); Swinnea v. ERI 

Consulting Eng’r, Inc., 481 S.W.3d 747, 752 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2016, no pet.)). A party may be 

required to forfeit benefits when a person rendering services to another in a relationship of trust 

breaches that trust. See In re Longview Energy Co., 464 S.W.3d 361. 

“We have said that such equitable forfeiture ‘is not mainly compensatory . . . nor is it 

mainly punitive’ and ‘cannot . . . be measured by . . . actual damages.’” Id. (quoting Burrow, 997 

S.W.2d at 240). Disgorgement is compensatory in the same sense attorney fees, interest, and costs 

are, but it is not damages. Id. As a result, equitable forfeiture is distinguishable from an award of 

actual damages incurred as a result of a breach of fiduciary duty. Cooper, 2016 WL 4487924, at 

*10 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 240; McCullough v. Scarbrough, Medlin & Assocs., Inc., 435 
–38–

S.W.3d 871, 905 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, pet. denied); Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d at 753). A claimant 

need not prove actual damages to succeed on a claim for forfeiture because they address different 

wrongs. Id. (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 240; Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d at 753). In addition to 

serving as a deterrent, forfeiture can serve as restitution to a principal who did not receive the 

benefit of the bargain due to his agent’s breach of fiduciary duty. Id. (citing Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d 

at 753 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 237–38)). However, forfeiture is not justified in every 

instance in which a fiduciary violates a legal duty because some violations are inadvertent or do 

not significantly harm the principal. Cooper, 2016 WL 4487924, at *10 (citing Burrow, 997 

S.W.2d at 241; Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482; Miller, 142 S.W.3d at 338).

Whether a forfeiture should be imposed must be determined by the trial court based on the 

equity of the circumstances. Cooper, 2016 WL 4487924, at *10 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 

245; Swinnea, 481 S.W.3d at 753; Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482). However, certain matters may 

present fact issues for the jury to decide, such as whether or when the alleged misconduct occurred, 

the fiduciary’s mental state and culpability, the value of the fiduciary’s services, and the existence 

and amount of harm to the principal. Id. (citing Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482; Miller, 142 S.W.3d 

at 338). Once the factual disputes have been resolved, the trial court must determine: (1) whether 

the fiduciary’s conduct was a “clear and serious” breach of duty to the principal; (2) whether any 

monetary sum should be forfeited; and (3) if so, what the amount should be. Id. (citing Swinnea, 

481 S.W.3d at 753 (citing Burrow, 997 S.W.2d at 245–46); Dernick, 471 S.W.3d at 482).

The record shows Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to Plano AMI with 

respect to the payments made to himself. The jury found the injury resulted from Ghani’s malice 

(Question 24). Although Cruz, in his sixth amended petition, sought “disgorgement/fee forfeiture”

for Ghani’s misconduct and the issue was argued by counsel at the hearing on Ghani’s motion for 

JNOV, the record does not show whether the trial court considered an equitable forfeiture award. 
–39–

Because Cruz requested the remedy and it was timely brought to the trial court’s attention, we 

conclude the request for equitable relief should be remanded to the trial court for consideration of 

the factors described by the Texas Supreme Court in ERI Consulting Engineers, Inc. v. Swinnea, 

318 S.W.3d 867, 875 (Tex. 2010). We sustain Cruz’s second issue to this extent.

G. Ghani’s Counterclaim

In his third issue, Cruz argues the trial court denied his right to due process when it awarded 

judgment on Ghani’s counterclaim without any adjudicatory proceeding. In 2012, Cruz obtained 

a judgment against Ghani for over $4 million. See Plano AMI v. Cruz, No. 05-12-01480-CV, 2015 

WL 128592 (Tex. App.—Dallas Jan. 9, 2015, no pet.). Ghani appealed, but did not supersede the 

judgment. While Ghani’s appeal was pending, Cruz obtained a writ of execution and caused a 

condominium owned by Ghani to be sold for $25,000. After the execution sale, this Court reversed 

the judgment on which execution issued. On remand, Ghani asserted a counterclaim for wrongful 

execution, which Cruz generally denied. The trial court rendered judgment that Ghani recover 

$217,500, the stipulated fair market value of Ghani’s condominium at the time of the execution 

sale, on his counterclaim. The trial court also awarded Ghani prejudgment interest, post-judgment 

interest, and costs. See Cruz v. Ghani, No. 05-17-00566-CV, 2018 WL 446425, at *1 (Tex. App.—

Dallas Jan. 17, 2018, no pet.). 

Cruz asserts the trial court conducted no adjudication on Ghani’s right to relief, either 

through a trial or motion for summary judgment, before entering judgment in Ghani’s favor. Thus, 

Cruz argues, judgment on Ghani’s counterclaim is improper and, by entering the judgment, the 

trial court denied his right to due process. Ghani responds the parties presented their legal and 

factual arguments on the condominium issue to the trial court.

Before trial began, Ghani’s counsel informed the court there were two “administrative 

issues” the parties “agreed to put off until after [the] verdict. One is we have a claim for wrongful 
–40–

foreclosure with respect to a condominium that was foreclosed on judgment. We’ve agreed to just 

hold that and deal with that in the future.” Five months after the trial concluded, the trial court 

held a hearing on Ghani’s motion for JNOV. During the hearing, the trial court stated: 

THE COURT: Let’s talk about the condominium. Defendants argue that 

they should be awarded judgment on the counterclaim for the levy of execution on 

the condominium. Help me. . . . I don’t remember hearing about this during trial.

[Counsel for Ghani]: You didn’t. . . . That’s the reason . . . you wouldn’t 

remember. . . . [W]hat you may recall faintly at this point was before the trial started 

in one of the final pretrial conferences, [counsel for both parties] agreed to reserve 

the condominium issue until after the trial was over.

The parties then presented brief arguments on the condominium issue. No evidence was admitted.

Six months after the hearing, the trial court entered its final judgment which states, in part:

By stipulation of the parties, the issues raised by defendant Ghani’s counterclaim 

were reserved for future determination by the Court. The parties have stipulated 

that on February 4, 2012, a condominium located at . . . , belonging to defendant 

Ghani was sold at execution sale pursuant to this Court’s judgment of August 7, 

2012, which was later reversed on appeal, and that the fair market value of the 

condominium on the date of sale was $217,500. Plaintiff Cruz has deposited in the 

registry of the Court the $25,000 received from the execution sale. The Court 

concludes that defendant Ghani is entitled to restitutionary remedies to recover 

what was taken from him pursuant to a judgment later reversed.

Cruz filed a motion to modify the judgment or for new trial on Ghani’s counterclaim. 

Due process requires that a party receive “reasonable notice” of trial. Boateng v. 

Trailblazer Health Enterprises, L.L.C., 171 S.W.3d 481, 492 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2005, no pet.) (quoting Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., Inc., 485 U.S. 80, 84 (1988)). The record 

shows the trial court ruled on the merits of Ghani’s counterclaim without giving notice that the 

JNOV hearing would also be a trial on the counterclaim. Rather, the trial judge raised the issue of 

the counter-claim at the JNOV hearing and the parties then briefly presented arguments. There 

was no opportunity to present evidence. The purpose of the hearing was to determine the merits 

of the motion for JNOV, not to adjudicate the merits of Ghani’s counter-claim. Thus, we conclude 

that the trial court erred by considering the JNOV hearing a trial on the merits of Ghani’s counter-
–41–

claim and entering judgment on the claim. See Knutson v. Friess, No. 09-08-00181-CV, 2009 WL 

1331100, at *4 (Tex. App.—Beaumont May 14, 2009, no pet.) (citing Mocega v. Bradford 

Urquhart M.D., 79 S.W.3d 61, 64–65 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied) 

(reversing dismissal of medical malpractice action because trial court did not give notice of hearing 

on motion to dismiss); Green v. McAdams, 857 S.W.2d 816, 819 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 

1993, no writ) (holding trial court erred by rendering post-answer default judgment after party 

failed to appear at trial because trial court gave defaulting party no notice of trial setting); Seckers 

v. Ocean Chems., Inc., 845 S.W.2d 317, 318–319 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1992, no writ) 

(holding trial court erred in dismissing case as a discovery sanction because trial court gave no 

notice of sanctions hearing to the sanctioned party); Palmer v. Cantrell, 747 S.W.2d 39, 41 (Tex.

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1988, no writ) (same as Seckers)). We sustain Cruz’s third issue. 

CONCLUSION

In accordance with this opinion, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in favor of Ghani on 

Cruz’s Plano Open claim, GMI claim, and Ault claim. We reverse the trial court’s judgment in 

favor of Ghani on Cruz’s NDMI claim, Plano AMI claim, and salary claim. We reverse the trial 

court’s judgment in favor of Ghani on his counterclaim. We remand for the trial court to enter 

judgment in favor of appellants on the NDMI claim, Plano AMI claim, and salary claim; to 

consider Cruz’s request for equitable relief on the salary claim; and to conduct further proceedings 

on Ghani’s counterclaim.

170566F.P05

/Craig Stoddart/

CRAIG STODDART

JUSTICE
–42–

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

ERWIN CRUZ AND THE ERWIN A. 

CRUZ FAMILY LIMITED 

PARTNERSHIP, BOTH OF THEM 

INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF 

NORTH DALLAS MEDICAL IMAGING, 

LP, PLANO AMI, LP, AND GHANI 

MEDICAL INVESTMENTS, INC., 

Appellants

No. 05-17-00566-CV V.

MEHRDAD GHANI, Appellee

On Appeal from the 101st Judicial District 

Court, Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. DC-10-16274.

Opinion delivered by Justice Stoddart. 

Justices Francis and Myers participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part. 

We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s judgment in favor of appellee Mehrdad 

Ghani on his counterclaim.

We REVERSE that portion of the trial court’s judgment in favor of appellee Ghani on 

the claims by appellants Erwin Cruz and the Erwin A. Cruz Family Limited Partnership, both of 

them individually and on behalf of the North Dallas Medical Imaging, L.P. (“NDMI”), Plano 

AMI, LP (“Plano AMI”), and Ghani Medical Investments, Inc. (“GMI”) that Ghani failed to 

comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI, the failure was not excused, and NDMI suffered 

damages; that Cruz was a 24% limited partner of Plano AMI, Ghani actively directed or 

participated in GMI’s conversion of Cruz’s Plano AMI limited partnership interest, and Cruz 

suffered damages as a result; and that Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties to Plano 

AMI with respect to salary payments made to himself. 

We AFFIRM that portion of the trial court’s judgment in favor of appellee Ghani on the 

claims by appellants that Ghani failed to comply with his fiduciary duties with respect to the 

pursuit of Plano Open causing damages to appellants; Ghani actively directed or participated in 

GMI’s conversion of shares belonging to Cruz, which caused damages to Cruz; and Ghani failed 

to comply with his fiduciary duties to NDMI with respect to payments made concerning the Ault 

Litigation on behalf of Rona Ghani. 
–43–

We REMAND this cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion.

It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 20th day of August, 2018.