# 1 Memorandum

TO: David Jacobson, USEPA and Heidi Nelson-Ries, Stratu s Consulting

FROM: Dick Richards, Matthew Cleaver, and Nancy Holt, SAI C

DATE: June 15, 2012

SUBJECT: Review and Evaluation of 40 CFR Part 98 CO

2 

# Emission Factors for EPW07072 TO 45

On April 24, 2012, SAIC received technical directio n from Stratus Consulting to conduct the following

subtasks:

• Review Tables C-1, MM-1, MM-2, NN-1, and NN-2 for c onsistency.

• Review Table C-1 for other errors.

• Identification of new sources (and new emission fac tors) for undocumented emission factors.

• Reviewing JIRA tickets for updates to emission fact ors for any subpart.

• Reviewing JIRA tickets for other equation or rule d iscrepancies.

This memorandum summarizes SAIC’s findings for this effort.

1. Review of CO 2 

# Emission Factors and Other Characteristics of Fuel s Identified in 40 CFR Part

98



# SAIC reviewed the sources for emission factors and other characteristics for each fuel listed in the

following tables in 40 CFR Part 98:

• Table C-1 – Default CO

2 

# Emission Factors and High Heat Values for Various Types of Fuel

o Emission factor and heating value

• Table MM-1 – Default Factors for Petroleum Products and Natural Gas Liquids

o Density and carbon share (% Mass)

• Table MM-2 – Default Factors for Biomass-Based Fuel s and Biomass

o Density and carbon share (% Mass)

• Table NN-1 – Default Factors for Calculation Method ology 1 of This Subpart (NN)

o Emission factor and heating value

• Table NN-2 – Lookup Default Values for Calculation Methodology 2 of This Subpart (NN)

o Emission factor

If the source for an emission factor, or other char acteristic, was undocumented, SAIC attempted to

locate the source of the factor. If the current so urce could not be established, SAIC reviewed existi ng

literature to either corroborate the factor or deve lop an alternate factor and source. In addition SA IC

reviewed the characteristics for errors and other i nconsistencies.

# 2

SAIC identified the following issues for the fuel c haracteristics listed in 40 CFR part 98:

Table C-1

• There was no source documented for either an emissi on factor or heating value for the

following fuels in Table C-1:

o Coke (from coal) – emission factor

o Used Oil – heating value

o Natural Gasoline – emission factor

o Heavy Gas Oils – heating value

o Municipal Solid Waste – heating value

o Tires – heating value

o Biogas (Captured methane) – heating value

o Rendered Animal Fat – heating value

o Vegetable Oil – heating value

• The HHV for Solid Byproducts (25.83 MMBtu/short ton ) was judged to be too high for a

biomass material.

Table MM-1

• No documentation for conditions associated with the density value for still gas.

Table MM-2

• No issues

Table NN-1 and NN-2

• The sources of factors for fuels in Table NN-1 and NN-2 are all assumed to be based directly

from the corresponding fuels in Table C-1.

Section 2 of this memorandum provides a detailed su mmary of our research efforts and findings for

these fuels. Attachment A to this memorandum provi des a summary of the values and sources for the

HHV and emission factor listed for each fuel in the above tables. Attachment B summarizes the

recommended updates to emission factors and heating values along with the corresponding source.

2. Identification of New Sources and New Emission F actors for Undocumented CO 2 

# Emission

Factors



# The following sections summarize SAIC’s findings an d recommendations regarding revisions to the fuel

characteristic data presented in 40 CFR part 98.

# 3

2.1 Densities and HHVs for Liquid Petroleum Gases ( LPG)



# Background : The primary value being assessed in this effort is the higher heating value (HHV), defined

as the energy associated with the complete combusti on of a substance, and inclusive of the energy

associated with vaporization of the water in the re action. The measurement involves heating the

reactants from, and returning the products to, a te mperature of 25°C. HHVs are generally measured in

energy per unit of substance, such as Btu/lb, and c an be calculated by multiplying the heat of

combustion by the molecular weight of the compound, accounting for all necessary unit conversions.

In 40 CFR Part 98 Table C-1, the HHV it is reported per unit of volume, i.e., MMBtu/gal, as opposed to

the more common per unit of mass approach. In orde r to express HHVs in a per unit of volume manner,

a knowledge of the heat of combustion, the molecula r weight and the liquid density of the compound

under a desired set of temperature and pressure con ditions is required. Since the LPGs presented in 4 0

CFR Part 98 are gases under standard conditions (co nsidered here to be 60°F and 1 atm), the selected

densities must be associated with a different set o f specified conditions to use units based on a liqu id

measure. This can be done by reporting the values at: (i) 60°F and their corresponding saturation

pressures; (ii) 1 atm and their corresponding satur ation temperature; or (iii) any set of temperature and

pressure conditions under which the substance is a liquid.

Findings: In order to assess the accuracy of the HHVs current ly presented in 40 CFR Part 98, we

compared them, where possible, with the values publ ished by other well-established sources. A

comparison of the LPG HHVs that were available on a per mass basis is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Comparison of LPG HHVs on a Per Unit Mass Basis and the Molecular Weight of Each Fuel

Fuel HHV

DOE*

(Btu/lb) HHV

NIST**

(Btu/lb) HHV

Guthrie***

(Btu/lb) Molecular Weight

(g/mol)

Butane 21,157 21,294

-- 58.1

Isobutane 21,108 21,231

-- 58.1

Isobutylene 20,739 20,689 20,618 56.1

Propane 21,597 21,636

-- 44.1

Propylene

-- 21,016 20,934 42.1

Ethane

-- 22,293

-- 30.1

Ethylene

-- 21,592

-- 28.1

Butylene****

-- 20,778 20,671 56.1

* Data from U.S. Department of Energy, Hydrogen A nalysis Resource Center

** Data obtained from NIST Webbook by using the mos t recent Heat of Combustion Value presented and con verted to Btu/lb

using the molecular weight

*** Guthrie, Petroleum Products Handbook, 1960

**** Average of 3 isomers: 1-Butene, trans-2-Butene , and cis-2-Butene



# A comparison of the density values reported from th e sources in Table 1 is presented in Table 2a.

# 4

Table 2a: Comparison of Density Values at Saturatio n Pressure

Fuel Density

DOE

(lb/gal) Density

NIST

(lb/gal) Density

Guthrie

(lb/gal)

Temp not quoted* 60°F/15.5°C 68°F/20°C 77°F/25°C 60°F/15.5°C

Butane 4.88 4.87 4.83 4.78 4.86

Isobutane 4.67 4.69 4.65 4.60 4.69

Isobutylene 4.97

-- -- -- 4.99

Propane 4.23 4.23 4.17 4.11 4.22

Propylene

-- 4.34 4.28 4.21 4.34

Ethane

-- 2.97 2.83 2.63 3.11

Ethylene**

-- -- -- -- -- Butylene***

-- -- -- -- 5.10

* By comparison, DOE temp appears to be 60°F/15.5°C

. ** Critical temperature for ethylene is 9.20°C, i.e ., there is no liquid/gas phase boundary beyond thi s temperature.

*** Average of 3 isomers: 1-Butene, trans-2-Butene, and cis-2-Butene



# The difference in the density values obtained from NIST and Guthrie, both at 60°F and saturation

pressure, are notable for ethane. In addition, onl y Guthrie provides a density value for butylene at 60°F

and saturation pressure.

A comparison of the LPG densities from Subpart MM w ith those from NIST is presented in Table 2b.

Table 2b: Comparison of Subpart MM Densities with N IST Data at Various Conditions.

Fuel Subpart MM Density* NIST

(metric tons/bbl) (lbs/gal)** (lb/gal)

Sat P, unless otherwise noted 1 atm -77°F 77°F

[temp F] [temp °F] [Sat. T °F] [Sat P atm] [Sat P atm]

Ethane 0.0866 [-128]*** 4.55 [-128) 4.54 [-128] 4.23 [3.66] 2.63 [41.35]

Ethylene* 0.0903 [-155]*** 4.74 [-155] 4.74 [-155] 4.17 [7.29]

--

Propane 0.0784 [77] 4.12 [77] 4.84 [-44] 5.02 [0.41] 4.11 [9.40]

Propylene 0.0803 [77] 4.21 [77] 5.08 [-54] 5.21 [0.53] 4.21 [11.43]

Butane 0.0911 [77] 4.78 [77] 5.02 [31] 5.52 [0.05] 4.78 [2.40]

Butylene 0.0935 [77] 4.91 [77]

-- -- --

Isobutane 0.0876 [77] 4.60 [77] 4.96 [11] 5.38 [0.09] 4.60 [3.46]

Isobutylene 0.0936 [77] 4.91 [77]

-- -- -- * By comparing the values from Subpart MM and NIST, the reported temperature conditions should be 77°F /25°C, as stated in

this table, and not -77°F/-25°C, as stated in the S upplementary Information for Subpart MM as presente d on the EPA

Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program Resources website.

** Converted based on 1 bbl = 42 US gallons; consid ered to be a v/v conversion that applies to all LPG s. Conversion is defined

in 40 CFR Part 98.

*** 1 atm



# A comparison of the Subpart MM density values with the available NIST values at 77°F and saturation

pressure show that they are, for all intents and pu rposes, the same. The ethane and ethylene values a t -

128°F and -155°F, respectively, and 1 atm also matc h, for all intents and purposes, what is found in t he

NIST Webbook.

# 5

A comparison of the HHVs per unit volume (Btu/gal) from the same sources as in Table 1 is presented in

Table 3.

Table 3: Comparison of LPG HHVs on a Per Unit Volum e Basis

Fuel HHV Calculated

NIST*

(Btu/gal) HHV

DOE*

(Btu/gal) HHV

Guthrie*

(Btu/gal)

Butane 103,701 103,220 103,047

Isobutane 99,573 98,560 99,097

Isobutylene

-- 103,010 102,964

Propane 91,520 91,420 91,044

Propylene 91.209

-- 90,891

Ethane 65,987

-- 69,433

Ethylene**

-- -- -- Butylene***

-- -- 105,334

*Conditions for comparison are 60°F and saturation pressure (NIST was calculated at 60°F, DOE is presu med to be 60°F and

saturation pressure based on comparison with NIST a nd Guthrie cites 60°F and saturation pressure).

** Critical temperature for ethylene is 9.20°C, i.e ., there is no liquid/gas phase boundary beyond thi s temperature.

*** Average of 3 isomers: 1-Butene, trans-2-Butene, and cis-2-Butene

Note: The California Air Resources Board (CARB) ado pted 18.5x10 9 

# Joules/cubic meter at the HHV for ethane, which co nverts to

66,375 Btu/gal.



# A comparison of the HHVs per unit volume (MMBtu/gal ) from the same sources as in Table 1 with

Subpart C is presented in Table 4.

Table 4: Comparison of LPG HHVs on a Per Unit Volum e Basis with Subpart C

Fuel HHV Calculated

NIST*

(MMBtu/gal) HHV

DOE*

(MMBtu/gal) HHV

Guthrie*

(MMBtu/gal) HHV

Subpart C

(MMBtu/gal)

Butane 0.104 0.103 0.103 0.101

Isobutane 0.100 0.099 0.099 0.097

Isobutylene

-- 0.103 0.103 0.103

Propane 0.092 0.091 0.091 0.091

Propylene 0.091

-- 0.091 0.091

Ethane 0.066

-- 0.069 0.069

Ethylene**

-- -- -- 0.100

Butylene***

-- -- 0.105 0.103

*Conditions for comparison are 60°F and saturation pressure (NIST was calculated at 60°F, DOE is presu med to be 60°F based

on comparison with NIST and Guthrie cites 60°F and saturation pressure).

** Critical temperature for ethylene is 9.20°C, i.e ., there is no liquid/gas phase boundary beyond thi s temperature.

*** Average of 3 isomers: 1-Butene, trans-2-Butene, and cis-2-Butene

Note: The California Air Resources Board (CARB) ado pted 18.5x10^9 Joules/cubic metre at the HHV for et hane, which converts

to 0.066 MMBtu/gal.



# Recommendations:

Density: With regard to the density, the most common approa ch is to report it at a standard

temperature of 60 °F and the corresponding saturati on pressure for the given compound. However, we

# 6

note that this is not possible for ethylene, since it cannot be liquefied above 48.6°F (9.2°C). As a result,

we recommend selecting a value determined at slight ly under the critical temperature, such as 41°F

(5°C) and the corresponding saturation pressure, to report the density for ethylene (i.e., 2.58 lb/gal in

the NIST Webbook).

The recommended final density values to use for cal culating per unit volume HHVs for Table C-1 are

shown in Table 5. The values are the average of th e existing values in Table 2a at 60°F and saturatio n

pressure, with the exception of ethylene. A compar ison with Subpart MM is not shown due to

differences in temperature and pressure.

Table 5: Proposed Subpart C LPG Density Values at 6 0°F and Saturation Pressure, Unless Otherwise

Noted

Fuel Density (lb/gal)

Butane 4.87

Isobutane 4.68

Isobutylene 4.98

Propane 4.23

Propylene 4.34

Ethane 3.04

Ethylene* 2.58

Butylene 5.10

*Conditions: 41.0°F (5 °C) and saturation pressure



# HHV: Using the per unit mass HHV from NIST of 21,592 Bt u/lb for ethylene in Table 1 and the density in

Table 5, this give a per unit volume HHV of ethylen e of 55,707 Btu/gal or 0.058 MMBtu/gal at 41.0°F (5

C) and saturation pressure. This varies substantia lly from the current value in Subpart C of 0.103,

though it is unclear how this value was derived at 60°F, since ethylene cannot be liquefied at this

temperature no matter what the pressure is applied.

The recommended final per unit volume HHVs for Tabl e C-1 of 40 CFR Part 98, subpart C are shown in

Table 6, along with the most recent values. The va lues are the average of the existing values in Tabl e 4

and correspond to conditions of 60°F and saturation pressure, with the exception of ethylene.

Table 6: Proposed Subpart C LPG HHVs at 60°F and Sa turation Pressure, Unless Otherwise Noted, and

the Most Recent Subpart C Values

Fuel Proposed HHVs

(MMBtu/gal) Subpart C HHVs

(MMBtu/gal) Subpart NN HHVs*

(MMBtu/gal)

Butane 0.103 0.101 0.101

Isobutane 0.099 0.097 0.097

Isobutylene 0.103 0.103

--

Propane 0.091 0.091 0.091

Propylene 0.091 0.091

--

Ethane 0.068 0.069 0.096

Ethylene** 0.058 0.100

-- Butylene 0.105 0.103

-- * Converted from MMBtu/bbl from Table NN-1 using 1 bbl=42 gal

** Conditions: 41°F (5°C) and saturation pressure

Note: At minimum, the HHV for ethane should be upda ted in Subpart NN.

# 7

Table MM-1. §98.394(a)(1)(iii) states: “For products that are l iquid at 60 degrees Fahrenheit and one

standard atmosphere, all measurements of quantity sh all be temperature-adjusted and pressure-adjusted

to these conditions. For all other products, reporter s shall use appropriate standard conditions specified in

the standard method; if temperature and pressure con ditions are not specified in the standard method or

if a reporter uses an industry standard practice to de termine quantity, the reporter shall use appropriat e

standard conditions according to established industry p ractices.”

Since none of the LPG components included in Table MM -1 are liquids at 60°F and 1 atmosphere,

reporters must use, in determining fuel quantities, appropriate standard conditions that are either

specified in a standard method or consistent with est ablished industry practice. To assist reporters in

obtaining the most accurate results when using the de faults for LPG components in Table MM-1, SAIC

recommends the addition of the following footnotes t o the table that will allow these users to adjust t heir

volumes to match the conditions of the default values :

• For ethane and ethylene: “Conditions for density an d emission factor are 1 atmosphere and

saturation temperature.”

• For all other LPGs: “Conditions for density and em ission factor are 25°C (77°F) and saturation

pressure.”

2.2 Emission Factor for Coal Coke



# The existing emission factor for coal coke in Table C-1 is 102.04 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu (27.85 Tg C/QBtu

converted to CO

2 

# using 3.664 as the conversion factor). This facto r appears to have been sourced from

the EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2. However, SAIC believes that this is an incorrect emission

factor for coal coke as this factor is identical to the factor for petroleum coke in the EPA GHG Inven tory.

Coke from coal has similar, but not identical, char acteristics as petroleum coke. The following are

definitions of petroleum coke and coal coke from th e Energy Information Administration (EIA):

Petroleum Coke : A residue high in carbon content and low in hydro gen that is the final product

of thermal decomposition in the condensation proces s in cracking. This product is reported as

marketable coke or catalyst coke. The conversion is 5 barrels (42 U.S. gallons each) per short

ton. Coke (petroleum) has a heating value of 6.024 million Btu per barrel (0.143

MMBtu/gallon). 1



# Coal Coke: A solid carbonaceous residue derived from low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal from

which the volatile constituents are driven off by b aking in an oven at temperatures as high as

2,000°F so that the fixed carbon and residual ash a re fused together. Coke is used as a fuel and

as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Coal coke has a heating value of 24.8

MMBtu/short ton. 2



# SAIC performed an Internet search to identify emiss ion factors for coal coke as documented in existing

literature. Table shows the emission factors for coal coke from six different sources:

1 

# EIA Monthly Energy Review, 2012. http://205.254.135.7/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/s ec13.pdf

2 

# EIA Monthly Energy Review, 2012. http://205.254.135.7/totalenergy/data/monthly/pdf/s ec13.pdf

# 8

Table 7. Emission Factors for Coal Coke from Variou s Sources

Emission Factor

(kg CO 2 

# /MMBtu) Source Notes

113.67 EPA GHG Inventory 1990

- 2009, Annex 4, Table A

- 251.

113.95 NRCAN. http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/industrial/technical

info/benchmarking/canadian-steel-industry/6602

112.96 IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2. http://www.ipcc

nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol2.html Listed as "Coke Oven

Coke and Lignite

Coke"

114.12 TSU Internship Report, IPCC NGGIP / IGES, National GHG Emission

Factors in Former Soviet Union Countries. http://ww w.ipccnggip.iges.or.jp/tsu/intern_report/TSU_InternshipRe portOlga.pdf

114.12 IEA, CO 2 

# EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION. 2011.

http://wds.iea.org/wds/pdf/documentation_co2_2011.p df Listed as "Coke Oven

Coke"

113.45 F.H. Reed, H.W. Jackman, O.W. Rees, G.R. Hohe, and P.W. Henline, Use

of Illinois Coal for Productions of Metallurgical C oke, Illinois State

Geological Survey, Bulletin No. 71, 1947. Average of 182 sample

runs



# Based on this search, SAIC believes that the emissi on factor for coal coke should be in the range of 1 13-

114 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu, significantly higher than the current facto r of 102.04 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu. SAIC suggests

an emission factor for coal coke of 113.67 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu, based on the carbon coefficient for coke in

the EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2009, Annex 4, Table A-2 51. We are suggesting using the 1990-2009

version of the Inventory instead of the latest 2010 version due to an apparent discrepancy in the

emission factor for coal coke in the 2010 version. Annex 4, Table A-255 “2010 Potential CO

2 

# Emissions,”

lists a carbon coefficient for “Coke” of 25.61 Tg C /QBtu (93.90 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu). However, the carbon

coefficient for “Coke” in the same table for previo us years (2005 - 2009) is listed as 31 Tg C/QBtu (1 13.67

kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu). The current (2010) coefficient is identic al to the coefficient for “Industrial Coking Coal”

in Annex 2, Table A-35 “Key Assumptions for Estimat ing CO 2 

# Emissions.” This coefficient was developed

by SAIC based on coal samples from the USGS and rep resents the coefficient for coal used to make coke,

not the coke itself. However, it is our assumption that the fuel listed in Table A-255 as “Coke” is

referring to the actual coke, not the coal used to make coke, and therefore should have a carbon

coefficient of 31 Tg C/QBtu, as in previous years. In addition, Annex 2, Section 2.1 “Methodology for

Estimating Emissions of CO

2 

# from Fossil Fuel Combustion,” page A-29, contains the following description

of coking coal: “Coking coal, also called ‘coal cok e,’ is used as a raw material (specifically as a re ducing

agent) in the blast furnace process to produce iron and steel, lead, and zinc ...” This is misleading as the

terms “coking coal” and “coal coke” are typically u sed to describe two different materials. “Coking c oal”

is the raw material (usually low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal) used to make coke, and “coal coke” is

the solid carbonaceous residue that remains after t he coking coal is baked in an oven.

# 9

Table and Table show the carbon coefficients for coal by use and c oal by rank in the GHG Inventory

from 2005 to 2010. The adjustment of the carbon co efficient for Industrial Coking Coal in Annex 2

appears to be correct, as this is a more appropriat e factor for coal used to make coke. However, the

change in coefficient for “Coke” in Annex 4 in 2010 appears to be an error.

# 10

Table 8. Carbon Coefficients (Tg C/QBtu) for Coal B y Use in EPA GHG Inventory 2005 through 2010

(Annex 2)

Fuel Type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Residential Coal 26.00 26.00 26.00 25.71 25.71 25.7 1

Commercial Coal 26.00 26.00 26.00 25.71 25.71 25.71

Industrial Coking Coal 31.00 31.00 31.00 25.61 25.61 25.61

Industrial Other Coal 25.63 25.63 25.63 25.82 25.82 25.82

Electric Power Coal 25.76 25.76 25.76 26.05 26.05 2 6.05



# Table 9. Carbon Coefficients (Tg C/QBtu) for Coal by Rank in EPA GHG Inventory 2005 through 2010

(Annex 4)

Fuel Type 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Anthracite Coal 28.26 28.26 28.26 28.28 28.28 28.28

Bituminous Coal 25.49 25.49 25.49 25.44 25.44 25.44

Sub-bituminous Coal 26.48 26.48 26.48 26.50 26.50 26.50

Lignite 26.30 26.30 26.30 26.65 26.65 26.65

Coke 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 31.00 25.61

Unspecified 25.34 25.34 25.34 25.34 25.34 25.34



# Recommendation: SAIC recommends updating the emission factor for co al coke in Table C-1 from

102.04 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu to 113.67 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu, based on the carbon coefficient for coke (3 1 Tg

C/QBtu) in the EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2009, Annex 4, Table A-251.

2.3 HHV for Used Oil



# Used oil means petroleum-derived or synthetically-d erived oil whose physical properties have changed

as a result of handling or use, such that the oil c annot be used for its original purpose. Used oil c onsists

primarily of automotive oils (e.g., used motor oil, transmission oil, hydraulic fluids, brake fluid, e tc.) and

industrial oils (e.g., industrial engine oils, meta lworking oils, process oils, industrial grease, etc ). 3



# The current heating value for used oil in Table C-1 is 0.135 MMBtu/gallon, however, the source of this

heating value is not known. In order to verify thi s heating value SAIC performed an Internet search t o

identify emission factors for used oil as documente d in existing literature.

3 

# EPA GHGRP, § 98.6 Definitions.

# 11

Table shows the heating values for used oil from f ive different sources. The mean heating value of a ll

identified sources is 0.140 MMBtu/gallon, which is slightly higher than the current value of 0.135

MMBtu/gallon.

# 12

Table 10. Heating Value for Used Oil from Various Sources

Heating Value

Btu/gallon Heating Value

MMBtu/gallon Source

140,000 0.140 American Recycler. 2010.

http://www.americanrecycler.com/0110/used002.shtml

140,000 0.140 EPA, Managing Used Oil: Advice for Small Businesses .1996.

http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/usedoil/u sedoil.htm

138,000 0.138 California Environmental Protection Agency. 2004.

http://oehha.ca.gov/risk/pdf/UsedOilInBunkerFuel.pd f

138,000 0.138 Graziano, D.J. and E.J. Daniels. 1995. Assessment of Opportunities to Increase

the Recovery and Recycling Rates of Waste Oils. U. S. DOE, Argonne National

Laboratory, Center for Industrial Technology.

http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/34/33500.pdf

141,600 0.142 TECHNICAL REVIEW DOCUMENT for OPERATING PERMIT 95OP EP007.

http://www.cdphe.state.co.us/ap/downop/ep007trd.pdf



# Based on this research, SAIC believes the heating v alue for used oil should be slightly higher than th e

value currently listed in Table C-1. SAIC suggests using the value from the U.S. DOE Argonne National

Laboratory because it provides the most documentati on to substantiate the heating value for used oil.

The heating value in this document was derived from the analysis of the physical properties of 231

samples of used oil.

Recommendation: SAIC recommends updating the heating value for use d oil in Table C-1 from 0.135

MMBtu/gallon to 0.138 MMBtu/gallon. The updated so urce is “Graziano, D.J. and E.J. Daniels,

Assessment of Opportunities to Increase the Recover y and Recycling Rates of Waste Oils, U.S. DOE,

Argonne National Laboratory, Center for Industrial Technology, 1995.

http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/34/33500.pdf .”

2.4 Density for Still Gas



# Still gas, or refinery gas, is any form or mixture of gases produced in refineries by distillation, cr acking,

reforming, and other processes. The principal const ituents are methane, ethane, ethylene, normal

butane, butylene, propane, and propylene. 4



# The current density for still gas in Table MM-1 is 0.1405 metric tons/bbl. This density was developed

using the heat content of still gas as estimated by EIA, 6 million Btu per fuel oil equivalent barrel, and

the relationship of heat content to density from U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Standards,

Thermal Properties of Petroleum Products, Miscellan eous Publication No.97, November 9, 1929. This

document uses specific gravity at 60 degrees F. Be cause still gas is essentially a mixture of C1 – C4

alkanes, with densities of approximately 0.09 metri c tons/bbl, SAIC believes the listed density value for

still gas of 0.1405 metric tons/bbl is too high, an d should be closer to the density of its components

. Because the components of still gas are liquids at different conditions, and none are liquid at 60°F a nd

one atmosphere, a potential solution is to determin e the density based on the average composition of

4 

# EPA GHGRP, TSD - Petroleum Products and Natural Ga s Liquids.

# 13

the components. SAIC reviewed existing literature but was not able to locate a published density for still

gas.

2.5 HHV for Heavy Gas Oils



# Heavy Gas Oils are petroleum distillates with an ap proximate boiling range from 651°F to 1,000°F. 5 

# The

current heating value for heavy gas oils in Table C -1 is 0.148 MMBtu/gallon. SAIC has confirmed that the

heating value was derived using the carbon coeffici ent denominated in Tg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG

Inventory, 1990-2009, Table A-33 (coefficient for c rude oil) and density and carbon share from subpart

MM, which were sourced from a the Shell Oil Company Mars Blend Crude assay page, January 28, 2009.

Recommendation: No change to heating value. Heating value was de rived using the carbon coefficient

denominated in Tg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG Inventory , 1990-2009, Table A-33 (coefficient for crude

oil) and density and carbon share from subpart MM.

2.6 Emission Factor for Natural Gasoline



# Natural Gasoline is a term used in the gas processi ng industry to refer to a mixture of liquid

hydrocarbons (mostly pentanes and heavier hydrocarb ons) extracted from natural gas. Natural Gasoline

contributes to the gasoline/naphtha "octane pool," and is used primarily to make motor gasoline. The

current emission factor natural gasoline in Table C -1 is 66.83 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu. This factor is most likely

based on the carbon coefficient for Natural Gasolin e in the EPA GHG Inventory, 1990 - 2005, Annex 2,

Table A-36. However, the Inventory shows a carbon coefficient of 18.24 Tg C/QBtu, which converts to

66.88 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu.

It should be noted that the carbon coefficient for natural gasoline was updated in the EPA GHG

Inventory to 14.47 Tg C/QBtu (53.06 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu) starting in 2007. However, this is the sam e

coefficient as natural gas. SAIC believes this is an error and suggests listing the source for the co efficient

as EPA GHG Inventory, 1990 - 2005, Annex 2, Table A -36.

Recommendation : SAIC recommends updating the emission factor for natural gasoline from 66.83 kg

CO 2 

# /MMBtu to 66.88 kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu. The source is EPA GHG Inventory, 1990 - 20 05, Annex 2, Table A36.

2.7 HHV for Rendered Animal Fat



# Rendered animal fats, including tallow, yellow grea se, and lard are fats extracted from animals which

can be used as fuel or as a feedstock in making bio diesel. The current heating value for animal fat i n

Table C-1 is 0.125 MMBtu/gallon, however, the sourc e of this heating value is not known. SAIC

performed an Internet search for relevant documents that discuss the use of animal fats for fuel. Thi s

review resulted in the identification of 16 heating values for various types of animal fats from six

different sources. The heating values range from 0 .124 to 0.127 MMBtu/gallon. The mean heating

5 

# EPA GHGRP. http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=ecfr&sid=9529156b734ae1cb3d017cf1d32f99e3&rgn =div5&view=text&node=40:21.0.1.1.3&idno=40#40:21.

0.1.1.3.3.1.7

# 14

value for all samples is 0.125 MMBtu/gallon, which is exactly the same as the current value listed in

Table C-1. Table 11 shows the heating values ident ified for several types of animal fats.

Table 11. Heating Value for Animal Fats from Variou s Sources 6



# Fuel Heating

Value Source

Unit Converted to

MMBtu/gal Source

Chicken Fat 16,873 Btu/lb 0.124 Adams, Thomas T. A Demonstration of Fat and

Grease as an Industrial Boiler Fuel. 2002.

http://www.biorefinery.uga.edu/

docs/biofuel_oil_report.pdf Yellow Grease 16,899 Btu/lb 0.124

Choice White Grease 16,893 Btu/lb 0.124

Tallow 16,920 Btu/lb 0.124

Semi

- Finished Lard 16,941 Btu/lb 0.124 Pearl, Gary. Animal Fats and Recycled Cooking Oils

Alternatives as Burner Fuels. March 2001.

http://fatforfuel.us /images/GaryPearl.pdf Finished Lard 16,990 Btu/lb 0.125

Choice White Grease 16,977 Btu/lb 0.125

Chicken Fat 17,000 Btu/lb 0.125 University of Auburn. BROILER PROCESSING

TIMELY INFORMATION – JUNE 2008.

http://www.ag.auburn.edu /poul /pdf/wogsjun08.pdf

Lard 17,165 Btu/lb 0.126 Kinast, J.A., Production of Biodiesels from Multipl e

Feedstocks andProperties of Biodiesels

andBiodiesel/Diesel Blends. NREL, 2003.

http://www.biofuels.coop/

archive/biodiesel_report.pdf Edible Tallow 17,144 Btu/lb 0.126

Inedible Tallow 17,061 Btu/lb 0.125

LFFA Yellow Grease 17,215 Btu/lb 0.126

HFFA Yellow Grease 17,154 Btu/lb 0.126

Tallow 18,000 Btu/lb 0.126 NOAA, CAMEO Chemicals, Data Sheet for Tallow.

http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/ chris/TLO.pdf

Methyl Tallowate 126,684 Btu/gal 0.127 Nelson, Richard. ENERGETIC AND ECONOMIC

FEASIBILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE

PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, AND

CONVERSION OF BEEF TALLOW TO A

SUBSTITUTE DIESEL FUEL. 2006. http://aegbiofuels.com/Pubs /2006_Energetic_BD_Prod.pdf



# Recommendation: No change to heating value for rendered animal fat. SAIC recommends using the

average of the six sources listed in Table 6 above as the updated source for this heating value.

2.8 HHV for Vegetable Oil



# Vegetable Oil is oil extracted from vegetation that is generally used as a feedstock in making biodies el.

The current heating value for animal fat in Table C -1 is 0.120 MMBtu/gallon, however, the source of th is

heating value is not known. SAIC performed an Inte rnet search for relevant documents that discuss the

use of vegetable oil for fuel. This review resulte d in the identification of five heating values for various

types of vegetable oils from four different sources . The heating values range from 0.120 to 0.121

MMBtu/gallon. The mean heating value for all sampl es is 0.120 MMBtu/gallon, which is the same as the

current value listed in Table C-1.

6 

# Heating values were converted from Btu/lb to MMBtu /gallon using the density of animal fat as listed i n Table

MM-2. Heating Values from Adams, Pearl, Auburn, an d Kinast were converted from “as fired”, or Lower H eating

Value, to Higher Heating Value by multiplying by th e PCC default conversion factor of 1.05.

# 15

Table 12 shows the heating values identified in the sear ch.

# 16

Table 12. Heating Value for Vegetable Oils from Var ious Sources 7



# Fuel Heating

Value Source

Unit Converted to

MMBtu/gal Source

Soy Methyl Ester 17,153 Btu/lb 0.120 Kinast, J.A., Production of Biodiesels from Multipl e Feedstocks

andProperties of Biodiesels andBiodiesel/Diesel Ble nds.

NREL, 2003.

http://www.biofuels.coop/archive/biodiesel_report.p df Canola Methyl

Ester 17,241 Btu/lb 0.121

Waste Vegetable

Oil 120,000 Btu/gal 0.120 Bartok, John W. University of Connecticut. Approx imate

Heating Value of Common Fuels, 2004.

http://www.hrt.msu.edu/energy/pdf/heating%20value%2 0of%2

0common%20fuels.pdf

Used Vegetable Oil 120,000 Btu/gal 0.120 Reeb, J. Home Heating Fuels. 2009.

http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1 628-e.pdf

Soybean Oil 38.37 kJ/g 0.121 Argeros, Anastasios. Heat of Combustion of Oils, A pril 30,

1998.

http://www.infolizer.com/s5e1asa1up5enna15ed4u/Heat -ofcombustion-of-oils.html



# Recommendation: No change to heating value for vegetable oil. SAIC recommends using the average

of the four sources listed in Table 7 above as the updated source for this heating value.

2.9 HHV for Tires



# Tires can be used as fuel either in shredded form - known as tire-derived fuel (TDF) — or whole,

depending on the type of combustion device. Scrap t ires are typically used as a supplement to

traditional fuels such as coal or wood. Generally, tires need to be reduced in size to fit in most

combustion units. Besides size reduction, use of T DF may require additional physical processing, such as

de-wiring. 8



# The current heating value for tires in Table C-1 is 26.87 MMBtu/short ton. This heating value is most

likely sourced from the Energy Information Administ ration, Renewable Energy Annual 2005, Table 10 -

Average Heat Content of Selected Biomass Fuels. Ho wever, this publication is no longer available and

SAIC performed an Internet search to identify heati ng values for tires as documented in existing

literature. The results of this research showed a consistently higher heat content then that currentl y

listed in Table C-1. Table 13 

# shows the heat content for tires as reported by fo ur different sources.

Table 13. 

# Heating Value for Tires from Various Sources

Higher Heating Value

(MMBtu/short ton) Source

28

- 31 Gray, Terry. T.A.G Resource Recovery. TIRE DERIVE D FUEL: ENVIRONMENTAL

CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE. 2004.

https://www.rma.org/getfile.cfm?ID=934&type=publica tion

7 

# Heating values were converted from Btu/lb to MMBtu /gallon, where necessary, using the density of vege table oil

as listed in Table MM-2. Heating Values from Arger os were converted from Lower Heating Value to Highe r Heating

Value by multiplying by the PCC default conversion factor of 1.05.

8 

# EPA, http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/tires/tdf .htm

# 17

Higher Heating Value

(MMBtu/short ton) Source

31.0 Jones, 1990. R.M. Jones, J.M. Kennedy, Jr., and N.L . Heberer, "Supplementary Firing of

Tire-Derived Fuel (TDF) in a Combination Fuel Boile r," TAPPI Journal, May 1990.

http://tappi.micronexx.com/JOURNALS/PDF/90MAY107.67 71.pdf

31.0 TMTS Associates. Alternate Fuels and Heat Recovery to Cut Fuel Costs. 2009.

http://www.tmtsassociates.com/literature/altfuel.ht ml

30.0 Connecticut Dept. of Energy and Environmental Protection. 2011.

http://www.ct.gov/dep/cwp/view.asp?A=2714&Q=324902

24

- 32 California Integrated Waste Management Board. 1992. Tires as a fuel supplement:

Feasibility study: Report to Legislature. Sacrament o.

http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/publications/Tires/401 93001.pdf

27.78 EPA, Waste Reduction Model (WARM). 2010. Introduct ion to WARM and Tires.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloa ds/tires-chapter10-28-10.pdf

28.00 U.S. EPA. 1991. Market for Scrap Tires.

http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/ tires.pdf

The review of existing literature found heating val ues for tires ranging from 12,000 to 16,000 Btu/lb (24

to 32 MMBtu/short ton), depending on the compositio n of the rubber and whether or not the steel has

been removed (de-wired). Whole tires have a lower heating value than tires that have been de-wired

and processed into TDF. It is assumed that the fue l listed in Table C-1 as “Tires” is intended to rep resent

all tires used as fuel and includes both whole tire s and TDF. Therefore, SAIC believes that a heating

value of 28 MMBtu/short ton is an acceptable heatin g value for tires. The single source to use for th is

heating value is a 1991 document from EPA titled “M arkets for Scrap Tires” which states that “Tires ha ve

a fuel value of 12,000 to 16,000 Btu per pound, sli ghtly higher than that of coal.” 9 

# This converts to a

heating value of 24 to 32 MMBtu/short ton. The ave rage of these values is 28 MMBtu/short ton.

Recommendation: SAIC recommends updating the heating value for ti res in Table C-1 from 26.87

MMBtu/short ton to 28.00 MMBtu/short ton. The upda ted source is “U.S. EPA. 1991. Market for Scrap

Tires. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials /tires/tires.pdf.“

2.10 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)



# The nominal source for the MSW emission factor in T able C-1 is the California Air Resources Board’s

(CEC) Compendium of Emission Factors; however, CEC cites the factor in the instructions to the Energy

Information Administration’s Form EIA-1605 (Volunta ry Reporting of Greenhouse Gases) that was

developed in the mid-1990s. Because the composition of MSW has changed significantly since then due

to increased use of plastic packaging and increased materials recycling, among other factors, EPA shou ld

update the emission factor and HHV for this fuel.

Because of its extreme variability of MSW, studies of its characteristics tend to be based on data fro m an

EPA model that uses a materials flow methodology th at relies on a mass balance approach to estimate

tons of materials and products generated, recycled, or discarded at the national level. 10 

# The resulting

data are used by EPA to estimate GHG emissions for the annual U.S. greenhouse gas emissions

9 

# U.S. EPA. 1991. Market for Scrap Tires. http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/ tires.pdf

10 

# U.S. EPA, Municipal Solid Waste in the United Stat es: 2009 Facts and Figures, EPA530-R-10-012, Decemb er 2010.

# 18

inventory. The Energy Information Administration (E IA) also used these data to estimate the biogenic

and non-biogenic shares of total MSW consumed for e nergy. 11



# In previous work for EIA, SAIC developed several es timates of CO

2 

# emissions from MSW based on EPA

MSW composition data. SAIC adapted EIA’s approach t o estimate the biogenic and non-biogenic share

of CO

2 

# emissions from MSW combustion (Method 1). In Metho d 2, we adapted EIA’s method further by

using alternative characteristic data (HHV, moistur e content, carbon content) for MSW components. For

Method 3, SAIC applied the estimates of biogenic an d non-biogenic CO

2 

# emissions generated in Methods

1 and 2 and the average HHV for MSW from EIA survey data to the estimate of non-biogenic CO

2 

# emissions per ton of MSW derived from EPA’s greenho use gas inventory. These methods are

summarized in Table 14 and the emission factors and HHVs they produced are shown, and compared

with the existing Table C-1 values, in Table 15. (T hese calculations were executed with 2009 data, the

most recent year for which all necessary data were available.)

Table 14. Summary of Methods Used to Calculate CO

2 

# Emission Factors and HHVs of MSW

Method Description

Method 1 CO 2 

# emissions (kg CO 2 

# /ton) were calculated for each component of MSW fro m EPA estimates of

the quantity combusted, carbon content (dry basis), and moisture content.

Method 1a CO 2 

# emissions (kg CO 2 

# / MMBtu ) were determined using HHVs for each MSW component from EIA

(2007) that were assumed to be wet basis.

Method 1b CO 2 

# emissions (kg CO 2 

# / MMBtu ) were determined using HHVs for each MSW component from E IA

(2007) that were assumed to be dry basis.

Method 2 CO 2 

# emissions calculated from EPA estimates, for each c omponent of MSW, of the quantity

combusted, carbon content (dry basis), and moisture content. Different data for MSW component

characteristics were used, including HHVs that were known to be dry basis.

M ethod 3 CO 2 

# emissions (kg CO 2 

# /ton) were calculated from total U.S. non

- biogenic emissions and total

MSW combusted estimated for U.S. GHG emissions inve ntory. CO 2 

# emissions (kg CO 2 

# /MMBtu)

calculated using average HHV for MSW reported to EI A (9.94 MMBtu/ton).

Method 3a Used non

- biogenic fraction of MSW estimated in Method 1

Method 3b Used non

- biogenic fraction of MSW estimated in Method 2



# Table 15. Summary of Calculated CO

2 

# Emission Factors and HHVs

Method HHV Emission Factor

MMBtu/ton Btu/lb kg CO 2 

# /ton kg CO 2



# /MMBtu

Method 1a 11.42 5,711 1,179.87 103.29

Method 1b 9.73 4,864 1,179.87 121.29

Method 2 12.18 6,088 1,085.71 89.17

Method 3a 9.94 4,968 900.53 90.63

Method 3b 9.94 4,968 896.25 90.20

Table C

- 1 9.95 4,975 902.47 90.70



# SAIC also calculated the share of total CO

2 

# emissions resulting from MSW combustion provided b y

biogenic and non-biogenic components of MSW (see Ta ble 16). The biogenic/non-biogenic shares

resulting from Method 1 and Method 2 emissions calc ulations were remarkably similar throughout the

time series, showing a 55/45 split between biogenic and non-biogenic sources in 2009.

11 

# U.S. Energy Information Administration, Methodolog y for Allocating Municipal Solid Waste to Biogenic and NonBiogenic Energy, May 2007.

# 19

Table 16. Biogenic and Non-Biogenic Shares of CO

2 

# Emitted from MSW Combustion

Method Source Share of CO 2 

# Emitted from MSW Combustion (percent)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

1 Biogenic 71.2 67.2 63.1 59.2 58.8 57.4 57.4 55.2

Non

- Biogenic 28.8 32.8 36.9 40.8 41.2 42.6 42.6 44.8

2 Biogenic 69.4 65.8 62.0 58.3 57.6 56.6 56.5 55.0

Non

- Biogenic 30.6 34.2 38.0 41.7 42.4 43.4 43.5 45.0



# Recommendation: Method 3 is perhaps the most reliable approach to d etermining a CO 2 

# emission

factor and HHV for MSW combustion because it is bas ed on accepted values for total U.S. CO

2 

# emissions

from this source, the total MSW combusted from EPA’ s GHG inventory, and measured HHVs for fuel

consumed by MSW combustors collected by EIA surveys . The values produced by Method 3 are very

close to the existing values in Table C-1, it may n ot be necessary to revise the latter values.

The method in 98.33(e)(3)(iv) for calculating bioge nic CO 2 

# emissions from MSW combustion requires the

use of a default factor of 0.6 for the biogenic sha re of CO

2 

# , which appears to be consistent with MSW

combusted 8-10 years ago. SAIC recommends that (1) the factor be updated to 0.55 to reflect trends in

waste composition and (2) the factor be updated at least every 5 years going forward.

2.11 HHV for Wood



# The HHV for wood and wood residuals in Table C-1 is a wet basis value that assumes moisture content of

12 percent. GHGRP reporters have indicated that the y use wood fuel with significantly different

moisture content, which results calculation of inac curate CO 2 

# emissions from burning this fuel. These

users have requested that EPA provide HHVs for a ra nge of moisture contents for wood fuel.

Recommendation: SAIC recommends that EPA revise Table C-1 to indica te the basis for the existing

default HHV, provide a dry basis default HHV (17.48 MMBtu/short ton), and include a footnote

instructing users how to convert the dry basis valu e to wet basis using measured moisture content. The

footnote should read as follows:

Use the following formula to calculate a wet basis HHV for use in Equation C-1 using the following

formula: HHV

w 

# = ((100 – M)/100) * HHV d 

# , where HHV

w 

# = wet basis HHV, M = moisture content

(percent), and HHV d 

# = dry basis HHV from Table C-1.

2.12 HHV for Solid Byproducts



# Subpart A defines Solid Byproducts as “plant matter such as vegetable waste, animal materials/wastes,

and other solid biomass, except for wood, wood wast e, and sulphite lyes (black liquor).” The HHV

included in Table C-1 is 25.83 MMBtu/short ton. Thi s HHV is comparable to the value bituminous coal

and seems very high for material that probably cont ains a significant amount of moisture. (SAIC

confirmed with the survey manager at EIA that the H HV data collected are meant to be “as-received” or

wet basis values.) The original source of this HHV, and possibly the definition of the fuel category, is the

EIA-860B survey (Annual Electric Generator--Nonutil ity). The value is a weighted average for the Solid

Byproducts consumed by three facilities reporting i n the 1999 survey.

# 20

The EIA-860B has been discontinued and HHV data on fuels used at power plants are collected on Form

EIA-923. The EIA-923 survey does not use the Solid Byproducts fuel category, replacing it with Other

Biomass Solids. In the 2010 EIA-923 survey, 31 faci lities reported the consumption of Other Biomass

Solids and the weighted average HHV of this fuel wa s 10.39 MMBtu/short ton, which appears to be

more consistent with other biomass fuels.

Recommendation: SAIC recommends that the HHV for Solid Byproducts be changed to the weighted

average for Other Biomass Solids reported in the EI A-923 survey (10.39 MMBtu/short ton). As the

Agricultural Byproducts and Solid Byproducts catego ries for solid biomass fuels in Table C-1 have caus ed

confusion among GHGRP reporters, EPA should conside r redefining the solid biomass fuel categories in

the future to create more recognizable categories s uch as crop residues, food processing wastes,

wastewater treatment sludge, and animal manure.

2.13 HHV for Biogas



# EIA collects HHV data for fuels burned at power pla nts on Form EIA-923, including landfill gas (LFG) a nd

other biomass gases (OBS), which is probably all di gester gas. SAIC calculated the following weighted

average HHVs for these fuels reported in 2010:

• Landfill Gas: 0.485 MMBtu/Mcf

• Other Biomass Gases: 0.655 MMBtu/Mcf

The higher HHV for other biomass gases compared to landfill gas is consistent with the typical methane

content of these gases (50 percent for methane and 65 percent for digester gas).

Recommendation: SAIC recommends that separate HHVs be provided for landfill gas and digester using

the above values calculated from the 2010 EIA-923 d ata. The methane concentration in landfill gas is

typically lower The CO

2 

# emission factor emission factor will be the same f or these gases because all the

CO 2 

# from fuel combustion is derived exclusively from t he methane in each gas.

3. Review of JIRA Tickets for Necessary Updates to Emission Factors, Equations, and Other



# SAIC conducted a review of historical JIRA tickets to identify those that addressed errors in emission

factors, equations, or other aspects of the mandato ry reporting of greenhouse gases rule. (This review

did not address emission factors for subparts I, L, or W.) The results of this review are shown in Tab le 17.

Many of these issues are addressed in Section 2 abo ve. The following section presents analysis and

recommendations for the biogas pass-through CO

2 

# issue identified by this review.

Table 17. Errors in Emission Factors, Equations, and Other As pects of the Rule Identified in JIRA Tickets

JIRA # Subpart Description

Emission Factor Issues

22317 C Separate emission factors (presumably for N 2 

# O) for low NOx boilers

21056 C Basis (wet or dry) for MSW emission factor in Table C

- 1

18337 C Alternative moisture content for biomass emission f actors in Table C

- 1

17590 C Table C

- 1 factor for wood assumes low moisture content

15266 C Emission factor for biogas does not include pass

- through CO 2 

# resulting in overestimation of non

biogenic emissions when biogas and fossil fuels are co-fired 14345

11589

13986 C Separate emission factors for pipeline quality and field natural gas

# 21

JIRA # Subpart Description

Equation Errors

21490 C Equation C

- 1: Table C

- 1 factor for biogas (pass through CO 2 

# )

21061 K Equation K

- 5: Output is in kg instead of metric tons

20979

20674 K Equation K

- 3: Error in output units (kg instead of metric tons)

14997 NN Equations NN

- 1, NN

- 4, and NN

- 6: Differences in default values in Tables NN

- 1 and NN

- 2 used

in Equations NN-1 and NN-4 result in negative net d eliveries of natural gas to customers in

Equation NN-6 14135

Other Rule or GHGRP Issues

19151 P Include ASTM method D2163 specifically in §98.164(b )(5)

18617 Z Specify that "tons" in subpart Z is meant to be short tons

16351 EE Provide guidance in §98.316(b)(11) for calculating weighted avg. C content if more than one waste

type is used in a single process line

15226 AA In Table AA

- 2, it is not clear that CH 4 

# emission factor (0.0027 kg/ MMBtu ) applies to all fuels.

14982 HH Errors in subpart HH calculation spreadsheet for Equations HH

- 6, HH

- 7, and HH

- 8

14320 C In Eq. C

- 10 calculation spreadsheet, it is unclear whether C H 4 

# & N 2 

# O should be entered as native

gas or CO 2 

# e

11263 C Parenthetical statement in applicability tool re: u sing Tier 1 method is incorrect

3.1 Pass-Through CO 2 

# in Biogas



# The anaerobic digestion of organic matter yields a gas containing methane (CH

4 

# ) and CO

2 

# . Landfill gas is

typically has 50 percent CH

4 

# and 50 percent CO

2 

# . Digesters that use sewage or animal manure usuall y

have a higher ratio of CH

4 

# to CO 2 

# , about 60:40 or higher. When biogas is burned, the CO 2 

# included in fuel

passes through the combustion device is emitted to the atmosphere along with the CO

2 

# resulting from

the combustion of CH

4 

# . Table 18 illustrates how pass through CO

2 

# is not treated consistently in 40 CFR

part 98. The subpart C Tier 1 and Tier 2 calculatio n methods that use a default emission factor

denominated in kg CO

2 

# /MMBtu excludes pass-through because the energy con tent of the biogas is

derived solely from the CH

4 

# in the fuel. The remaining subpart C methods (Tier s 3 and 4) and the subpart

D method include the pass-through CO

2 

# in the total emissions.

Table 18. Treatment of Pass-Through CO 2 

# in Biogas in Calculating Total CO 2 

# Emissions

Subpart Method Description Pass-Through CO 2 

# Included?

C Tier 1 Eq. C-1 (CO 2 

# = Fuel volume * Default HHV * Default EF) No

Tier 2 Eq. C-2a (CO 2 

# = Fuel volume * Measured HHV * Default EF) No

Tier 3 Eq. C-5 (CO 2 

# = 44/12 * Fuel volume * CC * MW/MVC) Yes

Tier 4 CEMS Yes

D §75.13(a) CEMS Yes

§75.13(b) Appendix G, Eq. G-4 Yes

Note: EF= emission factor; MW = molecular weight; M VC = molar volume conversion factor; CEMS = continu ous emissions

monitoring system



# The calculation of biogenic CO

2 

# emissions using the applicable methods in §98.33(e ) excludes passthrough CO

2 

# (see Table 19). This presents a particular problem for subpart D facilities because they are

required by 98.43(b) to calculate total non-biogeni c CO 2 

# emissions as the difference between total CO

2 

# emissions and biogenic CO

2 

# emissions, which results in the pass-through CO

2 

# being included with the

non-biogenic emissions.

# 22

Table 19. Treatment of Pass-Through CO 2 

# in Biogas in Calculating Biogenic CO 2 

# Emissions

Method Description Pass-Through CO 2 

# Included?

§98.33(e)(1) Eq. C-1 (CO 2 

# = Fuel volume * Default HHV * Default EF) No

§98.33(e)(2) Eq. C-12, C-13, & C-14 (CO 2 

# = CO 2 

# Measured by CEMS * % Biogenic) n/a*

§98.33(e)(3) % biogenic determined using ASTM methods specified in §98.34(d) or (e).

For MSW and tires only. n/a

§98.33(e)(4) Eq. C-15. (For wood, wood waste, or other solid bio mass-derived fuel.) n/a

§98.33(e)(5) Eq. C-15a. (CO 2 

# = Fuel MMBtu * Default EF; for units subject to su bpart D.) No

*Not applicable to biogas because “CO 2 

# emissions must consist solely of combustion product s.”

Note: EF= emission factor; CEMS = continuous emissi ons monitoring system



# Recommendation: The problem with pass-through CO

2 

# for biogas can be overcome by permitting

facilities to calculate biogenic CO

2 

# emissions using Equation G-4 in Appendix G of 40 C FR part 75, which

would yield a value that includes the pass-through CO 2



# .

# 23 Attachment A

Sources for Emission Factors and Other Characterist ics of Fuels Listed in 40 CFR Part 9824Table A-1. Characteristics and Data Sources for Fuels Listed in Table C-1Fuel type Default HHV HHV Unit HHV SourceEmissionFactor EF Unit EF SourceAnthracite25.09MMBtu/shorttonEPA Climate Leaders, Stationary CombustionGuidance (2004), Table B-1103.54kg CO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32Bituminous24.93MMBtu/shorttonEPA Climate Leaders, Stationary CombustionGuidance (2004), Table B-193.40kgCO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32Subbituminous17.25MMBtu/shorttonEPA Climate Leaders, Stationary CombustionGuidance (2004), Table B-197.02kgCO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32Lignite14.21MMBtu/shorttonEPA Climate Leaders, Stationary CombustionGuidance (2004), Table B-196.36kgCO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32Coke24.8MMBtu/shorttonEIA AER 2008, Table A5102.04kgCO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-28(Factor is for petroleumcoke)Mixed(Commercial sector)21.39MMBtu/shorttonEIA AER 2008, Table A595.26kgCO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32Mixed (Industrial coking)26.28MMBtu/shorttonEIA AER 2008, Table A593.65kgCO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005,Annex 2, Table A-32Mixed (Industrial sector)22.35MMBtu/shorttonEIA AER 2008, Table A593.91kgCO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32Mixed (Electric Powersector)19.73MMBtu/shorttonEIA AER 2008, Table A594.38kg CO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32Natural Gas0.001028MMBtu/scfEIA AER 2008, Table A453.02kg CO2/MMBtuCalifornia Air Resources Board, Compendium ofEmission Factors, 2007, Table 4Distillate Fuel Oil No. 10.139MMBtu/gallonDerived using the carbon coefficient denominatedin Tg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2009, Table A-33 and density and carbon sharefrom subpart MM73.25kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Distillate Fuel Oil No. 20.138MMBtu/gallonDerived using the carbon coefficient denominatedin Tg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2009, Table A-33 and density and carbon sharefrom subpart MM73.96kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density andcarbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Distillate Fuel Oil No. 40.146MMBtu/gallonDerived using the carbon coefficient denominatedin Tg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2009, Table A-33 and density and carbon sharefrom subpart MM75.04kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Residual Fuel Oil No. 50.14MMBtu/gallonDerived using the carbon coefficient denominatedin Tg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2009, Table A-33 and density and carbon sharefrom subpart MM72.93kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Residual Fuel Oil No. 60.15MMBtu/gallonDerived using the carbon coefficient denominatedin Tg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2009, Table A-33 and density and carbon sharefrom subpart MM75.10kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Used Oil0.135MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED74.00kg CO2/MMBtuWBCSD/WRI, The Cement CO2 Protocol: CO2Accounting and Reporting Standard for the CementIndustry Calculation Tool, 2005.http://www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/cement-tf1.pdfKerosene0.135MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A175.20kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-125Fuel type Default HHV HHV Unit HHV SourceEmissionFactor EF Unit EF SourceLiquefied petroleum gases(LPG)0.092MMBtu/gallonCARB Compendium of Emission Factors, Table 4,200762.98kg CO2/MMBtuEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-29.Using 3.664 to convert carbon to CO2Propane0.091MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A161.46kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Propylene0.091MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.65.95kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Ethane0.069MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.62.64kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derivedfrom density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Ethanol0.084MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.68.44kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share,seesources in table MM-1Ethylene0.1MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.67.43kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Isobutane0.097MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.64.91kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Isobutylene0.103MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.67.74kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Butane0.101MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.65.15kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Butylene0.103MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, Miscellaneous PublicationNo. 97, 1929. Thermal Properties of PetroleumProducts.67.73kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Naphtha (<401 deg F)0.125MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A168.02kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbonShare, seesources in table MM-1Natural Gasoline0.11MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A166.83kg CO2/MMBtuNOT IDENTIFIED(May be from EPA GHG Inventory1990 - 2005, Annex 2, Table A-36)Other Oil (>401 deg F)0.139MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A176.22kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Pentanes Plus0.11MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A170.02kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1PetrochemicalFeedstocks0.129MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A-36. The underlying valuein this source is 5.248 MMBtu/bbl which appearsto be incorrectly transcribed in the EPA GHGInventory as 5.428. The corrected heat content inMMBtu/gallon should be 0.12570.97kg CO2/MMBtuCalifornia Air Resources Board, Compendium ofEmission Factors, 2007Petroleum Coke0.143MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A1102.41kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Special Naphtha0.125MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A172.34kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-126Fuel type Default HHV HHV Unit HHV SourceEmissionFactor EF Unit EF SourceUnfinished Oils0.139MMBtu/gallonEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, TableA-3674.49kg CO2/MMBtuCalifornia AirResources Board, Compendium ofEmission Factors, 2007, Table 4.Heavy Gas Oils0.148MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED74.92kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Lubricants0.144MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, TableA174.27kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Motor Gasoline0.125MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2008, Appendix A, Table A1 (forconventional motor gasoline)70.22kg CO2/MMBtuCurrent source is EPA GHG Inv 1990-2005(19.33 TgC/QBtu = 70.83 kg CO2/MMBtu using CARB C to CO2factor of 3.664). This factor was adjusted to thecurrentvalue of 70.22 kg CO2/MMBtu during the 2009 updateof Subpart MM fuels based on updated heat contentfrom the AER.Aviation Gasoline0.12MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A169.25kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Kerosene-Type Jet Fuel0.135MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A172.22kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbonShare, seesources in table MM-1Asphalt and Road Oil0.158MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A175.36kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Crude Oil0.138MMBtu/gallonEPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex2, TableA-3674.49kg CO2/MMBtuCalifornia Air Resources Board, Compendium ofEmission Factors, 2007Municipal Solid Waste9.95MMBtu/shorttonNOT IDENTIFIED90.70kg CO2/MMBtuCalifornia Air Resources Board, Compendium ofEmission Factors, 2007, Table 4Tires26.87MMBtu/shorttonNOT IDENTIFIED85.97kg CO2/MMBtuEIA 1605bPlastics38MMBtu/shorttonSRA Document, Sources for Data Contained InTables C-1 and C-2, October 6, 2010 states thatthe plastics HHV from "revisions package".75.00kg CO2/MMBtuSRA Document, Sources for Data Contained In TablesC-1 and C-2, October 6, 2010 states that the plasticsemission factor from "revisions package".Petroleum Coke30MMBtu/shorttonEIA AER 2005, Table A1102.41kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived fromdensity and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-1Blast Furnace Gas0.000092MMBtu/scfGannon, H.E. (editor), The Making, Shaping, andTreating of Steel, Tenth Edition (1985). Page 131274.32kg CO2/MMBtu2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GreenhouseGasInventories, Table 2.3 on Page 2.18Coke Oven Gas0.000599MMBtu/scfGannon, H.E. (editor), The Making, Shaping, andTreating of Steel, Tenth Edition (1985). Page 13146.85kg CO2/MMBtu2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse GasInventories, Table 2.3 on Page 2.18Propane Gas0.002516MMBtu/scfSRA Document, Sources for Data Contained InTables C-1 and C-2, October 6, 2010 states thatthe propane gas HHV conversion to gas volumefrom "revisions package".61.46kg CO2/MMBtuSRA Document ofOctober 6, 2010 states that thepropane gas emission factors are from "RTI &Mausami July 2009 memo".Fuel Gas0.001388MMBtu/scfSRA Document, Sources for Data Contained InTables C-1 and C-2, October 6, 2010 states thatthe fuel gas HHV from "revisions package".59.00kg CO2/MMBtuSRA Document, Sources for Data Contained In TablesC-1 and C-2, October 6, 2010 states that the fuel gasemission factor from "revisions package".Wood and WoodResiduals15.38MMBtu/shorttonEPA Climate Leaders, StationaryCombustionGuidance (2004), Table B-293.80kg CO2/MMBtuCalifornia Air Resources Board, Compendium ofEmission Factors, 2007, Table 4Agricultural Byproducts8.25MMBtu/shorttonEIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2009, January2012, Table 1.10118.17kg CO2/MMBtu2006 IPCC Guidelines27Fuel type Default HHV HHV Unit HHV SourceEmissionFactor EF Unit EF SourcePeat8.00MMBtu/shorttonEIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2009, January2012, Table 1.10111.84kg CO2/MMBtu2006 IPCC GuidelinesSolid Byproducts25.83MMBtu/shorttonEIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2009, January2012, Table 1.10105.51kg CO2/MMBtu2006 IPCC GuidelinesBiogas (Capturedmethane)0.000841MMBtu/scfNOT IDENTIFIED. EPA Climate Leaders,Stationary Combustion Guidance (2004), Table B2, lists landfill and wastewater biogas. Landfillgasis listed at 502.50 Btu/scf, wastewater gas as"varies". The source of the current factor(0.841x10-3MMBtu/scf) is not known at this time.52.07kg CO2/MMBtuEPA Climate Leaders, Stationary CombustionGuidance (2004), Table B-2Ethanol0.084MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2009, Table A368.44kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-2Biodiesel0.128MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2009, Table A373.84kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-2Rendered Animal Fat0.125MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED71.06kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-2Vegetable Oil0.12MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED81.55kg CO2/MMBtuFactor derived from density and carbon Share, seesources in table MM-2Table A-2. Characteristics and Data Sources for Fuels Listed in Table MM-1Product DensityDensityUnitDensityTempDensityPhase Density SourceCarbonShareCarbonShare Unit Carbon Share SourceEmissionFactor EF UnitDistillate No. 10.1346metrictons/bbl60FLiquidAlliance of AutomobileManufacturers, Diesel Survey -Winter 200886.40%of massPerry’s Chemical Engineer’sHandbook, 1997 ed., pg. 27-10,Table 27-60.4264metric tons CO2/bblDistillate No. 20.1342metrictons/bbl60FLiquidAlliance of AutomobileManufacturers, Diesel Survey -Winter 200887.30% of massPerry’s ChemicalEngineer’sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008, Table24-6, pg. 24-90.4296metric tons CO2/bblDistillate FuelOil No. 40.1452metrictons/bbl60FLiquidPerry’s Chemical Engineer’sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008, pg.24-9, Table 24-686.47% of massPerry’s ChemicalEngineer’sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008, pg. 24-9,Table 24-60.4604metric tons CO2/bblResidual FuelOil No. 5(Navy Special)0.1365metrictons/bbl60FLiquidWauquier, J.-P., ed. PetroleumRefining, Crude Oil, PetroleumProducts and ProcessFlowsheets (Editions Technip -Paris, 1995) pg. 225, Table5.1685.67% of massUS EIA, Carbon EmissionsCoefficients for U.S. Fuels,October 31, 19940.4288metric tons CO2/bblResidual FuelOil No. 6(a.k.a. BunkerC)0.1528metrictons/bbl60FLiquidPerry'sChemical Engineer'sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008, Table24-6, pg. 24-984.67% of massPerry's Chemical Engineer'sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008, Table24-6, pg. 24-90.4744metric tons CO2/bbl28Product DensityDensityUnitDensityTempDensityPhase Density SourceCarbonShareCarbonShare Unit Carbon Share SourceEmissionFactor EF UnitKerosene-Type Jet Fuel0.1294metrictons/bbl60FLiquidO.J. Hadallerand A.M.Momenthy, The Characteristicsof Future Fuels, Part 1,“Conventional Heat Fuels”(Seattle, WA: Boeing Corp.,September 1990), pp. 46-5086.30% of massO.J. Hadaller and A.M. Momenthy,The Characteristics of FutureFuels, Part 1, “Conventional HeatFuels” (Seattle, WA: Boeing Corp.,September 1990), pp. 46-500.4095metric tons CO2/bblKerosene0.1346metrictons/bbl60FLiquidsubpart MM assumes densityfor kerosene and Distillate No.1 are the same because thephysical characteristics of theproducts are very similar86.40% of masssubpart MM assumes carbonshare for kerosene as DistillateNo. 1 are the same because thephysical characteristics of theproducts are very similar0.4264metric tons CO2/bblDiesel—Other0.1452metrictons/bbl60FLiquidPerry’s Chemical Engineer’sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008, pg.24-9, Table 24-686.47% of massPerry’s Chemical Engineer’sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008, pg. 24-9,Table 24-60.4604metric tons CO2/bblNaphthas (<401°F)0.1158metrictons/bbl60FLiquidMeyers, Handbook ofPetroleum Refining Processes,3rd ed., (New York, NY:McGraw Hill, 2004), p. 2.1084.11% of massG.H. Unzelman, “A Sticky Point forRefiners: FCC Gasoline and theComplex Model,” FuelReformulation (July/August 1992),p. 29. The data sources are thesame as those in EIA'sDocumentation for Emissions ofGreenhouse Gases in the UnitedStates0.3571metric tons CO2/bblOther Oils (>401°F)0.1390metrictons/bbl60FLiquidMaximum density requirementfor Fuel Oil No.2 in ASTMStandard D396-0987.30% of massPerry’s Chemical Engineer’sHandbook, 8th ed., 2008 Table 24-6, pg. 24-90.4450metric tons CO2/bblHeavy GasOils0.1476metrictons/bbl60FLiquidShell Oil Company Mars BlendCrude assay page, January 28,200985.80% of massShell Oil Company Mars BlendCrude assay page, January 28,20090.4643metric tons CO2/bblResiduum0.1622metrictons/bbl60FLiquidShell Oil Company Mars BlendCrude assay page,www.marscrude.com/mars_assays/july99/assay99.xls, January28, 200985.70%of massEIA's Documentation forEmissions of Greenhouse Gasesin the United States, October2008, Pg. 191: "If one knowsnothing about the composition of aparticular petroleum product,assuming that it is 85.7 percentcarbon by mass is not anunreasonable first approximation."0.5097metric tons CO2/bblAviationGasoline0.1120metrictons/bbl60FLiquidThermal Properties ofPetroleum Products, Bureau ofStandards No.97 (1929)85.00% of massU.S. EPA, Inventory of U.S.Greenhouse Gas Emissions andSinks: 1990 -2007, Annex 2, PageA-620.3490metric tons CO2/bblSpecialNaphthas0.1222metrictons/bbl60FLiquidBased on an analysis of fivetypes of special napthas inEIA's Documentation forEmissions of GreenhouseGases in the United States,200684.76% of massBased on an analysis of five typesof special napthas in EIA'sDocumentation for Emissions ofGreenhouse Gases in the UnitedStates, 20060.3798metric tons CO2/bbl29Product DensityDensityUnitDensityTempDensityPhase Density SourceCarbonShareCarbonShare Unit Carbon Share SourceEmissionFactor EF UnitLubricants0.1428metrictons/bbl60FLiquidASTM and Other Specificationsfor Petroleum Products andLubricants, Philadelphia, PA,198585.80% of massEIA's Documentation forEmissions of Greenhouse Gasesin the United States, 20060.4492metric tons CO2/bblWaxes0.1285metrictons/bbl60FLiquidAmerican Society for Testingand Materials, ASTM and OtherSpecifications for PetroleumProducts and Lubricants(Philadelphia, PA, 1985),updated to four significant digits85.30% of massEIA's Documentation forEmissions of Greenhouse Gasesin the United States0.4019metric tons CO2/bblPetroleumCoke0.1818metrictons/bbl60FSolidASTM and Other Specificationsfor Petroleum Products andLubricants, Philadelphia, PA,198592.28% of massS. W. Martin, “Petroleum Coke,” inVirgil Guthrie (ed.), PetroleumProcessing Handbook (New York,NY: McGraw-Hill, 1960), pp. 14-150.6151metric tons CO2/bblAsphalt andRoad Oil0.1634metrictons/bbl60FLiquidASTM and Other Specificationsfor Petroleum Products andLubricants, Philadelphia, PA,198583.47% of massEIA'sDocumentation forEmissions of Greenhouse Gasesin the United States, October2008, Chapter 6, pg. 2010.5001metric tons CO2/bblStill Gas0.1405metrictons/bblNOTIDENTIFIEDNOTIDENTIFIEDDensity is based on the heatcontent of still gas as estimatedby EIA, 6.0 million Btu perbarrel, and the relationship ofheat content to density fromU.S. Department of Commerce,Bureau of Standards, ThermalProperties of PetroleumProducts, MiscellaneousPublication No.97 November 9,1929.77.70% of massCarbon content is based on datafrom the 2006 IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate ChangeGuidelines, Volume 2; EnergyTables 1.2 and 1.3.0.4003metric tons CO2/bblEthane0.0866metrictons/bbl-128FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 379.89% of massBased on atomic weights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2537metric tons CO2/bblEthylene0.0903metrictons/bbl-155FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 385.63% of massBased on atomic weights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2835metric tons CO2/bblPropane0.0784metrictons/bbl-77FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 381.71% of massBased on atomicweights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2349metric tons CO2/bblPropylene0.0803metrictons/bbl-77FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 385.63% of massBased on atomic weights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2521metric tons CO2/bblButane0.0911metrictons/bbl-77FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 382.66% of massBased on atomic weights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2761metric tons CO2/bblButylene0.0935metrictons/bbl-77FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 385.63% of massBased on atomic weights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2936metric tons CO2/bbl30Product DensityDensityUnitDensityTempDensityPhase Density SourceCarbonShareCarbonShare Unit Carbon Share SourceEmissionFactor EF UnitIsobutane0.0876metrictons/bbl-77FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 382.66% of massBased on atomic weights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2655metric tons CO2/bblIsobutylene0.0936metrictons/bbl-77FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 385.63% of massBased on atomic weights of theelements in the compound fromthe periodic table0.2939metric tons CO2/bblPentanes Plus0.1055metrictons/bbl60FLiquidHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 1583.63% of massBased on values for atomicweights of the elements in thecompound from the periodic table0.3235metric tons CO2/bblMiscellaneousProducts0.1380metrictons/bbl60FLiquidU.S. National ResearchCouncil, InternationalCritical Tables of NumericalData, Physics, Chemistry, andTechnology (New York, NY:McGraw-Hill, 1927).85.49% of massU.S. National Research Council,InternationalCritical Tables of Numerical Data,Physics, Chemistry, andTechnology (New York, NY:McGraw-Hill, 1927).0.4326metric tons CO2/bblTable A-3. Characteristics and Data Sources for Fuels Listed in Table MM-2Product DensityDensityUnit Density SourceDensityTempDensityPhaseCarbonShareCarbonShare Unit Carbon Share SourceEmissionFactor EF UnitEthanol(100%)0.1267metrictons/bblHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Section 1560FLiquid52.14% of massBased on values for atomicweights of the elements in thecompound from the periodic table0.2422metric tons CO2/bblBiodiesel(100%, methylester)0.1396metrictons/bblA Comprehensive Analysis ofBiodiesel Impacts on ExhaustEmissions, October 200260FLiquid77.30% of massA Comprehensive Analysis ofBiodiesel Impacts on ExhaustEmissions, October 20020.3957metric tons CO2/bblRenderedAnimal Fat0.1333metrictons/bblGriffin Industries, MaterialSafety Data Sheet, Identity:Chicken Fat, March 19, 200760FLiquid76.19% of massCyberlipid Center, Lipids of LandAnimals, accessed September 9,20080.3724metric tons CO2/bblVegetable Oil0.1460metrictons/bblWeast, R.C., et al. CRCHandbook of Chemistry andPhysics, Boca Raton: CRCPress, 1988-198960FLiquid76.77% of massCyberlipid Center, Positionaldistribution of major fatty acids intriglycerides of some plant oils,accessed August 13, 20090.4110metric tons CO2/bblTable A-4. Data Sources for HHVs and Emission Factors for Fuels Listed in Table NN-1Fuel HHV HHV Unit HHV SourceEmissionFactor EF Unit EF SourceNatural Gas1.028MMBtu/MscfAssume same as Table C-153.02kg CO2/MMBtuAssume same as Table C-1Propane3.822MMBtu/bblAssume same as Table C-161.46kg CO2/MMBtuAssume same as Table C-1Normal butane4.242MMBtu/bblAssume same as Table C-165.15kg CO2/MMBtuAssume same as Table C-1Ethane4.032MMBtu/bblNOTE: Table NN-1 uses 0.096 as HHV for Ethane62.64kg CO2/MMBtuAssume same as Table C-1Isobutane4.074MMBtu/bblAssume same as Table C-164.91kg CO2/MMBtuAssume same as Table C-1Pentanes plus4.620MMBtu/bblAssume same as Table C-170.02kg CO2/MMBtuAssume same as Table C-131Table A-5. Emission Factors and Data Sources for Fuels Listed in Table NN-2FuelEmission FactorEF UnitEF SourceNatural Gas0.055MT CO2/MscfAssume same as Table NN-1Propane0.235MT CO2/bblAssume same as Table NN-1Normal butane0.276MT CO2/bblAssume same as TableNN-1Ethane0.253MT CO2/bblAssume same as Table NN-1Isobutane0.266MT CO2/bblAssume same as Table NN-1Pentanes plus0.324MT CO2/bblAssume same as Table NN-1

# 32 Attachment B

Recommended Updates to Heating Values and Emission Factors for Fuels Listed in 40 CFR Part 9833Table B-1. Recommended Updates to Higher Heating Values for Fuels in Table C-1Current HHVRecommended HHVFuel type HHV HHV Unit Source HHV HHV Unit SourceNatural Gas0.001028MMBtu/scfEIA AER 2008, Table A40.001026MMBtu/scfEIA AER 2009, Table A4Used Oil0.135MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED0.138MMBtu/gallonGraziano, D.J. and E.J. Daniels, Assessment of Opportunities toIncrease the Recovery and Recycling Rates of WasteOils, U.S.DOE, Argonne National Laboratory, Center for IndustrialTechnology, 1995. http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/34/33500.pdf.Propane0.091MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A10.091MMBtu/gallonHeating value determinedbased on the averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthriePropylene0.091MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublication No. 97, 1929. Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products.0.091MMBtu/gallonHeating value determined based onthe averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthrieEthane0.069MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublication No. 97, 1929. Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products.0.068MMBtu/gallonHeating value determined based on the averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthrieEthylene0.100MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublication No. 97, 1929. Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products.0.058MMBtu/gallonHeating value determined based on the averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthrieIsobutane0.097MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublication No. 97, 1929. Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products.0.099MMBtu/gallonHeating value determined based on the averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthrieIsobutylene0.103MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublication No. 97, 1929. Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products.0.103MMBtu/gallonHeating value determined based on the averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthrieButane0.101MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublication No. 97, 1929. Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products.0.103MMBtu/gallonHeating value determined based on the averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthrieButylene0.103MMBtu/gallonBureau of Standards, MiscellaneousPublication No. 97, 1929. Thermal Propertiesof Petroleum Products.0.105MMBtu/gallonHeating value determined based on the averageof available datafrom DOE, NIST and GuthriePetrochemical Feedstocks0.129MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A-36. The underlyingvalue in this source is 5.248 MMBtu/bbl whichappears to be incorrectly transcribed in theEPA GHG Inventory as 5.428. The correctedheat content in MMBtu/gallon should be0.1250.125MMBtu/gallonEIA AER 2005, Table A-36. The underlying value in this source is5.248 MMBtu/bbl which appears to be incorrectly transcribed inthe EPA GHG Inventory as 5.428. The corrected heatcontent inMMBtu/gallon should be 0.125Heavy Gas Oils0.148MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED0.148MMBtu/gallonHeating value derived using the carboncoefficient denominated inTg C/QBtu from the EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2009, Table A-33(coefficient for crude oil) and density and carbonshare fromsubpart MMTires26.87MMBtu/shorttonNOT IDENTIFIED28.00MMBtu/short tonU.S. EPA. 1991. Market forScrap Tires.http://www.epa.gov/wastes/conserve/materials/tires/tires.pdf.Solid Byproducts25.83MMBtu/shorttonEIA, Renewable Energy Annual 2009,January 2012, Table 1.10. (Based onweighted average HHV of fuel reported to theEnergy Information Administration on Form10.39MMBtu/short tonWeighted average HHV for Other Biomass Solids reported to theEnergy Information Administration on Form EIA-923 for 2010.34Current HHVRecommended HHVFuel type HHV HHV Unit Source HHV HHV Unit SourceEIA-860B for 1999.)Biogas (Captured methane)0.841X 10-3MMBtu/scfNOT IDENTIFIED.EPA Climate Leaders,Stationary Combustion Guidance (2004),Table B-2, lists landfill and wastewaterbiogas. Landfill gas is listed at 502.50Btu/scf, wastewater gas as "varies". Thesource of the current factor 0.841x10-3 is notknown at this time.̶MMBtu/scf̶Landfill Gas-̶̶̶0.485 X 10-3MMBtu/scfEnergy Information Administration, Form EIA-923. Weightedaverage HHV for landfill gas reported for 2010.Digester Gas̶̶̶0.655 X 10-3MMBtu/scfEnergy Information Administration, Form EIA-923. Weightedaverage HHV for other biomass Gases reported for 2010.Rendered Animal Fat0.125MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED0.125MMBtu/gallonHHV derived using the average of heating values forvarious typesof animal fats as listed in the following six sources:- Adams, Thomas T. A Demonstration of Fat and Grease as anIndustrial Boiler Fuel. 2002. http://www.biorefinery.uga.edu/docs/biofuel_oil_report.pdf- Pearl, Gary. Animal Fats and Recycled Cooking OilsAlternatives as Burner Fuels. March 2001. http://fatforfuel.us/images/GaryPearl.pdf- University of Auburn. BROILER PROCESSING TIMELYINFORMATION – JUNE 2008. http://www.ag.auburn.edu/poul/pdf/wogsjun08.pdf- Kinast, J.A., Production of Biodiesels from Multiple FeedstocksandProperties of Biodiesels andBiodiesel/Diesel Blends. NREL,2003. http://www.biofuels.coop/ archive/biodiesel_report.pdf- NOAA, CAMEO Chemicals, Data Sheet for Tallow.http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/ chris/TLO.pdf- Nelson, Richard. ENERGETIC AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITYASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION, PROCESSING, ANDCONVERSION OF BEEF TALLOW TO A SUBSTITUTE DIESELFUEL. 2006. http://aeg-biofuels.com/Pubs/2006_Energetic_BD_Prod.pdfVegetable Oil0.120MMBtu/gallonNOT IDENTIFIED0.120MMBtu/gallonHHV derived using theaverage of heating values for various typesof vegetable oils as listed in the following four sources:- Kinast, J.A., Production of Biodiesels from Multiple FeedstocksandProperties of Biodiesels andBiodiesel/Diesel Blends. NREL,2003. http://www.biofuels.coop/archive/biodiesel_report.pdfBartok, John W. University of Connecticut. Approximate HeatingValue of Common Fuels, 2004.http://www.hrt.msu.edu/energy/pdf/heating%20value%20of%20common%20fuels.pdf- Reeb, J. Home Heating Fuels. 2009.http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1628-e.pdf- Argeros, Anastasios. Heat of Combustion of Oils,April 30, 1998.http://www.infolizer.com/s5e1asa1up5enna15ed4u/Heat-of-35Current HHVRecommended HHVFuel type HHV HHV Unit Source HHV HHV Unit Sourcecombustion-of-oils.htmlTable B-2. Recommended Updates to Emission Factorsin Table C-1Fuel TypeCurrent Emission Factor(kg CO2/MMBtu)Recommended Emission Factor(kg CO2/MMBtu)EFSourceEFSourceAnthracite103.54EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-32103.69EPA GHGInventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Bituminous93.40EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-3293.28EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Subbituminous97.02EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-3297.17EPA GHGInventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Lignite96.36EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-3297.72EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Coke102.04EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-28(Factor isfor petroleumcoke)113.67EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2009, Annex 4, Table A-251Mixed (Commercial sector)95.26EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-3294.27EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Mixed (Industrial coking)93.65EPA GHG Inventory1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-3293.90EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Mixed (Industrial sector)93.91EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-3294.67EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Mixed (Electric Powersector)94.38EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-3295.52EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2010, Annex 2, Table A-38Natural Gas53.02California Air Resources Board, Compendium of EmissionFactors, 2007, Table 453.06Updated emission factor uses44/12 (3.6667) instead of 3.664 toconvert from carbon to CO2Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG)62.98EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-29. Using3.664 to convert carbon to CO261.71EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2009, Annex 2, Table A-34 (16.83TgC/QBtu). Converted to CO2 using 44/12 results in emissionfactor of 61.71 kg CO2/MMBtuNatural Gasoline66.83NOT IDENTIFIED(May be from EPA GHG Inventory 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-36)66.88EPA GHG Inventory, 1990-2005, Annex 2, Table A-36Petrochemical Feedstocks70.97California Air Resources Board, Compendium of EmissionFactors, 200771.02Updated emission factor uses 44/12 (3.6667) insteadof 3.664 toconvert from carbon to CO2Unfinished Oils74.49California Air Resources Board,Compendium of EmissionFactors, 2007, Table 4.74.54Updated emission factor uses 44/12 (3.6667) insteadof 3.664 toconvert from carbon to CO236Fuel TypeCurrent Emission Factor(kg CO2/MMBtu)Recommended Emission Factor(kg CO2/MMBtu)EFSourceEFSourceCrude Oil74.49California Air Resources Board, Compendium of EmissionFactors, 200774.54Updated emissionfactor uses 44/12 (3.6667) instead of 3.664 toconvert from carbon to CO2