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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |                                                          
|**Chapter 2: The Housing 
            Code****Table of 
            Contents**I.  
            DefinitionsII.  Background of 
            Housing Codes in the United StatesIII.  Objectives of a 
            Housing CodeIV.  
            LimitationsV.  
          ContentVI.  Administrative 
            Elements of a Housing CodeVII.  Substantive 
            Provisions of a Housing CodeReferencesAny housing code, regardless 
            of who promulgates it, is basically an environmental health 
            protection code. The hygiene of housing, correspondingly, is the 
            area of environmental health that deals with man's most intimate 
            living environment-his home and his neighborhood. Into the fabric of 
            housing hygiene is woven a wide variety of health, safety, economic, 
            social, and political factors.
            Early housing codes 
            primarily considered protecting only man's physical health; hence, 
            they were enforced only in slum areas. More recently the realization 
            has been made that if urban blight and its associated human 
            suffering are to be controlled, the housing codes must consider both 
            physical and mental health and must be administered uniformly 
            throughout the community.In preparing or 
            revising the housing code, local officials must maintain a level of 
            standards that will not merely be "minimal." These standards should 
            maintain a living environment that contributes positively to 
            healthful individual and family living. The fact that a small 
            portion of housing fails to meet a desirable standard is hardly a 
            legitimate reason for retrogressive modification or abolition of a 
            standard. A housing code is merely a means to an end. The end is the 
            eventual elimination of all substandard conditions within the home 
            and neighborhood. This end cannot be reached if the community adopts 
            an inadequate housing code. The adoption of a housing ordinance that 
            establishes low standards for existing housing serves only to 
            legalize and perpetuate an unhealthy living environment. Wherever 
            local conditions are such that immediate enforcement of some 
            standards within the code would cause undue hardship upon some 
            individuals, it is better to provide a time interval for compliance 
            than to eliminate an otherwise satisfactory standard.**I. Definitions**
            The following 
            definitions of terms have been excerpted from "APHA - CDC 
            Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance" and will be 
            used throughout this manual.lAccessory 
              Building or Structure shall mean a detached building or 
              structure in a secondary or subordinate capacity from the main or 
              principal building or structure on the same Premises.Appropriate 
              Authority shall mean that person within the governmental 
              structure of the corporate unit who is charged with the 
              administration of the appropriate code.Approved 
              shall mean approved by the local or state authority having such 
              administrative authority.Ashesshall mean the residue from the burning of combustible 
              materials.Atticshall mean any story situated wholly or partly within the 
              roof, and so designed, arranged or built as to be used for 
              business, storage, or habitation.Basement 
              shall mean the lowest story of a building, below the main floor 
              and wholly or partially lower than the surface of the 
              ground.Building 
              shall mean a fixed construction with walls foundation and roof. 
              such as a house, factory, or garage.Bulk 
              Container shall mean any metal garbage, rubbish, or refuse 
              container having a capacity of two (2) cubic yards or greater and 
              which is equipped with fittings for hydraulic or mechanical 
              emptying, unloading or removal.Cellar 
              shall mean a room or group of rooms totally below the ground level 
              and usually under a building.Central 
              Heating System shall mean a single system supplying heat to 
              one (1) or more dwelling unit(s) or more than one (I) rooming 
              unit.Chimney 
              shall mean a vertical masonry shaft of reinforced concrete, or 
              other approved noncombustible, heat-resisting material enclosing 
              one (I) or more flues, for the purpose of removing products of 
              combustion from solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel.Dilapidated shall mean no longer adequate for the 
              purpose or use for which it was originally intended.Dormitoryshall mean a building or a group of rooms in a building used 
              for institutional living and sleeping purposes by four (4) or more 
              persons.Dwelling 
              shall mean any enclosed space wholly or partly used or intended to 
              be used for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating; provided that 
              temporary housing as hereinafter defined shall not be classified 
              as a dwelling. Industrialized housing and modular construction 
              which conform to nationally accepted industry standards and used 
              or intended for use for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating 
              purposes shall be classified as dwellings.Dwelling 
              Unit shall mean a room or group of rooms located within a 
              dwelling forming a single habitable unit with facilities used or 
              intended to be used by a single family for living, sleeping, 
              cooking, and eating purposes.Egressshall mean an arrangement of exit facilities to assure a safe 
              means of exit from buildings.Extermination shall mean the control and elimination 
              of insects, rodents, or other pests by eliminating their harborage 
              places; by removing or making inaccessible materials that may 
              serve as their food; by poisoning, spraying, fumigating, trapping, 
              or by any other recognized and legal pest elimination methods 
              approved by the local or state authority having such 
              administrative authority.Fair Market 
              Value shall mean a price at which both buyers and sellers are 
              willing to do business.Family shall mean one or more individuals living 
              together and sharing common living. sleeping, cooking, and eating 
              facilities (See 
              also Household).Flush Water 
              Closetshall mean a toilet bowl which is Rushed with water 
              which has been supplied under pressure and equipped with a water 
              sealed trap above the floor level.Garbage 
              shall mean the animal and vegetable waste resulting from the 
              handling, preparation, cooking, serving, and nonconsumption of 
              food.Grade 
              shall mean the finished ground level adjacent to a required 
              window.Guest 
              shall mean an individual who shares a dwelling unit in a 
              non-permanent status for not more than thirty (30) days.Habitable 
              Room shall mean a room or enclosed floor space used or 
              intended to be used for living, sleeping, cooking, or eating 
              purposes, excluding bathrooms, water closet compartments, 
              laundries, furnace rooms, pantries, kitchenettes and utility rooms 
              of less than fifty (50) square feet of floor space, foyers, or 
              communicating corridors, stairways, closets, storage spaces and 
              workshops, hobby and recreation areas.Health 
              Officer shall mean the legally designated health authority of 
              the (Name of Corporate Unit) or his authorized representative. (If 
              the legally designated health authority has a title other than 
              "Health Officer" the title of this authority should be substituted 
              for "Health Officer" in this section and all other sections of 
              this ordinance.)Heated 
              Water shall mean water heated to a temperature of not less 
              than 120 F at the outlet.Heating 
              Device shall mean all furnaces, unit heaters, domestic 
              incinerators, cooking and heating stoves and ranges, and other 
              similar devices.Household shall mean one or more individuals 
              living together in a single dwelling unit and sharing common 
              living, sleeping, cooking, and eating facilities(See also Family).Infestationshall mean the presence within or around a dwelling of any 
              insects, rodents, or other pests.Kitchenshall mean any room used for the storage and preparation of 
              foods and containing the following equipment: sink or other device 
              for dishwashing, stove or other device for cooking, refrigerator 
              or other device for cool storage of food, cabinets or shelves for 
              storage of equipment and utensils, and counter or table for food 
              preparation.Kitchenette shall mean a small kitchen or an alcove 
              containing cooking facilities.Lead-based 
              Paintshall mean any paint containing more lead than the level 
              established by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission as 
              being the "safe" level of lead in residential paint and paint 
              products.Meaning of 
              Certain Words Whenever the words "dwelling," "dwelling unit," 
              "rooming units," "premises," and "structure" are used in the 
              ordinance they shall be construed as though they were followed by 
              the words "or any part thereof." Words used in the singular 
              include the plural, and the plural the singular, the masculine 
              gender includes the feminine and the feminine the 
              masculine.Multiple 
              Dwelling shall mean any dwelling containing more than two 
              dwelling units.Occupant 
              shall mean any individual, over one (1) year of age, living, 
              sleeping, cooking, or eating in or having possession of a dwelling 
              unit or a rooming unit; except that in dwelling units a guest 
              shall not be considered an occupant.Operator 
              shall mean any person who has charge, care, control, or management 
              of a building, or part thereof, in which dwelling units or rooming 
              units are let.Ordinary 
              Summer Conditions shall mean a temperature 10?F below the 
              highest recorded temperature in the locality for prior ten (10) 
              year period.Ordinary 
              Winter Conditionsshall mean a temperature 15?F above the 
              lowest recorded temperature in the locality for prior ten (10) 
              year period.Owner 
              shall mean any person who alone or jointly or severally with 
              others:(a)shall have legal title to any 
              premises, dwelling or dwelling unit, with or without accompanying 
              actual possession thereof, or(b)shall have 
              charge, care, or control of any premises, dwelling or dwelling 
              unit, as owner or agent of the owner, or as executor, 
              administrator, trustee or guardian of the estate of the 
              owner.Permissible Occupancy shall mean the maximum number 
              of individuals permitted to reside in a dwelling unit, rooming 
              unit. or dormitory.Person 
              shall mean and include any individual, firm, corporation, 
              association, partnership, cooperative, or governmental 
              agency.Plumbingshall mean and include all of the following supplied 
              facilities and equipment: gas pipes, gas burning equipment, water 
              pipes, garbage disposal units, waste pipes, water closets, sinks, 
              installed dishwashers, lavatories, bathtubs, shower baths, 
              installed clothes washing machines, catch basins, drains, vents, 
              and any other similar supplied fixtures, and the installation 
              thereof, together with all connections to water, sewer, or gas 
              lines.Premises 
              shall mean a platted lot or part thereof or unplatted lot or 
              parcel of land or plot of land, either occupied or unoccupied by 
              any dwelling or non dwelling structure, and includes any such 
              building, accessory structure. or other structure thereon.Privacy 
              shall mean the existence of conditions which will permit an 
              individual or individuals to carry out an activity commenced 
              without interruption or interference, either by sight or sound by 
              unwanted individuals.Properly 
              Connected shall mean connected in accordance with all 
              applicable code and ordinances of this (Name of Corporate Unit) as 
              from time to time enforced; provided, however, that the 
              application of this definition shall not require the alteration or 
              replacement of any connection in good working order and not 
              constituting a hazard to life or health.Rat 
              Harborage shall mean any conditions or place where rats can 
              liven nest, or seek shelter.Ratproofing shall mean a form of construction which 
              will prevent the ingress or egress of rats to or from a given 
              space or building, or from gaining access to food, water, or 
              harborage. It consists of the closing and keeping closed of every 
              opening in foundations, basements, cellars, exterior and interior 
              walls, ground or first floors, roofs, sidewalk gratings, sidewalk 
              openings, and other places that may be reached and entered by rats 
              by climbing, burrowing or other methods, by the use of materials 
              impervious to rat gnawing and other methods approved by the 
              (Appropriate Authority).Refuse 
              shall mean all putrescible and nonputrescible solids (except body 
              wastes) including garbage, rubbish ashes, and dead animals.Refuse 
              Container shall mean a watertight container that is 
              constructed of metal, or other durable material impervious to 
              rodents, that is capable of being serviced without creating 
              insanitary conditions, or such other containers as have been 
              approved by the (Appropriate Authority). Openings into the 
              container such as covers and doors shall be tight fitting.Rooming 
              House shall mean any dwelling other than a hotel or motel or 
              that part of any dwelling, containing one (1) or more rooming 
              units, or one (1) or more dormitory rooms and in which persons 
              either individually or as families are housed with or without 
              meals being provided.Rooming 
              Unit shall mean any room or group of rooms forming a single 
              habitable unit used or intended to be used for living and 
              sleeping, but not for cooking purposes.Rubbish 
              shall mean nonputrescible solid wastes (excluding ashes) 
              consisting of either:(a)combustible wastes such 
              as paper, cardboard, plastic containers, yard clippings, and wood; 
              or(b) noncombustible wastes such as cans, glass, 
              and crockery.Safety 
              shall mean the condition of being reasonably free from danger and 
              hazards which may cause accidents or disease.Space 
              Heater shall mean a self-contained heating appliance of either 
              the convection type or the radiant type and intended primarily to 
              heat only a limited space or area such as one room or two 
              adjoining rooms.Suppliedshall mean paid for, furnished by, provided by, or under the 
              control of the owner, operator, or agent.Temporary 
              Housing shall mean any tent, trailer, mobile home or any other 
              structure used for human shelter which is designed to be 
              transportable and which is not attached to the ground, to another 
              structure, or to any utility system on the same premises for more 
              than thirty (30) consecutive days.Toxic 
              Substanceshall mean any chemical product applied on the 
              surface of or incorporated into any structural or decorative 
              material which constitutes a potential hazard to human health at 
              acute or chronic exposure levels.Varianceshall mean a difference between that which is required or 
              specified and that which is permitted .**II. Background of Housing Codes in the United 
            States**
            To assist 
            municipalities with the development of legislation necessary to 
            regulate the quality of housing, the Committee on the Hygiene of 
            Housing, American Public Health Association, prepared and in 1952, 
            published a proposed housing ordinance. This provided a prototype on 
            which such legislation might be based and has served as the basis 
            for countless housing codes enacted in the United States since that 
            time. Some municipalities enacted it without change. Others made 
            revision by omitting some portions, modifying others, and sometimes 
            adding new provisions.In the ensuing 
            years this ordinance was revised in 1969 and 1971.In 1975, the 
            American Public Health Association and the Public Health Service's 
            Center for Disease Control jointly undertook the job of rewriting 
            and updating this model ordinance. The new document, entitled "APHA- 
            CDC Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance," is the 
            most recent model ordinance available. This new ordinance is one of 
            several model ordinances available to communities to consider when 
            they are interested in adopting a housing code.One must keep in 
            mind when considering the adoption of any model code that the code 
            is, as stated, merely a model. The community should read and 
            consider each element within the model code to determine its 
            applicability to that community. As previously stated, however, a 
            housing code is merely a means to an end. The end is the eventual 
            elimination of all substandard conditions within the home and the 
            neighborhood. This end cannot be reached if the community adopts an 
            inadequate housing code.**III. Objectives of a Housing Code**
            The Housing Act of 
            1949 gave new impetus to existing local, state, and Federal housing 
            programs directed towards the elimination of poor housing and the 
            production of sound and decent housing. In passing this legislation, 
            Congress defined a new national objective by declaring that the 
            general welfare and security of the nation and the health and living 
            standards of its people .. . require a decent home and a suitable 
            living environment for every American family. This mandate generated 
            an awareness that the quality of housing and residential environment 
            has an enormous influence upon the physical and mental health and 
            the social well-being of each individual and, in turn, upon the 
            economic, political, and social conditions in every community. 
            Consequently, public agencies, units of government, professional 
            organizations, and others sought ways to ensure that the quality of 
            housing and the residential environment did not depreciate or 
            deteriorate.It soon became 
            apparent that a new type of legislation was needed, namely, 
            ordinances that regulate the supplied facilities and the maintenance 
            and occupancy of dwellings and dwelling units, or as they are more 
            commonly called, "housing codes." The objective of a housing code is 
            to establish minimum standards essential to make dwellings safe, 
            sanitary, and fit for human habitation by governing the condition 
            and maintenance, the supplied utilities and facilities, and the 
            occupancy.**IV.  Limitations**A housing code is 
            limited in its effectiveness by several factors. First, if the 
            housing code does not contain standards that adequately 
            protect the health and well being of the individuals, it 
            cannot be effective. The best trained soldier, if armed only with a 
            pea shooter, can accomplish little positive action in a battle. 
            Similarly, the best trained housing inspector, if not armed with an 
            adequate housing code, can accomplish little good in the battle 
            against urban blight.
            A second factor 
            affecting the quality of the housing administration effort is the 
            budget of the housing group. If the housing effort is 
            directed, because of limitations of funds and personnel, to the 
            fire-fighting efforts of complaint answering, then the community can 
            expect to lose the battle against urban blight. It is only through a 
            systematic enforcement effort by an adequately sized staff of 
            properly trained inspectors that the battle can be won.A third factor that 
            can affect the housing effort is theattitude of the political 
            bodies within the area. A properly administered housing 
            program will require the upgrading of substandard housing throughout 
            the community. Frequently, this results in political pressures being 
            exerted to prevent the enforcement of the code in certain areas of 
            the city. If the housing effort is backed properly by all political 
            elements, blight can be controlled and eventually eliminated within 
            the community. If, however, the housing program is not permitted to 
            choke out the spreading influence of substandard conditions urban 
            blight will spread like a cancer. engulfing greater and greater 
            portions of the city. Similarly, an effort directed only at the most 
            serious blocks in the city will merely upgrade those blocks while 
            the blight spreads elsewhere. If a cancer is to be controlled, it 
            must be cut out in its entirety. If urban blight is to be 
            controlled, it also must be cut out in its entirety.A fourth element 
            that limits the ability of a housing program is whether or not 
            the housing program is supported fully by the other departments 
            within the city. Regardless of which city agency administers 
            the housing program, the other city agencies must support the 
            activities of the housing program. In addition, great effort should 
            be expended to obtain the support and cooperation of the community 
            as a whole towards the housing effort. This can be accomplished 
            through public awareness and public information programs. These two 
            programs should never be undersold. They can provide considerable 
            support or considerable resistance to the efforts of the 
            program.A fifth limitation 
            to an effective housing program is an inadequately or 
            improperly trained inspectional staff. The housing inspector 
            should have considerable training and considerable capabilities if 
            the effort is to accomplish much good. He should have a basic 
            knowledge and general understanding of the principles involved in 
            many related areas. He should have the capability of evaluating 
            whether a serious or a minor problem exists in matters ranging from 
            a structural stability of a building to the health and sanitary 
            aspects relating to the structure. A housing inspector cannot be 
            expected to accomplish his job properly unless he is given 
            sufficient training so as to prepare him to be able to make basic 
            judgments regarding the severity of problems. Since the housing 
            inspector is a generalized inspector, it is not intended that he 
            should become an expert in all areas such as building, electrical, 
            or health inspection. It is merely intended that he should be able 
            to distinguish whether a problem warrants immediate referral to 
            another department or whether it can be handled through routine 
            channels.A sixth item that 
            frequently restricts the effectiveness of a housing administration 
            effort is the fact that many housing groups fail to do a 
            complete job of evaluation of the housing problems. In 
            many cases, the inspectional effort is restricted to merely 
            evaluating what conditions exist with little or no thought given to 
            why these conditions exist. If a housing effort is to be successful, 
            it must consider why the homes deteriorated. Was it because of 
            environmental stresses within the neighbor hood that need to be 
            eliminated or was it because of apathy developed on the part of the 
            occupants? In either case, if the causative agent is not removed, 
            then the inspector faces an annual problem of maintaining the 
            quality of that residence. It is only by eliminating the causes of 
            deterioration that the quality of the neighborhood can be 
            maintained. These, then, are a few of the principal limitations that 
            affect the quality of a housing administration effort.**V.  Content**
            What then are the 
            general items that should be included in a housing code? Although 
            all comprehensive housing codes or ordinances contain a number of 
            common elements, the provisions of any two or more communities on 
            the same element or elements will usually vary to some extent. This 
            is true whether the codes be national or state models, those of a 
            northern, eastern, southern, or western municipality, or even of two 
            or more communities within the same state or region. These 
            variations stem from differences in local policies, preferences, and 
            to a lesser extent, needs. They are also influenced by the standards 
            set by the related provisions of the diverse building, electrical, 
            and plumbing codes in use in the municipality.Within any housing 
            code there are generally five major sections. These sections are 
            listed and discussed in more detail both in the following pages and 
            to a degree in the Legal Aspects chapter of this manual. The five 
            major features are:A  
              Definitions of terms used in the code. 
              B  
              Administrative provisions showing who is authorized to 
              administer the code and the basic methods and procedures that must 
              be followed in implementing and enforcing the sections of the 
              code. The administrative sections deal with items such as what are 
              reasonable hours of inspections; when service of violation notices 
              is and is not required; how to notify either the absentee owner 
              when he can or cannot be contacted in person or through a legally 
              responsible agent, or the resident-owner or tenant; how to process 
              and conduct hearings; what rules to follow in processing dwellings 
              alleged to be unfit for human habitation; how to occupy or use 
              dwellings finally declared fit. 
              C  
              Substantive provisionsspecifying the various types of health. 
              building, electrical, heating, plumbing, maintenance, occupancy, 
              and use conditions that constitute violations of the housing code. 
              These provisions can also be and often are grouped into three main 
              categories, namely, (I) minimum facilities and equipment for 
              dwelling units, (2) adequate maintenance of dwellings and dwelling 
              units as well as their facilities and equipment, and (3) the 
              occupancy conditions of dwellings and dwelling units. 
              D  
              Court and penalty sections outlining the basis for court 
              action and the penalty or penalties to which the alleged violator 
              will be subjected if he is proved guilty of violating one or more 
              provisions of the code. 
              E  
              Enabling, conflict, and unconstitutionality clauses providing 
              for the date a new or amended code will take effect, prevalence of 
              more stringent provision when there is a conflict of two codes, 
              severability of any part of the ordinance that might be found 
              unconstitutional and retention of all other parts in full course 
              and effect. In any city following the format of the "APHA - CDC 
              Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance," the 
              Health Officer or other supervisor in charge of housing 
              inspections will also adopt appropriate housing rules and 
              regulations from time to time to clarify or further refine the 
              provisions of the ordinance. This has been done, for example, by 
              the Commissioners of Health in Baltimore, Maryland and Milwaukee, 
              Wisconsin, and by the District of Columbia's Department of 
              Licenses and Inspections. In contrast, some municipalities such as 
              Fort Worth, Texas; St. Louis, Missouri; and Chicago, Illinois, 
              have tended to make their housing codes broader in the first place 
              and subsequently have relied more on amendments to their 
              ordinances rather than on numerous rules and regulations. Either 
              method has its advantages, and so local practice will often help 
              determine which is used.
              Where the rules 
              and regulations method is used, care should be taken that the 
              department is not overburdened with a number of minor rules and 
              regulations. Similarly, a basic housing ordinance that encompasses 
              all rules and regulations might have difficulty because any 
              amendments to it require action by the political element of the 
              community. Some housing groups, in attempting to obtain amendments 
              to the ordinance, have had the entire ordinance thrown out by the 
              political bodies.
              **VI.  Administrative Elements of a Housing 
              Code**
              The 
              administrative procedures and powers of the housing inspection 
              agency, its supervisors, and staff, which are outlined in a 
              housing code are similar to its other provisions in that all are 
              based upon the police power of the state to legislate for public 
              health and safety. In addition, the administrative provisions, and 
              to a lesser extent, the court and penalty provisions, outline how 
              the police power is to be exercised in administering and enforcing 
              the code.
              Generally, the 
              administrative elements deal with the procedures to follow for 
              ensuring that the constitutional doctrines of reasonableness, 
              equal protection under the laws, and due process of law are 
              observed. They must also guard against violation of its 
              prohibitions against unlawful search and seizure, impairment of 
              obligations of contract, and unlawful delegation of authority. 
              These factors encompass items of great importance to housing 
              inspection supervisors such as the inspector's right of entry, 
              reasonable hours of inspection, proper service, and the validity 
              of the provisions of the housing codes they administer. All are 
              described and discussed generally, in light of United States 
              Supreme Court and state supreme court tests and decisions, in the 
              publication entitled, "The Constitutionality of Housing 
              Code."2 This publication is a clear and excellent 
              source of information about the constitutional administration of 
              housing codes.
              A  
              Determination of Legal Owner of Record
              In some 
              communities the importance of ascertaining the legal owner of 
              record is not fully understood by the housing inspection 
              supervisors and inspectors. Consequently, they lose cases in court 
              because they have not taken action against the proper party. This 
              problem often arises in connection with "land contract of sale" 
              properties, where the legal deed never passes to the purchaser 
              until he has paid for the property completely. In these cases, the 
              person who is selling the property is the rightful owner and the 
              action should be taken against him.
              The method of 
              obtaining the name and address of the legal owner of a property in 
              violation varies from place to place. Ordinarily a check of the 
              city tax records will suffice unless there is reason to believe 
              these are not up to date on the property in question. In the 
              latter case, a further check of county or parish records will turn 
              up the legal owner if state law requires him to register his deed 
              there. If it does not, the advice of the municipal law department 
              should be sought about the next steps to follow.
              B  Due 
              Process Requirements
              Every notice, 
              complaint. summons, or other type of legal paper concerning 
              alleged housing code violations in a given dwelling or dwelling 
              unit must be legally sewed on the proper party. This might be the 
              owner, his agent, or the tenant, as required by the code, in order 
              to be valid and to prevent harassment of innocent parties. It is 
              quite customary to require that the notice(s) to correct existing 
              violations and any subsequent notices or letters to the violator 
              be served by certified or registered mail with return receipt 
              requested. The receipt serves as proof of service if the case has 
              to be taken to court.
              Due process 
              requirement also calls for clarity and specificity with respect to 
              the alleged violations, both in the violation notices and the 
              court complaint-summons. For this reason, special care must be 
              taken to be complete and accurate in testing the violations and 
              charges. To illustrate, rather than direct the violator "to repair 
              all windows where needed" he should be told exactly which windows 
              and what repairs are involved. Unless he is so advised, his 
              attorney has a built-in defense against the city's 
case.
              The chief 
              limitation on the due process requirement, with respect to service 
              of notices, lies in cases involving immediate threats to health 
              and safety. In these instances, the inspection agency or its 
              representative may, without notice or hearing, issue an order 
              citing the existence of the emergency and requiring such action to 
              be taken as is deemed necessary to meet the emergency.
              C Hearings and 
              the Condemnation PowerThe purpose of a hearing is to 
              give the alleged violator an opportunity to be heard, if he 
              wishes, before further action is taken by the housing inspection 
              agency. These hearings may be very informal, involving meetings 
              between a representative of the agency and the person ordered to 
              take corrective action. They may also be formal hearings at which 
              the agency head presides and the city and the defendant both are 
              entitled to and usually are represented by counsel and expert 
              witnesses. Each type will be discussed below.?Informal 
              Hearings- A violation notice may raise questions in the mind of 
              the violator or may be served on him at a time when personal 
              hardships or other factors prevent him from meeting the terms of 
              the notice. Therefore, many housing codes afford him an 
              opportunity to have a hearing at which he may discuss his 
              questions or problems and seek additional time or some 
              modification of the order. Administered in a firm but 
              understanding manner, these hearings serve as invaluable aids in 
              relieving needless fears of those involved, in showing how the 
              inspection program is. designed to help them, and in winning their 
              voluntary compliance.Formal Hearings - These are 
              quasi-judicial hearings - even though the prevailing court rules 
              of evidence do not control-from which an appeal may be taken to 
              court. All witnesses must therefore be sworn, and a stenographic 
              record of the proceedings must be made.The formal hearing is 
              used chiefly as the basis for determining whether a dwelling is or 
              is not fit for human habitation, occupancy, or use. In the event 
              it is proved "unfit," the building is condemned as such and the 
              owner is given a designated amount of time either to rehabilitate 
              it completely or to demolish it. Where local funds are available 
              or the new Federal demolition grant program is in effect, if the 
              owner fails to obey the order within the time specified, the 
              municipality may demolish his building and put a lien against the 
              property to cover demolition costs.This type of "condemnation" 
              hearing is a very effective means of stimulating prompt and 
              appropriate corrective action when it is administered fairly and 
              firmly. This is particularly true if the community funds are 
              available for demolition action when the owner proves reluctant or 
              unwilling to obey the order.In some places, such as Oakland, 
              California, the housing inspection agency is permitted only to 
              order unfit buildings repaired or vacated until they are repaired. 
              In others, such as Jersey City, New Jersey, the local ordinance 
              also empowers the housing inspection agency to order these 
              buildings demolished by the city if the owners fail to repair or 
              demolish.D Special Features for Coping with Common 
              ProblemsLimitation of Occupancy Notification -This 
              technique was pioneered by Wilmington, Delaware. It makes it 
              mandatory for property owners in the community to obtain legal 
              notice from the housing inspection agency of the maximum number of 
              persons that may occupy each of their dwelling or rooming units. 
              It also requires these owners to have a residence, place of 
              business, or an agent for their properties within the community. 
              The agent should be empowered to take remedial action on any of 
              the properties found in violation. In addition, if the property is 
              sold, the new owner must obtain a new Limitation of Occupancy 
              Notification. The fee charged is nominal.Request 
              Inspections-California and Pennsylvania are among the states that 
              permit their municipalities to offer a request inspection service. 
              In return for a fee, the housing inspector will inspect a property 
              for violations of the housing code before its sale so that the 
              buyer can learn its condition in advance. Some communities require 
              owners to notify prospective purchasers of any outstanding notice 
              of violations they have against their property before the sale. If 
              they fail to do so and their properties are in violation, the code 
              holds them liable to civil action by the purchaser and 
              quasi-criminal action by the inspection agency as housing code 
              violators.Tickets for Minor Offenses-Denver, Colorado, has 
              used this method of token fines to prod minor violators and first 
              offenders into correcting without the city resorting to court 
              action. There are mixed views about this technique because it is 
              so akin to formal police action. The inspection agency's primary 
              function is to achieve compliance rather than to punish a criminal 
              for a crime that cannot be "corrected" once the damage has been 
              done. Nevertheless, if the action stimulates compliance and 
              reduces the amount of court action needed to achieve it, the 
              ticket technique will undoubtedly spread.E Other 
              Administrative Aids: Forms and Form LettersThere is 
              tremendous diversity in these aids, yet many small communities 
              have little information about them. The reason for this is that no 
              one in the nation has developed a "housing inspection library" of 
              standard forms and letters.Before describing a fairly 
              typical set of forms and form letters, it should be stressed that 
              inspectional forms to be used for legal notices must (a) satisfy 
              legal standards of the code, (b) be meaningful to the owner and 
              sufficiently explicit about the extent and location of particular 
              defects, (c) be adaptable to statistical compilation for the 
              governing body reports, and (d) be written in a manner that will 
              facilitate clerical and other administrative usage.The 
              Daily Report Form-This form gives the inspection agency an 
              accurate basis for reporting, evaluating, and. if necessary, 
              improving the productivity and performance of its 
              inspectors.Complaint Form-This form helps in obtaining 
              full information from the complainant and thus makes the relative 
              seriousness of the problem clear and reduces the number of crank 
              complaints.No Entry Notice-This advises occupant or owner 
              that inspector was there and notifies him he must call and make an 
              appointment or face legal action.Inspection Report Form - 
              This is the most important form in the agency. It comes in 
              countless varieties ranging from manual, to key punch, to 
              "automated" and from almost complete write-in to almost complete 
              check-off types. If it is designed properly, it will (a) ensure 
              more productivity and more thoroughness by the inspectors, (b) 
              reduce the time spent in writing reports, (c) locate all 
              violations correctly, and (d) reduce time required for typing 
              violation notices. Forms may vary widely in sophistication from a 
              very simple form to those whose components are identified by 
              number for use in processing the case by automation. Some forms 
              are a combined inspection report and notice form in triplicate so 
              that the first page can be used as the notice of violation, the 
              second as the office record, and the third as the guide for 
              reinspection. A covering form letter notifies the violator of the 
              time allowed to correct the conditions listed in the 
              report-notice.Violation Notice-This is the legal notice to 
              the owner or tenant that the specified housing code violations in 
              his property or dwelling unit exist and must be corrected within 
              the indicated amount of time. It may be in the form of a letter 
              that includes the list of alleged violations or has a copy of 
              these attached. It may be a standard notice form, or it may be a 
              combined report-notice. Regardless of the type used, each should 
              make the location and nature of all violations clear and specify 
              the exact section of the code that covers each one. The notice 
              must advise the violator of his right to a hearing. It should also 
              indicate that he has a right to be represented by counsel and that 
              failure to obtain counsel will not be accepted as grounds for 
              postponing a hearing or court case.Hearing Forms-These 
              should include a form letter notifying violator of date and time 
              set for his hearing, a standard summary sheet on which the 
              supervisor can record the facts presented at an informal hearing, 
              and a hearing-decision letter for notifying all concerned of the 
              hearing results. The latter should include the names of the 
              violator, inspector, law department, and any other city official 
              or agency that may be involved in the case.Reinspection 
              Form Letters or Notices-These have the same characteristics as the 
              Violation Notice previously referred to except that they cover the 
              follow-up orders given to the violator who has failed to comply 
              with the original notice within the time specified. Some agencies 
              may use two or three types of these form letters to accommodate 
              different degrees of response by the violator. Whether one or 
              several are used, standardization of these will expedite the 
              processing of cases.?Court Complaint and Summons 
              Forms-These forms advise the alleged violator of the charges 
              against him and summon him to appear in court at the specified 
              time and place. It is essential that the housing inspection agency 
              work closely with the municipal law department in the preparation 
              of these forms so that each is done in exact accord with the rules 
              of court procedure in the state and community.Court Action 
              Record Form-This is not a very prevalent form, but it should be, 
              for it provides an accurate running record of the inspection 
              agency's court actions and their results.If a housing 
              inspection agency does not include all of these forms and form 
              letters in its basic kit, it should move to introduce the needed 
              additions. Although it will take some time to arrive at the best 
              forms to meet local needs, once they are put into use they will 
              result in marked savings of time.VII. 
              Substantive Provisions of a Housing CodeA 
              discussion of the substantive provisions of a housing code will be 
              divided into three main categories. Discussions follow on each of 
              these categories.A Minimum Facilities and Equipment for 
              Dwelling UnitsWhat are the minimum facilities and 
              equipment that should be required for a dwelling unit? Keep in 
              mind during this discussion that a dwelling unit must have 
              provisions for preparing at least one regularly cooked meal per 
              day within the unit. Minimum equipment should include a kitchen 
              sink in good working condition and properly connected to the water 
              supply system approved by the appropriate authority. It should 
              provide, at all times, an adequate amount of heated and unheated 
              running water under pressure and should be connected to a sewer 
              system approved by the appropriate authority. Cabinets or shelves, 
              or both, for the storage of eating, drinking, and cooking utensils 
              and food should be provided. These surfaces should be of sound 
              construction and made of material that is -easily cleanable and 
              that will not impart a toxic or deleterious effect to the food. In 
              addition, a stove and refrigerator should be provided. Within 
              every dwelling there should be a nonhabitable room that affords 
              privacy and is equipped with a flush water closet in good working 
              condition. Within the vicinity of the flush water closet a 
              lavatory sink should be provided. In no case should a kitchen sink 
              be permitted to substitute as a lavatory sink. In addition, within 
              each dwelling unit there should be provided, within a room that 
              affords privacy, either a bathtub or shower or both, in good 
              working condition. As mentioned in the discussion of the kitchen 
              sink, both the lavatory basin and the bathtub or shower or both 
              should be equipped with an adequate amount of heated and unheated 
              water under pressure. Each should be connected to an approved 
              sewer system. Obviously, within each dwelling unit two or more 
              means of egress should be provided to safe and open space at 
              ground level. Provisions should be incorporated within the housing 
              code to meet the safety requirements of the state and community 
              involved. The housing code should spell out minimum standards for 
              lighting and ventilation within each room in the structure. In 
              addition, minimum thermal standards should be provided. Although 
              most codes merely provide the requirement of a given temperature 
              at a given height above floor level, the community should give 
              consideration to the use of "effective temperatures." The 
              effective temperature is a means of incorporating not only 
              absolute temperature in degrees but also humidity and air 
              movement. This mechanism gives a better indication of the comfort 
              index of the room.B Adequate Maintenance of Dwellings 
              and Dwelling Units and of Their Facilities and 
              EquipmentThe code should spell out provisions that no 
              person shall occupy or let for occupancy any dwelling or dwelling 
              units that do not comply with stated requirements. Generally, 
              these requirements specify that the structure be in sound 
              condition and good repair regarding foundation, roof, exterior 
              walls, doors, window space and window condition; that it be 
              damp-free, watertight and reasonably weather tight; that all 
              structural surfaces be sound and in good repair. These provisions 
              basically state that any necessary repairs should be made before 
              the unit is relet to new occupants. For detailed information 
              regarding these items, see Section VII of the 1975 "APHA-CDC 
              Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy 
              Ordinance."C The Occupancy Conditions of Dwellings and 
              Dwelling UnitsOccupancy provisions- -set maximum 
              density standards within dwelling units. Generally, they require a 
              given quantity of square footage of space for sleeping area. 
              Requirements in this section restrict the number of basic families 
              permitted within any one dwelling unit. They state, in addition, 
              the minimum ceiling heights, and closet space.The housing 
              code is the basic tool of the housing inspector. This code spells 
              out what he may and may not do. It sets the requirements he will 
              enforce and provides him with his basis for action. A housing 
              effort can be no better than the code 
        allows.REFERENCESAPHA CDC Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy 
            Ordinance. DHEW Publication No (CDC) 75-8299. Atlanta, 1975.Constitutionality of Housing Codes. 2nd Edition 1964, 
            National Association of Housing and Renewal Officials. Washington, 
            D.C.Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |                                                           | **Chapter 2: The Housing 
            Code**                                                                                                             |                                                                                     | **Table of 
            Contents** |            |         | I.  
            Definitions |                          |              | II.  Background of 
            Housing Codes in the United States |                                   |                 | III.  Objectives of a 
            Housing Code |                                                           |  | IV.  
            Limitations                            |  |                                                        | V.  
          Content |                                                                                     |  | VI.  Administrative 
            Elements of a Housing Code |  |            | VII.  Substantive 
            Provisions of a Housing Code |  |                                                                                                                                                           | References                                                                                   |                                                               | Any housing code, regardless 
            of who promulgates it, is basically an environmental health 
            protection code. The hygiene of housing, correspondingly, is the 
            area of environmental health that deals with man's most intimate 
            living environment-his home and his neighborhood. Into the fabric of 
            housing hygiene is woven a wide variety of health, safety, economic, 
            social, and political factors.
            Early housing codes 
            primarily considered protecting only man's physical health; hence, 
            they were enforced only in slum areas. More recently the realization 
            has been made that if urban blight and its associated human 
            suffering are to be controlled, the housing codes must consider both 
            physical and mental health and must be administered uniformly 
            throughout the community.In preparing or 
            revising the housing code, local officials must maintain a level of 
            standards that will not merely be "minimal." These standards should 
            maintain a living environment that contributes positively to 
            healthful individual and family living. The fact that a small 
            portion of housing fails to meet a desirable standard is hardly a 
            legitimate reason for retrogressive modification or abolition of a 
            standard. A housing code is merely a means to an end. The end is the 
            eventual elimination of all substandard conditions within the home 
            and neighborhood. This end cannot be reached if the community adopts 
            an inadequate housing code. The adoption of a housing ordinance that 
            establishes low standards for existing housing serves only to 
            legalize and perpetuate an unhealthy living environment. Wherever 
            local conditions are such that immediate enforcement of some 
            standards within the code would cause undue hardship upon some 
            individuals, it is better to provide a time interval for compliance 
            than to eliminate an otherwise satisfactory standard.**I. Definitions**
            The following 
            definitions of terms have been excerpted from "APHA - CDC 
            Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance" and will be 
            used throughout this manual.lAccessory 
              Building or Structure shall mean a detached building or 
              structure in a secondary or subordinate capacity from the main or 
              principal building or structure on the same Premises.Appropriate 
              Authority shall mean that person within the governmental 
              structure of the corporate unit who is charged with the 
              administration of the appropriate code.Approved 
              shall mean approved by the local or state authority having such 
              administrative authority.Ashesshall mean the residue from the burning of combustible 
              materials.Atticshall mean any story situated wholly or partly within the 
              roof, and so designed, arranged or built as to be used for 
              business, storage, or habitation.Basement 
              shall mean the lowest story of a building, below the main floor 
              and wholly or partially lower than the surface of the 
              ground.Building 
              shall mean a fixed construction with walls foundation and roof. 
              such as a house, factory, or garage.Bulk 
              Container shall mean any metal garbage, rubbish, or refuse 
              container having a capacity of two (2) cubic yards or greater and 
              which is equipped with fittings for hydraulic or mechanical 
              emptying, unloading or removal.Cellar 
              shall mean a room or group of rooms totally below the ground level 
              and usually under a building.Central 
              Heating System shall mean a single system supplying heat to 
              one (1) or more dwelling unit(s) or more than one (I) rooming 
              unit.Chimney 
              shall mean a vertical masonry shaft of reinforced concrete, or 
              other approved noncombustible, heat-resisting material enclosing 
              one (I) or more flues, for the purpose of removing products of 
              combustion from solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel.Dilapidated shall mean no longer adequate for the 
              purpose or use for which it was originally intended.Dormitoryshall mean a building or a group of rooms in a building used 
              for institutional living and sleeping purposes by four (4) or more 
              persons.Dwelling 
              shall mean any enclosed space wholly or partly used or intended to 
              be used for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating; provided that 
              temporary housing as hereinafter defined shall not be classified 
              as a dwelling. Industrialized housing and modular construction 
              which conform to nationally accepted industry standards and used 
              or intended for use for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating 
              purposes shall be classified as dwellings.Dwelling 
              Unit shall mean a room or group of rooms located within a 
              dwelling forming a single habitable unit with facilities used or 
              intended to be used by a single family for living, sleeping, 
              cooking, and eating purposes.Egressshall mean an arrangement of exit facilities to assure a safe 
              means of exit from buildings.Extermination shall mean the control and elimination 
              of insects, rodents, or other pests by eliminating their harborage 
              places; by removing or making inaccessible materials that may 
              serve as their food; by poisoning, spraying, fumigating, trapping, 
              or by any other recognized and legal pest elimination methods 
              approved by the local or state authority having such 
              administrative authority.Fair Market 
              Value shall mean a price at which both buyers and sellers are 
              willing to do business.Family shall mean one or more individuals living 
              together and sharing common living. sleeping, cooking, and eating 
              facilities (See 
              also Household).Flush Water 
              Closetshall mean a toilet bowl which is Rushed with water 
              which has been supplied under pressure and equipped with a water 
              sealed trap above the floor level.Garbage 
              shall mean the animal and vegetable waste resulting from the 
              handling, preparation, cooking, serving, and nonconsumption of 
              food.Grade 
              shall mean the finished ground level adjacent to a required 
              window.Guest 
              shall mean an individual who shares a dwelling unit in a 
              non-permanent status for not more than thirty (30) days.Habitable 
              Room shall mean a room or enclosed floor space used or 
              intended to be used for living, sleeping, cooking, or eating 
              purposes, excluding bathrooms, water closet compartments, 
              laundries, furnace rooms, pantries, kitchenettes and utility rooms 
              of less than fifty (50) square feet of floor space, foyers, or 
              communicating corridors, stairways, closets, storage spaces and 
              workshops, hobby and recreation areas.Health 
              Officer shall mean the legally designated health authority of 
              the (Name of Corporate Unit) or his authorized representative. (If 
              the legally designated health authority has a title other than 
              "Health Officer" the title of this authority should be substituted 
              for "Health Officer" in this section and all other sections of 
              this ordinance.)Heated 
              Water shall mean water heated to a temperature of not less 
              than 120 F at the outlet.Heating 
              Device shall mean all furnaces, unit heaters, domestic 
              incinerators, cooking and heating stoves and ranges, and other 
              similar devices.Household shall mean one or more individuals 
              living together in a single dwelling unit and sharing common 
              living, sleeping, cooking, and eating facilities(See also Family).Infestationshall mean the presence within or around a dwelling of any 
              insects, rodents, or other pests.Kitchenshall mean any room used for the storage and preparation of 
              foods and containing the following equipment: sink or other device 
              for dishwashing, stove or other device for cooking, refrigerator 
              or other device for cool storage of food, cabinets or shelves for 
              storage of equipment and utensils, and counter or table for food 
              preparation.Kitchenette shall mean a small kitchen or an alcove 
              containing cooking facilities.Lead-based 
              Paintshall mean any paint containing more lead than the level 
              established by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission as 
              being the "safe" level of lead in residential paint and paint 
              products.Meaning of 
              Certain Words Whenever the words "dwelling," "dwelling unit," 
              "rooming units," "premises," and "structure" are used in the 
              ordinance they shall be construed as though they were followed by 
              the words "or any part thereof." Words used in the singular 
              include the plural, and the plural the singular, the masculine 
              gender includes the feminine and the feminine the 
              masculine.Multiple 
              Dwelling shall mean any dwelling containing more than two 
              dwelling units.Occupant 
              shall mean any individual, over one (1) year of age, living, 
              sleeping, cooking, or eating in or having possession of a dwelling 
              unit or a rooming unit; except that in dwelling units a guest 
              shall not be considered an occupant.Operator 
              shall mean any person who has charge, care, control, or management 
              of a building, or part thereof, in which dwelling units or rooming 
              units are let.Ordinary 
              Summer Conditions shall mean a temperature 10?F below the 
              highest recorded temperature in the locality for prior ten (10) 
              year period.Ordinary 
              Winter Conditionsshall mean a temperature 15?F above the 
              lowest recorded temperature in the locality for prior ten (10) 
              year period.Owner 
              shall mean any person who alone or jointly or severally with 
              others:(a)shall have legal title to any 
              premises, dwelling or dwelling unit, with or without accompanying 
              actual possession thereof, or(b)shall have 
              charge, care, or control of any premises, dwelling or dwelling 
              unit, as owner or agent of the owner, or as executor, 
              administrator, trustee or guardian of the estate of the 
              owner.Permissible Occupancy shall mean the maximum number 
              of individuals permitted to reside in a dwelling unit, rooming 
              unit. or dormitory.Person 
              shall mean and include any individual, firm, corporation, 
              association, partnership, cooperative, or governmental 
              agency.Plumbingshall mean and include all of the following supplied 
              facilities and equipment: gas pipes, gas burning equipment, water 
              pipes, garbage disposal units, waste pipes, water closets, sinks, 
              installed dishwashers, lavatories, bathtubs, shower baths, 
              installed clothes washing machines, catch basins, drains, vents, 
              and any other similar supplied fixtures, and the installation 
              thereof, together with all connections to water, sewer, or gas 
              lines.Premises 
              shall mean a platted lot or part thereof or unplatted lot or 
              parcel of land or plot of land, either occupied or unoccupied by 
              any dwelling or non dwelling structure, and includes any such 
              building, accessory structure. or other structure thereon.Privacy 
              shall mean the existence of conditions which will permit an 
              individual or individuals to carry out an activity commenced 
              without interruption or interference, either by sight or sound by 
              unwanted individuals.Properly 
              Connected shall mean connected in accordance with all 
              applicable code and ordinances of this (Name of Corporate Unit) as 
              from time to time enforced; provided, however, that the 
              application of this definition shall not require the alteration or 
              replacement of any connection in good working order and not 
              constituting a hazard to life or health.Rat 
              Harborage shall mean any conditions or place where rats can 
              liven nest, or seek shelter.Ratproofing shall mean a form of construction which 
              will prevent the ingress or egress of rats to or from a given 
              space or building, or from gaining access to food, water, or 
              harborage. It consists of the closing and keeping closed of every 
              opening in foundations, basements, cellars, exterior and interior 
              walls, ground or first floors, roofs, sidewalk gratings, sidewalk 
              openings, and other places that may be reached and entered by rats 
              by climbing, burrowing or other methods, by the use of materials 
              impervious to rat gnawing and other methods approved by the 
              (Appropriate Authority).Refuse 
              shall mean all putrescible and nonputrescible solids (except body 
              wastes) including garbage, rubbish ashes, and dead animals.Refuse 
              Container shall mean a watertight container that is 
              constructed of metal, or other durable material impervious to 
              rodents, that is capable of being serviced without creating 
              insanitary conditions, or such other containers as have been 
              approved by the (Appropriate Authority). Openings into the 
              container such as covers and doors shall be tight fitting.Rooming 
              House shall mean any dwelling other than a hotel or motel or 
              that part of any dwelling, containing one (1) or more rooming 
              units, or one (1) or more dormitory rooms and in which persons 
              either individually or as families are housed with or without 
              meals being provided.Rooming 
              Unit shall mean any room or group of rooms forming a single 
              habitable unit used or intended to be used for living and 
              sleeping, but not for cooking purposes.Rubbish 
              shall mean nonputrescible solid wastes (excluding ashes) 
              consisting of either:(a)combustible wastes such 
              as paper, cardboard, plastic containers, yard clippings, and wood; 
              or(b) noncombustible wastes such as cans, glass, 
              and crockery.Safety 
              shall mean the condition of being reasonably free from danger and 
              hazards which may cause accidents or disease.Space 
              Heater shall mean a self-contained heating appliance of either 
              the convection type or the radiant type and intended primarily to 
              heat only a limited space or area such as one room or two 
              adjoining rooms.Suppliedshall mean paid for, furnished by, provided by, or under the 
              control of the owner, operator, or agent.Temporary 
              Housing shall mean any tent, trailer, mobile home or any other 
              structure used for human shelter which is designed to be 
              transportable and which is not attached to the ground, to another 
              structure, or to any utility system on the same premises for more 
              than thirty (30) consecutive days.Toxic 
              Substanceshall mean any chemical product applied on the 
              surface of or incorporated into any structural or decorative 
              material which constitutes a potential hazard to human health at 
              acute or chronic exposure levels.Varianceshall mean a difference between that which is required or 
              specified and that which is permitted .**II. Background of Housing Codes in the United 
            States**
            To assist 
            municipalities with the development of legislation necessary to 
            regulate the quality of housing, the Committee on the Hygiene of 
            Housing, American Public Health Association, prepared and in 1952, 
            published a proposed housing ordinance. This provided a prototype on 
            which such legislation might be based and has served as the basis 
            for countless housing codes enacted in the United States since that 
            time. Some municipalities enacted it without change. Others made 
            revision by omitting some portions, modifying others, and sometimes 
            adding new provisions.In the ensuing 
            years this ordinance was revised in 1969 and 1971.In 1975, the 
            American Public Health Association and the Public Health Service's 
            Center for Disease Control jointly undertook the job of rewriting 
            and updating this model ordinance. The new document, entitled "APHA- 
            CDC Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance," is the 
            most recent model ordinance available. This new ordinance is one of 
            several model ordinances available to communities to consider when 
            they are interested in adopting a housing code.One must keep in 
            mind when considering the adoption of any model code that the code 
            is, as stated, merely a model. The community should read and 
            consider each element within the model code to determine its 
            applicability to that community. As previously stated, however, a 
            housing code is merely a means to an end. The end is the eventual 
            elimination of all substandard conditions within the home and the 
            neighborhood. This end cannot be reached if the community adopts an 
            inadequate housing code.**III. Objectives of a Housing Code**
            The Housing Act of 
            1949 gave new impetus to existing local, state, and Federal housing 
            programs directed towards the elimination of poor housing and the 
            production of sound and decent housing. In passing this legislation, 
            Congress defined a new national objective by declaring that the 
            general welfare and security of the nation and the health and living 
            standards of its people .. . require a decent home and a suitable 
            living environment for every American family. This mandate generated 
            an awareness that the quality of housing and residential environment 
            has an enormous influence upon the physical and mental health and 
            the social well-being of each individual and, in turn, upon the 
            economic, political, and social conditions in every community. 
            Consequently, public agencies, units of government, professional 
            organizations, and others sought ways to ensure that the quality of 
            housing and the residential environment did not depreciate or 
            deteriorate.It soon became 
            apparent that a new type of legislation was needed, namely, 
            ordinances that regulate the supplied facilities and the maintenance 
            and occupancy of dwellings and dwelling units, or as they are more 
            commonly called, "housing codes." The objective of a housing code is 
            to establish minimum standards essential to make dwellings safe, 
            sanitary, and fit for human habitation by governing the condition 
            and maintenance, the supplied utilities and facilities, and the 
            occupancy.**IV.  Limitations**A housing code is 
            limited in its effectiveness by several factors. First, if the 
            housing code does not contain standards that adequately 
            protect the health and well being of the individuals, it 
            cannot be effective. The best trained soldier, if armed only with a 
            pea shooter, can accomplish little positive action in a battle. 
            Similarly, the best trained housing inspector, if not armed with an 
            adequate housing code, can accomplish little good in the battle 
            against urban blight.
            A second factor 
            affecting the quality of the housing administration effort is the 
            budget of the housing group. If the housing effort is 
            directed, because of limitations of funds and personnel, to the 
            fire-fighting efforts of complaint answering, then the community can 
            expect to lose the battle against urban blight. It is only through a 
            systematic enforcement effort by an adequately sized staff of 
            properly trained inspectors that the battle can be won.A third factor that 
            can affect the housing effort is theattitude of the political 
            bodies within the area. A properly administered housing 
            program will require the upgrading of substandard housing throughout 
            the community. Frequently, this results in political pressures being 
            exerted to prevent the enforcement of the code in certain areas of 
            the city. If the housing effort is backed properly by all political 
            elements, blight can be controlled and eventually eliminated within 
            the community. If, however, the housing program is not permitted to 
            choke out the spreading influence of substandard conditions urban 
            blight will spread like a cancer. engulfing greater and greater 
            portions of the city. Similarly, an effort directed only at the most 
            serious blocks in the city will merely upgrade those blocks while 
            the blight spreads elsewhere. If a cancer is to be controlled, it 
            must be cut out in its entirety. If urban blight is to be 
            controlled, it also must be cut out in its entirety.A fourth element 
            that limits the ability of a housing program is whether or not 
            the housing program is supported fully by the other departments 
            within the city. Regardless of which city agency administers 
            the housing program, the other city agencies must support the 
            activities of the housing program. In addition, great effort should 
            be expended to obtain the support and cooperation of the community 
            as a whole towards the housing effort. This can be accomplished 
            through public awareness and public information programs. These two 
            programs should never be undersold. They can provide considerable 
            support or considerable resistance to the efforts of the 
            program.A fifth limitation 
            to an effective housing program is an inadequately or 
            improperly trained inspectional staff. The housing inspector 
            should have considerable training and considerable capabilities if 
            the effort is to accomplish much good. He should have a basic 
            knowledge and general understanding of the principles involved in 
            many related areas. He should have the capability of evaluating 
            whether a serious or a minor problem exists in matters ranging from 
            a structural stability of a building to the health and sanitary 
            aspects relating to the structure. A housing inspector cannot be 
            expected to accomplish his job properly unless he is given 
            sufficient training so as to prepare him to be able to make basic 
            judgments regarding the severity of problems. Since the housing 
            inspector is a generalized inspector, it is not intended that he 
            should become an expert in all areas such as building, electrical, 
            or health inspection. It is merely intended that he should be able 
            to distinguish whether a problem warrants immediate referral to 
            another department or whether it can be handled through routine 
            channels.A sixth item that 
            frequently restricts the effectiveness of a housing administration 
            effort is the fact that many housing groups fail to do a 
            complete job of evaluation of the housing problems. In 
            many cases, the inspectional effort is restricted to merely 
            evaluating what conditions exist with little or no thought given to 
            why these conditions exist. If a housing effort is to be successful, 
            it must consider why the homes deteriorated. Was it because of 
            environmental stresses within the neighbor hood that need to be 
            eliminated or was it because of apathy developed on the part of the 
            occupants? In either case, if the causative agent is not removed, 
            then the inspector faces an annual problem of maintaining the 
            quality of that residence. It is only by eliminating the causes of 
            deterioration that the quality of the neighborhood can be 
            maintained. These, then, are a few of the principal limitations that 
            affect the quality of a housing administration effort.**V.  Content**
            What then are the 
            general items that should be included in a housing code? Although 
            all comprehensive housing codes or ordinances contain a number of 
            common elements, the provisions of any two or more communities on 
            the same element or elements will usually vary to some extent. This 
            is true whether the codes be national or state models, those of a 
            northern, eastern, southern, or western municipality, or even of two 
            or more communities within the same state or region. These 
            variations stem from differences in local policies, preferences, and 
            to a lesser extent, needs. They are also influenced by the standards 
            set by the related provisions of the diverse building, electrical, 
            and plumbing codes in use in the municipality.Within any housing 
            code there are generally five major sections. These sections are 
            listed and discussed in more detail both in the following pages and 
            to a degree in the Legal Aspects chapter of this manual. The five 
            major features are:A  
              Definitions of terms used in the code. 
              B  
              Administrative provisions showing who is authorized to 
              administer the code and the basic methods and procedures that must 
              be followed in implementing and enforcing the sections of the 
              code. The administrative sections deal with items such as what are 
              reasonable hours of inspections; when service of violation notices 
              is and is not required; how to notify either the absentee owner 
              when he can or cannot be contacted in person or through a legally 
              responsible agent, or the resident-owner or tenant; how to process 
              and conduct hearings; what rules to follow in processing dwellings 
              alleged to be unfit for human habitation; how to occupy or use 
              dwellings finally declared fit. 
              C  
              Substantive provisionsspecifying the various types of health. 
              building, electrical, heating, plumbing, maintenance, occupancy, 
              and use conditions that constitute violations of the housing code. 
              These provisions can also be and often are grouped into three main 
              categories, namely, (I) minimum facilities and equipment for 
              dwelling units, (2) adequate maintenance of dwellings and dwelling 
              units as well as their facilities and equipment, and (3) the 
              occupancy conditions of dwellings and dwelling units. 
              D  
              Court and penalty sections outlining the basis for court 
              action and the penalty or penalties to which the alleged violator 
              will be subjected if he is proved guilty of violating one or more 
              provisions of the code. 
              E  
              Enabling, conflict, and unconstitutionality clauses providing 
              for the date a new or amended code will take effect, prevalence of 
              more stringent provision when there is a conflict of two codes, 
              severability of any part of the ordinance that might be found 
              unconstitutional and retention of all other parts in full course 
              and effect. In any city following the format of the "APHA - CDC 
              Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance," the 
              Health Officer or other supervisor in charge of housing 
              inspections will also adopt appropriate housing rules and 
              regulations from time to time to clarify or further refine the 
              provisions of the ordinance. This has been done, for example, by 
              the Commissioners of Health in Baltimore, Maryland and Milwaukee, 
              Wisconsin, and by the District of Columbia's Department of 
              Licenses and Inspections. In contrast, some municipalities such as 
              Fort Worth, Texas; St. Louis, Missouri; and Chicago, Illinois, 
              have tended to make their housing codes broader in the first place 
              and subsequently have relied more on amendments to their 
              ordinances rather than on numerous rules and regulations. Either 
              method has its advantages, and so local practice will often help 
              determine which is used.
              Where the rules 
              and regulations method is used, care should be taken that the 
              department is not overburdened with a number of minor rules and 
              regulations. Similarly, a basic housing ordinance that encompasses 
              all rules and regulations might have difficulty because any 
              amendments to it require action by the political element of the 
              community. Some housing groups, in attempting to obtain amendments 
              to the ordinance, have had the entire ordinance thrown out by the 
              political bodies.
              **VI.  Administrative Elements of a Housing 
              Code**
              The 
              administrative procedures and powers of the housing inspection 
              agency, its supervisors, and staff, which are outlined in a 
              housing code are similar to its other provisions in that all are 
              based upon the police power of the state to legislate for public 
              health and safety. In addition, the administrative provisions, and 
              to a lesser extent, the court and penalty provisions, outline how 
              the police power is to be exercised in administering and enforcing 
              the code.
              Generally, the 
              administrative elements deal with the procedures to follow for 
              ensuring that the constitutional doctrines of reasonableness, 
              equal protection under the laws, and due process of law are 
              observed. They must also guard against violation of its 
              prohibitions against unlawful search and seizure, impairment of 
              obligations of contract, and unlawful delegation of authority. 
              These factors encompass items of great importance to housing 
              inspection supervisors such as the inspector's right of entry, 
              reasonable hours of inspection, proper service, and the validity 
              of the provisions of the housing codes they administer. All are 
              described and discussed generally, in light of United States 
              Supreme Court and state supreme court tests and decisions, in the 
              publication entitled, "The Constitutionality of Housing 
              Code."2 This publication is a clear and excellent 
              source of information about the constitutional administration of 
              housing codes.
              A  
              Determination of Legal Owner of Record
              In some 
              communities the importance of ascertaining the legal owner of 
              record is not fully understood by the housing inspection 
              supervisors and inspectors. Consequently, they lose cases in court 
              because they have not taken action against the proper party. This 
              problem often arises in connection with "land contract of sale" 
              properties, where the legal deed never passes to the purchaser 
              until he has paid for the property completely. In these cases, the 
              person who is selling the property is the rightful owner and the 
              action should be taken against him.
              The method of 
              obtaining the name and address of the legal owner of a property in 
              violation varies from place to place. Ordinarily a check of the 
              city tax records will suffice unless there is reason to believe 
              these are not up to date on the property in question. In the 
              latter case, a further check of county or parish records will turn 
              up the legal owner if state law requires him to register his deed 
              there. If it does not, the advice of the municipal law department 
              should be sought about the next steps to follow.
              B  Due 
              Process Requirements
              Every notice, 
              complaint. summons, or other type of legal paper concerning 
              alleged housing code violations in a given dwelling or dwelling 
              unit must be legally sewed on the proper party. This might be the 
              owner, his agent, or the tenant, as required by the code, in order 
              to be valid and to prevent harassment of innocent parties. It is 
              quite customary to require that the notice(s) to correct existing 
              violations and any subsequent notices or letters to the violator 
              be served by certified or registered mail with return receipt 
              requested. The receipt serves as proof of service if the case has 
              to be taken to court.
              Due process 
              requirement also calls for clarity and specificity with respect to 
              the alleged violations, both in the violation notices and the 
              court complaint-summons. For this reason, special care must be 
              taken to be complete and accurate in testing the violations and 
              charges. To illustrate, rather than direct the violator "to repair 
              all windows where needed" he should be told exactly which windows 
              and what repairs are involved. Unless he is so advised, his 
              attorney has a built-in defense against the city's 
case.
              The chief 
              limitation on the due process requirement, with respect to service 
              of notices, lies in cases involving immediate threats to health 
              and safety. In these instances, the inspection agency or its 
              representative may, without notice or hearing, issue an order 
              citing the existence of the emergency and requiring such action to 
              be taken as is deemed necessary to meet the emergency.
              C Hearings and 
              the Condemnation PowerThe purpose of a hearing is to 
              give the alleged violator an opportunity to be heard, if he 
              wishes, before further action is taken by the housing inspection 
              agency. These hearings may be very informal, involving meetings 
              between a representative of the agency and the person ordered to 
              take corrective action. They may also be formal hearings at which 
              the agency head presides and the city and the defendant both are 
              entitled to and usually are represented by counsel and expert 
              witnesses. Each type will be discussed below.?Informal 
              Hearings- A violation notice may raise questions in the mind of 
              the violator or may be served on him at a time when personal 
              hardships or other factors prevent him from meeting the terms of 
              the notice. Therefore, many housing codes afford him an 
              opportunity to have a hearing at which he may discuss his 
              questions or problems and seek additional time or some 
              modification of the order. Administered in a firm but 
              understanding manner, these hearings serve as invaluable aids in 
              relieving needless fears of those involved, in showing how the 
              inspection program is. designed to help them, and in winning their 
              voluntary compliance.Formal Hearings - These are 
              quasi-judicial hearings - even though the prevailing court rules 
              of evidence do not control-from which an appeal may be taken to 
              court. All witnesses must therefore be sworn, and a stenographic 
              record of the proceedings must be made.The formal hearing is 
              used chiefly as the basis for determining whether a dwelling is or 
              is not fit for human habitation, occupancy, or use. In the event 
              it is proved "unfit," the building is condemned as such and the 
              owner is given a designated amount of time either to rehabilitate 
              it completely or to demolish it. Where local funds are available 
              or the new Federal demolition grant program is in effect, if the 
              owner fails to obey the order within the time specified, the 
              municipality may demolish his building and put a lien against the 
              property to cover demolition costs.This type of "condemnation" 
              hearing is a very effective means of stimulating prompt and 
              appropriate corrective action when it is administered fairly and 
              firmly. This is particularly true if the community funds are 
              available for demolition action when the owner proves reluctant or 
              unwilling to obey the order.In some places, such as Oakland, 
              California, the housing inspection agency is permitted only to 
              order unfit buildings repaired or vacated until they are repaired. 
              In others, such as Jersey City, New Jersey, the local ordinance 
              also empowers the housing inspection agency to order these 
              buildings demolished by the city if the owners fail to repair or 
              demolish.D Special Features for Coping with Common 
              ProblemsLimitation of Occupancy Notification -This 
              technique was pioneered by Wilmington, Delaware. It makes it 
              mandatory for property owners in the community to obtain legal 
              notice from the housing inspection agency of the maximum number of 
              persons that may occupy each of their dwelling or rooming units. 
              It also requires these owners to have a residence, place of 
              business, or an agent for their properties within the community. 
              The agent should be empowered to take remedial action on any of 
              the properties found in violation. In addition, if the property is 
              sold, the new owner must obtain a new Limitation of Occupancy 
              Notification. The fee charged is nominal.Request 
              Inspections-California and Pennsylvania are among the states that 
              permit their municipalities to offer a request inspection service. 
              In return for a fee, the housing inspector will inspect a property 
              for violations of the housing code before its sale so that the 
              buyer can learn its condition in advance. Some communities require 
              owners to notify prospective purchasers of any outstanding notice 
              of violations they have against their property before the sale. If 
              they fail to do so and their properties are in violation, the code 
              holds them liable to civil action by the purchaser and 
              quasi-criminal action by the inspection agency as housing code 
              violators.Tickets for Minor Offenses-Denver, Colorado, has 
              used this method of token fines to prod minor violators and first 
              offenders into correcting without the city resorting to court 
              action. There are mixed views about this technique because it is 
              so akin to formal police action. The inspection agency's primary 
              function is to achieve compliance rather than to punish a criminal 
              for a crime that cannot be "corrected" once the damage has been 
              done. Nevertheless, if the action stimulates compliance and 
              reduces the amount of court action needed to achieve it, the 
              ticket technique will undoubtedly spread.E Other 
              Administrative Aids: Forms and Form LettersThere is 
              tremendous diversity in these aids, yet many small communities 
              have little information about them. The reason for this is that no 
              one in the nation has developed a "housing inspection library" of 
              standard forms and letters.Before describing a fairly 
              typical set of forms and form letters, it should be stressed that 
              inspectional forms to be used for legal notices must (a) satisfy 
              legal standards of the code, (b) be meaningful to the owner and 
              sufficiently explicit about the extent and location of particular 
              defects, (c) be adaptable to statistical compilation for the 
              governing body reports, and (d) be written in a manner that will 
              facilitate clerical and other administrative usage.The 
              Daily Report Form-This form gives the inspection agency an 
              accurate basis for reporting, evaluating, and. if necessary, 
              improving the productivity and performance of its 
              inspectors.Complaint Form-This form helps in obtaining 
              full information from the complainant and thus makes the relative 
              seriousness of the problem clear and reduces the number of crank 
              complaints.No Entry Notice-This advises occupant or owner 
              that inspector was there and notifies him he must call and make an 
              appointment or face legal action.Inspection Report Form - 
              This is the most important form in the agency. It comes in 
              countless varieties ranging from manual, to key punch, to 
              "automated" and from almost complete write-in to almost complete 
              check-off types. If it is designed properly, it will (a) ensure 
              more productivity and more thoroughness by the inspectors, (b) 
              reduce the time spent in writing reports, (c) locate all 
              violations correctly, and (d) reduce time required for typing 
              violation notices. Forms may vary widely in sophistication from a 
              very simple form to those whose components are identified by 
              number for use in processing the case by automation. Some forms 
              are a combined inspection report and notice form in triplicate so 
              that the first page can be used as the notice of violation, the 
              second as the office record, and the third as the guide for 
              reinspection. A covering form letter notifies the violator of the 
              time allowed to correct the conditions listed in the 
              report-notice.Violation Notice-This is the legal notice to 
              the owner or tenant that the specified housing code violations in 
              his property or dwelling unit exist and must be corrected within 
              the indicated amount of time. It may be in the form of a letter 
              that includes the list of alleged violations or has a copy of 
              these attached. It may be a standard notice form, or it may be a 
              combined report-notice. Regardless of the type used, each should 
              make the location and nature of all violations clear and specify 
              the exact section of the code that covers each one. The notice 
              must advise the violator of his right to a hearing. It should also 
              indicate that he has a right to be represented by counsel and that 
              failure to obtain counsel will not be accepted as grounds for 
              postponing a hearing or court case.Hearing Forms-These 
              should include a form letter notifying violator of date and time 
              set for his hearing, a standard summary sheet on which the 
              supervisor can record the facts presented at an informal hearing, 
              and a hearing-decision letter for notifying all concerned of the 
              hearing results. The latter should include the names of the 
              violator, inspector, law department, and any other city official 
              or agency that may be involved in the case.Reinspection 
              Form Letters or Notices-These have the same characteristics as the 
              Violation Notice previously referred to except that they cover the 
              follow-up orders given to the violator who has failed to comply 
              with the original notice within the time specified. Some agencies 
              may use two or three types of these form letters to accommodate 
              different degrees of response by the violator. Whether one or 
              several are used, standardization of these will expedite the 
              processing of cases.?Court Complaint and Summons 
              Forms-These forms advise the alleged violator of the charges 
              against him and summon him to appear in court at the specified 
              time and place. It is essential that the housing inspection agency 
              work closely with the municipal law department in the preparation 
              of these forms so that each is done in exact accord with the rules 
              of court procedure in the state and community.Court Action 
              Record Form-This is not a very prevalent form, but it should be, 
              for it provides an accurate running record of the inspection 
              agency's court actions and their results.If a housing 
              inspection agency does not include all of these forms and form 
              letters in its basic kit, it should move to introduce the needed 
              additions. Although it will take some time to arrive at the best 
              forms to meet local needs, once they are put into use they will 
              result in marked savings of time.VII. 
              Substantive Provisions of a Housing CodeA 
              discussion of the substantive provisions of a housing code will be 
              divided into three main categories. Discussions follow on each of 
              these categories.A Minimum Facilities and Equipment for 
              Dwelling UnitsWhat are the minimum facilities and 
              equipment that should be required for a dwelling unit? Keep in 
              mind during this discussion that a dwelling unit must have 
              provisions for preparing at least one regularly cooked meal per 
              day within the unit. Minimum equipment should include a kitchen 
              sink in good working condition and properly connected to the water 
              supply system approved by the appropriate authority. It should 
              provide, at all times, an adequate amount of heated and unheated 
              running water under pressure and should be connected to a sewer 
              system approved by the appropriate authority. Cabinets or shelves, 
              or both, for the storage of eating, drinking, and cooking utensils 
              and food should be provided. These surfaces should be of sound 
              construction and made of material that is -easily cleanable and 
              that will not impart a toxic or deleterious effect to the food. In 
              addition, a stove and refrigerator should be provided. Within 
              every dwelling there should be a nonhabitable room that affords 
              privacy and is equipped with a flush water closet in good working 
              condition. Within the vicinity of the flush water closet a 
              lavatory sink should be provided. In no case should a kitchen sink 
              be permitted to substitute as a lavatory sink. In addition, within 
              each dwelling unit there should be provided, within a room that 
              affords privacy, either a bathtub or shower or both, in good 
              working condition. As mentioned in the discussion of the kitchen 
              sink, both the lavatory basin and the bathtub or shower or both 
              should be equipped with an adequate amount of heated and unheated 
              water under pressure. Each should be connected to an approved 
              sewer system. Obviously, within each dwelling unit two or more 
              means of egress should be provided to safe and open space at 
              ground level. Provisions should be incorporated within the housing 
              code to meet the safety requirements of the state and community 
              involved. The housing code should spell out minimum standards for 
              lighting and ventilation within each room in the structure. In 
              addition, minimum thermal standards should be provided. Although 
              most codes merely provide the requirement of a given temperature 
              at a given height above floor level, the community should give 
              consideration to the use of "effective temperatures." The 
              effective temperature is a means of incorporating not only 
              absolute temperature in degrees but also humidity and air 
              movement. This mechanism gives a better indication of the comfort 
              index of the room.B Adequate Maintenance of Dwellings 
              and Dwelling Units and of Their Facilities and 
              EquipmentThe code should spell out provisions that no 
              person shall occupy or let for occupancy any dwelling or dwelling 
              units that do not comply with stated requirements. Generally, 
              these requirements specify that the structure be in sound 
              condition and good repair regarding foundation, roof, exterior 
              walls, doors, window space and window condition; that it be 
              damp-free, watertight and reasonably weather tight; that all 
              structural surfaces be sound and in good repair. These provisions 
              basically state that any necessary repairs should be made before 
              the unit is relet to new occupants. For detailed information 
              regarding these items, see Section VII of the 1975 "APHA-CDC 
              Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy 
              Ordinance."C The Occupancy Conditions of Dwellings and 
              Dwelling UnitsOccupancy provisions- -set maximum 
              density standards within dwelling units. Generally, they require a 
              given quantity of square footage of space for sleeping area. 
              Requirements in this section restrict the number of basic families 
              permitted within any one dwelling unit. They state, in addition, 
              the minimum ceiling heights, and closet space.The housing 
              code is the basic tool of the housing inspector. This code spells 
              out what he may and may not do. It sets the requirements he will 
              enforce and provides him with his basis for action. A housing 
              effort can be no better than the code 
        allows. | REFERENCES
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
|**Chapter 2: The Housing 
            Code**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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            Housing Codes in the United States                                                                                      
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Objectives of a 
            Housing Code                                                                                                         
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
|Any housing code, regardless 
            of who promulgates it, is basically an environmental health 
            protection code. The hygiene of housing, correspondingly, is the 
            area of environmental health that deals with man's most intimate 
            living environment-his home and his neighborhood. Into the fabric of 
            housing hygiene is woven a wide variety of health, safety, economic, 
            social, and political factors.
            Early housing codes 
            primarily considered protecting only man's physical health; hence, 
            they were enforced only in slum areas. More recently the realization 
            has been made that if urban blight and its associated human 
            suffering are to be controlled, the housing codes must consider both 
            physical and mental health and must be administered uniformly 
            throughout the community.In preparing or 
            revising the housing code, local officials must maintain a level of 
            standards that will not merely be "minimal." These standards should 
            maintain a living environment that contributes positively to 
            healthful individual and family living. The fact that a small 
            portion of housing fails to meet a desirable standard is hardly a 
            legitimate reason for retrogressive modification or abolition of a 
            standard. A housing code is merely a means to an end. The end is the 
            eventual elimination of all substandard conditions within the home 
            and neighborhood. This end cannot be reached if the community adopts 
            an inadequate housing code. The adoption of a housing ordinance that 
            establishes low standards for existing housing serves only to 
            legalize and perpetuate an unhealthy living environment. Wherever 
            local conditions are such that immediate enforcement of some 
            standards within the code would cause undue hardship upon some 
            individuals, it is better to provide a time interval for compliance 
            than to eliminate an otherwise satisfactory standard.**I. Definitions**
            The following 
            definitions of terms have been excerpted from "APHA - CDC 
            Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance" and will be 
            used throughout this manual.lAccessory 
              Building or Structure shall mean a detached building or 
              structure in a secondary or subordinate capacity from the main or 
              principal building or structure on the same Premises.Appropriate 
              Authority shall mean that person within the governmental 
              structure of the corporate unit who is charged with the 
              administration of the appropriate code.Approved 
              shall mean approved by the local or state authority having such 
              administrative authority.Ashesshall mean the residue from the burning of combustible 
              materials.Atticshall mean any story situated wholly or partly within the 
              roof, and so designed, arranged or built as to be used for 
              business, storage, or habitation.Basement 
              shall mean the lowest story of a building, below the main floor 
              and wholly or partially lower than the surface of the 
              ground.Building 
              shall mean a fixed construction with walls foundation and roof. 
              such as a house, factory, or garage.Bulk 
              Container shall mean any metal garbage, rubbish, or refuse 
              container having a capacity of two (2) cubic yards or greater and 
              which is equipped with fittings for hydraulic or mechanical 
              emptying, unloading or removal.Cellar 
              shall mean a room or group of rooms totally below the ground level 
              and usually under a building.Central 
              Heating System shall mean a single system supplying heat to 
              one (1) or more dwelling unit(s) or more than one (I) rooming 
              unit.Chimney 
              shall mean a vertical masonry shaft of reinforced concrete, or 
              other approved noncombustible, heat-resisting material enclosing 
              one (I) or more flues, for the purpose of removing products of 
              combustion from solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel.Dilapidated shall mean no longer adequate for the 
              purpose or use for which it was originally intended.Dormitoryshall mean a building or a group of rooms in a building used 
              for institutional living and sleeping purposes by four (4) or more 
              persons.Dwelling 
              shall mean any enclosed space wholly or partly used or intended to 
              be used for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating; provided that 
              temporary housing as hereinafter defined shall not be classified 
              as a dwelling. Industrialized housing and modular construction 
              which conform to nationally accepted industry standards and used 
              or intended for use for living, sleeping, cooking, and eating 
              purposes shall be classified as dwellings.Dwelling 
              Unit shall mean a room or group of rooms located within a 
              dwelling forming a single habitable unit with facilities used or 
              intended to be used by a single family for living, sleeping, 
              cooking, and eating purposes.Egressshall mean an arrangement of exit facilities to assure a safe 
              means of exit from buildings.Extermination shall mean the control and elimination 
              of insects, rodents, or other pests by eliminating their harborage 
              places; by removing or making inaccessible materials that may 
              serve as their food; by poisoning, spraying, fumigating, trapping, 
              or by any other recognized and legal pest elimination methods 
              approved by the local or state authority having such 
              administrative authority.Fair Market 
              Value shall mean a price at which both buyers and sellers are 
              willing to do business.Family shall mean one or more individuals living 
              together and sharing common living. sleeping, cooking, and eating 
              facilities (See 
              also Household).Flush Water 
              Closetshall mean a toilet bowl which is Rushed with water 
              which has been supplied under pressure and equipped with a water 
              sealed trap above the floor level.Garbage 
              shall mean the animal and vegetable waste resulting from the 
              handling, preparation, cooking, serving, and nonconsumption of 
              food.Grade 
              shall mean the finished ground level adjacent to a required 
              window.Guest 
              shall mean an individual who shares a dwelling unit in a 
              non-permanent status for not more than thirty (30) days.Habitable 
              Room shall mean a room or enclosed floor space used or 
              intended to be used for living, sleeping, cooking, or eating 
              purposes, excluding bathrooms, water closet compartments, 
              laundries, furnace rooms, pantries, kitchenettes and utility rooms 
              of less than fifty (50) square feet of floor space, foyers, or 
              communicating corridors, stairways, closets, storage spaces and 
              workshops, hobby and recreation areas.Health 
              Officer shall mean the legally designated health authority of 
              the (Name of Corporate Unit) or his authorized representative. (If 
              the legally designated health authority has a title other than 
              "Health Officer" the title of this authority should be substituted 
              for "Health Officer" in this section and all other sections of 
              this ordinance.)Heated 
              Water shall mean water heated to a temperature of not less 
              than 120 F at the outlet.Heating 
              Device shall mean all furnaces, unit heaters, domestic 
              incinerators, cooking and heating stoves and ranges, and other 
              similar devices.Household shall mean one or more individuals 
              living together in a single dwelling unit and sharing common 
              living, sleeping, cooking, and eating facilities(See also Family).Infestationshall mean the presence within or around a dwelling of any 
              insects, rodents, or other pests.Kitchenshall mean any room used for the storage and preparation of 
              foods and containing the following equipment: sink or other device 
              for dishwashing, stove or other device for cooking, refrigerator 
              or other device for cool storage of food, cabinets or shelves for 
              storage of equipment and utensils, and counter or table for food 
              preparation.Kitchenette shall mean a small kitchen or an alcove 
              containing cooking facilities.Lead-based 
              Paintshall mean any paint containing more lead than the level 
              established by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission as 
              being the "safe" level of lead in residential paint and paint 
              products.Meaning of 
              Certain Words Whenever the words "dwelling," "dwelling unit," 
              "rooming units," "premises," and "structure" are used in the 
              ordinance they shall be construed as though they were followed by 
              the words "or any part thereof." Words used in the singular 
              include the plural, and the plural the singular, the masculine 
              gender includes the feminine and the feminine the 
              masculine.Multiple 
              Dwelling shall mean any dwelling containing more than two 
              dwelling units.Occupant 
              shall mean any individual, over one (1) year of age, living, 
              sleeping, cooking, or eating in or having possession of a dwelling 
              unit or a rooming unit; except that in dwelling units a guest 
              shall not be considered an occupant.Operator 
              shall mean any person who has charge, care, control, or management 
              of a building, or part thereof, in which dwelling units or rooming 
              units are let.Ordinary 
              Summer Conditions shall mean a temperature 10?F below the 
              highest recorded temperature in the locality for prior ten (10) 
              year period.Ordinary 
              Winter Conditionsshall mean a temperature 15?F above the 
              lowest recorded temperature in the locality for prior ten (10) 
              year period.Owner 
              shall mean any person who alone or jointly or severally with 
              others:(a)shall have legal title to any 
              premises, dwelling or dwelling unit, with or without accompanying 
              actual possession thereof, or(b)shall have 
              charge, care, or control of any premises, dwelling or dwelling 
              unit, as owner or agent of the owner, or as executor, 
              administrator, trustee or guardian of the estate of the 
              owner.Permissible Occupancy shall mean the maximum number 
              of individuals permitted to reside in a dwelling unit, rooming 
              unit. or dormitory.Person 
              shall mean and include any individual, firm, corporation, 
              association, partnership, cooperative, or governmental 
              agency.Plumbingshall mean and include all of the following supplied 
              facilities and equipment: gas pipes, gas burning equipment, water 
              pipes, garbage disposal units, waste pipes, water closets, sinks, 
              installed dishwashers, lavatories, bathtubs, shower baths, 
              installed clothes washing machines, catch basins, drains, vents, 
              and any other similar supplied fixtures, and the installation 
              thereof, together with all connections to water, sewer, or gas 
              lines.Premises 
              shall mean a platted lot or part thereof or unplatted lot or 
              parcel of land or plot of land, either occupied or unoccupied by 
              any dwelling or non dwelling structure, and includes any such 
              building, accessory structure. or other structure thereon.Privacy 
              shall mean the existence of conditions which will permit an 
              individual or individuals to carry out an activity commenced 
              without interruption or interference, either by sight or sound by 
              unwanted individuals.Properly 
              Connected shall mean connected in accordance with all 
              applicable code and ordinances of this (Name of Corporate Unit) as 
              from time to time enforced; provided, however, that the 
              application of this definition shall not require the alteration or 
              replacement of any connection in good working order and not 
              constituting a hazard to life or health.Rat 
              Harborage shall mean any conditions or place where rats can 
              liven nest, or seek shelter.Ratproofing shall mean a form of construction which 
              will prevent the ingress or egress of rats to or from a given 
              space or building, or from gaining access to food, water, or 
              harborage. It consists of the closing and keeping closed of every 
              opening in foundations, basements, cellars, exterior and interior 
              walls, ground or first floors, roofs, sidewalk gratings, sidewalk 
              openings, and other places that may be reached and entered by rats 
              by climbing, burrowing or other methods, by the use of materials 
              impervious to rat gnawing and other methods approved by the 
              (Appropriate Authority).Refuse 
              shall mean all putrescible and nonputrescible solids (except body 
              wastes) including garbage, rubbish ashes, and dead animals.Refuse 
              Container shall mean a watertight container that is 
              constructed of metal, or other durable material impervious to 
              rodents, that is capable of being serviced without creating 
              insanitary conditions, or such other containers as have been 
              approved by the (Appropriate Authority). Openings into the 
              container such as covers and doors shall be tight fitting.Rooming 
              House shall mean any dwelling other than a hotel or motel or 
              that part of any dwelling, containing one (1) or more rooming 
              units, or one (1) or more dormitory rooms and in which persons 
              either individually or as families are housed with or without 
              meals being provided.Rooming 
              Unit shall mean any room or group of rooms forming a single 
              habitable unit used or intended to be used for living and 
              sleeping, but not for cooking purposes.Rubbish 
              shall mean nonputrescible solid wastes (excluding ashes) 
              consisting of either:(a)combustible wastes such 
              as paper, cardboard, plastic containers, yard clippings, and wood; 
              or(b) noncombustible wastes such as cans, glass, 
              and crockery.Safety 
              shall mean the condition of being reasonably free from danger and 
              hazards which may cause accidents or disease.Space 
              Heater shall mean a self-contained heating appliance of either 
              the convection type or the radiant type and intended primarily to 
              heat only a limited space or area such as one room or two 
              adjoining rooms.Suppliedshall mean paid for, furnished by, provided by, or under the 
              control of the owner, operator, or agent.Temporary 
              Housing shall mean any tent, trailer, mobile home or any other 
              structure used for human shelter which is designed to be 
              transportable and which is not attached to the ground, to another 
              structure, or to any utility system on the same premises for more 
              than thirty (30) consecutive days.Toxic 
              Substanceshall mean any chemical product applied on the 
              surface of or incorporated into any structural or decorative 
              material which constitutes a potential hazard to human health at 
              acute or chronic exposure levels.Varianceshall mean a difference between that which is required or 
              specified and that which is permitted .**II. Background of Housing Codes in the United 
            States**
            To assist 
            municipalities with the development of legislation necessary to 
            regulate the quality of housing, the Committee on the Hygiene of 
            Housing, American Public Health Association, prepared and in 1952, 
            published a proposed housing ordinance. This provided a prototype on 
            which such legislation might be based and has served as the basis 
            for countless housing codes enacted in the United States since that 
            time. Some municipalities enacted it without change. Others made 
            revision by omitting some portions, modifying others, and sometimes 
            adding new provisions.In the ensuing 
            years this ordinance was revised in 1969 and 1971.In 1975, the 
            American Public Health Association and the Public Health Service's 
            Center for Disease Control jointly undertook the job of rewriting 
            and updating this model ordinance. The new document, entitled "APHA- 
            CDC Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance," is the 
            most recent model ordinance available. This new ordinance is one of 
            several model ordinances available to communities to consider when 
            they are interested in adopting a housing code.One must keep in 
            mind when considering the adoption of any model code that the code 
            is, as stated, merely a model. The community should read and 
            consider each element within the model code to determine its 
            applicability to that community. As previously stated, however, a 
            housing code is merely a means to an end. The end is the eventual 
            elimination of all substandard conditions within the home and the 
            neighborhood. This end cannot be reached if the community adopts an 
            inadequate housing code.**III. Objectives of a Housing Code**
            The Housing Act of 
            1949 gave new impetus to existing local, state, and Federal housing 
            programs directed towards the elimination of poor housing and the 
            production of sound and decent housing. In passing this legislation, 
            Congress defined a new national objective by declaring that the 
            general welfare and security of the nation and the health and living 
            standards of its people .. . require a decent home and a suitable 
            living environment for every American family. This mandate generated 
            an awareness that the quality of housing and residential environment 
            has an enormous influence upon the physical and mental health and 
            the social well-being of each individual and, in turn, upon the 
            economic, political, and social conditions in every community. 
            Consequently, public agencies, units of government, professional 
            organizations, and others sought ways to ensure that the quality of 
            housing and the residential environment did not depreciate or 
            deteriorate.It soon became 
            apparent that a new type of legislation was needed, namely, 
            ordinances that regulate the supplied facilities and the maintenance 
            and occupancy of dwellings and dwelling units, or as they are more 
            commonly called, "housing codes." The objective of a housing code is 
            to establish minimum standards essential to make dwellings safe, 
            sanitary, and fit for human habitation by governing the condition 
            and maintenance, the supplied utilities and facilities, and the 
            occupancy.**IV.  Limitations**A housing code is 
            limited in its effectiveness by several factors. First, if the 
            housing code does not contain standards that adequately 
            protect the health and well being of the individuals, it 
            cannot be effective. The best trained soldier, if armed only with a 
            pea shooter, can accomplish little positive action in a battle. 
            Similarly, the best trained housing inspector, if not armed with an 
            adequate housing code, can accomplish little good in the battle 
            against urban blight.
            A second factor 
            affecting the quality of the housing administration effort is the 
            budget of the housing group. If the housing effort is 
            directed, because of limitations of funds and personnel, to the 
            fire-fighting efforts of complaint answering, then the community can 
            expect to lose the battle against urban blight. It is only through a 
            systematic enforcement effort by an adequately sized staff of 
            properly trained inspectors that the battle can be won.A third factor that 
            can affect the housing effort is theattitude of the political 
            bodies within the area. A properly administered housing 
            program will require the upgrading of substandard housing throughout 
            the community. Frequently, this results in political pressures being 
            exerted to prevent the enforcement of the code in certain areas of 
            the city. If the housing effort is backed properly by all political 
            elements, blight can be controlled and eventually eliminated within 
            the community. If, however, the housing program is not permitted to 
            choke out the spreading influence of substandard conditions urban 
            blight will spread like a cancer. engulfing greater and greater 
            portions of the city. Similarly, an effort directed only at the most 
            serious blocks in the city will merely upgrade those blocks while 
            the blight spreads elsewhere. If a cancer is to be controlled, it 
            must be cut out in its entirety. If urban blight is to be 
            controlled, it also must be cut out in its entirety.A fourth element 
            that limits the ability of a housing program is whether or not 
            the housing program is supported fully by the other departments 
            within the city. Regardless of which city agency administers 
            the housing program, the other city agencies must support the 
            activities of the housing program. In addition, great effort should 
            be expended to obtain the support and cooperation of the community 
            as a whole towards the housing effort. This can be accomplished 
            through public awareness and public information programs. These two 
            programs should never be undersold. They can provide considerable 
            support or considerable resistance to the efforts of the 
            program.A fifth limitation 
            to an effective housing program is an inadequately or 
            improperly trained inspectional staff. The housing inspector 
            should have considerable training and considerable capabilities if 
            the effort is to accomplish much good. He should have a basic 
            knowledge and general understanding of the principles involved in 
            many related areas. He should have the capability of evaluating 
            whether a serious or a minor problem exists in matters ranging from 
            a structural stability of a building to the health and sanitary 
            aspects relating to the structure. A housing inspector cannot be 
            expected to accomplish his job properly unless he is given 
            sufficient training so as to prepare him to be able to make basic 
            judgments regarding the severity of problems. Since the housing 
            inspector is a generalized inspector, it is not intended that he 
            should become an expert in all areas such as building, electrical, 
            or health inspection. It is merely intended that he should be able 
            to distinguish whether a problem warrants immediate referral to 
            another department or whether it can be handled through routine 
            channels.A sixth item that 
            frequently restricts the effectiveness of a housing administration 
            effort is the fact that many housing groups fail to do a 
            complete job of evaluation of the housing problems. In 
            many cases, the inspectional effort is restricted to merely 
            evaluating what conditions exist with little or no thought given to 
            why these conditions exist. If a housing effort is to be successful, 
            it must consider why the homes deteriorated. Was it because of 
            environmental stresses within the neighbor hood that need to be 
            eliminated or was it because of apathy developed on the part of the 
            occupants? In either case, if the causative agent is not removed, 
            then the inspector faces an annual problem of maintaining the 
            quality of that residence. It is only by eliminating the causes of 
            deterioration that the quality of the neighborhood can be 
            maintained. These, then, are a few of the principal limitations that 
            affect the quality of a housing administration effort.**V.  Content**
            What then are the 
            general items that should be included in a housing code? Although 
            all comprehensive housing codes or ordinances contain a number of 
            common elements, the provisions of any two or more communities on 
            the same element or elements will usually vary to some extent. This 
            is true whether the codes be national or state models, those of a 
            northern, eastern, southern, or western municipality, or even of two 
            or more communities within the same state or region. These 
            variations stem from differences in local policies, preferences, and 
            to a lesser extent, needs. They are also influenced by the standards 
            set by the related provisions of the diverse building, electrical, 
            and plumbing codes in use in the municipality.Within any housing 
            code there are generally five major sections. These sections are 
            listed and discussed in more detail both in the following pages and 
            to a degree in the Legal Aspects chapter of this manual. The five 
            major features are:A  
              Definitions of terms used in the code. 
              B  
              Administrative provisions showing who is authorized to 
              administer the code and the basic methods and procedures that must 
              be followed in implementing and enforcing the sections of the 
              code. The administrative sections deal with items such as what are 
              reasonable hours of inspections; when service of violation notices 
              is and is not required; how to notify either the absentee owner 
              when he can or cannot be contacted in person or through a legally 
              responsible agent, or the resident-owner or tenant; how to process 
              and conduct hearings; what rules to follow in processing dwellings 
              alleged to be unfit for human habitation; how to occupy or use 
              dwellings finally declared fit. 
              C  
              Substantive provisionsspecifying the various types of health. 
              building, electrical, heating, plumbing, maintenance, occupancy, 
              and use conditions that constitute violations of the housing code. 
              These provisions can also be and often are grouped into three main 
              categories, namely, (I) minimum facilities and equipment for 
              dwelling units, (2) adequate maintenance of dwellings and dwelling 
              units as well as their facilities and equipment, and (3) the 
              occupancy conditions of dwellings and dwelling units. 
              D  
              Court and penalty sections outlining the basis for court 
              action and the penalty or penalties to which the alleged violator 
              will be subjected if he is proved guilty of violating one or more 
              provisions of the code. 
              E  
              Enabling, conflict, and unconstitutionality clauses providing 
              for the date a new or amended code will take effect, prevalence of 
              more stringent provision when there is a conflict of two codes, 
              severability of any part of the ordinance that might be found 
              unconstitutional and retention of all other parts in full course 
              and effect. In any city following the format of the "APHA - CDC 
              Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy Ordinance," the 
              Health Officer or other supervisor in charge of housing 
              inspections will also adopt appropriate housing rules and 
              regulations from time to time to clarify or further refine the 
              provisions of the ordinance. This has been done, for example, by 
              the Commissioners of Health in Baltimore, Maryland and Milwaukee, 
              Wisconsin, and by the District of Columbia's Department of 
              Licenses and Inspections. In contrast, some municipalities such as 
              Fort Worth, Texas; St. Louis, Missouri; and Chicago, Illinois, 
              have tended to make their housing codes broader in the first place 
              and subsequently have relied more on amendments to their 
              ordinances rather than on numerous rules and regulations. Either 
              method has its advantages, and so local practice will often help 
              determine which is used.
              Where the rules 
              and regulations method is used, care should be taken that the 
              department is not overburdened with a number of minor rules and 
              regulations. Similarly, a basic housing ordinance that encompasses 
              all rules and regulations might have difficulty because any 
              amendments to it require action by the political element of the 
              community. Some housing groups, in attempting to obtain amendments 
              to the ordinance, have had the entire ordinance thrown out by the 
              political bodies.
              **VI.  Administrative Elements of a Housing 
              Code**
              The 
              administrative procedures and powers of the housing inspection 
              agency, its supervisors, and staff, which are outlined in a 
              housing code are similar to its other provisions in that all are 
              based upon the police power of the state to legislate for public 
              health and safety. In addition, the administrative provisions, and 
              to a lesser extent, the court and penalty provisions, outline how 
              the police power is to be exercised in administering and enforcing 
              the code.
              Generally, the 
              administrative elements deal with the procedures to follow for 
              ensuring that the constitutional doctrines of reasonableness, 
              equal protection under the laws, and due process of law are 
              observed. They must also guard against violation of its 
              prohibitions against unlawful search and seizure, impairment of 
              obligations of contract, and unlawful delegation of authority. 
              These factors encompass items of great importance to housing 
              inspection supervisors such as the inspector's right of entry, 
              reasonable hours of inspection, proper service, and the validity 
              of the provisions of the housing codes they administer. All are 
              described and discussed generally, in light of United States 
              Supreme Court and state supreme court tests and decisions, in the 
              publication entitled, "The Constitutionality of Housing 
              Code."2 This publication is a clear and excellent 
              source of information about the constitutional administration of 
              housing codes.
              A  
              Determination of Legal Owner of Record
              In some 
              communities the importance of ascertaining the legal owner of 
              record is not fully understood by the housing inspection 
              supervisors and inspectors. Consequently, they lose cases in court 
              because they have not taken action against the proper party. This 
              problem often arises in connection with "land contract of sale" 
              properties, where the legal deed never passes to the purchaser 
              until he has paid for the property completely. In these cases, the 
              person who is selling the property is the rightful owner and the 
              action should be taken against him.
              The method of 
              obtaining the name and address of the legal owner of a property in 
              violation varies from place to place. Ordinarily a check of the 
              city tax records will suffice unless there is reason to believe 
              these are not up to date on the property in question. In the 
              latter case, a further check of county or parish records will turn 
              up the legal owner if state law requires him to register his deed 
              there. If it does not, the advice of the municipal law department 
              should be sought about the next steps to follow.
              B  Due 
              Process Requirements
              Every notice, 
              complaint. summons, or other type of legal paper concerning 
              alleged housing code violations in a given dwelling or dwelling 
              unit must be legally sewed on the proper party. This might be the 
              owner, his agent, or the tenant, as required by the code, in order 
              to be valid and to prevent harassment of innocent parties. It is 
              quite customary to require that the notice(s) to correct existing 
              violations and any subsequent notices or letters to the violator 
              be served by certified or registered mail with return receipt 
              requested. The receipt serves as proof of service if the case has 
              to be taken to court.
              Due process 
              requirement also calls for clarity and specificity with respect to 
              the alleged violations, both in the violation notices and the 
              court complaint-summons. For this reason, special care must be 
              taken to be complete and accurate in testing the violations and 
              charges. To illustrate, rather than direct the violator "to repair 
              all windows where needed" he should be told exactly which windows 
              and what repairs are involved. Unless he is so advised, his 
              attorney has a built-in defense against the city's 
case.
              The chief 
              limitation on the due process requirement, with respect to service 
              of notices, lies in cases involving immediate threats to health 
              and safety. In these instances, the inspection agency or its 
              representative may, without notice or hearing, issue an order 
              citing the existence of the emergency and requiring such action to 
              be taken as is deemed necessary to meet the emergency.
              C Hearings and 
              the Condemnation PowerThe purpose of a hearing is to 
              give the alleged violator an opportunity to be heard, if he 
              wishes, before further action is taken by the housing inspection 
              agency. These hearings may be very informal, involving meetings 
              between a representative of the agency and the person ordered to 
              take corrective action. They may also be formal hearings at which 
              the agency head presides and the city and the defendant both are 
              entitled to and usually are represented by counsel and expert 
              witnesses. Each type will be discussed below.?Informal 
              Hearings- A violation notice may raise questions in the mind of 
              the violator or may be served on him at a time when personal 
              hardships or other factors prevent him from meeting the terms of 
              the notice. Therefore, many housing codes afford him an 
              opportunity to have a hearing at which he may discuss his 
              questions or problems and seek additional time or some 
              modification of the order. Administered in a firm but 
              understanding manner, these hearings serve as invaluable aids in 
              relieving needless fears of those involved, in showing how the 
              inspection program is. designed to help them, and in winning their 
              voluntary compliance.Formal Hearings - These are 
              quasi-judicial hearings - even though the prevailing court rules 
              of evidence do not control-from which an appeal may be taken to 
              court. All witnesses must therefore be sworn, and a stenographic 
              record of the proceedings must be made.The formal hearing is 
              used chiefly as the basis for determining whether a dwelling is or 
              is not fit for human habitation, occupancy, or use. In the event 
              it is proved "unfit," the building is condemned as such and the 
              owner is given a designated amount of time either to rehabilitate 
              it completely or to demolish it. Where local funds are available 
              or the new Federal demolition grant program is in effect, if the 
              owner fails to obey the order within the time specified, the 
              municipality may demolish his building and put a lien against the 
              property to cover demolition costs.This type of "condemnation" 
              hearing is a very effective means of stimulating prompt and 
              appropriate corrective action when it is administered fairly and 
              firmly. This is particularly true if the community funds are 
              available for demolition action when the owner proves reluctant or 
              unwilling to obey the order.In some places, such as Oakland, 
              California, the housing inspection agency is permitted only to 
              order unfit buildings repaired or vacated until they are repaired. 
              In others, such as Jersey City, New Jersey, the local ordinance 
              also empowers the housing inspection agency to order these 
              buildings demolished by the city if the owners fail to repair or 
              demolish.D Special Features for Coping with Common 
              ProblemsLimitation of Occupancy Notification -This 
              technique was pioneered by Wilmington, Delaware. It makes it 
              mandatory for property owners in the community to obtain legal 
              notice from the housing inspection agency of the maximum number of 
              persons that may occupy each of their dwelling or rooming units. 
              It also requires these owners to have a residence, place of 
              business, or an agent for their properties within the community. 
              The agent should be empowered to take remedial action on any of 
              the properties found in violation. In addition, if the property is 
              sold, the new owner must obtain a new Limitation of Occupancy 
              Notification. The fee charged is nominal.Request 
              Inspections-California and Pennsylvania are among the states that 
              permit their municipalities to offer a request inspection service. 
              In return for a fee, the housing inspector will inspect a property 
              for violations of the housing code before its sale so that the 
              buyer can learn its condition in advance. Some communities require 
              owners to notify prospective purchasers of any outstanding notice 
              of violations they have against their property before the sale. If 
              they fail to do so and their properties are in violation, the code 
              holds them liable to civil action by the purchaser and 
              quasi-criminal action by the inspection agency as housing code 
              violators.Tickets for Minor Offenses-Denver, Colorado, has 
              used this method of token fines to prod minor violators and first 
              offenders into correcting without the city resorting to court 
              action. There are mixed views about this technique because it is 
              so akin to formal police action. The inspection agency's primary 
              function is to achieve compliance rather than to punish a criminal 
              for a crime that cannot be "corrected" once the damage has been 
              done. Nevertheless, if the action stimulates compliance and 
              reduces the amount of court action needed to achieve it, the 
              ticket technique will undoubtedly spread.E Other 
              Administrative Aids: Forms and Form LettersThere is 
              tremendous diversity in these aids, yet many small communities 
              have little information about them. The reason for this is that no 
              one in the nation has developed a "housing inspection library" of 
              standard forms and letters.Before describing a fairly 
              typical set of forms and form letters, it should be stressed that 
              inspectional forms to be used for legal notices must (a) satisfy 
              legal standards of the code, (b) be meaningful to the owner and 
              sufficiently explicit about the extent and location of particular 
              defects, (c) be adaptable to statistical compilation for the 
              governing body reports, and (d) be written in a manner that will 
              facilitate clerical and other administrative usage.The 
              Daily Report Form-This form gives the inspection agency an 
              accurate basis for reporting, evaluating, and. if necessary, 
              improving the productivity and performance of its 
              inspectors.Complaint Form-This form helps in obtaining 
              full information from the complainant and thus makes the relative 
              seriousness of the problem clear and reduces the number of crank 
              complaints.No Entry Notice-This advises occupant or owner 
              that inspector was there and notifies him he must call and make an 
              appointment or face legal action.Inspection Report Form - 
              This is the most important form in the agency. It comes in 
              countless varieties ranging from manual, to key punch, to 
              "automated" and from almost complete write-in to almost complete 
              check-off types. If it is designed properly, it will (a) ensure 
              more productivity and more thoroughness by the inspectors, (b) 
              reduce the time spent in writing reports, (c) locate all 
              violations correctly, and (d) reduce time required for typing 
              violation notices. Forms may vary widely in sophistication from a 
              very simple form to those whose components are identified by 
              number for use in processing the case by automation. Some forms 
              are a combined inspection report and notice form in triplicate so 
              that the first page can be used as the notice of violation, the 
              second as the office record, and the third as the guide for 
              reinspection. A covering form letter notifies the violator of the 
              time allowed to correct the conditions listed in the 
              report-notice.Violation Notice-This is the legal notice to 
              the owner or tenant that the specified housing code violations in 
              his property or dwelling unit exist and must be corrected within 
              the indicated amount of time. It may be in the form of a letter 
              that includes the list of alleged violations or has a copy of 
              these attached. It may be a standard notice form, or it may be a 
              combined report-notice. Regardless of the type used, each should 
              make the location and nature of all violations clear and specify 
              the exact section of the code that covers each one. The notice 
              must advise the violator of his right to a hearing. It should also 
              indicate that he has a right to be represented by counsel and that 
              failure to obtain counsel will not be accepted as grounds for 
              postponing a hearing or court case.Hearing Forms-These 
              should include a form letter notifying violator of date and time 
              set for his hearing, a standard summary sheet on which the 
              supervisor can record the facts presented at an informal hearing, 
              and a hearing-decision letter for notifying all concerned of the 
              hearing results. The latter should include the names of the 
              violator, inspector, law department, and any other city official 
              or agency that may be involved in the case.Reinspection 
              Form Letters or Notices-These have the same characteristics as the 
              Violation Notice previously referred to except that they cover the 
              follow-up orders given to the violator who has failed to comply 
              with the original notice within the time specified. Some agencies 
              may use two or three types of these form letters to accommodate 
              different degrees of response by the violator. Whether one or 
              several are used, standardization of these will expedite the 
              processing of cases.?Court Complaint and Summons 
              Forms-These forms advise the alleged violator of the charges 
              against him and summon him to appear in court at the specified 
              time and place. It is essential that the housing inspection agency 
              work closely with the municipal law department in the preparation 
              of these forms so that each is done in exact accord with the rules 
              of court procedure in the state and community.Court Action 
              Record Form-This is not a very prevalent form, but it should be, 
              for it provides an accurate running record of the inspection 
              agency's court actions and their results.If a housing 
              inspection agency does not include all of these forms and form 
              letters in its basic kit, it should move to introduce the needed 
              additions. Although it will take some time to arrive at the best 
              forms to meet local needs, once they are put into use they will 
              result in marked savings of time.VII. 
              Substantive Provisions of a Housing CodeA 
              discussion of the substantive provisions of a housing code will be 
              divided into three main categories. Discussions follow on each of 
              these categories.A Minimum Facilities and Equipment for 
              Dwelling UnitsWhat are the minimum facilities and 
              equipment that should be required for a dwelling unit? Keep in 
              mind during this discussion that a dwelling unit must have 
              provisions for preparing at least one regularly cooked meal per 
              day within the unit. Minimum equipment should include a kitchen 
              sink in good working condition and properly connected to the water 
              supply system approved by the appropriate authority. It should 
              provide, at all times, an adequate amount of heated and unheated 
              running water under pressure and should be connected to a sewer 
              system approved by the appropriate authority. Cabinets or shelves, 
              or both, for the storage of eating, drinking, and cooking utensils 
              and food should be provided. These surfaces should be of sound 
              construction and made of material that is -easily cleanable and 
              that will not impart a toxic or deleterious effect to the food. In 
              addition, a stove and refrigerator should be provided. Within 
              every dwelling there should be a nonhabitable room that affords 
              privacy and is equipped with a flush water closet in good working 
              condition. Within the vicinity of the flush water closet a 
              lavatory sink should be provided. In no case should a kitchen sink 
              be permitted to substitute as a lavatory sink. In addition, within 
              each dwelling unit there should be provided, within a room that 
              affords privacy, either a bathtub or shower or both, in good 
              working condition. As mentioned in the discussion of the kitchen 
              sink, both the lavatory basin and the bathtub or shower or both 
              should be equipped with an adequate amount of heated and unheated 
              water under pressure. Each should be connected to an approved 
              sewer system. Obviously, within each dwelling unit two or more 
              means of egress should be provided to safe and open space at 
              ground level. Provisions should be incorporated within the housing 
              code to meet the safety requirements of the state and community 
              involved. The housing code should spell out minimum standards for 
              lighting and ventilation within each room in the structure. In 
              addition, minimum thermal standards should be provided. Although 
              most codes merely provide the requirement of a given temperature 
              at a given height above floor level, the community should give 
              consideration to the use of "effective temperatures." The 
              effective temperature is a means of incorporating not only 
              absolute temperature in degrees but also humidity and air 
              movement. This mechanism gives a better indication of the comfort 
              index of the room.B Adequate Maintenance of Dwellings 
              and Dwelling Units and of Their Facilities and 
              EquipmentThe code should spell out provisions that no 
              person shall occupy or let for occupancy any dwelling or dwelling 
              units that do not comply with stated requirements. Generally, 
              these requirements specify that the structure be in sound 
              condition and good repair regarding foundation, roof, exterior 
              walls, doors, window space and window condition; that it be 
              damp-free, watertight and reasonably weather tight; that all 
              structural surfaces be sound and in good repair. These provisions 
              basically state that any necessary repairs should be made before 
              the unit is relet to new occupants. For detailed information 
              regarding these items, see Section VII of the 1975 "APHA-CDC 
              Recommended Housing Maintenance and Occupancy 
              Ordinance."C The Occupancy Conditions of Dwellings and 
              Dwelling UnitsOccupancy provisions- -set maximum 
              density standards within dwelling units. Generally, they require a 
              given quantity of square footage of space for sleeping area. 
              Requirements in this section restrict the number of basic families 
              permitted within any one dwelling unit. They state, in addition, 
              the minimum ceiling heights, and closet space.The housing 
              code is the basic tool of the housing inspector. This code spells 
              out what he may and may not do. It sets the requirements he will 
              enforce and provides him with his basis for action. A housing 
              effort can be no better than the code 
        allows.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            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            Ordinance. DHEW Publication No (CDC) 75-8299. Atlanta, 1975.                        
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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            National Association of Housing and Renewal Officials. Washington, 
            D.C.
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                
|Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           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            Health Effects    |                                                                                                                                                           | Vessel Sanitation - Sanitary 
            Inspection of International Cruise Ships
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 | Environmental 
            Public Health Tracking        |                                                                                                                                                           |