SUMMARY

Wood density information for a large number of tropical tree

species is presented in units of ovendry weight in grams per

cubic centimeter of green volume. The data base includes 1,280

entries from tropical America (40 percent), tropical Asia (36 percent), and tropical Africa (24 percent). The most frequent wood

densities were 0.5 to 0.8 g/cm3. In all three tropical continents,

the most frequent class was the 0.5 to 0.6 g/cm3. These data are

useful for a wide variety of practical and scientific applications,

including the estimation of forest stand biomass from wood

volume data.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

These data were collected for a project related to estimating

the biomass of tropical forests from inventory data. The project

was supported by subcontracts 19B-07762C with S. Brown at

the University of Illinois and 19X-43326(= with A.E. Lugo at the

University of Puerto Rico, under Martin Marietta Energy

Systems, Inc., contract DE-AC05840R21400 with the U.S.

Department of Energy. The U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Institute of Tropical Forestry, provided library

support to the study.
Wood Densities of Tropical Tree Species

Gisel Reyes, Sandra Brown, Jonathan Chapman,

and

Ariel E. Lugo

INTRODUCTION

Information on the biomass of tropical forests is

critical in order to answer many questions on the

role of these forests in global phenomena, including

the global carbon and other nutrient cycles, and on

the magnitude of the global wood resources.

The biomass of tropical forests has been measured

for a few sites scattered around the tropical world,

but the area represented by these studies is

extremely small (~30 ha) compared with the total

area of tropical forests (about 18 million km2)

(Brown and Lugo 1982). Furthermore, there is

strong evidence that the selection of these few sites

was biased toward high biomass forests (Brown and

Lugo 1984). A vast quantity of forest inventory data

is available for the tropics. These data often report

stand and stock tables (number of trees per unit

area and volume per unit area, respectively) by

diameter class or total volume for areas that are representative of thousands of hectares of forests. The

data are useful for estimating forest biomass by a

variety of techniques (Brown and others 1989;

Gillespie and others in press).

To use forest inventory data for biomass estimation, wood density values for species or species

groups are often needed. For example, the product of

gross commercial volume and wood density, by

species or species groups, gives the biomass of the

commercial wood. Total biomass can then be estimated using biomass expansion factors (total

biomass/commercial wood biomass) as reported in

Brown and others (1989). Wood density data may

also be useful for the study of forest structure and

response to environmental factors (e.g., Chudnoff

1984). However, Chudnoffs (1984) analysis of patterns in wood densities of tropical trees according to

life zone was not conclusive because the data base

was small. Weaver (1987) demonstrated that the

average wood density of montane forest stands in

Puerto Rico increased with increasing age of the

stand. Similar analyses for other ecologically

contrasting conditions are not possible because wood

density data are normally not readily available to

ecologists and foresters.

In studies of tropical forest biomass (Brown and

Lugo 1982, 1984; Brown and others 1989; Lugo and

others 19881, a large data base has been assembled

on wood density of tropical tree species. Because

wood volume data, as reported in forest inventories,

are given in units of green volume, and because volumes needed to be converted to oven dry weights,

wood density is reported in ovendry weight grams

per cubic ‘centimeter of green volume. This information is summarized here to help others in need of it.

Readers are encouraged to make the authors aware

of additional sources of information so that the data

base can be updated and disseminated periodically.

The information is stored at the Institute of Tropical

Forestry and can be obtained from the senior author.

METHODS

The list of species for which wood densities were

gathered is based on the species encountered in

inventories of the following regions and countries:

1. Tropical America

C.

d.

Lowland moist forests of Brazil

Lowland to upland and wet, moist, and dry

forests (as described in Holdridge 1967) of

Venezuela

Guyana

Surinam

2. Tropical Asia

a. Malaysia

b. Sri Lanka

Gisel Reyes is a technical information specialist, Jonathan Chapman is a biological technician, and Ariel E. Lugo is the project leader at

the Institute of Tropical Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, Rio Piedras,

PR 00928-2500; Sandra Brown is an ecologist with the Department of Forestry, University of Illinois, 110 Mumford Hall, 1301 W. Gregory,

Urbana, IL 61801.

1
c. Tropical forest regions of east India

3. Tropical Africa

a. Cameroon

b. Gabon

The sources used for wood densities are listed by

each region (table 1). Difficulties were encountered

in finding sufficient wood density data in the desired

units for forests of tropical Africa and Asia. Most of

the data for these regions were in lb/f@ volume at

la-percent moisture (air-dry weight). Because of this

limitation, a regression equation was developed

using data in Chudnoff (1984) for wood density with

volume at 12-percent moisture versus wood density

at green volume. There were no significant differences among the regression equations for the three

tropical regions; thus, only the equation based on all

species is used. The regression equation, based on

data for 379 trees, is as follows:

Y = 0.0134 + 0.800X (r2 = 0.988)

where

Y = wood density at ovendry weight/green

volume; g/cm3

X = wood density at air-dry weight/volume at

12-percent moisture; g/cm3

All density data adjusted by this regression equation are indicated in the data set (table 2) with an

asterisk (*I.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 2 lists the species as identified in the original source and the reported wood density (g/cm3) for

each species. All values cited in the sources (table 1)

are reported without comment, although age of tree

from which the sample was derived may be a factor

for differences between bibliographic sources for the

same species (indicated by a plus sign [+I in table 2).

However, it is likely that most determinations are

based on mature trees.

There are a total of 1,180 species listed in table 2.

Tropical Asia, tropical America, and tropical Africa

are represented, respectively, by 428, 470, and 282

species or 36,40, and 24 percent of the record.

The data set is summarized in figure 1 according

to continent and frequency of occurence of wood density classes. The most frequent wood densities are

the 0.4 to.0.8 g/cm3 classes. The 0.5 to 0.6 class is

dominant in the data sets of all three continents.

The wood density of trees in the tropical America

2

data set were more evenly distributed across four

classes (0.4-0.5 to 0.7-0.8). This data set has the

broadest range of wood densities (0.1 to 1.0) and the

highest frequency of dense wood (>0.8); however,

this range may be partly, due to the larger data set

for this region.

The patterns in figure 1 most likely reflect the

smallness and bias of the sources toward commercial

forests and species. Clearly, more data of this type

are needed before conclusions regarding the ecological meaning of the patterns can be reached.

MEAN = 0.57

SE = 0.007

n = 428

1-

2 t

TROPICAL AMERICA

s MEAN = 0.60

2 S E = 0.008

2 2 0 n = 470

i:g:>;:i. .:.:.:.:+:.: TROPICAL AFRICA igig;;;

.1. . . ...i..... ::>::: j::::: MEAN = 0.50

::::::::::::::

::::::::::::::

. . . .. ..i.....

0. I ‘0.2 ‘0.3 ‘0.4 ‘0.5 ‘0.6 ‘0.7 ‘0.8 ‘0.9 ‘1.0

WOOD DENSITY CLASS (g/cm31

Figure I.-Frequency distribution of tropical forest species by wood

density class for three tropical regions encompassing parts of

rune tropical countries.
Table 1.Sources of wood density data bu tropical region

Asia

Al&on, A.S. 1982. Timbers of Fiji: properties and potential uses. Suva, Fiji: Department of

Forestry. 183 p.

Chowdhury, K.A.; Gosh, S.S. 1958. Indian woods: their identification, properties, and uses. Dehra

Dun, India: Manager of Publications. 304 p. Vol. l-2.

Chudnoff, Martin. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Agric. Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.S.

Department of Agriculture. 464 p.

Food and Agriculture Organization. 1980. Guidelines for the improved utilization and marketing of

tropical wood species. Laguna, Philippines: Forest Products Research and Industries

Development Commission (FORPRIDECOM), National Science Development Board. 153 p.

Howard, L.A. 1951. A manual of the timbers of the world: their characteristics and uses. London:

MacMillan. 751 p.

Singh, K.D. 1978. Informations on the industrial raw material catchments for pulp and paper

(unpublished report for the Hindustan Paper Corp., personal communication, March 1987,

, on file with the wood density data for regions of Southeast Asia).

Trotter, H. 1944. The common commercial timbers of India and their uses. Dehra Dun, India:

Vasant Press. 289 p.

America

Berni, C.A.; Bolza, E.; Christensen, F.J. 1979. South American timbers: the properties, uses and

characteristics of 190 species. Ivory House, Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific

and Industrial Research Organization, Division of Building Research. 229 p.

Chudnoff, Martin. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Agric. Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.S.

Department of Agriculture. 464 p.

Dickinson, F.E.; Hess, R.W.; Wangaard, F.F. 1949. Properties and uses of tropical woods, I.

Tropical Woods 95. 145 p.

Fonseca Coelho, F. de J.; de Castro Ferreira, H.; Barros-Silva, S. [and others]. [nd.] Estudo fltoecologico-as regioes fitoecologicas, sua natureza e seus recursos economicos. Folha SA. 211-Santarem.

Vegetacao 4: 311- 405.

Gonzales T., M.E.; Gonzalez T.,G.E. 1973. Propiedades fisicas, mecanicas, uses, y otras caracteristicas de algunas maderas comercialmente importantes en Costa Rica. Parte I. San Pedro, Costa

Rica: Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 51 p.

Hess, R.W.; Wangaard, F.F.; Dickinson, F.E. 1950. Properties and uses of tropical woods, II.

Tropical Woods 97. 132 p.

Hoheisel, H.; Karstedt, P. 1967. Identification of Ecuadorian wood species for possibilities of utilization on basis of technological results. Merida, Venezuela: Latin-American Forest Research

and Training Institute, National Forest Products Laboratory. 34 p.

Hoheisel, H.; Karstedt, P.; Londono, A. 1968. Identification of some Colombian wood species and

their possible use on the basis of physical and mechanical properties. Merida, Venezuela: LatinAmerican Forest Research and Training Institute. 60 p.

Howard, L.A. 1951. A manual of the timbers of the world: their characteristics and uses. London:

MacMillan. 751 p.

Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal. 1981. Madeiras da Amazonia. Caracteristicas

e utilizacao. Floresta National da Tapajos. Brasilia, Brazil: Conselho National de

Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico. 113 p. Vol. 1.

3
Table l-Sources of wood density data by tropical region-(Continued)

Ladrach, W.E. 1951. Recapitulation of the taxonomy band establishment of a wood library of commercial

species for the region of Bajo Calima. In: Ladrach, W.E., ed. Forest Research in the Bajo Calima

Concession. Ninth Annual Report. Cali, Colombia: Carton de Colombia: 17- 38.

Longwood, Franklin. R. 1961. Puerto Rican woods. Agric. Handb. 205. Washington, DC: U.S. Department

of Agriculture. 98 p.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria. 1969. Estudio tecnologico de 144 maderas de la Guyana Venezolana.

Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes. Laboratorio National

de Productos Forestales.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria. 1970. Estudio tecnologico de las maderas de 10s Llanos Occidentales,

(Primera Parte). Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes.

Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 94 p.

Ministerio de Agriculura y Cria. 1972. Estudio tecnologico de 104 maderas de 10s Altos Llanos

Occidentales. Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes.

Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 175 p.

Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria. 1974. Caracteristicas, propiedades y usos de 104 maderas de 10s Altos

Llanos Occidentales. Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Agricultura y Cria, Universidad de 10s Andes.

Laboratorio National de Productos Forestales. 106 p.

Mora, J.J.; Arroyo Perez, J. 1968. Propiedades fisicas y mecanicas de 44 maderas de la Guyana

Venezolana. Publication 2. Merida, Venezuela: Ministerio de Productos Forestales. 9 p.

Record,.S.J.; Mell, C.D. 1924. Timbers of tropical America. New Haven, CT: Yale University

Press. 610 p.

van der Slooten, H.J.; Martinez, E.P. 1959. Description y propiedades de algunas maderas venezolanas.

Boletin Informativo Divulgativo. Merida, Venezuela: Instituto Forestal Latinoamericano de

Investigation y Capacitation. Centro de Documentation y Publicaciones. [not paged].

van der Slooten, H.J.; Cobra Fedalton, L.; Jose Lisboa, C.D. [and others]. ln.d.1. Madeiras da Amazonia.

Caracteristicas e utilizacao. Floresta National da Tapajos. Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento

Florestal. Conselho National de Desenvolvimento Cientiflco e Tecnologico. Vol. 1.

Veillon, J.P. 1978. Lista de especies forestales autoctonas que forman la masa forestal de algunos

bosques naturales de Venezuela. Parte I. Bosques de las llanuras al norte de1 Orinoco, en el norte y

centro de Edo. Bolivar y de la selva nublada andina. Merida, Venezuela: Instituto de Silvicultura,

Universidad de 10s Andes. 35 p.

Wangaard, F.F.; Muschler, A.F. 1952. Properties and uses of tropical woods, III. Tropical Woods

98. 190 p.

Wangaard, F.F.; Koehler; A.; Muschler, A.F. 1954. Properties and uses of tropical woods, IV. Tropical.

Woods 99. 187 p.

Africa

Bolza, E.; Keating, W.G. 1972. African timbers: the properties, uses and characteristics of 700 species.

Melbourne, Australia: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Division

of Building Research. 751 p.

Chudnoff, Martin. 1984. Tropical timbers of the world. Agric. Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.S.

Department of Agriculture. 464 p.

Howard, L.A. 1951. A manual of the timbers of the world: their characteristics and uses. London:

MacMillan. 751 p.
Table 2.-Wood densities (g/ems, of tree species for tropical regions of three continents

Species Wood density

Tropical Asia

Acacia arabica 0.70*

Acacia catechu 0.88

Acacia confusa 0.75

Acacia leucophloea 0.76

Acacia richii 0.69

Adina cordifolia 0.58, 0.59+

Aegle marmelo 0.75

Agathis dammara 0.41

Agathis spp. 0.44

Agathis uitiensis 0.45

Aglaia diffusa 0.70

Aglaia iloilo 0.53

Aglaia llanosiana 0.89

Alangium longiflorum 0.65

Alangium meyeri 0.63

Albizzia amara 0.70*

Albizzia falcataria 0.25

Albizzia lebbek 0.55,0.66+

Albizzia odoratissima 0.76

Albizzia procera 0.52*, 0.59+

Aleurites moluccana 0.25

Aleurites trisperma 0.43

Alnus japonica 0.43

Alphitonia philippinensis 0.40

Alphitonia zizyphoides 0.50

Alphonsea arborea 0.69

Alseodaphne longipes 0.49

Alstonia macrophylla 0.62

Alstonia scholaris 0.36

Alstonia spp. 0.37

Amoora aherniana 0.58

Amoora macrocarpa 0:55

Amoora spp. 0.60

Anisophyllea zeylanica 0.46*

Anisoptera aurea. 0.53

Anisoptera spp, 0.54

Anisoptera thurifera 0.54

Anogeissus latifolia 0.78, 0.79+

Anthocephalus chinensis 0.36,0.33+

Antidesma pleuricum 0.59

Aphanamixis cumingiana 0.58

Aphanamiris perrottetiana 0.52

Araucaria bidwillii 0.43

Artocarpus blancoi 0.43

Artocarpus heterophylla 0.60

Artocarpus lakoocha 0.53*

Artocarpus ovata 0.47

Artocarpus spp. 0.58

Azadirachta indica 0.69

Azadirachta spp. 0.52

Balanocarpus spp. 0.76

Barringtonia edulis * 0.48

Bauhinia spp. 0.67

Beilschmiedia tawa 0.58

Berrya cordifolia 0.78*

Bischofia javanica 0.54,0.58,0.62+

Bleasdalea vitiensis 0.43

Bombax ceiba 0.33

Species Wood density

Bombycidendron vidalianum

Boswellia serrata

Bridelia retusa

Bridelia squamosa

Buchanania lanzan

Buchanania latifolia

Bursera serrata

Butea monosperma

Calophyllum blancoi

Calophyllum inophyllum

Calophyllum neo-ebudicum

Calophyllum obliquinervium

Calophyllum spp.

Calophyllum vitiense

Calycarpa arborea

Cananga odorata

Canarium asperum var. asperum

Canarium hirsutum forma scabrum

Canarium luzonicum

Canarium spp.

Canarium vanikoroense

Canarium vitiense

Canarium vrieseanum forma stenophyllum

Canthium monstrosum

Carallia calycina

Cassia fist&a

Cassia javanica

Cassia spectabilis

Castanopsis philippensis

Casuarina equisetifolia

Casuarina nodiflora

Cedrela odorata

Cedrela spp.

Cedrela toona

Ceiba pentandra

Celtis luzonica

Chisocheton cumingianus

Chisocheton pentandrus

Chloroxylon swietenia

Chukrassia tabularis

Cinnamomum mercadoi

Cinnamomum spp.

Citrus grandis

Cleidion speciflorum

Cleistanthus eollinus

Cleistocalyx operculatus

Cleistocalyx spp.

Cochlospermum gossypium+religiosum

Cocos nucifera

Colona serratifolia

Combretodendron quadrialatum

Cordia spp.

Cotylelobium spp.

Crataeva religiosa

Cratoxylon arborescens

Cryptocarya spp.

Cubilia cubili

Cullenia excelsa

0.53

0.50

0.50

0.50

0.45

0.45

0.59

0.48

0.51

0.57

0.50

0.58

0.53

0.50

0.53

0.29

0.50,0.60+

0.40

0.51

0.44

0.54

0.54

0.56

0.42

0.66*

0.71

0.69

0.48

0.51

0.83

0.85

0.38

0.42

0.43

0.23

0.49

0.52

0.52

0.76, 0.79, 0.80+

0.57

0.65

0.43

0.59

0.50

0.88

0.66

0.76

0.27

0.50

0.33

0.57

0.53

0.69

0.53*

0.40

0.59

0.49

0.53

5
Table 2.-Wood densities (glcmsl of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-(Continued)

Species Wood density

Cynometra insularis 0.76, 0.91+

Cynometra ramifZora 0.70

Cynometra spp. 0.80

Dacrycarpus imbricatus 0.45, 0.47+

Dacrydium elatum 0.48

Dacrydium nausoriensis 0.52

Dacrydium nidulum 0.52

Dacrydium spp. 0.46

Dacryodes spp. 0.61

Dalbergia latifolia 0.75

Dalbergia paniculata 0.64

Decussocarpus philippinensis 0.50

Decussocarpus vitiensis 0.37

Degeneria vitiensis 0.35

Dehaasia triandra 0.64

Dialium spp. 0.80

Dillenia luzoniensis 0.69

Dillenia megalantha 0.69

Dillenia pentagyna 0.53

Dillenia philippinensis 0.61

Dillenia spp. 0.59

Diospyros embryopteris 0.63*

Diospyros inclusa 0.68

Diospyros melanoxylon 0.68

Diospyros mindanaensis 0.69

Diospyros nitida 0.71

Diospyrosphilippensis 0.81

Diospyros pilosanthera 0.80

Diospyros poncei 0.81

Diospyros pyrrhocarpa 0.60

Diospyros spp. 0.70

Diplodiscus paniculatus 0.63

Dipterocarpus caudatus 0.61

Dipterocarpus eurynchus 0.56

Dipterocarpus gracilis 0.61

Dipterocarpus grandiflorus 0.62

Dipterocarpus kerrii 0.56

Dipterocarpus kunstlerii 0.57

Dipterocarpus spp. 0.61

Dipterocarpus warburgii 0.52

Dracontomelon duo 0.52

Dracontomelon edule 0.46

Dracontomelon spp. 0.50

Dryobalanops spp. 0.61

Dtypetes bordenii 0.75

Durio spp. 0.53

Durio zibethinus 0.44,0.53+

Dyera costulata 0.36

Dysoxylum altissimum 0.42

Dysoxylum decandrum 0.51

Dysoxylum euphlebium 0.63

Dysoxylum quercifolium 0.49

Dysoxylum richii 0.49

Elaeocarpus serratus 0.40*

Emblica officinalis 0.80

Endiandra laxiflora 0.54

Endospermum macrophyllum 0.40

Endospermum peltatum 0.31

Endospermum spp. 0.38

6

L Species Wood density

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0.35

Epicharis cumingiana 0.73

Erythrina fusca 0.25

Erythrina suberosa 0.32

Erythrina subumbrans 0.24

Erythrophloeum densiflorum 0.65

Eucalyptus citriodora 0.64

Eucalyptus deglupta 0.34

Eugenia spp. 0.65

Fagraea gracilipes 0.84

Fagraea spp. 0.73

Ficus benjamina 0.65

Ficus botryocarpa 0.43

Ficus minahassae 0.42

Ficus spp. 0.39

Ficus variegata 0.28

Ganua obovatifolia 0.59

Garcinia myrtifolia 0.65

Garcinia spp. 0.75

Gardenia latifolia 0.64

Gardenia turgida 0.64

Garuga pinnata 0.51

Gluta spp. 0.63

Gmelina arborea 0.41,0.45+

Gmelina vitiensis 0.54

Gonocaryum calleryanum 0.64

Gonystylus bancanus 0.52

Gonystylus macrophyllus 0.52

Gonystylus punctatus 0.57

Grewia multiflora 0.46

Grewia tiliaefolia 0.68

Hardwickia binata 0.73

Harpullia arborea 0.62

Heritiera ornithocephala 0.68

Heritiera spp. 0.56

Heritiera sylvatica 0.77

Hevea brasiliensis 0.53

Hibiscus tiliaceus 0.57

Homalanthus populneus 0.38

Homalium spp. 0.76

Hopea acuminata 0.62

Hopea foxworthyi 0.64

Hopea plagata 0.88

Hopea spp. 0.64

Intsia btjuga 0.61, 0.68, 0.74+

Intsia palembanica 0.68

Kayea garciae 0.53

Kingiodendron alternifolium 0.48

Kleinhovia hospita 0.36

Knema spp. 0.53

Koompassia excelsa 0.63

Koompassia malaccensis 0.72

Koordersiodendron pinnatum * 0.65, 0.69+

Kydia calycina 0.72

Lagerstroemia parviflora 0.62

Lagerstroemia piriformis 0.50

Lagerstroemia speciosa 0.53

Lagerstroemia spp. 0.55

Lannea coromandelica 0.54

Lannea grandis 0.50
Table 2.-Wood densities (g/cm% of tree species for tropical regions of three continents4Continued)

Species Wood density

Leucaena leucocephala 0.64

Litchi chinensis ssp. philippinensis 0.88

Lithocarpus celebica 0.68

Lithocarpus llanosii 0.63

Lithocarpus soleriana 0.63

Litsea garciae 0.34

Litsea leytensis 0.35

Litsea perrottetii 0.45

Litsea spp. 0.40

Lophopetalum spp. 0.46

Macaranga bicolor 0.29

Macaranga denticulata 0.53

Madhuca fulva 0.53

Madhuca longifolia var. latifolia 0.74

Madhuca oblongifolia 0.53

Mallotus multiglandulosus 0.42

Mallotus philippensis 0.64

Mangifera altissima 0.55

Mangifera indica 0.52,0.59+

Mangifera merrillii 0.52

Mangifera spp. 0.52

Maniltoa grandiflora 0.76

Maniltoa minor 0.76

Mastixia philippinensis 0.47

Melanorrhea spp. 0.63

Melia dubia 0.40

Melicope triphylla 0.37

Meliosma macrophylla 0.27

Melochia umbellata 0.25

Me&a ferrea 0.83,0.85+

Metrosideros collina 0.70,0.76+

Michelia platyphylla 0.51

Michelia spp. 0.43

Microcos stylocarpa 0.40

Micromelum compressum 0.64

Milliusa velutina 0.63

Mimusops elengi 0.72*

Mitragyna parviflora 0.56

Myristica castaneifolia 0.49

Myristica chartacea 0.49

Myristica gillespieana 0.49

Myristica spp. 0.53

Neesia spp. 0.53

Neonauclea bernardoi 0.62

Neotrewia cumingii 0.55

Ochna foxworthyi 0.86

Ochroma pyramidale 0.30

Octomeles sumatrana 0.27, 0.32+

Oroxylon indicum 0.32

Ougenia dalbergiodes 0.70

Palaquium fidjiense 0.48

Palaquium hornei 0.70

Palaquium lanceolatum 0.55

Palaquium luzoniense 0.45

Palaquium philippense 0.41

Palaquium spp. 0.55

Palaquium tenuipetiolatum 0.50

Palaquium vitilevuense 0.48

Pangium edule 0.50

Parashorea malaanonan 0.51

t

Species Wood density

Parashorea spp.

Parashorea stellata

Paratrophis glabra

Parinari corymbosa

Parinari insularum

Parinari spp.

Parkia roxburghii

Payena spp.

Peltophorum pterocarpum

Pentace spp.

Phaeanthus ebracteolatus

Phyllocladus hypophyllus

Pinus caribaea

Pinus insularis

Pinus merkusii

Pisonia umbellifera

Pittosporum pentandrum

Planchonella vitiensis

Planchonia spectabilis

Planchonia spp.

Podocarpus neriifolius

Podocarpus spp.

Polyalthia flava

Polyscias nodosa

Pometia pinnata forma pinnata

Pometia spp.

Pouteria villamilii

Premna tomentosa

Pterocarpus indicus

Pterocarpus marsupium

Pterocymbium macrorater

Pterocymbium tinctorium

Pyge’um vulgare

Quercus spp.

Radermachera pinnata

Salmalia malabarica

Samanea saman

Sandoricum koetjape

Sandoricum vidalii

Sapindus saponaria

Sapium luzontcum

Schleichera oleosa

Schrebera swietenoides

Semicarpus anacardium

Serialbizia acle

Serianthes melanesica

Sesbania grandiflora

Shorea agsaboensis

Shorea almon

Shorea assamica forma philippinensis

Shorea astylosa

Shorea ciliata

Shorea contorta

Shorea gisok

Shorea guiso

Shorea hopeifolia

Shorea malibato

Shorea negrosensis

Shorea palosapis

Shorea plagata

0.44

0.59

0.77

0.76

0.65

0.68

0.34

0.55

0.62

0.56

0.56

0.53

0.48

0.47,0.48+

0.54

0.21

0.51

0.77

0.58

0.59

0.52

0.43

0.51

0.38

0.58

0.54

.

0.47

0.96

0.52

0.67

0.47

0.28

0.57

0.70

0.51

0.32,0.33+

0.45, 0.46+

0.44

0.43

0.58

0.40

0.96

0.82

0.64

0.57

0.48

0.40

0.35

0.42

0.41

0.73

0.75

0.44

0.76

0.68

0.44

0.78

0.44

0.39

0.70

7
Table 2. -Wood densities (g/ems) of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)

Species Wood density

Shorea polita 0.47

Shorea polysperma 0.47

Shorea robusta 0.72

Shorea spp. balau group 0.70

Shorea spp. dark red meranti 0.55

Shorea spp. light red meranti 0.40

Shorea spp. white meranti 0.48

Shorea spp. yellow meranti 0.46

Shorea virescens 0.42

Sloanea javanica 0.53

Soymida febrifuga 0.97

Spathodea campanulata 0.25

Stemonurus luzoniensis 0.37

Sterculia ceramica 0.27

Sterculia foetida 0.47*

Sterculia urens 0.67

Sterculia vitiensis 0.31

Stereospermum suaveolens 0.62

Strombosia philippinensis 0.71

Strychnos potatorum 0.88

Swietenia macrophylla 0.49,0.53+

Swintonia foxworthyi 0.62

Swintonia spp. 0.61

Sycopsis dunni 0.63

Syzygium cumini 0.70

Syzygium luzoniense 0.63

Syzygium nitidum 0.74

Syeygium simile 0.56

Syzygium spp. 0.69, 0.76+

Tamarindus indica 0.75

Tectona grandis 0.50,0.55+

Teijsmanniodendron ahernianum 0.90

Terminalia arjuna 0.68

Terminalia belerica 0.72

Terminalia catappa 0.52

Terminalia chebula 0.96

Terminalia citrina 0.71

Terminalia copelandii 0.46

Terminalia foetidissima 0.55

Terminalia microcarpa 0.53

Terminalia nitens 0.58

Terminalia pterocarpa 0.48

Terminalia tomentosa 0.73,0.76, 0.77+

Ternstroemia megacarpa 0.53

Tetrameles nudiflora 0.30

Tetramerista glabra 0.61

Thespesia populnea 0.52

Toona calantas 0.29

Trema orientalis 0.31

Trichospermum richii 0.32

Tristania decorticata 0.91

Tristania micrantha 0.89

Tristania spp. 0.80

Turpinia ovalifolia 0.36

Vateria indica 0.47*

Vatica mangachapoi 0.65

Vatica obscura 1.04*

Vatica pachyphylla 0.78

Vatica spp. 0.69

Vitex parviflora 0.70

8

I

i

Species Wood density

Vitex peduncularis 0.96

Vitex spp. 0.65

Vitex turczaninowii 0.49

Wallaceodendron celebicum 0.55, 0.57+

Weinmannia luzoniensis 0.49

Wrightia tinctorea 0.75

Xanthophyllum excelsum 0.63

Xanthostemon verdugonianus 1.04

Xylia xylocarpa 0.73,0.81+

Zanthoxylum rhetsa 0.33

Zizyphus spp. 0.76

Zizyphus talanai 0.53

Zizyphus xylopyra 0.85

Tropical America

Albizzia caribaea 0.64

Albizia spp. 0.52

Alcornea latifolia 0.49

Alcornea spp. 0.34

Alexa grandiflora 0.60

Alexa imperatricis 0.41,0.51+

Alnus ferruginea 0.38

Alnus jorullensis 0.38

Anacardium excelsum 0.41

Anacardium spruceanum 0.42

Anadenanthera macrocarpa 0.86

Anadenanthera rigida 0.63

Andira inermis 0.63, 0.64+

Andira retusa 0.67

Aniba perutilis 0.50

Aniba riparia lduckei 0.62

Aniba spp. 0.38, 0.60+

Antiaris africana 0.38

Apeiba aspera 0.23

Apeiba echinata 0.36

Apeiba spp. 0.20, 0.24+

Apeiba tibourbon 0.12

Artocarpus comunis 0.70

Aspidosperma album 0.68

Aspidosperma cruentum 0.71

Aspidosperma dugandii 0.77

Aspidosperma marchravianum 0.68

Aspidosperma megalocarpum 0.71,0.81+

Aspidosperma spp. (araracanga group) 0.75

Aspidosperma spp. (peroba group) 0.62,0.65+

Astronium graveolens 0.75,0.80,0.84,0.89+

Astronium lecointei 0.73

Bagassa guianensis 0.68,0.69+

Banara guianensis 0.61

Basiloxylon exelsum 0.58

Beilschmiedia pendula 0.54

Beilschmiedia sp. 0.61

Berthollettia excelsa 0.59, 0.63+

Bixa arborea 0.32

Bombacopsis quinatum 0.38,0.45,0.51+

Bombacopsis sepium 0.39

Borojoa patinoi 0.52

Bowdichia nitida 0.77

Bowdichia spp. 0.74

Brosimum acutifolium 0.55
Table 2.-Wood densities (g/ems) of tree species for tropical regions of three continents4Continued)

Species Wood density

Brosimum parinarioides 0.57

Brosimum potabile 0.53

Brosimum rubescens 0.73

Brosimum sp. 0.64, 0.84+

Brosimum spp. (alicastrum group) 0.64, 0.66+

Brosimum spp. (utile group) 0.43

Brosimum utile 0.41, 0.46+

Brysenia adenophylla 0.54

Buchenauia capitata 0.61, 0.63+

Buchenavia huberi 0.59,0.79+

Bucida buceras 0.93

Bulnesia arborea 1.00

Bursera simaruba 0.29, 0.34+

Byrsonima aerugo 0.62

Byrsonima coriacea 0.64

Byrsonima coriacea var. spicata 0.61

Byrsonima spp. 0.61, 0.64, 0.75+

Cabralea cangerana 0.55

Caesalpinia spp. 1.05

Calophyllum brasiliense 0.51,0.54,0.55+

Calophyllum mariae 0.46

Calophyllum sp. 0.65

Calycophyllum candidisimum 0.67

Campnosperma panamensis 0.33,0.50+

Carapa guianensis 0.56

Carapa sp. 0.47

Caryocar nr. barbinerve 0.62

Caryocar spp. 0.69, 0.72+

Caryocar villosum 0.72

Casearia arborea 0.53

Casearia guianensis 0.70

Casearia praecox 0.69*

Casearia sp. 0.62

Cassia moschata 0.71

Cassia multijuga 0.57

Casuarina equisetifolia 0.81

Catostemma commune 0.51

Catostemma spp. 0.55

Cecropia peltata 0.29, 0.30, 0.36+

. Cecropia spp. 0.36

Cedrela angustifolia 0.36

Cedrela huberi 0.38

Cedrela odorata 0.43,0.44,0.45+

Cedrela spp. 0.40, 0.46+

Cedrelinga catenaeformis 0.41, 0.53+

Ceiba pentandra 0.23,0.24,0.25,0.29+

Centrolobium paraense var. orinocensis 0.69

Centrolobium spp. 0.65

Cespedesia macrophylla 0.63

Chaetocarpus schomburgkianus 0.80

Chlorophora tinctoria 0.71,0.75+

Clarisia racemosa 0.53,0.57+

Clathrotropis brunnea 0.82

Clathrotropis spp. 0.89

Clusia rosea 0.67

Cochlospermum orinocensis 0.26

Copaifera duckeilreticulata 0.62

Copaifera officinalis 0.59

Copaifera spp. 0.46, 0.55+

Cordia alliodora 0.42,0.47,0.50,0.57+

i

Species Wood density

Cordia apurensis 0.66

Cordia bicolor 0.43,0.49+

Cordia borinquensis 0.70

Cordia collococca 0.47

Cordia exaltata 0.41

Cordia fallax 0.36

Cordia goeldiana 0.50

Cordia sagotii 0.50

Cordia spp. (gerascanthus group) 0.74

Cordia spp. (alliodora group) 0.48

Cordia sulcata 0.60

Couepia sp. 0.70

Couma macrocarpa 0.50,0.53+

Couratari pulchra 0.50, 0.54+

Couratari spp. 0.50

Couratari stellata 0.65,0.78+

Croton xanthochloros 0.48

Cupressus lusitanica 0.43, 0.44+

Cyrilla racemiflora 0.53

Dactyodes colombiana 0.51

Dacryodes excelsa 0.52, 0.53+

Dalbergia nigra 0.68

Dalbergia retusa. 0.89

Dalbergia stevensonii 0.82

Declinanona calycina 0.47

Dialium guianensis 0.87

Dialyanthera spp. 0.36, 0.48+

Dicorynia guianensis 0.60, 0.65+

Dicorynia paraensis 0.60

Didymopanax morototoni 0.36, 0.40, 0.45+

Didymopanaxpittieri 0.43

Didymopanax sp. 0.74

Dimorphandra mora 0.99*

Diplotropis purpurea 0.76, 0.77, 0.78+

Dipterix odorata 0.81,0.86,0.89+

Drypetes variabilis 0.69

Dussia lehmannii 0.59

Ecclinusa guianensis 0.63

Endlicheria cocvirey 0.39

Enterolobium cyclocarpum 0.34,0.45+

Enterolobium schomburgkii 0.82

Eperua spp. 0.78

Eriotheca longipedicellatum 0.45

Eriotheca sp. 0.40

Erisma uncinatum 0.42, 0.48+

Erythrina sp. 0.23

Eschweilera amara 0.85

Eschweilera corrugata 0.66

Eschweilera grata 0.88

Eschweilera hologyne 0.76

Eschweilera odora 0.81,0.85+

Eschweilera sagotiana 0.82

Eschweilera spp. 0.71,0.79,0.95+

Eschweilera subglandulosa 0.87, 0.89+

Eschweilera tenax 0.62

Eschweilera trinitensis 0.77

Eucalyptus robusta 0.51

Eugenia compta 0.68

Eugenia pseudosidium 0.62

Eugenia stahlii 0.73

9
Table P.--Wood densities (glcms) of tree species for tropical regions of three continents--@ontinued)

Species Wood density

Euxylophora paraensis 0.68,0.70+

Fagara aff. F. martinicense 0.41

Fagara sp. 0.57

Fagara spp. 0.69

Ficus citrifolia 0.40

Ficus sp. 0.32

Genipa americana 0.57, 0.58, 0.66+

Genipa spp. 0.75

Goupia glabra 0.67, 0.72+

Guarea chalde 0.52

Guarea spp. 0.52

Guarea trichiloides 0.51, 0.52+

Guatteria spp. 0.36

Guazuma ulmifolia 0.52, 0.50+

Guettarda scabra 0.65

Guillielma gasipae 0.95, 1.25+

Gwtavia sp. 0.56

Helicostylis tomentosa 0.68, 0.72+

Hernandia Sonora 0.29

Hevea brasiliense 0.49

Himatanthus articulata 0.40,0.54+

Hirtella davisii 0.74

Humiria balsamifera 0.66,0.67+

Humiriastrum melanocarpum 0.60

Humiriastrum procera 0.70

Hura crepitans 0.36, 0.37, 0.38+

Hyeronima alchorneoides 0.60,0.64+

Hyeronima laxiflora 0.59

Hymenaea courbaril 0.54, 0.76, 0.77+

Hymenaea davisii 0.67

Hymenolobium excelsum 0.63

Hymenolobium sp. 0.64

lnga alba 0.53

Inga capitata 0.64

Inga coruscans 0.72

Inga floribunda 0.56

Inga ingoides 0.50

Inga laurina 0.62

Inga marginata 0.72

Inga sp. 0.49,0.52,0.58,0.64+

Inga splendens 0.55

Inga Vera 0.59

Iryanthera grandis 0.63

Iryanthera hostmanii 0.50

Iryanthera spp. 0.46

Jacaranda copaia 0.35

Jacaranda hesperia 0.35

Jacaranda sp. 0.55

Joannesia heveoides 0.39

Lachmellea speciosa 0.73

Laetia procera 0.68

Lecythis davisii 0.82

Lecythis ollaria 0.72

Lecythis paraensis 0.88

Lecythis sp. 0.83

Lecythis spp. 0.77

Licania aff. micrantha 0.86

Licania alba 0.91

Licania apetala 0.64.0.78+

10

T Species Wood density

Licania densiflora

Licania hypoleuca

Licania macrophylla

Licania parviflora

Licania sp.

Licania spp.

Licaria cayennensis

Licaria spp.

Lindackeria sp.

Linociera domingensis

Lonchocarpus sericens

Lonchocarpus spp.

Lonchocarpus straminens

Loxopterygium sagotii

Lucuma spp.

Luehea cymulosa

Luehea spp.

Lueheopsis duckeana

Mabea piriri

Machaerium spp.

Macoubea guianensis

Magnolia sororum

Magnolia splendens

Magnolia spp.

Maguira sclerophylla

Mammea americana

Mangifera indica

Manilkara bidentata

Manilkara sp.

Marila sp.

Marmaroxylon racemosum

Matayba domingensis

Matisia hirta

Maytenus ficiformis

Maytenus spp.

Mezilaurus itauba

Mezilaurus lindaviana

Michropholis garciniaefolia

Michropholis spp.

Minquartia guianensis

Mora excelsa

Mora gonggrijpi

Mora magistosperma

Mora sp.

Mouriria guianensis

Mouriria huberi

Mouriria pseudo-germinata

Mouriria sideroxylon

Myrcia paivae

Myrcia splendens

Myrciaria floribunda

Myristica spp.

Myroxylon balsamum

Nectandra antillana

Nectandra concinna

Nectandra coriacea

Nectandra rigida

Nectandra rodioei

Nectandra rubra

Nectandra sp.

0.80

0.90

0.76

0.76

0.61, 0.79+

0.78

0.99

0.82

0.41

0.81

0.78

0.69

0.75

0.56

0.79

0.55

0.50

0.64

0.59

0.70

0.40*

0.50

0.59

0.52

0.57

0.62

0.55

0.82, 0.84, 0.85+

0.89

0.63

0.78*

0.70

0.61

0.67

0.71

0.68

0.68

0.64

0.61

0.76,0.79+

0.80

0.80

0.88

0.71

0.80

0.75

0.65

0.88

0.73

0.80

0.73

0.46

0.74, 0.76, 0.78+

0.42

0.54, 0.56+

0.51

0.59

0.91

0.55

0.43, 0.48, 0.72+
Table 2.-Wood densities (glcms) oftree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)

Species Wood density

Nectandra spp. 0.52

Ocotea glandulosa 0.46

Ocotea leucoxylon 0.45

Ocotea moschata 0.61

Ocotea rodioei 0.85, 0.86+

Ocotea rubra 0.54, 0.55, 0.56+

Ocotea spathulata 0.62

Ocotea spp. 0.51

Onychopetalum amazonicum 0.64

Ormosia krugii 0.50

Ormosia lignivalvis 0.58

Ormosia spp. 0.59

Ouratea sp. 0.66

Pachira acuatica 0.43

Paratecoma peroba 0.60

Parinari campestris 0.69

Parinari excelsa 0.64

Parinari rodolfi 0.72

Parinari spp. 0.68

Parkia belutina 0.42

Parkia multijuga 0.38

Parkia oppositifolia 0.24

Parkia pendula 0.51

Parkia spp. 0.39

Peltogyne porphyrocardia 0.92

Peltogyne spp. 0.79

Pentaclethra macroloba 0.65,0.68+

Peru glabrata 0.65

Peru schomburgkiana 0.59

Persea spp. 0.40, 0.47,0.52+

Petitia domingensis 0.66

Pinus caribaea 0.51

Pinus oocarpa 0.55

Pinus patula 0.45

Piptadenia communis 0.68

Piptadenia macrocarpa 0.83*

Piptadenia pittieri 0.62,0.76+

Piptadenia psilostachya 0.67

Piptadenia rigida 0.73

Piptadenia sp. 0.58

Piptadenia suaveolens 0.72

Piranhea longepedunculata 0.90

Piratinera guianensis 0.96

Pithecellobium guachapele (syn. Pseudosamea) 0.56

Pithecellobium saman 0.48

Platonia insignis 0.70’

Platymiscium pinnatum 0.80,0.81+

Platymiscium polystachium 0.73

Platymiscium spp. 0.71, 0.84+

Podocarpus oleifolius 0.46

Podocarpus rospigliossi 0.40

Podocarpus spp. 0.46

Pourouma aff. apiculata 0.45

Pourouma aspera 0.28

Pourouma aff. guianensis 0.33

Pourouma aff. melinonii 0.32

Pouteria carabobensis 0.68

Pouteria egregia 0.89

Pouteria eugeniifolia 1.08

Pouteria gonggrijpii 0.84

i

Species Wood density

Pouteria melinonii 0.63*

Pouteria multiflora 0.74

Pouteria pomifera 0.76

Pouteria sp. 0.73

Pouteria spp. 0.64, 0.67+

Prioria copaifera 0.40,0.41+

Protium crenatum 0.54

Protium decandrum 0.56

Protium heptaphyllum 0.40,0.55+

Protium neglectum 0.58,0.64+

Protium sp. 0.73

Protium spp. 0.53,0.64+

Protium tenuifolium 0.60

Pseudolmedia laevigata 0.64

Pterocarpus officinalis 0.32, 0.50+

Pterocarpus rohrii 0.41

Pterocarpus sp. 0.46, 0.50+

Pterocarpus spp. 0.44

Pterocarpus vernalis 0.59

Pterogyne nitens 0.66

Pterygota excelsa 0.58

Qualea albiflora 0.50

Qualea cf. lancifolia 0.58

Qualea dinizii 0.58

_ Qualea spp. 0.55

Quararibaea guianensis 0.54

Quercus alata 0.71

Quercus costaricensis 0.61

Quercus eugeniaefolia 0.67

Quercus spp. 0.70

Raputia sp. 0.55

Rheedia spp. 0.72

Rollinia exsucca 0.32

Rollinia sp. 0.34, 0.36+

Rollinia spp. 0.36

Saccoglottis cydonioides 0.72

Sapium biglandulosum 0.45

Sapium cf. jenmanni 0.41

Sapium laurocerasus 0.38

Sapium sp. 0.38, 0.48+

Sapium ssp. 0.47,0.72+

Schinopsis spp. 1.00

Sclerobium aff. chrysophyllum 0.62

Sclerobium guianensis 0.56

Sclerobium paniculatum 0.34

Sclerobium spp. 0.47

Sickingia spp. 0.52

Simaba multiflora 0.51

Simarouba amara 0.32, 0.34,0.38+

Sloanea berteriana 0.80

Sloanea grandiflora 0.80

Sloanea guianensis 0.79

Spondias lutea 0.38

Spondias mombin 0.30, 0.40,0.41+

Sterculia apetala 0.33, 0.36

Sterculia pilosa lspeciosa 0.53

Sterculia pruriens 0.46

Sterculia spp. 0.55

Stryphnodendron polystachum 0.52

Stylogyne spp. 0.69

1 1
Table 2.-Wood densities (g/cm31 of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)

Species Wood density

Swartzia spp. 0.95

Swietenia macrophylla 0.42,0.45,0.46,0.54+

Symphonia globulifera 0.68

Tabebuia guayacan 0.82

Tabebuia heterophylla 0.58

Tabebuia heterotricha 0.82

Tabebuia pentaphylla 0.51

Tabebuia msea 0.54

Tabebuia serratifolia 0.92, 0.95, 0.99+

Tabebuia spectabilis 1.07

Tabebuia spp. (lapacho group) 0.91

Tabebuia spp. (roble) 0.52

Tabebuia spp. (white cedar) 0.57

Tabebuia stenocalyx 0.55,0.57+

Tachigalia myrmecophylla 0.56

Talisia sp. 0.84

Tapirira guianensis 0.47*

Terminalia amatonia 0.66

Terminalia catappa 0.59

Terminalia guianensis 0.63

Terminalia lucida 0.65

Terminalia sp. 0.50, 0.51, 0.58+

Tetragastris altisima 0.61

Tetragastris balsamifera 0.63,0.67+

Tetragastris panamensis 0.71

Tetragastris spp. 0.71

Toluifera balsamum 0.74

Torrubia cuspidata 0.47

Torrubia sp. 0.52

Toulicia pulvinata 0.63

Tovomita guianensis 0.60

Trattinickia burserifolia 0.44

Trattinickia rhoifolia 0.37

Trattinickia sp. 0.38

Trichilia propingua 0.58

Trichosperma mexicanum 0.41

Triplaris sp. 0.64

Triplaris spp. 0.56

Triplaris surinamensis 0.51

Trophis sp. 0.54

Vatairea lundellii 0.64

Vatairea spp. 0.60

Virola sebifera 0.48

Virola spp. 0.40, 0.44, 0.48+

Virola surinamensis 0.37,0.42+

Vismia spp. 0.41

Vitex divaricata 0.62

Vitex gaumeri 0.56

Vitex orinocensis 0.53

Vitex spp. 0.52,0.56,0.57+

Vitex stahelii 0.60

Vochysia ferruginea 0.42, 0.47+

Vochysia guianensis 0.45

Vochysia hondurensis 0.33

Vochysia lehmannii 0.48

Vochysia maxima 0.46

Vochysia spp. 0.40,0.47, 0.79+

Vochysia tetraphylla 0.48

Vochysia tomentosa 0.36

Vouacapoua americana 0.79

1 2

-

I

Species Wood density

Warszewicsia coccinea 0.56

Xanthoxylum martinicensis 0.46

Xanthoxylum spp. 0.44

Xylopia columbiana 0.51

Xylopia emarginata 0.59

Xylopia frutescens 0 64”

Tropical Africa

Afzelia bipindensis

Afzelia pachyloba

Afzelia spp.

Aidia ochroleuca

Albizia ferruginea

Albizia glaberrima

Albizia gummifera

Albizia spp.

Albizia tygia

Allanblackia floribunda

Allophyllus africanus f. acuminatus

Alstonia congensis

Amphimas ferrugineus

Amphimas pterocarpoides

Anisophyllea obtusifolia

Annonidium mannii

Anopyxis klaineana

Anthocleista keniensis

Anthonotha macrophylla

Anthostemma aubryanum

Antiaris africana

Antiaris spp.

Antrocaryon klaineanum

Aucoumea klaineana

Autranella congolensis

Baillonella toxisperma

Balanites aegyptiaca

Baphia kirkii

Beilschmiedia corbisieri

Beilschmiedia diversiflora

Beilschmiedia kweo

Beilschmiedia louisii

Beilschmiedia membranifolia

Beilschmiedia nitida

Berlinia bracteosa

Berlinia confusa

Berlinia spp.

Blighia welwitschii

Bombax buonopozense

Bombax chevalieri

Bombax rhodognaphalon

Bombax spp.

Brachystegia cynometroides

Brachystegia laurentii

Brachystegia mildbraedii

Brachystegia spp.

Bridelia grandis

Bridelia micrantha

Calpocalyx heitzii

Calpocalyx klainei

Canarium schweinfurthii

Canthium rubrocostratum

0.66”

0.63*

0.67

0.78*

0.47*

0.52”

0.51*

0.52

0.46*

0.63*

0.45

0.33

0.63*

0.63*

0.63*

0.29*

0.74*

0.50*

0.78*

0.32*

0.37

0.38

0.50*

0.37

0.78

0.71

0.63*

0.93*

0.63*

0.63*

0.56*

0.70*

0.50*

0.50*

0.60*

0.56*

0.58

0.74*

0.32*

0.41*

0.36*

0.40

0.56*

0.45*

0.50*

0.52

0*50*

0.47*

0.66*

0.63*

0.40*

0.63*
Table 2.-Wood densities (g/ems, of tree species for tropical regions of three continents4Continued)

Species

Carapa procera

Casearia battiscombei

Cassipourea euryoides

Cassipourea malosana

Ceiba pentandra

Celtis brieyi

Celtis mildbraedii

Celtis spp.

Celtis zenkeri

Chlorophora ercelsa

Chrysophyllum albidum

Cleistanthus mildbraedii

Cleistopholis patens

Coelocaryon preussii

Cola cordifolia

Cola gigantea

Cola gigantea var. glabrescens

Cola natalensis

Cola sp.

Combretodendron macrocarpum

Conopharyngia holstii

Copaifera mildbraedii

Copaifera religiosa .

Cordia africana

Cordia millenii

Cordia platythyrsa

Corynanthe gabonensis

Corynanthe pachyceras

Coda edulis

Croton macrostachyus

Croton megalocarpus

Cryptosepalum staudtii

Ctenolophon englerianus

Cylicodiscus gabonensis

Cynometra alexandri

Dacryodes buettneri

Dacryodes edulis

Dacryodes igaganga

Dacryodes klaineana

Dacryodes le-testui

Dacryodes normandii

Dacryodes spp.

Daniellia klainei

Daniellia ogea

Daniellia soyaunii

Desbordesia pierreana

Detarium senegalensis

Dialium bipindense

Dialium dinklagei

Dialium excelsum

Didelotia africana

Didelotia brevipaniculata

Didelotia letouzeyi

Diospyros kamerunensis

Diospyros spp.

Discoglypremna caloneura

Distemonanthus benthamianus

Drypetes gossweilleri

Drypetes sp.

Ehretia acuminata

Wood density

0.59

0.50

0.70*

0.59*

0.26

0.50”

0.56*

0.59

0.59”

0.55

0.56*

o.a7*

0.36*

0.56”

0.50*

0.46”

0.46*

0.70”

0.70”

0.70

0.50*

0.63*

0.50”

0.40*

0.34

0.36”

0.56”

0.63”

0.7w

0.50*

0.57

0.70*

0.78*

0.80

0.74

0.53”

0.50”

0.53”

0.70”

0.50”

0.50*

0.61

0.45*

0.40*

0.45”

0.87”

0.63*

0.83”

0.72

0.78*

0.78”

0.53

0.50

0.78*

0.82

0.32*

0.58

0.63*

0.63*

0.51*

Species

Enantia chlorantha

Endodesmia calophylloides

Entandrophragma angolensis

Entandrophragma candollei

Entandrophragma cylindricum

Entandrophragma utile

Eribroma oblongum

Eriocoelum microspermum

Erismadelphus ensul

Erythrina vogelii

Erythrophleum ivorense

Erythroxylum mannii

Fagara heitzii

Fagara macrophylla

Ficus iteophylla

Ficus mucus0

Funtumia africana

Fumtumia latifolia

Gambeya africana

Gambeya lacourtiana

Gambeya madagascariensis

Gambeya spp.

Garcinia gerardii

Garcinia mannii

Garcinia punctata

Gilbertiodendron dewevrei

Gilbertiodendron grandiflorum

Gilbertiodendron mayombense

Gilletiodendron mildbraedii

Gossweilerodendron balsamiferum

Guarea cedrata

Guarea laurentii

Guarea thompsonii

Guibourtia arnoldiana

Guibou’rtia demeusei

Guibourtia ehie

Guibourtia pellegriniana

Guibourtia spp.

Guibourtia tessmannii

Hannoa klaineana

Harungana madagascariensis

Hexalobus crispiflorus

Holoptelea grandis

Homalium letestui

Homalium spp.

Hylodendron gabonense.

Hymenostegia afzelii

Hymenostegia pellegrini

Irvingia gabonensis

Irvingia grandifolia

Julbernardia globiflora

Khaya grandifoliola

Khaya ivorensis

Khaya senegalensis

Klainedoxa gabonensis

Lannea welwitschii

Lecomtedoxa klainenna

Letestua durissima

Lophira alata

Lovoa trichilioides

Wood density

0.42”

0.66”

0.45

0.59

0.55

0.53

0.60*

0.50”

0.56*

0.25”

0.72

0.50

0.41*

0.69

0.40”

0.39*

0.40*

0.45*

0.63

0.63*

0.56*

0.56*

0.66Y

0.78”

0.78”

0.65”

0.66”

0.63”

0.87”

0.40

0.48

0.56”

0.55”

0.64

0.70”

0.67

0.74”

0.72

0.74*

0.28”

0.45”

0.48”

0.59”

0.66:”

0.70

0.78”

0.78”

0.78”

0.71

0.78”

0.78

0.60

0.44

0.60

0.87

0.45”’

0.78:”

0.87”

0.87”

0.45”

13
Table 2.-Wood densities (glcmsl of tree species for tropical regions of three continents-fcontinued)

Species Wood density

Macaranga conglomerata 0.40*

Macaranga kilimandscharica 0.40*

Maesopsis eminii 0.41

Malacantha sp. aff. alnifolia 0.45”

Mammea africana 0.62

Manilkara cuneifolia 0.81*

Manilkara lacera 0.78”

Markhamia hildebrandtii 0.50*

Markhamia platycalyx 0.45*

Memecylon capitellatum 0.77”

Microberlinia bisulcata 0.63”

Microberlinia brazzavillensis 0.70

Microcos coriaceus 0.42”

Milletia laurentii 0.70”

Milletia spp. 0.72

Mitragyna ciliata 0.45

Mitragyna stipulosa 0.47

Monopetalanthus coriaceus 0.45*

Monopetalanthus durandii 0.50*

Monopetalanthus heitzii 0.39

Monopetalanthus letestui 0.50”

Monopetalanthus pellegrinii 0.47”

Musanga cecropioides 0.23

Nauclea diderrichii 0.63

Neopoutonia macrocalyx 0.32”

Nesogordonia fouassieri 0.70”

Nesogordonia papaverifera 0.65

Newtonia buchananii 0.48*

Newtonia glandulifera 0.74”

Ochtocosmus africanus 0.78’

Odyendea gabonensis 0.32”

Odyendea spp. 0.32

Oldfieldia africana 0.78*

Ongokea gore 0.72

Oxystigma oxyphyllum 0.53

Pachyelasma tessmannii 0.70”

Pachypodanthium confine 0.58*

Pachypodanthium staudtii 0.58”

Paraberlinia bifoliolata 0.56”

Parinari ercelsa 0.69

Parinari glabra 0.87”

Parinari goetzeniana 0.78”

Parkia bicolor 0.36”

Pausinystalia brachythyrsa 0.56”

Pausinystalia cf. talbotii 0.56”

Pentaclethra eetveldeana 0.63”

Pentaclethra macrophylla 0.78”

Pentadesma butyracea 0.78”

Phyllanthus discoideus 0.76”

Pierreodendron africanum 0.70;”

Piptadenia gabunensis 0.70*

Piptadeniastrum africanum 0.56

Plagiostyles africana 0.70”

Poga oleosa 0.36

Polyalthia suaveolens 0.66”

Premna angolensis 0.63”

I

Species Wood density

Pteleopsis hylodendron

Pterocarpus angolensis

Pterocarpus soyauxii

Pterygota bequaertii

Pterygota spp.

Pycnanthus angolensis

Randia cladantha

Rauwolfia macrophylla

Ricinodendron heudelotii

Saccoglottis gabonensis

Santiria trimera

Sapium ellipticum

Schrebera arborea

Sclorodophloeus zenkeri

Scottellia chevalieri

Scottellia coriacea

Scyphocephalium ochocoa

Scytopetalum tieghemii

Sindoropsis letestui

Staudtia stipitata

Stemonocoleus micranthus

Sterculia oblonga

Sterculia rhinopetala

Strephonema pseudocola

Strombosia glaucescens

Strombosia grandifolia

Strombosiopsis tetrandra

Swartzia fistuloides

Symphonia globulifera

Syzygium cordatum

Tarrietia densiflora

Tarrietia utilis

Terminalia superba

Tessmania africana

Testulea gabonensis

Tetraberlinia bifoliolata

Tetraberlinia tubmaniana

Tetrapleura tetraptera

Tieghemella africana

Tieghemella heckelii

Trema guineensis

Trema sp.

Trichilia heudelotii

Trichilia prieureana

Trichoscypha arborea

Triplochiton scleroxylon.

Uapaca spp.

Vepris undulata

Vitex doniana

Xylopia aethiopica

Xylopia chrysophylla

Xylopia hypolambra

Xylopia quintasii

Xylopia staudtii

-

0.63*

0.59

0.61

0.56*

0.52

0.40

0.78*

0.47*

0.20

0.74”

0.53*

0.50*

0.63*

0.68Y

0.50*

0.56

0.48

0.56”

0.56*

0.75

0.56”

0.61

0.64

0.56*

0.80

0.74*

0.63”

0.82

0.58”

0.59*

0.63

0.54”

0.45

0.85”

0.60

0.54*

0.60”

0.50”

0.55

0.55”

0.40”

0.40*

0.50”

0.63”

0.59”

0.32

0.60

0.70”

0.40

0.50”

0.70*

0.63”

0.70”

0.36*

+The wood densities specified pertain to more than one bibliographic source.

* Wood density value is derived from the regression equation given in the text,

14
LITERATURE CITED

Brown, S.; Gillespie, A.J.R.; Lugo, A.E.1989.Biomass

estimation methods for tropical forests with applications to forest inventory data. Forest Science.

35: 881-902.

Brown, S.; Lugo, A.E. 1982. The storage and production of organic matter in tropical forests and their

role in the global carbon cycle. Biotropica. 14(3X

161-187.

Brown, S.; Lugo, A.E. 1984. Biomass of tropical

forests: a new estimate based on forest volumes.

Science. 223: 1290-1293

Chudnoff, Martin. 1984. Tropical timbers of the

world. Agric. Handb. 607. Washington, DC: U.S

Department of Agriculture. 464 p.

Gillespie, A.J.R.; Brown, S.; Lugo, A.E. [In press].

Tropical forest biomass estimation from truncated

stand tables. Forest Ecology and Management.

Holdridge, L.R. 1967. Life zone ecology. San Jose,

Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center. 206 p.

Lugo, A.E.; Brown, S.; Chapman, J. 1988. An analytical review of production rates and stemwood

biomass of tropical forest plantations. Forest

Ecology and Management. 23: 179-200.

Weaver,, P.L. 1987. Structure and dynamics in the

Colorado Forest of the Luquillo Mountains of

Puerto Rico. East Lansing: Michigan State

University. 296 p. Ph.D. dissertation.

1 5
Reyes, Gisel; Brown, Sandra; Chapman, Jonathan; Lugo, Ariel E. 1992. Wood

densities of tropical tree species. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-89 New Orleans, LA:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment

Station. 15~.

Wood densities of a number of tree species for tropical America, tropical Asia,

and tropical Africa have been compiled.

Persons of any race, color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or with any

handicapping condition are welcome to use and enjoy all facilities, programs,

and services of the USDA. Discrimination in any form is strictly against

agency policy, and should be reported to the Secretary of Agriculture,

Washington, DC 20250.

*U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1992-666-020/40031