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MiM 1
W. p. Leber, Governor-President

R. S. Hartline, Lieutenant-Governor

Frank A. Baldwin

Panama Canal Information Officer

^=^ fifd^^

Official Panama Canal Publication Published quarterly at Balboa Heights, C.Z.

Morgan E. Goodwtn, Press Officer Publications Editors LoLis R. Grangeh, Tomas A. Cupas

News Writers Eunice Richard, Fannie P. Hernandez,

Jose T. Tunon, WiLLtE K. Friar, and

Luis C. Noli

Printed at the Printing Plant, La Boca, C.Z. Review articles may be reprinted in full or part without

further clearance. Credit to the Review will be appreciated. Distributed free of charge to all Panama Canal Employees.

Subscriptions, $1 a year; airmail $2 a year; mail and back copies (regular mail), 25 cents each.

Postal monev orders made pavable to the Panama Canal Company should be mailed to Box M, Balboa Heights, C.Z.

Editorial Offices are located in the Administration Building. Balboa Heights, C.Z.

sJndex

Chaquiras 3

From the wilds of western Panama comes the

Chaquira. Once an Indian warriors' ornament,

it has become a part of modern-datj jewelry.

Panama Independence - - 5

The Republic of Panama has two independence

days in November. Here is all the intrigue of the

historic events leading to those important days.

Section I__ 8

It's the flea market for the Canal Zone and has

everything from junked jeeps to bowling pins.

Mosquito Pest 12

Research by Canal Zone mosquito fighters may

some day lead to control.

Anniversaries 15

Radar Imagery 16

Mapmakers have discovered a new tool which

literally cuts through the fog.

Shipping Statistics 18

Food - - 20

Thanksgiving Panama style is what we feature on our food pages this month.

COPA -- 22

The skyways to Panama's progress opened on March 11, 1947, when COPA's flight number 1 departed from Albrook Air Force Base for To- cumcn International Airport.

The Olympics 24

The XI Central American and Caribbean Games

will bring up to 20,000 sports fans to Panama.

About 3,000 athletes will participate.

Florida State University 26

It has no football team, fraternities or snack bar,

but it provides the civil servant, the soldier,

and the citizen of Panama an opportunity for a

college degree.

Shipping 29

Historic Events 31

Our CoverJ

OUT OF THE high tropical forests and from the lowland

coast of northwestern Panama comes the chaquira—one

of tlie most colorful pieces of jewelry worn by modern women. Made by the Guaymi Indians, the chaquiras of

historic times were made of bone, shells, stone, and seeds

and were not as colorful as they are today.

With the invaluable assistance of Dr. Reina Torres de

Arauz, director of the National Museum of Panama, we

were able to invite a Guaymi family to display some of

the handmade chaquiras. Tlie setting is in a wing of the museum. In the background are ancient stone statues discovered on the slopes of Bani volcano at Barriles. The Indians are Mr. and Mrs. Dionisio Santos and their

infant daughter who travel to Panama City from their

highland home in Veraguas Province to sell the necklaces. He is wearing a ceremonial hat and a chaquira

which the Guaymi men wear during festive occasions.

The back page shows a layout of the chaquiras on top

of a large Guaymi ritual stone table. The photographs were taken by Panama Canal photographers Melvin D.

Kennedy, Jr. and Alberto Acevedo.

Historically, November is the most important month

for Panamanians. On November 3, 1903, the area which

is now the Republic of Panama gained its independence

from Colombia. November 10, 1821, was the first time

any community (Los Santos) in Panama had declared

freedom from Spain. And on November 28, 1821, Panamanian independence from Spain was proclaimed. For

the November Review, we chose the chaquira to s%'Tnbolize the historic past of Panama, and tlie Guaymies who

typify the spirit of freedom by never having been

subdued by either the conquistadors or modem man.

November 1969
fto«. Panama',

PnmWivc R»>i

corner il

fAsmonABie chaquira

TOP: Dressed up for a

festive occasion, a Guaymi

shows off his chaquira, ceremonial hat and

"Sunday" lie.

BOTTOM: A mirror adds

double beauty as pretty Mayra I. Calderon of Panama City adjusts her

colorful chaquira.

(See p. 4)
THE CHAQUIRA

By Jose T. Tunon

AN INDIAN warriors' ornament has

made its way from the primitive envi- ronment of the mountains of western Panama into the world of feminine

fashion, and it is winning women's

fancv. The ornament is the chaquira, a shoulder-wide collar of brightlv colored beads arranged in geometric designs now used by women for both da\-time

and evening wear. It is also still worn

today by the Guaymi Indian men, whose ancesters were the formidable

fighters the conquistadors rated among

the most skilled of all the warriors in the ^V'estem Hemisphere.

No longer the fierce warriors of vore, the present-day Guaymies, some 35,000

in all, live under the laws of Panama in the provinces of Veraguas, Chiriqui, and

Bocas del Toro. Their children attend Panama schools, but they still keep

aloof from people not of their own cul- ture and retain many of their aboriginal customs and practices.

The chaquira was first mentioned

by European historians in documents

dating back from the earh- part of the 17th Centur)-. It was quite different from today's ornament. The colors were

dull and it was not so tightl\- beaded as modern-day ones. It was fashioned of pebbles, pieces of bone, seeds, and sea

shells which the Indians colored with

homemade d\es.

Sold In Shops

The brightly colored beads and varied

designs of the chaquiras now being sold

in the shops reflect the Indian's presentday ability to buy beads of whate\'er

shape, size, or color needed.

Fray Adrian de Santo Tomas, who

ran a mission in 1622 in what is now

the towTi of Remedios, Chiriqui Province, described the chaquira as the ornament worn by Guavmi men during

their major festivals—a sort of emblem

of Guaymi nationalitv. The Spanish conquistadors found

three distinct Guaymi tribes in western Panama; each named after its chief; each spoke a different language. The

three big chiefs were Urraca, who ruled

in what is now Veraguas Province;

Nata, in the territory of the Province

of Code; and Parita, in the Azuero

Peninsula. Of the three, Urraca is the most

famous. He not only defeated the Spaniards several times, but was the only one among the rebel Indian chiefs who

FASHIONABLE—Three Panama Canal employees pause to talk about the chaquiras they have bought in various parts of Panama. Left to right are: Judith H. de Vasquez, Edna A. Kovel, and Carolyn L. Twohy.

forced a captain of the Spanish Empire,

Diego de Albitez, to sign a peace treat\

.

This was approximatelv 1522. His Feats A measure of Urraca's temper is provided by the account of his feats

after Albitez's successor betra\ed and

imprisoned the Indian chief. Sent in chains to Nombre de Dios on the Atlantic coast, probablv for transfer to Spain—according to historian Bartolonie de las Casas—Urraca escaped

and made his way back to the mountains, vowing to fight the Spaniards unto death. And he fulfilled his vow.

In his last years, Urraca's name was

so feared by the Spaniards that the^ avoided combat with his men. When

Urraca died in 1531, surrounded by

friends and relati\es, he was still a free man. He probabh' was laid in his grave with a chaquira covering his shoulders. After Urraca's death, the other Indian

chiefs carried on the fight against the white invaders, taking refuge in the

steep mountains of Veraguas and the Tabasara Range where the Spaniards'

ca\alry could not maneuver. By the 18th Centurv', the Guaymies

were divided into two large groups:

those of the tropical forest (in the high- lands of Veraguas and Chiriqui) and

those of the lowlands (along the Atlantic coast, from Rio Belen to Bocas del Toro). They never surrendered, fighting until the collapse of the Spanish

domination in the Americas.

In Oblivion

When Panama broke awav from Spain

and joined Colombia in the earlv 19th Century, the Guaymies remained in oblivion in their mountain villages.

Slowly they are now being incorjxj- rated into the national fold. Guavmi

teachers and law-enforcement officers help the effort. At the last graduation

of the Felix Olivares High School in David, Chiriqui, an honor graduate was

a Guaymi student. Miss Matilde Salinas.

Her ambition: to studv medicine and

to return to the mountains to work

among her people.

Other young Guaymies are leaving

their mountain homes in increasing

numbers to work in the banana plantations in Chiriqui and Bocas del Toro. They bring back new things and new

ideas which thev share with their elders —transistor radios among them.

While the chaquira remains a s\'mbol

of the Gua\mi culture, it is no longer

a treasured warrior's ornament fash- ioned painstakingly b\- female hands

within the closeness of the familv circle, but a vastly sophisticated commodity

to which mass production techniques

are being applied. Its production is an

established source of income for the Guaymies.

Small Shops

In olden times, it took perhaps as much as 4 months to fashion a single

chaquira. Today, in much less time,

dozens of the collars are produced in small shops to fill orders from the cities. And men now work side b\- side with women turning out the ornaments. Along the Inter-American Highwav

near Tole, the town closest to the Tabasara Range, Guaymies and bovs from

Tole peddle chaquiras of all sizes and

colors, starting from about $6. In fash- ionable Panama Citv shops, the collars

sell for $15 and up. Perhaps the very masculinitv that the chaquira symbolized centuries ago is the

intangible lure that has made it an orna- ment prized by women in modem times. The noted U.S. historian and archeologist Samuel K. Lothrop, in his "Ar- cheology of Southern Veraguas, Pan- ama," rated the Guavmi warriors thusly: "In the opinion of manv, the natives

of Veraguas should be ranked with the famous Araucanians of Chile as the out- standing fighters of the New World, a judgement shared b\' Spanish veterans who had served in both regions."

November 1969
Stirred by. the tVindd o/ Jllberty

Sdtnntiand CaUea fot 3naepenaence

From the early Nineteenth Century, Isthmians felt the stirrings

of independence—first from Spanish domination and tlien from a Colombian Government which teas draining the Isthmus

of its resources. In the early years, the valuable geographical

position of the Isthmus became the yoke that tied it to gold

hungry conquistadors. Later, that position became one of the Isthmus' most valuable assets for independence.

A-;*'

->^^,.

FREEDOM FROM SPAIN and voluntary union with the Gran Colombia Federation was

declared in this colonial town hall in Panama City on November 28, 1821. The town

meeting, called by the Citv Council, brought to an end 300 years of Spanish rule.

By Luis C. Noli

IF

THE PLAN for Panama's secession from Colombia in 1903 had been car- ried out as originally designed, Pan- amanians would hax'e one instead of two independence celebrations in the month of November. For the leaders had fi.xed November 28 of that year—the anniversarv of independence from Spain

82 years earlier— as the date on which

the new Republic would be proclaimed.

Though 82 \ears apart, the two

independence movements show inter- esting similarities. Both were carried out without discontent over the lack

of benefits to Isthmians from their country's privileged geographical position;

both were helped bv fortunate breaks

that assured swift success when every- one despaired; both were affirmed bv

municipal councils. The Nineteenth Century was still

\ oung when the winds of liberty reached

the Isthmus from the south. "This important Isthmus of Panama

was a degraded colonx', debased, be- reaved of representative government,

of civil libertv, of political rights," the

late Mariano Arosemena, a signer of the 1821 Declaration of Independence,

once related.

Sealed To Trade

"Despite its immense importance for communication between the oceans, it was hermetically sealed to trade and to foreign contact. As vassals of the King

i)f Spain, we Isthmians lived miserably,"

he said. "Other Spanish colonies in the Americas had revolted, but the Isthmus,

though longing to become independent,

could not possibly do so. His Catholic

Majesty kept this post of military strateg\' bristling with bavonets and besides

had made it the obligatory route for the war expeditions to Ecuador, Chile

and Peru and for replacements of naval

casualties, as well as of naval supplies,

armaments, munitions, equipment and

all that was required to suppl\- his armies in the armed conflict between

the government of the metropolis and

the countries under its domination in the new world, which had rebelled against it." The first step for independence,

(See p. 6)

The Panama Canal Review
DURING the War of the Thousand Days which was draining the Isthmus of men and resources, a detachment of Colombian Govern- ment troops prepares to enter Colon. It was led by Commandant Esteban Huertas, immediately behind the handle of the machine gun

to the left. According to Panamanian historians, Dr. Ricardo J. Alfaro and Ruben D. Carles, the photo was taken late in 1901. The U.S.

flags at the top of the buildings indicate that the establishments were neutral in the conflict. The civil war was a leading contributor to

^ Panamanian independence in 1903.

(Continued from p. 5)

according to Arosemena, was the founding in Panama Citv of a weekly newspaper—Isthmian Miscellany—"through

which we openly fought absolute rule, lack of civil and political liberties, bad

and depressive colonial laws, and the abominable slave traffic. . . ."

Spanish Force The break in 1821 came when a Spanish expeditionars' force set out from Panama for Ecuador. With the Spanish garrison depleted, the planners

in Panama Citv moved quicklv. A

fund was raised to bribe the remaining

Spanish troops. The independence fever had spread

to the interior of the colonv and on November 10, 1821, the Municipal

Council of Los Santos adopted a Declaration of Independence from Spain. The

anniversary of this first cr\' for inde- pendence on the Isthmus is observed

as a national holiday in the Republic

and is the first, chronologicallv speaking, of the independence holida\s falling

in November.

The Los Santos' declaration emboldened the leaders in Panama Citv and on November 28—the dav after the last of the remaining Spanish soldiers had quit the garrison—the Citv Council called a town meeting at which independence was proclaimed.

There was an important difference,

however, between the Los Santos and

Panama City declarations. The former

called for a republican regime; the

latter provided for voluntarv union with

the Gran Colombia Federation that the

"Liberator," Simon Bolivar, had forged

from the South American colonies he

had freed. The Panama Citv declaration pre- vailed and the Isthmus thus joined

neighboring Colombia, bringing to an end 3 centuries of Spanish rule. Within a decade, however, the Gran

Colombia Federation had broken up, but Panama remained as a department

(state) of Colombia which had now be- come New Granada. Isthmians, alread\

regretting their union with Colombia,

chafed at the bit. Independence at- tempts actually were carried out, though

with little permanent success, in 1830,

1831, 1840, and 1861. Fed Up

By the turn of the centur\-, Isthmians were thoroughh- fed up with conditions

and genuinely concerned about their

future. Construction of an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus had become a definite possibilitv, but: —The millions collected from the Panama Railroad had vanished to Colombia without benefit to the Isthmus

—A Colombian civil war between

Liberals and Conservatives, the War

of the Thousand Davs, had spread to the Isthmus, draining it of blood and

resources. —Worse vet from the Isthmians* standpoint, the Colombian Government was

preparing to reject a treatv with the United States for the construction of an

interoceanic waterwav across Panama.

The Coup

The actual plans for independence

in 1903 began around the month of June. A telegram signed by more than

2,000 residents of the Isthmus was dis- patched to the Colombian Government

in Bogota, warning of "anti-patriotic

sentiments" if the treaty was rejected.

B\ October, the revolutionists had set November 28 for the coup in order to have it coincide with the anniversary

of independence from Spain. But at daybreak on November 3, word

reached Panama Citv that a Colombian

cruiser had anchored off Colon and 500

troops had disembarked to take over

the Isthmian garrison.

That was what precipitated the

events. For the men in Panama had

learned that the Colombian Government, aware of the move for independence, had decided to send a large armed

force to the Isthmus to replace the Co- lombian battalion that had been on

6 November 1969
dut\- on the Isthmus for many years. While the alarmed schemers in Pan-

• ama Citv rushed about to consolidate

their plans, Panama Railroad officials denied passage by train to the Colombian troops which were forced to remain

in Colon. The Break

The commanders, however, decided

to travel to Panama City immediately,

with or without their troops. That was

to pro\e the break in 190.3. The Colombian expeditionary force was commanded by Generalissimo Juan

B. To\ar and a staff of six general of-

, ficers. At 11 o'clock that morning, they were received with military honors at the Panama Citv train station. With the populace sensing that the hour to do or die was approaching, the

dav's kev man made his decision and

his move. He was General Esteban Huertas,

commander of the Colombian garrison

in Panama. He was a self-made man

Born in Colombia in 1876, he had been

placed by his parents in a seminary at the age of 8 to studN' for the priesthood. But at 14 he ran awav and joined the armv as a drummer. He was first as- signed to Panama in 1890 as a sergeant

drummer.

Here he befriended bo\s of his age who as men were to be among the leaders of the independence plot in 1903.

Gallantry

Huertas' first tour of dutv in Panama

lasted 4 \ears. He was transferred to Colombia and when he was reassigned

to the Isthmus in 1896 already had won a lieutenant's commission. The

outbreak of the blood\' civil war in 1899

found him an artillery captain. His gallantr\' in action in some of the 35 combats in which he fought— 15 of them

at sea— won him quick promotions and

b\- 1902-at age 26-he held the rank

of general and was in command of the Batallon Colombia, garrisoned in Pan- ama Cit\'. He had lost his right hand in combat, had been wounded four other

times, and had been decorated five times

for valor and heroism,

In January, 1903, he married a Pan- amanian girl in Panama City and his

onl\' son from this marriage was born in October—both of which circumstances were to weigh heavilv on his decision

of November 3. For weeks prior to the coup, the Pan- amanian patriots—his bovhood friendshad been sounding out Huertas for support, but he had not committed himself. When the Colombian generals ar- rived in Panama Citv and Huertas' removal from command—and probabh'

his imprisonment for not having moved

against the plotters sooner—appeared to be a matter of hours, Huertas knew his moment of truth had come. He himself related in his memoirs

that decisive moment:

Ample Reason

"Alone, I walked to the walls of Las Bovedas (the colonial seawall fortress that served as his headquarters) and

with only my conscience as witness, I began to reflect. I realized that the Panamanian people were right and had

ample reason for wanting freedom and

independence.

"I remembered that here 1 had my

home, my son, my best friends, and

that I had come to this land while still verv \'oung. I remembered also that

all the Panamanians, without social or partv distinction, had shown me sincere

affection from the moment I stepped on Isthmian soil. And I arrived at the conclusion that neither my sword nor m\ men could stain themselves with the blood of a generous people who had

given me their friendship and who no\\' asked mv help to achieve their free- dom. . . . When I walked down from

Las Bovedas, I had already- planned all that 1 would do about an hour later." Huertas assembled his officers, told them of his decision and, having re- ceived assurances of their loyalty to him, ordered the arrest of the restless Colombian generals who already had come into Las Bovedas to remove

Huertas from command and order the troops out.

U.S.S. Nashville

Gen. Esteban Huertas

It was around 5;45 p.m., November

3, when Huertas made his move. The

populace, already gathered in Santa Ana Plaza—the traditional ralh ing point

of Panamanians—began advancing on

Las Bovedas. Huertas ordered his men

to rest arms and the civilians entered

the garrison to arm themselves.

Chinese Shopkeeper

The Colombian warship Bogota, an- chored in the ba\', fired three shells into the citv in a parting gesture of defiance. The sole casualtv was a Chinese shopkeeper.

As in 1821, the Citv Council made

the formal proclamation of independence, which was ratified the following

da\' at a town meeting.

There remained the threat of resist- ance by the 500 troops who had landed

in Colon. All day on the 4th, Col. Eliseo

Torres, in command of the troops in Colon, had been demanding the return

of the imprisoned generals. He had de- ploved his forces in the Atlantic side

cit\- and had threatened to open fire on

the civilian population.

U.S. Warship

But the arrival of the U.S.S. Nashville

off Colon with orders to keep the Isth- mus open to traffic proved the final break

the patriots needed, even as preparations were being made in the capital

to send an armed force to Colon. The presence of the warship is believed to have influenced the decision bv the commanding officer of the Co- lombian vessel that had brought the

troops to Colon to weigh anchor and

head back for Colombia, leaving the troops ashore. Realizing his now desperate position. Col. Torres finallv vielded to the proposal bv leaders of the conspiracy to take

his men back to Colombia aboard the steamship Orinoco upon receipt of 8,000

pesos in gold with which to pay the

troops, the generals to follow in a short

time. The steamship Orinoco, with the Colombian battalion on board, sailed from Colon at 7;25 p.m., November 5. "Only now, at 6:30 p.m.," read a telegram from the leaders of the inde- pendence movement in Colon to the newlv established Government Junta

in Panama City, "can it be said that Panama's independence is assured."
ABOVE: Margit L. Csighy, acting

disposal manager, shows now surplus

bowling pins can be glued together

and reiinished to make a room divider.

BELOW: Mrs. Joseph Casey of Ancon, a regular customer, searches through a pile of insulators for the

right one to adapt for use in her home.

BELOW RIGHT: Michael N. Ste- phenson, left, of Gatun, and Dr. Melvin Ottis, of Ancon, look for parts for the Army jeeps they are rebuilding.

"Section I"

Flea Market and

Metals Mine

By Willie K. Friar "HANDS OFF, please. These are our

files. They are not for sale." Such signs as this are a necessit\ in the Excess Disposal Unit of the Panama

Canal's Storehouse Division as enthusiastic customers bent on the search for bargains try to buv ever\ thing in the

building, e\en to the chairs and benches

used b\ the office employees.

Miss Margit L. Csigh\-, acting dis- posal manager, is no longer suiprised

to look up from her desk and find an

avid bargain seeker opening and closing the door to the office refrigerator and

asking, "How much?"

Located on Diablo Road, in a large

warehouse known to e\er\one as Section I, the E.xcess Disposal Unit is the Canal Zone's "flea market" with a constantly changing stock of surplus or junked items collected from Canal and

military sources. Section I is actually the Storehouse

Unit for supplying paints, acids, limes, fiberboard and other new building materials. The Excess Disposal Unit and

the Scrap and Salvage Unit are separate, but customers have labeled the whole operation Section I because that appears in large letters on the building.

Bargains

Prices are low and there are bargains

to be had whether one is looking for a marine clock or a weather balloon,

bowling pins or junked jeeps.

Hundreds of used library books sell steadih' at 10 cents each, and brand-

(See p. 10)

November 1969
ABOVE: The base for this table lamp is a filter from a diesel engine which has been

covered with a layer of tan straw matting.

Mrs. William Tope is a familiar shopper around "Section I." She and her husband.

Brig. Gen. William A. Tope, director of J-5, U.S. Southern Command, have used

the surplus items she bought there to make interesting decorative lamps, tables, and

other useful articles for their quarters at Quarry Heights. Above, Mrs. Tope displays

portable bar made from a mop cart. Below, she explains how she turned diesel filters, which sell for 50 cents, into Danish style hanging lamps by using hooks made from

coat hangers and inexpensive chain, and then spraying all with gold paint. Other

attractive and practical items which she and General Tope made in their spare time,

to add a more homelike atmosphere to their military quarters, are shown at left.

BELOW: This filing cabinet support, was

transformed into an oriental type table by

simply adding heavy wire mesh to the top.

The Panama Canal Review
(Continued from p. 8) new filing drawers, the 6 inches wide

variety, are available for onh' 50 cents. Bowling pins go for 25 cents each. What do people do with all these things? Miss Csighv often wonders

about some of the items, but customers have reported that bowling pins make

excellent lamps and with a little sanding, glue, and paint can be made into room dividers.

Transformation

Large, heavy coil springs have been

turned into candle holders, the filing drawers into receptacles for dress patterns, color slides, music tapes, and

plants. Discarded light fixture covers have been bought for bird baths and

feeders, and glass window louvres for shelves. Military ammunition boxes are always

in demand to be used as tool or shoe

polishing kits, and not even the most

ancient and delapidated chair sta\s long on the floor before it is claimed and

restored with tender care. •Carts designed for carrving mops,

buckets of water, disinfectant, and de- tergent for cleaning hospital floors, give no hint of their past use when, with

only slight alterations and refinishing,

the\ turn up in homes as portable bars.

Filters for diesel engines have been

transformed into Danish st\ le hanging

lights and bases for small tables. Electrical insulators ha\e been made into water fountauis for gardens.

Popular Item

Surplus weather balloons, which are turned in by the military from time to time, are a surprisingly popular item.

SixtN sold recently in less than a week.

The customers, for the most part, were

children, and one little bo\' spent an

entire week blowing up the' 6-foot bal- loon and then hung it from the chandelier in his room where it ser\'ed as a rather bulk)' partition to separate his bed from that of his younger brother. Another youngster, with much effort, inflated his on the second floor of his

home and when he started outside to play with it, discovered to his disma\

that there was no way to get it down the

stairs without letting out the air. A group of Girl Scouts used one to mark the site of their summer camp.

With new, strange, and unusual sur- plus and damaged merchandise coming

in all the time, there are regular cus- tomers who come by often just to see what is new. These include men and

boys who have bought the bodies of junked jeeps, which sell for $40 each,

and are constanth- looking for the parts

the\' need to reconstruct the vehicles and put them back in working condition.

Dashes In One jeep rebuilder, Dr. Melvin Ottis, of the Gorgas Hospital Opthalmologv

Service, dashes in frequentlv, straight

from work at the hospital. He's often

seen, still in his white uniform, search- ing in the scrap for that particular part

he needs at the moment.

Outside the building is the yard of the Scrap and Salvage Unit with masses

of scrap metal which to the untrained eye appear to be "junk piles."

Those piles of "junk" are veritable metal mines providing a valuable stock of reclaimed iron and steel, and on

closer inspection it is easy to understand why John J. McConaghy, foreman

of the Scrap and Salvage Unit, refers

to the yard as a metals supermarket. "Here the metals are separated, classified, priced, and placed in bins for sale

in much the same way as products aie put on the shelves in the retail stores," Mr. McConaghy explains.

Ferrous Metals

Each bin contains a different size ahd type of scrap metal classified for customers' convenience. Most of these

ferrous metals are sold to Panama.

In another building are barrels filled with small bits of nonferrous metals

Lifting the top on one reveals bright

brass scrapings salvaged from the sweepings of Canal Zone machine shop

SECTION I is actually the Storehouse

unit for supplying paints, acids, limes, fiberboard, and other new building

materials. Here workmen unload lumber at the warehouse on Diablo Road.

floors. In the scrap and salvage business

nothing is wasted. Once a year these

barrels of nonferrous metals are put up

for worldwide bids. At another site in the yard, an electrical cable stripper rips open the lead covering of discarded cable and out pops long ribbons of shiny copper wire. Here, also, a baling machine is hard at work pressing mounds of metal drums,

doors, and an assortment of bulk\- items

into small square bales. High above the work area in the seat

of a giant crane equipped with a SK-ton magnet, Leavell Kelly, leader, operating engineer, pushes levers and lifts different sizes of scrap pieces and places

them in the right bins. A scale built into the crane weighs the loads.

Pigs and Ingots

Salvaged bolts and nuts are separated

according to size and are sold by the

ton. Stacked in a shelter are neat rows

of "pigs," silver colored bars formed

b\- melting down various items made

of lead. Articles made of aluminum are melted into ingots, which are about one third the size of a lead pig.

The most valuable metal processed

here is monel, a combination of copper and nickel selling currently for 61 centi^ a pound. About 1,000 pounds of this highly prized metal are salvaged, processed, and sold annualh'. Both the Scrap and ' Salvage Unit

and the Excess Disposal Unit provide

a \\orthwhile and remunerative service

for the Canal organization, the Naw,

Army, and Air Force through the processing, reclaiming, salvaging, and sell- ing of items and materials that, otherwise, would be not onlv a total loss but would litter the landscape.

And it is only incidental that in the

process they provide a happv hunting

ground for the treasure hunter or antique collector and stimulate the imagination of those who just v\ant to make

something unusual out of something

ordinary or something ordinary out of something unusual.

10 November 1969
cabl^sirlf^il^

40 » * 4» • « «

The Surplus and Salvage Yard

ABOVE LEFT: John J. McConaghy, left, foreman, Scrap and Salvage Yard, looks on as Esau Young, center, foreman nonferrous metals, and Telmo Gonzalez, right, burner, operate the cable stripping machine in the yard.

ABOVE RIGHT: The baling machine presses a large pile of bulky scrap into a compact cube in one quick operation.

LOWER LEFT: Clarence Markland, scrap sorter, looking like a space traveler in his protective helmet, melts down aluminum

and molds it into ingots. The aluminum ingots, some still in the molds, are seen behind him. LOWER RIGHT: Leavell F. Kellv, leader, operating engineer, sorts scrap using a crane equipped with a 3V2-ton magnet.

The Panama Canal Review 11
A SUBTLE WAR AGAINST

THE ELUSIVE MASONIA

xMOSQUlTO COUNTRY-The Chagres River near Gamboa.

"Mosquitoes: Flying insects with a damnably poisonous bite, which

every one except hotel managers

has seen, heard, or suffered from."

Wanderings and Diversions: The Continental Dictionary.

WITHOUT THE NEED for even a smidgen of proof, it can be said for certain that everybod\- on the Isthmus

of Panama has seen, heard, or suffered from the mosquitoes—including hotel managers. But what to do about them? Give up

and give the spindly legged devils their bucket of blood? Fight them with slaps

and spray? Or follow in the footsteps

of one of the most famous mosquito

battlers of all time-Col. William C. Gorgas-and fight the mosquito on his home ground?

During the early Panama Canal construction da\s, Colonel Gorgas and his

staff won the war over Aedes aeg^pti. the yellow fever mosquito, with his army of sanitation workers. And he all but conquered the Anopheles malaria

mosquitoes. But there lurked in the dark, damp

of the jungle another clan-one of the most voracious yet discovered—the Mansonia.

Most Common

This group comprises the most com mon of the mosquito species in the

Canal Zone and lives in close association with various aquatic plants around

the shores of Gatun Lake, especially in the Chagres River near Gamboa.

Successful at controlling \ellow fever and malaria species in the Canal Zone

and in many places in Panama, mosquito fighters are being met with new

problems in the battle against Mansonia.

The best type of mosquito control is that which attacks the immature forms

before they reach adulthood. This has

been accomplished in the past h\ applying a to.xic dust or suffocation oil to the surface of the water where most mosquito larvae and pupae must go for air. But immature Mansonia do not go

to the surface to breathe. Instead, the\

remain several inches to more than a

foot below the water's surface attached

to the aerated roots of floating aquatic

plants.

Special Tubes

These creatures have special breath- ing tubes which they can insert into the oxygen-rich centers of the hollow

plant roots. Here they remain attached

for a month or more feeding on microorganisms and decayed plant tissue

until their development to the adult

stage. Mansonia mosquitoes had been con

sidered primarily- of pest importance

until recently.

The importance of these mosquitoes

came to the forefront as the result of an epidemic in 1967 of Venezuela Equine

Encephalitis in the vicinity of Cali, Colombia. Many horses died and some humans became ill. In Panama, most

horses are immune to the disease. Investigations led to the Mansonia

mosquitoes as the responsible carriers during this outbreak, giving even greater

emphasis to the present studies being

made by the Division of Sanitation.

Voracious Pest Mansonia became the target of Canal

Zone mosquito fighters in the earlv

I960's. The mission was to devise a

naturalistic method of controlling the voracious pest insects which breed bv

the millions in the Chagres River. Natural control got off to a disappointing start when an experiment using ten manatees or "sea cows" to gobble up

plants supporting Mansonia mosquitoes

failed. The manatees could not eat the proliferous aquatic vegetation fast enough.

It was estimated that up to 2,000 of the curious looking sea cows would have

been required to do the job—an unrealistic number.

Not willing to declare the mosquitoes

the winners, in June 1968, Melvin M.

Boreham, the Canal Zone medical entomologist, submitted a proposal to the Health Bureau to carry out a research

project to find out the basic biological

12 November 1969
LEFT: Mass of about 200 eggs on float of a water primrose plant. CENTER: Mansonia larva attached to water lettuce root to obtain air from hollow interior. RIGHT: Arrow points to scar on the ovarian follicle tube of a Mansonia mosquito.

T -«'

information necessar)' for the development of an effective Mansonia control program. The same month, Health Director Col. H. Haskel Ziperman gave

his full support to the project.

Little Know

At the outset of the investigations,

ver\' little of a biological nature was known about the Mansonia in the Canal

Zone region.

Some of the questions which needed

to be answered were: Which plants were utilized b\' each of the seven dif- ferent species of Mansonia? How long

do the immature forms take to develop

into adults? How long does the adult female live and how many times does

she lav eggs? How far below the surface do the larvae attach to the plant roots? A bit of intrigue has entered the mosquito investigations. A new species

of Mansonia never before known to science was discovered in Julv 1968

living in the Chagres River. While collecting larvae near Gamboa,

immature mosquitoes were obtained

which could not be identified. More

of them were collected and raised to

maturits". Boreham took the samples to the Universitv of California where Dr

John N. Belkin, a world famous mosquito expert, confirmed that the species was indeed new.

Mosquito Leber

A technical description is now being

written b\ Boreham and a scientific illustrator is finishing drawings. The

description will be published in an en- tomological journal in the near future. The new species will be named in honor

of Canal Zone Governor W. P. Leber

The front line in this war agains'

mosquitoes is the Chagres River, fron^ Gamboa to the Chilibre River. Without the Chagres and its inex- haustible water supply the Panama Ca-

(See p. 14)

MANSONIA TEAM—.4fter setting up Mosquito collection tent in the damp jungle near Gamboa, three members of the Mansonia research team pose for the photographer. From

left are: Pastor Ghave/,, MeK in \f. Btircliam. aiul Inocencio Leguia.

COLLECTORSInocencio Leguia holds

a cage over the head

of Pastor Chavez who

collects mosquitoes

with a batterypowered vacuum

device.

The Panama Canal RE\aEW 13
LEFT: Mel Boreham points to a photo

enlargement of Mansonia larva.

(Continued from p. 13)

nal would not have been possible. But

it has always been a giant insect incubator, and human habitation along its shores is, to say the least, uncomfortable.

Research activities are carried out at the main Medical Entomologv Laboratory at Coco Solo Hospital and at a small field laboratory located in the Gamboa Health Center.

Three Aides

Boreham has three biological aides

to assist him plus a student assistant during the summer. Pastor Chavez and

Inocencio Leguia are stationed at the main laboratory while Luis Palma works

at the Gamboa facilitv. Michael King

worked as a student assistant during the summer of 1968 and Rhoda Gordon

worked last summer. Twice a week Boreham and some of

his aides make field trips along the Chagres collecting live adult mosquitoes

and lar\'ae. On arrival at one of the

several collection sites, temperature and

humidity readings are made and a re- cording thermograph is checked.

Xewly emerged adult mosquitoes are

collected from cage-like traps which

had been placed over the aquatic plants on the previous trip. A batterv-powered vacuum device is used to suck the mosquitoes into a small screened container

at its tip. At one point the men walk into the

jungle and allow hungry Mansonia fe- males to attack. The vacuum device is used to capture the mosquitoes-hopefuIK- before they have a chance to bite the collectors. All of the specimens are taken to the main laboratory for identification and rearing.

Technique

A laboratory technique has been

developed b\- the entomologist so that larvae hatched from eggs collected in the wild can be reared to adults. It has been found that it takes from 2.5 to 40

days before the adult is read\- to emerge. Most other mosquitoes need onlv a week

or so for this development.

Another phase of the stud\- is to find out how long the female mosquito li\es

in nature and how man\ times she is capable of la\ ing eggs. Dr. Lewis T. Nielsen, a mosquito

expert from the University of Utah, came to the Canal Zone in Decembei

1968 as a consultant to the Mansonia

project. He and Boreham developed a technique involving the dissection of the female mosquito to examine the ovary tissue for scars left bv previous

egg Ia\ings.

Each time eggs are developed, a scar forms on the small tubes through

which the eggs must pass. B\- examining these tubes under a powerful micro- scope these scars can be counted making

it possible to estimate the approximate

age of the mosquito.

1,400 Mosquitoes

Miss Gordon dissected approximatelv

1,400 mosquitoes last summer and

found that Mansonia mosquitoes were

capable of laying eggs at least two

and possibly three times during their

lifetime. The female mosquito feeds on blood

only to provide food for her eggs. After her blood meal, she rests in the vegetation and develops the eggs. She

then lays them on the leaves of aquatic

plants in masses of up to 200 or more. These hatch in about a week to start the cycle again.

The basic Mansonia project is ex- pected to be completed b\- the end of 1970. But then what? Will Mansonia

ever be controlled? Boreham thinks control is possible.

"New insecticides continue to be

developed along with more effective methods of application, most of which

haven't been tried on Mansonia mosquitoes," he said.

"It's also possible that we can work

BELOW: Luis Palma examines insects at Gamboa laboratory, and Miss Rhoda Gordon carefully dissects a female Mansonia mosquito.

together with the Dredging Divison's Water Hyacinth Control people who

are interested in controlling manv of the same plants which support Mansonia

breeding."

Mel Boreham and his team of mosquito fighters may never attain the romantic aura that historv gave to Gorgas and his men, but thousands of aiea residents—U.S. and Panamanian;,

alike-will owe a debt of gratitude to them if a successful control method can

be found. Manufacturers of insect repellent, and

the insects, mav be the onl\ losers. -L.R.G.

14 November 1969
=ANNIVERSARIES=

(On the basis of total Federal Service)

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

DIVISION

Donald P. Peart Bindery and Finish Worker

MARINE BUREAU

Ronald A. Archbold

Leader Seaman

William B. Davis

Helper Lock Operator

SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY

SERm;E BUREAU

Alexander A^JIoller Lead FQ||m|n, trouiJSs #lain%n%ice

Egj^pal^ Cfceral ENGI ION

Nathaniel Al

Leader Seaman

Joseph C. Stair Carpenter

Charles Edwards

Motor Launch Operator

Reginald H. Lloyd

Painter Jocelyn DeCosta

Supply Clerk Richard Stephens B. Oiler (Floating Plant) HEALTH BUREAU

Kenneth A. Brathwaite X-Ray F"ilm Developer

Eathon G. D. Bruce

Nursing Assistant (Psychiatry)

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

DIVISION

Lionel D. Best Leader, Duplicating Machine Operator

Harold I. Perantie

Office Services Manager

Chief, Administrative Services Division OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER

John Montanye

Systems Accountant Elmer J. Nordstrom

Rates Anal)'st Hugh W. Cassibry Rates Analyst

Ira N. C. Read

Accounting Technician PERSONNEL BUREAU

Robert D. Kelly

Employee Relations Clerk MARINE BUREAU

Winston E. DaCosta

Motor Launch Operator

Agustin C. Gibbs

Leader Seaman

Laureano Torres

Helper, Lock Operator

Ralph G. Small Carpenter

Alfred C. Blackman

Truck Driver (Heavy)

Seymour A. Price Painter Lloyd A. Gilkes Line Handler (Deckhand) M. de J. Chiquilani

Painter John F. Meehan

Pilot George J. Booth

Safety Officer Herbert A. Greene, Jr. Admeasurer

Cleveland A. Dennis

Toolroom Attendant

Joseph E. Jones Carpenter Lucas Scott Motor Launch Operator

Claude E. Burgess

Time and Leave Clerk

Alfred L. Springer

Towing Locomotive

John A. Bowen

Time and Leave Clerl Vincent D. Ridge

Foreman-Marine Woodwork

Drvdocking

Ralph Curies

Master-in Charge, Ti Eugene E. Hamlin, Jr. Supervisory Admeasui

Juan Magan

Linehandler

George T. Fitzgerald Chief Engineer, Towboat

Angel M. Sanchez Boatman (Locks)

Lackland A. Manning

Oiler (Floating Plant) Aubrey R. Sealey Motor Launch Operator

Casimiro Palacios Oiler /Floating Plant) Erirk H. Henry

Motor Launch Operator

Bvon A. Morcan

L'nehan'^ler 'Deckhand)

Dominco Rodrieuez

Seaman (Launch)

Virpilio Sanchez

Truck Driver Joseph E. Best Crane Hookman (Heavy)

Marcelino F. Goumet

Crane Hookman (Heavy)

Charles R. Klumpp

Towing Locomotive Operator (Locks) Pablo Ceballos Carpenter

Kasper G. Alleyne Boilermaker (Maintenance)

Frank J. Brennan

Leader, Flame Cutter, Scrap

George L. Smith

Launch Dispatcher Marcell Aldegon

Teletypist

Ruben A. Padmore

Marine Traffic Clerk TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS

BUREAU

Percival A. Shan

Truck Driver

Clifton O. Bailey Chauffeur Rupert L. Bovell Maintenanceman (Dock)

Carl E. Jordan Messenger (Motor Vehicle Operator)

Donald C. Parker General Foreman (Fuel Operations)

Rupert G. Lindsay

Truck Driver Conrad A. Williams Mobile Equipment Mechanic

(Organizational)

A. Parkins der (High Pressure) ordan endant

lony

rown

Handling Equipment

Repairman

Reynolds M. Dixon

School Bus Driver Pablo Brown

School Bus Driver

Albert Elliott Chauffeur Georee Layne

Chauffeur

Alexander Melbourne

Chauffeur

Ignacio M. Grant Truck Driver Rodolfo Z. Wilson

Chauffeur Theodore A. Lewis

Liquid Fuels Valve Manifold Operator

Manuel J. Muiioz R.

(Painter (Coach) Fauslino Garrido Laborer (Heavy)

Fred L. Rayboum

General Foreman, Automotive

Equipment Repair

Cleophus A. Parris Motor Vehicle Dispatcher

Louis B. McGoff

Supervisory Cargo Checking Assistant Gomett H. Hartley

Supervisory Clerk (See p. 30)

The Panama Canal Review 15
^-!^>

A RADAR image of the Canal Zone shows the Pacific entrance to the Canal at far right.

^

MOUNTAINS are

discovered, rivers

and coastlines realigned,

and natural resources are

indentified by the new

technique of Side Looking

Airborne Radar—or SLAR

for short. Its results turn

into radar imagery. SLAR

can see through clouds and

pinpoint geographic sites

never before recorded.

RADAR IMAGERY

THE ma?ma;<er's friend

By Jean Bailey

FOR YEARS, the constant cloud cover and smoke haze over parts of Panama

and Colombia have defeated aerial photographers trying to get the photo

coverage necessary for modern topographic maps. Now, a new technique. Side Looking

Airborne Radar (SLAR), is being used

through the efforts of the U.S. Armv Inter American Geodetic Survev (JAGS).

This SLAR process results in what ap- pears to be an aerial photograph, but

actually is radar imagerv.

The eternallv cloud-covered swamplands and mountains of Darien Province

in the Republic of Panama were se- lected as the site of the first radar mapping effort in Latin America. Earlv

in 1967, Westinghouse Electric Corp!,

working with lAGS, the U.S. Arm\'

Topographic Command, and the Institute Geografico Nacional "Tommv

Guardia" of Panama, obtained a radar mosaic of this important area, which

is adjacent to one of the proposed sites for a new sea level canal. Although the preparation and groundwork took much longer, the actual liv- ing time on this project was onlv 6 davs. The end result showed some significant errors in earlier maps.

Off 90 Degrees

For instance, it was found that a

short mountain range had been misalined about 90° and, in two locations,

mountains hitherto unrecorded now

could be plotted.

The mosaic corrected alignment of major river valleys, and depicted the

coastline, one river and a peninsula with

greater accuracv. Further investigation disclosed that some information on vegetation tvpes, water supply, geology, and other natural resources data could be interpreted

from the new product.

Radar imagery is a record of the

interaction of electromagnetic waves

transmitted to earth and received in nonuniform radar return. The natural

surfaces of the terrain break up the radar scan of overlapping strips. The

moisture content of soil and plant life, the degree of vegetation and its surface contour all afi^ect the radar return.

Electro Beams

To map in detail. Side Looking Air- borne Radar scans in overlapping strips. A converter aboard the airplane changes

the radar signals into electro beams,

which flash across a displa\' cathode-rav

tube. A special camera records each line on moving film to produce an image

which resembles a photograph.

Bodies of water are verv "photogenic" on Side Looking Radar. Thev are well

defined, "no return" areas due to their smooth horizontal surfaces. Water reflects the radar beam smoothly while

banks and swampv vegetation cause

the beam to rebound and produce a sharp edge. As in all mapping operations, mechanically obtained data must be related

to known locations on the earth's sur16 November 1969
'.'^j:f>''. y^^^t *»J'^

^==«3f=:„ r^i^^^^' ^ -Pa '^Sk^

»•> ".

^-—^ -r

THE SUN shines uii Gamboa, but clouds cover Caillard Cut and Gatun Lake. Fog and

clouds are common during much of the rainy season and prevent aerial photography.

f UZJ

face. Aluminum radar reflectors, each one consisting of a cluster of four corner

reflectors measuring 55 feet on a side and 3.9 feet high, were used to position the aircraft. Each reflector of each

cluster gave coverage of 60° in the azi- muth plane and from 15° to 75° in the

elevation plane.

During the work on the Darien, lAGS

was responsible for clearing and erect- ing these reflectors on existing geodetic

control stations located throughout the

area. This involved clearing the jungle

growth around each station to provide

line of sight visibility to the aircraft. Where trees were taller than 25 feet, a circular area of 360 feet in diameter

had to be cleared around each reflector. By Cayuco

Manv of the stations could onlv be

reached on foot after travehng the waterwa\s b\' ca\uco. Wherever possible, helicopters from the lAGS Aviation Element were used to haul the

reflectors and personnel. As a direct result of the success of the Darien radar mosaic, Westinghouse was asked to undertake making radar mosaics of the other "gap" areas in the Panama photo coverage plus Pacific coastal area of Colombia. This has now

been completed with most of the practical groundwork being performed b\- members of the Instituto Geografico

Nacional "Tommy Guardia" of Panama

and the Instituto Geografico "Agustin

Codazzi" of Colombia. At last, after \ears of tr^•ing to over- come the obstacle of continuous cloud

cover, mapmakers have a new tool which literally cuts through the fog.

A MOSAIC is put together by Jose M. Saenz, left, director of the National Geographical

Institute of Panama, and George Richardson, lAGS project engineer.

Mrs. Jean Bailey is the technical information officer for the Army

Inter American Geodetic Survey.

The Panama Canal Review 17
CANAL COMMERCIAL TRAtTIC BY NATIONALITY OF VESSELS
going south, every weekend during the

entire year. These vessels stop at Balboa on each trip.

Largest In World

The France, the largest passenger ship

in the world in active service, will arrive

at Cristobal February 3 on a Caribbean

cruise which starts in New York. Appro.ximately 1,500 passengers will be

making the cruise aboard this magnifi- cent ship. On March 2, the Renaissance,

another French liner, is due to call at Cristobal with approximately 300 pas- sengers on a Caribbean cruise. The Renaissance will stop at the San Bias Is- lands for a visit.

Italy's two largest passenger liners, the Michelangelo and the Rafaello of the Italian Lines, both of 45,000 tons,

will be coming to the Isthmus. The

Michelangelo is due to arrive at Cris- tobal February 7, on a Caribbean cruise originating at New York. The Raffaello, on a similar voyage, will arrive at Cris- tobal April 2 and plans to stop at the San Bias Islands for several hours. She

will be the largest passenger liner ever

to stop at the islands.

First Time

Italian Lines' Leonardo Da Vinci of 33,000 tons will transit the Canal for the first time March 8, southbound, on

a Caribbean cruise and Pacific voyage. She will return to the Isthmus March

30 and berth at Balboa and transit the Canal the following day, continuing through the Caribbean on her re- turn to New York, where all Italian

ciniise ships begin and end their trips

this season. Andrews & Co. has announced that the Empress of Canada is scheduled to make two stops at Cristobal this season

as part of its winter cruise. The Empress

will dock at Cristobal on February 24

and again on March 19. Shota Rusfaveli, a Russian liner, is due at Cristobal December 3 and February 9, on cruises organized by an

English company.

Aranda of the Shaw Saville Lines is coming to Balboa November 25 and will

transit the Canal the following day and

continue on her regular voyage from

Australia to the United Kingdom. The

Southern Cross, also of Shaw Saville,

will make the same voyage and arrive

at Balboa November 26. Other cruise ships, represented locally

bv Pacific Ford, S.A., are the Stella Oceanis, which will dock at Cristobal on Decembei' 30, and depart on a Car- ibbean Cruise 28 hours later. On Jan uary 20, 1970, and on February 10, this (See p. 29)

PRINCIPAL COMMODITIES SHIPPED THROUGH THE CANAL

(All cargo figures in long tons) Pacific to Atlantic

Commodity

Ores, various Boards and planks

Sugar

Iron and steel plates, sheets and coils Petroleum and products

Iron and steel manufactures,

miscellaneous

Metals, various Bananas Food in refrigeration

(excluding bananas)

Fishmeal

Pulpwood

Plywood and veneers Petroleum coke

Salt Iron and steel wire, bars, and rods.

All others

TotalFirst Quarter, Fiscal Year

1970

1,214,546

748,327

735,529

689,053

534,979

371,343

369,575

303,068

291,200

288,192

278,237

260,527

242,136

233,872

174,657

2,989,886

9,725,127

1969

1,231,354

806,677

741,682

820,697

150,126

315,711

329,865

296,801

274,150

414,055

282,618

208,441

86,530

65,351

146,094

2,658,063

8,828,215

5-Yr. Avg. 1961-65

282,514 N.A.

693,908

N.A.

490,599

N.A.

274,741

274,753

196,404 N.A.

130,271 N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

N.A.

5,000,241

7,343,431

Atlantic to Pacific

Commodity

First Quarter, Fiscal Year

1970

Coal and coke Petroleum and products

Com

Phosphates

Metal, scrap Sorghum

Soybeans

Ores, various Sugar

Metal, iron Rice

Chemicals, unclassified Paper and paper products

Fertilizers, unclassified Autos, trucks, accessories, and parts_

All others

Total 18,102,286

4,837,780

3,826,069

1,199,726

963,716

932,041

653,914

548,990

517,309

506,271

258,322

238,662

227,763

225,808

163,660

155,868

2,846,387

1969

3,544,096

4,199,180

736,428

1,225,062

704,733

556,250

486,988

397,495

262,432

373,884

149,353

161,048

227,5.36 123,103

141,227

3,117,337

16,406,152

5-Yr. Avg. 1961-65

1,521,383

2,848,139

299,197

497,992

812,008 N.A.

279,937

70,671

367,986

48,694

28,632

161,332

108,532

103,381

72,861

2,205,883

9,426.628

CANAL TRANSITS - COMMERCIAL AND U.S. GOVERNMENT
Culinary

Capers

By Fannie P. Hernandez

THAXKSGIVIXG, the day we give

thanks for the man\' blessings of the

past year, is just around the corner. In many homes preparations already have

begun for this event which is the "eat- ingest" dav of the \ear. Whenever there

are U.S. citizens, housewives are bus\'

with plans for family reunions, lavish dinners, and rejoicing with friends and

relatives. The turkey—traditional symbol of the

feast—is in the freezer. Pumpkin and

mincemeat pies have been baked. Cupboards overflow with fruits and nuts, cranberry sauce, jars of pickles, relishes and olives, small white onions for creaming, and other trimmings. All await

the expert hand of the hostess for the

yearly ritual. The adventurous cook or hostess who

is not too timid to draw on another

cultural heritage for culinary inspira- tion ma)- enjoy preparing a Thanksgiving dinner Panama stvle. The ob- servance of this happy dav is as good

as any to learn of native favorites and

food features of the locale. Adapting some of the native foods

of Panama to the Thanksgiving menu

which North Americans have preserved

since Colonial times may be a challenge,

and fun. Many Nations Panama's cooking has been influenced over the centuries bv the people of many nations. The Spanish settlers, the Negro slaves, the French, Italians, Chinese, Hindu, and since Canal construction da\s, the Yankees, have left on

the Isthmus vestiges of their cultures and their kitchens.

The culinar\' habits of Panama have

been shaped bv the fruits, vegetables,

and herbs native to the country, the abundance of fish, and local animals

and fowl. The even, tropical temperature per- mits a large number of fruits and vegetables to be available throughout the vear in Panama markets and at stalls along the roadside in the Interior. Meat

and fowl are plentiful all year. DouTi through the years, Panama

has developed its own "cuisine" replete

with delicious dishes that are appetizing

and distinct. Seasoning is the secret in Panama's kitchens just as it has been

since primitive cooks added a bit of this and that to enhance the flavor or tex- ture of the daily nourishment. Two

flavoring agents work near miracles

in Panama cookerv, the "recao verde"

and achiote.

Epicurean Pleasure The mere aroma of "recao verde,"

which fills the air with a sweet pungent

bouquet, lifts ordinar\' food into the realm of epicurean pleasure. "Recao

verde" is a combination of herbs—sweet

basil, culantro, parslev, and thvme,

chopped onion, tomatoes, green pepper, and crushed garlic cooked in a little

oil or butter. It makes the difference when added to sauces, stews, meats,

fish, fowl and vegetables.

Achiote, the brownish-red seeds found in the market and cooked in a spoonful of lard, adds the magic of color and mild flavor much like that imparted by paprika and saffron. A menu for a special holiday dinner

in Panama mav include hors d'oeuvres

of sweet sausages cooked in Malaga

wine, pejibaye—the red or yellow fruit that grows in clusters on a palm tree—

or the favorite of favorities, seviche,

fish "cooked" in lime juice and hot peppers. There may be a roast turkey or arroz con polio, tamales steamed in tender banana leaves, baked plantain,

mashed yucca and a dessert of "glory

soup" or "flan."

Sweet Sausages

Here is the recipe for the sweet

sausages in wine, which are reallv little meatballs with a taste that's different.

1 lb. lean pork 1 tsp. salt

1 clove garlic % Up. nutmeg

2 small onions 'A tsp. cinnamon

1 cup Malaga wine S cups brown

'm tsp. allspice sugar % tip. black pepper 2 cloves % cup water 1 stick cinnamon

1 small bunch toothpicks

parsley

Grind the p>ork with the garlic,

onions, sprig of parsle\-, and powdered

condiments and one tablespoon of wine.

Mix well and let stand for 2 hours. Take a le\el teaspoon of the mixture

and roll into balls the size of a marble.

In a heav\- frsing pan place the water,

stick of cinnamon, cloves, and brown

sugar. When this boils, drop in the meatballs and add the wine. Cook

slowlv, stirring often until the meatballs have absorbed the liquid and are dark brown. Remove and insert toothpicks. Spear a little parsle)' through the toothpick first to give it that gourmet

touch.

20 November 1969
Here is one guaranteed to add zip and

even a little "fire" to your holiday

repast.

Seviche

Cut up 2 pounds of corbina into bite

size pieces. Put the fish in a glass bowl

and cover with a dressing made of lime juice, ¥2 teaspoon sugar, a dash of Worcestershire sauce, salt, and pepper

to taste. Add two medium onions, sliced

ver\- thin (a potato peeler works just

fine as it shaves the onion) and 4 or 5

little, \ellow hot peppers without the

seeds, slivered verv thin. Mix all to- gether, cover the bowl and let stand in refrigerator overnight. Stir and taste. Add more salt if necessary, or more

peppers if it isn't hot enough. Or re- move bits of pepper if it is too hot! Serve with saltines. Panama, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia,

each claim seviche as their very owti. No matter where the first seviche was

concocted, it is by far the most popular "bite size" food in Panama. Any

white fish or seafood will do to make

seviche and there are many versions

for making this gastronomic delight.

Bocas

To prepare the "bocas" (as hors

d'oeuvres are called in Panama) of pejibave, boil them in salted water for half an hour and peel. Cut in half, discard

the pit and fill the cavity with mayonnaise or butter. The nutt\- flavored fruit which is available from September to December, has the meaty taste of sweet

potatoes or chestnuts and a slight flavor of peanuts. It is especially good as a snack with cold drinks.

Tamales

Tamales are made of rice or corn and are a typical dish of Mexico, Central America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Caribbean area. Each

country has its own version of the tamale

and may call it by another name. They

are a little time consuming to prepare, but the end result is well worth thp

effort. Small tamales are served as hors d'oeuvres at Panamanian cocktail

parties and sometimes at teas. To prepare Panamanian tamales,

which are made of com, first make a good stew with 1 pound of pork and

132 pounds of chicken. Cut the meat

into chunks and add the ingredients of "recao verde" such as chopped tomatoes, onion, garlic, oregano, green peppers, salt, and pepper. Add a small can

of tomato paste and a little water. Cook

slowh- until the meat is tender.

\\'hile this is cooking, wash 1 pound

of crushed grain corn and boil until soft. Drain and grind it to make a dough.

Add }i pound lard to the com dough

and knead well. Pour a little of the sauce from the stew in the dough and

stir until the dough is soft and manageable. Add salt to taste. Put a portion

of the dough on a piece of banana leaf which has been dipped in boiling water

to tenderize it. (First grease the leaf where the dough is to be placed). Spread

the dough, put pieces of meat, olives, capers, pickles, prunes and a little sauce on the dough. Co\er with more com

mi,xture. Wrap the tamales as you would

a package, tving with string to make

sure the\' are sealed. Place in boiling

salted water and cook for 32 hour.

Plantain

One of the most important contributions to Isthmian cookery is the plantain, the big banana-like vegetable in season

all vear. This versatile vegetable should

alwas'S be cooked whether green or ripe.

It is used in soups, stews, fried, mashed

or baked. For a delicious treat serve baked plantain in place of candied

sweet potatoes with \our Thanksgiving

dinner. Plantains mav be baked in the

skin or peeled. Here is a recipe for the peeled method:

Remove the skin from 2 or 3 ripe

plantains, depending on the number of dinner guests. Partly split through the

center lengthwise and remove the dark

vein. Fill with pieces of butter and

brown sugar. Pour a cup of sherr\' o\er

the plantains and bake for I hour at 350 degrees. If liquid should evaporate

before the plantains are soft, add a

little water.

Turkey

A turkev will grace a Panamanian

dinner table only on the most special

occasions such as Christmas and New

Year's. For a culinary adventure and a

tastv treat, try this Panamanian-style

dressing for the Thanksgiving turkev. The following recipe should be suflB- cient to stuff a 14 pound bird.

232 lbs. fresh lean pork, cut in pieces

1 chopped onion

1 chopped tomato

1 tsp. oregano

culantro, a few leaves

1 tsp. soy sauce

1 tsp. Worcestershire sauce

1 tsp. vinegar

salt and pepper to taste Mix all the ingredients and place in refrigerator for about 4 hours. Then

cook over medium heat until the meat

is tender. When cool put through a meat grinder and add:

1 cup raisins 12 olives 4 hard cooked eggs, chopped

2 tbsp. capers and 2 tbsp. juice

from capers Mix well and stuff turkey and roast according to usual method.

; Dessert :

To bring the Thanksgiving feast to a grand finale, here is the recipe for "Sopa de Gloria" which is not a soup

at all but a delicious cake with custard sauce and rum or port wine.

2, 8-inch sponge cakes

1 quart water

1 large can condensed milk

1 large can evaporated milk 3 eggs, separated 2 tbsp. corn starch

1 tsp. vanilla

'a lb. sugar a cup rum or 1/3 cup port a tsp. almond extract 3 sticks cinnamon

a pinch of salt

Put the water, milk, sugar salt, corn

starch and cinnamon stick in pan and

cook over low heat for 10 minutes. Beat egg yolks in cup and add 2 tbsp. water. Remove milk mixture from fire and add egg yolks, stirring well. Add

vanilla and let cool. Cut sponge cake

into squares and place in a pyrex dish. When mixture is cool, add rum or wine

and cover pieces thoroughly. Make a meringue with the egg whites and % lb. sugar. Cover cake with meringue and

place in hot oven for 2 or 3 minutes to brown slightly. Serve cold.

(Illustrations by Carlos Mendez)

The Panama Canal Review 21
COPA = PROGRESS

<>!= V

HP .

II

MECHANIC works on COPA plane at Tocumen International Airport. Most

maintenance work is done at night.

"COPA, COMPA5IIA PANAME5:A de

Aviacion, announces the departure of

its flight to David, Panama."

The announcement over the loud- speakers in the terminal building of Tocumen International Airport in Pan- ama Cit\' on August 15, 1947, sig- naled the first official flight bv Panama's

first scheduled domestic airline. Significantly the start of COPA's operations

coincided with the 34th anniversarv of the opening of the Panama Canal. Over

the >ears, both the waterway' and the

airline have been active ingredients in Panama's progress. A few months prior to COPA's first official flight, on March 11, 1947, the loudspeakers in the Civil Air Terminal

at Albrook Air Force Base, in the Canal

Zone, had carried a historic announcement: "COPA, Compania Panamefia de

Aviacion, announces the departure of its flight number 1, to Tocumen, Panama."

Dedication

Aboard the airline's DC-3 were the

President of Panama, Enrique A. Jimenez, and other high officials on their way to participate in the dedication of Panama's first truly international air port. It was also the first time that an

aircraft bearing COPA's emblem-now

widely known throughout the countr\

and famiilar also in airports in Central America, Colombia, and the Caribbean area—flew across Isthmian skies. That Albrook-Tocumen flight b\-

COPA opened the sk\'wa\s to Panama's progress. Operating from Albrook for the next 5 months, pending the opening of To- cumen Airport to commercial aviation. COPA flew the northwest route to David, near the boundary' with Costa Rica.

It was a vital route, for at that time

there was no modem highway linking

Panama Cit\- with the capital of the

country's richest province of Chiriqui. Travel by automobile to David took 10 difficult hours.

Isolated COPA shortened the trip to VA hours

and quickly built up a large business.

It later extended its flights to Changuinola and Bocas del Toro, on the western

Atlantic coast. Even today, the island

capital of Bocas del Toro Province, iso lated from the rest of the countrv and

with access by sea a dangerous one, gets most of its supplies by air. COPA's cargo manifests reflect the air- line's importance for these regions. High

grade poultry, refrigerators, stoves, tele- vision sets, watches, blood plasma, and

the mail are some of the man\- goods

flown daily from Panama to David.

A much wider varietx—even cement

sacks—goes to Changuinola and Bocas

del Toro. On their return flights to the national

capital COPA's aircraft bring flowers

22 November 1969
and vegetables from Panama's highlands along with medical samples used

bv the Gorgas Memorial Institute for

its research into tropical disease. COPA flies regularly to Managua,

Nicaragua; San Jose, Costa Rica; Kingston, Jamaica; and Barranquilla, Colombia. But whenever there is need, it flies

to other parts of the continent. It has hauled pedigreed horses from Chile to Panama and dressed beef from Panama

to N'enezuela. COPA began operations with Douglas

DC-.3 airplanes. Today, its fleet in- cludes two radar-equipped A\'RO-748

jet-props with Rolls Royce turbines which are among the most modern air- craft of their tvpe. Negotiations are underwa\' now with the Hawker Siddely

factory in England for the purchase of

a third 52-seat A\'RO, at a cost of $1.5

million. The rest of the fleet is made

up of one 44-seat CONVAIR-340 and

three DC-3's. One reason for COPA's popularity

with Isthmian air travelers is that it

flies on schedule. Businessmen have

no trouble keeping appointments when

they fly COPA. But above all, the airline's outstanding safety record is one

of its distinguishing credits. It has never had a major accident, a record that has been made possible by painstaking

maintenance of its aircraft.

The Stock

Of the stock of COPA, 76 percent

is owned bv Panamanians, the balance

of 24 percent by Pan American World

Airwavs. All its personnel—from pilots

to porters—are Panamanians. The pres- ident is Dr. Mariano Oteiza. "We are a group of men dedicated

to a single purpose and responding to

a single responsibilitv; the growth of the compan\' to serve the growth of Panama," says Capt. Hermes Carrizo,

general manager of COPA. "We're all one team with but one job—to make

COPA, which is 'proudly Panamanian',

bigger, and to carry on 'COPA's cordial wings' a message of friendship and a projection of the culture and capability

of Panamanians to the sister nations it serves." In his remarks. Captain Carrizo

stressed both of COPA's slogans.

A former COPA pilot now tied down

to an executive's chair. Captain Carrizo

speaks with enthusiasm of the airline's achievements.

In 9 months this year, COPA has

flown the same number of passengers— 84,000-that it carried during its first 15

\ears of operation. At the present rate, by December 31, COPA will have trans- ported 110,000 passengers in a single

vear. From January to September 1969,

RIGHT: Passengers receive help in planning their trips at Copa's busy ofiBce in Panama City.

BELOW: Captain Hermes Carrizo, general manager of Copa.

the airline has carried more than 5 million pounds of cargo. By the end of 1970, it expects to have an all AVRO748 jet-prop fleet and in the near future Captain Carrizo expects to see jets on

all COPA routes.

Stewardesses

He speaks with pride of the training

provided for flight personnel. "Our pilots start their training in Panama. Then

thev are sent to England, Curacao and

other places to specialize in fl\ing oui

aircraft. We are extremeh' proud of

their skill. So far we have trained our

stewardesses locallv, all of whom are

Panamanians. Starting next year they'll

train in Florida." But it is COPA's safety record that makes Carrizo proudest. "This is a

credit to the skill of our pilots and

the continuous maintenance program

carried out by our ground personnel. Everv night, all our aircraft are checked

to assure perfect mechanical conditions

for the following day."

COPA's maintenance hanger at Tocunien International Airport is indeed a

bus\- place at night. Under bright lights,

mechanics and technicians work fever- ishh on the silvery planes to keep them

fl\ ing safelv carrying a message of progress on "the cordial wings of COPA."

FLIGHT completed, members of Copa crew head for home. Left to right: Capt,

Isauro Carrizo, pilot; Nilka Recuero, and Estela Villarreal, stewardesses; and co-pilot

Rogelio Ponce.

'1

Thk Panama Canal Review 23
PANAMA 1970 By Tomas A. Cupas

THE BIGGEST sports festival ever held in the Republic of Panama—the XI Central American and Caribbean

Games—will bring to the Isthmus an es- timated 3,000 athletes from 20 Western Hemisphere nations next year. An invasion of 15,000 to 20,000

sports fans is expected from Central America, the Caribbean, and Mexico.

To cope with this unprecedented influx, authorities are conducting a housing

survey to determine how manv private residences will be available to accom- modate visitors. February 28 to March 14, 1970, are the dates for the games, which started 44 years ago.

It will be the second time that Panama

hosts the Central American and Car- ibbean Olympics. The fourth Olvmpic games, held here in February

1938, brought 1,325 athletes from 10

countries.

Will Send Athletes

Participating this time will be the Bahamas, Barbados, Colombia, Costa

Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic,

the Netherlands West Indies, El Salvador, Guatemala, Guavana, Haiti, Ja- maica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico,

Trinidad, Tobago, Venezuela, the Virgin

Islands, and of course, Panama.

The largest delegations—400 athletes

for all 14 sports—are expected from

Cuba, Colombia, Mexico and Panama.

Venezuela is sending 360 men and women to compete in 13 sports events. The Central American and Caribbean

Games date back to 1926 when the

first of these competitions was held in Mexico City after official approval from

the International Olvmpic Committee.

Only three countries—Cuba, Guatemala, and Mexico—took part in the first event, then called the Central American

Games. Caribbean was added to the

official designation in 1935, when the

third Olympic event was held in San

Salvador.

Earthquake

Scheduled every 4 years, the games

have been held onlv twice in off-vears —in 1935 in San Salvador because of an earthquake the previous year, and

in 1959 in Caracas, Venezuela, because

of elections. The second was held in Havana.

After the fourth regional Olympics in Panama Git)- in 1938, there was a 4-year

break because of World War II. The

fifth event was hosted by Barranquilla,

Colombia, in 1946; the sixth, bv Guatemala in 1950; the seventh, bv Mexico

City in 1954; the eighth by Caracas in 1959, the ninth bv Kingston, Jamaica,

in 1962, and the' 10th bv San Juan, Puerto Rico, in 1966. Puerto Rico collected the largest number of medals in the 1966 games. The

home team garnered 28 gold, 28 silver, and 29 bronze medals—a total of 85—

to edge Mexico by 3. The latter, however, won 39 gold prizes and Cuba 34. Panama is well along in its preparations for the regional sports festival. The

area adjacent to the Presidente Remon

race track, some 8 miles from downtown

on the Juan Diaz highwav, is the site of the main installations under construction. There is a new 20,000-seat Olympic stadium for soccer and track and

field events; an indoor Olvmpic gymnasium for basketball which will seat 10,000 spectators; and an Olvmpic pool

for swimming and diving events which

will accommodate 3,000 spectators.

Near Tocumen

A pistol range and bicycle race track

are under construction near Tocumen

International Airport.

The old Olympic stadium, one block

off National Avenue (Automobile Row),

which was built for the 1938 games, is being reconditioned for baseball and its capacity is being increased for 13,000

spectators. The Olympic pool on Justo Arose- mena Avenue will be used for water

polo in 1970. Boxing events will be held

in La Macarena bull ring, in suburban

San Francisco de la Caleta, and at the

national gymnasium on "A" Avenue,

opposite National Guard headquarters.

Fencing events will be held at the old Union Club; judo, weight lifting

and wrestling at the Colegio Javier g\'mnasium, on Via Espaiia; gvmnastics, at the Colegio La Salle gymnasium in El Cangrejo; volleyball, at the Colegio San

Agustin, on Balboa Boulevard at Paitilla. OLYMPIC GAMES

COME TO PANAMA

24 November 1969
Ceremonies

Opening and closing ceremonies are scheduled in the new 01)-mpic stadium

the afternoon of February 28 and the evening of March 14, respectively. All athletes will be housed in the Central American \'illa, which will be

located in the Paitilla school complex

that includes the city's three largest

high schools. The dates for the games

occur during Panama's dry season

school vacation. A large center will operate in the

Justo Arosemena Institute, also in Paitilla, and will be provided with communications facilities for quick coverage

of the competitions bv the hundreds of newspapermen expected for the games

Including the cost of construction,

Panama is spending $13 million for the Central American and Caribbean

Games. Coaches have been brought

under contract from the United States, Japan, ItaK , Chile, Mexico, and other

countries to train Panamanian athletes. Held under the supervision of the Central American and Caribbean Sports

Organization (ODECABE), composed

of the Olympic committees of the area

countries, the Central American and

Caribbean Sports Games pursue the Ohmpic ideal of fostering friendship

among nations. Panama is concentrating its efforts to maintain the reputation it earned

back in 1938 as a fine host for the Central American Ohmpics.

TOP; An arcliiled's drawing of the new

Olympic gymnasium which will have the capacity to scat about 10,000 spectators.

CENTER: The gymnasium under construction. Cables will support the ceiling from

a cylinder in the center of the building.

BOTTOM: Inauguration and closing cere- monies of the games and various athletic events will be held at the Olympic Stadium

which will accommodate 20,000 sports fans.

^^^ ?*,."

* ^'^ti^yf*^

VIST* GCKERAL

Biggest Sports Spectacle

In History of the Republic

The Panama Canal Review 25
V-:

v->i*

Dr. Horace Loftin, assistant professor of biology at Florida

Slate University, Canul Zone

Branch, looks over a topographical map of Panama.

Students register at Florida State University

in the Canal Zone. The school is accredited

to grant the 4-year bachelor degree.

Miss Gloria Bosquez, left, office manager, and Mrs. Hald^e

De Espino, secretary, check student's records. mmnmBmsm^

'y

26 November 1969
WHEN LOUIS Morano graduated from

Buffalo's Canisius High School in 1943,

a black-robed Jesuit priest handed him

a diploma and advised him to go out and learn more about the world. For some students, this meant a college

education. But for others—including

Morano—it meant service in the Armed Forces of the United States, then engaged in World War II. Following the armistice, Morano

joined the foreign service, in which he

later served at man\' American embas

sies around the world. But he wanted more than a job—he wanted an education.So he began his college work in 19.56. through a Universitv of Maryland extension program in Athens. Greece. He

continued his studies for 2 \ears, until he was transferred to another post, and

his studies lapsed until 1967. Then, an assignment to Panama allowed him to resume his education at Florida State

Universitv's Canal Zone Branch.

Dr. Corin arrived on the Isthmus in the summer of 1968, shortl\- after the Southern Association of Colleges and

Schools had approved conversion of the F.S.U. Canal Zone undergraduate

program into a full\-accredited, degreegranting branch. Since that conversion,

enrollment at the school has sharph

increased.

Fallen Behind

"We\e grown so fast since I got here

a year ago," says Corin, "that not onK

have we failed to keep up, but we've

fallen behind."

The statement is misleading. For

although Corin may lament unread

novels, lagging social obligations, and

the ever-shrinking hour, his school is progressing fast, and the growing enroll- ment—now 1,000 strong—proves it. Florida State Universitv was established in the Canal Zone in 19.57 on

the invitation of the U.S. Arm\ Forces Southern Command (USARSO) when

Louisiana State Universit\' closed its

make tremendous progress toward a degree. "The militar\' man can achieve

up to 2 vears of college work during a normal tour, and the civilian can easily

get his bachelor's. "Our 4-quarter calendar svstem and

the diverse course offering permits a prospective student to begin at almost anv time," he adds. Tuition at F.S.U. is $18 per quarterhour, or $54 for the typical course.

Militarx- students receive 75 percent

tuition assistance, and for approved

courses the Panama Canal Compan\'

pavs the full cost for its personnel—if thev achieve a "C" grade or better.

Improvement

"Our goal here is to make the student

a better person and citizen. Secondlv, we strive to effect occupational im- provement. But, if we fail in the first then we fall short as an institution of higher learning." said Corin. Florida State Universit\-Canal Zone

currentlv offers the bachelor's degree in

No Football Team, Fraternities or

Snack Bar, But FSU Fills the Bill

Last August, Louis Morano walked

to the front of an F.S.U. classroom in

its main building at Albrook Air Force

Base, turned in an examination, and

qualified for a bachelor's degree in social sciences. It was his last class. He

graduated several weeks later. At The Embassy

"For me, it was a real opportunity,"

Morano says. "I tell the other emplovees

here at the embass\' that the opportunit\' is there—take it!

" Morano is now one of 12 individuals uho have received their college degrees

from Florida State Universitv-Canal

Zone, the onlv school in the Zone

accredited to grant the 4-\ear bachelor's degree. It has no football team, fraternities or snack bar, and it operates from

World War II buildings, but it performs

its assigned function—education.

The resident director of Florida State University-Canal Zone is 41-\ear-old

Theodore S. Corin, educated at the University of Miami and the parent

F.S.U. campus in Tallahassee, Fla.. where he received his doctorate.

extension program here. It was done

primarih- to provide undergraduate

education for U.S. militar\ personnel. But from the first, there was a significant

civilian enrollment, now accounting

for almost half of the total student

population. This has enhanced the pro- gram and made possible a wider range

of courses. F.S.U. was chosen hv USARSO be- cause the school originated the "Bootstrap" concept of continuing higher

education for militar\' personnel in 1949

at T\ndall (Fla.) Air Force Base.

Mission Bruce Blevins, education director for USARSO, explains the school's mission: "We work directh' with Florida State L^niversitv-Canal Zone on the curricu- lum, shaping it to meet the demands of the military and other students." Blevins provides an example of the

school's responsiveness: "We developed

weekend classes, enabling a man to take up to 9 hours bv attending Friday

night and all da\' Saturdaw"

Corin sa\s the average student can

By Jay Anthony Kerans

five areas: social science, inter-American

studies, English, Spanish, and a combined English business program. A ter- minal program in law enforcement and

corrections is also available and has drawn wide response from ci\'il and

militar\ police.

Applicants must complete an application for admission and have an academic

interview with an F.S.LT. counselor. Transcripts of high school and college

work are also necessary. College en- trance examinations mav be deferred up to one full quarter to facilitate immediate enrollment. Each academic quarter at Florida

State Universitv runs for 10 weeks, and

the student may take up to 18 hours

per quarter. There are 5 full-time and

20 part-time instructors currentl)' teach- ing a total of 33 courses at the main

Pacific campus in Building 808 at Al- brook Air Force Base, plus 10 courses

at the smaller Atlantic campus in Building 32 at Fort Davis.

All F.S.U. teachers must hold at least a master's degree in their fields. (See p. 28)

The Panama Canal Review 27
(Continued from p. 27)

Tropical Studies

A tvpical full-time member of the

F.S.U.' staff is biologist Dr. Edv\in

Tyson. Tyson has a full course load and also assists fellow biologist Dr. Horace Loftin in operating the Florida

State University Center for Tropical

Studies. "We operate three field stations in the interior," says Tyson. "These sta- tions can accommodate a total of 16 per- sons at one time." F.S.U. has extended

its administrative and logistical support

to nearly 100 researchers since the

center was founded in 1961. Tyson went to a filing cabinet and

took out several letters. One was from

Korea, another from Vanderbilt University, and a third from an order of Catholic priests—all wanting to send men to Panama for research. The assistance the Universitv offers

in this regard can be verv practical.

"A fellow wanted to come here to stud\' the horsehair plant," says Tyson. "We

saved him a lot of troulsle—told him it wasn't to be found in Panama.

Bird Habits

Tyson shares office space with Loftin,

another full-time teacher and director of the Center for Tropical Studies. Loftin has received several grants for

his research in Panama, dealing with

the migratory habits of birds. Other full-time teachers include Dr. Eneida Avila, professor of sociology'

and Spanish; Richard Koster, professor

of English and humanities; and Dr. Helen Delpar, professor of histor\-. Assisting the full-time staff are the

University's adjunct professors, men

and women emplo\ed as specialists in another job, whose background and

education qualify them for teaching.

Typical of this group is Dr. Victor

Slater, chief of ps\chiatr\- at Gorgas

Hospital, who teaches criminolog\- and

human behavior.

Dr. Slater came to the Isthmus 3

year's ago, following 7 years at the University of Miami's Jackson Memorial Hospital, where he became skilled

in forensic psychiatry, which deals with

criminals and the law. His Field

He speaks of his teaching in earnest:

"It's very gratifying," he says. "In addition, I think it's good for the policeman, the housewife, ever\bod\' to become more acquainted with this field of mental health." One of Slater's students is John Gilbert, a Canal Zone police sergeant with

17 years on the force. Gilbert is participating in the F.S.U. accreditation

program in law enforcement and corrections. "I'm taking courses for promotional

reasons," Gilbert explains bluntlv. "Right now, I'm in m\ fourth. What

you take has got to be useful to the de- partment. I've had courses in race rela- tions, minority groups, criminal and

delinquent behavior, and now, juvenile

delinquency."

So far, 70 Canal Zone policemen

have taken courses at F.S.U., which is 26 percent of the total uniformed force. Of these, 17 have earned the Certificate

in Law Enforcement and Corrections. One, Detective Jack L. Gregory, also earned his bachelor of science degree,

graduating with honors. Lacked Training

The curriculum for police officers

first began in 1964, when a Canal Zone

policeman, enrolled in regular courses, advised Florida State that manv of the Canal Zone police lacked academic

training. His question was, could the school do anything to meet this need?

The main Tallahassee campus was

already offering both terminal certifica- tion and criminolog\' degrees. This pro- gram was expanded to the Canal Zone

with immediate success. Until F.S.U. began offering these courses, all Canal Zone policemen

chosen to receive additional training were sent to the States. Canal Zone Police Chief Gaddis Wall

is enthusiastic about the Florida State program. "The education of our police has definitely improved," he savs. In addition to its civilian and military students from the Canal Zone, F.S.U. has a Panamanian enrollment comprising 8 percent of the total student bodv.

Exchange Program

A program of scholarships for Pan- amanian students was established in

196.5, administered bv the Institute for the Formation and Utilization of Human

Resources (IFARHU), an agenc\' of the Panama Government. Florida State also has been linked with Panama \ia a

faculty exchange program with the

University of Panama.

Students at Florida State have access

to nearly all the libraries of the Canal

Zone, with more than 300,000 books

on hand. In addition, F.S.U. maintains

a special "core collection" of 4,500 vol- umes at the Fort Cla\'ton Librar\',

purchased by USARSO to support the curriculum offerings at the school. The Albrook Air Force Base campus

contains 10 classrooms and a small audi- torium. In addition, there are two language laboratories accommodating 48

students. On the Atlantic side at Fort

Davis, there are three classrooms and

one language laboratory.

Opportunity

This then, is Florida State UniversityCanal Zone, providing the soldier, the

ci\il servant, and the citizen of Panama

an opportunity' for a college degree. Dr. Slater, makes this observation:

"I see the development of a universitv much like that of a human being. There

are crises, traumas and growing pains. "I don't know what crisis stage we're

in right now," he confesses, "but we

are maturing."

And the one dozen graduates of Florida State University-Canal Zone, re- cipients of the first bachelor's degrees

ever granted in the Canal Zone, will agree to that.

Jay Anthony Kerans is a former

broadcaster in St. Louis, Mo. He is now in the Canal Zone serving as an

enlisted man with the Army, and has

attended Florida State University's

Canal Zone Branch.

Dr. Theodore S. Corin, director and professor of higher education at Florida Stale University, Canal Zone Branch, is shown at his desk on the Albrook Air Force Base campus.
New Fishing

SHIPPING

Trawler

THE U.S. MARITIME industn' has come up with a new tyjie fishing trawler designed to compete with foreign flag

fishing vessels. The ship, named Seafreeze Pacific, transited the Canal south- bound in October on her way to the

Pacific fishing grounds. Her builders call her the world's most modem and effi- cient factory stem trawler to enter open

competition with foreign maritime nations which have dominated the world's

fishing industr)'. The Seafreeze Pacific is onlv 295 feet long, but she packs a lot of "firsts" in her 1,593 gross tons. With a 50 percent

construction differential subsidy pro- vided by the U.S. Department of the

Interior under the Fishing Fleet Im- provement Act, the new pioneer trawler was built by the Maryland Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. in Baltimore, the

first U.S. shipyard to produce this class of vessel. A sister ship, the Seafreeze

Atlantic, will soon go into service. The ships were designed to make

maximum use of the sea's fish resources. Inedible or trash fish and waste from the cleaning process are converted to fish meal. Valuable fish oils are extracted on board. Refrigerated holds maintain

packaged fish at —20° Farenheit in the

finest reefers the refrigeration industr\' has produced.

Equipped for both bottom and midwater trawling, these sturdy ships can

fish under all weather conditions, short

of hurricane. Stabilizing systems lessen se\ere rolling to provide greater comfort and more stable working conditions

N 1,200

UM 1,100

B

R 1,000

for personnel. Each vessel has the ca- pacity to process and take to market

2 million pounds of fish on a single voyage. And before leaving the ship,

each pound is washed, filleted, skinned,

inspected, frozen, packed, wrapped, and

freezer stored.

Foreign Flag Carriers

THE XUMBER OF U.S.-owned ocean- going foreign-flag merchant vessels, most

of them regular customers of the Pan- ama Canal, has substantially increased

in the past year. The U.S. Maritime Administration

said the tonnage of this tvpe ship as PANAMA CANAL TRAFFIC

STATISTICS FOR FIRST 3 MONTHS

OF FISCAL YEAR 1970

TRANSITS (Oceangoing Vessels) 1970 1969 Commercial 3,456 3,346

U.S. Government 374 381

Free 26 19

Total 3,856 3,746

TOLLS • Commercial $23,800,362 $21,932,175

U.S. Government 2,075,254 2,426,073

Total $25,875,616 824,358,248

CARGO"

Commercial 27,828,948 25,234,367

U.S. Government 1,400,274 2,312,423 Free 34,753 38,041

Total 29,263,975 27,584,831

• Includes tolls on all vessels, oceangoing and

small. ®° Cargo Bgures are in long ton*?.

F

T

RA

NS

I T

900

800

700

600

500
Anniversaries

(Continued from p. 15)

SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY

SERVICE BUREAU

Cecil G. Springer Leader Cook

Winston S. Johnson

Furniture Repairman (Maintenance) Orton Harding

Laborer (Heavy)

Benito Ortiz Laborer (Heavy) Horace D. Cooper

Sales Store Clerk Eduardo C. King

Accounting Clerk Dudley Knight

Truck Driver

Jos^ Grant

Extractor and Tumblerman

Fitz H. Grant

In\entory Management Specialist

Henry H. Lee, Jr. Accounting Assistant Horace A. Nurse

Supply Clerk (Typing)

Alfred A. Bamett

Leader Cook

Severiano Tiofil Garbage Collector Ted O. Gill Guard

Felton L. Gill Guard

Guillermo Benn Warehouseman

William H. Marshall Food Ser\'ice Worker

Lyle M. Daniel Meat Cutter Clarence C. Bailey Baker

Joseph Bailey

Leader Laborer (Cleaner) Samuel C. Squires

Supervisory Sales Store Checker

Enid H. Henry

Sales Store Checker

Cuthbert C. Butcher Supply Clerk Henry M. Catherwood

Guard

ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION

BUREAU

Stephen H. Roach

Saw Filer Benjamin J. Waterman

Mobile Equipment Mechanic

(Organizational)

George M. Clarke Carpenter

Harris W. Hardy

Roofer

F. C. Treleaven

Paint and Varnish Maker

Martin L. McNaughton

Helper Electrician

Edgar Beckford Machine Operator

Gordon O. Small

Oiler (Floating Plant) Hopeton W. Simms

Messenger

Augustus C. George

Leader Seaman

Charles Kurmer

Supervisory Construction Engineer

Kazimierz Bazan

Senior Operator (Generating Station) Damley Griffith Oiler (Floating Plant) James Morgan

Asphalt or Concrete Mixing Plant Operator

David Tait Maintenanceman

Carol A. Scott Automotive Equipment Operator

Natiel S. Douglas

Carpenter

Hilario L. Campo

Accounts Maintenance Clerk

Ignacio Betancourt Carpenter

Hugh A. Fletcher

Painter Rafael Vald^s Care

Jo^

Powe^l^tem Dispatcher

Luke J. Snavely

Supcr\'isorv Civil Engineer

Nathaniel Litvin Mechanical Engineer (Utilities) Eulalio Arias Laborer (Heavy)

Joseph M. Lavalas Water Tender (Floating Plant) Edwin N. Ferryman Motor Launch Operator

Clifford E. Cox

Seaman

Phillip H. King

Truck Driver Kenneth Haughton

Rigger Robert R. McCoy

Chief, Power Plant ( Steam and Gas

Turbines)

Ellis B. Alleyne

Maintenanceman (Dock)

Fernando Robinson

Carpenter Cleveland J. Trowers

Carpenter

Jose Mendez

Joiner Walter G. Nicholls Plumber (Maintenance)

Arnold L. Brown

Pipelayer James H. L. Thomas

Pipelayer Louis H. Charles General Foreman Painter Rudolph A. Richards Launch Dispatcher

Henry Bradfleld Supply Clerk Javan E. Smith

Supply Clerk John L. Joshua

Surveying Aid

Harold G. Walkes

Clerk-T\pist

Cariyle S. Babb

Clerk George Varsier Clerk (Water Meters)

Goldbum P. Maynard

ClerkCIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU

Thomas Richards Swimming Pool Operator

Curtis B. Darden

Supervisor\- Customs Inspector D. A. Waddell, Jr. Police Private Edward S. Greaves Swimming Pool Operator

Joseph B. Clemmons, Jr. Administrative Officer Assistant Director, Civil Affairs Bureau

Joseph N. French

Recreation Assistant HEALTH BUREAU

Margarito Murillo Decontaminating Equipment Operator

Raymond G. Bush

Supervising Safety Inspector Lesep L. Barrett Medical Aid—Ambulances

Jose Ortega R. Pharmacy Assistant Victor Knight

Clinic Clerk Cruise Season

(Continued from p. 29)

American Lines, will transit the Canal

January 29 and depart the following

day for the Pacific on an around the world voyage. The Sagafjord, of the Norwegian

American Lines, which stopped at Cris- tobal November 3 on a round South

America cruise, will return January 12 and transit the Canal on her world

cruise. While on the world cruise, the Sagafjord will return to the Isthmus on March 28 and again April 3, while on

her around South America cruise. The Carlo C, Federico C, and Italia C, of the Costa Armatori Lines, will be

making regular stops at Cristobal and

Balboa during their Caribbean cruises from December until May 1970. ^

30 November 1969
HISTORIC MOMENTS

The U.S.S. Mississippi, shown in the east chamber of Pedro Miguel Locks on July 26, 1919, was one of 33 vessels of the U.S. Pacific Fleet

of the U.S. Navy which went through the Canal 50 years ago on their way from the Atlantic, where they had served in the war zone,

to their stations in the Pacific. The Mississippi and her sister dreadnaught, the U.S.S. New Mexico, were the largest ships ever to pass through the Canal or visit this part of the world at that time. They were 624 feet long and had beams of 97 feet 4'/2 inches with a displace- ment of 32.000 tons. The Mississippi had a draft at the time of her transit of 32 feet, 8 inches. Before that, the largest ship to pass through the Canal was the merchantman Minnesota with 622 feet in length. The transit of the Pacific Fleet was the largest operation taken on by the Canal to that date. The transit was handled smoothly and without mishap or delay in 2 days. The destroyers were

handled in'groups with a Canal pilot in charge of three destroyers. In the passage through the locks, sL\ of these 310-foot vessels were

placed in one chamber together in ranks of three each, lashed together. Other ships were handled individually with a Canal pilot on each.

25 ^earJ c4g.o

IN THE FALL of 1944, apprehension was growing among Canal Zone res- idents as U.S. military leaders forecast the shift of emphasis to the Pacific theater of World War IL The collapse

of Germany seemed eminent.

One Arm\' general called for increased

alert on the part of Isthmian residents and said "the enemy would take an\

risk involved in order to knock out anx- installation in this area which would

impair the operation of the Canal."

o * o

In fiscal year 1944 there were .5,130 oceangoing transits of the Canal in- cluding commercial, U.S. Government

and free transit ships. (There were

14,602 oceangoing vessels that transited

in fiscal 1969).

SCO

It was estimated that more than 37

million hyacinth plants were destroxed

in 1944. Nearly 21 million were pulled

out mostly by hand.

By order of Governor J. C. Mehaffey,

56 persons were deported from the Canal Zone during the fiscal year. Twentyseven were convicts who had served

sentences in the penitentiary and 29 were persons whose continued resi- dence was regarded as undesirable.

o o « There were 764 traffic accidents re- ported during the year, or an average

of 64 a month. These accidents resulted

in the deaths of 13 persons and injuries

to 355 others.

iO y^earA c4g,o

IN THE FALL of 1959, Panama Canal

emploNces were talking about the all- time record-breaking traffic through the Canal during the fiscal year. The rec- ords set were attributed to the continuing recovery from the economic

recession in the United States; the eco- nomic growth of Japan; an unusually

heav\' flow of residual oil shipped from

the United States' west coast to the east coast; and unusually large shipments

of barle\' and other grain to Europe

from the west coast of the United States and Canada.

o o o Modernization and improvement of operating conditions of the Canal were moving forward at a fast rate. The

power conversion program for locks machinery was just completed. Bids were being made for a lighting system

for Gaillard Cut and the locks, and a performance contiact had been signed

for the design and installation of a modern traffic-control sxstem. Work was proceeding on the complete

renovation of the Tivoli's first floor public rooms including the lobb\', service desk and merchandise section.

The Panama Canal Review 31




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