Working Safely with

Video Display Terminals

U.S. Department of Labor

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSHA 3092

1997 (Revised)
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

Material contained in this

publication is in the public domain

and may be reproduced, fully or

partially, without permission of the

Federal Government. Source credit

is requested but not required.

This information will be made

available to sensory impaired

individuals upon request.

Voice phone: (202) 219-8615;

Telecommunications Device for the

Deaf (TDD) message referral

phone: 1-800-326-2577.
Working Safely with

Video Display Terminals

U.S. Department of Labor

Alexis M. Herman, Secretary

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Gregory R. Watchman, Acting Assistant Secretary

OSHA 3092

1997 (Revised)
Contents

Contents iii

Introduction ........................................................................... 1

VDT Components ................................................................... 2

Health Effects ........................................................................ 3

Visual Problems ..................................................................... 3

Fatigue and Musculoskeletal Problems ................................. 4

Radiation................................................................................ 4

Interventions ......................................................................... 6

Lighting ................................................................................. 6

Work Station Design .............................................................. 8

VDT Design ......................................................................... 12

Work Practices Job Organization......................................... 13

Other Sources of OSHA Assistance ..................................... 14

Safety and Health Program Management

 Guidelines .......................................................................... 14

State Programs ..................................................................... 15

Consultation Services .......................................................... 15

Voluntary Protection Programs ............................................ 16

Training and Education........................................................ 16

Electronic Information......................................................... 17

Emergencies......................................................................... 17

Appendix ............................................................................. 18

Selected Bibliography ........................................................ 21

OSHA Related Publications ................................................. 22

States with Approved Plans ................................................ 23

OSHA Consultation Project Directory ................................. 24

OSHA Area Offices ............................................................... 26

OSHA Regional Offices ....................................................... 28

Page
Introduction 1

Introduction

The applications of computer technology and the accompanying use of video display terminals (VDTs) are revolutionizing the workplaces of America, and their use will continue to

grow in the future.

For example, in 1984 only 25 percent of the U.S. population

used computers at work; in 1993, more than 45 percent of the

population used computers at work and the number continues

to grow. Also, more than 18 million workers are in jobs that

often require intensive keying.

Along with this expanding use of VDTs have come reports

about adverse health effects for VDT operators. To help inform

employers and employees, this booklet briefly examines the

potential hazards and interventions employers can use to

prevent or reduce the potential harmful effects of working with

VDTs.

Some of the most common stressors, their related health

effects, and their means of prevention are discussed. A checklist to assess workstations also is included. (See Appendix.)
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

2

VDTs—comprised of a display screen, a keyboard, and a

central processing unit—have rapidly replaced the use of

typewriters and other office machines.

The display screen is the output device that shows what the

computer is processing. Display screens can be monochrome

(green, white, or orange on a black background), or full color.

The keyboard is the input device that allows the user to send

information to the “brains” of the computer. Keyboards are

commonly used for data entry and inquiry. The keyboard is

similar to a standard typewriter keyboard but with additional

special keys and functions.

The central processing unit is referred to as the “brains” of

the computer. It is the center of operation for all the computer

processing and performs calculations and organizes the flow of

information into and out of the system.

The VDT operates at high voltages, but the power supplies

generating these voltages produce very little current. All data

processing equipment, including VDTs, must meet stringent

international safety standards in this regard.

VDT Components
3

Health Effects

Health Effects

In the wake of the expanding use of VDTs, concerns have

been expressed about their potential health effects. Complaints

include excessive fatigue, eye strain and irritation, blurred

vision, headaches, stress, and neck, back, arm, and muscle

pain. Research has shown that these symptoms can result from

problems with the equipment, work stations, office environment or job design, or from a combination of these. Concerns

about potential exposure to electromagnetic fields also have

been raised.

Visual Problems

Visual problems such as eyestrain and irritation are among

the most frequently reported complaints by VDT operators.

These visual symptoms can result from improper lighting, glare

from the screen, poor positioning to the screen itself, or copy

material that is difficult to read. These problems usually can be

corrected by adjusting the physical and environmental setting

where the VDT users work. For example, work stations and

lighting can and should be arranged to avoid direct and reflected glare anywhere in the field of sight, from the display

screen, or surrounding surfaces. Many VDT jobs require long

sessions in front of a display screen. Consequently, some

people may need corrective lens to avoid eye strain and headaches. Vision examinations should, therefore, be conducted to

ensure early detection and correction of poor vision. Eyecare

specialists should be informed of computer use by VDT

operators.

VDT operators also can reduce eyestrain by taking rest

breaks, after each hour or so of operating a VDT.*

*The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends

a 10-minute rest break after 2 hours of continuous VDT work for operators under

moderate visual demands; and a 15-minute rest break after 1 hour of continuous

VDT work where there is a high visual demand or repetitive work task.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

4

Changing focus is another way to give eye muscles a chance to

relax. The employee needs only to glance across the room or

out the window from time to time and look at an object at least

20 feet (6.096 centimeters) away.

 Fatigue and Musculoskeletal Problems

Work performed at VDTs may require sitting still for considerable time and usually involves small frequent movements of

the eyes, head, arms, and fingers. Retaining a fixed posture

over long periods of time causes muscle fatigue and, if this

practice is consistent, can eventually lead to muscle pain and

injury.

VDT operators also are subject to a potential risk of developing various musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel

syndrome, and tendonitis. Musculoskeletal disorders are

injuries to the muscles, joints, tendons, or nerves that are

caused or made worse by work related risk factors. Early

symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders include pain and

swelling, numbness and tingling (hands falling asleep), loss of

strength, and reduced range of motion.

If workers have any of these symptoms, they should report

them to their employers as soon as possible. If these symptoms

are not treated early, they can result in loss of strength in

affected area, chronic pain, or permanent disability.

Radiation

Another issue of concern for the VDT operator is whether

the emissions from radiation, such as X-ray or electromagnetic

fields in the radiofrequency and extreme low frequency ranges,

pose a health risk. Some workers, including pregnant women,

are concerned that their health could be affected by electromagnetic fields emitted from VDTs. The threat from X-ray expo-
5

Health Effects

sures is largely discounted because of the very low emission

levels. The radio frequency and extreme low-frequency electromagnetic fields are still at issue despite the low emission

levels. To date, however, there is no conclusive evidence that

the low levels of radiation emitted from VDTs pose a health

risk to VDT operators. Some workplace designs, however, have

incorporated changes—such as increasing the distance between

the operator and the terminal and between work stations—to

reduce potential exposures to electromagnetic fields.

Because the possible effects of radiation from VDTs continue to concern operators, the issue is still being researched

and studied. NIOSH has a resource booklet entitled, NIOSH

Publications on Video Display Terminals and continues to

study the question of VDT operator risk from exposure to

electromagnetic fields.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

6

Direct

Windows

Task

Indirect

Indirect

Screen

Line of sight parallel to

windows and between light fittings

Overhead lights

(low glare lenses or louvers) 

Reflection (from

walls, ceiling, floor)

Verticle blinds (east/west

exposure of a building)

Horizontal blinds (south

exposures of a building)

(To prevent stray

side lighting)

Figure 1. Position of light source relative to the VDT.

Interventions

There are a variety of interventions that employers can

implement to reduce or prevent harmful effects associated with

VDT use.

Lighting

Light should be directed so that it does not shine into the

operator’s eyes when the operator is looking at the display

screen. Futher, lighting should be adequate for the operator to

see the text and the screen, but not so bright as to cause glare

or discomfort (see Figure 1).

There are four basic lighting factors that must be controlled

to provide suitable office illumination and avoid eyestrain:

quantity, contrast, and direct and reflected glare.
7

Interventions

Quantity. In most offices, light fixtures and daylight provide

illumination for work surfaces (e.g., 50-100 foot-candles).

High illumination “washes out” images on the display screen;

therefore, if possible, where VDTs are used, illumination levels

should be somewhat lower (i.e., 28-50 foot-candles are often

satisfactory).

Contrast. Contrast is the difference in luminance or brightness

between two areas. To prevent the visual load caused by alternate

light and dark areas, the difference in illuminance between the

VDT display screen, horizontal work surface, and surrounding

areas should be minimized.

Most of the tasks associated with VDTs do not require precise

visual acuity, and diffuse (indirect) lighting is appropriate. The

advantages of diffuse lighting are twofold: There tend to be fewer

hot spots, or glare sources, in the visual field; and the contrasts

created by the shape of objects tend to be “softer.” The result, in

terms of luminous intensities, is a more uniform visual field.

Where indirect lighting is not used, parabolic louvers on overhead

lights are probably the next best way to ensure that light is diffused.

Glare. Glare is usually defined as a harsh, uncomfortably

bright, light. Glare is dependent upon the intensity, size, angle of

incidence, luminance, and proximity of the source to the line of

sight. Glare may be the result of direct light sources in the visual

field (e.g., windows), or reflected light from polished surfaces

(e.g., keyboards) or from more diffuse reflections which may

reduce contrast (e.g., improper task lighting). Glare may cause

annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and

visibility.

To limit reflection from walls and work surfaces visible around

the screen, these areas should be painted a medium color and have

a nonreflective finish. Work stations and lighting should be arranged to avoid reflected glare on the display screen or

surrounding surfaces.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

8

In many cases, the reorientation of work stations may help

remove sources of glare out of the line of sight. The face of the

display screen should be at right angles to windows and light

sources. Care should be taken, particularly when terminals are

installed within 20 feet (6.096 meters) of windows, to ensure that

there is some method of blocking the sun’s light, such as blinds or

curtains.

The proper “treatment” for window glare includes baffles,

venetian blinds, draperies, shades, or filters.

Screen glare filters that attach directly to the surface of a VDT

screen can help reduce glare. Two types of filters are available:

natural density filters, which scatter and diffuse some of the light

reflected off the glass display screen, and micromesh filters, which

not only scatter the light but also absorb most of the light reflected

from the surface of the screen by means of an imbedded interwoven grid of dyed nylon fibers. These should be used as a last resort

since filters can reduce visibility and legibility of screen. Filters

should be cleaned regularly.

Work Station Design

Proper work station design will reduce visual and musculoskeletal discomfort associated with VDT use when the

following work practices are observed:

• Ensure that the operator has a comfortable sitting position

sufficiently flexible to reach, use, and observe the display

screen, keyboard, and document.

• Provide posture support for the back, arms, legs, and feet

as well as adjustable display screens and keyboards.

• Ensure that VDT tables or desks are vertically adjustable

to allow for operator adjustment of the screen and keyboard.

• Ensure proper chair height and support to the lower region

of the back.
9

Interventions

• Ensure that document holders are used to allow the operator to position and view material without straining the

eyes or neck, shoulder, and back muscles.

The type of task performed at the VDT may also influence

the development of fatigue. In designing a work station, the

type of tasks involved should be considered when determining

the placement of the display screen and keyboard. For example, if the job requires the operator to look mainly at the

source document than the display screen, the source document

should be in front of the operator and the screen may be to the

side. (See Figure 2.)

The employee must have adequate work space to perform

each of the tasks required by the job. Individual body size must

be considered and will influence the design of the work station

and access to various accessories.

In general, VDT work stations should provide as many

adjustable features as possible. Also, adequate legroom should

be provided for the employee to stretch out and relieve some of

the static load that results from sitting with the legs in a fixed

position for long periods.

In the office environment, the work station consists primarily

of a work surface, a chair, VDT equipment, and other related

accessories (see Figure 3).

Chairs. The chair can be a crucial factor in preventing back

pain as well as in improving employee performance in office

work. As the majority of office workers spend most of their

time sitting, a properly designed and adjustable chair for

comfort, efficiency, and for the task being performed is critical.

All adjustments should easily be made from the seated position. Specific chair criteria are discussed in the following

paragraphs.

Chair Height. When an employee spends from 6 to 8 hours

in the chair, the height of the chair and the work surface are
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

10

VDT

Input devices

Digipad

(for writing)

Document

holder

Keyboard

Keyboard

VDT

Document

holder VDT

Data retrieval

Data entry

Interactive and word processing

Figure 2.

Alternative VDT arrangements (depending on job task).
11

Interventions

critical. The human body dimension that provides a starting

point for determining correct chair height is the “popliteal”

height. This is the height from the floor to the point at the

crease behind the knee. The chair height is correct when the

entire sole of the foot can rest on the floor or footrest and the

back of the knee is slightly higher than the seat of the chair.

This allows the blood to circulate freely in the legs and feet.

Seatpan Design. Size and shape are two factors to consider

in the design of the seatpan of the chair. The seatpan should be

slightly concave with a softly padded, rounded, or “waterfall”

edge. This will help distribute the weight and may also prevent

sliding forward in the chair. The angle of the seatpan should

also be considered. Some options include a seatpan that slopes

slightly down at the back or one that has a forward tilt that

produces less stress on the lower region.

Screen

height

Keyboard

height

Table 

height

Seat pan 

height

Viewing distance

Viewing angle

Document

holder

Back rest

Lumbar

(lower back)

support

Wrist rest

Elbow rest Knee

clearance

Elbow angle

Knee

angle

Seat back

angle

Figure 3. Proper user position and support.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

12

Armrests. Armrests should be low and short enough to fit

under work surfaces to allow users to get close enough to the

work surface. Chairs can be purchased with adjustable

armrests.

Backrest. A proper backrest should support the entire back

including the lower region. The seat and backrest of the chair

should support a comfortable posture that permits frequent

variations in the sitting position. The backrest angle and chair

height should be easily adjustable.

VDT Design

Display Screen. Most new VDTs have separate, adjustable

keyboards and display screens that allow both the keyboard and

display screen to be positioned appropriately for the employee.

This is important because VDT operators may spend a considerable amount of time looking at the display. Screens should have

user controls for character brightness. Screens that swivel horizontally and tilt or elevate vertically enable the operator to select the

optimum viewing angle.

The topmost line of the screen should not be higher than the

user’s eyes. The screen and document holder should be the same

distance from the eye (to avoid constant changes in focus) and

close enough together so the operator can look from one to the

other without excessive movement of the neck or back. People

who wear bifocals often have to tilt their head back to read

through the bottom portion of their lenses. They should avoid

tilting their head back by lowering the display or using single-lens

glasses while using the VDT.

The preferred viewing distance for VDTs ranges between 18

and 24 inches (45.72 and 60.96 centimeters, respectively). To this

distance must be added the depth of the display itself. Some

displays are as much as 20 inches deep (50.80 centimeters). The

best way to deal with this, other than increasing table depth, is to

install a keyboard extender or tray underneath the desk.
13

Interventions

Legibility is also a primary consideration in selecting a

display screen. Legibility factors to be considered include

symbol size and design, contrast, and sharpness.

Keyboard. The keyboard should be detachable and adjustable to ensure proper position, angle, and comfort for the

operator. A lower-than-normal work surface may be required

to keep the operator’s arms in a comfortable position. This can

be achieved by installing a keyboard extender or tray. The

thickness and the slope of the keyboard are critical in determining the preferred height.

The preferred working position for most keyboard operators

is with the forearms parallel to the floor and elbows at the

sides, which allows the hands to move easily over the keyboard. The wrist should be in line with the forearm. A padded

and detachable wrist rest for the keyboard can help keep the

operator’s wrists and hands in a straight position while keying.

Mouse. The mouse should be positioned at the operator’s

side with his or her arm close to the body for support, while

maintaining a straight line between the hand and forearm. The

upper arm should not be elevated or extended while using the

mouse. The top surface of the wrist should also be flat, not

angled. A mouse pad or rest can be used to help maintain

straight wrists.

Work Practices Job Organization

Operating a VDT, like any form of sustained physical or

mental work, may lead to visual, muscular, or mental fatigue.

Rest pauses, as recommended by NIOSH to alleviate or delay

the onset of fatigue, are necessary. Jobs should be designed so

that the employees can vary VDT tasks with non-VDT tasks.

In addition, open and positive working relationships between

the worker and manager as well as involving employeees in

workplace decisions and practices can be factors in reducing

muscle tension and musculoskeletal disorders.
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

14 Other Sources of OSHA Assistance

Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines

Effective management of worker safety and health protection

is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of workrelated injuries and illnesses and their related costs. To assist

employers and employees in developing effective safety and

health programs, OSHA published recommended Safety and

Health Program Management Guidelines (Federal Register 54

(18): 3908-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelines apply to all places of employment covered by OSHA.

The guidelines identify four general elements that are critical

to the development of a successful safety and health

management program:

• management commitment and employee involvement,

• worksite analysis,

• hazard prevention and control, and

• safety and health training.

The guidelines recommend specific actions under each of

these general elements to achieve an effective safety and health

program. A single free copy of the guidelines can be obtained

from the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Publications, P.O.

Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535, by sending a selfaddressed mail label with your request.
15

State Programs

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 encourages

states to develop and operate their own job safety and health

plans. States with plans approved under section 18(b) of the

Act must adopt standards and enforce requirements that are at

least as effective as federal requirements. There are currently

25 state plan states: 23 of these states administer plans covering

both private and public (state and local government) employees; the other 2 states, Connecticut and New York, cover

public employees only. Plan states must adopt standards

comparable to federal requirements within 6 months of a

federal standard’s promulgation. Until such time as a state

standard is promulgated, federal OSHA provides interim

enforcement assistance, as appropriate, in these states. A

listing of approved state plans appears at the end of this

publication.

Consultation Services

Consultation assistance is available on request to employers

who want help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful

workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service is provided at

no cost to the employer. Primarily developed for smaller employers with more hazardous operations, the consultation service is

delivered by state government agencies or universities employing

professional safety consultants and health consultants. Comprehensive assistance includes an appraisal of all mechanical, physical work practices and environmental hazards of the workplace

and all aspects of the employer’s present job safety and health

program.

The program is separate from OSHA’s inspection efforts. No

penalties are proposed or citations issued for any safety or health

problems identified by the consultant. The service is confidential.

For more information concerning consultation assistance, see

the list of consultation projects at the end of this publication.

Other Sources of OSHA Assistance
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

16

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs)

Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs) and onsite consultation

services, when coupled with an effective enforcement program,

expand worker protection to help meet the goals of the OSH Act.

The three VPPs—Star, Merit, and Demonstration—are designed

to recognize outstanding achievement by companies that have

successfully incorporated comprehensive safety and health programs into their total management system. They motivate others

to achieve excellent safety and health results in the same outstanding way as they establish a cooperative relationship among

employers, employees, and OSHA.

For additional information on VPPs and how to apply, contact

the OSHA area or regional offices listed at the end of this

publication.

Training and Education

OSHA’s area offices offer a variety of informational services, such

as publications, audiovisual aids, technical advice, and speakers for

special engagements. OSHA’s Training Institute in Des Plaines, IL,

provides basic and advanced courses in safety and health for federal

and state compliance officers, state consultants, federal agency

personnel, and private sector employers, employees, and their representatives.

OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organizations, through

grants, to conduct workplace training and education in subjects where

OSHA believes there is a lack of workplace training. Grants are

awarded annually and grant recipients are expected to contribute 20

percent of the total grant cost.

For more information on grants, training and education, contact the

OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training and Education, 1555

Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (847) 297-4810;

(847) 297-4874 fax.

For further information on any OSHA program, contact your nearest

OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this publication.
17

Electronic Information

Internet—OSHA standards, interpretations, directives, and

additional information are now on the World Wide Web at http://

www.osha.gov.

CD-ROM—A wide variety of OSHA materials including

standards, interpretations, directives, and more can be purchased

on CD-ROM from the Government Printing Office. To order,

write to Superintendent of Documents, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. Specify OSHA Regulations, Documents

and Technical Information on CD-ROM, (ORDT), S/N 729-

1300000-5. The price is $38 per year ($47.50 foreign);

$15 per single copy ($18.75 foreign).

Emergencies

To report life-threatening situations, fatalities, or catastrophes, call

(800) 321-OSHA. Complaints will go immediately to the nearest

OSHA area or state office for help.

For further information on any OSHA program, contact your

nearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of this

publication.

For further information on VDTs, please consult the

following sources:

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

U.S. Department of Labor

Technical Data Center, Room N2439

200 Constitution Avenue, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20210

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

Public Health Service

Center for Disease Control

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Robert A. Taft Laboratories

4676 Columbia Parkway

Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998

Other Sources of OSHA Assistance
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

18

Video Display Terminal (VDT) Checklist

Can the work station be adjusted to ensure proper

posture by

• adjusting knee and hip angles to achieve

comfort and variability,

• supporting heels and toes on the floor or on

a footrest,

• placing arms comfortably at the side and

hands parallel to the floor, and

• supporting wrist (nearly straight) on a padded

surface?

Does the work area

• provide enough clearance for the feet, knees,

and legs relative to the edge of the work

surface;

• provide sufficient space for the thighs

between the work surface and the seat;

• include arm rests for intensive or long duration

keying jobs; and

• include headsets for use when frequent telephone work is combined with hand tasks such

as typing, using a calculator, or writing?

Does the chair

• adjust easily from the seated position,

• have a padded seat pan,

• have a seat that is approximately 18 inches

wide (45.72 centimeters),

• have a back rest that provides lumbar support

that can be used while working,

• have a stable base with casters that are suited

to the type of flooring,

Appendix

Yes No

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■
19

• have different seat pan lengths (15 to 17 inches

or 38.10 and 43.18 centimeters) with a

waterfall design available, and

• allow the seat pan to adjust for both height

(minimum of 4 1/2 inches or 10.16-1.27

centimeters) and angle (plus or minus 5

degrees)?

Is the keyboard

• height from the floor and the slope of the

keyboard surface adjustable,

• prevented from slipping when in use, and

• detachable?

Are other inputs/devices (mouse, pointer,

calculator)

• at keyboard height?

Is the display screen

• clean and free from flickering, and

• able to swivel horizontally and tilt or elevate

vertically?

Is the monitor situated so that

• the work can be performed with the head in a

neutral posture for most of the workshift,

• it is between 18 and 30 inches (45.72 and

76.20 centimeters, respectively) away from

the operator,

• the top line of text is at or slightly below eye

height, and

Yes No

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

Appendix

■ ■
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

20

• there is sufficient lighting without glare on the

screen from lights, windows, or surfaces?

Does the monitor

• have brightness and contrast controls?

Is the job organized so that

• workers can change postures frequently,

• workers can perform different job tasks to

reduce intensive keying,

• workers can leave their workstations for at

least 10 minutes after each hour of intensive

keying and for at least 15 minutes after every

2 hours of intermittent keying, and

• the workers have received training in ergonomics and know how to make adjustments to their

work stations, chairs, and other accessories?

Yes No

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■

■ ■
Selected Bibliography 21

Arnt, R. “Working Posture and Musculoskeletal Problems of

Video Display Terminal Operators: Review and Reappraisal.”

Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 44: 437-446, 1983.

Carter, J.B. and Banister, E.W. “Musculoskeletal Problems

in VDT Work: A Review.” Ergonomics 37(10):1623-1648,

1994.

Clift, Elayne. “Personal Computers—User Friendly?” Gov

Exe 21 (8):38-40. August 1989.

Grandjean, Etienne. Ergonomics in Computerized Offices.

New York: Taylor & Francis, 1987. 227 Pp.

Kroemer, K.H.E. “Avoiding Cumulative Trauma Disorders

in Shops and Offices.” Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 53(9):596-604,

1992.

Murray, W.E.; Mass, C.E.; Parr, W.H.; and Cox, C. “A

Radiation and Industrial Hygiene Survey of Video Display

Terminal Operations.” Hum Factors 23:413-420, 1981.

Pascarelli, E. and Quilter, Deborah. Repetitive Strain

Injury—A Computer User’s Guide. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.,

New York, 1994.

Peterson, John E. “RMI: The Hazard of the 90s.” Science/

Health Section. Marin Indep J:F6. July 30, 1989.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

(NIOSH), Public Health Service. NIOSH Publications on Video

Display Terminals (Revised). NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH, 1991.

 Selected Bibliography
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

22 OSHA Related Publications

A single free copy of the following materials may be obtained from the OSHA Publications Office, U. S. Department

of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Room N3101,

Washington, DC 20210, (202) 219-4667; (202) 219-9266 (fax),

or from the nearest OSHA regional or area offices listed at the

end of this booklet. Please send a self-addressed label with

your written request.

All About OSHA – OSHA 2056

Consultation Services for the Employer – OSHA 3047

Employee Workplace Rights – OSHA 3021

Ergonomics Program Management Guidelines for

 Meatpacking Plants – OSHA 3123

How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies – OSHA 3088

OSHA Publications and Audiovisual Programs –

 OSHA 2019

Personal Protective Equipment – OSHA 3077

The following publications are available from the U.S.

Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents,

Washington, DC 20402, (202) 512-1800. Include GPO Order

No. and make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents.

Ergonomics: The Study of Work

Order No. 029-016-00124-7. Cost: $1.00

Job Safety & Health Quarterly

Order No. JSH. Cost: $9.50/year (Foreign $11.90)
States with Approved Plans 23

Albany, NY ....................................................... (518) 457-2741

Baltimore, MD ................................................. (410) 767-2999

Carson City, NV ............................................... (702) 687-3032

Cheyenne, WY .................................................. (307) 777-7786

Columbia, SC ................................................... (803) 734-9594

Des Moines, IA ................................................. (515) 281-3447

Frankfort, KY ................................................... (502) 564-3070

Hato Rey, PR .................................................... (809) 754-2119

Honolulu, HI ..................................................... (808) 586-8844

Indianapolis, IN ................................................ (317) 232-2378

Juneau, AK ....................................................... (907) 465-2700

Lansing, MI ...................................................... (517) 373-7230

Montpelier, VT ................................................. (802) 828-2288

Nashville, TN.................................................... (615) 741-2582

Olympia, WA .................................................... (360) 902-4200

Phoenix, AZ ...................................................... (602) 542-5795

Raleigh, NC ...................................................... (919) 662-4585

Richmond, VA................................................... (804) 786-2377

Salem, OR......................................................... (503) 378-3272

Salt Lake City, UT ............................................ (801) 530-6898

San Francisco, CA ............................................ (415) 972-8835

Santa Fe, NM .................................................... (505) 827-2850

St. Croix, VI...................................................... (809) 773-1994

St. Paul, MN ..................................................... (612) 296-2342

Wethersfield, CT ............................................... (860) 566-5123

States with Approved Plans
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

24

State Telephone

Alabama ...................................................................... (205) 348-7136

Alaska ......................................................................... (907) 269-4957

Arizona ....................................................................... (602) 542-5795

Arkansas ..................................................................... (501) 682-4522

California .................................................................... (415) 972-8515

Colorado ..................................................................... (970) 491-6151

Connecticut ................................................................. (860) 566-4550

Delaware ..................................................................... (302) 761-8219

District of Columbia ................................................... (202) 576-6339

Florida......................................................................... (904) 488-3044

Georgia ....................................................................... (404) 894-2646

Guam .......................................................................... (671) 475-0136

Hawaii......................................................................... (808) 586-9100

Idaho ........................................................................... (208) 385-3283

Illinois ......................................................................... (312) 814-2337

Indiana ........................................................................ (317) 232-2688

Iowa ............................................................................ (515) 281-5352

Kansas......................................................................... (913) 296-7476

Kentucky..................................................................... (502) 564-6895

Louisiana .................................................................... (504) 342-9601

Maine .......................................................................... (207) 624-6460

Maryland..................................................................... (410) 333-4210

Massachusetts ............................................................. (617) 727-3982

Michigan ................................................................ (517) 332-8250(H)

............................................................................(517) 322-1809(S)

Minnesota ................................................................... (612) 297-2393

Mississippi .................................................................. (601) 987-3981

Missouri ...................................................................... (573) 751-3403

Montana ...................................................................... (406) 444-6418

Nebraska ..................................................................... (402) 471-4717

Nevada ........................................................................ (702) 486-5016

New Hampshire .......................................................... (603) 271-2024

New Jersey.................................................................. (609) 292-2424

New Mexico ............................................................... (505) 827-4230

New York .................................................................... (518) 457-2481

North Carolina ............................................................ (919) 662-4644

North Dakota .............................................................. (701) 328-5188

Ohio ............................................................................ (614) 644-2246

Oklahoma ................................................................... (405) 528-1500

Oregon ........................................................................ (503) 378-3272

Pennsylvania ............................................................... (412) 357-2561

OSHA Consultation Project Directory
25

Puerto Rico ................................................................. (809) 754-2188

Rhode Island ............................................................... (401) 277-2438

South Carolina ............................................................ (803) 734-9614

South Dakota .............................................................. (605) 688-4101

Tennessee .................................................................... (615) 741-7036

Texas ........................................................................... (512) 440-3834

Utah ............................................................................ (801) 530-6868

Vermont ...................................................................... (802) 828-2765

Virginia ....................................................................... (804) 786-6359

Virgin Islands .............................................................. (809) 772-1315

Washington ................................................................. (360) 902-5638

West Virginia .............................................................. (304) 558-7890

Wisconsin .............................................................. (608) 266-8579(H)

............................................................................(414) 521-5063(S)

Wyoming .................................................................... (307) 777-7700

(H) - Health

(S) - Safety

OSHA Consultation Project Directory
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

26

Area Telephone

Albany, NY ................................................................. (518) 464-4338

Albuquerque, NM ....................................................... (505) 248-5302

Allentown, PA............................................................. (610) 776-0592

Anchorage, AK ........................................................... (907) 271-5152

Appleton, WI .............................................................. (414) 734-4521

Austin, TX .................................................................. (512) 916-5783

Avenel, NJ .................................................................. (908) 750-3270

Baltimore, MD ............................................................ (410) 962-2840

Bangor, ME................................................................. (207) 941-8177

Baton Rouge, LA ........................................................ (504) 389-0474

Bayside, NY ............................................................... (718) 279-9060

Bellevue, WA .............................................................. (206) 553-7520

Billings, MT ............................................................... (406) 247-7494

Birmingham, AL ......................................................... (205) 731-1534

Bismarck, ND ............................................................. (701) 250-4521

Boise, ID ..................................................................... (208) 334-1867

Bowmansville, NY ..................................................... (716) 684-3891

Braintree, MA ............................................................. (617) 565-6924

Bridgeport, CT ............................................................ (203) 579-5581

Calumet City, IL ......................................................... (708) 891-3800

Carson City, NV ......................................................... (702) 885-6963

Charleston, WV .......................................................... (304) 347-5937

Cincinnati, OH ............................................................ (513) 841-4132

Cleveland, OH ............................................................ (216) 522-3818

Columbia, SC ............................................................. (803) 765-5904

Columbus, OH ............................................................ (614) 469-5582

Concord, NH............................................................... (603) 225-1629

Corpus Christi, TX ..................................................... (512) 888-3420

Dallas, TX ................................................................... (214) 320-2400

Denver, CO ................................................................. (303) 844-5285

Des Plaines, IL............................................................ (847) 803-4800

Des Moines, IA ........................................................... (515) 284-4794

Englewood, CO .......................................................... (303) 843-4500

Erie, PA ....................................................................... (814) 833-5758

Fort Lauderdale, FL .................................................... (954) 424-0242

Fort Worth, TX ........................................................... (817) 428-2470

Frankfort, KY ............................................................. (502) 227-7024

Harrisburg, PA ............................................................ (717) 782-3902

Hartford, CT ............................................................... (860) 240-3152

Hasbrouck Heights, NJ ............................................... (201) 288-1700

Guaynabo, PR ............................................................. (787) 277-1560

Honolulu, HI ............................................................... (808) 541-2685

Houston, TX ............................................................... (281) 286-0583

OSHA Area Offices
27

Houston, TX ............................................................... (281) 591-2438

Indianapolis, IN .......................................................... (317) 226-7290

Jackson, MS ................................................................ (601) 965-4606

Jacksonville, FL .......................................................... (904) 232-2895

Kansas City, MO......................................................... (816) 483-9531

Lansing, MI ................................................................ (517) 377-1892

Little Rock, AR ........................................................... (501) 324-6291

Lubbock, TX ............................................................... (806) 472-7681

Madison, WI ............................................................... (608) 264-5388

Marlton, NJ ................................................................. (609) 757-5181

Methuen, MA ..............................................................(617) 565-8110

Milwaukee, WI ........................................................... (414) 297-3315

Minneapolis, MN ........................................................ (612) 348-1994

Mobile, AL ................................................................. (334) 441-6131

Nashville, TN.............................................................. (615) 781-5423

New York, NY ............................................................ (212) 466-2482

Norfolk, VA ................................................................ (804) 441-3820

North Aurora, IL ......................................................... (630) 896-8700

North Syracuse, NY.................................................... (315) 451-0808

Oklahoma City, OK .................................................... (405) 231-5351

Omaha, NE ................................................................. (402) 221-3182

Parsippany, NJ ............................................................ (201) 263-1003

Peoria, IL .................................................................... (309) 671-7033

Philadelphia, PA ......................................................... (215) 597-4955

Phoenix, AZ ................................................................ (602) 640-2007

Pittsburgh, PA ............................................................. (412) 644-2903

Portland, OR ............................................................... (503) 326-2251

Providence, RI ............................................................ (401) 528-4669

Raleigh, NC ................................................................ (919) 856-4770

Sacramento, CA .......................................................... (916) 566-7470

Salt Lake City, UT ...................................................... (801) 487-0073

San Diego, CA ............................................................ (619) 557-2909

Savannah, GA ............................................................. (912) 652-4393

Smyrna, GA ................................................................ (770) 984-8700

Springfield, MA .......................................................... (413) 785-0123

St. Louis, MO ............................................................. (314) 425-4249

Tampa, FL....................................................................(813) 626-1177

Tarrytown, NY ............................................................ (914) 524-7510

Toledo, OH ................................................................. (419) 259-7542

Tucker, GA ................................................................. (770) 493-6644

Westbury, NY ............................................................. (516) 334-3344

Wichita, KS................................................................. (316) 269-6644

Wilkes-Barre, PA ........................................................ (717) 826-6538

Wilmington, DE...........................................................(302) 573-6115

OSHA Area Offices
Working Safely with Video Display Terminals

28

*These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety and

health programs (Connecticut and New York plans cover public employees only).

States with approved programs must have a standard that is identical to, or at least as

effective as, the federal standard.

Region I

(CT,*

 MA, ME, NH, RI, VT*)

JFK Federal Building

Room E-340

Boston, MA 02203

Telephone: (617) 565-9860

Region II

(NJ, NY,*

 PR,* VI*)

201 Varick Street

Room 670

New York, NY 10014

Telephone: (212) 337-2378

Region III

(DC, DE, MD,*

 PA, VA,* WV)

Gateway Building, Suite 2100

3535 Market Street

Philadelphia, PA 19104

Telephone: (215) 596-1201

Region IV

(AL, FL, GA, KY,*

 MS, NC,

SC,*

 TN*)

Atlanta Federal Center

61 Forsyth Street, S.W., Room

6T50

Atlanta, GA 30303

Telephone: (404) 562-2300

Region V

(IL, IN,*

 MI,* MN,* OH, WI)

230 South Dearborn Street

Room 3244

Chicago, IL 60604

Telephone: (312) 353-2220

OSHA Regional Offices

Region VI

(AR, LA, NM,*

 OK, TX)

525 Griffin Street

Room 602

Dallas, TX 75202

Telephone: (214) 767-4731

Region VII

(IA,*

 KS, MO, NE)

City Center Square

1100 Main Street, Suite 800

Kansas City, MO 64105

Telephone: (816) 426-5861

Region VIII

(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,*

 WY*)

1999 Broadway, Suite 1690

Denver, CO 80202-5716

Telephone: (303) 844-1600

Region IX

(American Samoa, AZ,*

 CA,*

Guam, HI,* NV,* Trust Territories of the Pacific)

71 Stevenson Street

Room 420

San Francisco, CA 94105

Telephone: (415) 975-4310

Region X

(AK,*

 ID, OR,* WA*)

1111 Third Avenue

Suite 715

Seattle, WA 98101-3212

Telephone: (206) 553-5930