NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Survey Report September 1998

The Status of

Academic Libraries

in the United States

Results from the

1994 Academic Library Survey with

Historical Comparisons

U.S Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 98-311
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Survey Report September 1998

The Status of

Academic Libraries

in the United States

Results from the

1994 Academic Library Survey with

Historical Comparisons

Margaret W. Cahalan

Natalie M. Justh

Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Jeffrey W. Williams, Project Officer

National Center for Education Statistics

U.S Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 98-311
iii

Highlights

Services

ß In 1994, 3,303 of the 3,639 institutions of higher education in the United States reported that

they had their own academic library. By Carnegie Classification, the largest number of

academic libraries (1,175) was at Associate of Arts institutions with 36 percent of the total

(table 1 and figure 1).

ß Just over one-fourth (28 percent) of academic libraries in higher education institutions have

branch libraries and among those with branches the mean number of branches was 2.6 (table

1).

ß In fiscal year 1994, general collection circulation transactions in the nation’s academic

libraries at institutions of higher education totaled 183.1 million and reserve collection

circulation transactions totaled 48.4 million (table 2).

ß For general circulation transactions, the total circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment was 18.3 (table 2). General circulation ranged from 8.3 per FTE enrollment in

Associate of Arts institutions to 31.4 per FTE in Research I and II institutions (table 3).

ß In 1994, academic libraries provided a total of 8.8 million interlibrary loans to other libraries

(both higher education and other types of libraries) and received 6.3 million loans (table 2).

Interlibrary loans to other institutions increased by 25 percent and loans received increased

by 40 percent over the period between 1990 to 1994 (table 2). 

ß Overall, the largest percentage of academic libraries (43 percent) reported having 60-79

hours of service per typical week. However, 41 percent provided 80 or more public service

hours per typical week. The mean number of public service hours per week was 74.6 hours

(figure 3).

ß Taken together, academic libraries reported a gate count of 17.8 million visitors per typical

week (1.8 visits per total FTE enrollment) (table 2).

ß Over the fiscal year 1994, the academic libraries made 487,000 presentations to groups

serving about 6.1 million individuals (table 2 and appendix table B-3).
iv

Collections

ß Taken together the nation’s 3,303 academic libraries at institutions of higher education held

a total of 776.4 million volumes of books, bound serials, and government documents and

422.3 million titles at the end of FY 1994 (table 4).

ß In 1994 the overall mean number of volumes held per FTE enrollment was 78 and the

median per FTE enrollment was 57 volumes (table 6). The mean number of volumes held

per FTE enrollment ranged from 16 in public Associate of Arts to 258 in private Research

I and II institutions (table 6). The number per FTE enrollment has increased from about 57

in 1974 to the current figure of 78 in 1994 (table 5).

ß Of the total volumes held at the end of the year, 43 percent (336. 6 million) were held at the

125 institutions categorized under the 1994 Carnegie Classification as Research I or

Research II institutions (table 6 and figure 7). Research institutions have about 23 percent

of FTE enrollment. In contrast 7 percent of volumes were at the Associate of Arts granting

institutions with 32 percent of FTE enrollment (figure 7).

ß The number of volumes added per FTE enrollment has declined from 3.0 in 1974 to a low

of 1.9 in 1990. In 1994 the number added per FTE enrollment was 2.2 (table 5 and figure

6).

Staff

ß There was a total of 95,843 FTE staff working in academic libraries in 1994. Of these

26,726 (28 percent) were librarians or other professional staff; 40,381 (42 percent) were

other paid staff; 326 (0.3 percent) were contributed services staff; and 28,411 (30 percent)

were student assistants (appendix table B-8 and figure 8).

ß The total number of library staff including student assistants declined by about 0.1 percent

from 1990 to 1994 (table 8). Overall since 1976, total library FTE professional staff have

increased by 15 percent, while the total FTE staff of institutions of higher education have

increased by about 36 percent (figure 10).

ß There were 9.6 FTE library staff (including student assistants) per 1,000 FTE enrollment

(table 8). The institutional median library staff per 1,000 was similar (8.9 FTE) (table 8).

 Excluding student assistants the median was 5.9 FTE library staff per 1,000 enrollment

(appendix table B-12c).
v

Expenditures

ß In 1994, operating expenditures for libraries at the 3,303 institutions of higher education

totaled $4.01 billion (table 9). Half the total went to salaries and wages, 34 percent to

information resources, and 16 percent to other expenses (figure 11).

ß Among information resources expenditures, current serial subscriptions were the largest

category, accounting for fully half of the expenditures (figure 12).

ß Expenditures per FTE enrollment in constant 1994 dollars were $406 in 1974 and $401 in

1994. Low points in expenditures per FTE enrollment were reached in 1981 ($345) and

1990 ($367). Between 1990 and 1994 expenditures per FTE enrollment increased by about

5 percent in constant dollars (table 10 and figure 13).

ß The libraries at the Research I and II and Doctoral I and II institutions (7 percent of the total

institutions) accounted for $2.09 billion, or 52 percent of the total operating expenditure

dollars at all college and university libraries (calculated from table 1 and table 10).

ß In 1994, the median total operating expenditures per FTE enrollment was $291 and the

median for information resource expenditures was $86.15 (table 10 and appendix table B12d).

ß The percentage of total institution Education & General (E&G) expenditures for academic

libraries was 3.9 in 1974 and 2.9 in 1994 (figure 14). Library expenditures as a percent of

E&G expenditures declined 2.3 percent between 1990 and 1994 (table 11).
vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The collection and publication of academic library data has been a team effort. It would not have

been accomplished without the support and effort of a number of individuals and organizations. 

First, we would like to thank the academic librarians who provided the information upon which the

survey report is based and the State Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)

Library Coordinators who submitted the data to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

The survey was coordinated by Jeffrey Williams, the NCES project officer. The data were collected

and processed by the U.S. Bureau of Census Government Division under the management of Thelma

Hall. The American Library Association (ALA) Office of Research and Statistics and the IPEDS

Library Project Advisory Committee were instrumental in designing the survey.

Members of the IPEDS Library Project Advisory Committee during the time of the study were:

William Crowe, University of Kansas; Paul DuMont, Dallas County Community College District;

Larry Frye, Wabash College; Patricia Kelley, Eastern Washington University; Martha Kyrillidou,

Association of Research Libraries; Carolyn Norman, California Community Colleges; Ron Naylor,

University of Miami Libraries; Keith Lance, Colorado State Library.

Helpful Department of Education reviews of this report were provided by Michael Cohen, Rosa

Fernandez, Roslyn Korb, Gerald Malitz, and Karen Weiner of NCES, and by Chris Dunn of the

National Library of Education. External reviewers were Ron Naylor of University of Miami

Libraries and Mary Jo Lynch of ALA. The academic library survey was completed under the

sponsorship of the NCES Surveys and Cooperative Systems Group, Paul Planchon, Associate

Commissioner, the Postsecondary and Library Cooperative Programs, Roslyn Korb, Director.

Among the staff at Mathematica, special mention goes to August Parker who carefully prepared the

report for publication.
vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Highlights............................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................. vi

The Status of Academic Libraries, 1994................................................................................ 1

Introduction................................................................................................................ 1

Topics Covered in the Report .................................................................................... 1

Definition of an Academic Library ............................................................................ 3

Coverage and Response ............................................................................................. 4

Classifications Used in the Report............................................................................. 5

Number and Diversity of Academic Libraries........................................................... 7

Historical Growth........................................................................................... 8

Branch Libraries............................................................................................. 8

Academic Library Services........................................................................................ 9

Items Borrowed (Circulation)........................................................................ 10

Interlibrary Loans........................................................................................... 11

Reference Transactions.................................................................................. 12

Visits to the Library (Gate Count) ................................................................. 12

Public Service Hours...................................................................................... 13

Academic Library Collections ................................................................................... 15

Library Collection Summary.......................................................................... 16

Change in Volumes Held In and Added To Collections................................ 17

Change Since 1990 in Volumes Held ............................................................ 20

Differences in Volumes per FTE Enrollment ................................................ 22

Distribution of Volumes by Type of Institution............................................. 23

Number of Volumes Per Institution and Academic Library Standards.......... 23

Academic Library Staff.............................................................................................. 25

Distribution of Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Library Staff by Type ............. 26

Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Staff per 1,000 FTE Enrollment...................... 26
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

viii

Page

Change in Staff Over Time Since 1974 ......................................................... 26

Changes in Library Staff Relative to Total Higher Education Staff and

Enrollment.......................................................................................... 29

Academic Library Expenditures ................................................................................ 31

Distribution of Library Operating Expenditures............................................ 33

Distribution of Information Resources Expenditures .................................... 33

Change in Total Operating Expenditures and Operating Expenditures

Per Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment .................................... 35

Academic Library Expenditures as a Percent of Total Educational and

General (E &G) Expenditures............................................................ 37

Summary/Conclusion..................................................................................... 39

References.................................................................................................................. R-1

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix

A Methodology ..................................................................................................A-1

B Detailed Tables ..............................................................................................B-1

C Academic Library Indicators..........................................................................C-1

D Survey Questionnaire (Including Instructions and Definitions).....................D-1

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Number of libraries, libraries with branches, and mean number of

branches among libraries having a branch by institutional

characteristics: fall 1994 ................................................................................ 8

2 Total number of services provided and number per full-time-equivalent

(FTE) enrollment by type of service: 1994 fiscal year and percent change

from 1990....................................................................................................... 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

ix

LIST OF TABLES

(CONTINUED)

Table Page

3 General circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment by

institution control Carnegie Classification: 1994 .......................................... 10

4 Total number of library materials held and added per full-time equivalent

(FTE) enrollment: Fiscal Year (FY) 1994 .................................................... 16

5 Number of books and bound serial volumes held and added, and number

of serial subscriptions held: 1974-1994 ........................................................ 19

6 Volumes held at end of the fiscal year and volumes held per full-time

equivalent (FTE) enrollment by Carnegie Classification: 1994, and percent

change since 1990 .......................................................................................... 21

7 Mean and median number of volumes per institution and percent

distribution of volumes held by institution control, size, and Carnegie

Classification: Fiscal Year (FY) 1994 ........................................................... 24

8 Total academic library staff, number per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 by control and

Carnegie Classification .................................................................................. 28

9 Academic library operating expenditures in 1994, and percent distribution

of expenditures in 1990 and 1994 by type of expenditures ........................... 32

10 Total and per full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library operating

expenditures, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 in constant

dollars by control and Carnegie Classification .............................................. 36

11 Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total Education

and General (E&G) expenditures; and percent change between 1990 and

1994 by control and Carnegie Classification ................................................. 38
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Distribution of academic libraries by Carnegie Classification of

institutions: fall 1994 ..................................................................................... 7

2 Median ratio of items loaned to items received through interlibrary loans

by Carnegie Classification: 1994 .................................................................. 12

3 Percent distribution of academic libraries by public service hours per week

and mean public service hours per week by Carnegie Classification: 1994 .. 13

4 Total number of book volumes held in academic libraries: 1974 to 1994..... 17

5 Number of volumes held per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment:

1974-1994 ..................................................................................................... 18

6 Number of volumes added per year in academic libraries per full-timeequivalent (FTE) enrollment: 1974-1994 ...................................................... 20

7 Percent distribution of volumes held at the end of the year and distribution

of full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment by Carnegie Classification: 1994 22

8 Percent distribution of academic library full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff

by type of staff: 1994 ..................................................................................... 25

9 Number of academic library full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff: 1974-1994 ... 27

10 Percent change in full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library staff and

institution of higher education FTE enrollment and staff: 1976-1993,

1994 ............................................................................................................... 29

11 Percent distribution of academic library operating expenditures by type

and institution level: 1974 and 1994 ............................................................. 31

12 Distribution of academic library expenditures for information resources:

1994................................................................................................................ 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

(CONTINUED)

Figure Page

13 Academic library operating expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment in constant (1994) dollars: 1974-1994......................................... 35

14 Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total Education

and General (E&G) expenditures: 1974-1994 ............................................... 37

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Appendix A tables

A-1 Number and percent of responding academic libraries by item and by level and control of

institution: 1994

A-2 Number and percent of non-responding academic libraries by state, level and control of

institution: 1994

A-3 Number of academic libraries by state, level, and control of institution: 1994

A-4 Full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment and Education and General expenditures (E&G) in

institutions of higher education (IHE’s) in the 50 states and DC having academic libraries

by control and Carnegie Classification: percent distribution and percent change 1990-94

Appendix B tables

B-1 Total circulation and interlibrary loan transactions in academic libraries by control, level,

size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-2 Public service hours per typical week and number of libraries by category of public service

hours per typical week in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie

Classification of institution: 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

xii

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

(CONTINUED)

Appendix B tables (continued)

B-3 Number served and number of reference transactions per typical week, and total information

service to groups, in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification

of institution: 1994

B-4 Number of volumes of books, bound serials, and bound government documents held at the

end of the year, and number of libraries by number of volumes by control, level, size, and

Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-5 Number of units and linear feet held at the end of the year and number of volumes, units, and

linear feet added during the year by material collection category, in academic libraries by

control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-6 Number of unduplicated titles held at the end of the year in academic libraries by material

collection category, and control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-7 Number of unduplicated titles added during the year by material collection category, and by

control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-8 Number and percent of FTE staff in academic libraries by staff category and by institutional

control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification: 1994

B-9 Total operating expenditures and number of libraries by category of total operating

expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-10 Library operating expenditures by object of expenditure, and salaries as a percent of total

operating expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution:

1994

B-11 Operating expenditures for information resources, equipment, and other selected expenditures

by category, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

xiii

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

(CONTUNUED)

Appendix B tables (continued)

B-12a Academic library circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control

of institution, United States: 1994

B-12b Number of books and bound serials volumes held at the end of the year, and added during

the year by academic libraries per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and

control of institution, United States: 1994

B-12c Total academic library staff, except student assistants, per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

B-12d Total operating expenditures for academic libraries, information resources, and serials

expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution,

United States: 1994

B-12e Academic library expenditures as a percentage of E&G expenditures; and

expenditures for information resources, current serials, and salaries and wages as a

percentage of total library operating expenditures, by level and control of institution,

United States: 1994
1

The Status of Academic Libraries, 1994

Introduction

Two of the national education goals for the year 2000 emphasize the important

roles played by resources and staff efforts of academic libraries. The nation’s

fourth education goal, which is concerned with the ongoing need for access to

learning resources for teachers and faculty members, and the nation’s sixth

education goal, which speaks of lifelong learning, both stress the importance of

maintaining and improving the nation’s academic libraries (National Education

Goals Panel, 1994). This report presents a description of the status of academic

libraries in 1994, a time of rapid technology related change and increased

introduction of electronic services (Lynch, 1996).

The report presents detailed tabulations for 1994 and historical comparisons with

previous years, with a focus on comparisons since 1990. The data are from the

1994 Academic Library Survey (ALS), a part of the Integrated Postsecondary

Education Data System (IPEDS) of the United States Department of Education’s

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

IPEDS is the U.S. Department of Education’s vehicle for collecting data from

all postsecondary institutions in the United States. Other surveys included

within IPEDS are Institutional Characteristics, Fall Enrollment, Completions,

Finance, Faculty Salaries, and Fall Staff. The data in this report come from the

institutions of higher education (IHE’s) in IPEDS and include all colleges and

universities with accreditation at the higher education level as recognized by the

Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education.

Topics Covered in the Report

Consistent with the 1992 report, The Status of Academic Libraries in the United

States, Results from the 1990 and 1992 Academic Library Surveys (Rossi,

Daughety, 1997), the 1994 report focuses on several key library indicators. 

These indicators have been expanded over the 1992 report to reflect increased

attention to library services. The indicators chosen for the report reflect those

developed by the Association of Research Libraries. This group has developed

a series of 30 ratio indicators (Association of Research Libraries, Benchmark

Indicators; see appendix C for a listing of the benchmarks). Many of these can

be developed from information collected in IPEDS and we have included several

of them in this report. In addition we report on several other data items included

in the IPEDS ALS questionnaire.
2

Listed below are the topics covered in the report. 

 

Library number and diversity

ß Number of branch libraries

ß Distribution by Carnegie Classification

Library services

ß Library circulation and circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment

ß Interlibrary loan transactions and ratio of items loaned over items

borrowed

ß Reference transactions including computer searches per FTE enrollment

ß Number served in presentations to groups 

ß Gate count of visitors to library per typical week 

ß Public service hours 

Library collections

ß Total volumes and total serial subscriptions

ß Volumes held and added per FTE enrollment

ß Serial subscriptions per FTE enrollment

ß Other collection items

ß Ratio of items added to items held

Library staff

ß Professional staff as percentage of total staff

ß Other paid staff as percentage of total staff

ß Student assistants as percentage of total staff

ß Number of library staff members per FTE enrollment

Library expenditures

ß Distribution of expenditures between salaries, information resources, and

other expenditures

ß Distribution of information resources expenditures; serials as percent of

the total

ß Total expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment

ß Expenditures for information resources per FTE enrollment

ß Expenditures for serials per FTE enrollment
3

ß Operating expenditures as a percent of total Education and General

(E&G) expenditures

Appendix A contains methodological information for the 1994 survey and

appendix B contains detailed tables. Appendix C is the ARL benchmark listing

and Appendix D is a copy of the 1994 survey form.

Definition of an Academic Library

The following definition was used by the study and appeared on the survey form.

An Academic Library is defined as an entity in a postsecondary institution

that provides all of the following:

1. Organized collection of printed or other materials, or a combination

thereof;

2. A staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to

meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of

clientele;

3. An established schedule in which services of the staff are available to

clientele;

4. The physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and

schedule.

This definition includes libraries that are part of learning resource centers.
4

Coverage and Response

Of the 3,639 higher education institutions, there were 132 institutions that did

not have their own library but shared a library with one or more of 70 other

institutions. These institutions were excluded from the survey. There were also

204 institutions that were found to be out of scope because they did not have an

academic library as defined by the survey. Thus in 1994 there were 3,303

academic libraries in the colleges and universities in the 50 states and the

District of Columbia.

Academic Library Survey Response Rates. The response rate for the 1994

IPEDS Academic Library Survey was 93.7 percent. Of the 3,303 college and

university libraries, 209 or 6.3 percent were complete nonrespondents. Item

response ranged from a high of 92.2 percent for operating expenditures for

books to 56.4 percent for microform titles added to collections. Any items

discussed in the text with less than 70 percent response rate are noted. Appendix

tables A-1 to A-3 present further information on overall and item response rates.

Data were imputed for nonresponse.

Coverage and Time Frames. The report covers libraries in higher education

institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.). The focus of

the report is on 1994 data with detailed comparisons to 1990. We also include

selected historical trend comparisons with earlier reports in the series back to

1974. The Academic Library survey has been conducted by NCES since 1966

at irregular intervals. Beginning with the 1990 survey, the Academic Libraries

survey has been conducted on a 2-year cycle. Although there have been changes

in the form over the years, the series is generally considered to be continuous.

Data collected since 1974 have been summarized and reported in the Digest of

Education Statistics in various years and this information from the Digest is

summarized in this report to give an historical context to the 1994 academic

library data. 

For the 1994 data collection, library staff data were reported for fall, 1994. 

Operating expenditures and library collections were reported for fiscal year (FY)

1994. Library circulation and interlibrary loans are also for fiscal year 1994 and

other library services are for a typical week in fall of 1994. FY 1994 is defined

as any 12-month period between July 1, 1993, through September 30, 1994, that

corresponds to the institution’s fiscal year.

In 1994, there

were 3,303 

academic

libraries at

institutions of

higher

education

(IHE’s) in the

50 states and

D.C.

The Academic

Library Survey

response rate

was 93.7

percent in 1994
5

To ensure complete coverage, imputed data are used in reporting all 1994 data,

however, the percent change comparisons with 1990 data were calculated using

only those institutions that responded to the item in both 1990 and 1994. These

comparisons are made only for items in which 70 percent or more responded in

both years.

Classifications Used in the Report

The tables and charts in this report present the data by control (public, private);

size of FTE enrollment (less than 1,500; 1,500 to 4,999; 5,000 or more); and the

1994 Carnegie Classification. For table presentation, “level I” and “level II” of

the Carnegie Classifications were combined. The Carnegie Classification

categories used are as follows: Research I and II; Doctoral I and II; Master’s I

and II; Baccalaureate I and II; Associate of Arts; and Specialized.1 In addition

there were 213 institutions that did not have a Carnegie classification in 1994

and these were put into a “not classified” category (The Carnegie Foundation for

the Advancement of Teaching, A Classification of Institutions of Higher

Education, 1994 Edition, Princeton, N.J.). Appendix B tables also include

tabulations of data by highest offering, a categorization based on the IPEDS

classification of the highest degree awarded by the institution (doctor’s,

master’s, bachelor’s, and less than 4-year).

 

1

 Specialized institutions offer degrees ranging from the bachelor’s to the doctorate, at least 50 percent of which are

in a single specialized field, e.g., “theological seminaries, Bible Colleges, and other institutions offering degrees in

religion,” and “schools of art, music, and design.”
7

Number and Diversity of Academic Libraries

The term “academic library” includes a diverse group of libraries that share the

mission of higher education in very different settings with a wide range of

institutional histories and resource levels. In 1994, just over half the 3,303

academic libraries were in private institutions (53 percent) and 47 percent were

in public institutions (table 1). The distribution of academic libraries by

institution type/mission mirrors that of the distribution of IHE’s. By Carnegie

Classification, the largest number of academic libraries was in Associate of Arts

institutions with 36 percent of the total. Only 4 percent (125) of academic

libraries were at Research I and II institutions and another 3 percent (110) were

at institutions classified as Doctoral I and II (figure 1 and table 1). About 16

percent were in Master’s I and II, 17 percent (556) were at institutions classified

as Specialized and 18 percent were at Baccalaureate I and II institutions.

Figure 1. —Distribution of academic libraries by Carnegie Classification

 of institutions: fall 1994

The largest

proportion (36

percent) of

academic

libraries were at

Associate of

Arts granting

institutions

Not classified

6%

Research I and II

4%

Doctoral I and II

3%

Master's I and II

16%

Specialized

17%

Baccalaureate I and 

II

18%

Associate of Arts

36%

SOURCE: United

States Department of

Education, National

Center for Education

Statistics, (NCES) ,

Integrated

Postsecondary

Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library

Survey
8

Historical Growth

In 1967, there were 2,145 academic libraries reported (Beazley, 1979). By

1974 there were 2,972 academic libraries reported, and in 1987 there were

3,438 (NCES, Digest of Education Statistics, 1996, table 412). In 1992,

there were 3,274 libraries and in 1994 there were 3,303. Since the number

fluctuates, in part, based on the manner in which branch campuses were

classified by the institution, it is not possible to conclude that there were more

academic libraries in 1987 than 1994.

Branch Libraries

In 1994, the 3,303 academic libraries reported a total of 2,383 branches. About

28 percent (907) of the academic libraries reported having branch libraries. In

1994, among those having branches the mean per library was 2.6 and the median

was 1. By Carnegie Classification, the percent having branches ranged from 15

percent in “Not classified” and 18 percent in Specialized institutions to 90

percent in Research I and II institutions. The number of branches reported

ranged from 1 to 31 (data not shown). By Carnegie Classification, among those

having branches, the mean number ranged from 1.7 in Specialized to 7.7 in

Research institutions (table 1).

Table 1. — Number of libraries, libraries with branches, and mean number of branches 

 among libraries having a branch by institutional characteristics: fall 1994

Institutional

characteristic Total libraries

Libraries with

branches Branches

Number Percent Number Percent Number Mean

Total............................. 3,303 100% 907 27.5% 2,383 2.6 

Control

 Public........................... 1,548 46.9 501 32.3 1,424 2.8 

 Private.......................... 1,755 53.1 406 23.1 959 2.4 

Carnegie Classification

 Research I and II.......... 125 3.8 113 90.4 873 7.7 

 Doctoral I and II .......... 110 3.3 79 71.8 231 2.9

 Master’s I and II........... 518 15.7 154 29.7 293 1.9

 Baccalaureate I and II.. 606 18.3 136 22.4 239 1.8

 Associate of Arts.......... 1,175 35.6 295 25.1 524 1.8

 Specialized................... 556 16.8 98 17.6 164 1.7

 Not classified ............... 213 6.4 32 15.0 59 1.8

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, (NCES)

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Just over one

fourth (28

percent) of

academic libraries

have branch

libraries
9

Academic Library Services

This report is written at a time of rapid changes in the mediums of

information exchange, when many academic libraries are becoming “virtual”

libraries, as well as physical collections, offering remote access to library

catalogs and reference bases (Hughes, 1992; Moran, 1984; Ardis, 1994; Neal,

1996). Students may access the catalog from their dorm rooms, computer

labs, homes and offices. Questions arise as to the impact these changes may

have over time on the count of library services such as circulation, reference

transactions, frequency of visits to the library, and hours of service.

Table 2.—Total number of services provided and number per full-time-equivalent

(FTE) enrollment by type of service: 1994 fiscal year and percent

change from 1990

Service Category

Total

number in

thousands

1994

Percent

change

1990-94

Number

per fulltimeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

1994

Percent

change

1990-94

General circulation ..................................... 183,123 11.6% 18.3 5.3%

Reserve circulation ..................................... 48,380 * 4.8 *

Loans to other libraries per year............... 8,761 25.4 0.9 18.3

Loans from other libraries per year......... 6,344 40.4 0.6 32.7

Reference transactions per week ............... 2,147 * 0.2 *

Served in presentations to groups per year 6,081 * 0.6 *

Visits to library (gate count) per week...... 17,830 * 1.8 *

*Less than 70 percent response in either 1990 or 1994 or both years.

NOTE: Totals reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent

change include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables

in which 70 percent or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. FTE enrollment is

calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment. For

calculations of percent change, actual FTE enrollments for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were

used in calculations. 

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1990 and 1994 Academic Library Surveys;

and 1989-90 and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Surveys
10

Items Borrowed (Circulation)

In 1994 there were 183.1 million general circulation loans and 48.4 million

reserve loans (table 2 and appendix table B-1). General circulation per full-timeequivalent (FTE) enrollment was 18.3 (table 3).

Change in General Circulation Since 1990. When the set of institutions

reporting in both 1990 and 1994 are compared there was an 11.6 percent

increase in general circulation over the period and a 5.3 percent increase in

circulation per FTE enrollment (table 2).

Table 3.—General circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment by

institution control and Carnegie Classification: 1994

Institutional characteristic General circulation per full-time-equivalent

enrollment (FTE) in 1994

Carnegie Classification Total Public Private

All ..................................................... 18.3 16.8 23.4

Research I and II............................... 31.4 29.8 37.6

Doctoral I and II ............................... 19.6 18.4 23.0

Master’s I and II................................ 15.3 15.5 14.7

Baccalaureate I and II....................... 20.7 17.2 21.8

Associate of Arts............................... 8.3 8.6 8.0

Specialized........................................ 29.0 24.4 30.9

NOTE: Data reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. FTE enrollment

is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time

enrollment. 

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1990 and 1994 Academic Library

Surveys, and 1989-90 and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Surveys,

General 

circulation per

FTE enrollment

was 18.3 per year

in 1994
11

Differences in Circulation by Institution Type. General circulation per FTE

enrollment varies considerably by institution type, ranging from 8.3 in Associate

of Arts granting institutions to 29.0 in Specialized and 31.4 in Research I and II

institutions (table 3). Circulation per FTE enrollment is higher in private than

public Research I and II, Doctoral I and II, Baccalaureate I and II, and

Specialized institutions (table 3).

Interlibrary Loans

While internal general circulation has increased only modestly in recent years—

the use of interlibrary loans increased at larger rates, perhaps reflecting the wider

access to electronic college catalogues, and the strategy of shared resources. 

The total number of items loaned through interlibrary loan was 8.8 million and

the number received was 6.3 million in 1994. Using the figures from the

institutions reporting in both 1990 and 1994, there was an increase of 25 percent

in items loaned and an increase of 18 percent in items loaned per FTE 

enrollment (table 2). Loans received from other libraries increased by even

larger rates–40 percent overall and per FTE enrollment by 33 percent (table 2).

Ratio of Interlibrary Items Loaned to Items Borrowed. The total number of

interlibrary loans received (6.3 million in 1994) was smaller than items loaned

(8.8 million in 1994) because academic libraries also loan to non-academic

libraries (table 2). The Association of Research Libraries has selected the “ratio

of items loaned to items borrowed” as an indicator and this ratio varies

considerably by type of library and enrollment size.

Among those libraries having at least one item loaned and one item borrowed

through interlibrary loan, the mean per institution ratio of items lent to items

borrowed was 2.54, however, the median per institution was .99 (data not

shown). This difference between the mean and the median reflects a very

skewed distribution. By Carnegie Classification, the median ratio ranged from

.73 in “not classified” and .78 in Associate of Arts colleges to 1.61 in Research

I and II universities (figure 2). 

Interlibrary loans

to other

institutions

increased by 25

percent and loans

received from

other libraries

increased by 40

percent between

1990 and 1994
12

Figure 2.—Median ratio of items loaned to items received through

interlibrary loans by Carnegie Classification: 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Reference Transactions

A total of about 2.1 million reference transactions per week (including computer

searching) were reported (table 2). Fewer libraries (72 percent in 1994) reported

information on reference transactions than reported circulation and interlibrary

loans. Only about two-thirds of the libraries reported this information in both

1990 and 1994. Moreover, the interpretation of reference transaction may be

inconsistent and is changing with the use of electronic searching for information.

A comparison of those who did report for these categories indicates, however,

that these categories remained stable over the period.

Visits to the Library (Gate Count)

Academic libraries reported a total gate count of 17.8 million visits per week or

1.8 visits per FTE enrollment (table 2). As in past surveys this survey also had

lower than average item response, with only 68.3 percent of libraries reporting

on the gate count.

0.73

1.2

0.78

0.92

1.17

1.24

1.61

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Not classified

Specialized

Associate of Arts

Baccalaureate I and II

Master's I and II

Doctoral I and II

Research I and II
13

Public Service Hours

On average, academic libraries were open 75 hours per week in 1994. The mean

hours ranged from 65 in Associate of Arts institutions to 107 in Research I and

II institutions. The largest number (43 percent) of academic libraries were open

between 60 and 79 hours, however, 41 percent were open 80 or more hours per

week. About 16 percent were open under 60 hours and 3 percent were open

under 40 hours (calculated from Appendix B, table B-2).

Figure 3.—Percent distribution of academic libraries by public service 

 hours per week and mean public service hours per week by 

 Carnegie Classification: 1994

Distribution of public service hours

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94

Fall Enrollment Survey

Mean public service hours

per week

All Institutions of

 Higher Education.........74.6

Research I and II............107.0

Doctoral I and II..............99.1

Master’s I and II..............88.5

Baccalaureate I and II........84.9

Associate of Arts.............65.2

Specialized....................73.7

60-79 hours

43%

80 or more 

hours

41%

Under 60 hours

16%
15

Academic Library Collections 

For some time, faced with the ever-mushrooming number of publications,

academic librarians have spoken of the shift from acquisition to access and the

“decline of ownership” (Battin, 1989; Kyrillidou, Maxwell, Stubbs, 1996). With

the development of new information age technology, the traditional notion of a

library as a physical facility housing primarily paper-based materials has given

way to a new image. The academic library is sometimes thought of as a range of

services and collections made accessible through networks (Hughes, 1991). At

the same time that this information technology revolution is occurring, new

mediums of information storing and processing have meant that the categories

of materials making up a library collection have been expanded. However,

while new electronic mediums are growing in importance, in 1994 only a small

fraction of recorded information was available in electronic format. Moreover,

there are challenges in deciding which documents should be reformatted into

electronic form and in providing continued access to these reformatted materials,

as well as to those that will never be reformatted (Ardis, 1994).

The IPEDS Survey Form has been revised to reflect these changes over the

years. In 1994 the collection categories for which counts were obtained

included:

• Books and bound serials

• Government documents

• Current serials

• Microforms

• Cartographic materials

• Graphic materials

• Sound recordings

• Film and video materials

• Computer files

• Linear feet of manuscripts and archives

• Other library materials.
16

The number of titles were also collected for books, serials, microforms, sound

recordings, films and video materials, and computer files. In 1994, the term

“computer files” replaced the term machine readable materials used in earlier

surveys. 

Library Collection Summary

In 1994, there were about 776 million volumes of books and bound serials and

422 million titles. The category of materials with the most units was microforms

with 929 million units and 158 million titles (table 4). A total of about 6.6

million paid and unpaid serial subscriptions were reported. There were about

9.3 million titles of sound recordings, 3.4 million of films and videos and about

.5 million of computer files.

Table 4.—Total number of library materials held and added per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment: Fiscal Year (FY) 1994

Held at end of FY 1994 Added during FY1994

Category

 Number

in

thousands

Per fulltimeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number in

thousands

Per fulltimeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number

added as

percent

of

number

held

Volumes, units, and linear feet

Books and bound serials........................................ 776,447 77.6 21,544 2.2 2.8%

Microform units..................................................... 929,249 92.9 46,072 4.6 5.0

Cartographic materials........................................... 34,959 3.5 865 0.1 2.5

Graphic materials................................................... 94,531 9.5 2,721 0.3 2.9

Current paid and unpaid serial subscriptions......... 6,621 0.7 316 0.03 5.1

Manuscripts and archives linear feet...................... 4,131 0.4 * * *

Titles

Books and bound serials........................................ 422,267 42.2 12,831 1.3 3.0

Government documents not reported elsewhere .... 66,509 6.7 * * *

Microforms ........................................................... 158,345 15.8 * * *

Sound recordings................................................... 9,269 0.9 * * *

Films and video materials...................................... 3,392 0.3 364 0.04 10.7

Computer files........................................................ 465 ** 83 0.01 17.9

*Less than 70 percent reporting in 1994

**Less than .1 per FTE

NOTE: FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount

to full-time enrollment in 3303 institutions having academic libraries.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94

Fall Enrollment Survey
17

Items Added as Percentage of Items Held. Looking at items added as a

percentage of items held, we can see the higher relative growth in films and

videos and computer files (table 4). In 1994, the number of films and video

titles added was 11 percent of the number of films and video titles held. The

number of computer file titles added was 18 percent of the number of computer

file titles held, compared, for example, to 3 percent for book titles. 

Change in Volumes Held In and Added To Collections

The number of book and bound serial volumes held and added during the year

are statistics that have been consistently collected for a number of years and have

had high reporting rates. In 1974, a total of 447 million volumes were counted

in the nation’s academic libraries and by 1994, 776 million volumes were

counted (figure 4). 

Figure 4.—Total number of book volumes held in academic libraries:

 1974 to 1994 (volumes in thousands)

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey

447,059

776,447

717,042

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Number of volumes in thousands
18

Increase Relative to Enrollment. Between 1974 and 1994 the number of

volumes counted as held in academic libraries increased by 74 percent while FTE

enrollment increased by 32 percent (7.8 million to 10.3 million). This difference

is reflected in the number of volumes held per FTE enrollment which increased

from 57 to about 78 over the 20 year period. As can be seen from table 5 and

figure 5, most of the increase in volumes per FTE enrollment occurred in the

period prior to 1987. Since 1987 the number per FTE has fluctuated between 72

and 78, in part related to differences in FTE enrollment counts.

Figure 5.—Number of volumes held per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment: 1974-1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey

74.9 71.8

57.9

62.3

63.0

70.6

77.8

57.3

77.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Volumes per FTE enrollment

Between 1974 and

1994 FTE

enrollment

increased 32

percent and

volumes increased

by 74 percent
19

Number of Volumes Added Per Year. The increase in the number of

volumes held over time is the result of a rather steady number of volumes

added each year rather than increases in the rate of additions. The number of

volumes added each year shows no increase over the period, ranging from

23.2 million in 1974 to a low of 19.0 million in 1990 (table 5). In 1994, 21.5

million volumes were added. The number added per FTE enrollment

declined from a high of 3.0 in 1974 to a low of 1.9 in 1990 (table 5 and figure

6). In 1994, there were 2.2 volumes added per FTE enrollment.

Table 5.—Number of books and bound serial volumes held and added,

 and number of serial subscriptions held: 1974-1994

Volumes held Volumes added Serial

subscriptions

held

Year

Number in

thousands

Per full-timeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number

in

thousands

Per full-timeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number in

thousands

1974.... 447,059 57.3 23,242 3.0 4,434

1976.... 481,442 57.9 22,367 2.7 4,670

1978.... 519,895 62.3 21,608 2.6 4,775

1981.... 567,826 63.0 19,507 2.2 4,890

1984.... 631,727 70.6 20,658 2.3 6,317

1987.... 718,504 77.8 21,907 2.4 6,416

1990.... 717,042 71.8 19,003 1.9 5,749

1992.... 749,429 74.9 20,982 2.0 6,966

1994.... 776,447 77.6 21,544 2.2 6,621

NOTE: Figures per FTE enrollment for 1974 to 1992 were taken from the Digest of Education

Statistics, 1996, table 412. The figures were calculated on the basis of total FTE enrollments

for the various years. For 1994, the rate per FTE enrollment was calculated based on enrollment

in the 3,303 academic library institutions, a base that is slightly smaller than the total IHE’s (10.0

million compared to 10.3 million). The rate using the later figure would be 75.4 volumes per

FTE enrollment held and 2.1 volumes per FTE enrollment added.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES), Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; Integrated Postsecondary Education

Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey, and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey

The number of

volumes added per

year has not

increased over the

last 20 years
20

Figure 6.—Number of volumes added per year in academic libraries

per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment: 1974-1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES), Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; and Integrated Postsecondary

Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 Fall

Enrollment Survey

Change Since 1990 in Volumes Held

When the set of institutions reporting in both 1990 and 1994 is compared, we

see that overall the number of volumes increased by 10.9 percent and the

number per FTE enrollment by 4.6 percent (table 6).

These figures, indicate that despite the growth of other mediums, the number

of bound printed volumes held continued to increase at rates higher than that

of enrollment. The rates of increases were highest among private Research

I and II institutions. This group had increases of 19.0 percent in total

volumes and 16.1 percent in volumes per FTE enrollment (table 6). 

However, among certain types of institutions the number of volumes per FTE

enrollment actually declined between 1990 and 1994. A 5.8 and 3.7 percent

decline occurred among Associate of Arts and Specialized institutions

respectively and a smaller decline occurred among Baccalaureate institutions

(-0.7 percent).

3.0

2.7 2.7

2.6

2.2

2.3 2.4

1.9

2.1 2.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Volumes per FTE enrollment
21

Table 6. —Volumes held at end of the fiscal year and volumes held per full-time-equivalent

(FTE) enrollment by Carnegie Classification: 1994, and percent change since

1990

Volumes held at

end of year Volumes per FTE Enrollment

Institutional

characteristic

Number in

thousands

Percent

change

1990-

1994

Mean Percent

change

1990-

1994

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total............................. 776,445 10.9% 78 4.6% 21 57 116

 Public......................... 479,695 10.1 63 3.8 16 31 62

 Private........................ 298,819 12.7 125 6.0 42 96 182

Research I and II ........ 336,562 13.1 148 12.6 95 129 194

 Public......................... 218,460 10.5 121 10.6 89 113 136

 Private........................ 118,100 19.0 258 16.1 157 220 381

Doctoral I and II......... 87,077 12.8 89 10.9 61 83 116

 Public......................... 53,350 13.2 73 10.7 58 72 90

 Private........................ 33,727 12.0 134 12.1 83 98 184

Master's I and II ......... 153,340 9.6 65 3.7 53 66 93

 Public......................... 105,520 10.0 60 4.7 47 61 76

 Private........................ 47,821 8.6 80 0.8 59 79 109

Baccalaureate I and II 95,482 8.7 118 -0.7 75 115 176

 Public......................... 10,899 5.0 60 -4.8 45 56 81

 Private........................ 84,583 9.2 135 -0.1 89 126 185

Associate of Arts ......... 51,226 5.1 16 -5.8 11 18 30

 Public......................... 47,053 5.9 16 -5.2 12 18 27

 Private........................ 4,173 -4.5 27 -7.2 7 18 63

Specialized ................... 44,414 6.7 118 -3.7 42 116 326

 Public......................... 10,415 * 94 -10.7 54 89 156

 Private........................ 33,999 9.4 128 -0.7 39 130 387

Not classified ............... 8,346 19.0 69 153.0 11 27 73

NOTE: Totals reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent change

include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables in which 70 percent

or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of

part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment. For calculation of percent change, actual FTE

enrollments for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were used in tabulations. Details for volumes held may not sum

to totals due to rounding

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, and

1989-90 and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Surveys
22

Specialized

6%

Baccalaureate I and II

12%

Masters I and II

20%

Doctoral I and II

11%

Research I and II

43%

Associate of arts

7%

Not classified

1%

Differences in Volumes per FTE Enrollment

In 1994 the overall number of volumes per FTE enrollment was 78 and the

median per institution was 57 (table 6). The numbers range widely by

institution type going from 16 per FTE enrollment in public Associate of Arts

institutions to 258 in private Research I and II institutions. The median per

FTE enrollment per institution ranged from 18 in both public and private

Associate of Arts institutions to 220 in private Research I and II institutions

(table 6).

.

Figure 7.—Percent distribution of volumes held at the end of the year

and distribution of full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment

by Carnegie Classification: 1994

Distribution of volumes held Distribution of FTE enrollment: 1994

All Institutions of

 Higher Education.........100%

Research I and II............ 23%

Doctoral I and II.............. 10%

Master’s I and II.............. 24%

Baccalaureate I and II........ 8%

Associate of Arts............. 32%

Specialized.................... 4%

Not classified................... 1%

The number of

volumes held per

FTE enrollment

ranges from 16 in

public Associate

of Arts

institutions to 258

in private

Research I and II

institutions

SOURCE: United States Department of

Education, National Center for

Education Statistics, Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library

Survey, and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment

Survey
23

Distribution of Volumes by Type of Institution

As can be seen from figure 7 and table 7 over 40 percent of the total volumes

held were held in Research I and II institutions. Traditionally research

institutions have maintained the largest collections to serve the needs of 

graduate students and research faculty. Research I and II institutions enroll

about 23 percent of the total FTE enrollment (figure 7). The Associate of

Arts institutions, enrolling 32 percent of the FTE students, have only 7

percent of the volumes held.

Number of Volumes Per Institution and Academic Library Standards

The mean number of volumes held per institution, ranges from 65,295

volumes in institutions with less than 1,500 students to over 909,655 in

institutions with 5,000 or more (table 7). The 1995 Edition of Standards for

College Libraries prepared by the Association of College and Research

Libraries (ACRL)/ College Library Section (CLS) Standards Committee

gives a formula for estimating the number of volumes needed. There is also

a grading system based on the percent of the suggested number of volumes

held by the institution. This formula suggests that the basic collection should

have at least 85,000 volumes and that there be an additional 15 volumes per

FTE enrollment and an additional 100 volumes per FTE faculty. In addition

the formula states there should be 350 volumes per undergraduate major and

minor field and additional allowances for each master’s (6,000), specialist

(3,000), and doctoral field (6,000).

Thus for example, a baccalaureate institution with 1,000 FTE undergraduates,

10 major fields, and 50 faculty should have about 108,000 volumes. A

masters level institution with 10,000 FTE enrollment, 250 faculty, 15 majors

and 8 masters majors should have about 300,000 volumes. A doctoral

granting institution with 20,000 students, 350 faculty, 15 majors and 10

masters and 8 Ph.D. fields should have about 509,000 volumes. One can see

from these examples and the numbers in table 7 that smaller colleges are less

likely on average to meet the standard, while Research universities easily

exceed the standard.

The standards for Community Colleges awarding associate degrees are

contained in the publication Standards for Community, Junior, and Technical

College Learning Resource Programs, published in 1994 and prepared by a

joint committee of the Association for Educational Communications and

Technology (AECT) and the ACRL. The recommendations for number of

volumes are directly linked to institution size and range from 30,000 for

institutions under 1,000 to 170,000 for those with 17,000 to 19,000 FTE

students. One can see from table 7 that the Associate of Arts institutions with

Four year

college library

standards

recommend a

basic collection

of 85,000 with

additional

volumes based on

enrollment,

faculty, number

of majors, and

types of degrees

awarded

Two year

college library

standards

recommend a

minimum of 

30,000 volumes

for institutions

with under 1,000

FTE enrollment

and 170,000 for

those with FTE

enrollments of

17,000-19,000
24

a mean of 43,597 volumes held and a median of 36,500 volumes held just

exceed the minimum standard for the smallest category of institutions those

of 1,000 enrollment. The average FTE enrollment of Associate of Arts

institutions in 1994 was 2,670 (calculated from appendix table A-4 and table

1).

Table 7.—Mean and median number of volumes per institution and percent distribution of

 volumes held by institution control, size, and Carnegie Classification: Fiscal 

 Year (FY) 1994

Institution characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total

volumes at

end of year

in

thousands

Per

institution

Median per

institution

Percent of

total

volumes

held

All.......................................... 3,303 776,447 235,073 71,017 100%

Control..................................

 Public................................... 1,548 449,763 290,544 65,956 57.9

 Private.................................. 1,755 326,685 186,145 77,700 42.1

Size (FTE enrollment)

 Less than 1,500.................... 1,754 114,527 65,295 37,413 14.8

 1,500-4,999.......................... 984 147,965 150,371 85,491 19.1

 5,000 or more....................... 565 513,955 909,655 453,308 66.2

Carnegie Classification

(1994)

 Research I and II.................. 125 336,562 2,692,497 2,164,156 43.3

 Doctoral I and II................... 110 87,077 791,608 692,386 11.2

 Master’s I and II................... 518 153,341 296,025 234,122 19.7

 Baccalaureate I and II .......... 606 95,482 157,561 116,085 12.3

 Associate of Arts.................. 1,175 51,226 43,597 36,500 6.6

 Specialized........................... 556 44,414 79,881 47,032 5.7

 Not classified ....................... 213 8,346 39,181 12,451 1.1

NOTE: Details for total volumes held may not sum to total due to rounding

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey
25

Academic Library Staff

The development of electronic information databases and automation of many

library technical functions have resulted in the redefining of a profession and a

change in the composition of staff in academic libraries. Some tasks, previously

handled by professional librarians, have been assigned to newly emerging

paraprofessional occupations. At the same time, the evolution of information

technology requires sophisticated librarians who can provide enhanced

information services (Oberg, 1992; Park and Riggs, 1991; Cravey, 1991). 

Librarians have always served as the link between information resources and

consumers of information. The academic librarian in the information age will

spend more time instructing students in the skills of selecting and reviewing

information from an ever expanding information base. In addition the library

and librarians will maintain the essential infrastructure to accommodate the

continuously evolving information environment.

Figure 8.—Percent distribution of academic library full-time-equivalent

(FTE) staff by type of staff: 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Other paid staff

42%

Student assistants

30%

Librarians and other 

professionals

28%
26

Distribution of Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Library Staff by Type

In 1994, about 95,843 FTE staff were employed in academic libraries.2 Of the

total FTE library staff, 28 percent were librarians or other professional staff.

 Forty-two percent were other paid staff and 30 percent were student

assistants (figure 8). 

The proportion of FTE library staff who are librarians and other professional

staff does not vary greatly by type of library (see appendix table B-8). The

proportion only ranges from 27 percent in Research I and II and

Baccalaureate I and II institutions to 32 percent in Specialized institutions. By

control, the proportion also does not vary much, being 29 percent in private

and 27 percent in public institutions. However, smaller institutions were

somewhat more likely to use student assistants than larger institutions. In

institutions of less than 1,500 FTE enrollment 36 percent of the FTE library

staff were student assistants, while in institutions of 5,000 FTE enrollment

or more, 28 percent of the FTE library staff were student assistants (appendix

table B-8).

Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Staff per 1,000 FTE Enrollment

While the relative distribution of staff between professional, nonprofessional, and student assistants does not vary greatly by type of

institution, the number of FTE library staff per 1,000 FTE enrollment, is

considerably higher in private than in public institutions. For example, in

private Research I and II institutions the number of FTE library staff per

1,000 FTE enrollment was almost double that of public Research I and II

institutions (24.3 in private compared with 12.2 public) (table 8). Similarly

in private Baccalaureate I and II institutions there were 14.6 FTE staff per

1,000 FTE enrollment, while in public Baccalaureate I and II institutions

there were 8.1 FTE staff per 1,000 FTE enrollment.

Change in Staff Over Time Since 1974

Figure 9 graphs FTE staff for the total (excluding student assistants but

including contributed services staff), for other non-professional staff, and for

librarians and other professional staff from 1974 to 1994. FTE data on

student assistants is available and graphed only for the period after 1990.

 

2Academic library staff were reported in the survey form in full-time-equivalents (FTE’s)
27

Change in Staff Totals Excluding Student Assistants. Between 1967 (not

shown on graph) and 1977 the total number of non-student assistant library FTE

staff grew from 43,500 in 1967 to 57,087 in 1977 (Beasley, 1979). By 1988 this

number was 67,300 and in 1990 the number was 69,359. However, between

1990 and 1992 declines in library staffing were reported (Williams, 1994), with

the total number including contributed services staff being 67,166. The

comparable number in 1994 was 67,433 (figure 9).

Figure 9.—Number of academic library full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff: 1974-

1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Education Statistics, 1996, table 412; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

56,836

67,433

69,359

26,726 23,530

40,381

41,853

33,306

28,411 30,323

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

FTE librarians and other

professional staff

FTE other staff

FTE total library staff

excluding student

assistants

FTE student assistants
28

Change in Staff Including Student Assistants. Comparable data on the

number of FTE student assistants is available only since 1990. When the total

library staff are considered (including student assistants) for institutions

reporting in both 1990 and 1994, we see that the total numbers have declined by

0.1 percent since 1990 (table 8). When considered per 1,000 FTE enrollment

there were declines of 5.9 percent between 1990 and 1994 (table 8). These

declines occurred at both public and private institutions. The largest declines

were at Baccalaureate I and II institutions and at Associate of Arts institutions.

Table 8.—Total academic library staff, number per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 by control and Carnegie

Classification

Total staff including

student assistants

Total staff including student assistants per 1,000 FTE

enrollment

Institutional

characteristic

Number Percent

change

1990-

1994

Mean Percent

change

1990-

1994

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total 95,843 -0.1% 9.6 -5.9% 5.3 8.9 15.9

 Public............................. 58,457 -0.4 7.7 -6.1 4.0 6.0 8.7

 Private............................ 37,386 0.3 15.6 -5.4 8.7 13.6 22.7

Research I and II............. 33,258 -0.3 14.7 -0.7 10.0 13.3 19.1

 Public............................. 22,159 -1.2 12.2 -1.3 9.5 11.9 14.4

 Private............................ 11,099 2.0 24.3 -0.2 17.1 23.2 32.7

Doctoral I and II ............. 10,444 3.6 10.7 1.6 7.8 9.6 14.1

 Public............................. 6,538 3.3 9.0 0.9 7.3 9.0 10.6

 Private............................ 3,907 4.2 15.6 3.4 9.5 14.0 20.2

Master's I and II ............. 19,250 -1.3 8.2 -7.2 6.5 8.4 11.2

 Public............................. 12,946 -2.2 7.4 -7.6 6.0 7.1 9.1

 Private............................ 6,304 0.3 10.6 -6.8 7.9 10.2 13.6

Baccalaureate I and II.... 10,612 -5.0 13.1 -12.6 9.1 12.7 18.6

 Public............................. 1,484 * 8.1 -8.3 6.0 8.0 10.3

 Private............................ 9,128 -5.7 14.6 -13.2 9.7 14.0 19.5

Associate of Arts ............. 13,646 -1.4 4.3 -11.5 3.3 4.9 7.5

 Public............................. 12,484 -1.1 4.3 -11.4 3.2 4.6 6.3

 Private............................ 1,162 -4.9 7.5 -11.6 4.1 8.7 15.8

Specialized ....................... 6,853 6.6 18.2 -2.0 11.7 20.5 39.3

 Public............................. 1,870 5.1 17.0 -3.6 10.6 19.4 27.4

 Private............................ 4,984 7.4 18.7 -1.3 12.0 20.8 41.4

Not classified.................... 1,779 67.3 14.7 60.6 4.3 9.0 21.7

*Less than .5 percent

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library

Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey
29

Changes in Library Staff Relative to Total Higher Education Staff and

Enrollment

Changes in library staff since the mid-1970’s have not kept pace with enrollment

and lag behind the increases experienced by the total Institution of Higher

Education (IHE) staff. Over the period since 1976 to 1993 (two dates for which

comparable figures on total FTE IHE staff are available), the total full-timeequivalent number of staff in IHE’s increased from 1.86 million to 2.60 million

(36 percent) and FTE enrollment from 8.31 million to 10.36 million (25

percent). FTE faculty increased by 33 percent (calculated from Fall Staff in

Postsecondary Institutions, 1993). In contrast, the FTE number of library staff

(excluding student assistants) increased by 18 percent, and FTE library

professional staff increased by 15 percent over about the same period (1976 to

1994) (figure10).

Figure 10.—Percent change in full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library staff

and institution of higher education FTE enrollment and staff : 1976-

1993, 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and Fall Staff

in Postsecondary Institutions, 1993, figure 3.

36%

33%

25%

18%

15%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Total FTE institution of

higher education staff

Total FTE faculty

Total FTE enrollment

Total FTE library

staff(excluding student

assistants)

Total FTE library

professional staff

Percent change
31

Academic Library Expenditures

In 1994, academic library operating expenditures totaled just over 4 billion

dollars. Library expenditures cover a wide range of materials and activities

ranging from salaries and wages to postage for document delivery. In recent

years the categories have been revised to include additional categories for

computer related items and for the expenditures for electronic information

resources. The categories for which separate expenditure information was

collected in 1994 are listed in table 9.

Figure 11.—Percent distribution of academic library operating

expenditures by type and institution level: 1974 and 1994

10%

16% 16% 14%

30%

34% 35%

22%

60%

50% 49%

64%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Total:1974 Total:1994 4-year and

above:1994

Less than 4-

year:1994

Salaries and wages

Information resources

Other expenditures

SOURCE: United States

Department of Education,

National Center for Education

Statistics (NCES), Digest of

Education Statistics, 1996, table

412; and Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data

System (IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library Survey
32

Table 9.—Academic library operating expenditures in 1994, and percent distribution of

expenditures in 1990 and 1994 by type of expenditures

Operating Expenditures

Total

amount in

thousands

1994

Amount per

full-timeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

1994

Percent

distribution

of total

amount

1994

Percent

distribution

of total

amount

1990

Total....................................................... $4,013,333 $402.18 100% 100%

Salaries and wages................................ 2,021,233 202.55 50.4 52.0

Information resources.......................... 1,348,932 135.18 33.6 34.1

 Current serial subscriptions................... 690,410 69.19 17.2 16.9

 Books and bound serials....................... 442,495 44.34 11.0 12.3

 Microforms........................................... 62,421 6.26 1.6 1.0

 Audi-visual ........................................... 28,753 2.88 0.7 0.7

 Document delivery................................ 12,238 1.23 0.3 0.3

 Computer files/search services.............. 70,792 7.09 1.8 2.3

 Other information resources.................. 41,823 4.19 1.0 0.6

Furniture and equipment..................... 55,915 5.60 1.4 1.5

Computer hardware and software...... 128,128 12.84 3.2 1.9

Bibliographic utilities, networks,

consortia ................................................

 

81,106 8.13 2.0 1.1

Preservation .......................................... 46,554 4.67 1.2 1.1

Other operating expenditures.............. 331,463 33.22 8.3 8.2

NOTE: Amounts used for percent distribution calculation includes imputed data in both 1990 and 1994. FTE

enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey; 1990 Academic Library Survey; and

1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey
33

Distribution of Library Operating Expenditures

As one can see from figure 11 and table 9 salaries and wages account for half

(50 percent) of all operating expenditures. The proportion of expenditures going

to salaries and wages has declined over the last 20 years going from 60 percent

in 1974 to 50 percent in 1994 (figure 11 and NCES Digest of Education

Statistics, 1996, table 412).

The percent of the total going to salaries and wages did not vary substantially by

public or private institutional control—being 52 percent in public and 48 in

private institutions. However, less than 4-year institutions have a higher

proportion of their expenditures going for salaries (64 percent) than do the other

types of institutions (figure 11 and appendix table B-10).

As one can see from table 9, the detailed expenditure distributions in 1994 and

1990 are very similar to each other. In 1994 the proportion of expenses going

for new electronic resources and services was somewhat higher overall than in

1990. If one combines computer files and searches, computer hardware and

software, and bibliographic utilities, networks and consortia, 7.0 percent went

for these categories in 1994 and 5.3 in 1990 (table 9). Books and bound serials

were a slightly smaller proportion of the total in 1994 than in 1990, and

microforms a slightly larger proportion in 1994 (table 9).

Distribution of Information Resources Expenditures

When one considers the distribution for information resources (figure 12), one

sees the dominance of serials expenditures which accounted for fully half (51

percent) of information resources expenditures. A number of library expenditure

analyses have noted the high proportion of information resource expenditures

going to serials and that unit costs have increased over the last ten years. 

Statistics reported for research libraries by the Association of Research

Librarians (ARL) indicated that between 1986 and 1995 ARL libraries doubled

expenditures for serials while buying 8 percent fewer titles (Kyrillidou, Maxwell

and Stubbs, 1996).

The percent of

expenditures

going to new

electronic

resources and 

services was about

7.0 percent in

1994 and 5.3

percent in 1990

Serial

expenditures

account for onehalf of

information

resource

expenditures

The percent of

operating

expenditures

going to salaries

and wages was

60 percent in 1974

and 50 percent in

1994
34

Figure 12.—Distribution of academic library expenditures for information resources: 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Books and other 

print materials

33%

Current serial 

subscriptions

51%

Computer 

files/search services

5%

Other information 

resources

3%

Microforms

5%

Audiovisual 

materials

2%

Document delivery

1%
35

Change in Total Operating Expenditures and Operating Expenditures

Per Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment

In current dollars, total operating expenditures have gone from $1.09 billion in

1974 to $4.01 billion in 1994. In constant 1994 dollars, total operating

expenditures have gone from $3.17 billion to $4.01 billion (tabulated from

NCES Library Statistics of Colleges and Universities, various years and IPEDS

Academic Library Survey). Public academic libraries had 60 percent of the

expenditures and private 40 percent. Research I and II institutions account for

40 percent of the total expenditures. Associate of Arts institutions account for

11 percent. Between 1990 and 1994 overall library expenditures increased by

10.7 percent in constant dollars (table 10).

Expenditures Per Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment. In constant

dollars, expenditures per FTE enrollment were $406 in 1974 and $401 in 1994.

 The lowest amount per FTE enrollment occurred in 1981 when constant dollar

expenditures were $345 and in 1990 when expenditures were to $367 (figure

13).

Figure 13.—Academic library operating expenditures per full-timeequivalent (FTE) enrollment in constant (1994) dollars:

1974-1994 NOTE: Constant

dollars calculated

based on consumer

price index as

published in 1996 US

Statistical Abstract,

table 745.

SOURCE: United

States Department of

Education, National

Center for Education

Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational

Statistics, 1996, table

412; and Integrated

Postsecondary

Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library

Survey and 1993-94

Fall Enrollment

Survey

$406

$377

$395

$345

$382

$390

$367

$385

$401

$330

$340

$350

$360

$370

$380

$390

$400

$410

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Operating expenditures per FTE enrollment
36

Table 10.—Total and per full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library operating

expenditures, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 in constant dollars

by control and Carnegie Classification

Total amount Per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment

Institutional

characteristics

Amount in

Thousands

Percent

change

1990-94

in

constant

dollars

Mean Percent

change

1990-94

in

constant

dollars

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total............................ $4,013,332 10.7% $401 4.7% $169 $291 $503

 Public........................ 2,441,579 8.0 322 2.1 137 209 313

 Private....................... 1,571,753 15.8 658 9.5 253 399 742

Research I and II ....... 1,622,321 12.2 715 12.0 474 621 920

 Public........................ 1,033,200 10.9 571 11.3 447 552 663

 Private....................... 589,100 14.6 1,288 11.7 834 1,164 1,795

Doctoral I and II........ 470,560 9.6 480 8.2 316 444 671

 Public........................ 287,930 9.5 395 7.4 304 356 470

 Private....................... 182,630 9.8 728 10.6 455 649 817

Master's I and II ........ 750,136 5.5 319 -0.1 251 307 393

 Public........................ 527,530 1.9 300 -3.1 239 290 347

 Private....................... 222,600 16.7 373 8.6 270 340 430

Baccalaureate I and

II..................................

 

 369,690 14.9 457 6.1 275 389 550

 Public........................ 54,040 9.1 295 -0.8 217 274 358

 Private....................... 315,650 15.9 505 7.6 293 416 591

Associate of Arts ........ 443,770 7.3 140 -3.3 103 148 215

 Public........................ 414,190 6.4 142 -4.3 110 151 205

 Private....................... 2 9,579 29.6 191 20.9 96 190 318

Specialized .................. 297,180 18.9 789 7.6 338 685 1673

 Public........................ 94,701 14.9 859 2.4 396 703 1363

 Private....................... 202,480 22.1 760 11.3 336 680 1736

Not Classified ............. 59,677 27.7 493 23.6 135 244 805

NOTE: Amounts reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent change

include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables in which 70 percent

or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of

part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment. For calculation of percent change, actual FTE

enrollments for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were used in tabulations. Details for amounts in thousands may

not sum to totals due to rounding. Constant dollars calculated based on consumer price index as published in 1996 US

Statistical Abstract, table 745.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS); 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, and

1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey
37

Between 1990 and 1994 overall expenditures per FTE enrollment increased by

4.7 percent in constant dollars. However, Associate of Arts institutions

experienced a decline of 3.3 percent over the period (table 10). 

Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment ranged from $142 per

FTE enrollment in public Associate of Arts institutions to $1,288 in private

Research I and Research II institutions (table 10). Expenditures per FTE

enrollment in private institutions were about double those in public institutions

($658 and $322 respectively). Median expenditures per institution also showed

an almost twofold difference between public and private institutions. The

median expenditures per FTE were $291 overall and $209 in public and $399 in

private institutions (table 10).

Academic Library Operating Expenditures as a Percent of Total

Educational and General (E&G) Expenditures

Examination of the data for the total group of academic libraries for the period

1974-1994 shows that the percentage of total institutional E&G expenditures

spent by libraries declined from 3.9 in 1974 to 2.9 in 1994 (figure 14).

Figure 14.—Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total 

 Education and General (E&G) expenditures: 1974-1994

SOURCE: United

States Department of

Education, National

Center for Education

Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational

Statistics, 1996, table

412; and Integrated

Postsecondary

Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library

Survey and 1993-94

Finance Survey

3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7

3.5 3.4

3.2

3 3

2.9

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Percent of e & g expenditures 
38

Table 11.—Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total Education and

General (E&G) expenditures; and percent change between 1990 and 1994 by

control and Carnegie Classification

Institutional

characteristics

Percent of 

total E&G

expenditures

1994

Percent

change in

percent of

total E&G

1990-94

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total............................ 2.9% -2.3% 2.0% 2.8% 3.9%

 Public........................ 2.7 -2.8 1.9 2.6 3.4

 Private....................... 3.1 -1.8 2.1 3.0 4.5

Research I and II ....... 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.8 3.3

 Public........................ 2.8 4.0 2.4 2.8 3.3

 Private....................... 3.0 -0.3 2.0 2.9 3.4

Doctoral I and II........ 3.5 -2.5 2.5 3.3 4.1

 Public........................ 3.4 -1.3 2.7 3.2 3.7

 Private....................... 3.7 -4.7 2.2 3.7 4.3

Master's I and II ........ 3.1 -6.6 2.4 3.0 3.8

 Public........................ 3.3 -7.5 2.7 3.3 3.9

 Private....................... 2.7 -2.7 2.2 2.7 3.2

Baccalaureate I and

II.................................. 3.2 -3.4 2.4 3.0 3.7

 Public........................ 3.4 -5.6 2.8 3.4 4.1

 Private....................... 3.2 -3.0 2.3 2.9 3.6

Associate of Arts ........ 2.2 -9.2 1.6 2.3 3.1

 Public........................ 2.2 -9.6 1.6 2.3 3.0

 Private....................... 2.0 -0.7 1.2 2.1 3.5

Specialized .................. 2.5 -2.9 2.3 4.1 8.5

 Public........................ 1.5 -5.1 1.5 2.0 3.3

 Private....................... 3.7 -2.0 2.6 4.6 9.1

Not classified .............. 4.2 21.5 1.5 2.5 7.7

NOTE: Figures for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent 

change include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables

in which 70 percent or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. Actual E&G

expenditures for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were used in calculations.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS); 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990

Academic Library Survey, and 1990 and 1994 Finance Surveys
39

Using the set of institutions reporting in both 1990 and 1994, we see that there

was a decline of 2 percent in the percent of the total E&G expenditures spent by

academic libraries over the 1990-94 period (table 11). A decline was

experienced by all categories of libraries except those in the category public

Research I and II and the “not classified” category (table 11).

As part of the ongoing development of standards for academic libraries, the

Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) has established standards

on the percent of total institution expenditures that should go to academic

libraries for two of the three categories of academic libraries. The Standards for

Community, Junior, and Technical Learning Resource Programs and the

Standards for College Libraries both established a standard that academic

libraries should receive 6 percent of their university’s total budget. The

Standards for University Libraries does not mention a specific percentage,

however the 6 percent goal is often also cited for this group as a target. Data on

research libraries has shown that this goal has never been reached and in fact that

that the share has declined over the period of 1982-1992 (Goudy, 1993;

Cummings et. al. 1992). 

Summary/Conclusion

In the first half of the 1990s, a time of rapid change in methods of information

dissemination, academic library circulation increased modestly. There were

much larger relative increases in the use of interlibrary loans reflecting the

increasingly open computerized access to catalogues. While the number of book

volumes held in collections continued to increase, the number per FTE

enrollment has not increased since a peak reached in 1987. Information

resources such as computer files and films and videos had the highest ratios of

items added to items held reflecting the relative newness of these categories of

materials and building of collections in these areas. There were large differences

in the number of volumes per FTE enrollment between institutions by Carnegie

Classification. Volumes per FTE enrollment ranged from 16 in Associate of

Arts institutions to 148 in Research I and II institutions. Associate of Arts

institutions have 7 percent of the volumes while having almost one third of FTE

enrollment (32 percent).

In a period of increasing library automation and change in library staff roles, the

actual total number of FTE academic library staff declined slightly between

1990 and 1994 (reflecting a trend also observed in 1992; Rossi and Daugherty,

1997). The number per 1,000 FTE enrollment declined by almost 6 percent.

While declines in the total number of academic library staff have occurred only

recently, over the last 20 years, increases in academic library staff have not kept

pace with those of the total IHE staff. The number of professional staff in

libraries has remained largely stable over the period between 1989 and 1994.
40

Academic library operating expenditures totaled 4 billion dollars in 1994. The

distributions of operating expenditures by category of expenditure in 1990 and

1994 were very similar except for a small increase in the proportion going to

electronic related services and microforms and small declines in the proportion

going to salaries and wages and book volumes. Serials expenditures continue to

dominate the distribution of information resources expenditures. The amount

of expenditures per FTE enrollment in constant dollars was about the same in

1994 as 20 years earlier, in 1974, but increased over 1990 by about 5 percent.

 Academic library expenditures as a percent of total institution expenditures have

ranged between 3.9 and 2.9 percent between 1974 and 1994, falling short of the

6 percent ACRL recommended and the percentage appears to be decreasing over

time. There were large differences in the expenditures per FTE enrollment by

Carnegie Classification. For example, expenditures per FTE enrollment were

$140 in Associate of Arts institutions and $715 in Research I and II institutions.

Similarly, the number of FTE staff per 1,000 FTE enrollments was 4.3 in

Associate of Arts institutions and 14.7 in Research I and II institutions.

These data indicate that the changes in information technology were beginning

to have small impacts on academic library statistics in areas of types of services,

staff numbers, collection additions, and distribution of expenditures. Future

surveys will provide more information on the continued extent of these changes.
R-1

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of Research Libraries.

Rossi, Robert and Daugherty, M. Sharon. (1997). The Status of Academic Libraries in the United

States. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education

Statistics (NCES 97-413).

Smith, James and Alexander, Adrian. (1992). “Annual Survey of Serials Collection Assessment

Programs, Practices and Policies in Academic Libraries.” Collection Assessment and

Acquisitions Budgets. Hawthorne Press.

Wilder, Stanley. (1995). The Age Demographics of Academic Libraries: A Profession Apart.

Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries.

Williams, Jeffrey. (1992). Academic Libraries: 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of

Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 93-044).

Williams, Jeffrey. (1994). Academic Libraries: 1992. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of

Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 95-031).

Williams, Jeffrey. (1998). Academic Libraries: 1994 Washington, DC: U.S. Department of

Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 98-275).
A-1

Appendix A: Methodology

Scope

The Academic Libraries survey was mailed in August 1994 to all institutions of higher education

(IHE’s) and to other postsecondary institutions in the United States that had one or more

instructional programs of 4 years or more. While the response among the 3,639 institutions of higher

education (IHE’s) was 94 percent, the response from the other postsecondary institutions (about 300)

was less than 50 percent. Due to low response, we cannot produce statistically acceptable estimates

for this group of other postsecondary institutions. Thus the Academic Library file and this report are

limited to Institutions of Higher Education (IHE’s).

Of the 3,639 higher education institutions, there were 132 institutions that did not have their own

library but shared a library with one or more of 70 other institutions. Those 132 institutions were

excluded from the survey. There were also 204 institutions that were found to be out of scope

because they did not have an academic library as defined by the survey. Thus there were 3,303

academic libraries in the 50 states and District of Columbia.

An Academic Library is defined as an entity at a postsecondary institution that provides all of the

following:

ß Organized collection of printed or other materials, or a combination thereof;

ß A staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the informational,

cultural, recreational, or educational needs of clientele;

ß An established schedule in which services of the staff are available to clientele;

ß The physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule.

This definition includes libraries that are part of learning resource centers. The library must be

operated by a postsecondary education institution.

Data Collection Procedures

The Academic Library Survey data are collected and processed by the Census Bureau for NCES.

 In 1990, an NCES/IPEDS academic library survey improvement project was begun with the

assistance of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) and the

American Library Association’s Office of Research and Statistics (ALA-ORS). The project

identified a librarian in each state to work with the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS) Coordinators in submitting library data to NCES. For the 1990, 1992, and 1994 data

collections many of those library representatives took major responsibility for collecting data in their
A-2

state. Others were available to promote prompt responses from librarians and to assist in problem

resolution when anomalies were discovered in completed questionnaires.

The project also assisted NCES in developing microcomputer software packages prepared for use

by states in reporting library data to NCES. The software package was named Input and Data

Editing for Academic Library Statistics (IDEALS). Academic librarians within each state completed

hard copy forms as in the past and returned them to the state’s library representative or the IPEDS

Coordinator. States were given the option of submitting the library forms to NCES, but were

encouraged to enter those data into IDEALS and submit the data on diskette to NCES.

The IDEALS package features some internal consistency edit checks as well as a few range checks

and summation checks. Library representatives at the state level could run edit/error reports and

make corrections before submitting the data on diskette to NCES.

Editing and Imputation

The IDEALS computer program described above includes many edit checks providing some

warnings as the data are being keyed and provides an edit/error report after the data have been keyed.

 Examples of these edit checks are listed below:

(1) Summations--reported totals are compared with the sums of the constituent data items. If

they are not equal, an error message is generated.

(2) Relational edit checks--the program compares data entries from one section of the

questionnaire with date entries from another section of the questionnaire for consistency. For

example, if books and bound serials were added during the fiscal year the program would

expect some expenditure to be reported for books and bound serials. If one is reported

without the other an error message is generated. Another example is the number of volumes

of print materials added during the fiscal year cannot exceed the total number of volumes

held at the end of the fiscal year.

 (3) Range checks--For example, if the average salary of librarians is less than $20,000 or greater

than 100,000, an error message is generated. If any of the collections data, except for

volumes held at the end of the year is greater than 1,000,000, an error message is generated.

 If the reported hours of service is less than 10 hours per week or greater than 168 hours per

week, an error message is generated.

When probable errors were identified by the IDEALS edit checks, state or Census Bureau personnel

contacted the institution to resolve the problem. After the data were received by NCES from every

state, the data files were merged and general edits and imputations were performed. Some examples

follow.

ß If a total was blank or zero, but there were one or more positive subtotals the total was

changed to equal the sum of the subtotals.
A-3

ß If prior year (1992) data were available, the 1992 responses were used for imputation.

ß If prior year data were unavailable, for purposes of imputation, the higher education file

was divided into 16 imputation classes. The classes were based upon the highest level

of degree (Doctor’s, Master’s, Bachelor’s, and Associate), and control and size of

institution. The four control/size imputation categories were: public, less than median

number of degrees; public, equal to or greater than the median; private, less than the

median; private, equal to or greater than the median.

ß To calculate the imputed value for a subtotal, when the total was reported, the average

estimate was calculated across the set of respondents in each class including ones for

which the total was obtained by adding the subtotals, but excluding those for which the

sum of the subtotals did not originally equal the total. The average subtotal value was

divided by the average total value within each imputation class to obtain an average

proportion. The average proportion was multiplied by the reported total to obtain the

imputed subtotal value. 

ß If for total staff (Part B, line 6) and total operating expenditures (Part C, line 19), the

total and all subtotals were blank or zero, they were imputed by using the average by

imputation class. The imputed total was then allocated to subtotals as described above.

ß Values were imputed for all data items except contributed services staff (Part B, line

4) and employee fringe benefits (Part C, line 23). These categories were applicable to

only a few institutions.

Unit and Item Nonresponse

Of the 3,303 college and university libraries, 209 or 6.3 percent were complete nonrespondents.

Tables A-1 and A-2 present further information on response rates. The first three rows of table A

present the number of academic libraries, and the number and percent of nonrespondents and

respondents at the national level by level and control of institution. In addition, the remaining rows

show the number and percent of libraries responding for each item at the national level. Table B

presents the distribution of the set of complete nonrespondents by libraries by state and by level and

control of institution. Table A-3 gives the number of academic libraries by state, level, and control

of institution. The data user should be especially cautious in using data at a level of detail where the

nonresponse rate was 30 percent or greater.
A-4

Classifications Used in the report

Various tables in the body of this report present the data by control (public, private); size of FTE

enrollment (less than 1,500; 1,500 to 4,999; 5,000 or more); and the 1994 Carnegie classification.

 For table presentation, “level I” and “level II” of the Carnegie Classifications were combined. The

Carnegie Classification categories used are as follows: Research I and II; Doctoral I and II; Master’s

I and II; Baccalaureate I and II; Associate of Arts; and Specialized. In addition there were 213

institutions that did not have a Carnegie Classification in 1994 and these were put into a not

classified category (The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, A Classification

of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition, Princeton, N. J.). Appendix B detailed tables also

present data by level of highest offering (doctor’s, master’s, bachelor’s, and less than 4-year).
A-5

Table A-1.-- Number and percent of responding academic libraries by item and by level and control of institution: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

All institutions 3,303 100.0% 2,032 100.0% 514 100.0% 855 100.0% 660 100.0% 1,271 100.0% 1,548 100.0% 1,755 100.0%

Non-responding libraries 209 6.3 134 6.6 40 7.8 59 6.9 32 4.8 75 5.9 53 3.4 156 8.9

Responding libraries 3,094 93.7 1,898 93.4 474 92.2 796 93.1 628 95.2 1,196 94.1 1,495 96.6 1,599 91.1

Part B-Library staff

Librarians/professional staff 3,024 91.6 1,863 91.7 463 90.1 782 91.5 618 93.6 1,161 91.3 1,474 95.2 1,550 88.3

All other paid staff 2,974 90.0 1,841 90.6 462 89.9 770 90.1 609 92.3 1,133 89.1 1,466 94.7 1,508 85.9

Contributed services staff 2,711 82.1 1,687 83.0 424 82.5 710 83.0 553 83.8 1,024 80.6 1,330 85.9 1,381 78.7

Student assistants/all funding 2,975 90.1 1,838 90.5 457 88.9 777 90.9 604 91.5 1,137 89.5 1,446 93.4 1,529 87.1

Total FTE staff 2,926 88.6 1,790 88.1 451 87.7 742 86.8 597 90.5 1,136 89.4 1,413 91.3 1,513 86.2

Part C-Library operating expdenditures

Librarians/professional staff 2,954 89.4 1,815 89.3 462 89.9 758 88.7 595 90.2 1,139 89.6 1,451 93.7 1,503 85.6

All other paid staff 2,807 85.0 1,722 84.7 448 87.2 728 85.1 546 82.7 1,085 85.4 1,429 92.3 1,378 78.5

Student assistants 2,788 84.4 1,755 86.4 451 87.7 743 86.9 561 85.0 1,033 81.3 1,356 87.6 1,432 81.6

Books and other print materials (info resources) 3,047 92.2 1,869 92.0 468 91.1 786 91.9 615 93.2 1,178 92.7 1,485 95.9 1,562 89.0

Current serials 3,009 91.1 1,852 91.1 464 90.3 780 91.2 608 92.1 1,157 91.0 1,476 95.3 1,533 87.4

Microforms 2,699 81.7 1,646 81.0 394 76.7 709 82.9 543 82.3 1,053 82.8 1,339 86.5 1,360 77.5

Audiovisual materials 2,700 81.7 1,616 79.5 390 75.9 674 78.8 552 83.6 1,084 85.3 1,323 85.5 1,377 78.5

Computer files/search services 2,745 83.1 1,676 82.5 419 81.5 697 81.5 560 84.8 1,069 84.1 1,339 86.5 1,406 80.1

Document delivery/interlibrary loan 2,548 77.1 1,601 78.8 405 78.8 671 78.5 525 79.5 947 74.5 1,239 80.0 1,309 74.6

Other information resources 2,415 73.1 1,490 73.3 385 74.9 604 70.6 501 75.9 925 72.8 1,173 75.8 1,242 70.8

Preservation 2,712 82.1 1,716 84.4 445 86.6 723 84.6 548 83.0 996 78.4 1,327 85.7 1,385 78.9

Furniture and equipment 2,790 84.5 1,700 83.7 426 82.9 711 83.2 563 85.3 1,090 85.8 1,375 88.8 1,415 80.6

Computer hardware and software 2,807 85.0 1,718 84.5 441 85.8 717 83.9 560 84.8 1,089 85.7 1,383 89.3 1,424 81.1

Bibliographic utilities, networks, consortia 2,776 84.0 1,731 85.2 442 86.0 731 85.5 558 84.5 1,045 82.2 1,347 87.0 1,429 81.4

All other operating expenditures 2,862 86.6 1,766 86.9 440 85.6 741 86.7 585 88.6 1,096 86.2 1,387 89.6 1,475 84.0

Total operating expenditures 2,801 84.8 1,713 84.3 429 83.5 726 84.9 558 84.5 1,088 85.6 1,375 88.8 1,426 81.3

Part D-Library collections

Books/serials cataloged vols. added 2,957 89.5 1,835 90.3 459 89.3 775 90.6 601 91.1 1,122 88.3 1,445 93.3 1,512 86.2

Books/serials cataloged vols. eofy 3,021 91.5 1,866 91.8 464 90.3 783 91.6 619 93.8 1,155 90.9 1,462 94.4 1,559 88.8

Books/serials cataloged titles added 2,523 76.4 1,509 74.3 344 66.9 659 77.1 506 76.7 1,014 79.8 1,230 79.5 1,293 73.7

Books/serials cataloged titles eofy 2,530 76.6 1,498 73.7 338 65.8 658 77.0 502 76.1 1,032 81.2 1,234 79.7 1,296 73.8

Govt. documents no. of units added 2,250 68.1 1,417 69.7 352 68.5 602 70.4 463 70.2 833 65.5 1,073 69.3 1,177 67.1

Govt. documents no. of units eofy 2,322 70.3 1,465 72.1 372 72.4 618 72.3 475 72.0 857 67.4 1,116 72.1 1,206 68.7

Govt. documents no. of titles added 1,899 57.5 1,088 53.5 228 44.4 461 53.9 399 60.5 811 63.8 870 56.2 1,029 58.6

Govt. documents no. of titles eofy 1,949 59.0 1,114 54.8 235 45.7 472 55.2 407 61.7 835 65.7 896 57.9 1,053 60.0

Current serials paid/unpaid added 2,728 82.6 1,646 81.0 392 76.3 693 81.1 561 85.0 1,082 85.1 1,328 85.8 1,400 79.8

Current serials paid/unpaid eofy 2,992 90.6 1,830 90.1 452 87.9 772 90.3 606 91.8 1,162 91.4 1,454 93.9 1,538 87.6

Current serials no. of titles added 2,301 69.7 1,344 66.1 300 58.4 575 67.3 469 71.1 957 75.3 1,114 72.0 1,187 67.6

Current serials no. of titles eofy 2,500 75.7 1,479 72.8 334 65.0 636 74.4 509 77.1 1,021 80.3 1,210 78.2 1,290 73.5

Microforms no. of units added 2,669 80.8 1,676 82.5 422 82.1 718 84.0 536 81.2 993 78.1 1,330 85.9 1,339 76.3

Microforms no. of units eofy 2,813 85.2 1,759 86.6 445 86.6 743 86.9 571 86.5 1,054 82.9 1,395 90.1 1,418 80.8

Microforms no. of titles added 1,863 56.4 1,080 53.1 242 47.1 460 53.8 378 57.3 783 61.6 893 57.7 970 55.3

NOTE: EOFY = held at End Of Fiscal Year

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Less than

4-year Total Public Private

higher

education

institutions

Pct of

total

responding
A-6

Table A-1.-- Number and percent of responding academic libraries by item and by level and control of institution: 1994 continued

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Part D-Library collections

Microforms no. of titles eofy 2,265 68.6% 1,259 62.0% 269 52.3% 519 60.7% 471 71.4% 1,006 79.2% 1,100 71.1% 1,165 66.4%

Manuscripts/archives (feet) added 2,254 68.2 1,413 69.5 377 73.3 580 67.8 456 69.1 841 66.2 1,093 70.6 1,161 66.2

Manuscripts/archives (feet) eofy 2,438 73.8 1,538 75.7 416 80.9 624 73.0 498 75.5 900 70.8 1,165 75.3 1,273 72.5

Cartographic materials (units) added 2,349 71.1 1,465 72.1 379 73.7 605 70.8 481 72.9 884 69.6 1,163 75.1 1,186 67.6

Cartographic materials (units) eofy 2,519 76.3 1,558 76.7 402 78.2 646 75.6 510 77.3 961 75.6 1,253 80.9 1,266 72.1

Graphic materials (no. units) added 2,330 70.5 1,418 69.8 357 69.5 601 70.3 460 69.7 912 71.8 1,135 73.3 1,195 68.1

Graphic materials (no. units) eofy 2,503 75.8 1,528 75.2 391 76.1 642 75.1 495 75.0 975 76.7 1,230 79.5 1,273 72.5

Sound recordings (no. units) added 2,539 76.9 1,573 77.4 400 77.8 669 78.2 504 76.4 966 76.0 1,221 78.9 1,318 75.1

Sound recordings (no. units) eofy 2,667 80.7 1,644 80.9 410 79.8 689 80.6 545 82.6 1,023 80.5 1,285 83.0 1,382 78.7

Sound recordings (no. titles) added 2,213 67.0 1,299 63.9 296 57.6 549 64.2 454 68.8 914 71.9 1,060 68.5 1,153 65.7

Sound recordings (no. titles) eofy 2,311 70.0 1,341 66.0 298 58.0 561 65.6 482 73.0 970 76.3 1,103 71.3 1,208 68.8

Film/video materials units added 2,645 80.1 1,621 79.8 403 78.4 677 79.2 541 82.0 1,024 80.6 1,281 82.8 1,364 77.7

Film/video materials units eofy 2,767 83.8 1,690 83.2 415 80.7 703 82.2 572 86.7 1,077 84.7 1,334 86.2 1,433 81.7

Film/video materials titles added 2,324 70.4 1,359 66.9 314 61.1 569 66.5 476 72.1 965 75.9 1,116 72.1 1,208 68.8

Film/video materials titles eofy 2,394 72.5 1,400 68.9 311 60.5 590 69.0 499 75.6 994 78.2 1,141 73.7 1,253 71.4

Computer files no. of units added 2,473 74.9 1,490 73.3 373 72.6 625 73.1 492 74.5 983 77.3 1,181 76.3 1,292 73.6

Computer files no. of units eofy 2,608 79.0 1,577 77.6 398 77.4 658 77.0 521 78.9 1,031 81.1 1,252 80.9 1,356 77.3

Computer files no. of titles added 2,340 70.8 1,366 67.2 312 60.7 579 67.7 475 72.0 974 76.6 1,125 72.7 1,215 69.2

Computer files no. of titles eofy 2,435 73.7 1,421 69.9 323 62.8 600 70.2 498 75.5 1,014 79.8 1,170 75.6 1,265 72.1

Other library materials units added 2,146 65.0 1,333 65.6 318 61.9 578 67.6 437 66.2 813 64.0 1,036 66.9 1,110 63.2

Other library materials units eofy 2,298 69.6 1,421 69.9 336 65.4 617 72.2 468 70.9 877 69.0 1,112 71.8 1,186 67.6

Part E-Library services, fiscal year

Circulation trans. general 3,003 90.9 1,849 91.0 464 90.3 780 91.2 605 91.7 1,154 90.8 1,473 95.2 1,530 87.2

Circulation trans. reserve 2,710 82.0 1,686 83.0 420 81.7 715 83.6 551 83.5 1,024 80.6 1,331 86.0 1,379 78.6

Inter-loans provided to 2,984 90.3 1,848 90.9 465 90.5 779 91.1 604 91.5 1,136 89.4 1,473 95.2 1,511 86.1

Inter-loans received from 2,997 90.7 1,855 91.3 465 90.5 783 91.6 607 92.0 1,142 89.9 1,478 95.5 1,519 86.6

Info serv. no. of presentations 2,883 87.3 1,762 86.7 431 83.9 739 86.4 592 89.7 1,121 88.2 1,418 91.6 1,465 83.5

Info serv. no. of persons 2,822 85.4 1,721 84.7 426 82.9 728 85.1 567 85.9 1,101 86.6 1,419 91.7 1,403 79.9

Part F-Library service per typical week

Public service hours 3,003 90.9 1,844 90.7 458 89.1 772 90.3 614 93.0 1,159 91.2 1,476 95.3 1,527 87.0

Gate count 2,257 68.3 1,313 64.6 316 61.5 558 65.3 439 66.5 944 74.3 1,127 72.8 1,130 64.4

Reference transactions 2,379 72.0 1,429 70.3 345 67.1 627 73.3 457 69.2 950 74.7 1,180 76.2 1,199 68.3

NOTE: EOFY = held at End Of Fiscal Year

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Total Public Private

higher

education

institutions

Pct of

total

responding

Less than

4-year
A-7

Table A-2.-- Number and percent of non-responding academic libraries by state, level and control of institution: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct

Libraries with all items imputed 209 6.3% 134 6.6% 40 7.8% 59 6.9% 32 4.8% 75 5.9% 53 3.4% 156 8.9%

Alabama 5 7.7 4 12.1 1 11.1 1 7.1 2 20.0 1 3.1 3 6.8 2 9.5

Alaska 1 14.3 1 20.0 0 0 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 1 25.0 0 0

Arizona 6 15.8 2 11.8 0 0 2 28.6 0 0 4 19.0 3 13.6 3 18.8

Arkansas 1 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7.1 0 0 1 7.7

California 48 16.2 30 18.8 11 24.4 16 19.5 2 6.2 18 13.1 10 7.2 38 23.9

Colorado 4 7.7 2 6.5 1 10.0 1 10.0 0 0 2 9.5 1 3.6 3 12.5

Connecticut 1 2.4 1 4.0 0 0 0 0 1 25.0 0 0 0 0 1 4.5

Delaware 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

District of Columbia 4 25.0 4 25.0 2 28.6 2 25.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 28.6

Florida 8 7.8 5 7.9 1 6.7 1 5.0 3 10.7 3 7.7 0 0 8 12.5

Georgia 10 10.4 2 4.2 2 16.7 0 0 0 0 8 16.7 6 10.5 4 10.3

Hawaii 2 13.3 2 22.2 1 33.3 0 0 1 33.3 0 0 1 11.1 1 16.7

Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Illinois 9 5.8 8 8.3 4 12.9 0 0 4 10.8 1 1.7 0 0 9 9.5

Indiana 3 4.3 3 5.9 0 0 1 4.0 2 11.8 0 0 0 0 3 7.0

Iowa 3 5.5 1 2.6 0 0 0 0 1 5.0 2 11.8 2 11.8 1 2.6

Kansas 1 2.0 1 3.8 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 0 0 0 0 1 5.0

Kentucky 3 6.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 25.0 1 11.1 2 5.1

Louisiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maine 2 6.5 1 5.0 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 1 9.1 0 0 2 11.8

Maryland 2 3.6 2 5.9 1 11.1 1 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9.1

Massachusetts 4 3.5 4 4.7 2 7.7 2 5.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4.8

Michigan 8 7.7 7 10.4 0 0 4 16.7 3 9.4 1 2.7 1 2.2 7 11.9

Minnesota 6 7.1 2 4.7 1 14.3 0 0 1 5.0 4 9.5 3 6.7 3 7.5

Mississippi 4 9.8 2 9.5 0 0 2 28.6 0 0 2 10.0 2 7.7 2 13.3

Missouri 10 10.6 8 11.9 4 25.0 1 4.8 3 10.0 2 7.4 2 6.5 8 12.7

Montana 1 4.0 1 10.0 0 0 1 25.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16.7

Nebraska 1 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9.1 0 0 1 5.9

Nevada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New Jersey 1 1.9 1 3.2 0 0 1 6.2 0 0 0 0 1 3.0 0 0

New Mexico 1 3.4 1 8.3 0 0 1 14.3 0 0 0 0 1 4.5 0 0

New York 13 5.3 6 3.6 2 4.3 3 3.8 1 2.4 7 8.8 1 1.2 12 7.5

North Carolina 1 .8 1 1.8 0 0 0 0 1 4.0 0 0 1 1.3 0 0

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ohio 6 4.5 6 7.0 1 5.0 4 11.1 1 3.3 0 0 3 5.5 3 3.8

Oklahoma 5 10.9 3 11.5 2 28.6 1 6.7 0 0 2 10.0 0 0 5 29.4

Oregon 1 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7.1 0 0 1 4.3

Pennsylvania 10 5.3 7 5.0 1 3.7 3 4.8 3 6.0 3 6.0 3 4.9 7 5.4

Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South Carolina 1 1.7 1 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.9 0 0

South Dakota 4 22.2 4 23.5 0 0 4 44.4 0 0 0 0 2 22.2 2 22.2

Tennessee 3 4.1 2 4.0 0 0 1 4.8 1 7.1 1 4.3 0 0 3 6.1

Texas 6 3.5 4 4.1 0 0 3 8.6 0 0 2 2.7 3 2.9 3 4.3

Utah 1 7.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16.7 0 0 1 20.0

Vermont 2 9.1 2 10.5 0 0 2 16.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12.5

Virginia 4 4.9 1 2.2 1 7.7 0 0 0 0 3 8.6 0 0 4 9.5

Washington 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

West Virginia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wisconsin 3 4.9 2 4.9 1 20.0 0 0 1 11.1 1 5.0 1 3.3 2 6.5

Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Less than

4-year Public Private

Total

higher

education

institutions

Pct
A-8

Table A-3.-- Number of academic libraries by state, level, and control of institution: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Libraries 3,303 2,032 514 855 660 1,271 1,548 1,755

Alabama 65 33 9 14 10 32 44 21

Alaska 7 5 1 2 2 2 4 3

Arizona 38 17 4 7 6 21 22 16

Arkansas 34 20 4 8 8 14 21 13

California 297 160 45 82 32 137 138 159

Colorado 52 31 10 10 11 21 28 24

Connecticut 41 25 8 13 4 16 19 22

Delaware 9 6 2 3 1 3 5 4

District of Columbia 16 16 7 8 1 0 2 14

Florida 102 63 15 20 28 39 38 64

Georgia 96 48 12 20 16 48 57 39

Hawaii 15 9 3 3 3 6 9 6

Idaho 11 7 2 3 2 4 6 5

Illinois 155 96 31 28 37 59 60 95

Indiana 70 51 9 25 17 19 27 43

Iowa 55 38 6 12 20 17 17 38

Kansas 49 26 5 11 10 23 29 20

Kentucky 48 36 7 12 17 12 9 39

Louisiana 31 24 10 11 3 7 19 12

Maine 31 20 2 7 11 11 14 17

Maryland 56 34 9 20 5 22 34 22

Massachusetts 115 85 26 34 25 30 31 84

Michigan 104 67 11 24 32 37 45 59

Minnesota 85 43 7 16 20 42 45 40

Mississippi 41 21 7 7 7 20 26 15

Missouri 94 67 16 21 30 27 31 63

Montana 25 10 2 4 4 15 19 6

Nebraska 33 22 4 9 9 11 16 17

Nevada 8 4 2 0 2 4 6 2

New Hampshire 28 17 3 7 7 11 11 17

New Jersey 54 31 10 16 5 23 33 21

New Mexico 29 12 3 7 2 17 22 7

New York 246 166 47 78 41 80 86 160

North Carolina 122 56 11 20 25 66 75 47

North Dakota 20 10 2 2 6 10 15 5

Ohio 133 86 20 36 30 47 55 78

Oklahoma 46 26 7 15 4 20 29 17

Oregon 44 30 8 13 9 14 21 23

Pennsylvania 190 140 27 63 50 50 61 129

Rhode Island 12 10 4 5 1 2 3 9

South Carolina 60 35 7 13 14 25 34 26

South Dakota 18 17 4 9 4 1 9 9

Tennessee 73 50 15 21 14 23 24 49

Texas 172 97 39 35 22 75 103 69

Utah 14 8 3 3 2 6 9 5

Vermont 22 19 2 12 5 3 6 16

Virginia 81 46 13 16 17 35 39 42

Washington 59 27 5 15 7 32 38 21

West Virginia 27 23 2 8 13 4 16 11

Wisconsin 61 41 5 27 9 20 30 31

Wyoming 9 1 1 0 0 8 8 1

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions

Less than

4-year Public
A-9

Table A-4.—Full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment and Education and General expenditures

(E&G) in institutions of higher education (IHE’s) in the 50 states and DC having

academic libraries by control and Carnegie Classification: percent distribution

and percent change 1990-94

Full-time-equivalent enrollment Education and General Expenditures

(E&G)

Institutional

characteristics

Number Percent

distribution

Percent

change

1990-94

Amount in

millions

Percent

distribution

Percent

change

1990-94 in

constant

dollars

Total............................ 9,978,955 100.0% 6.6% $138,800 100.0% 13.6%

 Public........................ 7,588,867 76.0 6.2 88,850 64.0 11.5

 Private....................... 2,390,088 24.0 8.0 49,960 36.0 17.7

Research I and II ....... 2,268,209 22.7 0.6 56,530 40.7 9.8

 Public........................ 1,810,795 18.1 0.2 36,850 26.5 7.2

 Private....................... 457,414 4.6 2.4 19,670 14.2 14.9

Doctoral I and II........ 979,728 9.8 2.2 13,420 9.7 12.5

 Public........................ 728,837 7.3 2.2 8,423 6.1 11.2

 Private....................... 250,891 2.5 2.0 4,993 3.6 15.2

Master's I and II ........ 2,352,781 23.6 6.0 24,200 17.4 13.1

 Public........................ 1,756,036 17.6 5.3 16,020 11.5 10.2

 Private....................... 596,745 6.0 7.9 8,187 5.9 20.1

Baccalaureate I and

II.................................. 808,188 8.1 9.9 11,460 8.3 18.9

 Public........................ 183,121 1.8 10.0 1,575 1.1 15.7

 Private....................... 625,066 6.3 9.9 9,887 7.1 19.5

Associate of Arts ........ 3,072,302 30.8 15.2 19,900 14.3 19.8

 Public........................ 2,917,085 29.2 11.5 18,420 13.3 19.3

 Private....................... 155,217 1.6 11.0 1,472 1.1 30.6

Specialized .................. 376,808 3.8 16.7 11,880 8.6 22.2

 Public........................ 110,304 1.1 11.8 6,341 4.6 21.0

 Private....................... 266,504 2.7 18.9 5,544 4.0 24.0

Not Classified ............. 120,940 1.2 2.0 1,421 1.0 -4.8%

NOTE: FTE enrollment and E&G expenditures are only for those institutions (3,303) of higher education having

academic libraries. Calculations of percent change include only those institutions reporting to library survey in both 1994

and 1990. FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time

enrollment. Constant dollars calculated based on consumer price index as published in 1996 US Statistical Abstract, table

745. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Data Systems (IPEDS); 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, 1993-94 Fall

Enrollment Survey, 1993-94 Finance Survey
B-1

Appendix B: Detailed Tables
B-2

Table B-1.-- Total circulation and interlibrary loan transactions in academic libraries by control, level, size, and

Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Circulation Interlibrary loans

General collection Reserve collection Loans provided to

other libraries

Loans received from

other libraries

All higher education institutions1 3,303 183,123,172 48,380,305 8,761,065 6,344,154

Control

Public 1,548 127,306,796 30,926,485 5,803,093 3,931,950

Private 1,755 55,816,376 17,453,820 2,957,972 2,412,204

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 156,053,685 40,633,627 8,185,248 5,700,084

Doctor's 514 106,104,180 26,255,633 5,704,908 3,395,760

Master's 855 37,318,173 10,352,413 1,877,351 1,667,389

Bachelor's 660 12,459,649 3,978,749 593,503 630,671

Less than 4-year 1,271 27,069,487 7,746,677 575,817 644,070

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 23,929,857 7,196,739 1,208,148 1,156,986

1,500 to 4,999 984 37,841,618 11,077,578 1,878,825 1,703,113

5,000 or more 565 121,351,698 30,105,988 5,674,093 3,484,055

Carnegie classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 71,256,661 16,095,411 3,349,195 1,753,439

Doctoral I and II 110 19,193,662 5,425,177 1,176,469 876,187

Master's I and II 518 35,972,284 9,548,147 1,849,229 1,531,512

Baccalaureate I and II 606 16,758,631 5,316,295 904,479 937,303

Associate of Arts 1,175 26,239,848 7,727,923 555,925 607,393

Specialized 556 10,918,603 3,430,391 816,236 490,559

Not classified 213 2,783,482 836,959 109,532 147,761

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 9B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries
B-3

Table B-2.-- Public service hours per typical week and number of libraries by category of public service hours per typical

week in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Public service hours per typical week

Total Less than 20 20 to 39 40 to 59 60 to 79 80 to 99 100 to 119 120 or more

All higher education institutions1 3,303 252,112 23 63 439 1,430 962 311 75

Control

Public 1,548 117,692 4 3 160 856 378 105 42

Private 1,755 134,420 19 60 279 574 584 206 33

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 170,787 7 21 148 596 908 301 51

Doctor's 514 47,402 2 4 25 83 226 144 30

Master's 855 71,917 3 8 44 231 466 90 13

Bachelor's 660 51,228 2 9 79 280 215 67 8

Less than 4-year 1,271 81,325 16 42 291 834 54 10 24

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 122,427 21 62 365 790 408 88 20

1,500 to 4,999 984 78,556 1 0 62 468 329 107 17

5,000 or more 565 51,129 1 1 12 172 225 116 38

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 13,133 1 1 2 2 35 68 16

Doctoral I and II 110 10,902 0 0 2 6 59 34 9

Master's I and II 518 45,855 0 0 7 102 347 52 10

Baccalaureate I and II 606 51,455 2 3 14 191 301 87 8

Associate of Arts 1,175 76,631 10 31 231 813 59 10 21

Specialized 556 40,974 4 15 108 222 145 54 8

Not classified 213 13,161 6 13 75 94 16 6 3

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 10B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries
B-4

Table B-3.-- Number served and number of reference transactions per typical week, and total information service

to groups, in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Information service to groups, fiscal year 1994

Total number of presentations Total number served

All higher education institutions1 3,303 17,830,269 2,147,109 487,279 6,081,659

Control

Public 1,548 11,725,523 1,476,729 226,972 4,260,345

Private 1,755 6,104,746 670,379 260,307 1,821,314

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 13,897,613 1,555,351 248,815 3,999,457

Doctor's 514 8,613,309 955,628 130,688 1,911,121

Master's 855 3,875,954 443,433 86,469 1,537,100

Bachelor's 660 1,395,407 154,631 31,331 545,105

Less than 4-year 1,271 3,932,657 591,757 238,464 2,082,202

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 3,149,230 417,736 206,780 1,131,896

1,500 to 4,999 984 4,387,241 507,057 103,481 1,909,572

5,000 or more 565 10,293,798 1,222,315 177,019 3,040,191

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 4,956,865 526,706 71,005 1,005,937

Doctoral I and II 110 1,784,399 201,765 29,530 479,186

Master's I and II 518 3,598,437 423,912 77,958 1,401,545

Baccalaureate I and II 606 1,787,106 170,234 36,029 638,971

Associate of Arts 1,175 3,874,273 587,263 232,184 2,054,845

Specialized 556 1,537,584 180,299 26,135 355,655

Not classified 213 291,604 56,929 14,438 145,519

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table was not included in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report but is similar to Table 11B in the 1990 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Gate count

per typical week

Reference transactions,

including computer searches

per typical week
B-5

Table B-4.-- Number of volumes of books, bound serials, and bound government documents held at the end of the year, and number of

libraries by number of volumes by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Number of libraries in volume category

Less than

5,000

5,000 to

9,999

10,000 to

19,999

20,000 to

29,999

30,000 to

49,999

50,000 to

99,999

100,000 to

249,999

250,000 to

499,999

500,000 to

999,999

1,000,000

or more

All higher education institutions1 3,303 776,447,422 237 147 219 229 495 663 744 269 143 157

Control

Public 1,548 449,762,826 30 44 79 145 332 330 238 145 99 106

Private 1,755 326,684,596 207 103 140 84 163 333 506 124 44 51

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 724,534,843 65 53 79 71 160 367 673 264 143 157

Doctor's 514 495,291,020 8 6 8 6 8 38 127 75 88 150

Master's 855 167,175,683 17 18 18 17 48 157 372 152 49 7

Bachelor's 660 61,465,053 40 29 53 48 102 172 174 37 5 0

Less than 4-year 1,271 51,912,579 172 94 140 158 335 296 71 5 0 0

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 114,526,875 233 126 188 176 288 341 363 33 4 2

1,500 to 4,999 984 147,965,325 3 20 31 52 193 228 292 129 29 7

5,000 or more 565 513,955,222 1 1 0 1 14 94 89 107 110 148

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 336,562,137 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 13 110

Doctoral I and II 110 87,076,878 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 19 44 35

Master's I and II 518 153,340,734 1 0 3 3 5 52 216 163 67 8

Baccalaureate I and II 606 95,481,934 1 4 6 6 31 186 292 63 14 3

Associate of Arts 1,175 51,226,416 131 69 108 155 333 304 71 4 0 0

Specialized 556 44,413,683 42 44 62 54 89 111 132 18 3 1

Not classified 213 8,345,640 62 30 40 11 37 9 21 1 2 0

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 5B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Volumes held

at end

of year
B-6

Table B-5.-- Number of units and linear feet held at the end of the year and number of volumes, units, and linear feet added during the year

by material collection category, in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Number held at the end of the year Number added during the year

Physical units

of microforms

Manuscripts

and archives

in linear feet

Cartographic

materials units

Graphic

materials units

Books and

bound serials

volumes

Physical units

of microforms

Manuscripts

and archives

linear feet

Cartographic

materials units

Graphic

materials units

All higher education institutions1

3,303 929,248,580 4,131,208 34,959,196 94,531,358 21,543,879 46,071,716 220,493 865,480 2,720,516

Control

Public 1,548 641,882,862 2,462,143 26,760,574 66,080,943 12,373,248 28,198,961 112,263 670,713 1,426,699

Private 1,755 287,365,718 1,669,065 8,198,621 28,450,415 9,170,630 17,872,755 108,230 194,768 1,293,817

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 891,780,311 3,969,454 34,670,605 90,736,613 19,647,927 43,496,143 214,780 851,683 2,612,448

Doctor's 514 594,260,012 2,769,850 30,122,745 77,013,203 13,127,338 25,782,343 140,964 679,624 2,121,132

Master's 855 264,804,102 945,269 3,623,370 10,662,311 4,733,309 15,130,061 55,665 133,686 371,259

Bachelor's 660 31,809,422 250,776 877,274 2,976,115 1,767,584 2,532,972 18,001 37,121 114,412

Less than 4-year 1,271 37,468,269 161,754 288,591 3,794,745 1,895,951 2,575,573 5,713 13,797 108,069

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 87,452,713 624,615 1,554,509 9,023,953 3,651,174 7,047,051 56,996 55,514 339,265

1,500 to 4,999 984 174,771,473 776,078 3,144,482 8,500,929 4,292,620 10,430,464 30,624 110,592 375,359

5,000 or more 565 667,024,393 2,730,515 30,260,205 77,006,476 13,600,085 28,594,201 132,873 699,375 2,005,893

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 376,379,098 2,009,015 22,247,899 61,766,592 8,495,004 15,000,264 98,194 509,545 1,655,995

Doctoral I and II 110 132,037,157 435,057 5,433,440 9,932,686 2,590,766 6,319,090 22,353 112,174 272,893

Master's I and II 518 274,245,116 819,897 4,250,538 7,883,419 4,139,087 13,738,051 30,764 144,926 239,820

Baccalaureate I and II 606 60,229,846 420,803 1,633,662 3,433,864 2,572,055 4,534,724 36,956 53,090 112,948

Associate of Arts 1,175 36,658,962 153,137 276,409 3,711,982 1,847,672 2,515,772 4,964 13,325 101,166

Specialized 556 40,865,909 253,901 1,021,183 7,224,694 1,508,324 2,863,092 21,854 29,499 313,808

Not classified 213 8,832,492 39,398 96,064 578,120 390,971 1,100,723 5,409 2,920 23,886

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 6B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries
B-7

Table B-6.-- Number of unduplicated titles held at the end of the year in academic libraries by material collection

category, and control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

State

Total

number of

libraries

Books and

bound serials

Government

documents

not elsewhere

classified

Current serial

subscriptions Microforms

Sound

Recordings3

Films and

video materials

Computer

files3

All higher education institutions1 3,303 422,267,288 66,508,575 6,212,409 158,344,531 9,268,687 3,392,189 464,940

Control

Public 1,548 247,183,246 51,070,524 3,345,465 107,299,793 4,729,134 2,270,725 319,877

Private 1,755 175,084,042 15,438,051 2,866,943 51,044,738 4,539,553 1,121,464 145,063

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 378,373,227 64,689,014 5,738,706 154,437,512 7,795,986 2,166,838 319,382

Doctor's 514 217,400,365 37,541,012 3,816,722 84,024,846 4,244,551 916,820 145,823

Master's 855 114,783,737 23,047,011 1,473,101 63,782,328 2,501,269 877,947 87,786

Bachelor's 660 45,783,631 3,926,583 442,945 6,430,671 1,041,611 369,838 75,703

Less than 4-year 1,271 43,894,061 1,819,561 473,703 3,907,019 1,472,700 1,225,351 145,558

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 89,141,805 6,435,750 1,201,698 22,685,610 2,419,501 911,608 195,621

1,500 to 4,999 984 102,368,524 16,837,545 1,308,261 44,151,058 2,365,178 1,193,613 102,036

5,000 or more 565 230,756,959 43,235,280 3,702,450 91,507,863 4,484,007 1,286,968 167,282

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 122,858,218 15,730,298 2,110,909 37,690,541 2,315,416 415,945 32,066

Doctoral I and II 110 48,339,458 12,664,542 1,026,778 19,650,848 1,024,567 206,346 53,651

Master's I and II 518 102,307,722 26,382,322 1,121,701 74,059,956 1,906,543 688,778 82,863

Baccalaureate I and II 606 66,378,921 5,974,472 620,462 12,808,060 1,480,674 501,686 57,057

Associate of Arts 1,175 43,287,854 1,798,443 451,568 3,797,216 1,426,530 1,191,718 140,115

Specialized 556 33,307,369 3,575,289 781,234 9,251,880 928,076 304,229 74,504

Not classified 213 5,787,746 383,209 99,758 1,086,031 186,880 83,487 24,684

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Sound recordings' was previously labeled 'Audio materials,' and 'Computer files' was previously labeled 'Machine readable materials.'

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 7B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-8

Table B-7.-- Number of unduplicated titles added during the year by material collection category, and by control,

level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

State

Total

number of

libraries

Books and

bound serials

Government

documents

not elsewhere

classified

Current serial

subscriptions Microforms

Sound

Recordings3

Films and

video materials

Computer

files3

All higher education institutions1 3,303 12,830,647 3,173,709 226,767 9,799,683 342,861 364,264 83,239

Control

Public 1,548 7,441,611 2,390,297 105,213 5,994,633 173,216 219,384 47,483

Private 1,755 5,389,036 783,412 121,554 3,805,050 169,644 144,880 35,756

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 11,329,318 2,958,732 191,442 9,396,386 300,729 236,733 63,746

Doctor's 514 6,718,281 1,387,609 103,773 4,219,898 179,458 91,590 22,972

Master's 855 3,240,406 1,261,084 62,337 4,665,379 83,749 95,006 25,314

Bachelor's 660 1,360,432 304,087 24,403 499,333 37,196 49,872 15,339

Less than 4-year 1,271 1,501,329 214,977 35,325 403,297 42,131 127,531 19,493

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 2,738,825 421,402 76,996 1,796,795 94,329 113,285 27,493

1,500 to 4,999 984 2,953,880 991,479 51,299 2,949,916 93,238 124,272 24,284

5,000 or more 565 7,137,942 1,760,828 98,472 5,052,972 155,293 126,707 31,462

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 3,958,124 477,343 43,658 1,644,212 68,252 43,612 10,575

Doctoral I and II 110 1,506,249 486,696 31,221 1,282,087 53,736 21,402 5,839

Master's I and II 518 2,737,427 1,338,141 43,700 4,359,261 76,715 66,843 18,360

Baccalaureate I and II 606 1,865,973 438,681 26,884 1,334,539 60,586 65,253 14,751

Associate of Arts 1,175 1,457,631 212,634 33,702 398,993 41,511 123,954 19,063

Specialized 556 1,054,769 196,743 38,039 654,679 36,304 31,840 10,285

Not classified 213 250,475 23,471 9,563 125,913 5,756 11,361 4,368

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Sound recordings' was previously labeled 'Audio materials,' and 'Computer files' was previously labeled 'Machine readable materials.'

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 8B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-9

Table B-8.-- Number and percent of FTE staff in academic libraries by staff category and by institutional control,

level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Librarians and other

professional All other paid staff Contributed service staff Student assistants

FTE Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent

All higher education institutions1 3,303 95,843 100.0% 26,726 27.9% 40,381 42.1% 326 0.3% 28,411 29.6%

Control

Public 1,548 58,457 61.0 15,748 26.9 25,928 44.4 133 .2 16,648 28.5

Private 1,755 37,386 39.0 10,978 29.4 14,453 38.7 193 .5 11,762 31.5

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 81,689 85.2 22,698 27.8 34,318 42.0 235 .3 24,438 29.9

Doctor's 514 53,158 55.5 14,524 27.3 24,238 45.6 74 .1 14,322 26.9

Master's 855 20,587 21.5 5,907 28.7 7,582 36.8 103 .5 6,996 34.0

Bachelor's 660 7,845 8.2 2,242 28.6 2,457 31.3 58 .7 3,089 39.4

Less than 4-year 1,271 14,154 14.8 4,028 28.5 6,063 42.8 91 .6 3,972 28.1

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 15,773 16.5 4,790 30.4 5,207 33.0 180 1.1 5,595 35.5

1,500 to 4,999 984 21,217 22.1 6,187 29.2 8,523 40.2 49 .2 6,458 30.4

5,000 or more 565 58,853 61.4 15,749 26.8 26,651 45.3 96 .2 16,357 27.8

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 33,258 34.7 8,987 27.0 15,847 47.7 60 .2 8,364 25.1

Doctoral I and II 110 10,444 10.9 2,788 26.7 4,534 43.4 4 0 3,118 29.9

Master's I and II 518 19,250 20.1 5,416 28.1 7,425 38.6 40 .2 6,369 33.1

Baccalaureate I and II 606 10,612 11.1 2,885 27.2 3,392 32.0 87 .8 4,248 40.0

Associate of Arts 1,175 13,646 14.2 3,915 28.7 5,905 43.3 83 .6 3,743 27.4

Specialized 556 6,853 7.2 2,197 32.1 2,673 39.0 42 .6 1,942 28.3

Not classified 213 1,779 1.9 538 30.2 604 34.0 10 .6 627 35.2

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: Columns may not sum to total due to rounding of FTE staff. This table is similar to Table 4B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total FTE

staff Percent
B-10

Table B-9.-- Total operating expenditures and number of libraries by category of total operating expenditures,

by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Number of libraries

Less than

$20,000

$20,000 to

$49,999

$50,000 to

$99,999

$100,000 to

$199,999

$200,000 to

$299,999

$300,000 to

$499,999

$500,000 to

$999,999

$1,000,000 to

$1,999,999

$2,000,000

or more

All higher education institutions1 3,303 $4,013,332,555 43 135 261 531 408 583 561 368 413

Control

Public 1,548 2,441,579,701 2 13 62 204 195 281 293 214 284

Private 1,755 1,571,752,853 41 122 199 327 213 302 268 154 129

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 3,558,963,059 11 45 90 269 217 333 367 298 402

Doctor's 514 2,495,672,153 2 1 6 24 15 38 48 93 287

Master's 855 792,775,794 2 4 20 76 87 179 218 169 100

Bachelor's 660 266,617,378 7 40 64 168 115 116 100 36 14

Less than 4-year 1,271 454,369,496 32 90 171 262 191 250 194 70 11

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 551,877,423 43 134 257 466 308 311 145 69 21

1,500 to 4,999 984 816,909,208 0 1 4 65 99 244 332 168 71

5,000 or more 565 2,644,545,923 0 0 0 0 1 28 84 131 321

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 1,622,320,560 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 124

Doctoral I and II 110 470,559,663 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 20 87

Master's I and II 518 750,136,280 0 0 0 10 16 67 139 159 127

Baccalaureate I and II 606 369,688,733 1 3 10 82 108 166 151 58 27

Associate of Arts 1,175 443,771,329 24 74 127 244 177 252 198 69 10

Specialized 556 297,179,447 9 34 74 128 79 82 62 55 33

Not classified 213 59,676,543 9 24 50 67 28 16 8 6 5

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 1B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total

operating

expenditures
B-11

Table B-10.-- Library operating expenditures by object of expenditure, and salaries as a percent of total operating

expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total

operating

expenditures

Salaries and

wages

Salaries and wages

as a percent of

total operating

expenditures

Information

resources total3 Preservation

All other operating

expenditures4

All higher education institutions1 3,303 $4,013,332,555 $2,021,233,348 50.4% $1,348,933,468 $46,554,495 $596,611,244

Control

Public 1,548 2,441,579,701 1,266,859,891 51.9 801,734,367 26,721,951 346,263,493

Private 1,755 1,571,752,853 754,373,458 48.0 547,199,101 19,832,544 250,347,751

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 3,558,963,059 1,729,596,645 48.6 1,250,817,603 45,586,564 532,962,247

Doctor's 514 2,495,672,153 1,183,857,510 47.4 891,923,301 35,696,842 384,194,500

Master's 855 792,775,794 411,509,293 51.9 269,656,676 7,232,800 104,377,026

Bachelor's 660 266,617,378 132,408,528 49.7 87,774,242 2,602,242 43,832,366

Less than 4-year 1,271 454,369,496 291,636,703 64.2 98,115,865 967,931 63,648,997

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 551,877,423 279,523,780 50.6 117,944,470 5,535,117 88,874,055

1,500 to 4,999 984 816,909,208 425,421,834 52.1 261,312,258 6,670,079 123,505,038

5,000 or more 565 2,644,545,923 1,316,287,734 49.8 909,676,740 34,349,299 384,232,151

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 1,622,320,560 768,332,987 47.4 575,230,078 25,307,152 253,450,344

Doctoral I and II 110 470,559,663 218,378,625 46.4 178,230,036 5,490,568 68,460,434

Master's I and II 518 750,136,280 391,759,514 52.2 256,162,891 6,640,243 95,573,632

Baccalaureate I and II 606 369,688,733 180,458,706 48.8 127,961,159 4,079,248 57,189,620

Associate of Arts 1,175 443,771,329 285,144,069 64.3 95,951,459 958,574 61,717,228

Specialized 556 297,179,447 145,901,424 49.1 95,969,119 3,733,006 51,575,898

Not classified 213 59,676,543 31,258,024 52.4 19,428,727 345,705 8,644,087

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Information resources total' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures total' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

4

 'All other operating expenditures' includes furniture and equipment, computer hardware and software, bibliographic utilities, networks, consortia, and all other operating expenditures.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 2B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-12

Table B-11.-- Operating expenditures for information resources, equipment, and other selected expenditures by category,

by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Institutional 

characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Information

resources

total3

Books and

bound serials

Current serial

subscriptions Microforms Audiovisual

materials

Computer

files/search

services4

Document

delivery/interlibrary loan4

Other

information

resources

Furniture

and

equipment4

Computer

hardware

and software

Bibliographic

utilities, networks,

consortia4

Other

operating

expenditures

All higher education

 institutions1

3,303 $1,348,933,468 $442,495,007 $690,410,314 $62,420,878 $28,753,032 $70,792,475 $12,238,273 $41,823,488 $55,915,033 $128,127,822 $81,105,704 $331,462,685

Control

Public 1,548 801,734,367 249,419,632 425,853,261 35,791,516 18,280,503 39,781,805 7,507,845 25,099,805 34,523,061 80,208,226 42,722,255 188,809,950

Private 1,755 547,199,101 193,075,375 264,557,053 26,629,363 10,472,529 31,010,669 4,730,429 16,723,683 21,391,971 47,919,596 38,383,449 142,652,735

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 1,250,817,603 399,479,204 665,807,561 54,233,726 19,944,911 61,910,267 11,432,982 38,008,952 45,209,972 112,828,799 72,383,778 302,539,698

Doctor's 514 891,923,301 268,685,502 505,588,892 31,978,268 9,496,760 39,168,128 7,967,182 29,038,570 29,482,348 79,304,243 42,984,177 232,423,732

Master's 855 269,656,676 93,450,302 124,894,170 17,393,668 7,233,497 16,891,760 2,539,537 7,253,741 11,127,253 25,008,247 21,499,098 46,742,429

Bachelor's 660 87,774,242 36,895,794 34,442,562 4,823,917 3,191,124 5,823,880 912,433 1,684,531 4,501,934 8,413,423 7,845,975 23,071,034

Less than 4-year 1,271 98,115,865 43,015,803 24,602,753 8,187,152 8,808,121 8,882,208 805,292 3,814,537 10,705,061 15,299,023 8,721,926 28,922,987

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 177,944,470 65,480,966 74,363,535 10,543,301 6,604,533 12,536,397 2,384,447 6,031,292 9,891,855 19,839,574 16,040,411 43,102,216

1,500 to 4,999 984 261,312,258 93,157,810 117,333,476 15,527,143 9,213,303 18,234,805 2,399,746 5,445,975 12,932,422 26,069,574 21,354,888 63,148,154

5,000 or more 565 909,676,740 283,856,231 498,713,303 36,350,435 12,935,196 40,021,272 7,454,081 30,346,222 33,090,756 82,218,674 43,710,406 225,212,315

Carnegie

 Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 575,230,078 176,774,795 325,460,091 18,546,655 4,868,657 22,575,068 4,681,242 22,323,570 18,493,404 50,267,520 24,285,511 160,403,908

Doctoral I and II 110 178,230,036 50,488,308 104,648,569 7,317,144 2,147,758 8,682,245 1,566,519 3,379,493 5,771,346 13,824,817 9,710,570 39,153,700

Master's I and II 518 256,162,891 85,852,832 124,205,902 16,087,981 6,424,985 14,952,217 2,276,458 6,362,515 10,802,367 24,915,194 17,599,031 42,257,040

Baccalaureate I and II 606 127,961,159 52,736,267 53,070,961 6,948,815 3,850,493 7,984,972 1,354,711 2,014,940 5,081,171 11,459,304 11,968,240 28,680,905

Associate of Arts 1,175 95,951,459 42,313,848 23,880,839 8,109,849 8,618,700 8,580,641 720,955 3,726,627 10,452,039 14,759,585 8,664,496 27,841,108

Specialized 556 95,969,119 27,484,124 50,322,610 4,349,653 2,228,801 6,640,981 1,421,229 3,521,722 4,285,951 10,724,576 7,803,854 28,761,518

Not classified 213 19,428,727 6,844,834 8,821,343 1,060,781 613,638 1,376,351 217,159 494,621 1,028,753 2,176,827 1,074,002 4,364,505

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Information resources total' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures total' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

4

 'Computer files/search services' was formerly labeled 'Machine readable materials.' Both 'Document delivery/interlibrary loan' and 'Bibliographic utilities, networks, consortia' are new categories in the 1994

 survey. 'Computer hardware and software' was previously included in the category 'Furniture and equipment,' but was created as a separate category in 1994.

 NOTE: This table presents all the separate categories of expenses included on the survey form except 'Salaries and wages' and 'Preservation.' Totals for these categories are included in Tables 10A and 10B.

 This table is similar to Table 3B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-13

Table B-12a.-- Academic library circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

General circulation per FTE student2

Lower quartile 6.3 10.0 14.4 9.5 7.9 4.0 5.6 7.6

Median 12.5 17.2 23.1 15.2 16.1 6.8 9.9 16.2

Upper quartile 23.4 32.2 45.6 25.5 32.2 12.6 16.6 33.3

Reserve circulation per FTE student2

Lower quartile 1.1 2.1 3.1 1.9 1.6 .5 .9 1.4

Median 3.2 4.4 5.6 3.9 3.9 1.7 2.4 4.3

Upper quartile 6.7 8.6 10.9 7.2 8.8 3.7 4.7 9.1

Total circulation per FTE student2

Lower quartile 8.8 14.0 19.0 13.3 12.0 5.7 7.7 11.4

Median 16.6 22.8 31.1 20.2 21.4 9.5 12.9 22.0

Upper quartile 31.1 42.5 58.4 33.1 43.5 15.8 21.2 45.5

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11D in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report, which reports only 'General circulation.'

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-14

Table B-12b.-- Number of books and bound serials volumes held at the end of the year, and added during the year by academic libraries per

full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Volumes held per FTE student2

Lower quartile 20.7 56.2 69.6 53.9 47.4 11.3 15.9 42.0

Median 56.9 93.3 111.2 79.9 98.1 18.4 30.5 95.8

Upper quartile 115.9 170.0 222.2 140.2 169.1 31.2 62.0 182.4

Volumes added per FTE student2

Lower quartile .7 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.2 .3 .4 1.3

Median 1.6 2.3 3.1 2.0 2.3 .6 .9 2.6

Upper quartile 3.3 4.5 5.8 3.9 4.2 1.3 1.7 5.0

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11C in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-15

Table B-12c.-- Total academic library staff, except student assistants, per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment,

by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total staff per 1,000 FTE students2

Lower quartile 3.7 5.2 6.3 4.8 5.1 2.4 2.9 5.4

Median 5.9 7.5 9.8 6.5 7.7 3.6 4.2 8.1

Upper quartile 9.9 12.5 18.5 10.2 11.9 5.6 6.0 14.2

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11E in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-16

Table B-12d.-- Total operating expenditures for academic libraries, information resources, and serials expenditures per

full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total operating expenditures per

 FTE student2

Lower quartile $169.32 $274.34 $376.50 $263.86 $235.58 $110.00 $136.30 $252.92

Median $290.81 $399.00 $594.29 $341.25 $368.33 $158.43 $208.60 $398.33

Upper quartile $502.88 $698.20 $1,100.00 $539.33 $565.67 $237.75 $312.50 $742.25

Expenditures for information

 resources per FTE student2, 3

Lower quartile $40.26 $82.38 $135.12 $78.04 $66.38 $21.88 $28.89 $69.78

Median $86.15 $128.86 $209.00 $109.90 $106.19 $35.71 $53.50 $121.05

Upper quartile $164.98 $227.88 $378.50 $184.38 $180.25 $59.38 $99.75 $234.81

Expenditures for current serials per

 FTE student2

Lower quartile $9.21 $27.03 $60.19 $27.44 $17.55 $4.89 $6.80 $16.71

Median $26.71 $49.02 $106.00 $44.25 $33.12 $8.48 $14.14 $39.42

Upper quartile $63.84 $101.78 $189.50 $72.62 $62.03 $14.60 $43.19 $84.21

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

3

 'Information resources' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-17

Table B-12e.-- Academic library expenditures as a percentage of E&G expenditures; and expenditures for information resources,

current serials, and salaries and wages as a percentage of total library operating expenditures, by level and control

of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total operating expenditures as

 percentage of E&G expenditures2

Lower quartile 2.0% 2.3% 2.4% 2.4% 2.2% 1.6% 1.9% 2.1%

Median 2.8% 3.1% 3.2% 3.1% 2.9% 2.3% 2.6% 3.0%

Upper quartile 3.9% 4.2% 4.6% 4.1% 4.0% 3.1% 3.4% 4.5%

Expenditures for information

 resources as a percentage of

 total operating expenditures2

Lower quartile 22.0% 26.7% 30.6% 26.4% 24.6% 17.1% 20.4% 24.2%

Median 29.7% 32.9% 36.1% 32.6% 31.1% 23.2% 27.5% 31.5%

Upper quartile 36.9% 39.3% 41.7% 39.2% 37.5% 30.1% 34.7% 38.4%

Expenditures for current serials as a

 percentage of total information 

 resources expenditures

Lower quartile 21.8% 27.5% 39.4% 28.4% 23.0% 16.9% 21.8% 21.8%

Median 32.9% 40.5% 54.1% 39.7% 33.8% 24.7% 32.2% 33.4%

Upper quartile 48.5% 53.8% 64.5% 50.8% 45.1% 33.7% 50.4% 46.7%

Salaries and wages as a

 percentage of total operating

 expenditures

Lower quartile 46.7% 44.8% 43.1% 45.1% 47.0% 52.9% 49.0% 45.1%

Median 54.8% 51.2% 47.5% 52.2% 54.1% 61.7% 57.4% 52.9%

Upper quartile 64.4% 58.9% 53.2% 59.2% 62.2% 70.9% 67.6% 61.0%

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 'Information resources' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11A in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Finance Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
C-1

Appendix C: Academic Library Indicators

Indicators for Academic Library Performance:

Ratios from the ARL Statistics

1993-94 and 1994-951

Ratio 1: Professional Staff as a Percentage of Total Staff

Ratio 2: Support Staff as a Percentage of Total Staff

Ratio 3: Student Assistants as a Percentage of Total Staff

Ratio 4: Ratio of Support to Professional Staff

Ratio 5: Items Loaned over Items Borrowed

Ratio 6: Serials Expenditures over Materials Expenditures

Ratio 7: Library Materials Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 8: Binding Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 9: Salary Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 10: Operating Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 11: Unit Price of Monographs

Ratio 12: Unit Price of Serials

Ratio 13: Items Borrowed per Faculty

Ratio 14: Total Expenditures per Faculty

Ratio 15: Volumes Added (Gross) per Faculty

Ratio 16: Volumes Held per Faculty

Ratio 17: Paid Serial Subscriptions per Faculty

Ratio 18: Monographs Purchased per Faculty

Ratio 19: Number of Faculty per Library Staff Member

Ratio 20: Expenditures for Library Materials per Faculty

Ratio 21: Expenditures for Serials per Faculty

Ratio 22: Items Borrowed per Student

Ratio 23: Total Expenditures per Student

Ratio 24: Volumes Added (Gross) per Student

Ratio 25: Volumes Held per Student

Ratio 26: Paid Serial Subscriptions per Student

Ratio 27: Monographs Purchased per Student

Ratio 28: Number of Students per Library Staff

Ratio 29: Expenditures for Library Materials per Student

Ratio 30: Expenditures for Serials per Student

1

Taken from the Association of Research Libraries, Statistics and Measurement Home/ARL

Statistics Home, November, 1996
D-1

Appendix D: Survey Questionnaire

(Including Instructions and Definitions)
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Survey Report September 1998

The Status of

Academic Libraries

in the United States

Results from the

1994 Academic Library Survey with

Historical Comparisons

U.S Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 98-311
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Survey Report September 1998

The Status of

Academic Libraries

in the United States

Results from the

1994 Academic Library Survey with

Historical Comparisons

Margaret W. Cahalan

Natalie M. Justh

Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Jeffrey W. Williams, Project Officer

National Center for Education Statistics

U.S Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 98-311
iii

Highlights

Services

ß In 1994, 3,303 of the 3,639 institutions of higher education in the United States reported that

they had their own academic library. By Carnegie Classification, the largest number of

academic libraries (1,175) was at Associate of Arts institutions with 36 percent of the total

(table 1 and figure 1).

ß Just over one-fourth (28 percent) of academic libraries in higher education institutions have

branch libraries and among those with branches the mean number of branches was 2.6 (table

1).

ß In fiscal year 1994, general collection circulation transactions in the nation’s academic

libraries at institutions of higher education totaled 183.1 million and reserve collection

circulation transactions totaled 48.4 million (table 2).

ß For general circulation transactions, the total circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment was 18.3 (table 2). General circulation ranged from 8.3 per FTE enrollment in

Associate of Arts institutions to 31.4 per FTE in Research I and II institutions (table 3).

ß In 1994, academic libraries provided a total of 8.8 million interlibrary loans to other libraries

(both higher education and other types of libraries) and received 6.3 million loans (table 2).

Interlibrary loans to other institutions increased by 25 percent and loans received increased

by 40 percent over the period between 1990 to 1994 (table 2). 

ß Overall, the largest percentage of academic libraries (43 percent) reported having 60-79

hours of service per typical week. However, 41 percent provided 80 or more public service

hours per typical week. The mean number of public service hours per week was 74.6 hours

(figure 3).

ß Taken together, academic libraries reported a gate count of 17.8 million visitors per typical

week (1.8 visits per total FTE enrollment) (table 2).

ß Over the fiscal year 1994, the academic libraries made 487,000 presentations to groups

serving about 6.1 million individuals (table 2 and appendix table B-3).
iv

Collections

ß Taken together the nation’s 3,303 academic libraries at institutions of higher education held

a total of 776.4 million volumes of books, bound serials, and government documents and

422.3 million titles at the end of FY 1994 (table 4).

ß In 1994 the overall mean number of volumes held per FTE enrollment was 78 and the

median per FTE enrollment was 57 volumes (table 6). The mean number of volumes held

per FTE enrollment ranged from 16 in public Associate of Arts to 258 in private Research

I and II institutions (table 6). The number per FTE enrollment has increased from about 57

in 1974 to the current figure of 78 in 1994 (table 5).

ß Of the total volumes held at the end of the year, 43 percent (336. 6 million) were held at the

125 institutions categorized under the 1994 Carnegie Classification as Research I or

Research II institutions (table 6 and figure 7). Research institutions have about 23 percent

of FTE enrollment. In contrast 7 percent of volumes were at the Associate of Arts granting

institutions with 32 percent of FTE enrollment (figure 7).

ß The number of volumes added per FTE enrollment has declined from 3.0 in 1974 to a low

of 1.9 in 1990. In 1994 the number added per FTE enrollment was 2.2 (table 5 and figure

6).

Staff

ß There was a total of 95,843 FTE staff working in academic libraries in 1994. Of these

26,726 (28 percent) were librarians or other professional staff; 40,381 (42 percent) were

other paid staff; 326 (0.3 percent) were contributed services staff; and 28,411 (30 percent)

were student assistants (appendix table B-8 and figure 8).

ß The total number of library staff including student assistants declined by about 0.1 percent

from 1990 to 1994 (table 8). Overall since 1976, total library FTE professional staff have

increased by 15 percent, while the total FTE staff of institutions of higher education have

increased by about 36 percent (figure 10).

ß There were 9.6 FTE library staff (including student assistants) per 1,000 FTE enrollment

(table 8). The institutional median library staff per 1,000 was similar (8.9 FTE) (table 8).

 Excluding student assistants the median was 5.9 FTE library staff per 1,000 enrollment

(appendix table B-12c).
v

Expenditures

ß In 1994, operating expenditures for libraries at the 3,303 institutions of higher education

totaled $4.01 billion (table 9). Half the total went to salaries and wages, 34 percent to

information resources, and 16 percent to other expenses (figure 11).

ß Among information resources expenditures, current serial subscriptions were the largest

category, accounting for fully half of the expenditures (figure 12).

ß Expenditures per FTE enrollment in constant 1994 dollars were $406 in 1974 and $401 in

1994. Low points in expenditures per FTE enrollment were reached in 1981 ($345) and

1990 ($367). Between 1990 and 1994 expenditures per FTE enrollment increased by about

5 percent in constant dollars (table 10 and figure 13).

ß The libraries at the Research I and II and Doctoral I and II institutions (7 percent of the total

institutions) accounted for $2.09 billion, or 52 percent of the total operating expenditure

dollars at all college and university libraries (calculated from table 1 and table 10).

ß In 1994, the median total operating expenditures per FTE enrollment was $291 and the

median for information resource expenditures was $86.15 (table 10 and appendix table B12d).

ß The percentage of total institution Education & General (E&G) expenditures for academic

libraries was 3.9 in 1974 and 2.9 in 1994 (figure 14). Library expenditures as a percent of

E&G expenditures declined 2.3 percent between 1990 and 1994 (table 11).
vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The collection and publication of academic library data has been a team effort. It would not have

been accomplished without the support and effort of a number of individuals and organizations. 

First, we would like to thank the academic librarians who provided the information upon which the

survey report is based and the State Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS)

Library Coordinators who submitted the data to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

The survey was coordinated by Jeffrey Williams, the NCES project officer. The data were collected

and processed by the U.S. Bureau of Census Government Division under the management of Thelma

Hall. The American Library Association (ALA) Office of Research and Statistics and the IPEDS

Library Project Advisory Committee were instrumental in designing the survey.

Members of the IPEDS Library Project Advisory Committee during the time of the study were:

William Crowe, University of Kansas; Paul DuMont, Dallas County Community College District;

Larry Frye, Wabash College; Patricia Kelley, Eastern Washington University; Martha Kyrillidou,

Association of Research Libraries; Carolyn Norman, California Community Colleges; Ron Naylor,

University of Miami Libraries; Keith Lance, Colorado State Library.

Helpful Department of Education reviews of this report were provided by Michael Cohen, Rosa

Fernandez, Roslyn Korb, Gerald Malitz, and Karen Weiner of NCES, and by Chris Dunn of the

National Library of Education. External reviewers were Ron Naylor of University of Miami

Libraries and Mary Jo Lynch of ALA. The academic library survey was completed under the

sponsorship of the NCES Surveys and Cooperative Systems Group, Paul Planchon, Associate

Commissioner, the Postsecondary and Library Cooperative Programs, Roslyn Korb, Director.

Among the staff at Mathematica, special mention goes to August Parker who carefully prepared the

report for publication.
vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Highlights............................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................. vi

The Status of Academic Libraries, 1994................................................................................ 1

Introduction................................................................................................................ 1

Topics Covered in the Report .................................................................................... 1

Definition of an Academic Library ............................................................................ 3

Coverage and Response ............................................................................................. 4

Classifications Used in the Report............................................................................. 5

Number and Diversity of Academic Libraries........................................................... 7

Historical Growth........................................................................................... 8

Branch Libraries............................................................................................. 8

Academic Library Services........................................................................................ 9

Items Borrowed (Circulation)........................................................................ 10

Interlibrary Loans........................................................................................... 11

Reference Transactions.................................................................................. 12

Visits to the Library (Gate Count) ................................................................. 12

Public Service Hours...................................................................................... 13

Academic Library Collections ................................................................................... 15

Library Collection Summary.......................................................................... 16

Change in Volumes Held In and Added To Collections................................ 17

Change Since 1990 in Volumes Held ............................................................ 20

Differences in Volumes per FTE Enrollment ................................................ 22

Distribution of Volumes by Type of Institution............................................. 23

Number of Volumes Per Institution and Academic Library Standards.......... 23

Academic Library Staff.............................................................................................. 25

Distribution of Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Library Staff by Type ............. 26

Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Staff per 1,000 FTE Enrollment...................... 26
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

viii

Page

Change in Staff Over Time Since 1974 ......................................................... 26

Changes in Library Staff Relative to Total Higher Education Staff and

Enrollment.......................................................................................... 29

Academic Library Expenditures ................................................................................ 31

Distribution of Library Operating Expenditures............................................ 33

Distribution of Information Resources Expenditures .................................... 33

Change in Total Operating Expenditures and Operating Expenditures

Per Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment .................................... 35

Academic Library Expenditures as a Percent of Total Educational and

General (E &G) Expenditures............................................................ 37

Summary/Conclusion..................................................................................... 39

References.................................................................................................................. R-1

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix

A Methodology ..................................................................................................A-1

B Detailed Tables ..............................................................................................B-1

C Academic Library Indicators..........................................................................C-1

D Survey Questionnaire (Including Instructions and Definitions).....................D-1

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Number of libraries, libraries with branches, and mean number of

branches among libraries having a branch by institutional

characteristics: fall 1994 ................................................................................ 8

2 Total number of services provided and number per full-time-equivalent

(FTE) enrollment by type of service: 1994 fiscal year and percent change

from 1990....................................................................................................... 9
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

ix

LIST OF TABLES

(CONTINUED)

Table Page

3 General circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment by

institution control Carnegie Classification: 1994 .......................................... 10

4 Total number of library materials held and added per full-time equivalent

(FTE) enrollment: Fiscal Year (FY) 1994 .................................................... 16

5 Number of books and bound serial volumes held and added, and number

of serial subscriptions held: 1974-1994 ........................................................ 19

6 Volumes held at end of the fiscal year and volumes held per full-time

equivalent (FTE) enrollment by Carnegie Classification: 1994, and percent

change since 1990 .......................................................................................... 21

7 Mean and median number of volumes per institution and percent

distribution of volumes held by institution control, size, and Carnegie

Classification: Fiscal Year (FY) 1994 ........................................................... 24

8 Total academic library staff, number per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 by control and

Carnegie Classification .................................................................................. 28

9 Academic library operating expenditures in 1994, and percent distribution

of expenditures in 1990 and 1994 by type of expenditures ........................... 32

10 Total and per full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library operating

expenditures, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 in constant

dollars by control and Carnegie Classification .............................................. 36

11 Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total Education

and General (E&G) expenditures; and percent change between 1990 and

1994 by control and Carnegie Classification ................................................. 38
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

x

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Distribution of academic libraries by Carnegie Classification of

institutions: fall 1994 ..................................................................................... 7

2 Median ratio of items loaned to items received through interlibrary loans

by Carnegie Classification: 1994 .................................................................. 12

3 Percent distribution of academic libraries by public service hours per week

and mean public service hours per week by Carnegie Classification: 1994 .. 13

4 Total number of book volumes held in academic libraries: 1974 to 1994..... 17

5 Number of volumes held per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment:

1974-1994 ..................................................................................................... 18

6 Number of volumes added per year in academic libraries per full-timeequivalent (FTE) enrollment: 1974-1994 ...................................................... 20

7 Percent distribution of volumes held at the end of the year and distribution

of full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment by Carnegie Classification: 1994 22

8 Percent distribution of academic library full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff

by type of staff: 1994 ..................................................................................... 25

9 Number of academic library full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff: 1974-1994 ... 27

10 Percent change in full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library staff and

institution of higher education FTE enrollment and staff: 1976-1993,

1994 ............................................................................................................... 29

11 Percent distribution of academic library operating expenditures by type

and institution level: 1974 and 1994 ............................................................. 31

12 Distribution of academic library expenditures for information resources:

1994................................................................................................................ 34
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

(CONTINUED)

Figure Page

13 Academic library operating expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment in constant (1994) dollars: 1974-1994......................................... 35

14 Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total Education

and General (E&G) expenditures: 1974-1994 ............................................... 37

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Appendix A tables

A-1 Number and percent of responding academic libraries by item and by level and control of

institution: 1994

A-2 Number and percent of non-responding academic libraries by state, level and control of

institution: 1994

A-3 Number of academic libraries by state, level, and control of institution: 1994

A-4 Full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment and Education and General expenditures (E&G) in

institutions of higher education (IHE’s) in the 50 states and DC having academic libraries

by control and Carnegie Classification: percent distribution and percent change 1990-94

Appendix B tables

B-1 Total circulation and interlibrary loan transactions in academic libraries by control, level,

size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-2 Public service hours per typical week and number of libraries by category of public service

hours per typical week in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie

Classification of institution: 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

xii

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

(CONTINUED)

Appendix B tables (continued)

B-3 Number served and number of reference transactions per typical week, and total information

service to groups, in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification

of institution: 1994

B-4 Number of volumes of books, bound serials, and bound government documents held at the

end of the year, and number of libraries by number of volumes by control, level, size, and

Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-5 Number of units and linear feet held at the end of the year and number of volumes, units, and

linear feet added during the year by material collection category, in academic libraries by

control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-6 Number of unduplicated titles held at the end of the year in academic libraries by material

collection category, and control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-7 Number of unduplicated titles added during the year by material collection category, and by

control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-8 Number and percent of FTE staff in academic libraries by staff category and by institutional

control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification: 1994

B-9 Total operating expenditures and number of libraries by category of total operating

expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

B-10 Library operating expenditures by object of expenditure, and salaries as a percent of total

operating expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution:

1994

B-11 Operating expenditures for information resources, equipment, and other selected expenditures

by category, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994
TABLE OF CONTENTS

(CONTINUED)

xiii

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

(CONTUNUED)

Appendix B tables (continued)

B-12a Academic library circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control

of institution, United States: 1994

B-12b Number of books and bound serials volumes held at the end of the year, and added during

the year by academic libraries per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and

control of institution, United States: 1994

B-12c Total academic library staff, except student assistants, per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

B-12d Total operating expenditures for academic libraries, information resources, and serials

expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution,

United States: 1994

B-12e Academic library expenditures as a percentage of E&G expenditures; and

expenditures for information resources, current serials, and salaries and wages as a

percentage of total library operating expenditures, by level and control of institution,

United States: 1994
1

The Status of Academic Libraries, 1994

Introduction

Two of the national education goals for the year 2000 emphasize the important

roles played by resources and staff efforts of academic libraries. The nation’s

fourth education goal, which is concerned with the ongoing need for access to

learning resources for teachers and faculty members, and the nation’s sixth

education goal, which speaks of lifelong learning, both stress the importance of

maintaining and improving the nation’s academic libraries (National Education

Goals Panel, 1994). This report presents a description of the status of academic

libraries in 1994, a time of rapid technology related change and increased

introduction of electronic services (Lynch, 1996).

The report presents detailed tabulations for 1994 and historical comparisons with

previous years, with a focus on comparisons since 1990. The data are from the

1994 Academic Library Survey (ALS), a part of the Integrated Postsecondary

Education Data System (IPEDS) of the United States Department of Education’s

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

IPEDS is the U.S. Department of Education’s vehicle for collecting data from

all postsecondary institutions in the United States. Other surveys included

within IPEDS are Institutional Characteristics, Fall Enrollment, Completions,

Finance, Faculty Salaries, and Fall Staff. The data in this report come from the

institutions of higher education (IHE’s) in IPEDS and include all colleges and

universities with accreditation at the higher education level as recognized by the

Secretary of the U.S. Department of Education.

Topics Covered in the Report

Consistent with the 1992 report, The Status of Academic Libraries in the United

States, Results from the 1990 and 1992 Academic Library Surveys (Rossi,

Daughety, 1997), the 1994 report focuses on several key library indicators. 

These indicators have been expanded over the 1992 report to reflect increased

attention to library services. The indicators chosen for the report reflect those

developed by the Association of Research Libraries. This group has developed

a series of 30 ratio indicators (Association of Research Libraries, Benchmark

Indicators; see appendix C for a listing of the benchmarks). Many of these can

be developed from information collected in IPEDS and we have included several

of them in this report. In addition we report on several other data items included

in the IPEDS ALS questionnaire.
2

Listed below are the topics covered in the report. 

 

Library number and diversity

ß Number of branch libraries

ß Distribution by Carnegie Classification

Library services

ß Library circulation and circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment

ß Interlibrary loan transactions and ratio of items loaned over items

borrowed

ß Reference transactions including computer searches per FTE enrollment

ß Number served in presentations to groups 

ß Gate count of visitors to library per typical week 

ß Public service hours 

Library collections

ß Total volumes and total serial subscriptions

ß Volumes held and added per FTE enrollment

ß Serial subscriptions per FTE enrollment

ß Other collection items

ß Ratio of items added to items held

Library staff

ß Professional staff as percentage of total staff

ß Other paid staff as percentage of total staff

ß Student assistants as percentage of total staff

ß Number of library staff members per FTE enrollment

Library expenditures

ß Distribution of expenditures between salaries, information resources, and

other expenditures

ß Distribution of information resources expenditures; serials as percent of

the total

ß Total expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment

ß Expenditures for information resources per FTE enrollment

ß Expenditures for serials per FTE enrollment
3

ß Operating expenditures as a percent of total Education and General

(E&G) expenditures

Appendix A contains methodological information for the 1994 survey and

appendix B contains detailed tables. Appendix C is the ARL benchmark listing

and Appendix D is a copy of the 1994 survey form.

Definition of an Academic Library

The following definition was used by the study and appeared on the survey form.

An Academic Library is defined as an entity in a postsecondary institution

that provides all of the following:

1. Organized collection of printed or other materials, or a combination

thereof;

2. A staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to

meet the informational, cultural, recreational, or educational needs of

clientele;

3. An established schedule in which services of the staff are available to

clientele;

4. The physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and

schedule.

This definition includes libraries that are part of learning resource centers.
4

Coverage and Response

Of the 3,639 higher education institutions, there were 132 institutions that did

not have their own library but shared a library with one or more of 70 other

institutions. These institutions were excluded from the survey. There were also

204 institutions that were found to be out of scope because they did not have an

academic library as defined by the survey. Thus in 1994 there were 3,303

academic libraries in the colleges and universities in the 50 states and the

District of Columbia.

Academic Library Survey Response Rates. The response rate for the 1994

IPEDS Academic Library Survey was 93.7 percent. Of the 3,303 college and

university libraries, 209 or 6.3 percent were complete nonrespondents. Item

response ranged from a high of 92.2 percent for operating expenditures for

books to 56.4 percent for microform titles added to collections. Any items

discussed in the text with less than 70 percent response rate are noted. Appendix

tables A-1 to A-3 present further information on overall and item response rates.

Data were imputed for nonresponse.

Coverage and Time Frames. The report covers libraries in higher education

institutions in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.). The focus of

the report is on 1994 data with detailed comparisons to 1990. We also include

selected historical trend comparisons with earlier reports in the series back to

1974. The Academic Library survey has been conducted by NCES since 1966

at irregular intervals. Beginning with the 1990 survey, the Academic Libraries

survey has been conducted on a 2-year cycle. Although there have been changes

in the form over the years, the series is generally considered to be continuous.

Data collected since 1974 have been summarized and reported in the Digest of

Education Statistics in various years and this information from the Digest is

summarized in this report to give an historical context to the 1994 academic

library data. 

For the 1994 data collection, library staff data were reported for fall, 1994. 

Operating expenditures and library collections were reported for fiscal year (FY)

1994. Library circulation and interlibrary loans are also for fiscal year 1994 and

other library services are for a typical week in fall of 1994. FY 1994 is defined

as any 12-month period between July 1, 1993, through September 30, 1994, that

corresponds to the institution’s fiscal year.

In 1994, there

were 3,303 

academic

libraries at

institutions of

higher

education

(IHE’s) in the

50 states and

D.C.

The Academic

Library Survey

response rate

was 93.7

percent in 1994
5

To ensure complete coverage, imputed data are used in reporting all 1994 data,

however, the percent change comparisons with 1990 data were calculated using

only those institutions that responded to the item in both 1990 and 1994. These

comparisons are made only for items in which 70 percent or more responded in

both years.

Classifications Used in the Report

The tables and charts in this report present the data by control (public, private);

size of FTE enrollment (less than 1,500; 1,500 to 4,999; 5,000 or more); and the

1994 Carnegie Classification. For table presentation, “level I” and “level II” of

the Carnegie Classifications were combined. The Carnegie Classification

categories used are as follows: Research I and II; Doctoral I and II; Master’s I

and II; Baccalaureate I and II; Associate of Arts; and Specialized.1 In addition

there were 213 institutions that did not have a Carnegie classification in 1994

and these were put into a “not classified” category (The Carnegie Foundation for

the Advancement of Teaching, A Classification of Institutions of Higher

Education, 1994 Edition, Princeton, N.J.). Appendix B tables also include

tabulations of data by highest offering, a categorization based on the IPEDS

classification of the highest degree awarded by the institution (doctor’s,

master’s, bachelor’s, and less than 4-year).

 

1

 Specialized institutions offer degrees ranging from the bachelor’s to the doctorate, at least 50 percent of which are

in a single specialized field, e.g., “theological seminaries, Bible Colleges, and other institutions offering degrees in

religion,” and “schools of art, music, and design.”
7

Number and Diversity of Academic Libraries

The term “academic library” includes a diverse group of libraries that share the

mission of higher education in very different settings with a wide range of

institutional histories and resource levels. In 1994, just over half the 3,303

academic libraries were in private institutions (53 percent) and 47 percent were

in public institutions (table 1). The distribution of academic libraries by

institution type/mission mirrors that of the distribution of IHE’s. By Carnegie

Classification, the largest number of academic libraries was in Associate of Arts

institutions with 36 percent of the total. Only 4 percent (125) of academic

libraries were at Research I and II institutions and another 3 percent (110) were

at institutions classified as Doctoral I and II (figure 1 and table 1). About 16

percent were in Master’s I and II, 17 percent (556) were at institutions classified

as Specialized and 18 percent were at Baccalaureate I and II institutions.

Figure 1. —Distribution of academic libraries by Carnegie Classification

 of institutions: fall 1994

The largest

proportion (36

percent) of

academic

libraries were at

Associate of

Arts granting

institutions

Not classified

6%

Research I and II

4%

Doctoral I and II

3%

Master's I and II

16%

Specialized

17%

Baccalaureate I and 

II

18%

Associate of Arts

36%

SOURCE: United

States Department of

Education, National

Center for Education

Statistics, (NCES) ,

Integrated

Postsecondary

Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library

Survey
8

Historical Growth

In 1967, there were 2,145 academic libraries reported (Beazley, 1979). By

1974 there were 2,972 academic libraries reported, and in 1987 there were

3,438 (NCES, Digest of Education Statistics, 1996, table 412). In 1992,

there were 3,274 libraries and in 1994 there were 3,303. Since the number

fluctuates, in part, based on the manner in which branch campuses were

classified by the institution, it is not possible to conclude that there were more

academic libraries in 1987 than 1994.

Branch Libraries

In 1994, the 3,303 academic libraries reported a total of 2,383 branches. About

28 percent (907) of the academic libraries reported having branch libraries. In

1994, among those having branches the mean per library was 2.6 and the median

was 1. By Carnegie Classification, the percent having branches ranged from 15

percent in “Not classified” and 18 percent in Specialized institutions to 90

percent in Research I and II institutions. The number of branches reported

ranged from 1 to 31 (data not shown). By Carnegie Classification, among those

having branches, the mean number ranged from 1.7 in Specialized to 7.7 in

Research institutions (table 1).

Table 1. — Number of libraries, libraries with branches, and mean number of branches 

 among libraries having a branch by institutional characteristics: fall 1994

Institutional

characteristic Total libraries

Libraries with

branches Branches

Number Percent Number Percent Number Mean

Total............................. 3,303 100% 907 27.5% 2,383 2.6 

Control

 Public........................... 1,548 46.9 501 32.3 1,424 2.8 

 Private.......................... 1,755 53.1 406 23.1 959 2.4 

Carnegie Classification

 Research I and II.......... 125 3.8 113 90.4 873 7.7 

 Doctoral I and II .......... 110 3.3 79 71.8 231 2.9

 Master’s I and II........... 518 15.7 154 29.7 293 1.9

 Baccalaureate I and II.. 606 18.3 136 22.4 239 1.8

 Associate of Arts.......... 1,175 35.6 295 25.1 524 1.8

 Specialized................... 556 16.8 98 17.6 164 1.7

 Not classified ............... 213 6.4 32 15.0 59 1.8

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, (NCES)

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Just over one

fourth (28

percent) of

academic libraries

have branch

libraries
9

Academic Library Services

This report is written at a time of rapid changes in the mediums of

information exchange, when many academic libraries are becoming “virtual”

libraries, as well as physical collections, offering remote access to library

catalogs and reference bases (Hughes, 1992; Moran, 1984; Ardis, 1994; Neal,

1996). Students may access the catalog from their dorm rooms, computer

labs, homes and offices. Questions arise as to the impact these changes may

have over time on the count of library services such as circulation, reference

transactions, frequency of visits to the library, and hours of service.

Table 2.—Total number of services provided and number per full-time-equivalent

(FTE) enrollment by type of service: 1994 fiscal year and percent

change from 1990

Service Category

Total

number in

thousands

1994

Percent

change

1990-94

Number

per fulltimeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

1994

Percent

change

1990-94

General circulation ..................................... 183,123 11.6% 18.3 5.3%

Reserve circulation ..................................... 48,380 * 4.8 *

Loans to other libraries per year............... 8,761 25.4 0.9 18.3

Loans from other libraries per year......... 6,344 40.4 0.6 32.7

Reference transactions per week ............... 2,147 * 0.2 *

Served in presentations to groups per year 6,081 * 0.6 *

Visits to library (gate count) per week...... 17,830 * 1.8 *

*Less than 70 percent response in either 1990 or 1994 or both years.

NOTE: Totals reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent

change include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables

in which 70 percent or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. FTE enrollment is

calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment. For

calculations of percent change, actual FTE enrollments for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were

used in calculations. 

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1990 and 1994 Academic Library Surveys;

and 1989-90 and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Surveys
10

Items Borrowed (Circulation)

In 1994 there were 183.1 million general circulation loans and 48.4 million

reserve loans (table 2 and appendix table B-1). General circulation per full-timeequivalent (FTE) enrollment was 18.3 (table 3).

Change in General Circulation Since 1990. When the set of institutions

reporting in both 1990 and 1994 are compared there was an 11.6 percent

increase in general circulation over the period and a 5.3 percent increase in

circulation per FTE enrollment (table 2).

Table 3.—General circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment by

institution control and Carnegie Classification: 1994

Institutional characteristic General circulation per full-time-equivalent

enrollment (FTE) in 1994

Carnegie Classification Total Public Private

All ..................................................... 18.3 16.8 23.4

Research I and II............................... 31.4 29.8 37.6

Doctoral I and II ............................... 19.6 18.4 23.0

Master’s I and II................................ 15.3 15.5 14.7

Baccalaureate I and II....................... 20.7 17.2 21.8

Associate of Arts............................... 8.3 8.6 8.0

Specialized........................................ 29.0 24.4 30.9

NOTE: Data reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. FTE enrollment

is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time

enrollment. 

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics,

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1990 and 1994 Academic Library

Surveys, and 1989-90 and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Surveys,

General 

circulation per

FTE enrollment

was 18.3 per year

in 1994
11

Differences in Circulation by Institution Type. General circulation per FTE

enrollment varies considerably by institution type, ranging from 8.3 in Associate

of Arts granting institutions to 29.0 in Specialized and 31.4 in Research I and II

institutions (table 3). Circulation per FTE enrollment is higher in private than

public Research I and II, Doctoral I and II, Baccalaureate I and II, and

Specialized institutions (table 3).

Interlibrary Loans

While internal general circulation has increased only modestly in recent years—

the use of interlibrary loans increased at larger rates, perhaps reflecting the wider

access to electronic college catalogues, and the strategy of shared resources. 

The total number of items loaned through interlibrary loan was 8.8 million and

the number received was 6.3 million in 1994. Using the figures from the

institutions reporting in both 1990 and 1994, there was an increase of 25 percent

in items loaned and an increase of 18 percent in items loaned per FTE 

enrollment (table 2). Loans received from other libraries increased by even

larger rates–40 percent overall and per FTE enrollment by 33 percent (table 2).

Ratio of Interlibrary Items Loaned to Items Borrowed. The total number of

interlibrary loans received (6.3 million in 1994) was smaller than items loaned

(8.8 million in 1994) because academic libraries also loan to non-academic

libraries (table 2). The Association of Research Libraries has selected the “ratio

of items loaned to items borrowed” as an indicator and this ratio varies

considerably by type of library and enrollment size.

Among those libraries having at least one item loaned and one item borrowed

through interlibrary loan, the mean per institution ratio of items lent to items

borrowed was 2.54, however, the median per institution was .99 (data not

shown). This difference between the mean and the median reflects a very

skewed distribution. By Carnegie Classification, the median ratio ranged from

.73 in “not classified” and .78 in Associate of Arts colleges to 1.61 in Research

I and II universities (figure 2). 

Interlibrary loans

to other

institutions

increased by 25

percent and loans

received from

other libraries

increased by 40

percent between

1990 and 1994
12

Figure 2.—Median ratio of items loaned to items received through

interlibrary loans by Carnegie Classification: 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Reference Transactions

A total of about 2.1 million reference transactions per week (including computer

searching) were reported (table 2). Fewer libraries (72 percent in 1994) reported

information on reference transactions than reported circulation and interlibrary

loans. Only about two-thirds of the libraries reported this information in both

1990 and 1994. Moreover, the interpretation of reference transaction may be

inconsistent and is changing with the use of electronic searching for information.

A comparison of those who did report for these categories indicates, however,

that these categories remained stable over the period.

Visits to the Library (Gate Count)

Academic libraries reported a total gate count of 17.8 million visits per week or

1.8 visits per FTE enrollment (table 2). As in past surveys this survey also had

lower than average item response, with only 68.3 percent of libraries reporting

on the gate count.

0.73

1.2

0.78

0.92

1.17

1.24

1.61

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Not classified

Specialized

Associate of Arts

Baccalaureate I and II

Master's I and II

Doctoral I and II

Research I and II
13

Public Service Hours

On average, academic libraries were open 75 hours per week in 1994. The mean

hours ranged from 65 in Associate of Arts institutions to 107 in Research I and

II institutions. The largest number (43 percent) of academic libraries were open

between 60 and 79 hours, however, 41 percent were open 80 or more hours per

week. About 16 percent were open under 60 hours and 3 percent were open

under 40 hours (calculated from Appendix B, table B-2).

Figure 3.—Percent distribution of academic libraries by public service 

 hours per week and mean public service hours per week by 

 Carnegie Classification: 1994

Distribution of public service hours

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94

Fall Enrollment Survey

Mean public service hours

per week

All Institutions of

 Higher Education.........74.6

Research I and II............107.0

Doctoral I and II..............99.1

Master’s I and II..............88.5

Baccalaureate I and II........84.9

Associate of Arts.............65.2

Specialized....................73.7

60-79 hours

43%

80 or more 

hours

41%

Under 60 hours

16%
15

Academic Library Collections 

For some time, faced with the ever-mushrooming number of publications,

academic librarians have spoken of the shift from acquisition to access and the

“decline of ownership” (Battin, 1989; Kyrillidou, Maxwell, Stubbs, 1996). With

the development of new information age technology, the traditional notion of a

library as a physical facility housing primarily paper-based materials has given

way to a new image. The academic library is sometimes thought of as a range of

services and collections made accessible through networks (Hughes, 1991). At

the same time that this information technology revolution is occurring, new

mediums of information storing and processing have meant that the categories

of materials making up a library collection have been expanded. However,

while new electronic mediums are growing in importance, in 1994 only a small

fraction of recorded information was available in electronic format. Moreover,

there are challenges in deciding which documents should be reformatted into

electronic form and in providing continued access to these reformatted materials,

as well as to those that will never be reformatted (Ardis, 1994).

The IPEDS Survey Form has been revised to reflect these changes over the

years. In 1994 the collection categories for which counts were obtained

included:

• Books and bound serials

• Government documents

• Current serials

• Microforms

• Cartographic materials

• Graphic materials

• Sound recordings

• Film and video materials

• Computer files

• Linear feet of manuscripts and archives

• Other library materials.
16

The number of titles were also collected for books, serials, microforms, sound

recordings, films and video materials, and computer files. In 1994, the term

“computer files” replaced the term machine readable materials used in earlier

surveys. 

Library Collection Summary

In 1994, there were about 776 million volumes of books and bound serials and

422 million titles. The category of materials with the most units was microforms

with 929 million units and 158 million titles (table 4). A total of about 6.6

million paid and unpaid serial subscriptions were reported. There were about

9.3 million titles of sound recordings, 3.4 million of films and videos and about

.5 million of computer files.

Table 4.—Total number of library materials held and added per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment: Fiscal Year (FY) 1994

Held at end of FY 1994 Added during FY1994

Category

 Number

in

thousands

Per fulltimeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number in

thousands

Per fulltimeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number

added as

percent

of

number

held

Volumes, units, and linear feet

Books and bound serials........................................ 776,447 77.6 21,544 2.2 2.8%

Microform units..................................................... 929,249 92.9 46,072 4.6 5.0

Cartographic materials........................................... 34,959 3.5 865 0.1 2.5

Graphic materials................................................... 94,531 9.5 2,721 0.3 2.9

Current paid and unpaid serial subscriptions......... 6,621 0.7 316 0.03 5.1

Manuscripts and archives linear feet...................... 4,131 0.4 * * *

Titles

Books and bound serials........................................ 422,267 42.2 12,831 1.3 3.0

Government documents not reported elsewhere .... 66,509 6.7 * * *

Microforms ........................................................... 158,345 15.8 * * *

Sound recordings................................................... 9,269 0.9 * * *

Films and video materials...................................... 3,392 0.3 364 0.04 10.7

Computer files........................................................ 465 ** 83 0.01 17.9

*Less than 70 percent reporting in 1994

**Less than .1 per FTE

NOTE: FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount

to full-time enrollment in 3303 institutions having academic libraries.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94

Fall Enrollment Survey
17

Items Added as Percentage of Items Held. Looking at items added as a

percentage of items held, we can see the higher relative growth in films and

videos and computer files (table 4). In 1994, the number of films and video

titles added was 11 percent of the number of films and video titles held. The

number of computer file titles added was 18 percent of the number of computer

file titles held, compared, for example, to 3 percent for book titles. 

Change in Volumes Held In and Added To Collections

The number of book and bound serial volumes held and added during the year

are statistics that have been consistently collected for a number of years and have

had high reporting rates. In 1974, a total of 447 million volumes were counted

in the nation’s academic libraries and by 1994, 776 million volumes were

counted (figure 4). 

Figure 4.—Total number of book volumes held in academic libraries:

 1974 to 1994 (volumes in thousands)

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey

447,059

776,447

717,042

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

700,000

800,000

900,000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Number of volumes in thousands
18

Increase Relative to Enrollment. Between 1974 and 1994 the number of

volumes counted as held in academic libraries increased by 74 percent while FTE

enrollment increased by 32 percent (7.8 million to 10.3 million). This difference

is reflected in the number of volumes held per FTE enrollment which increased

from 57 to about 78 over the 20 year period. As can be seen from table 5 and

figure 5, most of the increase in volumes per FTE enrollment occurred in the

period prior to 1987. Since 1987 the number per FTE has fluctuated between 72

and 78, in part related to differences in FTE enrollment counts.

Figure 5.—Number of volumes held per full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment: 1974-1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey

74.9 71.8

57.9

62.3

63.0

70.6

77.8

57.3

77.6

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Volumes per FTE enrollment

Between 1974 and

1994 FTE

enrollment

increased 32

percent and

volumes increased

by 74 percent
19

Number of Volumes Added Per Year. The increase in the number of

volumes held over time is the result of a rather steady number of volumes

added each year rather than increases in the rate of additions. The number of

volumes added each year shows no increase over the period, ranging from

23.2 million in 1974 to a low of 19.0 million in 1990 (table 5). In 1994, 21.5

million volumes were added. The number added per FTE enrollment

declined from a high of 3.0 in 1974 to a low of 1.9 in 1990 (table 5 and figure

6). In 1994, there were 2.2 volumes added per FTE enrollment.

Table 5.—Number of books and bound serial volumes held and added,

 and number of serial subscriptions held: 1974-1994

Volumes held Volumes added Serial

subscriptions

held

Year

Number in

thousands

Per full-timeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number

in

thousands

Per full-timeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

Number in

thousands

1974.... 447,059 57.3 23,242 3.0 4,434

1976.... 481,442 57.9 22,367 2.7 4,670

1978.... 519,895 62.3 21,608 2.6 4,775

1981.... 567,826 63.0 19,507 2.2 4,890

1984.... 631,727 70.6 20,658 2.3 6,317

1987.... 718,504 77.8 21,907 2.4 6,416

1990.... 717,042 71.8 19,003 1.9 5,749

1992.... 749,429 74.9 20,982 2.0 6,966

1994.... 776,447 77.6 21,544 2.2 6,621

NOTE: Figures per FTE enrollment for 1974 to 1992 were taken from the Digest of Education

Statistics, 1996, table 412. The figures were calculated on the basis of total FTE enrollments

for the various years. For 1994, the rate per FTE enrollment was calculated based on enrollment

in the 3,303 academic library institutions, a base that is slightly smaller than the total IHE’s (10.0

million compared to 10.3 million). The rate using the later figure would be 75.4 volumes per

FTE enrollment held and 2.1 volumes per FTE enrollment added.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES), Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; Integrated Postsecondary Education

Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey, and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey

The number of

volumes added per

year has not

increased over the

last 20 years
20

Figure 6.—Number of volumes added per year in academic libraries

per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment: 1974-1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES), Digest of Educational Statistics, 1996, table 412; and Integrated Postsecondary

Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 Fall

Enrollment Survey

Change Since 1990 in Volumes Held

When the set of institutions reporting in both 1990 and 1994 is compared, we

see that overall the number of volumes increased by 10.9 percent and the

number per FTE enrollment by 4.6 percent (table 6).

These figures, indicate that despite the growth of other mediums, the number

of bound printed volumes held continued to increase at rates higher than that

of enrollment. The rates of increases were highest among private Research

I and II institutions. This group had increases of 19.0 percent in total

volumes and 16.1 percent in volumes per FTE enrollment (table 6). 

However, among certain types of institutions the number of volumes per FTE

enrollment actually declined between 1990 and 1994. A 5.8 and 3.7 percent

decline occurred among Associate of Arts and Specialized institutions

respectively and a smaller decline occurred among Baccalaureate institutions

(-0.7 percent).

3.0

2.7 2.7

2.6

2.2

2.3 2.4

1.9

2.1 2.2

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Volumes per FTE enrollment
21

Table 6. —Volumes held at end of the fiscal year and volumes held per full-time-equivalent

(FTE) enrollment by Carnegie Classification: 1994, and percent change since

1990

Volumes held at

end of year Volumes per FTE Enrollment

Institutional

characteristic

Number in

thousands

Percent

change

1990-

1994

Mean Percent

change

1990-

1994

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total............................. 776,445 10.9% 78 4.6% 21 57 116

 Public......................... 479,695 10.1 63 3.8 16 31 62

 Private........................ 298,819 12.7 125 6.0 42 96 182

Research I and II ........ 336,562 13.1 148 12.6 95 129 194

 Public......................... 218,460 10.5 121 10.6 89 113 136

 Private........................ 118,100 19.0 258 16.1 157 220 381

Doctoral I and II......... 87,077 12.8 89 10.9 61 83 116

 Public......................... 53,350 13.2 73 10.7 58 72 90

 Private........................ 33,727 12.0 134 12.1 83 98 184

Master's I and II ......... 153,340 9.6 65 3.7 53 66 93

 Public......................... 105,520 10.0 60 4.7 47 61 76

 Private........................ 47,821 8.6 80 0.8 59 79 109

Baccalaureate I and II 95,482 8.7 118 -0.7 75 115 176

 Public......................... 10,899 5.0 60 -4.8 45 56 81

 Private........................ 84,583 9.2 135 -0.1 89 126 185

Associate of Arts ......... 51,226 5.1 16 -5.8 11 18 30

 Public......................... 47,053 5.9 16 -5.2 12 18 27

 Private........................ 4,173 -4.5 27 -7.2 7 18 63

Specialized ................... 44,414 6.7 118 -3.7 42 116 326

 Public......................... 10,415 * 94 -10.7 54 89 156

 Private........................ 33,999 9.4 128 -0.7 39 130 387

Not classified ............... 8,346 19.0 69 153.0 11 27 73

NOTE: Totals reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent change

include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables in which 70 percent

or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of

part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment. For calculation of percent change, actual FTE

enrollments for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were used in tabulations. Details for volumes held may not sum

to totals due to rounding

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, and

1989-90 and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Surveys
22

Specialized

6%

Baccalaureate I and II

12%

Masters I and II

20%

Doctoral I and II

11%

Research I and II

43%

Associate of arts

7%

Not classified

1%

Differences in Volumes per FTE Enrollment

In 1994 the overall number of volumes per FTE enrollment was 78 and the

median per institution was 57 (table 6). The numbers range widely by

institution type going from 16 per FTE enrollment in public Associate of Arts

institutions to 258 in private Research I and II institutions. The median per

FTE enrollment per institution ranged from 18 in both public and private

Associate of Arts institutions to 220 in private Research I and II institutions

(table 6).

.

Figure 7.—Percent distribution of volumes held at the end of the year

and distribution of full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment

by Carnegie Classification: 1994

Distribution of volumes held Distribution of FTE enrollment: 1994

All Institutions of

 Higher Education.........100%

Research I and II............ 23%

Doctoral I and II.............. 10%

Master’s I and II.............. 24%

Baccalaureate I and II........ 8%

Associate of Arts............. 32%

Specialized.................... 4%

Not classified................... 1%

The number of

volumes held per

FTE enrollment

ranges from 16 in

public Associate

of Arts

institutions to 258

in private

Research I and II

institutions

SOURCE: United States Department of

Education, National Center for

Education Statistics, Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library

Survey, and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment

Survey
23

Distribution of Volumes by Type of Institution

As can be seen from figure 7 and table 7 over 40 percent of the total volumes

held were held in Research I and II institutions. Traditionally research

institutions have maintained the largest collections to serve the needs of 

graduate students and research faculty. Research I and II institutions enroll

about 23 percent of the total FTE enrollment (figure 7). The Associate of

Arts institutions, enrolling 32 percent of the FTE students, have only 7

percent of the volumes held.

Number of Volumes Per Institution and Academic Library Standards

The mean number of volumes held per institution, ranges from 65,295

volumes in institutions with less than 1,500 students to over 909,655 in

institutions with 5,000 or more (table 7). The 1995 Edition of Standards for

College Libraries prepared by the Association of College and Research

Libraries (ACRL)/ College Library Section (CLS) Standards Committee

gives a formula for estimating the number of volumes needed. There is also

a grading system based on the percent of the suggested number of volumes

held by the institution. This formula suggests that the basic collection should

have at least 85,000 volumes and that there be an additional 15 volumes per

FTE enrollment and an additional 100 volumes per FTE faculty. In addition

the formula states there should be 350 volumes per undergraduate major and

minor field and additional allowances for each master’s (6,000), specialist

(3,000), and doctoral field (6,000).

Thus for example, a baccalaureate institution with 1,000 FTE undergraduates,

10 major fields, and 50 faculty should have about 108,000 volumes. A

masters level institution with 10,000 FTE enrollment, 250 faculty, 15 majors

and 8 masters majors should have about 300,000 volumes. A doctoral

granting institution with 20,000 students, 350 faculty, 15 majors and 10

masters and 8 Ph.D. fields should have about 509,000 volumes. One can see

from these examples and the numbers in table 7 that smaller colleges are less

likely on average to meet the standard, while Research universities easily

exceed the standard.

The standards for Community Colleges awarding associate degrees are

contained in the publication Standards for Community, Junior, and Technical

College Learning Resource Programs, published in 1994 and prepared by a

joint committee of the Association for Educational Communications and

Technology (AECT) and the ACRL. The recommendations for number of

volumes are directly linked to institution size and range from 30,000 for

institutions under 1,000 to 170,000 for those with 17,000 to 19,000 FTE

students. One can see from table 7 that the Associate of Arts institutions with

Four year

college library

standards

recommend a

basic collection

of 85,000 with

additional

volumes based on

enrollment,

faculty, number

of majors, and

types of degrees

awarded

Two year

college library

standards

recommend a

minimum of 

30,000 volumes

for institutions

with under 1,000

FTE enrollment

and 170,000 for

those with FTE

enrollments of

17,000-19,000
24

a mean of 43,597 volumes held and a median of 36,500 volumes held just

exceed the minimum standard for the smallest category of institutions those

of 1,000 enrollment. The average FTE enrollment of Associate of Arts

institutions in 1994 was 2,670 (calculated from appendix table A-4 and table

1).

Table 7.—Mean and median number of volumes per institution and percent distribution of

 volumes held by institution control, size, and Carnegie Classification: Fiscal 

 Year (FY) 1994

Institution characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total

volumes at

end of year

in

thousands

Per

institution

Median per

institution

Percent of

total

volumes

held

All.......................................... 3,303 776,447 235,073 71,017 100%

Control..................................

 Public................................... 1,548 449,763 290,544 65,956 57.9

 Private.................................. 1,755 326,685 186,145 77,700 42.1

Size (FTE enrollment)

 Less than 1,500.................... 1,754 114,527 65,295 37,413 14.8

 1,500-4,999.......................... 984 147,965 150,371 85,491 19.1

 5,000 or more....................... 565 513,955 909,655 453,308 66.2

Carnegie Classification

(1994)

 Research I and II.................. 125 336,562 2,692,497 2,164,156 43.3

 Doctoral I and II................... 110 87,077 791,608 692,386 11.2

 Master’s I and II................... 518 153,341 296,025 234,122 19.7

 Baccalaureate I and II .......... 606 95,482 157,561 116,085 12.3

 Associate of Arts.................. 1,175 51,226 43,597 36,500 6.6

 Specialized........................... 556 44,414 79,881 47,032 5.7

 Not classified ....................... 213 8,346 39,181 12,451 1.1

NOTE: Details for total volumes held may not sum to total due to rounding

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey
25

Academic Library Staff

The development of electronic information databases and automation of many

library technical functions have resulted in the redefining of a profession and a

change in the composition of staff in academic libraries. Some tasks, previously

handled by professional librarians, have been assigned to newly emerging

paraprofessional occupations. At the same time, the evolution of information

technology requires sophisticated librarians who can provide enhanced

information services (Oberg, 1992; Park and Riggs, 1991; Cravey, 1991). 

Librarians have always served as the link between information resources and

consumers of information. The academic librarian in the information age will

spend more time instructing students in the skills of selecting and reviewing

information from an ever expanding information base. In addition the library

and librarians will maintain the essential infrastructure to accommodate the

continuously evolving information environment.

Figure 8.—Percent distribution of academic library full-time-equivalent

(FTE) staff by type of staff: 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Other paid staff

42%

Student assistants

30%

Librarians and other 

professionals

28%
26

Distribution of Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Library Staff by Type

In 1994, about 95,843 FTE staff were employed in academic libraries.2 Of the

total FTE library staff, 28 percent were librarians or other professional staff.

 Forty-two percent were other paid staff and 30 percent were student

assistants (figure 8). 

The proportion of FTE library staff who are librarians and other professional

staff does not vary greatly by type of library (see appendix table B-8). The

proportion only ranges from 27 percent in Research I and II and

Baccalaureate I and II institutions to 32 percent in Specialized institutions. By

control, the proportion also does not vary much, being 29 percent in private

and 27 percent in public institutions. However, smaller institutions were

somewhat more likely to use student assistants than larger institutions. In

institutions of less than 1,500 FTE enrollment 36 percent of the FTE library

staff were student assistants, while in institutions of 5,000 FTE enrollment

or more, 28 percent of the FTE library staff were student assistants (appendix

table B-8).

Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Staff per 1,000 FTE Enrollment

While the relative distribution of staff between professional, nonprofessional, and student assistants does not vary greatly by type of

institution, the number of FTE library staff per 1,000 FTE enrollment, is

considerably higher in private than in public institutions. For example, in

private Research I and II institutions the number of FTE library staff per

1,000 FTE enrollment was almost double that of public Research I and II

institutions (24.3 in private compared with 12.2 public) (table 8). Similarly

in private Baccalaureate I and II institutions there were 14.6 FTE staff per

1,000 FTE enrollment, while in public Baccalaureate I and II institutions

there were 8.1 FTE staff per 1,000 FTE enrollment.

Change in Staff Over Time Since 1974

Figure 9 graphs FTE staff for the total (excluding student assistants but

including contributed services staff), for other non-professional staff, and for

librarians and other professional staff from 1974 to 1994. FTE data on

student assistants is available and graphed only for the period after 1990.

 

2Academic library staff were reported in the survey form in full-time-equivalents (FTE’s)
27

Change in Staff Totals Excluding Student Assistants. Between 1967 (not

shown on graph) and 1977 the total number of non-student assistant library FTE

staff grew from 43,500 in 1967 to 57,087 in 1977 (Beasley, 1979). By 1988 this

number was 67,300 and in 1990 the number was 69,359. However, between

1990 and 1992 declines in library staffing were reported (Williams, 1994), with

the total number including contributed services staff being 67,166. The

comparable number in 1994 was 67,433 (figure 9).

Figure 9.—Number of academic library full-time-equivalent (FTE) staff: 1974-

1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Education Statistics, 1996, table 412; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

56,836

67,433

69,359

26,726 23,530

40,381

41,853

33,306

28,411 30,323

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

FTE librarians and other

professional staff

FTE other staff

FTE total library staff

excluding student

assistants

FTE student assistants
28

Change in Staff Including Student Assistants. Comparable data on the

number of FTE student assistants is available only since 1990. When the total

library staff are considered (including student assistants) for institutions

reporting in both 1990 and 1994, we see that the total numbers have declined by

0.1 percent since 1990 (table 8). When considered per 1,000 FTE enrollment

there were declines of 5.9 percent between 1990 and 1994 (table 8). These

declines occurred at both public and private institutions. The largest declines

were at Baccalaureate I and II institutions and at Associate of Arts institutions.

Table 8.—Total academic library staff, number per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE)

enrollment, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 by control and Carnegie

Classification

Total staff including

student assistants

Total staff including student assistants per 1,000 FTE

enrollment

Institutional

characteristic

Number Percent

change

1990-

1994

Mean Percent

change

1990-

1994

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total 95,843 -0.1% 9.6 -5.9% 5.3 8.9 15.9

 Public............................. 58,457 -0.4 7.7 -6.1 4.0 6.0 8.7

 Private............................ 37,386 0.3 15.6 -5.4 8.7 13.6 22.7

Research I and II............. 33,258 -0.3 14.7 -0.7 10.0 13.3 19.1

 Public............................. 22,159 -1.2 12.2 -1.3 9.5 11.9 14.4

 Private............................ 11,099 2.0 24.3 -0.2 17.1 23.2 32.7

Doctoral I and II ............. 10,444 3.6 10.7 1.6 7.8 9.6 14.1

 Public............................. 6,538 3.3 9.0 0.9 7.3 9.0 10.6

 Private............................ 3,907 4.2 15.6 3.4 9.5 14.0 20.2

Master's I and II ............. 19,250 -1.3 8.2 -7.2 6.5 8.4 11.2

 Public............................. 12,946 -2.2 7.4 -7.6 6.0 7.1 9.1

 Private............................ 6,304 0.3 10.6 -6.8 7.9 10.2 13.6

Baccalaureate I and II.... 10,612 -5.0 13.1 -12.6 9.1 12.7 18.6

 Public............................. 1,484 * 8.1 -8.3 6.0 8.0 10.3

 Private............................ 9,128 -5.7 14.6 -13.2 9.7 14.0 19.5

Associate of Arts ............. 13,646 -1.4 4.3 -11.5 3.3 4.9 7.5

 Public............................. 12,484 -1.1 4.3 -11.4 3.2 4.6 6.3

 Private............................ 1,162 -4.9 7.5 -11.6 4.1 8.7 15.8

Specialized ....................... 6,853 6.6 18.2 -2.0 11.7 20.5 39.3

 Public............................. 1,870 5.1 17.0 -3.6 10.6 19.4 27.4

 Private............................ 4,984 7.4 18.7 -1.3 12.0 20.8 41.4

Not classified.................... 1,779 67.3 14.7 60.6 4.3 9.0 21.7

*Less than .5 percent

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES), Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library

Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, and 1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey
29

Changes in Library Staff Relative to Total Higher Education Staff and

Enrollment

Changes in library staff since the mid-1970’s have not kept pace with enrollment

and lag behind the increases experienced by the total Institution of Higher

Education (IHE) staff. Over the period since 1976 to 1993 (two dates for which

comparable figures on total FTE IHE staff are available), the total full-timeequivalent number of staff in IHE’s increased from 1.86 million to 2.60 million

(36 percent) and FTE enrollment from 8.31 million to 10.36 million (25

percent). FTE faculty increased by 33 percent (calculated from Fall Staff in

Postsecondary Institutions, 1993). In contrast, the FTE number of library staff

(excluding student assistants) increased by 18 percent, and FTE library

professional staff increased by 15 percent over about the same period (1976 to

1994) (figure10).

Figure 10.—Percent change in full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library staff

and institution of higher education FTE enrollment and staff : 1976-

1993, 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey and Fall Staff

in Postsecondary Institutions, 1993, figure 3.

36%

33%

25%

18%

15%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

Total FTE institution of

higher education staff

Total FTE faculty

Total FTE enrollment

Total FTE library

staff(excluding student

assistants)

Total FTE library

professional staff

Percent change
31

Academic Library Expenditures

In 1994, academic library operating expenditures totaled just over 4 billion

dollars. Library expenditures cover a wide range of materials and activities

ranging from salaries and wages to postage for document delivery. In recent

years the categories have been revised to include additional categories for

computer related items and for the expenditures for electronic information

resources. The categories for which separate expenditure information was

collected in 1994 are listed in table 9.

Figure 11.—Percent distribution of academic library operating

expenditures by type and institution level: 1974 and 1994

10%

16% 16% 14%

30%

34% 35%

22%

60%

50% 49%

64%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Total:1974 Total:1994 4-year and

above:1994

Less than 4-

year:1994

Salaries and wages

Information resources

Other expenditures

SOURCE: United States

Department of Education,

National Center for Education

Statistics (NCES), Digest of

Education Statistics, 1996, table

412; and Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data

System (IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library Survey
32

Table 9.—Academic library operating expenditures in 1994, and percent distribution of

expenditures in 1990 and 1994 by type of expenditures

Operating Expenditures

Total

amount in

thousands

1994

Amount per

full-timeequivalent

(FTE)

enrollment

1994

Percent

distribution

of total

amount

1994

Percent

distribution

of total

amount

1990

Total....................................................... $4,013,333 $402.18 100% 100%

Salaries and wages................................ 2,021,233 202.55 50.4 52.0

Information resources.......................... 1,348,932 135.18 33.6 34.1

 Current serial subscriptions................... 690,410 69.19 17.2 16.9

 Books and bound serials....................... 442,495 44.34 11.0 12.3

 Microforms........................................... 62,421 6.26 1.6 1.0

 Audi-visual ........................................... 28,753 2.88 0.7 0.7

 Document delivery................................ 12,238 1.23 0.3 0.3

 Computer files/search services.............. 70,792 7.09 1.8 2.3

 Other information resources.................. 41,823 4.19 1.0 0.6

Furniture and equipment..................... 55,915 5.60 1.4 1.5

Computer hardware and software...... 128,128 12.84 3.2 1.9

Bibliographic utilities, networks,

consortia ................................................

 

81,106 8.13 2.0 1.1

Preservation .......................................... 46,554 4.67 1.2 1.1

Other operating expenditures.............. 331,463 33.22 8.3 8.2

NOTE: Amounts used for percent distribution calculation includes imputed data in both 1990 and 1994. FTE

enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey; 1990 Academic Library Survey; and

1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey
33

Distribution of Library Operating Expenditures

As one can see from figure 11 and table 9 salaries and wages account for half

(50 percent) of all operating expenditures. The proportion of expenditures going

to salaries and wages has declined over the last 20 years going from 60 percent

in 1974 to 50 percent in 1994 (figure 11 and NCES Digest of Education

Statistics, 1996, table 412).

The percent of the total going to salaries and wages did not vary substantially by

public or private institutional control—being 52 percent in public and 48 in

private institutions. However, less than 4-year institutions have a higher

proportion of their expenditures going for salaries (64 percent) than do the other

types of institutions (figure 11 and appendix table B-10).

As one can see from table 9, the detailed expenditure distributions in 1994 and

1990 are very similar to each other. In 1994 the proportion of expenses going

for new electronic resources and services was somewhat higher overall than in

1990. If one combines computer files and searches, computer hardware and

software, and bibliographic utilities, networks and consortia, 7.0 percent went

for these categories in 1994 and 5.3 in 1990 (table 9). Books and bound serials

were a slightly smaller proportion of the total in 1994 than in 1990, and

microforms a slightly larger proportion in 1994 (table 9).

Distribution of Information Resources Expenditures

When one considers the distribution for information resources (figure 12), one

sees the dominance of serials expenditures which accounted for fully half (51

percent) of information resources expenditures. A number of library expenditure

analyses have noted the high proportion of information resource expenditures

going to serials and that unit costs have increased over the last ten years. 

Statistics reported for research libraries by the Association of Research

Librarians (ARL) indicated that between 1986 and 1995 ARL libraries doubled

expenditures for serials while buying 8 percent fewer titles (Kyrillidou, Maxwell

and Stubbs, 1996).

The percent of

expenditures

going to new

electronic

resources and 

services was about

7.0 percent in

1994 and 5.3

percent in 1990

Serial

expenditures

account for onehalf of

information

resource

expenditures

The percent of

operating

expenditures

going to salaries

and wages was

60 percent in 1974

and 50 percent in

1994
34

Figure 12.—Distribution of academic library expenditures for information resources: 1994

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), 1994 Academic Library Survey

Books and other 

print materials

33%

Current serial 

subscriptions

51%

Computer 

files/search services

5%

Other information 

resources

3%

Microforms

5%

Audiovisual 

materials

2%

Document delivery

1%
35

Change in Total Operating Expenditures and Operating Expenditures

Per Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment

In current dollars, total operating expenditures have gone from $1.09 billion in

1974 to $4.01 billion in 1994. In constant 1994 dollars, total operating

expenditures have gone from $3.17 billion to $4.01 billion (tabulated from

NCES Library Statistics of Colleges and Universities, various years and IPEDS

Academic Library Survey). Public academic libraries had 60 percent of the

expenditures and private 40 percent. Research I and II institutions account for

40 percent of the total expenditures. Associate of Arts institutions account for

11 percent. Between 1990 and 1994 overall library expenditures increased by

10.7 percent in constant dollars (table 10).

Expenditures Per Full-Time-Equivalent (FTE) Enrollment. In constant

dollars, expenditures per FTE enrollment were $406 in 1974 and $401 in 1994.

 The lowest amount per FTE enrollment occurred in 1981 when constant dollar

expenditures were $345 and in 1990 when expenditures were to $367 (figure

13).

Figure 13.—Academic library operating expenditures per full-timeequivalent (FTE) enrollment in constant (1994) dollars:

1974-1994 NOTE: Constant

dollars calculated

based on consumer

price index as

published in 1996 US

Statistical Abstract,

table 745.

SOURCE: United

States Department of

Education, National

Center for Education

Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational

Statistics, 1996, table

412; and Integrated

Postsecondary

Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library

Survey and 1993-94

Fall Enrollment

Survey

$406

$377

$395

$345

$382

$390

$367

$385

$401

$330

$340

$350

$360

$370

$380

$390

$400

$410

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Operating expenditures per FTE enrollment
36

Table 10.—Total and per full-time-equivalent (FTE) academic library operating

expenditures, and percent change between 1990 and 1994 in constant dollars

by control and Carnegie Classification

Total amount Per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment

Institutional

characteristics

Amount in

Thousands

Percent

change

1990-94

in

constant

dollars

Mean Percent

change

1990-94

in

constant

dollars

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total............................ $4,013,332 10.7% $401 4.7% $169 $291 $503

 Public........................ 2,441,579 8.0 322 2.1 137 209 313

 Private....................... 1,571,753 15.8 658 9.5 253 399 742

Research I and II ....... 1,622,321 12.2 715 12.0 474 621 920

 Public........................ 1,033,200 10.9 571 11.3 447 552 663

 Private....................... 589,100 14.6 1,288 11.7 834 1,164 1,795

Doctoral I and II........ 470,560 9.6 480 8.2 316 444 671

 Public........................ 287,930 9.5 395 7.4 304 356 470

 Private....................... 182,630 9.8 728 10.6 455 649 817

Master's I and II ........ 750,136 5.5 319 -0.1 251 307 393

 Public........................ 527,530 1.9 300 -3.1 239 290 347

 Private....................... 222,600 16.7 373 8.6 270 340 430

Baccalaureate I and

II..................................

 

 369,690 14.9 457 6.1 275 389 550

 Public........................ 54,040 9.1 295 -0.8 217 274 358

 Private....................... 315,650 15.9 505 7.6 293 416 591

Associate of Arts ........ 443,770 7.3 140 -3.3 103 148 215

 Public........................ 414,190 6.4 142 -4.3 110 151 205

 Private....................... 2 9,579 29.6 191 20.9 96 190 318

Specialized .................. 297,180 18.9 789 7.6 338 685 1673

 Public........................ 94,701 14.9 859 2.4 396 703 1363

 Private....................... 202,480 22.1 760 11.3 336 680 1736

Not Classified ............. 59,677 27.7 493 23.6 135 244 805

NOTE: Amounts reported for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent change

include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables in which 70 percent

or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of

part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time enrollment. For calculation of percent change, actual FTE

enrollments for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were used in tabulations. Details for amounts in thousands may

not sum to totals due to rounding. Constant dollars calculated based on consumer price index as published in 1996 US

Statistical Abstract, table 745.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS); 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, and

1993-94 Fall Enrollment Survey
37

Between 1990 and 1994 overall expenditures per FTE enrollment increased by

4.7 percent in constant dollars. However, Associate of Arts institutions

experienced a decline of 3.3 percent over the period (table 10). 

Expenditures per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment ranged from $142 per

FTE enrollment in public Associate of Arts institutions to $1,288 in private

Research I and Research II institutions (table 10). Expenditures per FTE

enrollment in private institutions were about double those in public institutions

($658 and $322 respectively). Median expenditures per institution also showed

an almost twofold difference between public and private institutions. The

median expenditures per FTE were $291 overall and $209 in public and $399 in

private institutions (table 10).

Academic Library Operating Expenditures as a Percent of Total

Educational and General (E&G) Expenditures

Examination of the data for the total group of academic libraries for the period

1974-1994 shows that the percentage of total institutional E&G expenditures

spent by libraries declined from 3.9 in 1974 to 2.9 in 1994 (figure 14).

Figure 14.—Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total 

 Education and General (E&G) expenditures: 1974-1994

SOURCE: United

States Department of

Education, National

Center for Education

Statistics (NCES),

Digest of Educational

Statistics, 1996, table

412; and Integrated

Postsecondary

Education Data System

(IPEDS), 1994

Academic Library

Survey and 1993-94

Finance Survey

3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7

3.5 3.4

3.2

3 3

2.9

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Year

Percent of e & g expenditures 
38

Table 11.—Academic library operating expenditures as a percent of total Education and

General (E&G) expenditures; and percent change between 1990 and 1994 by

control and Carnegie Classification

Institutional

characteristics

Percent of 

total E&G

expenditures

1994

Percent

change in

percent of

total E&G

1990-94

Lower

quartile

Median Upper

quartile

Total............................ 2.9% -2.3% 2.0% 2.8% 3.9%

 Public........................ 2.7 -2.8 1.9 2.6 3.4

 Private....................... 3.1 -1.8 2.1 3.0 4.5

Research I and II ....... 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.8 3.3

 Public........................ 2.8 4.0 2.4 2.8 3.3

 Private....................... 3.0 -0.3 2.0 2.9 3.4

Doctoral I and II........ 3.5 -2.5 2.5 3.3 4.1

 Public........................ 3.4 -1.3 2.7 3.2 3.7

 Private....................... 3.7 -4.7 2.2 3.7 4.3

Master's I and II ........ 3.1 -6.6 2.4 3.0 3.8

 Public........................ 3.3 -7.5 2.7 3.3 3.9

 Private....................... 2.7 -2.7 2.2 2.7 3.2

Baccalaureate I and

II.................................. 3.2 -3.4 2.4 3.0 3.7

 Public........................ 3.4 -5.6 2.8 3.4 4.1

 Private....................... 3.2 -3.0 2.3 2.9 3.6

Associate of Arts ........ 2.2 -9.2 1.6 2.3 3.1

 Public........................ 2.2 -9.6 1.6 2.3 3.0

 Private....................... 2.0 -0.7 1.2 2.1 3.5

Specialized .................. 2.5 -2.9 2.3 4.1 8.5

 Public........................ 1.5 -5.1 1.5 2.0 3.3

 Private....................... 3.7 -2.0 2.6 4.6 9.1

Not classified .............. 4.2 21.5 1.5 2.5 7.7

NOTE: Figures for 1994 include imputed data to account for nonresponse. Calculations of percent 

change include only those institutions reporting in both 1994 and 1990 and are reported only for variables

in which 70 percent or more of libraries reported for the item in both 1990 and 1994. Actual E&G

expenditures for 1990 and 1994 for institutions included were used in calculations.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES),

Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS); 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990

Academic Library Survey, and 1990 and 1994 Finance Surveys
39

Using the set of institutions reporting in both 1990 and 1994, we see that there

was a decline of 2 percent in the percent of the total E&G expenditures spent by

academic libraries over the 1990-94 period (table 11). A decline was

experienced by all categories of libraries except those in the category public

Research I and II and the “not classified” category (table 11).

As part of the ongoing development of standards for academic libraries, the

Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) has established standards

on the percent of total institution expenditures that should go to academic

libraries for two of the three categories of academic libraries. The Standards for

Community, Junior, and Technical Learning Resource Programs and the

Standards for College Libraries both established a standard that academic

libraries should receive 6 percent of their university’s total budget. The

Standards for University Libraries does not mention a specific percentage,

however the 6 percent goal is often also cited for this group as a target. Data on

research libraries has shown that this goal has never been reached and in fact that

that the share has declined over the period of 1982-1992 (Goudy, 1993;

Cummings et. al. 1992). 

Summary/Conclusion

In the first half of the 1990s, a time of rapid change in methods of information

dissemination, academic library circulation increased modestly. There were

much larger relative increases in the use of interlibrary loans reflecting the

increasingly open computerized access to catalogues. While the number of book

volumes held in collections continued to increase, the number per FTE

enrollment has not increased since a peak reached in 1987. Information

resources such as computer files and films and videos had the highest ratios of

items added to items held reflecting the relative newness of these categories of

materials and building of collections in these areas. There were large differences

in the number of volumes per FTE enrollment between institutions by Carnegie

Classification. Volumes per FTE enrollment ranged from 16 in Associate of

Arts institutions to 148 in Research I and II institutions. Associate of Arts

institutions have 7 percent of the volumes while having almost one third of FTE

enrollment (32 percent).

In a period of increasing library automation and change in library staff roles, the

actual total number of FTE academic library staff declined slightly between

1990 and 1994 (reflecting a trend also observed in 1992; Rossi and Daugherty,

1997). The number per 1,000 FTE enrollment declined by almost 6 percent.

While declines in the total number of academic library staff have occurred only

recently, over the last 20 years, increases in academic library staff have not kept

pace with those of the total IHE staff. The number of professional staff in

libraries has remained largely stable over the period between 1989 and 1994.
40

Academic library operating expenditures totaled 4 billion dollars in 1994. The

distributions of operating expenditures by category of expenditure in 1990 and

1994 were very similar except for a small increase in the proportion going to

electronic related services and microforms and small declines in the proportion

going to salaries and wages and book volumes. Serials expenditures continue to

dominate the distribution of information resources expenditures. The amount

of expenditures per FTE enrollment in constant dollars was about the same in

1994 as 20 years earlier, in 1974, but increased over 1990 by about 5 percent.

 Academic library expenditures as a percent of total institution expenditures have

ranged between 3.9 and 2.9 percent between 1974 and 1994, falling short of the

6 percent ACRL recommended and the percentage appears to be decreasing over

time. There were large differences in the expenditures per FTE enrollment by

Carnegie Classification. For example, expenditures per FTE enrollment were

$140 in Associate of Arts institutions and $715 in Research I and II institutions.

Similarly, the number of FTE staff per 1,000 FTE enrollments was 4.3 in

Associate of Arts institutions and 14.7 in Research I and II institutions.

These data indicate that the changes in information technology were beginning

to have small impacts on academic library statistics in areas of types of services,

staff numbers, collection additions, and distribution of expenditures. Future

surveys will provide more information on the continued extent of these changes.
R-1

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Association

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Association of College and Research Libraries. Access Policy Guidelines Taskforce. (1992,

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Association for Educational Communications and Technology and Association of College and

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Association of Research Libraries. (1992). ARL Statistics 1990-91. Washington, DC.

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Norwood, NJ.

Hughes, Carol. (1992). A comparison of Perceptions of Campus Priorities: the ‘Logical Library

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R-3

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A-1

Appendix A: Methodology

Scope

The Academic Libraries survey was mailed in August 1994 to all institutions of higher education

(IHE’s) and to other postsecondary institutions in the United States that had one or more

instructional programs of 4 years or more. While the response among the 3,639 institutions of higher

education (IHE’s) was 94 percent, the response from the other postsecondary institutions (about 300)

was less than 50 percent. Due to low response, we cannot produce statistically acceptable estimates

for this group of other postsecondary institutions. Thus the Academic Library file and this report are

limited to Institutions of Higher Education (IHE’s).

Of the 3,639 higher education institutions, there were 132 institutions that did not have their own

library but shared a library with one or more of 70 other institutions. Those 132 institutions were

excluded from the survey. There were also 204 institutions that were found to be out of scope

because they did not have an academic library as defined by the survey. Thus there were 3,303

academic libraries in the 50 states and District of Columbia.

An Academic Library is defined as an entity at a postsecondary institution that provides all of the

following:

ß Organized collection of printed or other materials, or a combination thereof;

ß A staff trained to provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the informational,

cultural, recreational, or educational needs of clientele;

ß An established schedule in which services of the staff are available to clientele;

ß The physical facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule.

This definition includes libraries that are part of learning resource centers. The library must be

operated by a postsecondary education institution.

Data Collection Procedures

The Academic Library Survey data are collected and processed by the Census Bureau for NCES.

 In 1990, an NCES/IPEDS academic library survey improvement project was begun with the

assistance of the National Commission on Libraries and Information Science (NCLIS) and the

American Library Association’s Office of Research and Statistics (ALA-ORS). The project

identified a librarian in each state to work with the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System

(IPEDS) Coordinators in submitting library data to NCES. For the 1990, 1992, and 1994 data

collections many of those library representatives took major responsibility for collecting data in their
A-2

state. Others were available to promote prompt responses from librarians and to assist in problem

resolution when anomalies were discovered in completed questionnaires.

The project also assisted NCES in developing microcomputer software packages prepared for use

by states in reporting library data to NCES. The software package was named Input and Data

Editing for Academic Library Statistics (IDEALS). Academic librarians within each state completed

hard copy forms as in the past and returned them to the state’s library representative or the IPEDS

Coordinator. States were given the option of submitting the library forms to NCES, but were

encouraged to enter those data into IDEALS and submit the data on diskette to NCES.

The IDEALS package features some internal consistency edit checks as well as a few range checks

and summation checks. Library representatives at the state level could run edit/error reports and

make corrections before submitting the data on diskette to NCES.

Editing and Imputation

The IDEALS computer program described above includes many edit checks providing some

warnings as the data are being keyed and provides an edit/error report after the data have been keyed.

 Examples of these edit checks are listed below:

(1) Summations--reported totals are compared with the sums of the constituent data items. If

they are not equal, an error message is generated.

(2) Relational edit checks--the program compares data entries from one section of the

questionnaire with date entries from another section of the questionnaire for consistency. For

example, if books and bound serials were added during the fiscal year the program would

expect some expenditure to be reported for books and bound serials. If one is reported

without the other an error message is generated. Another example is the number of volumes

of print materials added during the fiscal year cannot exceed the total number of volumes

held at the end of the fiscal year.

 (3) Range checks--For example, if the average salary of librarians is less than $20,000 or greater

than 100,000, an error message is generated. If any of the collections data, except for

volumes held at the end of the year is greater than 1,000,000, an error message is generated.

 If the reported hours of service is less than 10 hours per week or greater than 168 hours per

week, an error message is generated.

When probable errors were identified by the IDEALS edit checks, state or Census Bureau personnel

contacted the institution to resolve the problem. After the data were received by NCES from every

state, the data files were merged and general edits and imputations were performed. Some examples

follow.

ß If a total was blank or zero, but there were one or more positive subtotals the total was

changed to equal the sum of the subtotals.
A-3

ß If prior year (1992) data were available, the 1992 responses were used for imputation.

ß If prior year data were unavailable, for purposes of imputation, the higher education file

was divided into 16 imputation classes. The classes were based upon the highest level

of degree (Doctor’s, Master’s, Bachelor’s, and Associate), and control and size of

institution. The four control/size imputation categories were: public, less than median

number of degrees; public, equal to or greater than the median; private, less than the

median; private, equal to or greater than the median.

ß To calculate the imputed value for a subtotal, when the total was reported, the average

estimate was calculated across the set of respondents in each class including ones for

which the total was obtained by adding the subtotals, but excluding those for which the

sum of the subtotals did not originally equal the total. The average subtotal value was

divided by the average total value within each imputation class to obtain an average

proportion. The average proportion was multiplied by the reported total to obtain the

imputed subtotal value. 

ß If for total staff (Part B, line 6) and total operating expenditures (Part C, line 19), the

total and all subtotals were blank or zero, they were imputed by using the average by

imputation class. The imputed total was then allocated to subtotals as described above.

ß Values were imputed for all data items except contributed services staff (Part B, line

4) and employee fringe benefits (Part C, line 23). These categories were applicable to

only a few institutions.

Unit and Item Nonresponse

Of the 3,303 college and university libraries, 209 or 6.3 percent were complete nonrespondents.

Tables A-1 and A-2 present further information on response rates. The first three rows of table A

present the number of academic libraries, and the number and percent of nonrespondents and

respondents at the national level by level and control of institution. In addition, the remaining rows

show the number and percent of libraries responding for each item at the national level. Table B

presents the distribution of the set of complete nonrespondents by libraries by state and by level and

control of institution. Table A-3 gives the number of academic libraries by state, level, and control

of institution. The data user should be especially cautious in using data at a level of detail where the

nonresponse rate was 30 percent or greater.
A-4

Classifications Used in the report

Various tables in the body of this report present the data by control (public, private); size of FTE

enrollment (less than 1,500; 1,500 to 4,999; 5,000 or more); and the 1994 Carnegie classification.

 For table presentation, “level I” and “level II” of the Carnegie Classifications were combined. The

Carnegie Classification categories used are as follows: Research I and II; Doctoral I and II; Master’s

I and II; Baccalaureate I and II; Associate of Arts; and Specialized. In addition there were 213

institutions that did not have a Carnegie Classification in 1994 and these were put into a not

classified category (The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, A Classification

of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition, Princeton, N. J.). Appendix B detailed tables also

present data by level of highest offering (doctor’s, master’s, bachelor’s, and less than 4-year).
A-5

Table A-1.-- Number and percent of responding academic libraries by item and by level and control of institution: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

All institutions 3,303 100.0% 2,032 100.0% 514 100.0% 855 100.0% 660 100.0% 1,271 100.0% 1,548 100.0% 1,755 100.0%

Non-responding libraries 209 6.3 134 6.6 40 7.8 59 6.9 32 4.8 75 5.9 53 3.4 156 8.9

Responding libraries 3,094 93.7 1,898 93.4 474 92.2 796 93.1 628 95.2 1,196 94.1 1,495 96.6 1,599 91.1

Part B-Library staff

Librarians/professional staff 3,024 91.6 1,863 91.7 463 90.1 782 91.5 618 93.6 1,161 91.3 1,474 95.2 1,550 88.3

All other paid staff 2,974 90.0 1,841 90.6 462 89.9 770 90.1 609 92.3 1,133 89.1 1,466 94.7 1,508 85.9

Contributed services staff 2,711 82.1 1,687 83.0 424 82.5 710 83.0 553 83.8 1,024 80.6 1,330 85.9 1,381 78.7

Student assistants/all funding 2,975 90.1 1,838 90.5 457 88.9 777 90.9 604 91.5 1,137 89.5 1,446 93.4 1,529 87.1

Total FTE staff 2,926 88.6 1,790 88.1 451 87.7 742 86.8 597 90.5 1,136 89.4 1,413 91.3 1,513 86.2

Part C-Library operating expdenditures

Librarians/professional staff 2,954 89.4 1,815 89.3 462 89.9 758 88.7 595 90.2 1,139 89.6 1,451 93.7 1,503 85.6

All other paid staff 2,807 85.0 1,722 84.7 448 87.2 728 85.1 546 82.7 1,085 85.4 1,429 92.3 1,378 78.5

Student assistants 2,788 84.4 1,755 86.4 451 87.7 743 86.9 561 85.0 1,033 81.3 1,356 87.6 1,432 81.6

Books and other print materials (info resources) 3,047 92.2 1,869 92.0 468 91.1 786 91.9 615 93.2 1,178 92.7 1,485 95.9 1,562 89.0

Current serials 3,009 91.1 1,852 91.1 464 90.3 780 91.2 608 92.1 1,157 91.0 1,476 95.3 1,533 87.4

Microforms 2,699 81.7 1,646 81.0 394 76.7 709 82.9 543 82.3 1,053 82.8 1,339 86.5 1,360 77.5

Audiovisual materials 2,700 81.7 1,616 79.5 390 75.9 674 78.8 552 83.6 1,084 85.3 1,323 85.5 1,377 78.5

Computer files/search services 2,745 83.1 1,676 82.5 419 81.5 697 81.5 560 84.8 1,069 84.1 1,339 86.5 1,406 80.1

Document delivery/interlibrary loan 2,548 77.1 1,601 78.8 405 78.8 671 78.5 525 79.5 947 74.5 1,239 80.0 1,309 74.6

Other information resources 2,415 73.1 1,490 73.3 385 74.9 604 70.6 501 75.9 925 72.8 1,173 75.8 1,242 70.8

Preservation 2,712 82.1 1,716 84.4 445 86.6 723 84.6 548 83.0 996 78.4 1,327 85.7 1,385 78.9

Furniture and equipment 2,790 84.5 1,700 83.7 426 82.9 711 83.2 563 85.3 1,090 85.8 1,375 88.8 1,415 80.6

Computer hardware and software 2,807 85.0 1,718 84.5 441 85.8 717 83.9 560 84.8 1,089 85.7 1,383 89.3 1,424 81.1

Bibliographic utilities, networks, consortia 2,776 84.0 1,731 85.2 442 86.0 731 85.5 558 84.5 1,045 82.2 1,347 87.0 1,429 81.4

All other operating expenditures 2,862 86.6 1,766 86.9 440 85.6 741 86.7 585 88.6 1,096 86.2 1,387 89.6 1,475 84.0

Total operating expenditures 2,801 84.8 1,713 84.3 429 83.5 726 84.9 558 84.5 1,088 85.6 1,375 88.8 1,426 81.3

Part D-Library collections

Books/serials cataloged vols. added 2,957 89.5 1,835 90.3 459 89.3 775 90.6 601 91.1 1,122 88.3 1,445 93.3 1,512 86.2

Books/serials cataloged vols. eofy 3,021 91.5 1,866 91.8 464 90.3 783 91.6 619 93.8 1,155 90.9 1,462 94.4 1,559 88.8

Books/serials cataloged titles added 2,523 76.4 1,509 74.3 344 66.9 659 77.1 506 76.7 1,014 79.8 1,230 79.5 1,293 73.7

Books/serials cataloged titles eofy 2,530 76.6 1,498 73.7 338 65.8 658 77.0 502 76.1 1,032 81.2 1,234 79.7 1,296 73.8

Govt. documents no. of units added 2,250 68.1 1,417 69.7 352 68.5 602 70.4 463 70.2 833 65.5 1,073 69.3 1,177 67.1

Govt. documents no. of units eofy 2,322 70.3 1,465 72.1 372 72.4 618 72.3 475 72.0 857 67.4 1,116 72.1 1,206 68.7

Govt. documents no. of titles added 1,899 57.5 1,088 53.5 228 44.4 461 53.9 399 60.5 811 63.8 870 56.2 1,029 58.6

Govt. documents no. of titles eofy 1,949 59.0 1,114 54.8 235 45.7 472 55.2 407 61.7 835 65.7 896 57.9 1,053 60.0

Current serials paid/unpaid added 2,728 82.6 1,646 81.0 392 76.3 693 81.1 561 85.0 1,082 85.1 1,328 85.8 1,400 79.8

Current serials paid/unpaid eofy 2,992 90.6 1,830 90.1 452 87.9 772 90.3 606 91.8 1,162 91.4 1,454 93.9 1,538 87.6

Current serials no. of titles added 2,301 69.7 1,344 66.1 300 58.4 575 67.3 469 71.1 957 75.3 1,114 72.0 1,187 67.6

Current serials no. of titles eofy 2,500 75.7 1,479 72.8 334 65.0 636 74.4 509 77.1 1,021 80.3 1,210 78.2 1,290 73.5

Microforms no. of units added 2,669 80.8 1,676 82.5 422 82.1 718 84.0 536 81.2 993 78.1 1,330 85.9 1,339 76.3

Microforms no. of units eofy 2,813 85.2 1,759 86.6 445 86.6 743 86.9 571 86.5 1,054 82.9 1,395 90.1 1,418 80.8

Microforms no. of titles added 1,863 56.4 1,080 53.1 242 47.1 460 53.8 378 57.3 783 61.6 893 57.7 970 55.3

NOTE: EOFY = held at End Of Fiscal Year

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Less than

4-year Total Public Private

higher

education

institutions

Pct of

total

responding
A-6

Table A-1.-- Number and percent of responding academic libraries by item and by level and control of institution: 1994 continued

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Total responding

Pct of

total responding

Part D-Library collections

Microforms no. of titles eofy 2,265 68.6% 1,259 62.0% 269 52.3% 519 60.7% 471 71.4% 1,006 79.2% 1,100 71.1% 1,165 66.4%

Manuscripts/archives (feet) added 2,254 68.2 1,413 69.5 377 73.3 580 67.8 456 69.1 841 66.2 1,093 70.6 1,161 66.2

Manuscripts/archives (feet) eofy 2,438 73.8 1,538 75.7 416 80.9 624 73.0 498 75.5 900 70.8 1,165 75.3 1,273 72.5

Cartographic materials (units) added 2,349 71.1 1,465 72.1 379 73.7 605 70.8 481 72.9 884 69.6 1,163 75.1 1,186 67.6

Cartographic materials (units) eofy 2,519 76.3 1,558 76.7 402 78.2 646 75.6 510 77.3 961 75.6 1,253 80.9 1,266 72.1

Graphic materials (no. units) added 2,330 70.5 1,418 69.8 357 69.5 601 70.3 460 69.7 912 71.8 1,135 73.3 1,195 68.1

Graphic materials (no. units) eofy 2,503 75.8 1,528 75.2 391 76.1 642 75.1 495 75.0 975 76.7 1,230 79.5 1,273 72.5

Sound recordings (no. units) added 2,539 76.9 1,573 77.4 400 77.8 669 78.2 504 76.4 966 76.0 1,221 78.9 1,318 75.1

Sound recordings (no. units) eofy 2,667 80.7 1,644 80.9 410 79.8 689 80.6 545 82.6 1,023 80.5 1,285 83.0 1,382 78.7

Sound recordings (no. titles) added 2,213 67.0 1,299 63.9 296 57.6 549 64.2 454 68.8 914 71.9 1,060 68.5 1,153 65.7

Sound recordings (no. titles) eofy 2,311 70.0 1,341 66.0 298 58.0 561 65.6 482 73.0 970 76.3 1,103 71.3 1,208 68.8

Film/video materials units added 2,645 80.1 1,621 79.8 403 78.4 677 79.2 541 82.0 1,024 80.6 1,281 82.8 1,364 77.7

Film/video materials units eofy 2,767 83.8 1,690 83.2 415 80.7 703 82.2 572 86.7 1,077 84.7 1,334 86.2 1,433 81.7

Film/video materials titles added 2,324 70.4 1,359 66.9 314 61.1 569 66.5 476 72.1 965 75.9 1,116 72.1 1,208 68.8

Film/video materials titles eofy 2,394 72.5 1,400 68.9 311 60.5 590 69.0 499 75.6 994 78.2 1,141 73.7 1,253 71.4

Computer files no. of units added 2,473 74.9 1,490 73.3 373 72.6 625 73.1 492 74.5 983 77.3 1,181 76.3 1,292 73.6

Computer files no. of units eofy 2,608 79.0 1,577 77.6 398 77.4 658 77.0 521 78.9 1,031 81.1 1,252 80.9 1,356 77.3

Computer files no. of titles added 2,340 70.8 1,366 67.2 312 60.7 579 67.7 475 72.0 974 76.6 1,125 72.7 1,215 69.2

Computer files no. of titles eofy 2,435 73.7 1,421 69.9 323 62.8 600 70.2 498 75.5 1,014 79.8 1,170 75.6 1,265 72.1

Other library materials units added 2,146 65.0 1,333 65.6 318 61.9 578 67.6 437 66.2 813 64.0 1,036 66.9 1,110 63.2

Other library materials units eofy 2,298 69.6 1,421 69.9 336 65.4 617 72.2 468 70.9 877 69.0 1,112 71.8 1,186 67.6

Part E-Library services, fiscal year

Circulation trans. general 3,003 90.9 1,849 91.0 464 90.3 780 91.2 605 91.7 1,154 90.8 1,473 95.2 1,530 87.2

Circulation trans. reserve 2,710 82.0 1,686 83.0 420 81.7 715 83.6 551 83.5 1,024 80.6 1,331 86.0 1,379 78.6

Inter-loans provided to 2,984 90.3 1,848 90.9 465 90.5 779 91.1 604 91.5 1,136 89.4 1,473 95.2 1,511 86.1

Inter-loans received from 2,997 90.7 1,855 91.3 465 90.5 783 91.6 607 92.0 1,142 89.9 1,478 95.5 1,519 86.6

Info serv. no. of presentations 2,883 87.3 1,762 86.7 431 83.9 739 86.4 592 89.7 1,121 88.2 1,418 91.6 1,465 83.5

Info serv. no. of persons 2,822 85.4 1,721 84.7 426 82.9 728 85.1 567 85.9 1,101 86.6 1,419 91.7 1,403 79.9

Part F-Library service per typical week

Public service hours 3,003 90.9 1,844 90.7 458 89.1 772 90.3 614 93.0 1,159 91.2 1,476 95.3 1,527 87.0

Gate count 2,257 68.3 1,313 64.6 316 61.5 558 65.3 439 66.5 944 74.3 1,127 72.8 1,130 64.4

Reference transactions 2,379 72.0 1,429 70.3 345 67.1 627 73.3 457 69.2 950 74.7 1,180 76.2 1,199 68.3

NOTE: EOFY = held at End Of Fiscal Year

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Total Public Private

higher

education

institutions

Pct of

total

responding

Less than

4-year
A-7

Table A-2.-- Number and percent of non-responding academic libraries by state, level and control of institution: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct Total Pct

Libraries with all items imputed 209 6.3% 134 6.6% 40 7.8% 59 6.9% 32 4.8% 75 5.9% 53 3.4% 156 8.9%

Alabama 5 7.7 4 12.1 1 11.1 1 7.1 2 20.0 1 3.1 3 6.8 2 9.5

Alaska 1 14.3 1 20.0 0 0 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 1 25.0 0 0

Arizona 6 15.8 2 11.8 0 0 2 28.6 0 0 4 19.0 3 13.6 3 18.8

Arkansas 1 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7.1 0 0 1 7.7

California 48 16.2 30 18.8 11 24.4 16 19.5 2 6.2 18 13.1 10 7.2 38 23.9

Colorado 4 7.7 2 6.5 1 10.0 1 10.0 0 0 2 9.5 1 3.6 3 12.5

Connecticut 1 2.4 1 4.0 0 0 0 0 1 25.0 0 0 0 0 1 4.5

Delaware 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

District of Columbia 4 25.0 4 25.0 2 28.6 2 25.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 28.6

Florida 8 7.8 5 7.9 1 6.7 1 5.0 3 10.7 3 7.7 0 0 8 12.5

Georgia 10 10.4 2 4.2 2 16.7 0 0 0 0 8 16.7 6 10.5 4 10.3

Hawaii 2 13.3 2 22.2 1 33.3 0 0 1 33.3 0 0 1 11.1 1 16.7

Idaho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Illinois 9 5.8 8 8.3 4 12.9 0 0 4 10.8 1 1.7 0 0 9 9.5

Indiana 3 4.3 3 5.9 0 0 1 4.0 2 11.8 0 0 0 0 3 7.0

Iowa 3 5.5 1 2.6 0 0 0 0 1 5.0 2 11.8 2 11.8 1 2.6

Kansas 1 2.0 1 3.8 0 0 0 0 1 10.0 0 0 0 0 1 5.0

Kentucky 3 6.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 25.0 1 11.1 2 5.1

Louisiana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maine 2 6.5 1 5.0 1 50.0 0 0 0 0 1 9.1 0 0 2 11.8

Maryland 2 3.6 2 5.9 1 11.1 1 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9.1

Massachusetts 4 3.5 4 4.7 2 7.7 2 5.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4.8

Michigan 8 7.7 7 10.4 0 0 4 16.7 3 9.4 1 2.7 1 2.2 7 11.9

Minnesota 6 7.1 2 4.7 1 14.3 0 0 1 5.0 4 9.5 3 6.7 3 7.5

Mississippi 4 9.8 2 9.5 0 0 2 28.6 0 0 2 10.0 2 7.7 2 13.3

Missouri 10 10.6 8 11.9 4 25.0 1 4.8 3 10.0 2 7.4 2 6.5 8 12.7

Montana 1 4.0 1 10.0 0 0 1 25.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16.7

Nebraska 1 3.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 9.1 0 0 1 5.9

Nevada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New Hampshire 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

New Jersey 1 1.9 1 3.2 0 0 1 6.2 0 0 0 0 1 3.0 0 0

New Mexico 1 3.4 1 8.3 0 0 1 14.3 0 0 0 0 1 4.5 0 0

New York 13 5.3 6 3.6 2 4.3 3 3.8 1 2.4 7 8.8 1 1.2 12 7.5

North Carolina 1 .8 1 1.8 0 0 0 0 1 4.0 0 0 1 1.3 0 0

North Dakota 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ohio 6 4.5 6 7.0 1 5.0 4 11.1 1 3.3 0 0 3 5.5 3 3.8

Oklahoma 5 10.9 3 11.5 2 28.6 1 6.7 0 0 2 10.0 0 0 5 29.4

Oregon 1 2.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 7.1 0 0 1 4.3

Pennsylvania 10 5.3 7 5.0 1 3.7 3 4.8 3 6.0 3 6.0 3 4.9 7 5.4

Rhode Island 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

South Carolina 1 1.7 1 2.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.9 0 0

South Dakota 4 22.2 4 23.5 0 0 4 44.4 0 0 0 0 2 22.2 2 22.2

Tennessee 3 4.1 2 4.0 0 0 1 4.8 1 7.1 1 4.3 0 0 3 6.1

Texas 6 3.5 4 4.1 0 0 3 8.6 0 0 2 2.7 3 2.9 3 4.3

Utah 1 7.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 16.7 0 0 1 20.0

Vermont 2 9.1 2 10.5 0 0 2 16.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 12.5

Virginia 4 4.9 1 2.2 1 7.7 0 0 0 0 3 8.6 0 0 4 9.5

Washington 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

West Virginia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wisconsin 3 4.9 2 4.9 1 20.0 0 0 1 11.1 1 5.0 1 3.3 2 6.5

Wyoming 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Less than

4-year Public Private

Total

higher

education

institutions

Pct
A-8

Table A-3.-- Number of academic libraries by state, level, and control of institution: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Libraries 3,303 2,032 514 855 660 1,271 1,548 1,755

Alabama 65 33 9 14 10 32 44 21

Alaska 7 5 1 2 2 2 4 3

Arizona 38 17 4 7 6 21 22 16

Arkansas 34 20 4 8 8 14 21 13

California 297 160 45 82 32 137 138 159

Colorado 52 31 10 10 11 21 28 24

Connecticut 41 25 8 13 4 16 19 22

Delaware 9 6 2 3 1 3 5 4

District of Columbia 16 16 7 8 1 0 2 14

Florida 102 63 15 20 28 39 38 64

Georgia 96 48 12 20 16 48 57 39

Hawaii 15 9 3 3 3 6 9 6

Idaho 11 7 2 3 2 4 6 5

Illinois 155 96 31 28 37 59 60 95

Indiana 70 51 9 25 17 19 27 43

Iowa 55 38 6 12 20 17 17 38

Kansas 49 26 5 11 10 23 29 20

Kentucky 48 36 7 12 17 12 9 39

Louisiana 31 24 10 11 3 7 19 12

Maine 31 20 2 7 11 11 14 17

Maryland 56 34 9 20 5 22 34 22

Massachusetts 115 85 26 34 25 30 31 84

Michigan 104 67 11 24 32 37 45 59

Minnesota 85 43 7 16 20 42 45 40

Mississippi 41 21 7 7 7 20 26 15

Missouri 94 67 16 21 30 27 31 63

Montana 25 10 2 4 4 15 19 6

Nebraska 33 22 4 9 9 11 16 17

Nevada 8 4 2 0 2 4 6 2

New Hampshire 28 17 3 7 7 11 11 17

New Jersey 54 31 10 16 5 23 33 21

New Mexico 29 12 3 7 2 17 22 7

New York 246 166 47 78 41 80 86 160

North Carolina 122 56 11 20 25 66 75 47

North Dakota 20 10 2 2 6 10 15 5

Ohio 133 86 20 36 30 47 55 78

Oklahoma 46 26 7 15 4 20 29 17

Oregon 44 30 8 13 9 14 21 23

Pennsylvania 190 140 27 63 50 50 61 129

Rhode Island 12 10 4 5 1 2 3 9

South Carolina 60 35 7 13 14 25 34 26

South Dakota 18 17 4 9 4 1 9 9

Tennessee 73 50 15 21 14 23 24 49

Texas 172 97 39 35 22 75 103 69

Utah 14 8 3 3 2 6 9 5

Vermont 22 19 2 12 5 3 6 16

Virginia 81 46 13 16 17 35 39 42

Washington 59 27 5 15 7 32 38 21

West Virginia 27 23 2 8 13 4 16 11

Wisconsin 61 41 5 27 9 20 30 31

Wyoming 9 1 1 0 0 8 8 1

SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions

Less than

4-year Public
A-9

Table A-4.—Full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment and Education and General expenditures

(E&G) in institutions of higher education (IHE’s) in the 50 states and DC having

academic libraries by control and Carnegie Classification: percent distribution

and percent change 1990-94

Full-time-equivalent enrollment Education and General Expenditures

(E&G)

Institutional

characteristics

Number Percent

distribution

Percent

change

1990-94

Amount in

millions

Percent

distribution

Percent

change

1990-94 in

constant

dollars

Total............................ 9,978,955 100.0% 6.6% $138,800 100.0% 13.6%

 Public........................ 7,588,867 76.0 6.2 88,850 64.0 11.5

 Private....................... 2,390,088 24.0 8.0 49,960 36.0 17.7

Research I and II ....... 2,268,209 22.7 0.6 56,530 40.7 9.8

 Public........................ 1,810,795 18.1 0.2 36,850 26.5 7.2

 Private....................... 457,414 4.6 2.4 19,670 14.2 14.9

Doctoral I and II........ 979,728 9.8 2.2 13,420 9.7 12.5

 Public........................ 728,837 7.3 2.2 8,423 6.1 11.2

 Private....................... 250,891 2.5 2.0 4,993 3.6 15.2

Master's I and II ........ 2,352,781 23.6 6.0 24,200 17.4 13.1

 Public........................ 1,756,036 17.6 5.3 16,020 11.5 10.2

 Private....................... 596,745 6.0 7.9 8,187 5.9 20.1

Baccalaureate I and

II.................................. 808,188 8.1 9.9 11,460 8.3 18.9

 Public........................ 183,121 1.8 10.0 1,575 1.1 15.7

 Private....................... 625,066 6.3 9.9 9,887 7.1 19.5

Associate of Arts ........ 3,072,302 30.8 15.2 19,900 14.3 19.8

 Public........................ 2,917,085 29.2 11.5 18,420 13.3 19.3

 Private....................... 155,217 1.6 11.0 1,472 1.1 30.6

Specialized .................. 376,808 3.8 16.7 11,880 8.6 22.2

 Public........................ 110,304 1.1 11.8 6,341 4.6 21.0

 Private....................... 266,504 2.7 18.9 5,544 4.0 24.0

Not Classified ............. 120,940 1.2 2.0 1,421 1.0 -4.8%

NOTE: FTE enrollment and E&G expenditures are only for those institutions (3,303) of higher education having

academic libraries. Calculations of percent change include only those institutions reporting to library survey in both 1994

and 1990. FTE enrollment is calculated by taking one-third of part-time enrollment and adding the amount to full-time

enrollment. Constant dollars calculated based on consumer price index as published in 1996 US Statistical Abstract, table

745. Details may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Integrated

Postsecondary Data Systems (IPEDS); 1994 Academic Library Survey, 1990 Academic Library Survey, 1993-94 Fall

Enrollment Survey, 1993-94 Finance Survey
B-1

Appendix B: Detailed Tables
B-2

Table B-1.-- Total circulation and interlibrary loan transactions in academic libraries by control, level, size, and

Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Circulation Interlibrary loans

General collection Reserve collection Loans provided to

other libraries

Loans received from

other libraries

All higher education institutions1 3,303 183,123,172 48,380,305 8,761,065 6,344,154

Control

Public 1,548 127,306,796 30,926,485 5,803,093 3,931,950

Private 1,755 55,816,376 17,453,820 2,957,972 2,412,204

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 156,053,685 40,633,627 8,185,248 5,700,084

Doctor's 514 106,104,180 26,255,633 5,704,908 3,395,760

Master's 855 37,318,173 10,352,413 1,877,351 1,667,389

Bachelor's 660 12,459,649 3,978,749 593,503 630,671

Less than 4-year 1,271 27,069,487 7,746,677 575,817 644,070

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 23,929,857 7,196,739 1,208,148 1,156,986

1,500 to 4,999 984 37,841,618 11,077,578 1,878,825 1,703,113

5,000 or more 565 121,351,698 30,105,988 5,674,093 3,484,055

Carnegie classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 71,256,661 16,095,411 3,349,195 1,753,439

Doctoral I and II 110 19,193,662 5,425,177 1,176,469 876,187

Master's I and II 518 35,972,284 9,548,147 1,849,229 1,531,512

Baccalaureate I and II 606 16,758,631 5,316,295 904,479 937,303

Associate of Arts 1,175 26,239,848 7,727,923 555,925 607,393

Specialized 556 10,918,603 3,430,391 816,236 490,559

Not classified 213 2,783,482 836,959 109,532 147,761

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 9B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries
B-3

Table B-2.-- Public service hours per typical week and number of libraries by category of public service hours per typical

week in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Public service hours per typical week

Total Less than 20 20 to 39 40 to 59 60 to 79 80 to 99 100 to 119 120 or more

All higher education institutions1 3,303 252,112 23 63 439 1,430 962 311 75

Control

Public 1,548 117,692 4 3 160 856 378 105 42

Private 1,755 134,420 19 60 279 574 584 206 33

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 170,787 7 21 148 596 908 301 51

Doctor's 514 47,402 2 4 25 83 226 144 30

Master's 855 71,917 3 8 44 231 466 90 13

Bachelor's 660 51,228 2 9 79 280 215 67 8

Less than 4-year 1,271 81,325 16 42 291 834 54 10 24

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 122,427 21 62 365 790 408 88 20

1,500 to 4,999 984 78,556 1 0 62 468 329 107 17

5,000 or more 565 51,129 1 1 12 172 225 116 38

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 13,133 1 1 2 2 35 68 16

Doctoral I and II 110 10,902 0 0 2 6 59 34 9

Master's I and II 518 45,855 0 0 7 102 347 52 10

Baccalaureate I and II 606 51,455 2 3 14 191 301 87 8

Associate of Arts 1,175 76,631 10 31 231 813 59 10 21

Specialized 556 40,974 4 15 108 222 145 54 8

Not classified 213 13,161 6 13 75 94 16 6 3

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 10B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries
B-4

Table B-3.-- Number served and number of reference transactions per typical week, and total information service

to groups, in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Information service to groups, fiscal year 1994

Total number of presentations Total number served

All higher education institutions1 3,303 17,830,269 2,147,109 487,279 6,081,659

Control

Public 1,548 11,725,523 1,476,729 226,972 4,260,345

Private 1,755 6,104,746 670,379 260,307 1,821,314

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 13,897,613 1,555,351 248,815 3,999,457

Doctor's 514 8,613,309 955,628 130,688 1,911,121

Master's 855 3,875,954 443,433 86,469 1,537,100

Bachelor's 660 1,395,407 154,631 31,331 545,105

Less than 4-year 1,271 3,932,657 591,757 238,464 2,082,202

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 3,149,230 417,736 206,780 1,131,896

1,500 to 4,999 984 4,387,241 507,057 103,481 1,909,572

5,000 or more 565 10,293,798 1,222,315 177,019 3,040,191

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 4,956,865 526,706 71,005 1,005,937

Doctoral I and II 110 1,784,399 201,765 29,530 479,186

Master's I and II 518 3,598,437 423,912 77,958 1,401,545

Baccalaureate I and II 606 1,787,106 170,234 36,029 638,971

Associate of Arts 1,175 3,874,273 587,263 232,184 2,054,845

Specialized 556 1,537,584 180,299 26,135 355,655

Not classified 213 291,604 56,929 14,438 145,519

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table was not included in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report but is similar to Table 11B in the 1990 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Gate count

per typical week

Reference transactions,

including computer searches

per typical week
B-5

Table B-4.-- Number of volumes of books, bound serials, and bound government documents held at the end of the year, and number of

libraries by number of volumes by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Number of libraries in volume category

Less than

5,000

5,000 to

9,999

10,000 to

19,999

20,000 to

29,999

30,000 to

49,999

50,000 to

99,999

100,000 to

249,999

250,000 to

499,999

500,000 to

999,999

1,000,000

or more

All higher education institutions1 3,303 776,447,422 237 147 219 229 495 663 744 269 143 157

Control

Public 1,548 449,762,826 30 44 79 145 332 330 238 145 99 106

Private 1,755 326,684,596 207 103 140 84 163 333 506 124 44 51

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 724,534,843 65 53 79 71 160 367 673 264 143 157

Doctor's 514 495,291,020 8 6 8 6 8 38 127 75 88 150

Master's 855 167,175,683 17 18 18 17 48 157 372 152 49 7

Bachelor's 660 61,465,053 40 29 53 48 102 172 174 37 5 0

Less than 4-year 1,271 51,912,579 172 94 140 158 335 296 71 5 0 0

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 114,526,875 233 126 188 176 288 341 363 33 4 2

1,500 to 4,999 984 147,965,325 3 20 31 52 193 228 292 129 29 7

5,000 or more 565 513,955,222 1 1 0 1 14 94 89 107 110 148

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 336,562,137 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 13 110

Doctoral I and II 110 87,076,878 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 19 44 35

Master's I and II 518 153,340,734 1 0 3 3 5 52 216 163 67 8

Baccalaureate I and II 606 95,481,934 1 4 6 6 31 186 292 63 14 3

Associate of Arts 1,175 51,226,416 131 69 108 155 333 304 71 4 0 0

Specialized 556 44,413,683 42 44 62 54 89 111 132 18 3 1

Not classified 213 8,345,640 62 30 40 11 37 9 21 1 2 0

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 5B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Volumes held

at end

of year
B-6

Table B-5.-- Number of units and linear feet held at the end of the year and number of volumes, units, and linear feet added during the year

by material collection category, in academic libraries by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Number held at the end of the year Number added during the year

Physical units

of microforms

Manuscripts

and archives

in linear feet

Cartographic

materials units

Graphic

materials units

Books and

bound serials

volumes

Physical units

of microforms

Manuscripts

and archives

linear feet

Cartographic

materials units

Graphic

materials units

All higher education institutions1

3,303 929,248,580 4,131,208 34,959,196 94,531,358 21,543,879 46,071,716 220,493 865,480 2,720,516

Control

Public 1,548 641,882,862 2,462,143 26,760,574 66,080,943 12,373,248 28,198,961 112,263 670,713 1,426,699

Private 1,755 287,365,718 1,669,065 8,198,621 28,450,415 9,170,630 17,872,755 108,230 194,768 1,293,817

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 891,780,311 3,969,454 34,670,605 90,736,613 19,647,927 43,496,143 214,780 851,683 2,612,448

Doctor's 514 594,260,012 2,769,850 30,122,745 77,013,203 13,127,338 25,782,343 140,964 679,624 2,121,132

Master's 855 264,804,102 945,269 3,623,370 10,662,311 4,733,309 15,130,061 55,665 133,686 371,259

Bachelor's 660 31,809,422 250,776 877,274 2,976,115 1,767,584 2,532,972 18,001 37,121 114,412

Less than 4-year 1,271 37,468,269 161,754 288,591 3,794,745 1,895,951 2,575,573 5,713 13,797 108,069

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 87,452,713 624,615 1,554,509 9,023,953 3,651,174 7,047,051 56,996 55,514 339,265

1,500 to 4,999 984 174,771,473 776,078 3,144,482 8,500,929 4,292,620 10,430,464 30,624 110,592 375,359

5,000 or more 565 667,024,393 2,730,515 30,260,205 77,006,476 13,600,085 28,594,201 132,873 699,375 2,005,893

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 376,379,098 2,009,015 22,247,899 61,766,592 8,495,004 15,000,264 98,194 509,545 1,655,995

Doctoral I and II 110 132,037,157 435,057 5,433,440 9,932,686 2,590,766 6,319,090 22,353 112,174 272,893

Master's I and II 518 274,245,116 819,897 4,250,538 7,883,419 4,139,087 13,738,051 30,764 144,926 239,820

Baccalaureate I and II 606 60,229,846 420,803 1,633,662 3,433,864 2,572,055 4,534,724 36,956 53,090 112,948

Associate of Arts 1,175 36,658,962 153,137 276,409 3,711,982 1,847,672 2,515,772 4,964 13,325 101,166

Specialized 556 40,865,909 253,901 1,021,183 7,224,694 1,508,324 2,863,092 21,854 29,499 313,808

Not classified 213 8,832,492 39,398 96,064 578,120 390,971 1,100,723 5,409 2,920 23,886

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 6B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries
B-7

Table B-6.-- Number of unduplicated titles held at the end of the year in academic libraries by material collection

category, and control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

State

Total

number of

libraries

Books and

bound serials

Government

documents

not elsewhere

classified

Current serial

subscriptions Microforms

Sound

Recordings3

Films and

video materials

Computer

files3

All higher education institutions1 3,303 422,267,288 66,508,575 6,212,409 158,344,531 9,268,687 3,392,189 464,940

Control

Public 1,548 247,183,246 51,070,524 3,345,465 107,299,793 4,729,134 2,270,725 319,877

Private 1,755 175,084,042 15,438,051 2,866,943 51,044,738 4,539,553 1,121,464 145,063

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 378,373,227 64,689,014 5,738,706 154,437,512 7,795,986 2,166,838 319,382

Doctor's 514 217,400,365 37,541,012 3,816,722 84,024,846 4,244,551 916,820 145,823

Master's 855 114,783,737 23,047,011 1,473,101 63,782,328 2,501,269 877,947 87,786

Bachelor's 660 45,783,631 3,926,583 442,945 6,430,671 1,041,611 369,838 75,703

Less than 4-year 1,271 43,894,061 1,819,561 473,703 3,907,019 1,472,700 1,225,351 145,558

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 89,141,805 6,435,750 1,201,698 22,685,610 2,419,501 911,608 195,621

1,500 to 4,999 984 102,368,524 16,837,545 1,308,261 44,151,058 2,365,178 1,193,613 102,036

5,000 or more 565 230,756,959 43,235,280 3,702,450 91,507,863 4,484,007 1,286,968 167,282

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 122,858,218 15,730,298 2,110,909 37,690,541 2,315,416 415,945 32,066

Doctoral I and II 110 48,339,458 12,664,542 1,026,778 19,650,848 1,024,567 206,346 53,651

Master's I and II 518 102,307,722 26,382,322 1,121,701 74,059,956 1,906,543 688,778 82,863

Baccalaureate I and II 606 66,378,921 5,974,472 620,462 12,808,060 1,480,674 501,686 57,057

Associate of Arts 1,175 43,287,854 1,798,443 451,568 3,797,216 1,426,530 1,191,718 140,115

Specialized 556 33,307,369 3,575,289 781,234 9,251,880 928,076 304,229 74,504

Not classified 213 5,787,746 383,209 99,758 1,086,031 186,880 83,487 24,684

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Sound recordings' was previously labeled 'Audio materials,' and 'Computer files' was previously labeled 'Machine readable materials.'

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 7B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-8

Table B-7.-- Number of unduplicated titles added during the year by material collection category, and by control,

level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

State

Total

number of

libraries

Books and

bound serials

Government

documents

not elsewhere

classified

Current serial

subscriptions Microforms

Sound

Recordings3

Films and

video materials

Computer

files3

All higher education institutions1 3,303 12,830,647 3,173,709 226,767 9,799,683 342,861 364,264 83,239

Control

Public 1,548 7,441,611 2,390,297 105,213 5,994,633 173,216 219,384 47,483

Private 1,755 5,389,036 783,412 121,554 3,805,050 169,644 144,880 35,756

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 11,329,318 2,958,732 191,442 9,396,386 300,729 236,733 63,746

Doctor's 514 6,718,281 1,387,609 103,773 4,219,898 179,458 91,590 22,972

Master's 855 3,240,406 1,261,084 62,337 4,665,379 83,749 95,006 25,314

Bachelor's 660 1,360,432 304,087 24,403 499,333 37,196 49,872 15,339

Less than 4-year 1,271 1,501,329 214,977 35,325 403,297 42,131 127,531 19,493

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 2,738,825 421,402 76,996 1,796,795 94,329 113,285 27,493

1,500 to 4,999 984 2,953,880 991,479 51,299 2,949,916 93,238 124,272 24,284

5,000 or more 565 7,137,942 1,760,828 98,472 5,052,972 155,293 126,707 31,462

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 3,958,124 477,343 43,658 1,644,212 68,252 43,612 10,575

Doctoral I and II 110 1,506,249 486,696 31,221 1,282,087 53,736 21,402 5,839

Master's I and II 518 2,737,427 1,338,141 43,700 4,359,261 76,715 66,843 18,360

Baccalaureate I and II 606 1,865,973 438,681 26,884 1,334,539 60,586 65,253 14,751

Associate of Arts 1,175 1,457,631 212,634 33,702 398,993 41,511 123,954 19,063

Specialized 556 1,054,769 196,743 38,039 654,679 36,304 31,840 10,285

Not classified 213 250,475 23,471 9,563 125,913 5,756 11,361 4,368

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Sound recordings' was previously labeled 'Audio materials,' and 'Computer files' was previously labeled 'Machine readable materials.'

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 8B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-9

Table B-8.-- Number and percent of FTE staff in academic libraries by staff category and by institutional control,

level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Librarians and other

professional All other paid staff Contributed service staff Student assistants

FTE Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent FTE Percent

All higher education institutions1 3,303 95,843 100.0% 26,726 27.9% 40,381 42.1% 326 0.3% 28,411 29.6%

Control

Public 1,548 58,457 61.0 15,748 26.9 25,928 44.4 133 .2 16,648 28.5

Private 1,755 37,386 39.0 10,978 29.4 14,453 38.7 193 .5 11,762 31.5

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 81,689 85.2 22,698 27.8 34,318 42.0 235 .3 24,438 29.9

Doctor's 514 53,158 55.5 14,524 27.3 24,238 45.6 74 .1 14,322 26.9

Master's 855 20,587 21.5 5,907 28.7 7,582 36.8 103 .5 6,996 34.0

Bachelor's 660 7,845 8.2 2,242 28.6 2,457 31.3 58 .7 3,089 39.4

Less than 4-year 1,271 14,154 14.8 4,028 28.5 6,063 42.8 91 .6 3,972 28.1

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 15,773 16.5 4,790 30.4 5,207 33.0 180 1.1 5,595 35.5

1,500 to 4,999 984 21,217 22.1 6,187 29.2 8,523 40.2 49 .2 6,458 30.4

5,000 or more 565 58,853 61.4 15,749 26.8 26,651 45.3 96 .2 16,357 27.8

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 33,258 34.7 8,987 27.0 15,847 47.7 60 .2 8,364 25.1

Doctoral I and II 110 10,444 10.9 2,788 26.7 4,534 43.4 4 0 3,118 29.9

Master's I and II 518 19,250 20.1 5,416 28.1 7,425 38.6 40 .2 6,369 33.1

Baccalaureate I and II 606 10,612 11.1 2,885 27.2 3,392 32.0 87 .8 4,248 40.0

Associate of Arts 1,175 13,646 14.2 3,915 28.7 5,905 43.3 83 .6 3,743 27.4

Specialized 556 6,853 7.2 2,197 32.1 2,673 39.0 42 .6 1,942 28.3

Not classified 213 1,779 1.9 538 30.2 604 34.0 10 .6 627 35.2

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: Columns may not sum to total due to rounding of FTE staff. This table is similar to Table 4B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total FTE

staff Percent
B-10

Table B-9.-- Total operating expenditures and number of libraries by category of total operating expenditures,

by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Number of libraries

Less than

$20,000

$20,000 to

$49,999

$50,000 to

$99,999

$100,000 to

$199,999

$200,000 to

$299,999

$300,000 to

$499,999

$500,000 to

$999,999

$1,000,000 to

$1,999,999

$2,000,000

or more

All higher education institutions1 3,303 $4,013,332,555 43 135 261 531 408 583 561 368 413

Control

Public 1,548 2,441,579,701 2 13 62 204 195 281 293 214 284

Private 1,755 1,571,752,853 41 122 199 327 213 302 268 154 129

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 3,558,963,059 11 45 90 269 217 333 367 298 402

Doctor's 514 2,495,672,153 2 1 6 24 15 38 48 93 287

Master's 855 792,775,794 2 4 20 76 87 179 218 169 100

Bachelor's 660 266,617,378 7 40 64 168 115 116 100 36 14

Less than 4-year 1,271 454,369,496 32 90 171 262 191 250 194 70 11

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 551,877,423 43 134 257 466 308 311 145 69 21

1,500 to 4,999 984 816,909,208 0 1 4 65 99 244 332 168 71

5,000 or more 565 2,644,545,923 0 0 0 0 1 28 84 131 321

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 1,622,320,560 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 124

Doctoral I and II 110 470,559,663 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 20 87

Master's I and II 518 750,136,280 0 0 0 10 16 67 139 159 127

Baccalaureate I and II 606 369,688,733 1 3 10 82 108 166 151 58 27

Associate of Arts 1,175 443,771,329 24 74 127 244 177 252 198 69 10

Specialized 556 297,179,447 9 34 74 128 79 82 62 55 33

Not classified 213 59,676,543 9 24 50 67 28 16 8 6 5

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 1B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total

operating

expenditures
B-11

Table B-10.-- Library operating expenditures by object of expenditure, and salaries as a percent of total operating

expenditures, by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Institutional characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Total

operating

expenditures

Salaries and

wages

Salaries and wages

as a percent of

total operating

expenditures

Information

resources total3 Preservation

All other operating

expenditures4

All higher education institutions1 3,303 $4,013,332,555 $2,021,233,348 50.4% $1,348,933,468 $46,554,495 $596,611,244

Control

Public 1,548 2,441,579,701 1,266,859,891 51.9 801,734,367 26,721,951 346,263,493

Private 1,755 1,571,752,853 754,373,458 48.0 547,199,101 19,832,544 250,347,751

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 3,558,963,059 1,729,596,645 48.6 1,250,817,603 45,586,564 532,962,247

Doctor's 514 2,495,672,153 1,183,857,510 47.4 891,923,301 35,696,842 384,194,500

Master's 855 792,775,794 411,509,293 51.9 269,656,676 7,232,800 104,377,026

Bachelor's 660 266,617,378 132,408,528 49.7 87,774,242 2,602,242 43,832,366

Less than 4-year 1,271 454,369,496 291,636,703 64.2 98,115,865 967,931 63,648,997

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 551,877,423 279,523,780 50.6 117,944,470 5,535,117 88,874,055

1,500 to 4,999 984 816,909,208 425,421,834 52.1 261,312,258 6,670,079 123,505,038

5,000 or more 565 2,644,545,923 1,316,287,734 49.8 909,676,740 34,349,299 384,232,151

Carnegie Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 1,622,320,560 768,332,987 47.4 575,230,078 25,307,152 253,450,344

Doctoral I and II 110 470,559,663 218,378,625 46.4 178,230,036 5,490,568 68,460,434

Master's I and II 518 750,136,280 391,759,514 52.2 256,162,891 6,640,243 95,573,632

Baccalaureate I and II 606 369,688,733 180,458,706 48.8 127,961,159 4,079,248 57,189,620

Associate of Arts 1,175 443,771,329 285,144,069 64.3 95,951,459 958,574 61,717,228

Specialized 556 297,179,447 145,901,424 49.1 95,969,119 3,733,006 51,575,898

Not classified 213 59,676,543 31,258,024 52.4 19,428,727 345,705 8,644,087

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Information resources total' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures total' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

4

 'All other operating expenditures' includes furniture and equipment, computer hardware and software, bibliographic utilities, networks, consortia, and all other operating expenditures.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 2B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-12

Table B-11.-- Operating expenditures for information resources, equipment, and other selected expenditures by category,

by control, level, size, and Carnegie Classification of institution: 1994

Institutional 

characteristic

Total

number of

libraries

Information

resources

total3

Books and

bound serials

Current serial

subscriptions Microforms Audiovisual

materials

Computer

files/search

services4

Document

delivery/interlibrary loan4

Other

information

resources

Furniture

and

equipment4

Computer

hardware

and software

Bibliographic

utilities, networks,

consortia4

Other

operating

expenditures

All higher education

 institutions1

3,303 $1,348,933,468 $442,495,007 $690,410,314 $62,420,878 $28,753,032 $70,792,475 $12,238,273 $41,823,488 $55,915,033 $128,127,822 $81,105,704 $331,462,685

Control

Public 1,548 801,734,367 249,419,632 425,853,261 35,791,516 18,280,503 39,781,805 7,507,845 25,099,805 34,523,061 80,208,226 42,722,255 188,809,950

Private 1,755 547,199,101 193,075,375 264,557,053 26,629,363 10,472,529 31,010,669 4,730,429 16,723,683 21,391,971 47,919,596 38,383,449 142,652,735

Level2

Total 4-year and above 2,032 1,250,817,603 399,479,204 665,807,561 54,233,726 19,944,911 61,910,267 11,432,982 38,008,952 45,209,972 112,828,799 72,383,778 302,539,698

Doctor's 514 891,923,301 268,685,502 505,588,892 31,978,268 9,496,760 39,168,128 7,967,182 29,038,570 29,482,348 79,304,243 42,984,177 232,423,732

Master's 855 269,656,676 93,450,302 124,894,170 17,393,668 7,233,497 16,891,760 2,539,537 7,253,741 11,127,253 25,008,247 21,499,098 46,742,429

Bachelor's 660 87,774,242 36,895,794 34,442,562 4,823,917 3,191,124 5,823,880 912,433 1,684,531 4,501,934 8,413,423 7,845,975 23,071,034

Less than 4-year 1,271 98,115,865 43,015,803 24,602,753 8,187,152 8,808,121 8,882,208 805,292 3,814,537 10,705,061 15,299,023 8,721,926 28,922,987

Size (FTE enrollment)

Less than 1,500 1,754 177,944,470 65,480,966 74,363,535 10,543,301 6,604,533 12,536,397 2,384,447 6,031,292 9,891,855 19,839,574 16,040,411 43,102,216

1,500 to 4,999 984 261,312,258 93,157,810 117,333,476 15,527,143 9,213,303 18,234,805 2,399,746 5,445,975 12,932,422 26,069,574 21,354,888 63,148,154

5,000 or more 565 909,676,740 283,856,231 498,713,303 36,350,435 12,935,196 40,021,272 7,454,081 30,346,222 33,090,756 82,218,674 43,710,406 225,212,315

Carnegie

 Classification (1994)2

Research I and II 125 575,230,078 176,774,795 325,460,091 18,546,655 4,868,657 22,575,068 4,681,242 22,323,570 18,493,404 50,267,520 24,285,511 160,403,908

Doctoral I and II 110 178,230,036 50,488,308 104,648,569 7,317,144 2,147,758 8,682,245 1,566,519 3,379,493 5,771,346 13,824,817 9,710,570 39,153,700

Master's I and II 518 256,162,891 85,852,832 124,205,902 16,087,981 6,424,985 14,952,217 2,276,458 6,362,515 10,802,367 24,915,194 17,599,031 42,257,040

Baccalaureate I and II 606 127,961,159 52,736,267 53,070,961 6,948,815 3,850,493 7,984,972 1,354,711 2,014,940 5,081,171 11,459,304 11,968,240 28,680,905

Associate of Arts 1,175 95,951,459 42,313,848 23,880,839 8,109,849 8,618,700 8,580,641 720,955 3,726,627 10,452,039 14,759,585 8,664,496 27,841,108

Specialized 556 95,969,119 27,484,124 50,322,610 4,349,653 2,228,801 6,640,981 1,421,229 3,521,722 4,285,951 10,724,576 7,803,854 28,761,518

Not classified 213 19,428,727 6,844,834 8,821,343 1,060,781 613,638 1,376,351 217,159 494,621 1,028,753 2,176,827 1,074,002 4,364,505

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 While 'level' and 'Carnegie Classification' are similar, there is not complete overlap in the two classifications. 'Level' refers to the highest level of any degree offered by the

 institution. The 'Carnegie Classification' is based on criteria such as institution mission and research funding in addition to highest level of degree awarded. The Carnegie

 Classification was developed by The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching and published in A Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, 1994 Edition.

3

 'Information resources total' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures total' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

4

 'Computer files/search services' was formerly labeled 'Machine readable materials.' Both 'Document delivery/interlibrary loan' and 'Bibliographic utilities, networks, consortia' are new categories in the 1994

 survey. 'Computer hardware and software' was previously included in the category 'Furniture and equipment,' but was created as a separate category in 1994.

 NOTE: This table presents all the separate categories of expenses included on the survey form except 'Salaries and wages' and 'Preservation.' Totals for these categories are included in Tables 10A and 10B.

 This table is similar to Table 3B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey
B-13

Table B-12a.-- Academic library circulation per full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

General circulation per FTE student2

Lower quartile 6.3 10.0 14.4 9.5 7.9 4.0 5.6 7.6

Median 12.5 17.2 23.1 15.2 16.1 6.8 9.9 16.2

Upper quartile 23.4 32.2 45.6 25.5 32.2 12.6 16.6 33.3

Reserve circulation per FTE student2

Lower quartile 1.1 2.1 3.1 1.9 1.6 .5 .9 1.4

Median 3.2 4.4 5.6 3.9 3.9 1.7 2.4 4.3

Upper quartile 6.7 8.6 10.9 7.2 8.8 3.7 4.7 9.1

Total circulation per FTE student2

Lower quartile 8.8 14.0 19.0 13.3 12.0 5.7 7.7 11.4

Median 16.6 22.8 31.1 20.2 21.4 9.5 12.9 22.0

Upper quartile 31.1 42.5 58.4 33.1 43.5 15.8 21.2 45.5

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11D in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report, which reports only 'General circulation.'

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-14

Table B-12b.-- Number of books and bound serials volumes held at the end of the year, and added during the year by academic libraries per

full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Volumes held per FTE student2

Lower quartile 20.7 56.2 69.6 53.9 47.4 11.3 15.9 42.0

Median 56.9 93.3 111.2 79.9 98.1 18.4 30.5 95.8

Upper quartile 115.9 170.0 222.2 140.2 169.1 31.2 62.0 182.4

Volumes added per FTE student2

Lower quartile .7 1.3 1.8 1.2 1.2 .3 .4 1.3

Median 1.6 2.3 3.1 2.0 2.3 .6 .9 2.6

Upper quartile 3.3 4.5 5.8 3.9 4.2 1.3 1.7 5.0

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11C in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-15

Table B-12c.-- Total academic library staff, except student assistants, per 1,000 full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment,

by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total staff per 1,000 FTE students2

Lower quartile 3.7 5.2 6.3 4.8 5.1 2.4 2.9 5.4

Median 5.9 7.5 9.8 6.5 7.7 3.6 4.2 8.1

Upper quartile 9.9 12.5 18.5 10.2 11.9 5.6 6.0 14.2

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11E in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-16

Table B-12d.-- Total operating expenditures for academic libraries, information resources, and serials expenditures per

full-time-equivalent (FTE) enrollment, by level and control of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total operating expenditures per

 FTE student2

Lower quartile $169.32 $274.34 $376.50 $263.86 $235.58 $110.00 $136.30 $252.92

Median $290.81 $399.00 $594.29 $341.25 $368.33 $158.43 $208.60 $398.33

Upper quartile $502.88 $698.20 $1,100.00 $539.33 $565.67 $237.75 $312.50 $742.25

Expenditures for information

 resources per FTE student2, 3

Lower quartile $40.26 $82.38 $135.12 $78.04 $66.38 $21.88 $28.89 $69.78

Median $86.15 $128.86 $209.00 $109.90 $106.19 $35.71 $53.50 $121.05

Upper quartile $164.98 $227.88 $378.50 $184.38 $180.25 $59.38 $99.75 $234.81

Expenditures for current serials per

 FTE student2

Lower quartile $9.21 $27.03 $60.19 $27.44 $17.55 $4.89 $6.80 $16.71

Median $26.71 $49.02 $106.00 $44.25 $33.12 $8.48 $14.14 $39.42

Upper quartile $63.84 $101.78 $189.50 $72.62 $62.03 $14.60 $43.19 $84.21

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 FTE enrollment is calculated by adding one-third of part-time enrollment to full-time enrollment.

3

 'Information resources' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11B in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Fall Enrollment Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
B-17

Table B-12e.-- Academic library expenditures as a percentage of E&G expenditures; and expenditures for information resources,

current serials, and salaries and wages as a percentage of total library operating expenditures, by level and control

of institution, United States: 1994

4-year institutions

Total 4-year

institutions

Doctor's

highest level

of degree

Master's

highest level

of degree

Bachelor's

highest level

of degree

Total operating expenditures as

 percentage of E&G expenditures2

Lower quartile 2.0% 2.3% 2.4% 2.4% 2.2% 1.6% 1.9% 2.1%

Median 2.8% 3.1% 3.2% 3.1% 2.9% 2.3% 2.6% 3.0%

Upper quartile 3.9% 4.2% 4.6% 4.1% 4.0% 3.1% 3.4% 4.5%

Expenditures for information

 resources as a percentage of

 total operating expenditures2

Lower quartile 22.0% 26.7% 30.6% 26.4% 24.6% 17.1% 20.4% 24.2%

Median 29.7% 32.9% 36.1% 32.6% 31.1% 23.2% 27.5% 31.5%

Upper quartile 36.9% 39.3% 41.7% 39.2% 37.5% 30.1% 34.7% 38.4%

Expenditures for current serials as a

 percentage of total information 

 resources expenditures

Lower quartile 21.8% 27.5% 39.4% 28.4% 23.0% 16.9% 21.8% 21.8%

Median 32.9% 40.5% 54.1% 39.7% 33.8% 24.7% 32.2% 33.4%

Upper quartile 48.5% 53.8% 64.5% 50.8% 45.1% 33.7% 50.4% 46.7%

Salaries and wages as a

 percentage of total operating

 expenditures

Lower quartile 46.7% 44.8% 43.1% 45.1% 47.0% 52.9% 49.0% 45.1%

Median 54.8% 51.2% 47.5% 52.2% 54.1% 61.7% 57.4% 52.9%

Upper quartile 64.4% 58.9% 53.2% 59.2% 62.2% 70.9% 67.6% 61.0%

1

 Institutions with accreditation at the higher education level recognized by the Secretary of Education, 1994

2

 'Information resources' most closely resembles the category 'Collection expenditures' in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 NOTE: This table is similar to Table 11A in the 1992 Academic Libraries E.D.-TABS report.

 SOURCE: 1994 IPEDS Academic Library Survey and 1993-94 IPEDS Finance Survey

Private

Total higher

education

institutions1

Less than

4-year Public
C-1

Appendix C: Academic Library Indicators

Indicators for Academic Library Performance:

Ratios from the ARL Statistics

1993-94 and 1994-951

Ratio 1: Professional Staff as a Percentage of Total Staff

Ratio 2: Support Staff as a Percentage of Total Staff

Ratio 3: Student Assistants as a Percentage of Total Staff

Ratio 4: Ratio of Support to Professional Staff

Ratio 5: Items Loaned over Items Borrowed

Ratio 6: Serials Expenditures over Materials Expenditures

Ratio 7: Library Materials Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 8: Binding Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 9: Salary Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 10: Operating Expenditures over Total Expenditures

Ratio 11: Unit Price of Monographs

Ratio 12: Unit Price of Serials

Ratio 13: Items Borrowed per Faculty

Ratio 14: Total Expenditures per Faculty

Ratio 15: Volumes Added (Gross) per Faculty

Ratio 16: Volumes Held per Faculty

Ratio 17: Paid Serial Subscriptions per Faculty

Ratio 18: Monographs Purchased per Faculty

Ratio 19: Number of Faculty per Library Staff Member

Ratio 20: Expenditures for Library Materials per Faculty

Ratio 21: Expenditures for Serials per Faculty

Ratio 22: Items Borrowed per Student

Ratio 23: Total Expenditures per Student

Ratio 24: Volumes Added (Gross) per Student

Ratio 25: Volumes Held per Student

Ratio 26: Paid Serial Subscriptions per Student

Ratio 27: Monographs Purchased per Student

Ratio 28: Number of Students per Library Staff

Ratio 29: Expenditures for Library Materials per Student

Ratio 30: Expenditures for Serials per Student

1

Taken from the Association of Research Libraries, Statistics and Measurement Home/ARL

Statistics Home, November, 1996
D-1

Appendix D: Survey Questionnaire

(Including Instructions and Definitions)