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|NCEH Fact 
            Sheets | NCEH 
            Brochures                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |                                                          
|**Chapter 5: Zoning Ordinances in 
            Relation to the Housing Inspection****Table of 
            Contents**I. Background of 
            ZoningII. DefinitionsIII. Zoning 
            ObjectivesIV. What Zoning Cannot 
            DoV. Content of the 
            OrdinanceVI. Bulk and Height 
            RequirementsVII. Yard 
            RequirementsVIII. Offstreet 
            ParkingIX.  Nonconforming 
            UsesX. VariancesXI. ExceptionXII.  
            AdministrationXIII. How Zoning Can 
            Benefit the Housing InspectorXIV. Example of Zoning and 
            Housing RelationshipsZoning is essentially a 
            means of ensuring that a community's land uses are compatibly 
            located for the health, safety, and general welfare of the 
            community. Experience has shown that some type of controls are 
            needed in order to provide orderly growth in relation to the 
            community plan for development. Just as a capital improvement 
            program governs public improvements such as streets, parks, and 
            other recreational facilities, schools, and public buildings, so 
            zoning governs the planning program with respect to the use of 
            public and private property.
            When a person buys 
            or builds a house or other structure in a municipality that has a 
            zoning ordinance in effect, he is presumed to know and obliged by 
            law to comply with the zoning regulations governing the use of 
            buildings and land in the section of the community in which his 
            property is located. If he either erects a structure or converts a 
            house or building that is within that particular district by the 
            local zoning ordinance into another type of use he still has 
            acquired no property right to continue the forbidden use. An example 
            would be the conversion of a single family residence into 
            multifamily units. Even if the owner has obtained a building permit 
            for this work already completed, the building permit would be 
            voided, because the work was started in violation of the zoning code 
            and because a building permit can be valid only when issued for a 
            lawful purpose. The building inspector is therefore obliged to 
            refuse issuance of a building permit if the proposed work is in 
            violation of the zoning ordinance.It is very 
            important that the housing inspector know the general nature of 
            zoning regulations, since properties in violation of both the 
            housing code and the zoning ordinance must be brought into full 
            compliance with the zoning ordinance before the housing code can be 
            enforced.  In many cases the housing inspector may be able to 
            eliminate some of the properties in violation of the housing code 
            through enforcement of the zoning ordinance. **I. Background of 
            Zoning**Zoning regulations 
            have been used for several centuries. In the early settlement of our 
            country, gunpowder mills and storehouses were prohibited from being 
            located within the heavily populated portions of town, owing to the 
            frequent fires and explosions. Later, zoning took the form of fire 
            districts, and under implied legislative powers, wooden buildings 
            were prohibited from certain sections of the municipality.Massachusetts 
            passed one of the first zoning laws in 1692. This law authorized 
            Boston, Salem, Charlestown, and certain other market towns in the 
            province to assign certain locations in each town for the 
            establishment of slaughterhouses and stillhouses for currying of 
            leather.Act and Resolves of 
            the Province of Massachusetts Bay 1692-93 C.23"Be it ordained and 
            enacted by the Governor, Council and Representatives convened in 
            General Court or Assembly, and by the authority of the same,Sect. 1 That 
            the selectmen of the towns of Boston, Salem, and Charlestown 
            respectively, or other market towns in the province, with two or 
            more justices of the peace dwelling in the town, or two of the next 
            justices of the country, shall at or before the last day of March, 
            one thousand six hundred ninety-three, assign some certain places of 
            the said towns (where it may be least offensive) for the erecting or 
            setting up of slaughterhouses for the killing of all meat, 
            stillhouses, and houses for trying of tallow and currying of leather 
            (which houses may be erected of timber, the law referring to 
            building with brick or stone not withstanding) and shall cause an 
            entry to be made in the townbook of what places shall be by them so 
            assigned, and make known the same by posting it up in some public 
            places of the town; by which houses and places respectively, and no 
            other, all butchers, slaughtermen, distillers, chandlers, and 
            curriers shall exercise and practice their respective trades and 
            mysteries; on pain that any butcher or slaughterman transgressing of 
            this act by killing of meat in any other place, for every conviction 
            thereof before one or more justices of the peace, shall forfeit and 
            pay the sum of twenty shillings (shilling worth about 12-16?); and 
            any distiller, chandler or currier offending against this act, for 
            every conviction thereof before their majesties justices at the 
            general sessions of the peace for the county, shall forfeit and pay 
            the sum of five pounds (a pound equals 20 shillings and was worth 
            somewhere between $2.40 and $3.20); one-third part of said 
            forfeitures to be the use of the majesties for the support of the 
            government of the province and incident charges thereof, one-third 
            to the poor of the town when such offense shall be committed, and 
            the other third to him or them that shall inform and sue for the 
            same...." **II. 
            Definitions**A Accessory 
            Structure - A detached building or structure in a secondary or 
            subordinate capacity from the main or principal building or 
            structure on the same premises. Example: garage behind a 
            single-family dwelling.B   
            Accessory Use- A use incidental and subordinate to the principal 
            use of a structure. Example: a home-located physician's 
            office.C   
            Alteration - A change or rearrangement of the structural parts 
            of a building, or an expansion or enlargement of the 
building.D  Building 
            Area -   That portion of the lot remaining available for 
            construction after all required open space and yard requirements are 
            met.E   
            Dwelling   - Any enclosed space that is wholly or partially 
            used or intended to be used for living or sleeping by human 
            occupants provided that temporary housing shall not be regarded as a 
            dwelling. Temporary housing is defined as any tent, trailer, mobile 
            home, or any other shelter designed to be transportable and not 
            attached to the ground, to another structure, or to any utility 
            system on the same premises for more than 30 consecutive 
days.F  
            Dwelling, Two Family   - A structure containing two 
            dwelling units and designed for occupancy by no more than two 
            families.G  
            Dwelling, Multifamily   - A residential structure equipped 
            with more than two dwelling units.H   
            Dwelling Unit   - Any room or group of rooms located within 
            a dwelling and forming a single habitable unit with facilities that 
            are used or intended to be used by a single family for living, 
            sleeping, cooking, and eating.I   
            Exception - Sometimes called "special use." An exception is a 
            land use that can be made compatible with a district upon the 
            imposition by the board of adjustment of special provisions covering 
            its development, even though it would not otherwise be permitted in 
            the district. Example: Fire substation being permitted to locate in 
            a residential area.J   Family- One or more individuals living together and sharing common 
            living, sleeping, cooking, and eating facilities.K  Home 
            Occupation - An occupation conducted in a dwelling unit subject 
            to the restrictions of the zoning ordinance. Limitations of interest 
            to housing inspectors are the following: (a) Only the occupant or 
            members of his family residing on the premises shall be engaged in 
            the occupation, (b) the home occupation use shall be subordinate to 
            its use for residential purposes and shall not occupy more than 25 
            per cent of the floor area of the dwelling unit, (c) the home 
            occupation shall not be conducted in an accessory structure, (d) no 
            offensive noise, glare, vibration, heat, smoke, dust, or odor shall 
            be produced.L   
            Lot- Parcel of land considered as a unit devoted to either a 
            particular use or to occupancy by a building and its accessory 
            structures.M   Lot 
            Depth - The average horizontal distance between the front and 
            rear lot line measured at right angles to the structure.N  Lot 
            Width- The average horizontal distance between the sides of a 
            lot measured at right angles to the lot depth.O  
            Nonconforming Use - (a) Use of a building or use of land that 
            does not conform to the regulations of the district in which 
            located. (b) Nonconforming use also means a building or land use 
            that does not conform to the regulations of the district in which 
            the building or land is but that is nevertheless legal since it 
            existed before enactment of the ordinance.P   Open 
            Space - Unoccupied space that is open to the sky and on the same 
            lot with the building.Q   
            Variance - Easing or lessening of the terms of the zoning 
            ordinance by a public body so that relief for hardships will be 
            provided but with the public interest still protected.Inspectors should 
            refer to the definitions in the zoning ordinance of their 
            municipality for additions and changes. **III.  Zoning 
            Objectives**As stated earlier, 
            the purpose of a zoning ordinance is to ensure that the land uses 
            within the community are regulated not only for the health, safety, 
            and welfare of the community but also in keeping with the 
            comprehensive plan for community development. The objectives 
            contained in the zoning ordinance that help to achieve a- 
            development providing for the health, safety, and welfare are the 
            following:A   
            Regulate Height, Bulk, and Area of Structure. In order to 
            provide established standards of healthful housing within the 
            community, regulations dealing with building heights, lot coverage, 
            and floor areas must be established. These regulations then ensure 
            that adequate natural lighting, ventilation, privacy, and 
            recreational area for children will be realized. These are all 
            fundamental physiological needs that have been determined to be 
            necessary for a healthful environment.Safety from fires 
            is enhanced because of building separations needed to meet yard and 
            open-space requirements.Through prescribing 
            minimum lot area per dwelling unit, population density controls are 
            established.B   Avoid 
            Undue Levels of Noise, Vibration, Glare, Air Pollution, and 
            Odor. By providing land use category districts, these 
            environmental stresses upon the individual can be reduced. As in the 
            first item, the absence of these stresses has been determined to be 
            a fundamental physiological individual need.C   Lessen 
            Street Congestion Through Off-Street Parking and Off-Street Loading 
            Requirement.D   
            Facilitate Adequate Provisions of Water, Sewerage, Schools. Parks, 
            and Playgrounds.E   Secure 
            Safety From Flooding.F   
            Conserve Property Values. Through careful enforcement of the 
            provisions property values will be stabilized and conserved 
            IV.   What 
            Zoning Cannot DoIn order to 
            understand more fully the difference between zoning and the other 
            devices such as subdivision regulations, building codes, and housing 
            ordinances, the housing inspector must know the things that cannot 
            be accomplished by a zoning ordinance.Items that cannot 
            be accomplished in a zoning ordinance include:A   
            Correcting Existence of Overcrowding or Substandard Housing. 
            Zoning is not retroactive and cannot correct conditions such as 
            those cited. These are corrected through enforcement of a minimum 
            standards housing code.B   
            Materials and Methods of Construction. Materials and methods of 
            construction are enforced through the building codes rather than 
            through zoning.C   Cost of 
            Construction. Quality of construction and hence construction 
            costs are often regulated through deed restrictions or covenants. 
            Zoning does, however, stabilize property values in an area by 
            prohibiting incompatible development such as the location of a heavy 
            industry in the midst of a well established subdivision.D   
            Subdivision Design and Layout. Design and layout of subdivisions 
            as well as provisions for parks and streets are controlled through 
            subdivision regulations. V. Content of the 
            OrdinanceZoning ordinances establish districts of whatever size, 
            shape, and number the municipality deems best for carrying out the 
            purposes of the zoning ordinance. Most cities use three major 
            districts: residential, commercial, and industrial. These three may 
            then be subdivided into many subdistricts, depending on local 
            conditions. These districts specify the principal and accessory 
            uses, exceptions, and prohibitions.In general these 
            permitted land uses are based on intensity of land use, a less 
            intense land use being permitted in a more intense district but not 
            vice versa. For example, a single-family residence is a less intense 
            land use than a multifamily dwelling. A multifamily dwelling would 
            not, however, be permitted in a single family district.In recent years, 
            some ordinances are being partially based on performance standards 
            rather than solely on land use intensity. For example, some types of 
            industrial developments may be permitted in a less intense use 
            district provided that the proposed land use creates no noise, 
            glare, smoke, dust, vibration, or other environmental stress 
            exceeding acceptable standards and provided further that adequate 
            offstreet parking, screening, landscaping, and other similar 
            measures are taken. VI. Bulk and Height 
            RequirementsTo further achieve 
            the earlier stated objectives of the zoning ordinance, other 
            regulations within a particular zoning district are imposed to gain 
            control of population densities and to provide adequate light, air, 
            privacy, and other elements needed for a safe and healthy 
            environment.Most early zoning 
            ordinances stated that within a particular district the height and 
            bulk of any structure could not exceed certain dimensions and 
            specified that dimensions for front, side, and rear yards must be 
            provided. Today some zoning ordinances use floor area ratios for 
            regulation. Floor area ratio is the relationship between the floor 
            space of the structure and the size of the lot on which it is 
            located. For example, a floor area ratio of I would permit either a 
            two-story building covering 50 per cent of the lot, or a one-story 
            building covering 100 per cent of the lot. This is illustrated in 
            Figure 5-1. Other zoning ordinances specify the maximum amount of 
            the lot that can be covered or else merely require that a certain 
            amount of open space must be provided for each structure and leave 
            the flexibility of the location to the builder. Still other 
            ordinances, rather than specify a particular height for the 
            structure, specify an angle of light obstruction within a particular 
            district that will assure air and light to the surrounding 
            structures. An example of this is shown in Figure 5-2.Figure 5-1. Floor Area 
            Ratios of 1.Figure 5-2. Angle of Light 
            Obstruction. VII.   Yard 
            RequirementsZoning ordinances 
            also contain yard requirements that are divided into front, rear, 
            and side yard requirements. These requirements, in addition to 
            stating the lot dimensions. usually designate the amount of setback 
            required. Most ordinances permit the erection of auxiliary buildings 
            in rear yards provided they are located at stated distances from all 
            lot lines and provided sufficient stated open space is maintained. 
            If the property is a corner lot, additional requirements are set to 
            allow visibility for motorists. VIII. Offstreet 
            ParkingSpace for offstreet 
            parking and offstreet loading is also contained in the ordinance. 
            These requirements are based on standards relating floor space or 
            seating capacity to land use. For example, a furniture store would 
            require fewer offstreet parking spaces in relation to the floor area 
            than a movie theater would. IX.   
            Nonconforming UsesSince zoning is not 
            retroactive, all zoning ordinances must contain a provision for 
            nonconforming uses. If a use has already been established within a 
            particular district before adoption of the ordinance. it must be 
            permitted to continue. Provisions are, however, put into the 
            ordinance to aid in eliminating nonconforming use. These provisions 
            generally prohibit the following: (1) An enlargement or expansion of 
            the nonconforming uses, (2) reconstruction of the nonconforming use 
            if more than a certain portion is destroyed, (3) resumption of the 
            use after it has been abandoned for a period of specified time, and 
            (4) changing the use to a higher classification or to another 
            nonconforming use. Some zoning ordinances further provide a period 
            of amortization during which the nonconforming land use must be 
            phased out. X.   
            VariancesZoning ordinances 
            contain provisions for permitting variances and providing a method 
            of granting these variances subject to certain specified conditions. 
            A variance may be granted when, owing to a particular lot shape, 
            topography, or other lot characteristics, an undue hardship would be 
            imposed on the owner if the exact content of the ordinance is 
            adhered to. For example, assume we have a piece of irregularly 
            shaped property located in a district having the side yard 
            requirements of 20 feet on a side and total lot size requirement of 
            10,000 square feet. Suppose that our property contains 10,200 feet 
            and thus meets the area requirements; however, let us further assume 
            that, owing to the irregular shape of the property, we can provide 
            side yards of only 15 feet on a side. Since a hardship would be 
            imposed if the exact letter of the law is held to, the zoning board 
            of adjustment could be asked for a variance. Since there is 
            sufficient total open area and since a lessening of the ordinance is 
            not detrimental to the surrounding property, a variance would 
            probably be granted.Before a variance 
            can be granted, it must be shown that (l) there is a practical 
            hardship, (2) that the variance is needed for the owner to realize a 
            reasonable return on the property, (3) that the original intent of 
            the ordinance will be adhered to, (4) that the character of the 
            neighborhood will not be changed, and (5) that the public's safety 
            and welfare will be preserved. XI.  
            ExceptionsAn exception is 
            often confused with a variance. In every city there are some 
            necessary uses that do not correspond to the permitted land uses 
            within the district. The zoning code recognizes, however, that if 
            proper safeguards were to be provided, these uses would not have a 
            detrimental eftect on the district. An example would be a fire 
            substation, which could be permitted in a residential area provided 
            the station house is designed to resemble a residential dwelling and 
            further provided the property is properly landscaped. XII. 
            AdministrationThe key man in the 
            zoning process is the zoning inspector, since he must come in 
            contact with each case. In many cases the zoning inspector may also 
            be the building inspector or the housing inspector. Since the 
            building inspector or housing inspector is already in the field 
            making inspections, it is relatively easy for him to check 
            compliance with a zoning ordinance. This compliance can be checked 
            by comparing the actual land use against that allowed for the area 
            and shown on the zoning map.Each zoning 
            ordinance has a map as a part of the ordinance giving the permitted 
            usage for each block. By taking a copy of this map with him, the 
            inspector can make a preliminary check of the land use in the field. 
            If the use does not conform, the inspector must then check with the 
            Zoning Board to see if the property in question was a "nonconforming 
            use" at the time of passage of the ordinance and if an exception has 
            been granted. In cities where up-to-date records of existing 
            nonconforming uses and exceptions granted are maintained, the 
            inspector can check the use in the field against the records.When violation is 
            observed and the property owner is duly notified of the violation, 
            he then has the right of hearing before a Zoning Board of Adjustment 
            (sometimes also called the Zoning Board of Appeals). The Board may 
            uphold the zoning enforcement officer or may rule in favor of the 
            property owner. If the action of the zoning enforcement officer is 
            upheld, the property owner may, if he so desires, seek relief 
            through the courts; otherwise the violation will be corrected to 
            conform to the zoning code. XIII.  How 
            Zoning Can Benefit the Housing InspectorIt is of critical 
            importance for the housing inspector, the building inspector, and 
            the zoning inspector to work closely together in cities where these 
            positions and responsibilities are separate. Experience has shown 
            that when illegal conversions or uses of properties occur, these 
            illegally converted properties are often among the most substandard 
            encountered in the city and often contain especially dangerous 
            housing code violations.In communities 
            where the zoning code is enforced effectively, the resulting zoning 
            compliance in new and existing housing helps advance, as well as 
            sustain, many of the minimum standards of the housing code such as 
            occupancy, ventilation, light, and unimpeded egress. By the same 
            token, building or housing inspectors can often aid the zoning 
            inspector by helping eliminate some nonconforming uses through code 
            enforcement. XIV.  Example 
            of Zoning and Housing RelationshipsThe following cases 
            will illustrate these relationships:A Case 
            1
            Two and 
            one-half-story, 13-room house. Originally it had these 
            features:a  
            Five-room dwelling unit on first floor including a three-piece 
            bathroom.b  
            Eight-room dwelling unit occupying the second and third floors 
            including one bathroom of three pieces on the second floor. The 
            second and third floors are served by only one staircase.c  Two 
            oil burners, one heating first floor, the other the second and third 
            floors.It is located in a 
            residential zoning district where two-family housing is the maximum 
            use permitted.Five years later, 
            while making a regular inspection, the zoning officer found this 
            house in the process of being converted into a three-family use in 
            violation of the zoning ordinance. The owner has already done these 
            things.a Made 
            second floor into a separate five-room dwelling unit.b  
            Started converting the three rooms on the third floor into another 
            apartment by:1  
            Installing a three-piece bathroom, 35 square feet in area, against 
            the windowless west wall of the center bedroom, the habitable area 
            being thus reduced to 40 square feet, and setting up the remainder 
            of the area as the living room by providing a coffee table, lamp, 
            and two overstuffed chairs;2  
            Putting in a wall kitchenette consisting of a sink with cold water 
            and a stove, plus a table, lamp, and cupboards in the rear bedroom 
            that is 60 square feet in area;3 Equipping 
            the front bedroom that is 90 square feet in size with two beds, 
            chest of drawers, and other bedroom furnishings for two.He admitted, 
            however, that he had not checked on state tenement house law 
            requirements since he did not realize multiple dwellings of three 
            families or more are covered by this law.Two and 
            one-half-story. 13-room house. Originally Question: How many 
            violations (either housing or it had these features: zoning) can you 
            find?Answer:  As a 
            result of these actions by the owner, the house now has one more 
            dwelling unit than is permitted by the zoning ordinance in this 
            residential district and also contains these obvious housing code 
            violations:(a)  
            Threatened over occupancy of the third-floor dwelling unit (only 190 
            square feet available, but 250 square feet habitable floor space is 
            the minimum required for two occupants).(b)  Size of 
            the front bedroom inadequate by 30 square feet if it is used by two 
            occupants. The back bedroom lacks the requirements needed for 
            occupancy by one person (70 square feet). If a third person lived in 
            the dwelling unit the minimum required habitable floor area would 
            then become 350 square feet.(c)  The 
            bathroom does not meet the light and ventilation requirements. 
            (d)  The kitchen sink does not have hot water.(e)  No 
            refrigerator is provided.(f)  From the 
            description it sounds as if one might have to go through a sleeping 
            room to reach the bathroom. This would be a violation.(g)  Both the 
            second and third floor units are in violation since they lack two 
            means of egress.B  Case 
            2
            Assume that a 
            three-family dwelling unit is the largest size permitted in the 
            zoning district where the building in question is located. The 
            housing inspector's investigation of the three-story dwelling from 
            cellar to roof showed that it contained:1  Four 
            dwelling units, two with six rooms each and two with three rooms 
            each.2  Five 
            families, three in separate dwelling units and the two on the third 
            floor in one unit.3 A bathroom 
            and a kitchen on the second floor shared by two families.4  The 
            bathroom and kitchen on the third floor also being shared by two 
            families.5  
            Inadequate means of egress from the dwelling unit in the third 
            floor.Question:  If 
            you were the housing inspector, what actions would you take?Answer:  In 
            this situation there are definite housing code violations. The 
            housing inspector also knows there is a zoning violation. Because he 
            knows that the property must meet zoning requirements before 
            complying with the housing code, the inspector would refer this case 
            to the zoning department for action.The housing 
            inspector should never speak for the zoning department and tell the 
            owner that he is in violation of a zoning ordinance unless he and 
            the zoning inspector are the same individual. The housing inspector 
            should complete his housing inspection and leave. Responsibility for 
            informing the owner of any zoning violation lies with the zoning 
            department.In this particular 
            case, some housing code violations will be corrected through 
            enforcement of zoning. However, there are still violations of 
            requirements for egress, a third kitchen, and a third 
            bathroom.After compliance 
            with the zoning ordinance has been obtained, the zoning department 
            should notify the housing inspector so that he can then enforce any 
            housing violations that may still exist.C Case 
            3
            Mr. Jones, a zoning 
            inspector, gets a report that at 1212 Oak Street the owner, Mr. 
            Smith, is converting his single-family house into two apartments and 
            has already started alterations. Investigations of the zoning map 
            shows that in this district, apartments, up to four, are permitted 
            if 1,500 square feet of open land area is provided for each 
            apartment. Mr. Jones checks and finds that no building permit has 
            been issued. A site investigation reveals that Mr. Smith has only 
            2,000 square feet of open area available. He then informs Mr. Smith 
            that he is in violation of the zoning ordinance.Mr. Smith then 
            appeals to the Zoning Board of Adjustment for a variance to allow 
            him to have two apartments even though he does not have the required 
            3,000 square feet of open area. His appeal is denied by the board 
            since no real hardship exists. As a result, Mr. Smith must rent the 
            property as a single-family dwelling and is unable to recover the 
            money he has already spent in starting alterations.Discuss: 
            1  The actions of Mr. Jones. Answer: Mr. Jones was 
            justified in citing Mr. Smith for a zoning violation since the 
            proposed open area would have been inadequate.2  The 
            action of the Board of Adjustment.Answer: The Board 
            of Adjustment was also justified in upholding the zoning 
            regulations. If the board had not acted in this manner, the crowding 
            on this property could well have started deterioration in 
            surrounding properties.3  The 
            action of Mr. Smith. Answer: Mr. Smith had no legitimate complaint 
            when the Board ruled against him. If he had first sought to obtain a 
            building permit, as required by law, he would have been told that 
            his proposed alterations would not meet zoning regulations and hence 
            would not have suffered a monetary loss.D  Case 
            4
            Mr. Edwards 
            requests a building permit to change a three-story single-family 
            house into a two-family unit. Since two-family units are permitted 
            in this district and he has sufficient open area, the permit is 
            granted.Six months later, 
            the housing inspector, while making a systematic code enforcement 
            inspection, finds that the converted house now has an apartment on 
            each of the three floors. The bath on the second floor is shared by 
            families on the second and third floors. This is a violation of the 
            housing code.Knowing that all 
            the other houses on this street are only one- or two-family units, 
            he also suspects a zoning violation. After returning to the office, 
            he contacts the zoning department and learns that Mr. Edwards is in 
            violation of the zoning ordinance as well as of the housing 
            code.Question:  
            Which ordinance must be enforced first and why?Answer:  The 
            zoning ordinance must be enforced first, since a zoning ordinance is 
            a "primary" ordinance and determines the land use of a particular 
            property. A housing code ordinance is a "secondary" ordinance and 
            sets standards of residential usage on the property.E Case 
            5
            During a routine 
            inspection, the housing inspector finds a house with three families, 
            one of which is living in a cellar apartment.Question: What 
            actions should he take? Answer:  The inspector should 
            immediately cite the owner for a violation of the ordinance and then 
            follow through to see that the situation is corrected. If the family 
            living in the cellar requires housing assistance as a result of 
            corrective measures taken, the housing inspector should inform them 
            of public agencies available for assistance.F  Case 
            6
            During a routine 
            inspection of a district zoned for up to three-family use, the 
            housing inspector encounters a house that the owner says contains 
            two dwelling units in addition to his own, and also one rooming 
            unit. The inspector finds a cookstove in the "rooming unit."Question:  
            What actions should he take?Answer:  
            Although a rooming unit would be permitted in this district, the 
            addition of a cookstove changes the rooming unit into a dwelling 
            unit.The inspector 
            should refer this case to the zoning department for immediate action 
            and then follow up for housing violations at a later date.G  Case 
            7
            The housing 
            inspector is investigating a complaint of alleged housing 
            violations. The owner refuses to admit the inspector inside the 
            building and becomes belligerent .Question:  
            What should the inspector do next?Answer:  The 
            inspector should remain courteous and not lose his temper. If the 
            inspector is not able to obtain permission to inspect without 
            further arousing the owner, he should leave.Since recent 
            decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court have dictated the inclusion of 
            requirements to obtain a search warrant in cases where entry to the 
            inspector is denied, the inspector should obtain a warrant. He will 
            then return at a later time with someone to serve the 
            warrant.H  Case 
            8
            During an 
            inspection in July, the housing inspector finds a house that has 
            been converted into two apartments. While checking the basement, he 
            sees that the furnace appears in an unsafe condition. Further 
            checking reveals that there is no provision for heat in the second 
            apartment.Question:  
            What action should the inspector take since it is July and heat is 
            not now needed. Besides, how does he know that the owner will not 
            install heat before winter?Answer:  The 
            inspector should cite the owner for a violation of the housing code 
            anyway. In his notice of violations, because it is July, he can give 
            the owner sufficient time to comply. He would also send a copy of 
            the letter to the heating inspector for follow up.I  Case 
            9
            During an 
            inspection, the housing inspector is greeted at the door by a 
            10-year-old boy who is alone. The boy says it is all right to make 
            the inspection.Question:  
            Should he? Why?Answer:  No. 
            Permission to enter must be obtained from a responsible adult. 
            Suppose that instead of the 10-year-old boy, he had found a 
            16-year-old girl. Question:  How would this change things? Why? 
            Answer:  It would not change things, since the 16-yearold girl 
            is not considered a responsible adult. For the protection of the 
            inspector, some housing departments would not permit him to enter 
            alone when the house is occupied by only a female, especially one 
            under age.J Case 
            10
            During his 
            inspections the housing inspector finds a house that has no bathroom 
            but does have an outside pit privy.Question:  
            What action should be taken?Answer:  The 
            inspector should issue a violation for lack of indoor toilet 
            facilities and follow through the regular steps established by his 
            housing department. A copy of the violation should also be sent to 
            the health department for any actions that they may wish to take for 
            elimination of the privy.K Case 
            11
            A number of 
            violations are found in a residence, but the family is occupying the 
            unit under a land purchase contract agreement with the landlord. The 
            owner holds title until enough rent is paid to equal the sale price. 
            The repairs needed are more than the family can afford and are such 
            that the building should be declared unfit for occupancy. The family 
            now has $2,000 worth of equity in the property.Questions:  
            What actions should the inspector take? Who is responsible for 
            repairs? Who will lose money?Answer:  The 
            inspector would cite the owner of record for a housing violation, 
            since the owner of record is responsible for repairs. If the owner 
            will not bring the building into compliance with the code, the 
            building should be posted as unfit for habitation and the family 
            removed.The family buying 
            will probably lose in this situation. Before contracting to buy, 
            they should have obtained a certificate of inspection from the 
            housing department showing any violations existing at the time of 
            purchase.L  Case 
            12
            The property at 112 
            East Street is owned by an out-of-state individual. The housing 
            inspector found the property unfit for habitation and has had the 
            family renting the property removed. The house is now vacant and the 
            out-of-town owners will not make the repairs since the cost of the 
            necessary repairs would be too great in relation to the value of the 
            property. The property is in an area that will probably be included 
            in a future urban renewal project within the next few years.Complaints have 
            been made to the housing department by the neighbors that the house 
            has its windows broken out and its doors broken open. Children play 
            inside during the day and have almost set the building on fire 
            several times. Moreover, vagrants occasionally sleep inside at 
            night.Question:  
            What action would you take if you were the housing inspector?Answer: After 
            following standard department procedures, the housing inspector 
            should recommend that the house be demolished and this cost assessed 
            as a lien against the property. If allowed to remain, the house will 
            be a detriment to surrounding properties and also to the 
            neighborhood.M  Case 
            13
            During a routine 
            inspection, you find a house with very poor premises sanitation and 
            evidence of roaches, flies, and rats. The property meets minimum 
            housing standards otherwise.Question:  
            What action can you take?Answer:  The 
            action depends on local regulations and procedures. In many 
            communities the housing program is organizationally located within 
            the health department. In that case, the housing inspector would 
            probably follow through in requiring elimination of the infestation. 
            If the housing inspection program were located within a department 
            other than the health department, the housing inspector may refer 
            the case to the health department for action.  
            N  Case 14While making a 
            systematic code inspection, the housing inspector encounters a lady 
            who questions the inspector regarding his findings on the house next 
            door, which she is sure is much worse than hers.Question: How 
            should the inspector deal with the lady?Answer:  The 
            inspector must be very courteous and tactful in his conversation and 
            inform her that he is not permitted to discuss his survey findings 
            for other properties.Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |                                                           | **Chapter 5: Zoning Ordinances in 
            Relation to the Housing Inspection** |                                                                                     | **Table of 
            Contents** |            |         | I. Background of 
            Zoning |                          |              | II. Definitions                               |                                   |                 | III. Zoning 
            Objectives |                                                           |  | IV. What Zoning Cannot 
            Do                   |  |                                                        | V. Content of the 
            Ordinance |                                                                                     |  | VI. Bulk and Height 
            Requirements     |  |            | VII. Yard 
            Requirements |  |                                                                                                                                                           | VIII. Offstreet 
            Parking                                                        |                                                               |  | IX.  Nonconforming 
            Uses
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
|**Chapter 5: Zoning Ordinances in 
            Relation to the Housing Inspection**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
|**Table of 
            Contents**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   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What Zoning Cannot 
            Do                                             
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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Content of the 
            Ordinance                                           
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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Bulk and Height 
            Requirements                                      
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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Yard 
            Requirements                                                
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |                                                           | XIII. How Zoning Can 
            Benefit the Housing Inspector                    
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |                                                           | XIV. Example of Zoning and 
            Housing Relationships                      
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
|Zoning is essentially a 
            means of ensuring that a community's land uses are compatibly 
            located for the health, safety, and general welfare of the 
            community. Experience has shown that some type of controls are 
            needed in order to provide orderly growth in relation to the 
            community plan for development. Just as a capital improvement 
            program governs public improvements such as streets, parks, and 
            other recreational facilities, schools, and public buildings, so 
            zoning governs the planning program with respect to the use of 
            public and private property.
            When a person buys 
            or builds a house or other structure in a municipality that has a 
            zoning ordinance in effect, he is presumed to know and obliged by 
            law to comply with the zoning regulations governing the use of 
            buildings and land in the section of the community in which his 
            property is located. If he either erects a structure or converts a 
            house or building that is within that particular district by the 
            local zoning ordinance into another type of use he still has 
            acquired no property right to continue the forbidden use. An example 
            would be the conversion of a single family residence into 
            multifamily units. Even if the owner has obtained a building permit 
            for this work already completed, the building permit would be 
            voided, because the work was started in violation of the zoning code 
            and because a building permit can be valid only when issued for a 
            lawful purpose. The building inspector is therefore obliged to 
            refuse issuance of a building permit if the proposed work is in 
            violation of the zoning ordinance.It is very 
            important that the housing inspector know the general nature of 
            zoning regulations, since properties in violation of both the 
            housing code and the zoning ordinance must be brought into full 
            compliance with the zoning ordinance before the housing code can be 
            enforced.  In many cases the housing inspector may be able to 
            eliminate some of the properties in violation of the housing code 
            through enforcement of the zoning ordinance. **I. Background of 
            Zoning**Zoning regulations 
            have been used for several centuries. In the early settlement of our 
            country, gunpowder mills and storehouses were prohibited from being 
            located within the heavily populated portions of town, owing to the 
            frequent fires and explosions. Later, zoning took the form of fire 
            districts, and under implied legislative powers, wooden buildings 
            were prohibited from certain sections of the municipality.Massachusetts 
            passed one of the first zoning laws in 1692. This law authorized 
            Boston, Salem, Charlestown, and certain other market towns in the 
            province to assign certain locations in each town for the 
            establishment of slaughterhouses and stillhouses for currying of 
            leather.Act and Resolves of 
            the Province of Massachusetts Bay 1692-93 C.23"Be it ordained and 
            enacted by the Governor, Council and Representatives convened in 
            General Court or Assembly, and by the authority of the same,Sect. 1 That 
            the selectmen of the towns of Boston, Salem, and Charlestown 
            respectively, or other market towns in the province, with two or 
            more justices of the peace dwelling in the town, or two of the next 
            justices of the country, shall at or before the last day of March, 
            one thousand six hundred ninety-three, assign some certain places of 
            the said towns (where it may be least offensive) for the erecting or 
            setting up of slaughterhouses for the killing of all meat, 
            stillhouses, and houses for trying of tallow and currying of leather 
            (which houses may be erected of timber, the law referring to 
            building with brick or stone not withstanding) and shall cause an 
            entry to be made in the townbook of what places shall be by them so 
            assigned, and make known the same by posting it up in some public 
            places of the town; by which houses and places respectively, and no 
            other, all butchers, slaughtermen, distillers, chandlers, and 
            curriers shall exercise and practice their respective trades and 
            mysteries; on pain that any butcher or slaughterman transgressing of 
            this act by killing of meat in any other place, for every conviction 
            thereof before one or more justices of the peace, shall forfeit and 
            pay the sum of twenty shillings (shilling worth about 12-16?); and 
            any distiller, chandler or currier offending against this act, for 
            every conviction thereof before their majesties justices at the 
            general sessions of the peace for the county, shall forfeit and pay 
            the sum of five pounds (a pound equals 20 shillings and was worth 
            somewhere between $2.40 and $3.20); one-third part of said 
            forfeitures to be the use of the majesties for the support of the 
            government of the province and incident charges thereof, one-third 
            to the poor of the town when such offense shall be committed, and 
            the other third to him or them that shall inform and sue for the 
            same...." **II. 
            Definitions**A Accessory 
            Structure - A detached building or structure in a secondary or 
            subordinate capacity from the main or principal building or 
            structure on the same premises. Example: garage behind a 
            single-family dwelling.B   
            Accessory Use- A use incidental and subordinate to the principal 
            use of a structure. Example: a home-located physician's 
            office.C   
            Alteration - A change or rearrangement of the structural parts 
            of a building, or an expansion or enlargement of the 
building.D  Building 
            Area -   That portion of the lot remaining available for 
            construction after all required open space and yard requirements are 
            met.E   
            Dwelling   - Any enclosed space that is wholly or partially 
            used or intended to be used for living or sleeping by human 
            occupants provided that temporary housing shall not be regarded as a 
            dwelling. Temporary housing is defined as any tent, trailer, mobile 
            home, or any other shelter designed to be transportable and not 
            attached to the ground, to another structure, or to any utility 
            system on the same premises for more than 30 consecutive 
days.F  
            Dwelling, Two Family   - A structure containing two 
            dwelling units and designed for occupancy by no more than two 
            families.G  
            Dwelling, Multifamily   - A residential structure equipped 
            with more than two dwelling units.H   
            Dwelling Unit   - Any room or group of rooms located within 
            a dwelling and forming a single habitable unit with facilities that 
            are used or intended to be used by a single family for living, 
            sleeping, cooking, and eating.I   
            Exception - Sometimes called "special use." An exception is a 
            land use that can be made compatible with a district upon the 
            imposition by the board of adjustment of special provisions covering 
            its development, even though it would not otherwise be permitted in 
            the district. Example: Fire substation being permitted to locate in 
            a residential area.J   Family- One or more individuals living together and sharing common 
            living, sleeping, cooking, and eating facilities.K  Home 
            Occupation - An occupation conducted in a dwelling unit subject 
            to the restrictions of the zoning ordinance. Limitations of interest 
            to housing inspectors are the following: (a) Only the occupant or 
            members of his family residing on the premises shall be engaged in 
            the occupation, (b) the home occupation use shall be subordinate to 
            its use for residential purposes and shall not occupy more than 25 
            per cent of the floor area of the dwelling unit, (c) the home 
            occupation shall not be conducted in an accessory structure, (d) no 
            offensive noise, glare, vibration, heat, smoke, dust, or odor shall 
            be produced.L   
            Lot- Parcel of land considered as a unit devoted to either a 
            particular use or to occupancy by a building and its accessory 
            structures.M   Lot 
            Depth - The average horizontal distance between the front and 
            rear lot line measured at right angles to the structure.N  Lot 
            Width- The average horizontal distance between the sides of a 
            lot measured at right angles to the lot depth.O  
            Nonconforming Use - (a) Use of a building or use of land that 
            does not conform to the regulations of the district in which 
            located. (b) Nonconforming use also means a building or land use 
            that does not conform to the regulations of the district in which 
            the building or land is but that is nevertheless legal since it 
            existed before enactment of the ordinance.P   Open 
            Space - Unoccupied space that is open to the sky and on the same 
            lot with the building.Q   
            Variance - Easing or lessening of the terms of the zoning 
            ordinance by a public body so that relief for hardships will be 
            provided but with the public interest still protected.Inspectors should 
            refer to the definitions in the zoning ordinance of their 
            municipality for additions and changes. **III.  Zoning 
            Objectives**As stated earlier, 
            the purpose of a zoning ordinance is to ensure that the land uses 
            within the community are regulated not only for the health, safety, 
            and welfare of the community but also in keeping with the 
            comprehensive plan for community development. The objectives 
            contained in the zoning ordinance that help to achieve a- 
            development providing for the health, safety, and welfare are the 
            following:A   
            Regulate Height, Bulk, and Area of Structure. In order to 
            provide established standards of healthful housing within the 
            community, regulations dealing with building heights, lot coverage, 
            and floor areas must be established. These regulations then ensure 
            that adequate natural lighting, ventilation, privacy, and 
            recreational area for children will be realized. These are all 
            fundamental physiological needs that have been determined to be 
            necessary for a healthful environment.Safety from fires 
            is enhanced because of building separations needed to meet yard and 
            open-space requirements.Through prescribing 
            minimum lot area per dwelling unit, population density controls are 
            established.B   Avoid 
            Undue Levels of Noise, Vibration, Glare, Air Pollution, and 
            Odor. By providing land use category districts, these 
            environmental stresses upon the individual can be reduced. As in the 
            first item, the absence of these stresses has been determined to be 
            a fundamental physiological individual need.C   Lessen 
            Street Congestion Through Off-Street Parking and Off-Street Loading 
            Requirement.D   
            Facilitate Adequate Provisions of Water, Sewerage, Schools. Parks, 
            and Playgrounds.E   Secure 
            Safety From Flooding.F   
            Conserve Property Values. Through careful enforcement of the 
            provisions property values will be stabilized and conserved 
            IV.   What 
            Zoning Cannot DoIn order to 
            understand more fully the difference between zoning and the other 
            devices such as subdivision regulations, building codes, and housing 
            ordinances, the housing inspector must know the things that cannot 
            be accomplished by a zoning ordinance.Items that cannot 
            be accomplished in a zoning ordinance include:A   
            Correcting Existence of Overcrowding or Substandard Housing. 
            Zoning is not retroactive and cannot correct conditions such as 
            those cited. These are corrected through enforcement of a minimum 
            standards housing code.B   
            Materials and Methods of Construction. Materials and methods of 
            construction are enforced through the building codes rather than 
            through zoning.C   Cost of 
            Construction. Quality of construction and hence construction 
            costs are often regulated through deed restrictions or covenants. 
            Zoning does, however, stabilize property values in an area by 
            prohibiting incompatible development such as the location of a heavy 
            industry in the midst of a well established subdivision.D   
            Subdivision Design and Layout. Design and layout of subdivisions 
            as well as provisions for parks and streets are controlled through 
            subdivision regulations. V. Content of the 
            OrdinanceZoning ordinances establish districts of whatever size, 
            shape, and number the municipality deems best for carrying out the 
            purposes of the zoning ordinance. Most cities use three major 
            districts: residential, commercial, and industrial. These three may 
            then be subdivided into many subdistricts, depending on local 
            conditions. These districts specify the principal and accessory 
            uses, exceptions, and prohibitions.In general these 
            permitted land uses are based on intensity of land use, a less 
            intense land use being permitted in a more intense district but not 
            vice versa. For example, a single-family residence is a less intense 
            land use than a multifamily dwelling. A multifamily dwelling would 
            not, however, be permitted in a single family district.In recent years, 
            some ordinances are being partially based on performance standards 
            rather than solely on land use intensity. For example, some types of 
            industrial developments may be permitted in a less intense use 
            district provided that the proposed land use creates no noise, 
            glare, smoke, dust, vibration, or other environmental stress 
            exceeding acceptable standards and provided further that adequate 
            offstreet parking, screening, landscaping, and other similar 
            measures are taken. VI. Bulk and Height 
            RequirementsTo further achieve 
            the earlier stated objectives of the zoning ordinance, other 
            regulations within a particular zoning district are imposed to gain 
            control of population densities and to provide adequate light, air, 
            privacy, and other elements needed for a safe and healthy 
            environment.Most early zoning 
            ordinances stated that within a particular district the height and 
            bulk of any structure could not exceed certain dimensions and 
            specified that dimensions for front, side, and rear yards must be 
            provided. Today some zoning ordinances use floor area ratios for 
            regulation. Floor area ratio is the relationship between the floor 
            space of the structure and the size of the lot on which it is 
            located. For example, a floor area ratio of I would permit either a 
            two-story building covering 50 per cent of the lot, or a one-story 
            building covering 100 per cent of the lot. This is illustrated in 
            Figure 5-1. Other zoning ordinances specify the maximum amount of 
            the lot that can be covered or else merely require that a certain 
            amount of open space must be provided for each structure and leave 
            the flexibility of the location to the builder. Still other 
            ordinances, rather than specify a particular height for the 
            structure, specify an angle of light obstruction within a particular 
            district that will assure air and light to the surrounding 
            structures. An example of this is shown in Figure 5-2.Figure 5-1. Floor Area 
            Ratios of 1.Figure 5-2. Angle of Light 
            Obstruction. VII.   Yard 
            RequirementsZoning ordinances 
            also contain yard requirements that are divided into front, rear, 
            and side yard requirements. These requirements, in addition to 
            stating the lot dimensions. usually designate the amount of setback 
            required. Most ordinances permit the erection of auxiliary buildings 
            in rear yards provided they are located at stated distances from all 
            lot lines and provided sufficient stated open space is maintained. 
            If the property is a corner lot, additional requirements are set to 
            allow visibility for motorists. VIII. Offstreet 
            ParkingSpace for offstreet 
            parking and offstreet loading is also contained in the ordinance. 
            These requirements are based on standards relating floor space or 
            seating capacity to land use. For example, a furniture store would 
            require fewer offstreet parking spaces in relation to the floor area 
            than a movie theater would. IX.   
            Nonconforming UsesSince zoning is not 
            retroactive, all zoning ordinances must contain a provision for 
            nonconforming uses. If a use has already been established within a 
            particular district before adoption of the ordinance. it must be 
            permitted to continue. Provisions are, however, put into the 
            ordinance to aid in eliminating nonconforming use. These provisions 
            generally prohibit the following: (1) An enlargement or expansion of 
            the nonconforming uses, (2) reconstruction of the nonconforming use 
            if more than a certain portion is destroyed, (3) resumption of the 
            use after it has been abandoned for a period of specified time, and 
            (4) changing the use to a higher classification or to another 
            nonconforming use. Some zoning ordinances further provide a period 
            of amortization during which the nonconforming land use must be 
            phased out. X.   
            VariancesZoning ordinances 
            contain provisions for permitting variances and providing a method 
            of granting these variances subject to certain specified conditions. 
            A variance may be granted when, owing to a particular lot shape, 
            topography, or other lot characteristics, an undue hardship would be 
            imposed on the owner if the exact content of the ordinance is 
            adhered to. For example, assume we have a piece of irregularly 
            shaped property located in a district having the side yard 
            requirements of 20 feet on a side and total lot size requirement of 
            10,000 square feet. Suppose that our property contains 10,200 feet 
            and thus meets the area requirements; however, let us further assume 
            that, owing to the irregular shape of the property, we can provide 
            side yards of only 15 feet on a side. Since a hardship would be 
            imposed if the exact letter of the law is held to, the zoning board 
            of adjustment could be asked for a variance. Since there is 
            sufficient total open area and since a lessening of the ordinance is 
            not detrimental to the surrounding property, a variance would 
            probably be granted.Before a variance 
            can be granted, it must be shown that (l) there is a practical 
            hardship, (2) that the variance is needed for the owner to realize a 
            reasonable return on the property, (3) that the original intent of 
            the ordinance will be adhered to, (4) that the character of the 
            neighborhood will not be changed, and (5) that the public's safety 
            and welfare will be preserved. XI.  
            ExceptionsAn exception is 
            often confused with a variance. In every city there are some 
            necessary uses that do not correspond to the permitted land uses 
            within the district. The zoning code recognizes, however, that if 
            proper safeguards were to be provided, these uses would not have a 
            detrimental eftect on the district. An example would be a fire 
            substation, which could be permitted in a residential area provided 
            the station house is designed to resemble a residential dwelling and 
            further provided the property is properly landscaped. XII. 
            AdministrationThe key man in the 
            zoning process is the zoning inspector, since he must come in 
            contact with each case. In many cases the zoning inspector may also 
            be the building inspector or the housing inspector. Since the 
            building inspector or housing inspector is already in the field 
            making inspections, it is relatively easy for him to check 
            compliance with a zoning ordinance. This compliance can be checked 
            by comparing the actual land use against that allowed for the area 
            and shown on the zoning map.Each zoning 
            ordinance has a map as a part of the ordinance giving the permitted 
            usage for each block. By taking a copy of this map with him, the 
            inspector can make a preliminary check of the land use in the field. 
            If the use does not conform, the inspector must then check with the 
            Zoning Board to see if the property in question was a "nonconforming 
            use" at the time of passage of the ordinance and if an exception has 
            been granted. In cities where up-to-date records of existing 
            nonconforming uses and exceptions granted are maintained, the 
            inspector can check the use in the field against the records.When violation is 
            observed and the property owner is duly notified of the violation, 
            he then has the right of hearing before a Zoning Board of Adjustment 
            (sometimes also called the Zoning Board of Appeals). The Board may 
            uphold the zoning enforcement officer or may rule in favor of the 
            property owner. If the action of the zoning enforcement officer is 
            upheld, the property owner may, if he so desires, seek relief 
            through the courts; otherwise the violation will be corrected to 
            conform to the zoning code. XIII.  How 
            Zoning Can Benefit the Housing InspectorIt is of critical 
            importance for the housing inspector, the building inspector, and 
            the zoning inspector to work closely together in cities where these 
            positions and responsibilities are separate. Experience has shown 
            that when illegal conversions or uses of properties occur, these 
            illegally converted properties are often among the most substandard 
            encountered in the city and often contain especially dangerous 
            housing code violations.In communities 
            where the zoning code is enforced effectively, the resulting zoning 
            compliance in new and existing housing helps advance, as well as 
            sustain, many of the minimum standards of the housing code such as 
            occupancy, ventilation, light, and unimpeded egress. By the same 
            token, building or housing inspectors can often aid the zoning 
            inspector by helping eliminate some nonconforming uses through code 
            enforcement. XIV.  Example 
            of Zoning and Housing RelationshipsThe following cases 
            will illustrate these relationships:A Case 
            1
            Two and 
            one-half-story, 13-room house. Originally it had these 
            features:a  
            Five-room dwelling unit on first floor including a three-piece 
            bathroom.b  
            Eight-room dwelling unit occupying the second and third floors 
            including one bathroom of three pieces on the second floor. The 
            second and third floors are served by only one staircase.c  Two 
            oil burners, one heating first floor, the other the second and third 
            floors.It is located in a 
            residential zoning district where two-family housing is the maximum 
            use permitted.Five years later, 
            while making a regular inspection, the zoning officer found this 
            house in the process of being converted into a three-family use in 
            violation of the zoning ordinance. The owner has already done these 
            things.a Made 
            second floor into a separate five-room dwelling unit.b  
            Started converting the three rooms on the third floor into another 
            apartment by:1  
            Installing a three-piece bathroom, 35 square feet in area, against 
            the windowless west wall of the center bedroom, the habitable area 
            being thus reduced to 40 square feet, and setting up the remainder 
            of the area as the living room by providing a coffee table, lamp, 
            and two overstuffed chairs;2  
            Putting in a wall kitchenette consisting of a sink with cold water 
            and a stove, plus a table, lamp, and cupboards in the rear bedroom 
            that is 60 square feet in area;3 Equipping 
            the front bedroom that is 90 square feet in size with two beds, 
            chest of drawers, and other bedroom furnishings for two.He admitted, 
            however, that he had not checked on state tenement house law 
            requirements since he did not realize multiple dwellings of three 
            families or more are covered by this law.Two and 
            one-half-story. 13-room house. Originally Question: How many 
            violations (either housing or it had these features: zoning) can you 
            find?Answer:  As a 
            result of these actions by the owner, the house now has one more 
            dwelling unit than is permitted by the zoning ordinance in this 
            residential district and also contains these obvious housing code 
            violations:(a)  
            Threatened over occupancy of the third-floor dwelling unit (only 190 
            square feet available, but 250 square feet habitable floor space is 
            the minimum required for two occupants).(b)  Size of 
            the front bedroom inadequate by 30 square feet if it is used by two 
            occupants. The back bedroom lacks the requirements needed for 
            occupancy by one person (70 square feet). If a third person lived in 
            the dwelling unit the minimum required habitable floor area would 
            then become 350 square feet.(c)  The 
            bathroom does not meet the light and ventilation requirements. 
            (d)  The kitchen sink does not have hot water.(e)  No 
            refrigerator is provided.(f)  From the 
            description it sounds as if one might have to go through a sleeping 
            room to reach the bathroom. This would be a violation.(g)  Both the 
            second and third floor units are in violation since they lack two 
            means of egress.B  Case 
            2
            Assume that a 
            three-family dwelling unit is the largest size permitted in the 
            zoning district where the building in question is located. The 
            housing inspector's investigation of the three-story dwelling from 
            cellar to roof showed that it contained:1  Four 
            dwelling units, two with six rooms each and two with three rooms 
            each.2  Five 
            families, three in separate dwelling units and the two on the third 
            floor in one unit.3 A bathroom 
            and a kitchen on the second floor shared by two families.4  The 
            bathroom and kitchen on the third floor also being shared by two 
            families.5  
            Inadequate means of egress from the dwelling unit in the third 
            floor.Question:  If 
            you were the housing inspector, what actions would you take?Answer:  In 
            this situation there are definite housing code violations. The 
            housing inspector also knows there is a zoning violation. Because he 
            knows that the property must meet zoning requirements before 
            complying with the housing code, the inspector would refer this case 
            to the zoning department for action.The housing 
            inspector should never speak for the zoning department and tell the 
            owner that he is in violation of a zoning ordinance unless he and 
            the zoning inspector are the same individual. The housing inspector 
            should complete his housing inspection and leave. Responsibility for 
            informing the owner of any zoning violation lies with the zoning 
            department.In this particular 
            case, some housing code violations will be corrected through 
            enforcement of zoning. However, there are still violations of 
            requirements for egress, a third kitchen, and a third 
            bathroom.After compliance 
            with the zoning ordinance has been obtained, the zoning department 
            should notify the housing inspector so that he can then enforce any 
            housing violations that may still exist.C Case 
            3
            Mr. Jones, a zoning 
            inspector, gets a report that at 1212 Oak Street the owner, Mr. 
            Smith, is converting his single-family house into two apartments and 
            has already started alterations. Investigations of the zoning map 
            shows that in this district, apartments, up to four, are permitted 
            if 1,500 square feet of open land area is provided for each 
            apartment. Mr. Jones checks and finds that no building permit has 
            been issued. A site investigation reveals that Mr. Smith has only 
            2,000 square feet of open area available. He then informs Mr. Smith 
            that he is in violation of the zoning ordinance.Mr. Smith then 
            appeals to the Zoning Board of Adjustment for a variance to allow 
            him to have two apartments even though he does not have the required 
            3,000 square feet of open area. His appeal is denied by the board 
            since no real hardship exists. As a result, Mr. Smith must rent the 
            property as a single-family dwelling and is unable to recover the 
            money he has already spent in starting alterations.Discuss: 
            1  The actions of Mr. Jones. Answer: Mr. Jones was 
            justified in citing Mr. Smith for a zoning violation since the 
            proposed open area would have been inadequate.2  The 
            action of the Board of Adjustment.Answer: The Board 
            of Adjustment was also justified in upholding the zoning 
            regulations. If the board had not acted in this manner, the crowding 
            on this property could well have started deterioration in 
            surrounding properties.3  The 
            action of Mr. Smith. Answer: Mr. Smith had no legitimate complaint 
            when the Board ruled against him. If he had first sought to obtain a 
            building permit, as required by law, he would have been told that 
            his proposed alterations would not meet zoning regulations and hence 
            would not have suffered a monetary loss.D  Case 
            4
            Mr. Edwards 
            requests a building permit to change a three-story single-family 
            house into a two-family unit. Since two-family units are permitted 
            in this district and he has sufficient open area, the permit is 
            granted.Six months later, 
            the housing inspector, while making a systematic code enforcement 
            inspection, finds that the converted house now has an apartment on 
            each of the three floors. The bath on the second floor is shared by 
            families on the second and third floors. This is a violation of the 
            housing code.Knowing that all 
            the other houses on this street are only one- or two-family units, 
            he also suspects a zoning violation. After returning to the office, 
            he contacts the zoning department and learns that Mr. Edwards is in 
            violation of the zoning ordinance as well as of the housing 
            code.Question:  
            Which ordinance must be enforced first and why?Answer:  The 
            zoning ordinance must be enforced first, since a zoning ordinance is 
            a "primary" ordinance and determines the land use of a particular 
            property. A housing code ordinance is a "secondary" ordinance and 
            sets standards of residential usage on the property.E Case 
            5
            During a routine 
            inspection, the housing inspector finds a house with three families, 
            one of which is living in a cellar apartment.Question: What 
            actions should he take? Answer:  The inspector should 
            immediately cite the owner for a violation of the ordinance and then 
            follow through to see that the situation is corrected. If the family 
            living in the cellar requires housing assistance as a result of 
            corrective measures taken, the housing inspector should inform them 
            of public agencies available for assistance.F  Case 
            6
            During a routine 
            inspection of a district zoned for up to three-family use, the 
            housing inspector encounters a house that the owner says contains 
            two dwelling units in addition to his own, and also one rooming 
            unit. The inspector finds a cookstove in the "rooming unit."Question:  
            What actions should he take?Answer:  
            Although a rooming unit would be permitted in this district, the 
            addition of a cookstove changes the rooming unit into a dwelling 
            unit.The inspector 
            should refer this case to the zoning department for immediate action 
            and then follow up for housing violations at a later date.G  Case 
            7
            The housing 
            inspector is investigating a complaint of alleged housing 
            violations. The owner refuses to admit the inspector inside the 
            building and becomes belligerent .Question:  
            What should the inspector do next?Answer:  The 
            inspector should remain courteous and not lose his temper. If the 
            inspector is not able to obtain permission to inspect without 
            further arousing the owner, he should leave.Since recent 
            decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court have dictated the inclusion of 
            requirements to obtain a search warrant in cases where entry to the 
            inspector is denied, the inspector should obtain a warrant. He will 
            then return at a later time with someone to serve the 
            warrant.H  Case 
            8
            During an 
            inspection in July, the housing inspector finds a house that has 
            been converted into two apartments. While checking the basement, he 
            sees that the furnace appears in an unsafe condition. Further 
            checking reveals that there is no provision for heat in the second 
            apartment.Question:  
            What action should the inspector take since it is July and heat is 
            not now needed. Besides, how does he know that the owner will not 
            install heat before winter?Answer:  The 
            inspector should cite the owner for a violation of the housing code 
            anyway. In his notice of violations, because it is July, he can give 
            the owner sufficient time to comply. He would also send a copy of 
            the letter to the heating inspector for follow up.I  Case 
            9
            During an 
            inspection, the housing inspector is greeted at the door by a 
            10-year-old boy who is alone. The boy says it is all right to make 
            the inspection.Question:  
            Should he? Why?Answer:  No. 
            Permission to enter must be obtained from a responsible adult. 
            Suppose that instead of the 10-year-old boy, he had found a 
            16-year-old girl. Question:  How would this change things? Why? 
            Answer:  It would not change things, since the 16-yearold girl 
            is not considered a responsible adult. For the protection of the 
            inspector, some housing departments would not permit him to enter 
            alone when the house is occupied by only a female, especially one 
            under age.J Case 
            10
            During his 
            inspections the housing inspector finds a house that has no bathroom 
            but does have an outside pit privy.Question:  
            What action should be taken?Answer:  The 
            inspector should issue a violation for lack of indoor toilet 
            facilities and follow through the regular steps established by his 
            housing department. A copy of the violation should also be sent to 
            the health department for any actions that they may wish to take for 
            elimination of the privy.K Case 
            11
            A number of 
            violations are found in a residence, but the family is occupying the 
            unit under a land purchase contract agreement with the landlord. The 
            owner holds title until enough rent is paid to equal the sale price. 
            The repairs needed are more than the family can afford and are such 
            that the building should be declared unfit for occupancy. The family 
            now has $2,000 worth of equity in the property.Questions:  
            What actions should the inspector take? Who is responsible for 
            repairs? Who will lose money?Answer:  The 
            inspector would cite the owner of record for a housing violation, 
            since the owner of record is responsible for repairs. If the owner 
            will not bring the building into compliance with the code, the 
            building should be posted as unfit for habitation and the family 
            removed.The family buying 
            will probably lose in this situation. Before contracting to buy, 
            they should have obtained a certificate of inspection from the 
            housing department showing any violations existing at the time of 
            purchase.L  Case 
            12
            The property at 112 
            East Street is owned by an out-of-state individual. The housing 
            inspector found the property unfit for habitation and has had the 
            family renting the property removed. The house is now vacant and the 
            out-of-town owners will not make the repairs since the cost of the 
            necessary repairs would be too great in relation to the value of the 
            property. The property is in an area that will probably be included 
            in a future urban renewal project within the next few years.Complaints have 
            been made to the housing department by the neighbors that the house 
            has its windows broken out and its doors broken open. Children play 
            inside during the day and have almost set the building on fire 
            several times. Moreover, vagrants occasionally sleep inside at 
            night.Question:  
            What action would you take if you were the housing inspector?Answer: After 
            following standard department procedures, the housing inspector 
            should recommend that the house be demolished and this cost assessed 
            as a lien against the property. If allowed to remain, the house will 
            be a detriment to surrounding properties and also to the 
            neighborhood.M  Case 
            13
            During a routine 
            inspection, you find a house with very poor premises sanitation and 
            evidence of roaches, flies, and rats. The property meets minimum 
            housing standards otherwise.Question:  
            What action can you take?Answer:  The 
            action depends on local regulations and procedures. In many 
            communities the housing program is organizationally located within 
            the health department. In that case, the housing inspector would 
            probably follow through in requiring elimination of the infestation. 
            If the housing inspection program were located within a department 
            other than the health department, the housing inspector may refer 
            the case to the health department for action.  
            N  Case 14While making a 
            systematic code inspection, the housing inspector encounters a lady 
            who questions the inspector regarding his findings on the house next 
            door, which she is sure is much worse than hers.Question: How 
            should the inspector deal with the lady?Answer:  The 
            inspector must be very courteous and tactful in his conversation and 
            inform her that he is not permitted to discuss his survey findings 
            for other properties.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      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