1

Studies Cited in Technical Analyses Supporting the Appropriate and Necessary Finding

December, 2011

(point of contact: Amy Lamson, U.S. EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, e-mail: 

lamson.amy@epa.gov)

EPA has placed in the docket a CD disk drive containing .pdf copies of the important studies and reports 

that EPA cited in the technical support documents (TSDs) supporting the Appropriate and Necessary 

(A&N) finding for the Mercury and Air Toxics Standard which are all available in the docket. Full 

citations are appended to this cover note. 

This disk drive contains important studies and reports cited in:

 “Methods to Develop Inhalation Cancer Risk Estimates for Chromium and Nickel Compounds” 

 “Technical Support Document: Potential for Excess Local Deposition of Mercury in Areas near 

U.S. EGUs”

 “Technical Support Document: National-Scale Assessment of Mercury Risk to Populations with 

High Consumption of Self-caught Freshwater Fish In Support of the Appropriate and Necessary 

Finding for Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Generating Units”

 “Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document: EGU Mercury Analysis”

 “Memorandum: Ecosystem Effects for the Proposed Rule” (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0234-

2989)

 “Non-Hg Case Study Chronic Inhalation Risk Assessment for the Utility MACT “Appropriate and 

Necessary” Analysis” (Docket ID: EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0234-2939)

 “Supplement to the Non-Hg Case Study Chronic Inhalation Risk Assessment In Support of the 

Appropriate and Necessary Finding for Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Generating Units”

 “Memorandum: Emissions Overview: Hazardous Air Pollutants in Support of the Final Mercury 

and Air Toxics Standard”

 “Technical Support Document (TSD) For the Proposed Toxics Rule: Emissions Inventories”

 A&N portion Response to Comments (RTC) document

Many of the cited studies are under copyright. Copyrighted material is not available in Regulations.gov 

since it may not be reproduced without consent of the copyright holder. These studies can be viewed in 

the public reading room at the U.S. EPA Docket Center. In addition, we did not include .pdf copies of 

any cited books, software, or data files on this disk drive. 
2

Methods to Develop Inhalation Cancer Risk Estimates for Chromium and Nickel Compounds

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 2008. Toxicological Fact Sheet for chromium. 

Available online at www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts7.pdf

California Department of Health Services (CDHS), 1991. Health Risk Assessment for Nickel. Initial 

Statement for Rulemaking, Proposed Identification of Nickel as a Toxic Air Contaminant – Technical 

Support Document, part B. Available online at 

http://www.arb.ca.gov/toxics/id/summary/nickel_tech_b.pdf.

Dayan AD and Paine AJ. Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of 

the literature from 1985 to 2000. Hum and Experiment Toxicol 2001, 20:439-451. 

Energy & Environmental Research Center (EERC), University of North Dakota, Final Report: Nickel 

Speciation Analyses of Residual Oil Fly Ashes Using X-Ray Techniques, 2010. Electronic file available at: 

http://oaspub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile/?p_download_id=503933..

European Commission, Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER), 2006. Opinion 

on: Reports on Nickel, Human Health part. SCHER, 11th plenary meeting of 04 May 2006 

[http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scher/docs/scher_o_034.pdf].CHER 2006

Galbreath KC, Zygarlicke CJ. 2004. Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-, chromium-, and 

nickel-bearing coal combustion PM2.5, Fuel Process Technol 85:701-726.

Gibb HJ, PS Lees, et al. (2000). Lung Cancer Among Workers in Chromium Chemical Production. 

American J Ind Med 38(2): 115-26.

Goodman JE, Prueitt RL, Thakali S, and Oller AR. The nickel iron bioavailability model of the carcinogenic 

potential of nickel-containing substances in the lung. Crit Rev Toxicol 2011, 41:142-174.

Grimsrud TK and Andersen A. Evidence of carcinogenicity in humans of water-soluble nickel salts. J 

Occup Med Toxicol 2010, 5:1-7. Available online at http://www.ossup-med.com/content/5/1/7.

Heller JG, Thornhill PG, Conard BR: New views on the hypothesis of respiratory cancer risk from soluble 

nickel exposure; and reconsideration of this risk's historical sources in nickel refineries. J Occup Med 

Toxicol, 2009, 4:23.

Huggins FE, Najih M, Huffman GP. 1999. Direct speciation of chromium in coal combustion by-products 

by X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, Fuel Process Technol 78:233-242.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working Group: Special Report. Policy; A review of 

human carcinogens; Part C: metals, arsenic, dusts, and fibres. Lancet Oncol, 2009, 10:453-454.

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 1990. IARC monographs on the evaluation of 

carcinogenic risks to humans. Chromium, nickel and welding. Vol. 49. Lyons, France: International 

Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization 49-256.
3

International Labour Organization/United Nations Environment Programme, World Health Organization 

(WHO), 1991. Nickel. In Environmental Health Criteria No 108 Geneva.

National Toxicology Program (NTP), 2011. Report on carcinogens. 12th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: US 

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Public Health Service. Available online at 

http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/roc12.pdf.

Oller A. Respiratory carcinogenicity assessment of soluble nickel compounds. Environ Health Perspect, 

2002, 110:841-844.

Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), 2011. Development Support Document for nickel 

and inorganic nickel compounds. Available online at 

http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/assets/public/implementation/tox/dsd/final/june11/nickel_&_compounds.

pdf

US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 1994. Seventh annual report on carcinogens: 

Summary 1994. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), 

262-269.

US EPA, 1984. Health assessment document for chromium. Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental 

Assessment and Criteria Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA600883014F.

US EPA, 1986. Health Assessment Document for Nickel. EPA/600/8-83/012F. National Center for 

Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, DC.

US EPA, 1998. Integrated Risk Information Service (IRIS) assessment for hexavalent chromium. 

Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/subst/0144.htm.

US EPA, 1998. Study of Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions from Electric Utility Steam Generating Units –

Final Report to Congress. U.S. EPA #453/R-98-004. Available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/caaa/t3rc.html.

US EPA, 2001. National-Scale Air Toxics Assessment for 1996 - Appendix-G: Health Effects Information 

Used in Cancer and Noncancer Risk Characterization for the NATA 1996 National-Scale Assessment, EPA453/R-01-003. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/sab/appendix-g.pdf.
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Technical Support Document: Potential for Excess Local Deposition of Mercury in Areas near U.S. EGUs

Caffrey, J.M., Landing, W.M., Nolek, S.D., Gosnell, K.J., Bagui, S.S., Bagui, S.C., 2010. “Atmospheric 

deposition of mercury and major ions to the Pensacola (Florida) watershed: spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability.” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, 5425-5434.

Keeler, G.J., Landis, M.S., Norris, G.A., Christianson, E.M., Dvonch, J.T., 2006. “Sources of mercury wet 

deposition in Eastern Ohio, USA.” Environmental Science & Technology 40, 5874-5881. 

White, E.M., Keeler, G.J., Landis, M.S., 2009. “Spatial Variability of Mercury Wet Deposition in Eastern 

Ohio: Summertime Meteorological Case Study Analysis of Local Source Influences.” Environmental 

Science & Technology 43, 4946-4953.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2011a. Air Quality Modeling Technical Support 

Document: EGU Mercury Analysis. EPA-454/R-11-008.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2011b. National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air 

Pollutants from Coal- and Oil-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance 

for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial-CommercialInstitutional Steam Generating Units. Federal Register.
5

Technical Support Document: National-Scale Assessment of Mercury Risk to Populations with High 

Consumption of Self-caught Freshwater Fish In Support of the Appropriate and Necessary Finding for 

Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Generating Units

Appel, K. W., A. B. Gilliland, et al. (2007). "Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) 

model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance Part I - Ozone." Atmospheric Environment 

41(40): 9603-9615.

Appel, K. W., P. V. Bhave, et al. (2008). "Evaluation of the community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) 

model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance; Part II - particulate matter." Atmospheric 

Environment 42(24): 6057-6066.

Axelrad, D. A.; Bellinger, D. C.; Ryan, L. M.; Woodruff, T. J. (2007). Dose-response relationship of prenatal 

mercury exposure and IQ: an integrative analysis of epidemiologic data. Environmental Health 

Perspectives. 2007, 115, 609–615.

Bloom, N.S. (1992). On the chemical form of mercury in edible fish and marine invertebrate tissue. Can. 

J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:1010-1017.

Bullock, O. R. and K. A. Brehme (2002). "Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: 

formulation description and analysis of wet deposition results." Atmospheric Environment 36(13): 2135-

2146.

Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., 

Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., (2008). The North American 

Mercury Model Intercomparison Study (NAMMIS): Study description and model-to-model comparisons. 

Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 113.

Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., 

Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., (2009). An analysis of 

simulated wet deposition of mercury from the North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study. 

Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 114.

Burger, J. (2002). Daily consumption of wild fish and game: Exposures of high end recreationalists, 

International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 12:4, p. 343-354, July, 2010.

Burger, J., Stephens, W. L., Boring, C. S., Kuklinski, M., Gibbons, J. W., Gochfeld M. (1999) Factors in 

Exposure Assessment: Ethnic and Socioeconomic Differences in Fishing and Soncumption of Fish Caught 

along the Savannah River. Risk Analysis, Vol. 19, No. 3, p. 427.

Byun, D., Schere, K.L., 2006. Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other 

components of the models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Applied 

Mechanics Reviews 59, 51-77.

Dellinger, J. A., (2004) Exposure assessment and initial intervention regarding fish consumption of tribal 

members in the Upper Great Lakes Region in the United States. Dellinger , Environmental Research 95, 

p. 325-340
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Dispasquale, M.M., J. Agee, C. McGowan, R.S. Oremland, M. Thomas, D. Krabbenhoft, and C.C. Gilmour. 

(2000) Methyl-Mercury Degradation Pathways: A Comparison Among Three Mercury-Impacted 

Ecosystems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34, 4908-4916.

Farias L.A., Favaro, D.I., Santos J.O., Vasconcellos M.B., et al., (2010). Cooking Process Evaluation on 

Mercury Content in Fish,‖ Acta Amazonia, 40 (4), 741–748.

Grandjean, P., P. Weihe, R. White, F. Debes, S. Arak, K. Yokoyama, K. Murata, N. Sorensen, R. Dahl, and 

P. Jorgensen. (1997). Cognitive deficit in 7-year-old children with prenatal exposure to methylmercury. 

Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 20:1-12.

Harris., R. C., John W. M. Rudd, Marc Amyot, Christopher L. Babiarz, Ken G. Beaty, Paul J. Blanchfield, R. 

A. Bodaly, Brian A. Branfireun, Cynthia C. Gilmour, Jennifer A. Graydon, Andrew Heyes, Holger 

Hintelmann, James P. Hurley, Carol A. Kelly, David P. Krabbenhoft, Steve E. Lindberg, Robert P. Mason, 

Michael J. Paterson, Cheryl L. Podemski, Art Robinson, Ken A. Sandilands, George R. Southworth, Vincent 

L. St. Louis, and Michael T. TateRudd, J. W. M., Amyot M., et al., (2007). Whole-Ecosystem study Shows 

Rapid Fish-Mercury Response to Changes in Mercury Deposition. Proceedings of the National Academy 

of Sciences Early Edition, PNAS 2007 104 (42) pp. 16586-16591; (published ahead of print September 27, 

2007).

Knights, D. C, Sunderland, E. M., Barber, M. C., Johnston J. M., and Ambrose, R. B., (2009). Application of 

Ecosystem-Scale Fate and Bioaccumulation Models to Predict Fish Mercury Response Times to Changes 

in Atmospheric Deposition. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol 28, No. 4., pp. 881-893.

Lin, C.J., Pongprueks, P., Rusell Bulock, O., Lindberg, S.E., Pehkonen, S.O., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Ho, 

T.C., (2007). Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS 

domain. Atmospheric Environment 41, 6544-6560.

Morgan, J.N., M.R. Berry, and R.L. Graves. (1997). “Effects of Commonly Used Cooking Practices on Total 

Mercury Concentration in Fish and Their Impact on Exposure Assessments.” Journal of Exposure Analysis 

and Environmental Epidemiology 7(1):119-133.

Moya. J., Itkiin, C., Selevan, S.G., Rogers, J.W., Clickner, R. P., (2008). Estimates of fish consumption rates 

for consumers of bought and self-caught fish in Connecticut, Florida, Minnesota, and North Dacota. 

Science of the Total Environment (2008), doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.05.023.

Musaiger, A. O., R. D’Souza, (2008). The effects of different methods of cooking on proximate, mineral 

and heavy metal composition of fish and shrimps consumed in the Arabian Gulf. Archivos 

LatinoAmericanos De Nutricion, Organo Oficial de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutricion., Vol 58, No 

1, 2008. 

NMFS, (2003a). National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Statistics Division, National Oceanic and 

Atmospheric Administration. Statistical Highlights: Fisheries of the United States.

Oken e., Radesky, J.S., Wright, R. O., Bellinger D. C., Amarasiriwardena C. UJ., Kleinman, K. P., Hu, H., 

Gillman, M.W., (2008). Maternal Fish Intake during Pregnancy, Blood Mercury Levels, and Child 

Cognition at Age 3 Years in a US Cohort. American Journal of Epmidemiology, Vol. 167, No. 10, p. 1171.
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Pacyna, E.G., Pacyna, J.M., Sundseth, K., Munthe, J., Kindbom, K., Wilson, S., Steenhuisen, F., Maxson, P., 

2009. Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and 

projections to 2020. Atmospheric Environment 44, 2487-2499.

Pirrone N. and Keating T, editors. “Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution (2010), Part B: Mercury. 

Prepared by the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution acting within the framework of 

the Convention on Long –range Transboundary Air Pollution.” United Nations New York and Geneva, 

2010. 

Pirrone N, Cinnirella S, Feng X, Finkelman RB, Friedli HR, Leaner J, et al., (2010). Global mercury 

emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources. Atmospheric Chemistry and 

Physics Discussions, 10(2), 4719-4752.

Pongprueksa, P., Lin, C.J., Lindberg, S.E., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Bullock, O.R., Ho, T.C., Chu, H.W., 

(2008). Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models III: Boundary and initial conditions, 

model grid resolution, and Hg(II) reduction mechanism. Atmospheric Environment 42, 1828-1845.

Rice GE, Hammitt JK, Evans JS. (2010). A probabilistic characterization of the health benefits of reducing 

methyl mercury intake in the United States. Environmental Science Technology. 2010 Jul 1;44(13):5216-

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Ryaboshapko, A., Bullock, O.R., Christensen, J., Cohen, M., Dastoor, A., Ilyin, I., Petersen, G., Syrakov, D., 

Artz, R.S., Davignon, D., Draxler, R.R., Munthe, J., (2007a). Intercomparison study of atmospheric 

mercury models: 1. Comparison of models with short-term measurements. Science of the Total 

Environment 376, 228-240.

Ryaboshapko, A., Bullock, O.R., Christensen, J., Cohen, M., Dastoor, A., Ilyin, I., Petersen, G., Syrakov, D., 

Travnikov, O., Artz, R.S., Davignon, D., Draxler, R.R., Munthe, J., Pacyna, J., (2007b). Intercomparison 

study of atmospheric mercury models: 2. Modelling results vs. long-term observations and comparison 

of country deposition budgets. Science of the Total Environment 377, 319-333.

Seigneur, C., K . Vigjayaraghavan, K. Lohman, P. Karamchandani, C. Scott. (2004).“Global Source 

Attribution for Mercury Deposition in the United States.” Environ. Sci. Technol. 38, 555-569.

Selin, N.E., Jacob, D.J., Park, R.J., Yantosca, R.M., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., Jaffe, D., (2007). Chemical cycling 

and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations. Journal of Geophysical 

Research-Atmospheres 112.

Shilling, Fraser, Aubrey White, Lucas Lippert, Mark Lubell (2010). Contaminated fish consumption in 

California’s Central Valley Delta. Environmental Research 110, p. 334-344.

Slemr, F., Brunke, E.G., Ebinghaus, R., Kuss, J., (2011). Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 

1995. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 4779-4787.

Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., (2009). Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050. Environmental 

Science & Technology 43, 2983-2988.

Swartout, J., and G. Rice. (2000). “Uncertainty Analysis of the Estimated Ingestion Rates Used to Derive 

the Methylmercury Reference Dose.” Drug and Chemical Toxicology 23(1):293-306. 11-41
8

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (1997). Mercury Study Report to Congress. Office of Air 

Quality Planning and Standards and Office of Research and Development. EPA-452/R-97-003, December 

1997.

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2000). Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant 

Data for Use in Fish Advisories, Volume 1: Fish Sampling and Analysis and Volume 3: Overview of Risk 

Management. Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Washington, DC. EPA 823-B-00-007.

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2001a). Water Quality Criterion for the Protection of 

Human Health: Methylmercury - Final. U.S. EPA, Office of Science and Technology, Office of Water, EPA823-R-01-001 January 2001.

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2001b). Mercury Maps - A Quantitative Spatial Link 

Between Air Deposition and Fish Tissue Peer Reviewed Final Report. U.S. EPA, Office of Water, EPA-823-

R-01-009, September, 2001.

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2005), Neurobehavioral Assessments Conducted in the 

New Zealand, Faroe Islands, and Seychelles Islands Studies of Methylmercury Neurotoxicity in Children. 

David C. Bellinger, Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, March 2005. Report to the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency EPA-HQ-OAR-2002-0056-6045[1]

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2007a) Review of the National Ambient Air Quality 

Standards for Lead: Policy Assessment of Scientific and Technical Information OAQPS Staff Paper. Office 

of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-452/R-07-013 November 2007.

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2007b) Lead: Human Exposure and Health Risk 

Assessments for Selected Case Studies, Volume I. Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessments—FullScale and Volume II. Appendices. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, 

NC. EPA–452/R–07–014a and EPA–452/R– 07–014b.

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2011) Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Mercury 

and Air Toxics Standards. Chapter 4: Mercury and other HAP Benefits Analysis. Office of Air Quality 

Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. December. Available on the Internet at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ria.html

U.S. EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (2011). Air Quality Modeling Technical Support 

Document: EGU Mercury Analysis. EPA-454/R-11-008.

UNEP’s Division of Technology, Industry and Economics. (2010). Study on mercury sources and emissions 

and analysis of cost and effectiveness of control measures “UNEP Paragraph 29 study”.

USGS, U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation 

Service, (2009), Federal guidelines, requirements, and procedures for the national Watershed Boundary 

Dataset: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 11–A3, 55 p.

Wijngaarden, Edwin van, Christopher Beck, Conrad F. Shamlaye, Elsa Cernichiari, Philip W. Davidson, 

Gary J. Myers, Thomas W. Clarkson. (2006). Benchmark concentrations for methyl mercury obtained 

from the 9-year follow-up of the Seychelles Child Development Study. NeuroToxicology 27 :702–709.
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Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document: EGU Mercury Analysis 

Appel, K.W., Bhave, P.V., Gilliland, A.B., Sarwar, G., Roselle, S.J., 2008. Evaluation of the community 

multiscale air quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance; Part II -

particulate matter. Atmospheric Environment 42, 6057-6066.

Appel, K.W., Gilliland, A.B., Sarwar, G., Gilliam, R.C., 2007. Evaluation of the Community Multiscale Air 

Quality (CMAQ) model version 4.5: Sensitivities impacting model performance Part I - Ozone. 

Atmospheric Environment 41, 9603-9615.

Baker, K., Dolwick, P., 2009a. Meteorological Modeling Performance Evaluation for the Annual 2005 

Continental U.S. 36-km Domain Simulation. US Environmental Protection Agency OAQPS.

Baker, K., Dolwick, P., 2009b. Meteorological Modeling Performance Evaluation for the Annual 2005 

Eastern U.S. 12-km Domain Simulation. US Environmental Protection Agency OAQPS, RTP.

Baker, K., Dolwick, P., 2009c. Meteorological Modeling Performance Evaluation for the Annual 2005 

Western U.S. 12-km Domain Simulation, in: EPA, U. (Ed.). US Environmental Protection Agency OAQPS.

Boylan, J.W., Russell, A.G., 2006. PM and light extinction model performance metrics, goals, and criteria 

for three-dimensional air quality models. Atmospheric Environment 40, 4946-4959.

Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., 

Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., 2008. The North American 

Mercury Model Intercomparison Study (NAMMIS): Study description and model-to-model comparisons. 

Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 113.

Bullock, O.R., Atkinson, D., Braverman, T., Civerolo, K., Dastoor, A., Davignon, D., Ku, J.Y., Lohman, K., 

Myers, T.C., Park, R.J., Seigneur, C., Selin, N.E., Sistla, G., Vijayaraghavan, K., 2009. An analysis of 

simulated wet deposition of mercury from the North American Mercury Model Intercomparison Study. 

Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 114.

Bullock, O.R., Brehme, K.A., 2002. Atmospheric mercury simulation using the CMAQ model: formulation 

description and analysis of wet deposition results. Atmospheric Environment 36, 2135-2146.

Byun, D., Schere, K.L., 2006. Review of the governing equations, computational algorithms, and other 

components of the models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. Applied 

Mechanics Reviews 59, 51-77.

Carlton, A.G., Bhave, P.V., Napelenok, S.L., Edney, E.D., Sarwar, G., Pinder, R.W., Pouliot, G.A., Houyoux, 

M., 2010. Model Representation of Secondary Organic Aerosol in CMAQv4.7. Environmental Science & 

Technology 44, 8553-8560.

Carlton, A.G., Turpin, B.J., Altieri, K.E., Seitzinger, S.P., Mathur, R., Roselle, S.J., Weber, R.J., 2008. CMAQ 

Model Performance Enhanced When In-Cloud Secondary Organic Aerosol is Included: Comparisons of 

Organic Carbon Predictions with Measurements. Environmental Science & Technology 42, 8798-8802.
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Doraiswamy, P., Hogrefe, C., Hao, W., Civerolo, K., Ku, J., Sistla, G., 2010. A Retrospective Comparison of 

Model-Based Forecasted PM2.5 Concentrations with Measurements. Journal of Air & Waste 

Management Association 60, 1293-1308.

Gery, M.W., Whitten, G.Z., Killus, J.P., Dodge, M.C., 1989. A Photochemical Kinetics Mechanism for 

Urban and Regional Scale Computer Modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 94, 

12925-12956.

Houyoux, M.R., Vukovich, J.M., Coats, C.J., Wheeler, N.J.M., Kasibhatla, P.S., 2000. Emission inventory 

development and processing for the Seasonal Model for Regional Air Quality (SMRAQ) project. Journal 

of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 105, 9079-9090.

Lin, C.J., Pongprueks, P., Rusell Bulock, O., Lindberg, S.E., Pehkonen, S.O., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Ho, 

T.C., 2007. Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models II: Sensitivity analysis in the CONUS 

domain. Atmospheric Environment 41, 6544-6560.

Nenes, A., Pandis, S.N., Pilinis, C., 1998. ISORROPIA: A new thermodynamic equilibrium model for 

multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols. Aquatic Geochemistry 4, 123-152.

Pongprueksa, P., Lin, C.J., Lindberg, S.E., Jang, C., Braverman, T., Bullock, O.R., Ho, T.C., Chu, H.W., 2008. 

Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models III: Boundary and initial conditions, model grid 

resolution, and Hg(II) reduction mechanism. Atmospheric Environment 42, 1828-1845.

Seigneur, C., Lohman, K., Vijayaraghavan, K., Jansen, J., Levin, L., 2006. Modeling atmospheric mercury 

deposition in the vicinity of power plants. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 56, 743-

751.

Selin, N.E., Jacob, D.J., Park, R.J., Yantosca, R.M., Strode, S., Jaegle, L., Jaffe, D., 2007. Chemical cycling 

and deposition of atmospheric mercury: Global constraints from observations. Journal of Geophysical 

Research-Atmospheres 112.

Slemr, F., Brunke, E.G., Ebinghaus, R., Kuss, J., 2011. Worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury since 

1995. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, 4779-4787.

Streets, D.G., Zhang, Q., Wu, Y., 2009. Projections of Global Mercury Emissions in 2050. Environmental 

Science & Technology 43, 2983-2988.

Tesche, T.W., Morris, R., Tonnesen, G., McNally, D., Boylan, J., Brewer, P., 2006. CMAQ/CAMx annual 

2002 performance evaluation over the eastern US. Atmospheric Environment 40, 4906-4919.

USEPA, 2007. Guidance on the Use of Models and Other Analyses for Demonstrating Attainment of Air 

Quality Goals for Ozone, PM2.5, and Regional Haze, RTP.

Vijayaraghavan, K., Karamchandani, P., Seigneur, C., Balmori, R., Chen, S.-Y., 2008. Plume-in-grid 

modeling of atmospheric mercury. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 113.
12

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13

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16

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17

Memorandum: Emissions Overview: Hazardous Air Pollutants in Support of the Final Mercury and Air 

Toxics Standard

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18

Technical Support Document (TSD) For the Proposed Toxics Rule: Emissions Inventories

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19

Additional Studies cited in A&N portion Response to Comments (RTC) document not cited above

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Seigneur C., Vijayaraghavan K., Lohman K., Karamchandani P., Scott C., 2004. “Global Source 

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555–569. 

White, E.M., Keeler, G.J., Landis, M.S., 2009. “Spatial Variability of Mercury Wet Deposition in Eastern 

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