# Patent

## Title
Methods of forming capacitors of semiconductor devices including silicon-germanium and metallic electrodes

## Abstract

A capacitor of a semiconductor device includes a cylinder type capacitor lower electrode, a dielectric layer, and an upper electrode. The upper electrode includes a metallic layer on the dielectric layer and a doped polySi1-xGex layer stacked on the metallic layer. Methods of forming these capacitors also are provided.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of Korean Patent Application Nos. 2003-0023331 and 2003-0023351, filed Apr. 14, 2003, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties as if set forth fully herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to semiconductor devices and methods of fabricating the same, and more particularly, to capacitors which can be used in semiconductor devices, and methods of fabricating the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Capacitors are widely used in many integrated circuit semiconductor devices. For example, capacitors are used to store data in Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) devices. As is well known to those having skill in the art, an integrated circuit capacitor includes a first, lower or bottom electrode, a second, top or upper electrode, and a dielectric layer therebetween.
As semiconductor devices become more highly integrated, the cell size of a DRAM may decrease along with the effective area of a lower electrode of a cell capacitor. However, a predetermined amount of cell capacitance may be desirable. In order to obtain desired cell capacitance in a narrow area, a high dielectric layer formed of a material, such as Al2O3 and Al2O3/HfO2, having a dielectric constant several to several hundred times greater than a dielectric constant of an oxide/nitride/oxide (ONO) layer, may be used as a capacitor dielectric layer.
It is known to use doped polysilicon as the upper and/or lower electrodes. However, a doped polysilicon electrode used as upper and/or lower electrodes of a capacitor may react with a high dielectric layer and may deteriorate the electrical performance of the capacitor. In order to potentially solve this problem, a low dielectric layer, such as an SiON layer, may be provided between the doped polysilicon electrode and the high dielectric layer. However, the low dielectric layer may cause an increase in the overall thickness of the dielectric layer.
It is also known to use a metallic layer having a lower reactivity level than a polysilicon layer for an upper electrode of a capacitor using a high dielectric layer or for both the upper and lower electrodes of the capacitor. The metallic layer may include a layer formed of conductive oxide or conductive nitride of a metallic material as well as a layer formed of the metallic material. Thus, in addition to a semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) capacitor using a doped polysilicon electrode as upper and/or lower electrodes, it is known to provide a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitor and a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor.
However, problems may occur when wet etching or dry etching an upper electrode formed of a metallic layer. Moreover, due to low resistivity, the upper electrode may not be suitable as a resistor layer for signal delay. As such, it is known to provide a double layer, formed by stacking a doped polysilicon layer on a metallic layer, for the upper electrode. Here, amorphous silicon is deposited on the metallic layer using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP CVD) and activation thermal treatment is performed, thereby forming the doped polysilicon layer. Unfortunately, due to the thermal treatment, the leakage current of the upper electrode formed of the double layer may be lower in comparison to the leakage current of the upper electrode formed of only the metallic layer.
FIG. 1 is a graph of voltage versus leakage current showing an increase in leakage current caused by activation thermal treatment performed on a doped polysilicon layer of a conventional MIS capacitor. Graph (a) of FIG. 1 shows the leakage current of an MIS capacitor in which only a TiN layer is used as an upper electrode and which does not use thermal treatment. Graph (b) of FIG. 1 shows the leakage current of an MIS capacitor in which a double layer formed by stacking an n-type doped polysilicon layer on a TiN layer is used as an upper electrode. In graph (b) of FIG. 1, the n-type doped polysilicon layer is deposited on the TiN layer at a temperature of 530° C. using LP CVD, and thermal treatment is performed on the n-type doped polysilicon layer in an N2 atmospheric furnace at a temperature of 600° C. for 30 minutes.
Leakage current is increased, and Tox is thicker in (b) of FIG. 1 in which activation thermal treatment is performed. Thus, it may be desirable to provide a process with a low thermal budget which can replace conventional thermal treatment conditions (such as furnace process conditions of 600° C., 30 minutes or 650° C., 2 minutes) of the n-type doped polysilicon layer.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a capacitor of a semiconductor device comprises a capacitor lower electrode on a semiconductor substrate, a dielectric layer on the lower electrode, and an upper electrode on the dielectric layer. The upper electrode comprises a metallic layer on the dielectric layer and a Sin1-xGex layer stacked on the metallic layer. In some embodiments the Si1-xGex layer comprises a doped poly (i.e., polycrystalline) Si1-xGex layer.
According to other embodiments of the present invention, a capacitor of a semiconductor device is fabricated by forming a capacitor lower electrode on a semiconductor substrate. Next, a dielectric layer is formed on the lower electrode. A metallic layer and a Si1-xGex layer are sequentially stacked on the dielectric layer to form an upper electrode comprising the metallic layer and the Si1-xGex layer.
Accordingly, an upper electrode of the capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention comprises a Si1-xGex layer. According to experimental results, an n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer can be deposited on a metallic layer or a dielectric layer at a low temperature of less than or about 550° C. in an activated state or can be activated at a temperature of less than or about 550° C. Accordingly, compared to a conventional capacitor process that may be performed at a high temperature of more than 600° C., on an n-type doped polysilicon layer, leakage current can be decreased.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a graph of voltage versus leakage current showing an increase in leakage current caused by activation thermal treatment performed on a doped polysilicon layer of a conventional metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitor;
FIGS. 2 through 7 are cross-sectional views illustrating a MIS capacitor and a method of fabricating the same according to first embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor and a method of fabricating the same according to second embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating an MIM capacitor and a method of fabricating the same according to third embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a graph of the flow of GeH4 of in situ n-type doped polySi1-xGex versus resistivity;
FIG. 11 is a graph of a voltage versus leakage current of an MIS capacitor fabricated according to some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a graph of Tox versus leakage current of a conventional MIS capacitor and an MIS capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is a graph showing a variation in resistance when activation thermal treatment is performed on in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 and polySi0.5Ge0.5, which are deposited on a dielectric layer according to some embodiments of the present invention; and
FIG. 14 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo showing in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 and polySi0.5Ge0.5 deposited on a dielectric layer at 425° C. and thermally treated at 530° C. for 30 minutes according to some embodiments of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in the art. In the drawings, the size and relative sizes of layers and regions may be exaggerated for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. It will be understood that when an element such as a layer, region or substrate is referred to as being “on” another element, it can be directly on the other element or intervening elements may also be present. Furthermore, relative terms such as “lower” or “upper” may be used herein to describe a relationship of one layer or region to another layer or region relative to a substrate or base layer as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that these terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. Finally, the term “directly” means that there are no intervening elements. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various embodiments, elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections, these embodiments, elements, components, regions, layers and/or sections should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one embodiment, element, component, region, layer or section from another region, layer or section. Thus, a first embodiment, region, layer or section discussed below could be termed a second embodiment, region, layer or section, and, similarly, a second embodiment, region, layer or section could be termed a first embodiment, region, layer or section without departing from the teachings of the present invention.
First Embodiments
FIGS. 2 through 7 are cross-sectional views illustrating a capacitor and a method of fabricating the same according to first embodiments of the present invention. Capacitors according to first embodiments of the present invention are MIS capacitors comprising a lower electrode formed of a doped polysilicon layer and an upper electrode formed of a TiN layer and an n-type or a p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer.
Referring to FIG. 2, a lower insulating layer 110 is formed on a semiconductor substrate 100. Then, the lower insulating layer 110 is etched, and a plurality of contact plugs 115 are formed on an impurity region 105 of the semiconductor substrate 100. An etch stopper 120 formed of silicon nitride is formed on the contact plugs 115 and the lower insulating layer 110. Then, boron phosphorus silicate glass (BPSG), phosphorus silicate glass (PSG), plasma enhanced (PE)-tetra ethyl ortho silicate (TEOS), and/or high density plasma (HDP)-oxide is deposited on the etch stopper 120 so that a mold oxide layer 130 is formed.
Next, as shown in FIG. 3, the mold oxide layer 130 is etched until the top surface of the etch stopper 120 is exposed so that a mold oxide layer pattern 130a is formed. In this case, the etch stopper 120 protects the lower insulating layer 110 so that the lower insulating layer 110 is not subject to substantial etching. Subsequently, an etching process is performed to remove only the exposed etch stopper 120 so that a hole 135 through which the contact plug 115 and the top surface of the lower insulating layer 110 around the contact plug 115 is exposed, is formed. An etch stopper pattern 120a remains in a lower portion of the mold oxide layer pattern 130a. 
Referring to FIG. 4, a doped polysilicon layer 140 is formed to a thickness in which the hole 135 is not completely filled. The doped polysilicon layer 140 is a layer to be a lower electrode of the capacitor and may be formed using CVD with good step coverage or atomic layer deposition (ALD). For example, polysilicon is deposited on an intermediate structure in which the hole 135 is formed, using LP CVD. Then, in order to decrease resistivity, PH3 doping is performed on the polysilicon so that the polysilicon is n-type doped polysilicon.
Referring to FIG. 5, a capping layer 145, such as an undoped silicate glass (USG) layer having a good gap-filling characteristic, is deposited on the doped polysilicon layer 140, thereby burying the hole 135. Next, the capping layer 145 and the doped polysilicon layer 140 are removed using an etchback or a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) process until the top surface of the mold oxide layer pattern 130a is exposed (in the drawing, an upper portion based on a dotted line is removed) so that separate cylinder type capacitor lower electrodes 140a are formed.
Next, as shown in FIG. 6, the capping layer 145 and the mold oxide layer pattern 130a are removed using a wet etching process to expose the surface of the lower electrode 140a. Then, a dielectric layer 150 is formed on the surface of the lower electrode 140a, remote from the substrate 100. Plasma nitridation or thermal nitridation using a NH3 gas is performed on the surface of the lower electrode 140a before forming the dielectric layer 150. As a result, a silicon nitride layer having a thickness of 10–20 Å may be formed on the surface of the lower electrode 140a. This reduces, or prevents a reaction that may occur between the lower electrode 140a and the dielectric layer 150.
The dielectric layer 150 may be formed of an HfO2 layer, an Al2O3 layer, or an Al2O3/HfO2 composite layer. CVD with step coverage and/or ALD may be used to form the dielectric layer 150. In particular, in the case of ALD, a deposition temperature of the dielectric layer 150 can be maintained to be low at about 300° C. such that ALD may be advantageous for a capacitor process. A step of processing the dielectric layer 150 after depositing the dielectric layer 150 may be further performed so that electrical characteristics of the dielectric layer 150 may be improved. For example, an ozone (O3) treatment, a plasma treatment at a gas atmosphere containing oxygen or nitrogen, and/or a thermal treatment at a gas atmosphere containing oxygen or nitrogen can be performed on an intermediate structure in which the dielectric layer 150 is formed.
Next, as shown in FIG. 7, an upper electrode 160 is formed on the dielectric layer 150, remote from the lower electrode 140a. In this case, a TiN layer 152 and an n-type or a p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer 154 are sequentially stacked on the dielectric layer 150 so that the upper electrode 160 is formed.
First, the TiN layer 152 may be formed using CVD, ALD and/or metal organic CVD (MO CVD). A WN, TaN, Cu, Al and/or W layer, instead of the TiN layer 152 may be formed. Also, the TiN layer 152 may be formed of noble metals, such as Pt, Ir, Ru, Rh, Os and/or Pd, an oxide layer of the noble metals and/or a composite layer of metallic layers, such as TiN/W, TiN/TaN and/or WN/W. Combinations (including subcombinations) of these materials and layers may be used. The deposition temperature of the layers may be less than 500° C.
Next, the n-type or p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer 154 is formed on the TiN layer 152. The doped polySi1-xGex layer 154 may be formed by in situ doping impurities. To this end, furnace type equipment, single wafer type equipment and/or mini-batch equipment in which, for example, 25 wafers are disposed, may be used to perform LP CVD. Two steps of doping impurities after depositing a polySi1-xGex layer, aside from in situ doping, may be performed.
In some embodiments, an Si1-xGex layer is formed at a temperature of less than or about 550° C., or less than or equal to 550° C., for example, at a temperature of about 400–550° C., and in some embodiments, at about 500° C., using a Silane-based gas, such as SiH4, Si2H6 and/or SiH2Cl2, and a gas, such as GeH4 and/or GeF4, as source gases. The Si1-xGex layer may be formed in an amorphous state and may then be polycrystallized during activation thermal treatment. Alternatively, the Si1-xGex layer may be polycrystallized and activated from the start. However, since the Si1-xGex layer is deposited on the TiN layer 152 which is crystalline, the Si1-xGex layer may become crystalline unless the deposition temperature of the Si1-xGex layer is very low. According to experimental results of some embodiments the present invention, the Si1-xGex layer becomes crystalline even at a temperature of about 425° C., for example, at 420° C., so that thermal treatment may not be needed. When the Si1-xGex layer is in an amorphous state, the deposition temperature of the Si1-xGex layer may be lowered to be less than or about 400° C., for example, about 350–400° C., and the thermal treatment temperature of the Si1-xGex layer may be lowered to be less than or about 550° C., for example, about 400–500° C.
An n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer may be formed by depositing the polySi1-xGex layer and by in situ doping P and/or As. A p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer may be formed by doping B. BCl3 and/or B2H6 may be used as a B doping source. Since doping impurities on the Si1-xGex layer is performed to decrease resistivity, a doping concentration may be determined by considering target resistivity. For example, the doping concentration of an n-type impurity, such as P or As, is 3×1020/cm3, and the doping concentration of a p-type impurity, such as B, may be more than or about 1×1020/cm3. If the deposition temperature of the n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer is lower than about 400° C., thermal treatment may be performed, and then, doped impurities may be activated. However, the thermal treatment temperature of the n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer may be less than about 550° C. As such, a capacitor 190 comprising the lower electrode 140a, the dielectric layer 150, and the upper electrode 160 is fabricated at a lower temperature of less than about 550° C., in some embodiments of the present invention.
Here, a composition ratio x of Si and Ge may be adjusted by a gas flow ratio. The composition ratio may not be limited to a particular range in some embodiments. However, in some embodiments, the composition ratio may be designed with an impurity concentration so that the work function becomes a value in which at least a depletion layer is not formed. For example, the composition ratio may be about 0.05≦x≦0.9 when the above-described n-type impurity concentration is used. The composition ratio may be about 0.1≦x≦0.9 when the above-described p-type impurity concentration is used. In both cases, in some embodiments, the composition ratio is about 0.1≦x≦0.6. In particular, in some embodiments, the composition ratio may be adjusted to be about x=0.5 when the p-type impurity concentration is used. The composition ratio may be designed in consideration of resistivity, deposition speed, surface morphology, deposition temperature and/or other parameters.
Since the melting point of the Si1-xGex layer is lower than that of silicon, physical phenomena, such as deposition, crystallization, grain growth, and impurity activation, may occur at a temperature lower than silicon. Doped polySi1-xGex, instead of polysilicon may be applied to an upper electrode using this characteristic so that the temperature of the Si1-xGex layer is lowered to be less than or about 550° C. and the leakage current of an MIS capacitor can be decreased.
Second Embodiments
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view illustrating capacitors and methods of fabricating the same according to second embodiments of the present invention. For elements in FIG. 8 that are the same as those in the first embodiments, the same reference numerals as those of FIGS. 1 through 7 have been used, and repeated descriptions thereof will be omitted. The second embodiments describe how a doped polySi1-xGex upper electrode according to the present invention can be applied to an MIM capacitor.
A capacitor 290 comprises a lower electrode 240a formed of a metallic layer and an upper electrode 160 comprising a TiN layer 152 and an n-type or a p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer 154. As in the first embodiments, a TiN, WN, TaN, Cu and/or W layer is deposited on a mold oxide layer pattern using CVD, ALD, or MO CVD and is planarized so that the lower electrode 240a is formed. Also, the lower electrode 240a may be formed of noble metals, such as Pt, Ir, Ru, Rh, Os and/or Pd, an oxide layer of the noble metals, and/or a metallic multi-layer, such as TiN/W, TiN/TaN and/or WN/W. When these metallic layers are used for the lower electrode 240a, an HfO2/Al2O3 layer, a SrTiO3 layer and/or (Ba, Sr) TiO3 layer as well as an HfO2 layer, an Al2O3 layer and/or an Al2O3/HfO2 composite layer can be used for a dielectric layer 250.
As in the first embodiments, the doped polySi1-xGex layer 154, instead of polysilicon is applied to an upper electrode of the MIM capacitor 290 having the above structure such that the temperature of the Si1-xGex layer can be lowered to be less than or about 500° C.
Third Embodiments
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating capacitors and methods of fabricating the same according to third embodiments of the present invention. For elements in FIG. 9 that are the same as those in the first and second embodiments, the same reference numerals as those of FIGS. 1 through 8 have been used, and repeated descriptions thereof will be omitted.
As shown in FIG. 9, an upper electrode 360 is formed of a single layer, that is, an n-type or a p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer. In some embodiments, x of the doped polySi1-xGex layer ranges such that 0.1≦x≦0.6.
In this case, a metallic layer may be used for a lower electrode 240a of a capacitor 390. As described in the second embodiments, the metallic layer may be formed of WN, TaN, Cu, Al and/or W as well as TiN, noble metals, such as Pt, Ir, Ru, Rh, Os and/or Pd, an oxide layer of the noble metals, and/or a composite layer of TiN/W, TiN/TaN, or WN/W.
More detailed embodiments of the present invention will be described through the following specific experimental examples. Contents that are not described therein can be inferred by those skilled in the art, and thus, descriptions thereof will be omitted. In addition, the following experimental examples are not intended to limit the present invention.
Experimental Example 1
In order to use a polySi1-xGex layer as an upper electrode of a capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention, the polySi1-xGex layer was deposited on a silicon wafer using single wafer type equipment at 500° C. and under a pressure of 275 torr, while simultaneously performing an in situ P doping process. SiH4 and GeH4 were used as source gases, and the polySi1-xGex layer was deposited on the silicon wafer for about 4–5 minutes while varying the flow of GeH4. GeH4 was diluted with hydrogen or nitrogen by 10% and supplied (hereinafter, denoted by 10% GeH4). A P doping concentration was 3×1020/cm3, and thermal treatment was not performed on the n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer which is a resultant structure.
FIG. 10 is a graph of the flow of GeH4 of in situ n-type doped polySi1-xGex versus resistivity. The horizontal axis represents the rate of 10% GeH4:SiH4, and the vertical axis represents resistivity. As shown in FIG. 10, the resistivity of the n-type doped polySi1-xGex is reduced by the flow of GeH4. It can be understood from the resistivity of FIG. 10 that in situ n-type doped polySi1-xGex activated simultaneously during deposition was formed on the above-described deposition conditions of 500° C. and 275 torr.
Accordingly, when the deposition conditions of 500° C. and 275 torr in which SiH4 and GeH4 are used as source gases, are used, activation and subsequent thermal treatment can be omitted in some embodiments of the present invention, unlike in a conventional method of fabricating a capacitor. Since a temperature by which the state of silicon can be changed from an amorphous state to polycrystalline during silicon deposition is lowered according to a reduction in pressure, when mini-batch (about 4 torr) or furnace type LP CVD equipment (less than about 1 torr) having pressure lower than that of single wafer type equipment is used, the deposition of the in situ n-type doped polySi1-xGex can be performed at an even lower temperature.
Experimental Example 2
A cylinder type lower electrode was formed of a polysilicon layer using ALD. Then, PH3 doping was performed so that the polysilicon layer was a doped polysilicon. Plasma nitridation using an NH3 gas was performed on the surface of a doped polysilicon lower electrode at 790° C. at an RF power of 300W for 20 seconds so that a silicon nitride layer having a thickness of 16 Å was formed. A HfO2 layer was formed to a thickness of 45 Å as a dielectric layer on the silicon nitride layer using [Hf(NEtMe)4], called TEMAH, and O3 as a source gas at 300° C. through ALD using Ar bubbling.
Next, a TiN layer was formed on the HfO2 layer at 450° C. using ALD. TiCl4 and NH3 were used as source gases, and a deposition temperature did not exceed 500° C. An in situ n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer was stacked on the TiN layer under the following conditions so that an upper electrode comprising a TiN layer and the in situ n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer was formed.
The polySi1-xGex layer was deposited on the TiN layer using single wafer type equipment at 470° C. and under a pressure of 275 torr so that in situ P doping with a concentration of 3×1020/cm3 was performed. SiH4 and GeH4 were used as source gases, and deposition was performed by two steps of seeding and main deposition.
In the step of seeding, SiH4 was supplied flowing at 50 sccm without GeH4 for 50 seconds. In this case, 1% diluted PH3 (hereinafter, denoted by 1% PH3) as a P doping source was supplied flowing at 6 sccm. The flow of N2 which is a carrier gas, was 9000 sccm. In the step of main deposition, the flow of SiH4 was increased by 80 sccm, and 10% GeH4 was supplied flowing at 240 sccm. The same flow of 1% PH3 and N2 as that in the step of seeding was used. The time taken for the step of main deposition was about 110 seconds. In this case, x was about 0.2. Hydrogen or nitrogen was used to dilute PH3 and GeH4. Thermal treatment was not performed on an n-type polySi1-xGex layer which is a resultant structure.
FIG. 11 is a graph of a voltage versus leakage current of a capacitor fabricated according to some embodiments of the present invention. A leakage current shown in FIG. 11 was much lower than a leakage current shown in (b) of FIG. 1 and was almost similar to that shown in (a) of FIG. 1. Tox was measured at 20.5 Å to be similar to (a) of FIG. 1. Accordingly, the n-type doped polySi1-xGex layer having a property of an upper electrode was obtained without a thermal treatment.
This result can also be obtained by depositing an in situ P doped polySi1-xGex layer at 470° C. and under a pressure of 0.45 torr for 65 minutes using an LP CVD furnace.
Experimental Example 3
A capacitor was fabricated under similar conditions to those of the experimental example 2. A variety of results of Tox were obtained by varying deposition conditions of an HfO2 layer. In order to compare this result with the result according to some embodiments of the present invention, as shown in (b) of FIG. 1, a capacitor using a double layer of a TiN layer and an n-type doped polysilicon layer that was thermally treated at 600° C. for 30 minutes, as an upper electrode was fabricated.
FIG. 12 is a graph of Tox versus leakage current at 1.2V of capacitors fabricated according to the present invention. A dotted line of FIG. 12 is the result of the capacitor according to some embodiments the present invention, and a solid line of FIG. 12 is the result of a conventional capacitor shown in (b) of FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 12, even under the same Tox conditions, the leakage current of the capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention is smaller than that of the conventional capacitor. In addition, on the same leakage current conditions, Tox of the capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention is smaller than that of the conventional capacitor. Accordingly, the leakage current and Tox of the capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention are smaller than those of the conventional capacitor so that a capacitor having desirable properties can be fabricated.
Experimental Example 4
In order to use an in situ p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer as an upper electrode of a capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention, the in situ p-type polySi1-xGex layer was formed. A polySi1-xGex layer was deposited on a dielectric layer through LP CVD using furnace type equipment under a pressure of less than about 1 torr and at a temperature of 425° C., while simultaneously performing in situ B doping, thereby forming the in situ p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer. In this case, SiH4 and GeH4 were used as source gases, and the BCl3 was used as a B doping gas, and a doping concentration was about 1×1021/cm3. x of the polySi1-xGex layer was both 0.2 and 0.5, that is, compositions of both Si0.8Ge0.2 and Si0.5Ge0.5 were obtained. In order to compare this result with the result according to some embodiments of the present invention, a conventional n-type doped polysilicon layer was deposited on a dielectric layer at 530° C. PH3 was used as a doping gas, and the doping concentration was about 3×1020/cm3. Activation thermal treatment was not performed on the deposited in situ p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer and the n-type doped polysilicon layer. Experimental conditions and evaluation data of these layers are summarized in Table 1.











TABLE 1









In situ p-type



n-type doped
In situ p-type doped
doped PolySi0.5Ge0.5



polysilicon layer
PolySi0.8Ge0.2 layer
layer



















Deposition
LP CVD Furnace
LP CVD Furnace type
LP CVD Furnace type


equipment
type Equipment
equipment
equipment


Deposition
530
425
425


temperature (° C.)


Maximum surface
—
1955
237.8


resistance(Ω/square)


Minimum surface
—
981
110.1


resistance(Ω/square)


Surface resistance
—
1547
128.0


(Ω/square)









Even though the conventional n-type doped polysilicon layer was deposited at a temperature 105° C. higher than the in situ p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer according to some embodiments of the present invention, surface resistance was so high that it exceeded a measurement limit. In contrast, an in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 layer and an in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5 layer according to some embodiments of the present invention showed lower surface resistance. In particular, even though the Si0.5Ge0.5 layer having a larger amount of Ge was deposited at a low temperature of 425° C. and was not thermally treated, surface resistance was about 128Ω/square such that the Si0.5Ge0.5 layer was appropriate for an upper electrode of the capacitor.
Experimental Example 5
In order to use a TiN layer as an upper electrode of a capacitor according to some embodiments of the present invention, the TiN layer was deposited on a dielectric layer. Then, a polySi1-xGex layer was deposited on the TiN layer, while simultaneously performing in situ B doping, so that a p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer was formed. The polySi1-xGex layer was deposited using LP CVD using furnace type equipment under a pressure of less than about 1 torr and at a temperature of 425° C. The other conditions were the same as those in the experimental example 4. The only difference is that the in situ p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer was formed on the TiN layer rather than the dielectric layer. In order to compare this result with the result according to some embodiments of the present invention, a conventional n-type doped polysilicon layer was deposited on the TiN layer at 530° C. Activation thermal treatment was not performed on the in situ p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer according to some embodiments of the present invention, and activation thermal treatment was performed on the conventional n-type doped polysilicon layer on several conditions. Experimental conditions and evaluation data of these layers are summarized in Table 2.











TABLE 2








TiN layer/in situ
TIN layer/in situ




p-type doped
p-type doped



TiN layer/n-type doped polysilicon
polySi0.8Ge0.2
polySi0.5Ge0.5



layer
layer
layer



















Deposition
LP CVD
LP CVD
LP CVD


equipment
Furnace type equipment
Furnace type
Furnace type




equipment
equipment


Deposition
530
425
425


Temperature (° C.)


Deposition speed
10
19
27


(Å/min)


Deposition time
180
94
66


(min)













Activation
X
550° C.
580° C.
600° C.
X
X


thermal

30 min
30 min
10 min


treatment


Maximum
100.5
99.6
74.2
32.8
137.9
61.9


surface


resistance


(Ω/square)


Minimum surface
79.8
80.2
71
31.1
112.7
57.0


resistance


(Ω/square)


Surface
89.5
87.3
72.4
31.9
128.0
59.8


resistance


(Ω/square)









As shown in Table 2, the deposition speed of Si0.8Ge0.2 was evaluated at 19 Å/min, and the deposition speed of Si0.5Ge0.5 was evaluated at 27Å/min. Accordingly, in order to obtain a layer having a thickness of about 1800 Å, the deposition time of Si0.8Ge0.2 was about 94 minutes, and the deposition time of Si0.5Ge0.5 was about 66 minutes. Since the deposition speed of conventional doped polysilicon was about 10 Å/min, about 180 minutes would be required to obtain a layer having a similar thickness. Accordingly, according to some embodiments of the present invention, the p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer is used as an upper electrode such that a process time can be reduced.
In addition, it can be known from the surface resistance evaluation result that even though Si0.5Ge0.5 according to some embodiments of the present invention was not activated and thermally treated, a similar result to the result obtained by performing thermal treatment on conventional doped polysilicon at 580° C. for 30 minutes or at 600° C. for 10 minutes can be obtained. Thus, according to some embodiments of the present invention, even when a deposition temperature is 425° C., both deposition and activation can be performed at a time. As a result, the p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer can be performed at a temperature 105° C. lower than conventional doped polysilicon. Accordingly, according to some embodiments of the present invention, the p-type doped polySi1-xGex layer can be deposited at a low temperature within a short period of time such that thermal burden on a capacitor is reduced.
Experimental Example 6
FIG. 13 is a graph showing a variation in resistance when activation thermal treatment is performed on in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 and polySi0.5Ge0.5, which are deposited in the above manner. A horizontal axis of FIG. 13 represents activation thermal treatment, and a vertical axis of FIG. 13 represents surface resistance. {circle around (1)} represents an as-deposited state, and {circle around (2)} represents a case where thermal treatment is performed at 530° C. for 30 minutes. As shown in FIG. 13, the surface resistance in an as-deposited state of an in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 layer having a smaller amount of Ge was about 120Ω/square, and the surface resistance in an as-deposited state of an in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5 layer having a larger amount of Ge was about 60Ω/square. Accordingly, it was evaluated that the larger the amount of Ge, the larger the surface resistance.
The surface resistance of the in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 layer was reduced by 100Ω/square after activation thermal treatment. However, the surface resistance of the in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5 layer was only slightly reduced. Accordingly, even though the in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5 layer was deposited at 425° C., the in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5 layer can have surface resistance similar to the in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5 layer that was activated and thermally treated. It can be evaluated that both deposition and activation were attained at a low temperature.
FIG. 14 is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) photo showing in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 and polySi0.5Ge0.5 that were deposited at 425° C. and thermally treated at 530° C. for 30 minutes. (a) and (b) of FIG. 14 respectively represent the surface and cross-section of the in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2. (c) and (d) of FIG. 14 respectively represent the surface and cross-section of the in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5. As shown in FIG. 14, both the in situ p-type doped polySi0.8Ge0.2 and polySi0.5Ge0.5 have good surface morphology, and in particular, the in situ p-type doped polySi0.5Ge0.5 has a more even and better surface morphology.
According to some embodiments of the present invention, a metallic layer, such as a TiN layer, and a doped polySi1-xGex layer are stacked, thereby forming an upper electrode. In some embodiments, the doped polySi1-xGex layer can be deposited at a low temperature of less than or about 550° C. in an activated state or can be activated at a temperature of less than or about 550° C., such that in comparison to a capacitor process that is performed at a high temperature of more than 600° C., a leakage current can be decreased.
In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed embodiments of the invention and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention being set forth in the following claims.

## Claims

1. A method of fabricating a capacitor of a semiconductor device, the method comprising:
forming a capacitor lower electrode on a semiconductor substrate;
forming a dielectric layer on the lower electrode; and
sequentially stacking a metallic layer and a polySi1-xGex layer on the dielectric layer to form an upper electrode comprising the metallic layer and the polySi1-xGex layer, wherein the polySi1-xGex layer is formed at about 550° C. or less.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the polySi1-xGex layer comprises a doped polySi1-xGex layer.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the doped polySi1-xGex layer is formed by doping a polySi1-xGex layer with P or As.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein the doped polySi1-xGex layer is formed by doping a polySi1-xGex layer with B.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the doped polySi1-xGex layer is formed by depositing a polySi1-xGex layer while simultaneously doping impurities.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein the doped polySi1-xGex layer is deposited and simultaneously activated.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the doped polySi1-xGex is deposited and simultaneously activated between about 350° C. and about 550° C.

8. The method of claim 2, wherein the doped polySi1-xGex layer is deposited and then activation and thermal treatment is performed.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein activation and thermal treatment is performed between about 400° C. and about 550° C.

10. The method of claim 2, wherein the doped polySi1-xGex layer is formed using low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LP CVD) using furnace type equipment, single wafer type equipment, and/or mini-batch equipment.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the metallic layer of the upper electrode comprises TiN, WN, TaN, Cu, W, Al, noble metals, oxide of the noble metals, and/or combinations thereof.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the lower electrode comprises a metallic layer.

13. The method of claim 1 wherein x is between 0.1 and 0.9.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein x is between 0.1 and 0.6.

15. A method of fabricating a capacitor of a semiconductor device, the method comprising:
forming a capacitor lower electrode on a semiconductor substrate;
forming a dielectric layer on the lower electrode; and
forming an Si1-xGex layer on the dielectric layer at about 550° C. or less.

16. A method according to claim 15, further comprising:
thermally treating the Si1-xGex layer at about 550° C. or less.

17. A method according to claim 15 wherein the following is performed between forming a dielectric layer and forming an Si1-xGelayer:
forming a metallic layer on the dielectric layer; and
wherein forming an Si1-xGex layer comprises forming an Si1-xGex layer on the metallic layer at about 550° C. or less.

18. A method according to claim 15 wherein the Si1-xGex layer comprises a polySi1-xGex layer.

19. A method according to claim 15 wherein the lower electrode comprises a metallic layer.

20. A method according to claim 15 wherein x is between 0.1 and 0.9.

21. A method according to claim 15 wherein x is between 0.1 and 0.6.