### URBANORNAMENTAL PLANTS: SENSITIVITY TO OZONE ANDPoTEhrTIAL ECONOMIC 

### LOSSES

off1ce 

### of Air 

### Quality, Planning, and Standards



### U. S



### . Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle 

### Park

July 1995

Prepared by: AbtAssociales,Inc. Under Contract IO: RADIAN Corporation Research Triangle Park ContractNo.48-03-0033 Work Assignment No. 6

### Urban 

### Ornamental Plants: Sensitivity to 

### Ozone and Potential Economic 

### Losses

1.0 Overview


### Ozone remains the most prevalent and least tractable 

### air pollution problem in the United States. About 

### 150 million people reside in 

### areas that currently 

### are in 

### non-attainment with 

### the National Ambient 

### Air Quality Standard for ozone.

A substantial amount of analysis has 

### been conducted to ascertain 

### the potential health and welfare losses associated 

### with elevated concentrations of ozone. The analysis of welfare effects has 

### focused primarily on potential economic losses from materials damage, reductions 

### in yields of 

### agricultural crops, and 

### reductions in growth rates 

### of 

### trees of commercial importance. One remaining potentially signiikant 

### area of welfkre loss associated with ozone is 

### damage to urban 

### ornamental plants. These are plants used in 

### the urban (and 

### suburban) landscape, such asgrass, flowers, shrubs, and 

### trees. Welfare losses would occur if 

### ozone-induced injury 

### impaired the aesthetic (or other) services provided by 

### urban Ornamental plants, reducedtheir resistance to other environmental stresses, reduced 

### their lifespans, or led to the use of more expensive or less 

### aesthetically pleasing ozone-resistant plants.



### This 

### report focuses on the economic implications of potential 

### &jury to urban ornamental plants from elevated levels 

### of ambient ozone. Section 

### 2 provides a 

### data base of plant species~for which experimental work has been 

### conducted to assess sensitivity to ozone, describes criteria for establishing plant sensitivities to ozone, assigns temperature zones to plant species, and develops

a method for determining which plants included in the database are likely to be injured from ambient ozone levels 

### in non-attainment areas. Section 

### 3 develops a conceptual framework for organizing the types of economic losses that may occur from ozone-induced injury to urban ornamental plants. Section 4 

### summarizes information obtained from conversations with knowledgeable individuals regardingthe extent 

### of ongoing injury to urban Ornamental plants and 

### factors that may have mitigated such injury.


### Assessing economic losses from ozone-induced damage to 

### urban ornamental plants 

### is difficult. There 

### an= 

### many types and 

### uses 

### of ornamental plants, sensitivities to ozone 

### vary widely across and 

### within plant species, ambient ozone levels vary across non-attainment 

### areas, and the value associated with specific types of injury to plants is 

### difficult to monetize. There 

### is no comprehensive set

### of quantitative infomation available 

### on the current extent 

### of injury to plants in the urban landscape 

### from ozone. Likewise, there is no information available from published sources on either the valuepeuple assignto 

### changes 

### in the appearance 

### of plants injured by ozone, the value lost through substitution of more mistant plants, 

### or the additional expenditures that may

1

### be incurred to mitigate the effects of 

### ozone-induced injury to plants (e.g., the use of more fertilizer or pesticides or the replacement of plants). Consequently, this study has focused 

### on framing the issues involved in 

### estimating ozone-induced economic losses to urban ornamental plants, rather than on 

### developing quantified measures of damages.



### . Current economic losses from elevated ambient ozone levels have been substantially affected by 

### the dynamic response of natural and commercial systems over the lengthy period 

### of time that ambient ozone has posed 

### an environmental problem. There is evidence that natural systems self-select for ozone tolerant strains and species. Further, the Commercial system for developing, growing, and distributing

### u&an 0-mentalplants clearly 

### has been selecting 

### for plant species and cultivars that are tolerant to urban stresses, including ozone. Our research suggests that selection processes over the past several decades have resulted in an urban landscape populated mostly by plants that 

### are resistant to ozone. 

### This;in combination with the downward trend in urban ozone levels, probably explains 

### why the bulk of plants in 

### the eastern urban landscape do not appear to 

### suffer visible signs 

### of ozone-induced injury, 

### even though ambient: ozone ievels remain high enough to 

### cause reduced agricultural yields in 

### areas adjoining the major metropolitan non-attainment 

### areas and 

### to affect some sensitive species remaining 

### in the urban landscape.

2.0 

### Identification of 

### Plant Species 

### Potentially at 

### Risk in Ozone Non-AttainmentAreas



### This section describes the approach 

### used to developa data base of plant species for which experimental 

### data are available 

### on sensitivity to ozone. It 

### provides criteria for classifying plant sensitivity to ozone, assigns plants to temperature zones, and provides a means for identifying plant species in the 

### data base that potentially could suffer injury from ambient ozone levels typically present in ozone non-attainment areas.



### 2.1 Database 

### of Plant 

### Species

A signifcant amount of research has been conducted over the past three 

### decades to investigate the sensitivity 

### of plant species to 

### ozone. We conducted a thorough review of the



## ' We contacted individualsknowledgeableregarding ConditioIlSand activitieson the East Coast. For the most part,
we did

### not have discussionswith individualsknowledgeable regarding the effects ofthe high ambient ozone levels on plants in the Los Angeles area.

2

### literature' and identified about 65 

### key ~tudies.~ For each of 

### the urban ornamental plant species examined or referenced 

### in these studies we extracted data on: measures of exposure to ozone (concentration, duration, and frequency), a measure or description of the type and extent of injury, and a characterization of the sensitivity to ozone. The resulting data base, provided as Appendix A, is 

### organized by 

### species. There 

### are multiple entries for the Same species 

### if more than one study examined the species

### in question, or if 

### the effects of ozone ona species 

### are reported for varying levels or durations of exposure. To 

### our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive set of information 

### on plant sensitivities' to ozone 

### yet to be 

### developed.
An annotated bibliography describing the general nature of the major studies used 

### in compiling the database is provided 

### as Appendix B.



### 2.2 

### Plant Sensit5ity to 

### Ozone

Most of 

### the studies we examined subjected plants to,short-term (1 to 

### 8 hour exposure) to ozone, although some studies reported the effects of exposure experienced over longer durations (e.g. 

### , 6 hours per 

### day over 4 

### weeks). Additionally, most of the studies reported visible foliar injury 

### to plants as the indicator of injury (although some report effects on growth). The studies generally identify the exposure levels at 

### which such effects begin to occur and 

### at which such effects become more extensive.
Physical injury to specific species and cultivars may be represented as a function of:

8 

### concentration of ozone (ppm);

8 

### duration 

### of exposure (hours); and

8 

### frequency of exposure (number 

### of days).

The National Research Council (NRC) developed a method for classifying plan.ts 

### in three categories of sensitivity to ozone 

## - sensitive, intermediate, and resistant 

### -- based on a statistical



## ' The online databases usedto locate studies on the effects of ozone on plants include: the Boston Library service (includes titles from card catalogues and articles ffomjournals held by Boston area libraries),AGRICCPLA (National Agricultural Library), and the Environmental Bibliography. (Search parameters were: (1) ozone not (UV or stratospher$ or deplet$),(2) and notcrop, (3) and not forest%, (4) and plant$.)

We focused on those studies that provided,information on numerous species or that summarizedthe results of prekious studies. A list of studies that assessed the effects of ozone on plants, but that are incorporatedin the data base because of time and budgetmnst~aints is provided as Appendix C. This list is quite extensive, suggesting that examination ofthese studies could expand the database considerably and could yield usel% information regarding the issue of selection ofozone resistant species and cultivas.

3

### analysis of 

### exposure, duration, and 

### injury levels for single-incident 

### exposure^.^ This classification scheme is useful for maintaininga 

### similar definition 

### of plant sensitivity across studies.Chart 

### 1.1 

### shows the combinations of ozoneCOnCentratioIlS 

### and durations 

### of exposunz developed by 

### the NRC 

### to classify plants when foliar injury is 5% 

### and Chart 1.2 shows such combinations when foliar injury is 

### 20%. Chart 1.1 may be 

### viewed as indicating the threshold combinations of ozone mncenhations and durations of exposure at which plants with different ozone sensitivities begin 

### to have visibly noticeable injury.
We classified plant species 

### in the 

### data base for sensitivity to ozone based 

### on the 

### following procedure.

e 

### The 

### NRC criteria were used to assign plant sensitivities whenever sufficient 

### data on exposures and effects were reported 

### in tk original 

### study.

* 

### The sensitivity classification assigned 

### in the original study was used 

### if data reported on
exposure and 

### effects did not enable us to use the NRC 

### criteria.

e A 

### range of sensitivities was assigned to plant species if 

### information on the same plant species from the same study or from multiple studies differed.

a 

### Sensitivities were not assigned if 

### there was insufficient information on exposures and 

### effects and if

### the original 

### study did not 

### assign ozone sensitivities.

Tables 

### 1.1 to 1.8 provide a list 

### of the unique species

### in the database, grouped according to geneml plant category and sorted by their ozone sensitivity classification. A summary of the number of unique species 

### in the 

### data base, by major plant category, and the number 

### in each ozone sensitivity class is provided 

### in Table 2. The major plant categories are grasses and 

### clover, flowers, shrubs, deciduous trees, and 

### conifers. (Minor categories are ground covers, desert flowers, house plants,

### weeds, and wild plants.) 

### This 

### data base is the result of

### an initial effort to develop a comprehensive soureof information on plant sensitivities. Further research is needed to: (1) assign ozone sensitivities 

### to a 

### number of plant species in the database; 

### (2) resolve differences 

### in sensitivity classifications between studies; 

### (3) remove some plant species that are not urban ornamental plants; and (4) 

### incorporate 

### in the data 

### base additional plant species from studies not yet reviewed, particularly those plants frequently 

### used 

### in the 

### urban landscape.

There 

### are a number 

### of problems inherent with these 

### data and their interpretation. First, there 

### is wide genetic variation within plant species regarding sensitivity 

### to ozone. Differences among species can 

### be as large as differences across species. Second, the studies relied on cover ' 

### a time span of some twenty 

### years. Commercial and natural selection over time may resuit in

See, National Research Council, Ozone and other Photochemical Oxidants, 1977, Chapter 1I. EPA also has adopted this classification scheme. (SeeOAQPS SrafFPaper, 1989, p x-4).



### 4

### species (or commercially 

### important strains) becoming more resistant to ozone than 

### such studies indi~ate.~ 

### Third, 

### experimental techniques used and the conditions assessed differ among studies, making cross-study comparisons 

### of ozone sensitivities difficult. And fourth, the criteria used to classify plants' sensitivity to ozone do not necessarily result in 

### consistent classifkations across studies. Thus, we urge caution in 

### using the 

### data base 

### in its current form.

2.3 Temperature Zones

To 

### develop a general notion of the 

### plant species that could be 

### grown, 

### or may be 

### pment, in various ozone non-attainmentareas we:

e 

### obtained information 

### on temperature zones 

### for a limited number of plant species 

### in the database, as shown in Tables 1.1 

### through-

### 1.8;6and

classified ozone non-attainment 

### areas by temperature zone.'

Map 1 

### shows the location and classification of areas 

### in non-attainment with ozone standards in 

### 1991 % 

### and Map

### 2 shows 

### an overlay 

### of the temperature zones

### for the continental U.S.



### on the ozone non-attainment areas.' Non-attainment areas 

### in the Midwest, East, and Southeast



### are in 

### temperature zones 5 through 7; 

### in Texas 

### and Louisiana are in 

### temperature zones 8 

### and 9; and 

### in California are in 

### temperature zones 

### 8 through 10. 

### Maps 3 

### through 5 show an 

### overlay of 

### the temperature zones on ozone non-attainment 

### areas for various sections

### of the U. S



### .

. . ~ 

### In general, plants will not grow in temperature zones below the-zone indicated for that species (because they are intolerant to cold winter conditions), but may grow in 

### higher temperature zones, generally several 

### or more additional zones. Grasses are classified as either cool or warm 

### grasses. Cool 

### weather grasses generallyare used in temperature zones 

### 6 and less, whereas warm weather grasses are 

### used in temperature zones 7 and higher, thoughthere is some overlap. Annuals (flowers) may be 

### grown in 

### a wide range oftemperature zones because they are grown only duringthe warm summer season.
Temperature zone information provides only 

### a crude method 

### of linking specific plant species to non-attainment areas. 

### Other factors, such

### as 

### rainfal, humidity, and 

### soil conditions may

Indeed, the orientation of me of the experimental studies we reviewed was to foster the use and development of ozone resistant speciesand cultivars.
Information on temperazure zones for plant specieswas developedfkom Wyrnan'sEncvclomdia of Plants. Due to limitationsin time and budget, temperature zone information obtainedfor plant speciesin the data base is incomplete. 

### 'Temperature zones are based on information from the USDA's Plant HardmessZone Map.

Tables D 1 and D2 in AppendixD provide temperatureme desigpatimfor specific ozone non-attainment areas.

5

### preclude certain species from beiig grown 

### in specific non-attainment areas. Likewise, commercial practices and consumer preferences will 

### determine the actual extent of use 

### of plant species that

### are suitable for growing in specific geographic 

### anm. Intensive horticultural practices can adjust moisture, drainage, soil conditions, etc., allowing plants to be grown outside their traditional range. However, temperature zones do establish a natural limit on species ranges, chiefly through winter low temperatures and to a lesser extent 

### from summer maximum temperatures.

2.4 

### At 

### Risk 

### Plants

The curves shown 

### in Charts 1 

### - 1 and 

### 1.2 show that the sensitivity of plants to ozone concentrations increases significantly as the duration of exposure increases. 

### For example, for sensitive species, the concentration at which threshold injury OCCU-IS 

### for a single eight hour exposure is roughly a 

### sixth.of that for a one hour exposure. If 

### there 

### are multiple exposures over several days, 

### or if 

### exposure at some average level extends over several weeks or over the growing season, threshold damage is likely 

### to occur at lower concentrations for each corresponding duration of 

### exposure. This means that the curves would tend to shift downward if 

### there are 

### multiple, rather than single exposures. But the extent 

### of the 

### shift is not clear and the 

### data to estimate such 

### shifts for specific species are not readily available.

To 

### determine how 

### this threshold-injury relationship relates to likely patternsof 

### exposure to 

### ambient ozone

### in various ciasses

### of ozone non-attainment areas, 

### we overlaid the plant sensitivity classification scheme on curves showing the expected peak 

### average ozone concentrations over several durations(1,4

### and 

### 8 hours).’ The results 

### of 

### this exercise are shown in Charts 2.1 

### through 4.2. 

### These charts indicate that:
plants 

### are most likely to be 

### affected by the longer duration exposure incidents expected to



### occur in 

### ozone non-attainment areas; rather than the expected short-term hourly .peaks;

a 

### sensitive plants probably would suffer minor injury even at exposures typical in 

### areas in attainment with ozone standards, and 

### may well experience extensive injury in areas with ozone design values 

### near the “moderate” level;

The curves for the ozone non-attainment areas are based on Table A-4, Appendix A, of the June1989 OAQPS StaBReporton ozone. Weused the lnformation in this table todevelop a rough relationship between one-hour design values and corresponding four-hour and eight-hour design values. The table suggests that a one-hour design value of 0.I2 ppm would mespond to an eight-hour design value of about 0.09ppm. We hen assumed that a four-hour design value would be somewhat lessthan a hearcombination ofthe one-hour and eight-hourdesignvalues and assigned it a value of 0.10 ppm. All other curves are proportionally constructed based on the one-hour design value for each non-attainment designation. The curveswere developed to provide a meansofidenaing the classes ofplants likely to be affected in areas with different severity of ozone problems. We emphasize that the curves were developed through exTensive analysis of ozone concentration data.

6

### threshold injury to plants with 

### intermediate sensitivity probably occurs within the range of ozone concentrations typically expected 

### in moderate through serious ozone nonattainment areas;

e 

### plants with intermediate sensitivity would 

### appear to benefit most from reductions inozone concentrations, whereas some ozone sensitive plants would appear to continue to suffer si@lcant (20%)injury, even in areasjust 

### in attainment with ozone standards; and

e 

### resistant plants are unlikely to show visible signs of injury 

### in moderate through serious ozone non-attainment areas. lo 

### These charts suggest that a signiiicant number of plant species included

### in the 

### data base 

### -- those identified as sensitive and 

### intermediate 

### -- could suffer injury if 

### exposed to ambient ozone levels experiencedin 

### ozone non-attainment areas.

2.5 

### Damage Functions

There 

### are several variants of damage functions. Such functions typically relate measures of 

### emissions, concentration, 

### or exposure to:

e 

### the extent 

### of some form 

### of physical injury;

e 

### changes 

### in some (commercially important) attribute, such as yield, growth rate, surface weathering, etc. ;

### or economic losses measured 

### in dollars.

Although the desired endpoint of economic analysis is the development of a damage function in monetary terms, in this project we focus on foliar injury because that is the type 

### of information available from literature. (Other measures 

### of injury, such as reduced growth rates, shorter life expectancy, reduced height, or 

### reduced canopy generally are not available.), The additional step of translating physical measum of injury to economic losses, as'discussed below, 

### is complex and 

### data are not now available to support that type 

### of analysis.



### In general, visible 

### signs of foliar injury to plants is an imperfect indicator 

### of the presence 

### of economic losses. For example, 

### if there are visible signs of injury to plants that are harvested for their c0mmer;Cial value (ag&ultural crops 

### and trees), but 

### no reduction 

### in yield 

### or growth rates, economic losses may be minimal. On the other hand, there often are reductions 

### in yields 

### or growth rates of commercially important plants due to ambient ozone levels (with consequent economic losses) without the manifestation 

### of visible signs

### of injury.

lo In Charts 4.1 and 4.2 we designate as "highest" the highest ozone design value (0.25 ppm) of all ozone nonattainment areas, excepting Los Angeles (whichhas a design valueof 0.33 ppm). The threshold curve (5% injury) for resistant plants lies above this "design value curve."

### However, visible foliar injury from ozone would 

### seem to be 

### a more suitable indicator 

### of the presence of economic losses for urban ornamental plants than for plants harvested for their commercial value. 

### This is because economic losses associated with injury to urban ornamental plants are directly related 

### to the "aesthetic services" provided by such plants, which would be 

### affected by the presence and extent of visible 

### foliar injury. Yet, one should keep 

### in mind that studies that focus only on visible plant injury from short term exposures 

### to ozone 

### are unlikely to uncover other potentid effects

### from episodic or continual exposure to ozone, such as whether plants would: (1) 

### be more susceptible to otherstresses, 

### such 

### as insects or fungus;

### (2) have reduced growth rates or reductions

### in height or foliage, making them less attractive over their lifetime; or 

### (3) have shorter expected life spans. If 

### such effects are signifkant at ambient ozone levels now experienced 

### in many urban 

### areas, focusing only on visible injury could lead to 

### an understatement of potential economic losses.



### 2.6 Example 

### of Plants at 

### Risk in 

### a Specific 

### Geographic Area



### Most of the ozone non-attainmentareas along the East Coast, from Virginia northward to the New York metropolitan area, 

### are 

### in temperature zones 

### 6 and 7. Plant 

### species assigned temperature zones 

### 3,4,5, and 

### 6 probably could grow throughout most of these 

### areas. Although our database is 

### not as complete 

### as we would prefer regarding assignments of temperature zones and plant sensitivities, for iIlustration purposes we grouped all the species in 

### the major plant groups for which 

### we 

### have 

### both temperature zone and 

### ozone sensitivity assignments. The resulting list of plant species, shown in Table 

### 3, indicates those sensitive and intermediate plant species that pkWblLy

### could 

### be injured by ozone levels

### in these non-attainment 

### areas, along with resistant plant species. 

### (Note that we have not determined whether the identified plants currently 

### are used



### or are present

### in the eastern urban landscape. We know that some species, such as sequoia and lodgepole pine, are not.)

Table 

### 4 shows the number of plants species by ozone classification and 

### type of plant. There



### are about 

### 130 Specieslcultivars of woody plants (shrubs and trees) 

### in the 

### data base with complete information (ozone and 

### tempemture zone 

### classifications) that could grow

### in the eastern landscape. 

### Of these, about 

### 33 percent 

### are classifred as sensitive, 17 percent 

### are classified as having intermediate sensitivity to ozone, and 

### 50 percent are classified as ozone resistant. Based solely on these percentages, it might 

### be expected that a sigdhnt fraction 

### of plants 

### in the eastern landscape suffer ozone-induced injury. However, ozone-induced injury is unlikely t9 be 

### so extensive for the following 

### reasons.
There are many hundreds of 

### woody plants suitable for the eastern landscape and that 

### are in commerce. The wholesale nurseries we contacted each carry 

### fmrn about 

### 250 to 400 

### species of woody plants. Though our 

### data base may 

### be a comprehensive 

### listing of plant species that have

### been studied 

### for Sensitivity to zone, it by 

### no means contains the bulk of the plants now available for use 

### in the urban landscape. 

### Nor does it indicate the relative

use 

### in the urban landscape 

### of various specieslcultivars,

80 

### Some of the classificanions of ozone sensitivity appear to be questionable. For example, 

### many species of bentgrass are listed as being sensitive to ozone. Yet, 

### bentgrass used on East 

### Coast golf courses apparently does not exhibit the symptoms associated with injury to ozone. Likewise, azaleas are prevalent on the East 

### Coast, yet most do not manifest symptoms 

### of ozone injury. The same may be 

### said for the 

### strains of tulip poplars now in

commerce.

0 

### There is wide variation 

### in sensitivity to ozone among species. For example, the eastern white pine often 

### is identified 

### as a tree 

### that is highly sensitive to 

### ozone. Yet, it 

### has been observed in some settings that about 

### 5 to 

### 10 percent 

### of the 

### trees are highly sensitive (exhibiting chlorotic dwarfism), another 

### 10 percent exhibit less sensitivity (tip bum), and the remainder 

### are more resistant. The distribution 

### of ozone sensitivity withina species can change over time due to natural selection and commercial breeding props. Ozone sensitivity classifications based on older studies or on observed injury to "sensitive" members 

### of a species can be misleading.

3.0 

### Framework 

### for Estimating Economic 

### Losses

This 

### section provides general estimates of consumer expenditures 

### on urban 

### ornamental plants and 

### associated services, develops a conceptual framework for organizing the types of 

### economic losses

### associated with ozone-induced injury to urban ornamental plants, and outlines the types 

### of studies and research 

### needed to quantify economic losses.

3.1 

### Size 

### of Market Potentially

### Affected by 

### Ozone

There is 

### no direct 

### measure available

### of the total value of the aesthetic and other services provided 

### by 

### ur%anornamental plants. An 

### imperfect indicator of this value is annual expenditures on landscaping and related services and materials." A survey conducted for the National Gardening Association estimated that household spending on 

### plants, turf, 

### associated pest control 

### and maintenance, and landscaping

### (which includes non-plant items) totalled about $23 billion in

I' Note that this measure provides a lowerbound to the value of aesthetic and other services provided by urban ornamental plants 

### -- neither the consumer surplus to property owners, nor the public value, associated with such services are incorporated in the measure. Another approach to imputingpart ofthe value of the aesthetic services providedby urban ornamental plants is to use the differences in sehg pricesbetween well and poorly landscaped homes. According to realtors, landscaping a home typically increases the sales price ofdtached, single family homes by 5 to 15%. A measure ofthe annual services provided by a landscape would be the increake in selling price (above an identical housewith no, or
a poor, landscape),~muahed over the expectedlife ofthe landscape (which may be difficult to ascertain). In addition, one should add the expected maintenance and replacement costs to be incurred over the lifetime ofthe landscape.

9

### 1992.12This 

### does not include expenditures for 

### simiiar items by 

### business, municipalities, and 

### golf

courses. Data developed by the USDA 

### indicates that 

### retail expenditum on environmental horticulture (nursery plants, 

### unfinished plant material, 

### turfgrass, bulbs, flower and 

### vegetable seeds, and 

### cut Christmas trees) was about $23 

### biilion 

### in 199 1.l3



### The aggregate 

### size of expenditures on,or 

### related to, urban 

### ornamental plants provides

### no indication of the size of economic losses from ozone induced-injury to such plants. Yet, expenditures can 

### provide some indication of the

### potential value 

### of the resource that is "at stake. " 

### If total 

### annual expenditures 

### are relatively small

### compared to other monetized categories 

### of health 

### and welfare damage stemming from ozone, omitting this category of economic loss will not materially affect estimates of the benefits associated with reducing ozone levels. On the other hand, if expenditures 

### are relativdy large, the=

### is the possibility that even small amounts 

### of ozone 

### damage might result

### in significant economiclosses. 

### For example, 

### if about one percent of the$23 

### billion 

### in 

### annual expenditures 

### on landscaping is 

## reiated to ozone damage, the direct cost would be 

### in the hundreds

### of millions of dollars. Lasses from 

### decmsed aesthetic values from damaged plants would add 

### to the economic 

### loss. Such a potentidy sizable damage category cannot be summarily dismissed as unimportant and may warrant more careful 

### consideration to measure losses.



### 3.2 Conceptual Framework for Economic 

### Losses
In economic terms, one may view 

### an urban ornamental plant as providing a stream of 

### aesthetic and 

### other services (e.g., shade 

### and habitat) over its lifetime. The value 

### of a plant would depend on its characteristics (type, size, appearance, etc.), its use (as a specimen, 

### in hedges, in 

### mixed settings, etc.), its replacement cost, and 

### the preferences of the property owner.
The types of economic losses that potentially can arise from ozone-induced injury are illustrated 

### in 

### Chart 5 for a single hypothetical plant that 

### suffers injury from ozone.I4 Such losses could include:

A 

### reduction in aesthetic services over the realized lifetime of a plant. 

### This is

### depicted as shaded area 

### S. It represents the difference in 

### the 

### dollar value 

### of the stream of services provided by 

### an uninjured versus

### an injured plant, over the

### realized lifetime 

### of the injured plant. This 

### perid of aesthetic loss could also coincide with changesin 

### other services that the plant provides, such as shade or habitat.

See, National Gardening Survev. 1992- 1993, National Gardening Association, 1993, p 14.

l3 See,"FinancialPerformance of-U.S. Floricuiture and Environmental Horticulture Farm Businesses, 1987-9 1 )(1 Statistical Bulletin 862, USDA, p. 2.

l4 To simplify, we do not show the normal replacementof the uninjured plant atthe end of its expected lifetime.

10

### The loss of 

### aesthetic services resulting from the premature death (or early replacement) of



### an injured plant. 

### This is depicted as shaded 

### area A,. It 

### is the difference between the aesthetic services that would have been provided by 

### an uninjured plant over its

### extended lifetime (areas A, 

### plus A*), 

### minus the aesthetic services providedby a replacement plant ,representedby area A,. 

### The loss in aesthetic services over this timespan narrows as the replacement plant grows anh matures over time (For illustration purposeswe show the replacement plant always providing less aesthetic services than the uninjured

### original and, presumably, the preferred plant.)

0 

### The cost associated with removing the injured plant and replacing it with a new plant. These costs are depicted by shaded 

### areas R 

### and 

### P,

0 

### Any additional costs incurred over the lifetime of the injured plant to mitigate the effects of ozone-induced injury. (These are not depicted 

### on the 

### chart.) 

### This could include the cost of additional fertilizer or pesticides and the costs 

### of using additional professional services.

The first two elementsof 

### economic loss are distributed 

### among many citizens, Le., 

### there

are both private and quasi-public 

### element^.'^ The largest share of these losses would be 

### experienced by 

### the owner or tenant of the property served by the plant. Presumably, non-owners would each experience much smaller losses, but 

### there could be 

### many affected individuals. The last two elements of economic loss (removal and planting, and mitigation costs) would be incurred by property owners.
The present valueof 

### economic loss would be 

### the discounted

### sum of the composite stream of aesthetic losses and other costs incuKed over time, as given by the following equation:

The designated expenses and 

### losses in 

### the above equation would not necessarily be incurred for each injured plant. For example, if plants do not experience premature death

### (or are not 

### so badly injured as to be replaced prematurely), 

### no additional removalor replacement costs would be incurred. 

### If a plant is replaced, the substitute plant could provide a 

### lesser, equal, or greater 

### stream of aesthetic services. (If

### there are many equally good 

### ozone-resistant substitutes, the only loss likely wouldarise 

### from 

### the difference 

### in aesthetic services provided by a mature and a 

### young

Is Quasi-public goodsare goods that are similar to public goods in the consumption externalitythat they provide, but the beneficial externality is not perfectly available. Theretypically are congestion problems that limit enjoyment. For example. one person's use of a public park does not much detractfrom the enjoyment of another person's use, but eventuaIly crowding either ruins the park or spoils the view.

### plant.) Removal and 

### replacement costs and losses due to differences in services provided by 

### young versus mature plants would tend to 

### be higher for long-lived large plants that suffered injury, such as trees, rather than shorter-lived small plants, such as flowers or shrubs.



### 3.3 QuantifyingEconomic Losses


### The information currently available from the published literature is not sufficient to quanbfy 

### and monetize potential economic losses from ozone-induced injury to 

### urban ornamental plants. Additional information would have to be developed 

### in 

### three general areas:


### I?~LUSL Data needs to be 

### developed on the current distribution of plant species 

### in the urban lardscape and the distribution of plant species now being sold to urban 

### areas.

IJlrurv. 

### More complete information needs to 

### be developed on the extent and 

### type (foliage, 

### growth rates, plant lifetime) of ozone-induced injury to plants 

### in the 

### urban environment.

_. 

### -. Given that significant ozone-induced injury is 

### present in 

### the 

### urban landscape, infomation would need tobe 

### developed on: the cost of removing and replacing plants; consumer valuationsof the aesthetic differences between injured and non-injured plants; and valuations 

### of the aesthetic differences (if 

### any) between ozone-sensitive plant species and possible substitute, ozone-resistant plants.

Information 

### in the first area 

### could 

### be developed through surveys of landscapers and nurseries regarding plant material now used and 

### whether sales patterns have-changed over time. Data also couldbe 

### develaped though the use of stratifred sampling (urban areas, suburban areas, golf courses, commercial properties, etc,) of actual plant use. Such sampling would best be directed to long-lived plantsthat 

### are 

### more likely to 

### be affected by ozone. The distribution of types 

### of short-lived 

### plants in the urban landscape would 

### be more directly related to current sales of nurseries.

Information 

### in the second 

### area could be developed through surveys

### of individuals highly knowledgeable about conditions 

### in specific non-attainment 

### areas. Alternatively, monitoring programs could 

### be set 

### up to observea large sampleof 

### urban plant species during several summer



### seasons. Developing information 

### in the third area 

### would be challenging. Because ozone-induced changes in 

### a plant's aesthetic services 

### are not priced

### directly in the 

### market, contingent ,valuation surveys would have to 

### be 

### used to value aesthetic losses 

### from identified plant injury. Such surveys could 

### be designed to estimate losses both to private homeowners and to the publicat large. At 

### a minimum, the contingent valuation surveys would have to define precisely for people the kind 

### of injury associated with 

### ozone, 

### the effects ona plant's appearance, the timing 

### and duration of such effects, the likely frequency of injury, and the kind of plants that 

### are injured. The surveys should

12

### be designed to elicit values for ongoing injury to plants and, possibly, for differences in 

### value 

### between newly planted and 

### mature plants and differences in value (if 

### any) between plant species likely to 

### be replaced and substitute, ozone-resistant plants. Estimates of the costs incurred to remove and replace old plants couldbe 

### developed using

### information from landscapers, nurseries, and 

### homeowners (time and 

### aggravation for replacing plants).

4.0 

### Observations Regardingthe Extent 

### of Economic 

### Losses
The kind of studies discussed in the previous section that 

### are necessary to estimate the dollar value of economic losses 

### from ozone-induced injury to urban ornamental plants;are 

### beyond the scope of this study. However, we attempted to develop a general notion of 

### whether current economic losses 

### are likely to be large or small by contacting a number of 

### experts 

### in horticulture and plant pathology and 

### professionals 

### in Commercial businesses related to 

### urban ornamental plants. l6 

### We were 

### specifically interested in their 

### observations and opinions regarding: (1) 

### the extent to which ozone damage to urban ornamental plants currently is observed; (2) commercial use of resistant species and 

### cultivars and development of 

### ozone-resistant cultivars; and 

### (3) the availability of resistant species and cultivars for 

### urban landscaping.

In general, ourresearch indicates that economiclosses 

### from ozone-induced injury to 

### urban ornamental plants has been 

### limited significantly by a 

### combination of 

### the following factors.
There is wide genetic .variability across and 

### within plant species with regard to tolerance
to ozone. 

### This facilitates 

### both natuml and commercial selection of ozone-resistant plants.

0 

### The commercial system self-selects for plants that are resistant o the environmental


### stresses present 

### in the 

### urban landscape, including ozone. Similarly, the commercial system develops new strains of plants with the goal of improving their performance 

### in the urban landscape. Implicit 

### in this is selection for tolerance to ozone.

a 

### There are large numbers 

### of ozone-tolerant plant species and cultivars (strains) of grass, flowers, shrubs, and trees available 

### for use 

### in the urban landscape. 

### This suggests that ozone levels in 

### urban areas have not significantly limited the range of plant material availableto 

### the 

### urban landscape. l7

l6 We identified knowledgeable individuals informally by following up on leads fiom various wnversations.We did not'use a formal sampling methodology, nor did we attempt to determine whether the individuals and businesses contacted were "representative." 

## '' When functionally equivalent substitute plants are available, the economic losses associated with the loss, or the inabilitytouse, specificozone-sensitive plants in the urban landscape is si&icantly reduced. In economicterms, when there are many substitutes, the demand curve for any on type of plant speciesor cultivaris likely to be flat, Le., there is little

consumersurplus associated with any particular plm? species, even though there probably is substantial wnsumer surplus associated with the urban landscape in general.

13

### Ozone levels are 

### on a downward .trend 

### in the major non-attainment areas. Long-lived plants remaining in 

### the urban landscape now face less

### potential stress 

### from ozone 

### than they did 

### in the 1970s and 

### 80s.
The dynamic adjustments made by natural and commercial systems 

### also make it more difficult to assess the current extent of injury to plants in the urban landscape and 

### to estimate economic losses. A data 

### base of plant sensitivities to ozone compiled using the results 

### of research conducted over the 

### past 

### three decades may not be 

### wholly reliable

### as 

### an indicator of the sensitivities of plants currently used for residential, commercial, and golf course landscaping.

4.1 

### Extent 

### of Current 

### Injury

The information 

### we obtained regarding the extent of current

### injury to urban ornamental plants is mixed. 

### People involved

### in landscaping and nursery businesses were unconcerned about ozone damage, though they were generally aware that ozone adversely affected plants. They considered other environmental stresses, particularly in the city landscape, such as root constriction, soil compaction, soil 

### PH, and lack of 

### adequate moisture, to be of 

### much greater importance 

### than ozone. No 

### one (including a commercial tree 

### specialist) identifedany 

### instances where ozone damage had occurred to woody plants



### . Ozone was not considered to be a 

### problem for 

### plant species carried by 

### wholesale nurseries either on-location (all of those contacted are located 

### in ozone non-attainment 

### areas) or 

### in fmal market areas. 

### Yet, the individuals contacted have 

### not been trained 

### to recognize 

### air pollution damage and may not 

### recognize injury to plants caused by ozone.
The plant pathologists and horticulturalists contacted indicated that some woody plants 

### in the urban lands6show signs-of ozone-induced injury, but that it tends to be subtle and 

### dfllcult to recognize. White pines generally have been eliminated from the Washington, DC and 

### Baltimore area. (In 

### the 

### dntd Virginia 

### aiea every seved

### years there is substantial ozone damage to white pine saplings, though mature 

### trees 

### are largely unaffected). Some varieties 

### of maples and 

### birch may have premature leaf 

### drop in the summer due to ozone, though that also 

### can result 

### from wet 

### springs followed by

### dry summers. Sycamore 

### trees appamtly 

### also show subtle signs

### of ozone injury (a fine stipple that looks like damage 

### from spider mites), but because they 

### are fast growing the injury has little effect on the aesthetics 

### of the 

### trees.
Ambient ozone levels clearly

### are high enough 

### to affect agricultural crops 

### in the 

### East Coast non-attainment 

### areas. Ongoing studies on Maryland's eastern shore indicate reductions in 

### yields of 

### watermelons and 

### beans due to 

### long-term exposure to ambient ozone,and leaf injury to such plants has 

### been observed from 

### short term exposures to 

### high ambient ozone levels. Likewise, crops grown 

### in the Beltsville agricultural research station show reduced yields of 10%

### to' 

### 20%. This 

### suggests 

### that ambient ozone levels may 

### be affecting some 

### of the metabolic functions 

### of urban ornamental plants, but without causing si@lcant visible signs of injury.

14

### In 1970, 

### there was a fourday ozone incident in the Washington, DC 

### area in 

### which peak ozone concentrations ranged 

### from 0.14 

### to 0.22 

### ppm. Ozone-induced 

### injury was observed in 

### 31
me, 

### 15 shrub, and 18 herbaceous species." However, we did not find mention of 

### similar events occurring more recently.

Ambient omne levels

### in the East Coast non-attainment 

### areas do not appear tobe 

### causing visible injury to the strains

### of grass now used on 

### golf courses and lawns. Varieties of grass also are available that do well 

### in the high ozone conditions 

### of the 

### Los Angeles 

### area.

3.2 

### Commercial Selection 

### of Plants

The commercial markets for turf, 

### flowers, and woody plants actively develop, te?t and 

### select new plant cultivars for 

### use in the 

### urban landscape. 

### Breeders and 

### nurseries select for h&dy 

### cultivars that are resistant to the environmental stresses present in the urban 

### landscape. Though breeding programs 

### may not select 

### specifically for ozone-resistant

### strains, they indirectly select for ozone-resistance. 

### Many 

### of the breeders and nurseries themselves

### are located 

### in high ozone areas. Plant varieties developed 

### in breeding programs that do not initially do 

### well at the nursery generally are discarded. Likewise, plant species that either do poorly at the nursery or in 

### the market 

### areas served by 

### the nursery are not 

### carried. Nurseries selling at the wholesale level 

### indicated that they 

### are keenly interested in 

### the performance of their plant materid in final markets and 

### will visit locations to determine the cause 

### of problems, should they 

### arise.

New strains 

### of grasses continually 

### are under development by 

### university-based plant breeders and commercial seed 

### companies. New seed 

### varieties undergo extensive testing 

### in a wide range of 

### locations across the country, including high ozone 

### areas, in USDA 

### sponsored test programs." 

### This has led to 

### an increase 

### in varieties 

### of grass available 

### in the market. For example, in 

### 1980 there were about 10

### varieties of bentgrass available, whereasnow 

### there are over 

### 30. Likewise, there 

### has 

### been a large increase in the availability of other types of "cool" grasses, 

### such 

### as ryegrass and 

### bluegrass.
Most flower nurseries specialize either 

### in perennials, which 

### are grown out doors 

### or 

### in unhated 

### green houses 

### year round, or 

### annuals, which 

### are grown in heated 

### green houses 

### primarily during the winter and early 

### spring. 

### The flower 

### nursery we contacted 

### grows both 

### perennials and annuals, is located in 

### an ozone non-attainment 

### area, and sells 

### primarily to markets 

### in nonSee, National Research Council, op. cit., p. 491.

l9 USDA turftestingprogramsbegan in 1980 and are on five year cycles. Testingprogramsforryegrass typically would have about a hundred seed types, bentgrass and bluegrass about 80 to 100 seed types, and fescues about 40 to 60 seed types. The various strains are evaluated for color, texture, density, uniformity, and smoothness. The resutts are published and saveas the basis for recommRldations regardug the suitabilityof grass varieties for various geographicareas and uses.


### 15

### attainment areas. Perennial flowers are not carried if 

### they do poorly at the 

### nursery or in final mark-. Likewise, annuals that have not performed well 

### in 

### fmd markets have been phased out for business feasofls. 

### Commercial seed 

### companies are the major source of new flower varieties.
New strains of woody plants 

### are developed by wholesale nurseries and university-based breeders and undera program at the National Arboretum .(it focuses on plant species that 

### are not
as 

### commercially popular and that

### are less likely to be 

### included in private breeding programs). One of the 

### nurseries contacted long has been involved in breeding new varieties of trees. (Nurseries with breeding programs tend to focus onshrubs and flowers rather than 

### trees, as it 

### is less time consuming 

### and costly.) 

### This nursery 

### is located in

### an ozone non-attainmentarea 

### and tests new varieties of 

### treesboth at its 

### own location and various locations 

### in urban areas, 

### most 

### of which 

### also 

### are in ozone non-attainment areas. 

### Clearly, 

### new varieties that

### are successful in that breeding program 

### will be ozone-tolerant. Likewise, the National Arboretumis located in 

### an ozone nonattainment area, 

### and 

### new varieties developed there 

### also would be ozone-tolerant.

Plant vies that doprlyeither whenraised 

### at thenurseq or when used in final markets generally would not be carried for obvious business reasons. Thus, because most East Coast nurseries are located in non-attainment areas and 

### sell to markets 

### in non-attainment areas, plant materia1 that 

### is ozone-sensitive tends to be 

### screened out. Additionally, there are many publications available to landscapers and landscape architects that identify woody plants that do well in certain conditions, which leads to the use 

### of hardy plants in the urban landscape and 

### to selection away from ozone-sensitive plant species.



### 3.3 Availability of 

### Plants 

### €or the Urban Landscape



### The wholesale nurseries we contacted that specialize in woody plants carried from about 

### 250 to 400 

### plant species. 

### The wholesale flower nursery we contacted carries about 

### 200 annuals and 

### 800 

### perenniaIs. All individh contacted 

### that deal with the commercial landscaping business

or the wholesale nursery business indicated that there is a wide palate of plant material available that is suitable 

### for use 

### in the urban landscape. The range of

### trees and shrubs that

### will survive in high density urban 

### areas, such as New York City, ismore limited. But this is due primarily to factors other than ambient ozone, such as moisture, salt, soil compaction, and root constriction. The palate of plant 

### material expands quickly

### for the suburbanlocations, which 

### may not have some of the environmental stresses associated with high density locations, but probably have ambient ozone levels equivalent to those in central 

### city areas.

16\

Table 1.1 Grasses and Clovex Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone

Common Name SpeciaName

Grasses:

bentgrass (colonial) bentgrass (colonial) bentgrass (colonial) bentgrass (colonial) bentgrass (ueeping) bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass(creeping) bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass (redtop,common) Bermudagrass
Bermudagrass Bermudagrass Bermudagrass Bermudagrass bluegrass bluegrass (annual) bluegrass (Canada) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) Muegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) ' bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky)

bluegrass(Kentucky)

bluegrass (Kentucky)
bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass(Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) fescue fescue ((3harwing) fescue (Charwings) fescue (creeping red) BermUdagraSS

Huegrass(Kentucky)
bluegr=(Kentucky)
bluegrass (Kentucky) &tis tenuis "Astoria" tis tenuis *Dryland" tis tenuis "Exeta-" tis tenuis Wighland" tis palustris"Astoria" tis palustris "Cohansey" tis palustris "Emerald" tis palustris"Highland"

~ ~~ tis paluslris "Holfia-" tis palustris"Kingstown" tis palustris "Penmoss" tis paluseis"Seaside"

odon dactylon (common) don dcctylon "Kansas P-16' odon doctylon Tufcote" odon hyb. "SantaAna" don hyb. Tufgrass"

a compressa "Canada"

oa pratensis "A-34"

oa pratensis "Adelphi"

oapratensis "Arista"

oapratensis "Baron"

oa pratensis "Bxks"

oa pratensis "Cheri"

oa pratensis "Cougar"

oapratensis "Delta"
oa pratensis "Fyiking"

oa pratensis "Glads"

oa pratcnsis"Kenblue"
oa ptcnsis"Mcrionw

oa pratensis"Newport"

oa pratensis "P-142"
oa pratensis "Park"

oa pratcnsis Plush"

oa pratensis Trimo"
oa ptensis"Skofti"

oa pratcnsis%Dakota catifid

oa pratcnsis 'Touchdown" oa pramsis"Nugget"

oaptensis "Pennstar"

oa pratensis Prato"

oapratWisVi" 

# E pratcnsisWiadsor" pratcnsis (oommon)

eStUCaruh wr. commutata fstm ruh

### wr. commutata "Jamestown" est- rubra "Illahoe" 

# 1 

# - Temp. Sensitivity to Ozwe

I 1 S S 1 1 S S I I S I S-R

S I R R I R R R I S R 1 I I R I 1 S R I R R R I-R

R 1 I I R 1 S R I I R I I R R R S I ITable 1.1 Grassesand Clover: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone

Common Name Sha Name

tuca rubTennlawn" tuca rub "Highlight"

twa arundinaceae tuca arundinacme "Altae
tuca arundinaceae "Fawn"

um pratcnse"0ttawa"
urn pratcasc"Pennscott" Sensitivity to omc

s-1

I I

S I I-R

I I R I 1 I 1 S S R S

S I R s R R R S I I 1

R I I I I I R R R I R R R R R R

R

I S i ITable 1.1 Grasses and <=lover: Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone

Common Name Temp. SDcciesName Zone

white clover white dover white or ladiooclover whiteor ladino clover whiteor ladino dover white or ladino dover white or ladinoclover white or ladino clover whitesweet clover 

# i rifolium repens (ozoneresistantdone) rifolium repcns (ozonesensitivedone) rifolium repens rifolium repens "Alban" rifolium repens 'zadino Celifornia" rifolium repens "Ladino Sacramento" rifoliumrepens "Milkanova" rifolium repens "Sonja" eiilotusalba 

# - Sensitivity to Ozone

I I I I S S R R I 

# -Table 12 Flowers 

### -- Annual and Perennial: TemperatureZonesand Sensitivity to Ozone

Common Name 

# 1 Sda Name

aster @gelmann)
aster (pqk stemmed) aster (whorled wood)

avens (mountain)banebegonia begonia begonia begonia begonia begonia lxgonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior)
black-eyed Susan bluebell or lungwort carnation(white sim) chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum- - - chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum dnysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum dvyMnthcmum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum dnysanthcmum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum ctuysanthemum chrysanthemum black-eyed SWII

nthemum sp. "BabyTears" nthemum sp. "BonnieJean"

~ ~ ~ ~- - nthemum sp. "Bright YellowTuneful" nthemum sp. "Cameo"

um sp. "GoklenQlshion" umsp. "GoIdmPdring" urnsp.'YioldenYcUmPriocasAruK umsp. "Wi Summcf
mumsp. a- Williams"

themumsp. "Mango" $emurn 6p. *Minnwhite" themumsp, 'Ut SnM themumsp. "Mutcd Sunshine" thanumsp. "Mamaid" 

# - rap. Zone

3

3-5 annual

annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual 4

3-5 8 5 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -S, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, IO 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 -5, to 8 8-5, to8 1-5, to 8 i-5, to8 1-5, to 8 1-5, IO8 i-5, to 8 1-5, to 8 i-5, to8 i-5, to 8 '-5, to8 ,-5, to 8 annual 

# - Stncrtmty to Omne

I S S S R I R R I R I -I S R 1 I 'S I I S R I S R R S R I R I R -- R R 1 I R R R R R R 1 I R R R R R S R R R S R S S RTable 1.2 Flowers 

## -- Annual and Perennial: TemperatureZones and Sensitivityto Ozone

Common Name Species Name 

### 1 chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum coleus coleus (common] coneflm (cutleaf) coreopsis croton dahlia

~~ . geranium geranium geranium geranium (common) lily(Easter) lily (Sego) lupine marigold marigold monkqflower (yellow) morning glory musMomr petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia themumsp. "Roq Nook" nthemumsp. "Ruby Mound" nthemumsp. "Silva Shcen" nthemumsp. Sleighride" nthemumsp. "Spinwheel" nthemumsp. 'Tinkerbell" nthcmum sp- Touchdown" nthemum sp. 'Tranquility nthemum sp. 'Tranquiliv nthemumsp. Trident" nthemum sp. WhiteGrandchild" nthemum sp. TellowJeanette" nthemum sp. "YellowJess Williams" nthemum sp. Yellow Moon" 1 

### -

! !
a
1
1 -
- a 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 

### -

a

# - Temp. Zone
1-5, to E 1-5, to E 1-5, to E 1-5, to E 1-5, toE i-5.10 E 1-5, to E i-5, toE i-5, to8 1-5, to8 i-5, to 8 4 to8 i-5, to8 r-5, to 8 !-5, to 8 t-5, to 8
5-5, to 8
"5, to 8

87.5, to 8 "5, to 8 "5, to 8 8-5, to 8 b-5, to 8 

# -

1-5, IO 8
t-5, to 8

annual annual 3

10 nnualbi

2-7 annual

3

annual annual 5 annual

annual annual annual annual allllual anoual alUIUal annual annual annual aanual annual annual annual Sensitivity to OEwe

R I I R R R S R R R R R I R R R R S R R R R R 1 S S R S I I

.-

s

. S S R I I R I

I R S R R R R R R R R. R I I i I R ITable 1.2 Flowers 

## -- Annual and Perennial: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone

petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia phlox family primrose(evening) salvia snakemot(white) snapdragon "Floral Carpet" snapdragon "Rocket Mixture" sunflower(common) sweet pea rweet pea trumpetcreeper violet violet (hooked spur) etunia sp. "charyBlossom"

unia sp. "RedMagic" 

# - Temp. Zone

annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual a-.nual annwl annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual 4

3 4

annual

4 Scnritivily to Ozone 

# -

RJ S R R R R R R S R I R R R R R S R R I R R

I 1 R R R R R R I R S RTable 13 Shrubs 

## -- Deciduous, Coniferous, and Broad-leaved Evergreen: Temperature Zones and Sensitivityto Ozone

Common Name 

# I Suecia Name

azalea azalea azalea azalea azalea or rhododendron azalea or rhododendron azalea or rhododendron azalea or rhododendron azalea (Glenn Dale hybrid) azalea (Hinodegiri) azalea (Indian hybrid) azalea (Indian hytrid) azalea (Korean) azalea (Kurume hybrid) azalea (Kurume hybrid) azalea (Kurume hybrid) azalea (Pericat hybrid) azalea (Satsuki hybrid) azalea (wooliy) azelea (Delaware white) blackberry blackbemy (thornless) boxelder maple boxwood cinquefoil (bush) catoneaster cotoneaster cotoneaster (spreading) currant (Indian) dracaena elderberry elderberry (American) elderberry (black) elderberry (Mue) euonymous euonymus (winged) frethorn (scarlet) forsythia fuchsia €w=bary highbush blueberry holly (HetzJapanese) honeysuckle (Japanese) honeysuckle (morrow) juniper (Pfitzer) junipa(Savin) junipa(shore) juniper(wstern) lilac (Chinese) lilac (common) mahonia (creeping) mock-orange (sweet) mountain laurel ninebark (dwarf) pieris ododendron obtusum "Hinodegiri" ododendron sp. "Mrs. G.G. Gerbing" ododendron sp. "RedWing" ododendron poukhanensis ododendron sp. "Hershey Red" ododendron sp. "RedLuann" ododendron sp. "Snow" 

# - Temp. Zone 

# -

7

6 6 3-8

5 4 7

6

3

3 6 2 5 5 5

10

3 3-6

3 3 6 5 9

3 6

4 2-5

5 3

4 5 2 6 Sensitivity to Ozone

R I R S S-R

R R S R S I S R R S 1 R R R R S I S S R R R I I I S R R S S-I

R R R S I' R R R R R

S I S I R s-I R S RTable 13 Shrubs 

## -- Deciduous, Coniferous,and Broad-leaved Evergreen: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

# I Common Name Specks Name I privet (AmW raspberry(rd) rhododendron rhododendron (Catawba)

rose rose (multiflora) sagebrush (big) snowberry snaWberry0raxalben-y snowberry(white) spicebush

sumac sumac (smooth)

sumac(staghorn)
sumac(winged) viburnum viburnum (arrowwood) viburnum (linden) rose sp. 

### - rhododendrun

burnurn dilatatum J viburnum (map~e~eaq iburnum amifolia

viburnum(tea) Yew

Yew

~ yew (dense) 1 yew(Hatfields hglojap) i Yew Temp. Zone Sensitivity to Omoe

R R R S S R 

### s-I R S P, R R S s-I

S s S R I-R

R I-R

R R R

R 

# ITable 1.4 Trees 

## -- Deciduous: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone

acacia alder alder (European black) ash ash (blue) ash (European mountain) ash (flowering)

ash (Hase European) ash (Oregon) ash (white) aspen (quaking) basswood (white) beech beech (American) beech (European) birch birch birch (black) birch (European white)

birch (river) birch eellow) birch (yellow) blackgum buckeye (Ohio) buckeye (yellow) catalpa catalpa (northern)
cherry (black) cheny (Cornelian) cherry (Sargent)

coffeetree (Kentucky) cottonaood cottonaood (black) crabapple cucumber tree dogwoad (flowering)

dogwood (red-osier)

elm elm (American) elm (Chinese) empresstree filbat(Turkish) ginkgo hack- (common) hawthorn (cockspur) hawthorn (Washington) hickory (mockernut) hiory(pignut)
hophornbeam (Eastern) hornbeam (European) ash (preen)

birch (grey>

cherry

cherry (sweet)

(pray)

dogwood (SiW

hickory(shagbark) Common Name Sw5a Name

pubescens (dings)
STrmaSa(seediings) 

# i - Temp. Zone 

# -

9 2 4 3-6

3 6 3 4

4 2

5

3 2

5

4

5 5 2-7 4

5 4 4

4

5 5

3-6 3 6 5 5 5 2 4 4

4

4 5 Sensitivity to Ozone

.R

S R S-R

R S R s-I I-R

S s-I

S I

R R S S R R R

~~ R I I R S S R

s

~ S,I

R R R R S S R R S-R

R I I R R S-R

R R R R I R R R R R RTabie 1.4 Trees 

### -- Deciduous: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone

Common Name Species Name

horse chestnut Japan- pagoda wee larch(European) lard,(European) larch (Japanese) linden (American) linden(bigleaf) Linden (Qimean) Linden (littleleaf) linden (silver) locust (black) locust (thornless honey) mapie(Amur) maplt(big-tooth) maple(black) maple (broadleaf) maple (hedge) maple (Nonvay) maple (red) maple (siker) maple (sugar) maple (sycamare) mulberry oak oak (black) oak(&estnut) oak(Eng1ih) oak (Gambel) oak (northem red) oak (Oregon white) oak(pin) oak (scarlet) oak(shingle) oak (while) oak (white) oiiw(autumn) Osage orange peach pine(bristlecone)

I planelrce (London)

raintree (panicled golden) redbud (East=) redbud (Eastern) sassafras PPl= (hYtrid1

wvicebcc~y (a1da-1ea9 “I~cghCny) saviccbcrry(~OUII~I~ Mriceberry(wFstan) sarttgum sycamore sycamore (American) syarnore(Calif0rnia) treeof heaven

ualnut (Mack) willow t&P PoPh 

# - Temp. Zone 

# -

4 4 3 4 4 3 4 5 4 6 4 5 5

5 4 3 3 3 5 4-7

5

5

5

5 5

5 5

5-6

S 5 2-5 5 6

4

5

5 5-6 5

4-55 5 SCllSicivity to Ozone

S-R

R I I R S-R

S S R i-R 1-R

I R R R

R R I R R R I

R R S-R

I R S S-R S-R

R R R I R I R s-I

S-R

I 1 S-R

I .R R s-1

S I I S 

### s-I

S R ITable 1.4 Trees 

## -- Deciduous: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone

Temp. to Ozone Zone SpeciesName Common Name Sensitivity
I 

# I yellowurood zelkovaTable 15 Trees 

# -- Conifers: TemperatureZones and Sensitivityto Ozone

Arborvitae(N. white cedar) -(I

(re4 cedar (Northan white)

ET fu (balsam) fr (big coneDouglas) ftr (Douglas) fE(Douglas) fr(F-) fir (white) hemlock (Eastem) holly(American) holly(Englih) magnolia(umbella) pine (Afghanistan)
pine (Auswian) pine(Canary Island) pine (Coultex) pine (digger) pine (Eastern white) pine (jack) pine (Japanese black) pine (Japanesered) pine (Japanese white) pine (Jeffrey) pine (Jeffrey/Cbulter hybrid) pine (knobcone) Pine (AlepPa) Coaunoa Name 

# I SmiiaName

inus attenuata pine (knobconelMonterey inus radiata x Pinus attenuata pine (loblolly) pine (lodgepole) pine (maritime) pine (Mexican weeping) pine (Montaey) pine (Mootauma)
pine @itchpie) pine (pond-) pine(ponderosa) pine (red)
pine (shortieaf) pine (single leafpinyon) pine(Soutbtm white)
pine (table mountain) Pinetoocarpa>

pine (scotch)

pine(%=)

Pmeo pine (viirgillia) pine (Westanwhite) redwood(Coast) sequoia (giant)

spruce (Black Hills)

spruce (blue) Ecquoia(giant)

5PN(T(M) glaucavar. densata 

# - Temp. 

# - Zone

2

6 2 2

3

4

6 4 6 7

4

7

3

5 4 4 5

6 7

7 8

9

3

7

6

3 3 Sensitivity
to Ozone

R

R

R I R S-R

S R R I -R

R R R R

S I S s-I R S S I-R

S S S I 1 S 1

S

R S R R R

I-R I-R S-R

1 S S R R S R R RTable 15 Trees 

### -- Conifers: TemperatureZones and Sensitivityto Ozone

Tap. Sensitivity Common Name Soecia Name Zone to Ozone I I I 3 R 2 R

3 RTable 1.6 Ground Covers: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone
Temp. to Ozone Zone SpeciesName Common Name Sensitivity
I I

inca minor "Bright Eyes" 5

2 R R 5 R

S 3 R R I 5 t 5 R 5 R 5 R 5 R 4 R 5 R

~.~Table 1.7 Desert Flowers: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone

Common Name SpeciesName

Corsican heron bill

cream cups desert annual desert annual dsat annual desert annual desert annual desert annual dsat annual desertannual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual dam annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert annual desert perennial desertwinter annual desert winter annual desert winter annual desert winter annual desert winter annuat desert winter annual desert winter annual desert winter annual desertwinter annual phacelia phacelia (harebell) Temp. Zone 

# -

annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual

annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual

annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual 

# - Scasitivity to ozone

I I R I I-R

R I I S I S I I S I I I S S S R. R I I I R' I I I -R I-R I-R

I I 1 R S ITable 1.8 Weeds, Wild Plants, Houseplants, and Uncategorized: TemperatureZones and Sensitivityto Ozone

Common Name Sda Name

Wotdr:

bedstrawor madder bladder campion

CG3bgrasS dandelion dock (bitter) dock (CW) gomefoot ironweed (New York) knotweed (prostrate) lambsquarters milkweed(common) milkweed (tall) plantain plantain plantain plantain (common) plantain (common) plantain (common) plantain (English) plantain (hoary) poison ivy ragweed ragweed (western) ragwort ragwort(Rugel's) smartweed vetch (American) vetch (sweet) willow weed (hairy) yarrow
Wild: angelica angelica aniseroot belladonna bittersweet (American) chickory (common) crownbeard dandilion(mountain) Dydswoad ephiphytic bromeliad ephiphFic bromeliad cphipfiylicbromeliad ephiphytic lxomeiiad m ginscng(Amaican) grape hedock (poison) hysrop(nettle leafgiant marsh pink miterwwt
moss (sphagnum)

mas(sphagnum) illea millefolium 

# f - Temp. Zone 

# -

3 3 3

5 annual annual 3

3 annual 3

3

3 2

6 2 3

5 la la la 1c

.t Sensitivity to ozone



# -

R R S R I R I I 1 S S I S S 1 I I S S .R I R R R ~R

S S S R

~.

. ~ ..c&:.

~~

R I

1 R I s R I S S S R R R R R I-R s-I R 1 I RTable 1.8 Weeds, Wild Plants, Houseplants, and Uncategorized: TemperatureZones and Sensitivity to Ozone

Common Name
I
moss (sphagnum) nettle nettle(stinging) oniordgarlic? (wild)
rue (meadow) saxifrage sorrel (green) sorrel (sheep)

tarweed thistle(Canadian) tickseed(wood) trefoil wild buckwheat speedwell

Houseplants: fern (Boston) gloxinia kalanchoe philodendron poinsetta pothcs schefflera

. violet (African)
U~tegorizcd:

bidlewreath epiphytic orchid epiphytic orchid ffleraactinophyna

~.

~ Temp. Senaitivirg

R I I R I R I I S R R 1 R

R I I R I R I R

I R S SSR RTable 2
Summary of Ozone Sensitivity Classifications, by Plant Category

Ozone Trca Sensitivitv Shmb Flow Urn Gtuta

sensitive'

4 5' 11 " " 2 3 3 No Assignment 41 53 73 11 6 86 3 34 Resistant l2 24 10 2 36 8 47 intermediate** 26 34 17 1 25 3 19

Total I 1 1 I I 1 103 17 149 83 116 61 37

* Includesplantslisted as scnsitivc onfyandas sensitivethroughinta-mcdiitc or resistant. ** Includes plants listed as intermediate onlyandas intamcdiite through resistant.Table 3
List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas by Type and Sensitivityto Ozone

Plant Typcl Common Name S&ea Name
I bentgrass (colonial) bentgrass (colonial)
bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass (creeping) bentgrass (redtop,common) bluegrass bluegrass (Kenmcky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (KentucAy) bluegrass (Kentucky) fescue (Charwings) fescue (creeping red) fescue (red) fescue (sheep) fescue (tall) grass (tau oats) ryegrass (perennial) ryegrass (perennial) ryegrass (perennial) - ryegrass (perennial) ryegrass (perennial) ryegrass (perennial) bluegrass (Kentucky) fescue (tall) bluegrass (Canada) bluegrass (Kentucky) biuegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass(Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky)
bluegrass(Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass (Kentucky)

fcscue

ryegrass (Italian) ryegrass (perennial) bentgrass (creeping)

bluegrass (Kentucky)

(Kentucky)

grass (pepper)

ryegrass(Fnnial) ryegrass (perennial) tyegrass (paemial) bentgrass (colonial) bentgrass (mloniai) 

# L 

# - Smith to om

I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I-R I-R

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R S STable 3

List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas by Type and Sensitivityto Ozone

Plant Typd Common Name Spccia Name I ktgrass(creeping) bentgrass (uecping) bentgrass (creeping)

bluegrass (annual) bluegrass (Kentucky) bluegrass(Kentucky) fescue (Charwings) fescue(tall) ~nQ==s(creeping)

gr== (Canary) grass (Pepper) fescue(creeping red) bentgrass (creeping)

aows: red clover red clover redclover whiteclover whiteclover white or ladinoclover white or ladinoclover white sweetclover alsike clover white or ladino clover white or ladino dover red dover white or ladinoclover white or ladino clover

J30Wel-S: banebeny begonia begonia begonia begonia (Elatior) begonia (Uatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia(Elatior) ' begonia (Elatior) chrysanthemum chrysanthemum ~UthUllUIll chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum Auysanthemum drysanthemum 

# *themum

Ehrysanthcmum geranium(common) marigold petunia petunia petunia petunia tis palustris"Astoria"

tis palustrisWolficr" tis palustris "Cohansey"

is pa1usu-i~ Seaside"

folium pratense "Chesapeake"

lium pratense "Ottawa" folium pratense "Pennsmtt"

x bicmalii "Whisper 0'Pink" themumsp. "CaMge Oushion" themumrp. "BabyTears" thanumsp. .y=hris Columbus"

themurnsp.'Cay Blade" 

# - Temp. Zone 

# -

-1 cool COO1 COO1 Cool Cool cool ax31 cool annual annual

&XI01 cool

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3-5 annual annual annual annual "1

annual aonual annual 3-5, tQ 3-5, to E 3-5, toE 3-5, to E 3-5, tQ 8

' 3-5, toE 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, td8

WUal annual annual annual annual annualTable 3
List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas by Type andSensitivity to Ozone

Plant Type( Common Name Spccia Name
petunia petunia petunia phlox family bcgonia begonia begonia begonia (Uatior) begonia (Elatior) bluebell orlungwort chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chqsanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum cfiryMnthanum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum chrysantbemum chrysanthemum Sqsanthemurn chrysanthemum chrysanthemum hysanthemum chrysanthemum moleus(common) geranium
monkqtlower(yellow) petunia petunia petunia W(Seg0) nthemum morifolium nthemum sp. "AnnLadygo" nthemum sp. "Bonnie Jean" nthemumsp. "Bright YelIowTuneful" nthemumsp. "Cameo" nthemumsp. "DarkYellow Tokyo" nthemumsp. "Distinctive" nthemumsp. "Dolii-ette" nthemum sp. "Flair" nthemumsp. "FujiJessWilliams" nthemum sp. "Fuji-Mefo"

themum sp. "Golden Peking" themum sp. "Golden YellowPrincess Annc tbemum sp. "Indian Summef themumsp. "Jessamine Williams" themum sp. "Larry" themumsp. "Liptick" themum sp. "h4andalay nthemumsp."Mermaid"- - =- -

~ nthemumsp. "MutedSunshine" themum sp. "Oregon" themumsp. Tik Chief" themumsp. "Queen's Lace" themumsp. "Red Desert" themumsp. "Redskin"

urnsp. "WhiteGrandchild"
um sp. '7lellowJcancttc" umsp. "YelIowJeSs williams"

etunia grandiflora bicolor "Calypso" etunia grandiflora "Blue Jeans" 

# - Temp. Zone 

# -

annual annual annual 4 annual annual annual annual annual

3-5

5 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to8 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5,10 8 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8

annual

2-7 3 5 annual annual annual 

# - Sensitivity to Ozone

I I I I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

~~~ R

~

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R RTable 3
List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas by 

### Type and Sensitivity to Ozone

Plant Type/ Common Name Species Name I petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia petunia perunia petunia snakeroot (white) snapdragon"Floral Carpet" sunflower(common) trumpet creeper aster (purple stemmed) %gonia (Etatior) begonia (Elatior) begonia (Elatior) black-eyed Susan rhqsanthemum zhrysanthemum %rysanthemum -nthemum chrysanthemum chrysanthemum &ysanthcmum coleus coneflower(cutleaf) dahlia m-g glory petunia petunia petunia

cotoneaster cotoneaster mtoncastcr(spreading) tilac (common) viburnum(liaden) azalea azaleaor rhododendron boxelda maple unia grandiflora "BiueSea" unia grandiflora "cherryBlassom"

ia x hiemali"Schwaben1irnd Red" 

# L

BE

# - Tap. Zone 

# -

annual SMUal annual annual annual annual annual annuaJ annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual annual 3 4 annual 4 3 annual annual annual 4 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 3 3-5, to 8 3-5, to 8 3-5,to 8 3-5,to 8 3-5, to8

annu,al 3 Uruavbitn

annual aUiNld 8MWl

aMWl

5 5 5 3 5 6 5 3 

# -

Sensitivity to ozone

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R S S

~~ s

S S S s S S S S S S S S S S S S

I f I I I-R

R R RTable 3
List of Plants for EasternOzoneNon-Attainment Areas by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone

boxwood euonymous euonymus (winged) f~rethorn (scarlet) highbush Muebeny holly (HetzJapanese) mountainlaurel pieris

rhododendron sagebrush (big) spicebush viburnum(maple1eaf) Yew Yew yew(Hatfields Anglojap) aZalea azalea or rhododendron azalea (Hincdegiri) azalea (woolty) elderbeny (American) forsythia juniper (shore) lilac (Chinese) rhododenhon (Catawba)
rose
sumac(staghorn)
sumac (winged) viburnum elderberry (black)

~ mock-orange (sweet) azalea

Treer--Dcciduous: hawthorn(cockspur)

larch(European) locust (thornless honcy) maple (red) mulberry redbud (Eastem) sycamore sycamore(Amaican) ash (Hesse European) linden (silver)

zdkova alder(European bIack) ash (flowering) (red)

-(European)

locust (black)

-(European) birch(Mack) bii(river) blackgum Catalpa derry (Sw3ent) deny(-t) Plant l&c/ Common Name 

# 1 Species Name

odendronsp. -rhododendrun mesia tridentata

kururne”Snog

catawbieascalbum 

# i - Temp. Zone 

# -

6 3 3 6 3 6 5 6 3 3-8 5 4 3 5 4 4 6 4 6 3 3 5 2-5 5 5 2-7 3 4 4 3-6 4 3-8

4 3 4 5 3 4-7 6 5-6 5 4 6 4 6 4 6 5 3 5 4 5 5 4 Sensitivity to Ozone

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S S S S S S

~ 

### s-? S-I S-R

I I I I I 1 I I I I-R I-R I-R I-R

R R R R R R R R RTable 3
List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas by 

### Typeand Sensitivityto Ozone

coffeetree(Kcnt~) cucumbcrtret elm elm (Amaign) empresswee filben(Turkish) ginkgo hawthorn (Washington) hdq(pignut) hophornbeam(Eastem) hornbeam (European) Japanese pagoda tree larch (Japanese) tinden(tittle1eaf) maple (Amur] maple (hedge) maple(Norway) rnaple(sihw) maple(sugar) maple(sycamore) oak (Mack) oak (northen, red) oak (vhite) oak (white) Osage orange pine (tridewne) %miccberry(Mlegheny) walnut (black) Ish (Europeanmountain)
xXton\WXd (black) linden (bigleaf) Gnden(Crimean)
sweet gum Lulippoplar

uh(white) &erg (black) plane(London) tree of heaven %sh (gr=n)

%P-d (Boaering) zlm(chine9c) acmaechcstnut inden (American) mk (English)
oak(~ct) raintrcc(panicled golden) SBsSafras ycllowaJd

Trea--Conifen: pine (Austrian) PWlodgepde) fir(white) 

# - Temp. Zone 

# -

4 5 3-6 3 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5-6 5 5 5 3

4 4 5 5 5 3 4 4 5 4-5 3-6 5 6 4 3 5 5 5 5 4 3 2-1

4 6 6

# f Sensitivity to Ozone

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

R R R R R R R R R R R R

s S S S S S S-I s-1 S-J 

### s-I s-I S-R S-R S-R S-R S-R S-R S-R s-R S-R S-R S-R



## s

S'

I I I-R

. ..Table 3
List Of Plants forEastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas by Type and Sensitivityto Ozone

Plant Type/ to Ozone Zone Smia Name Common Name Sensitivity Temp.

pine (Japanese black) cedar (incense) fir (balsam)

hemlock (Eastern) holly(Arnerican) pine (scotch) spruce (black) spruce (blue) spruce(Colorado Hue) spruce (white) pine (Eastern white) pine (Japanesewhite) pine (Jeffrey) sequoia (giant) fu (Douglas) decurrens, Libocedrusdsurrens

uoiadendron giganteum 5

S 6 S 5 S 4 S 3 R 3 R 3 R 3 R 3 R 3 R 6 R 4 R 4 R 3 R 6 I-RTable 4
Summary of Ozone Sensitivity Classifjcationsfor Plants Potentially Used in East Coast Urban Landscapes,by Plant Category

indudes shrubs and wes. ** Indudes plants listed as sensitiveonlyandas sensitive tkdugh intermediateor resistant. *** Indudes plants listed as intermediateonly and as intermediakthroughraistant.

# Pc



## 1 

## A

1 I I I 1 I 1 i 

# d

# 1U 0 N I 4

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### 0

# r

th 

### 7 U L.c *T.)

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# *

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## m

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0

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### 3 

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# d

1



# tu.

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rrg

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### 3 m "0



# amc 

# I

t

## tn I.

U.. ..



### 3 CI 

# cd
a, Q iL1 

# c 0 

# zn 7



# 0 

# Q

0 .-

## W 

# 3Appendix 

### A

Data 

### Base of 

### Plants and Sensitivity to 

### Ozone

### c= "

d n: d c.

Y 

### .- U E 

### c 

# 2

V. N

### e

IP) C C 

# s

4 0

v, m II

N 993229 333333

LL6""

e- 

## -

I0 E 0 

## c"

ir 0
c)

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d
n m

I 

### <



# .a E 0 

# G

d h YU C18 P

tt tv. I

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0 

## s

4 c

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## -
n 

# -

L O

mI 

### &

1 2 3
4 S
6 7 8 9 10 11 l2 13
14 1s
16 17 16 19 m 21 n
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3Q 31 32 33 34
3s
35 37 38 39
40 41 42 a
44 4s 4 41
4( 44 5E 51 52 S? 54 53 st si 5t SJ U 61
61 6?

IAppendix A Plant Types

Code 

### I nw 1 la lb 2 ,3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12\

Appendix 

### B



### Annotated Bibliography of 

### Selected Sources on Ozone Damage

### to OrnamentalsAppendix,B
Annotated Bibliography of Selected Sourceson Ozone Damage to Ornamentals

1987. Plant Hormone: Key to Ozone Toxicity? 

### Science 

### News. 131: 357-358. Researchers found that pea seedlings exposed to between 50 and 150 ppb 

### 0, for seven hours daily for their first three weeks of growth showed no visible leaf injury. When seedlings grown in the absence of ozone for threeweeks were exposedto between 50 and 150 ppb ozone for seven hours on day 21, they immediately developed severe leaf-tissue death. It was found the plants' production of the hormone ethylene was twice as great 

### in the single-exposure group than the control group. The three-week exposure group produced 92 percent less ethylene than the controls.

1989. Ozone Needles Loblolly Pines


# ... and Saps Sequoia Seedlings. 

### Science 

### News, 136(12): 189. Duke University researchers have found that high ievels of ozone diminish long-term photosynthesis rates in the loblolly pine. They exposed trees in 54 chambersto five different levels 

### of ozone and three 

### of acid rain. At ozone levels triple those normally found 

### in forest air (levels that exist 

### in large cities like Atlanta and Houston), the trees experienced an 80 percent decrease in photosynthesis comparedto those trees exposed to ambient ozone levels. New needles showed an unexplained increase 

### in their photosynthetic rate which leveled 

### off as cumulative ozone exposure increased. In another study, researchers discovered that loblolly pines, red spruce, and scotch pines exposed to high levels of ozone produce more antioxidants to overcome oxygenstress. Experiments 

### by the 

### U.S.Forest Service discovered that giant sequoia seedlings exposed to increased ozone levels lost carbon, indicating reduced photosynthesis and possible cell damage. Seedlings exposed to ozone required more light to retain carbon. "Seedlings on forest floors typically get 

### only about two hours of sunlight per day and have a relatively 

### high mortality rate, with only10to 15 percent sunriving their first year.

~ ~ .. -

~ ~~ -- -~-:Becker,

### K., 

### M. Saurer,-A. Egger and 

### J. Fuhrer.

~ 1989. Sensitivity of White Clcrver~to ambient^ Ozone in Switzerland. 

### New Phytologisf. 112: 235-243. Three experimentswere done to test the sensitivityoffive cultivars of white clover 

### (TrrfoZzumrepens)to ambient ozone levels 

### in Switzerland: 1) exposureto ambient air, 2)exposure to increased ozone for eight hours per day for four days, and 3)exposure to filtered air with ozone added daily. For all experiments, the relative sensitivities of the cultivars were:

### T. 

### repens Ladino Sacramento

### > T.

### repens Ladino California

### >> 

### T. repens Alban

> 

### T.repens Sonja > 

### T. repens Milkanova. -Injury symptoms were seen when plants were exposed to ambient ozone levels. In the most sensitive cultivars, injury occurred after episodes with one hour maximum concentrations 

### of above 120 to 140 ug/m3 occurring on several consecutive days. Differences in ozone sensitivity were related to differences in stomatal density, and somewhat to the length 

### ofthe stomatal pore.
Bennet,

### J., and 

### V.C. Runeckles. 1977. Effects 

### of 

### Low 

### Levels of Ozone 

### on Plant Competition. 

### Journal ofApplied

### Ecolou. 14: 877-880. Monocultures and &res of crimson clover 

### (Trifolium inearnaturn) and annual ryegrass (LoZium mult@'orum>were exposed to 0.03 ppm and 0.09 ppm
ozone for eight hours per day for six weeks. Yield and leaf area 

### of ryegrass 

### in mixtures was less affected by ozone at 0.09 pprn than was clover, so competed more successhlly than in the lower ozone concentrations.Total dry weight, leaf area, leaf area ratio, and tiller number were decreased

### more in 

### monocultures than in 

### mixtures. Exposureto 0.03 

### ppm ozone reduced yieldsby less than 10 

### percent. Exposureto 0.09

### ppm reduced clover leaf area by 50 

### percent and of ryegrass by 35 

### percent in 

### monocultures, while total mixture leaf area was decreased by only 26 

### percent.
Benzing, David 

### H., Joseph Arditti, Leslie Nyman, Patric Temple and James Bennett. 1992. Effects of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide on Four Epiphytic Bromeliads. Environmental and Erpm*mntal 

### Botany. 32(1): 25-32. 

### This study is similarto that ofNyman, et 

### al. 1990, which was ' 

### performed on 

### epiphytic orchids. It 

### was conductedto 1) 

### establish threshold exposuresfor injury and physiological effects 

### from exposureto 

### SO, and O,, 

### and, 2)

### to determine whether epiphytic bromeliads could replace lichens for air quality monitoring in Florida national parks. Plants were exposed to similar levels as theprior study: 

### SO, (0.3,0.6, 

### and 1.2

### ppm) 

### or 

### 0, (0.15, 0.3 

### and 0.45 

### ppm) for six hours on four consecutive nights, followed by sequential exposure to 

### 0,, 0, and SO, 

### in combination, and 

### SO2 alone for a 

### total 

### of six hours each time. 

### No visible injury 

### was observed, nor 'vas 

### foliar conductance or crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) 

### affected. Tolerance 

### to the pollutar,:s was probably due to low stomatal conductance, the "insulating indumentum of 

### absorbing foliar hairs," and slow metabolism. Epiphytic 

### TiZZandsia species were found to offer advantages over lichens for air quality assessments. They exhibit ozone-sensitive, easily measured responses and can be transplanted with ease to areas ,where neither they nor lichens appear naturally.
Berry, 

### CR 1971. Relative Sensitivity of Red, Jack, and White Pine Seedlings to Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide. 

### Phytopathology. 61: 231-232. 

### Different age groups (three, five, and seven weeks) of 

### red pine 

### (P&Ls reskm), jack pine 

### (P. banhima),

### and white pine 

### (P. strobus) 

### seedlings were 

### exposed to 25 

### pphm and50 

### pphm 

### 0, for two-hour intervals. No difference in 

### sensitivity among the different age groups was 

### detected. The study concluded that ozone 

### is more injurious to these species than 

### sufirdioxide. Jack pine was the most sensitive, while red pine was intermittently more tolerant. The article includes a table that compares the relative sensitivitiesof the three species to both 

### 0, and 

## so,.
Brennan, E., and 

### P.M. Halisky. 1970. Response of Turfgrass Cultivars to Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide 

### in the Atmosphere. 

### Phytopathology.60: 1544-1546. 

### Turfgrasses were exposed forsix hours to an atmosphere containing ozone (0.23 

### to 0.30 

### ppm) 

### of sulfur dioxide(0.75 

### to 1.80

### ppm). The article includes a table that lists the degree of ozone injury for eleven turf'grass cultivars (seven species)

### fiom exposureto 0.30 

### ppm ozone for 

### six hours. The table comparatively ranks the cultivars' degree 

### of injury, expressed numerically on a scale 

### of zero (no damage) to nine (severe damage).
Bytnerowicz, A,, 

### D.M. Olszyk, 

### C.A. Fox, P.J. Dawson, 

### G. Kats, 

### C.L. Morrison, and J. Wolf. 1988. Responses 

### of

### DesertAnnual Plants to 

### Ozone and Water 

### Stress in an 

### InSitu Experiment. 

### JAPCA. 38(9): 1145-1151. 

### Due to 

### spreading urbanization in the 

### Los Angeles area, 

### plant communities in the Mojave Desert may be exposed to increasing levels

### ofozone. To 

### detennine the effects of ozone exposure on desert winter annual plants, several species growing in rrigated and non-irrigated plots were exposed 

### in situto ozone fiom an open air exposure system. The species used were: 

### Camissonia ciavi$ormis, Camissonia hirtella, Cadanthus cooperi, Chaneactis carphociinia, Chaneactis stevioides, Cryptantha anpstifoiia, Clyptan fha pterocarya, Erodium

B-2

### cicutarium, Festuca octoflora, Lupinus concinnus, Oenothera californica, Plantago insularis, Platystemon californica, Salvia columbariae, Thylepodium lasiophyllum, 

### and Thysanocarpus curvipes. 

### Plants were exposed intermittently to a gradient of ozone of concentrations ranging between 44 and 133 

### ppb (nL/L) 

### for 35 

### hours over a total of 216 

### hours (nine days). Only three species were injured by ozone at the highest concentrations: Carnissionia claviformis 

### (two percent total foliar injury), Camissonia hirteIla 

### (one percent total foliar injury), and Erodium 

### cicutarium 

### (two percent total foliar injury).

California Air Resource Board. 1991. 

### Crop Loss 

### Assessment Program. (Incomplete reference). A 

### literature search was performed to obtain all relevant references to ozone effects on ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa)

### and Jeffery pine(Pinus jegeryi),

### two species thought to 

### be most susceptibleto ozone. Literature included specrfc dose-response information.

### CAR3 also calculated

seven- and 12-hour average ozone concentrations at monitoring sites nearor 

### in forested areasto develop ozone isopleths in 

### the forested areas of California. CARB cited Miller et al. (1983) 

### who hmigated 1 1 

### species of western conifer seedlings and two hybrids with0.36 

### ppm ozone for 12 hours per day for 37 

### days under natural forest conditions. Ranked in 

### order from most to least sensitive are: Pinusjefferyi 

### x P. coulleri 

### hybrid, 

### P. monticola, 

### P.ponderosa, 

### P.jefferyi, Abies concotor, 

### P. coulteri,A.

### magn'lfica,

### P. radiata x 

### P. attenuata, Calocedrus decurrens, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, Pinus lambertiana,

### P. ponderosa 

### var. scopulorum. Ozone levels in 

### forest ecosystems have been observed to be suffkientiy high to alter tree species composition in 

### forest succession. The report includes a 

### substantial -summary of results from field studies 

### of ozone damage in California conifer- sppIt also 

### includes seven and 12-hour 

### ozone monitoring data, by 

### month, for 

### various areas in 

### California, and maps of 

### coincident

### ozone and 

### Ponderosa and Jeffery pine distribution

Colorado State University Experiment Station. n.d. 

### Ozone and Ethylene Effects on Some Ornamental Plant Species. General Series 974. 

### While ethylene is not a major pollutant, it 

### is "a common and serious problemin 

### the florist industry." Nineteen ornamental plant species, usually at

100 

### to 150 

### ppb ozone combined for two or three weeks. Acute effects were observed on most species, with greater damage fiom combined ethylene/ozone exposure. Injury included collapsed tissue, black necrosis of leaf tips and margins, glossy and deformed leaflets, epinasty, and other conditions. Despite the high dosage of ethylene, typical ethylene effects were not always observed. In general, slower growing species such 

### as Boston fern, Croton, Pothos and PhiIodendrm showed less damage than Coleus, Fuchsia, Geranium 

### or Schefflera. The bulletin contains extensive photographs of damage to speciesto be usedas an aid in 

### diagnosis. ~ ~ .~~ 

### salea le ab le" size were exposed~to 500 

### ppb ethylene, l00~to 150

### ppb ozone, 

### or 500 

### ppb ethylene and

Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Poilutants. 1977. 

### Ozone and UthmPhotochemical oxidants 

### Washington,

### DC: National Academyof Sciences. 

### Ch. 11. 

### This chapter is a critical review of

### research on the effects 

### in plants 

### and microorganisms of photochemical oxidants, including ozone, and includes 

### an extensive

### bibliography 

### on related 

### work. The text describes vegetative injury: visible and subtle, acute and chronic, and symptoms. It discusses 

### physiological and .biochemical effects, chemical basis of 

### toxicity, effect on reproduction and life cycles, biomass and yields, ambient level field studies and chamber studies, environmental factors affecting plant response,

B-3pollutant interactions, pollutant-pathogen interactions, plant protection through breeding, sprays, and cultural (land use) practices, and plants as biological pollutant monitors. The chapter lists tables of growth reductions fiom short and long term exposures for selected agricultural, tree, understory, and ornamental flower species, sensitive and resistant cultivars for agricultural and ornamental flowers, response to ozone as a fbnction of environmental factors for trees and crop species, and foliar and growth responses

### to su&r dioxide and ozone mixtures. It briefly discusses economic assessment of

ozone injury to plants, but focuses largely on crop plants. It examines dose-response relationships in plants and gives tables listing: 1) ozone concentrations for short term exposures that produce five percent or 20 percent injury 

### to vegetation 

### grown under sensitive conditions 

### for sensitive, intermediate, and resistant plants, 2)concentration,time, response equations for three susceptibility groups and for selected plants 

### or plant types with respect to ozone, and 3) rates of ozone uptake by selected species. It gives a substantial species list of sensitive, intermediate, and resistent plants includingreference.


### Cooley, D.R, and-W.J. Manning. 1987. The Impact 

### of Ozoneon Assimilate Partitioning in Plants: A Review. 

### Environmental Pollution. 47: 

### 95-113. The authors examined experiments which compared weights of various plant organs (root, leaves, stems, etc.) fi-omplants 

### grown in

ozone and control atmospheres. Their goal was to answer the question: "Doplants compensate for 

### 0, stress by partitioningrelatively greater amounts 

### of assimilateto economicaly important sinks?" At relativelylow levels 

### of ozone (0.05 to 0.10 ppm), plantswill generally divert assimilate to leaves in favor of roots. Ozone~~exposure reduces the number 

### of flowers, fruits and/or seeds. At higher

ozone levels (greater than 0.10 ppm), exposure severely reduces photosynthesis, causing dramatic growth reductions.


### Costonis, A.C., and W.A. Sinclair. 1969. Relationships 

### ofAtmospheric Ozoneto 

### Needle Blight of 

### Eastern White Pine. 

### Phytopathology, 59: 1566-1574. Studies indicated that needle blight is a symptom caused by ozone injury. Sensitive trees developed symptoms 

### of severe injury after

~ ~ exposure to three pphm ozone for 48 hours or seven pphm for four hours. Polyethylene bags (covering selected branches) proved to prevent injury.

Cox, 

### RM., J. Spavold-Tims and 

### R.N. Hughes. 1989. 

### Acid Fog and Ozone: Their Possible Role in Birch Deterioration Around the Bay 

### ofFundy, Canada. 

### Water, Air and Soil 

### Pollution. 48: 263-276. 

### Areas of deteriorating white birch stands overlap withthe often acidic (pH 3.6 April to October) "Fundy 

### Fog." Leafbrowning was not signifi&tiy related to 

### ozone levels, but there was an inverse relationship between ozone level (up to 100 ppb difference) and fog, which warrants more study.


### Davis, 

### D.D., and 

### J.M. Skeliy. 1992. Growth Response of Four Species 

### of Eastern Hardwood Tree 

### Seedlings Exposed to Ozone, Acidic Precipitation, and Sulfur Dioxide. Journal of theAir & 

### Waste ManagementAssoddom 42(3): 309-311. The goal of 

### this study was 

### to determine

### if air pollutants affect the growth and productivity of black cherry 

### (Prumrsserotina), red maple 

### (her rubrum),northern red

### oak (Quercusrubra),and yellow-poplar 

### (Liriodendrontulipifera) seedlings. Seedlings were treated with either 40 or 80 ppb 

### 0,,combined with acidic precipitation at pH 3.O or

B-44.2 and SO2 at zero or 300 ppb. Foliar injury was commonly 

### a dark adaxial stipple on the oldest leaves. The most sensitive species was black cherry (61 percent leaf injury). Yellow-poplar exhibited an average of 33 percent leaf injury, and red maple had 11 percent. Red oak only averaged five percent foliar injury. The article includes a table that lists different response variables based on either 40 or 80 ppb ozone exposure.


### Davis, D.D., and

### J.M. Skelly. 1992. 

### Foliar Sensitivity 

### ofEight Eastern Hardwood Tree Species to Ozone. 

### Water,Air, and Soil Pollution. 62: 269-277. Seedlings of black cherry 

### (Prunus serotina),red maple

### (Acerrubrum),red oak 

### (Quercusrubra),sweetgum 

### (Liquidambar styracljlua), white ash 

### (Fraxinus americana), white 

### oak (Quercus alba),yellow-poplar 

### (Liriodendron tulipifera), and yellow birch

### (BetuZa allegheniensis) were exposed to zero, 0.075,or 0.15 uL/L 

### 0, for six hours per day on two consecutive days for 12 weeks- "Based on percent 

### leaf tissue showing stipple and defoliation fo1loW;ng exposure to 0.15 ULL

### 0,, the most sensitive species to 0, was black cherry, followed by sweetgm, yellow-poplar, white ash, red maple, and yellow birch. Red oak and white oak foliage did not exhibit stipple." The article contains 

### figures detailing the influence 

### of leaf position on injury, and includes a table that lists the influence of ozone on foliar response 

### of the eight hardwood species to various exposure levels.


### Davis, D.D., andF.A. 

### Wood. 1973. The Influence of 

### Environmental Factors onthe Sensitivity of 

### Virginia Pine to Ozone. 

### Phytopathology. 63: 371-376. Virginia pine seedlings and plants were
ozone sensitivity. Seedlings and three-year old plants were injured more severely during exposure to ozone and higher humidity than when exposed to ozone and lower humidity. Plants conditioned
kept ata lower temperature. Seedlings and plants kept 

### in the dark before exposure to ozone suffered injury; those kept in light were not injured. The article contains several figures that illustrate the influence of humidity, temperature, and light 

### on the sensitivity 

### of Virginia pineto ozone. . .. .~ exposed to 25 pphm 0, for four hoursto test for the influence of humidity, temperature, and light on

~~ or maintained at higher temperatures before or after exposure were more severely injured~than plants



### Davis, D.D., and 

### F.A. Wood. 1973. The Influence of 

### Plant Age on the Sensitivity of 

### Virginia Pine to Ozone. 

### Phytopathology. 63: 381-388. Seedlings were exposed to 25 pphm 0, for four hours at various stages of growth to determinethe influence of plant age on sensitivity to ozone. Three-year old dormant plants were exposed to 10 or 25 pphm for 24 or 48 hours, or 50 pphm for one, 

### two, or four hours. To establish dose-response curves, seedlings of each leaf type were exposed to 25 pphm 

### 0, for one to eight hours. This article includes several figures that show the influence 

### of age on the sensitivity 

### of Virginia pine. Influence of tissue age and needle ageare also detailed. 

### In an early study, the author found Virginia pine to be the most susceptible of 18 coniferous species exposed to ozone. 

### Dowse& Salley, Robert Anderson and William Hoffard. 1992. 

### Review of Selected Articles on 

### Ozone Sensitivity and Associated Symptoms 

### for Plants Commonly Found in the Forest Environment. Atlanta, GA: USDA Forest Service Southern Region, Forest Pest Management. Technical Publication RS-TP 18. 

### December. Plant species are used 

### as bio-indicators of ozone presence and intensity. This review of 97 articles identifies 201 species that could be used as



### B-5

### indicators, rating them on the basis of high, intermediate or low sensitivity to ozone. Species are listed based on visible damage to leaves, not on effects on e.g., shoot growtb 

### root growth,biomass production, or 

### photosynthesis. Based on the review, 126 species were classifiedas 

### tolerant, 56 

### as intermediate and 89 

### as susceptibleto visible damage fiom ozone. Species are presented in 

### tables listing common name, scientific name, symptom type, test method, and information source.
Edwards, Nelson, Gerry Edwards, 

### J. Michael Kelly and George Taylor. 1992. Three-year Growth Responses of 

### Pinus taeda 

### L. [loblolly pine] to Simulated Rain Chemistry, Soil Magnesium Status, and Ozone. 

### Wuter, Air, and Soil Pollution 63: 105-118. 

### Height, diameter, and mass were measured for loblolly pine seedlings exposed to sub-ambient (about20 nL/L 

### average, 40 nLL

### peak), ambient(about 35 nL/L 

### average, 70 nLLL

### peak), and twice-ambient (about 60 nL/L 

### average, 110 nL/L

### peak) ozone concentrations fiom May to October 1987, 1988, 

### and 1989. Annual reductions in biomass accumulation in seedings exposed to the highest to 

### lowest ozone levels were 14percent, 1 1.4 

### percent, and eight percent, respectiveiy. Twice-ambient ozone-exposed seedlings had the greatest height growth; sub-ambient ozone-exposed seedlings had 

### the greatest diameter growth. Elevated ozone concentrations reduced tissue density.
Elkiey, 

### T., and D.P. Ormrod. 1981. Sulphur and Nitrogen Nutrition and Misting Effects on the Response of Bluegrass to Ozone, Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide or Their Mixture. Witer,

### Air, and Soil 

### PoLLK~~o~L 16: 177-186. 

### "Cheri," "Merion," and "Touchdown" Kentucky bluegrass 

### (Poa pvatensis) cultivarswere grown with 

### complete nutrition or with low S 

### or low N. 

### Treatments included 1) 

### control; 2) 10 

### pphm 0, 

### for six hours 

### per day; 3) 

### 15 pphm SO, 24 hours per day; 4) 15 

### pphm NO, 24 

### hours per day; and;5) 

### a combinationof Z), 3) 

### and 4). 

### Exposures lasted for 10 

### days without misting. Treatments were conducted a second time, adding a mist 

### of deionized water for five min. 

### periods twice daily. In most cases, severity of injury increased when the plants were misted with the deionized water, especially in the relatively insensitive "Touchdown" cultivar. Low S 

### or lowN 

### usually increasedthe impact of 

### SO, or NO,, 

### respectively, but not ozone.
Elkiey, 

### T., and D.P. Onnrod. 1980. Response of Turfgrass Cuitivars to Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide,or their Mixture. 

### Journal 

### of theAmerican Society of 

### Horticultural Science. 105(5): 664-668. 

### Eighteen cultivars 

### of six species 

### (Poapratensis, Agrostis alba,A. palustris, A. 

### tenuis, Festuca rubra, and Lollium

### perenne)of cool seasonturf grass were exposed to 15 

### pphm ozone or a mixture of 15

### pphm 

### 0,, 15 

### pphm su&r dioxide, and 15 pphm sulfbr dioxidefor six hours daily for ten days. Each variable contained two replicates of two pots each. Most common symptomsofinjuries on sensitive cultivars were bleaching and necrosis of leaves, with some cultivars showing dark brown necrosis and stippling due to 

### 0, exposure. Cultivars varied fiom very sensitive to insensitive. Some cultivars showed less leaf area 

### production but no visible injury symptoms; others had leaf injury without reduced area of uninjured leaves. Combined exposure caused more leaf injury and reducedkaf+area 

### production than exposure to single gases. Studies that test exposureto single pollutants could provide inaccurate estimates of sensitivity outdoors where several pollutants may occur simultaneously. The article includes a table of species and'cultivarsand leaf injury or decreased leaf area due to air pollutants. ~.

~~ ~~ ~ .. . .



### 3-6Ensing, J., and G.

### Hofstra. 1982. Impact 

### of the Air Pollutant Ozone on Acetylene Reduction and Shoot Growth 

### of Red CEover. 

### Journal ofPlant 

### Pathologv. 4: 237-42. 

### Red clover (TrlfZium prafense)

### was exposedto ambient ozone levels (a maximum of 0.8

### ppm 

### to 0.12 ppm) and to 0.20 ppm 

### ozone for six hours per day 

### for four days. In 

### both experiments, plants exposed to ozone showed leafbronzing. Bronzing was only observed at 0.12 

### ppm levels; 0.10ppm 

### did not produce detectable injuries. By 

### seven to ten days following exposure, nitrogen fixation in 

### exposed plants approached that of 

### unexposed plants. The authors concluded that ambient levels of ozone in 

### Ontario have the potential to injure red clover leaves and reduce growth and nitrogen fixation.
Evans, Lance, and Michael Leonard. 1991. Histological Determination 

### of Ozone Injury Symptoms of Primary Needles 

### of Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Bucch.). 

### New PhytoZogisL 117: 557-64. 

### Giant sequoia seedings were exposed

### to ambient (100 

### to 221 ppm per hour in 1986, 125to 215 pprn per hour 

### in 1987) 

### and 1.5 

### times ambient levelsof ozone in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks in California in 1986 

### and 1987. 

### The percentageof 

### plasmolyzed primary needle cells did not correlate with ozone levels, but, in 1986 only, 

### the percentage of amorphously stained and dead cells .taken together showed

### a significant response to dose (y = 29.9 

## + 0.260~). In

### both years, higher ozone levels killed more needle cells; Cell death in the experiments ranged from 0.9

### to 6.2 percent. Cell death averaged 5.1 

### percent from 

### all samples takenfrom 

### the two parks.

~~~ Feder, W.A., and ~F.J. Campbell. 1968. Influence 

### of Low Levels of-Ozone on Flowering of 

### Carnations. PlzyfopufhoZugy. 58: 1038-1039. 

### Tip burn 

### appeared 48 

### hours after carnations 

### were exposed to oxidant levels of 

### 0.12 to 0.15 

### ppm 

### for eight hours. Also, an average of 0.075 ppm 

### for approximately 10 

### days caused damage if the plants were exposed around the time ofbud initiation. The authors concluded that "carnations grown in 

### the presence of ozone at levels below which visible injury usually appears were adversely affected."

.. ~"

~~ ~ ~ . ~ Feder, W.A., F.L. Fox, W.W. Heck, and F.J.-Carnpbell.-.l969. -Varietal Responses 

### of Petunia

~ ~. to Several Air 

### Pollutants. Plant Disease Reporter. 

### 53(7): 506-10. 

### Fifteen varieties of petunia were exposed to ozone, sulfur, dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and irradiated auto exhaust (each separately). Varieties resistant to one kind

### ofpollutant are often resistant o the others. The most sensitive variety was "White Cascade," while 

### "Red

### Magic" was "quite sensitive" to four individual pollutants. The least sensitive were "Cherry Blossom" and "Blue Danube."
Findlay, S., and 

### C.G. Jones. 1990. Exposure 

### of Cottonwood Plants to Ozone Alters Subsequent 

### Leaf Decomposition. 

### Oecologia. 82: 248-250. 

### The authors investigatedthe effects of acute ozone exposure on subsequent decomposition of leaf litter 

### corn cottonwood 

### (PopuZus deltoides),by 

### exposing plantsto 200 

### ppb ozone for five hours. This resulted in early leaf abscission and 

### higher nitrogen content in 

### the leaves. Contrary to general predictions,the high nitrogen leaves were slowerto decompose.
Flagler, 

### RB., and 

### V.B. Youngner. 1982. Ozone and Sulfur 

### Dioxide Effects on Three Tall Fescue Cultivars. Journal 

### ofEnvironmentaZ Quality. 2(3): 413-416. 

### This study examines the

B-7

### effects of 

### ozone on the marketable yields of three cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundznacea), 

### "Alta," "Fawn," and "Kentucky 3 1." 

### The cultivars were exposed to zero to 0.40 

### ppm 

### 0, six hours per day, oncea week, for seven to nine weeks. Increased ozone exposure significantly decreased the yield and weight per tiller of each cultivar.
Gagnon, Z.E., and D.F. Karnosky. 1992. Physiological Response of Three Species of 

### Sphagnum to Ozone Exposure. 

### Journal of 

### BryoL. 17: 81-91. 

### Peatlands have become more threatened due to the increasing number of nearby air pollutionsources. Very little 

### is known 

### about the affects of poflutants on 

### Sphagnum, especialiy ozone. In this study, three species of 

### Sphagnum (Sphagtmm magelianicum, Sphprnflexuosum,and 

### Sphagnum rubellurn) were placedin 

### open-top chambers. Two chamber treatments (charcoal-filtered and twice ambient 

### [ZX])and an open, nonchambered plot were used, with the total ozone exposures being 80,40, and 0.4 

### ppm respectively. After ten weeks 

### ofexposure,

# the results clearly indicated that ozone had a significant effect 

### on growth in 

### length, photosynthesis, and chiorophyll content. Differences were also recorded among species.
Glater, RA.B. 

### 1956. Smog Damage to Ferns in 

### the Los Angeles Area. 

### Phytopathology. 46: 696-698. 

### Smog damage to ferns is distinct from injury caused to other plants. "Damage manifested itself as a tan 

### spotting of 

### leaflets, followed by local or general dehydration of the affected areas, ending in necrosisof the entire leaf." ApproximateIy 24 

### hours after smog exposure, injury to ferns was evident. Within 48 

### hours, the leaves become "completely dehydrated, turn 

### brown and brittle, and crumble on pressure. 'I

.. 

### Haagen-Smit, A.J., 

### Ellis Darley, Milton Zaitlin, Herbert Hull and Wilfred Noble. 1952. Investigation on Injury 

### to Plants from Air Pollution in the Los Angel=-Area. -Plant 

### PhysioZogy. 27: 18-34. 

### Spinach, endive, beets, oats, and alfalfa were exposed to 0.20 

### ppm ozoneby volumefor five hours. Beets and oats showed no injury, and spinach, endive and aWfa showed injury not typical of 

### smog damage. However, when ozone, peroxide, and unsaturated hydrocarbons were mixed, -~~. .~

~ ."

. . 

### -typical smog-~damage-occarred- aRer 4.5 

### to five-houss damage.
:-...-.--l-.

. :=-- :-= .- -~z-..:=l.:.-.r.p. =- ~~... :.-~


### Harward, Max, and MichaeI Treshow. 1975. 

### Impact of 

### Ozone 

### on the Growth and Reproduction of Understorey Plants in the Aspen Zone of 

### Western 

### U.S.A. 

### Environmental Conservation. 2(1): 17-23. 

### Fourteen plants representative of the aspen community understory 

### of the western 

### U.S.were exposed to ambient air 

### (peaks of five to seven pphm for two hours per day), 15 

### pphm, and 30 

### pphm for three hours per day, five times a week, for three 

### growing seasons (June to 

### September). Chlorosis, necrosis, and leaf senescence were seen in the more sensitive species. Symptoms appeared inthe most sensitive species after three to four weeks of exposure to ambient levels. 

### All species were injured at 15

### pphm and 30 

### pphm, with sensitive species showing symptoms within a week of exposure. Percent leafinjury at harvest ranged from 

### zero to 50 

### at ambient levels (seven plants damaged), 15 

### to 100 

### at 15 

### pphm, and 55 

### to 100 

### at 30 

### ppb. Root and shoot dry 

### weight and seeds produced per plant were also measured. Growth was reduced at higher ozone levels. Timing of flowering was changed, and the numbers of flowers and fruits produced were decreased 

### in some species due to ozone exposure.

### Most species were highly 

### sensitiveto ozone'. Only two (Chenopodium 

### aibum and 

### Desm&wia sp.) were moderately resistant.

B-8Eleagle, Allen, Joseph Miller, Dorothy Sherrill and John Rawlings. 1993. Effects 

### of Ozone and Carbon Dioxide Mixtures on Two Clones of White Clover. New Phytologist. 123: 751-62. 

### Ozone sensitivePC-S) and resistant (NC-R) clones of white clover were treated with ozone levels of five and 82 nL/L 

### for si hours per day and with carbon dioxide treatments of 380 

### (ambient), 490, 600, 

### and 710 ppm 

### for 24 

### hours per day for eight weeks. CO, enrichment decreased foliar gas exchange in 

### NC-R more thanin 

### NC-S, while 0, 

### decreased gas 

### exchange of NC-S more than that of NC-R. NC-S was severely injured by 

### ozone, while NC-R was slightly injured. Ozone decreasedthe growth 

### ofNC-S, 

### but not NC-R, while CO, enrichment increased the growth of both.
Heagle, Allen, Michael McLaughlin, Joseph Miller, Ronald Joyner and Susan Spruill. 1991.

. Adaptation of a White Clover Population to Ozone Stress. 

### New Phytologis?. 119: 61-68. 

### White clover (Trifoolium 

### repens "Regal") and tall 

### fescue 

### (Festucaarundinacea "Kentucky 3 1 'I) 

### were grown 

### together in 

### a field for two seasons and exposed to six ozone regimes ranging from 0.59 times ambient (27 

### ppb average) to 1.95times ambient(89 

### ppb average). .More clover plants suwived in the low ozone treatments than 

### in the high ozone treatments. Fescue was less sensitive to ozone than white clover. Surviving clover plants were cloned and exposed to ozone regimes from 150 ppb to 300 

### ppb ozone for 5.5

### hours. Only 

### one sfthe 33 

### clones that suwived 

### the 0.59times ambient exposure regime was resistant to short term 

### ozone exposure, while 19 

### of the 30 

### clones surviving 1.95

### times ambient exposure were resistant to sho;rt

### term ozone exposure. As 

### well, eight clones that survived the0.59 

### times ambient exposure regime were sensitive to 

### short term ozone exposure {more plants injured, -averagefoliar injury 58 

### percent), while none of 

### the c1one.ssurviving 1-.95

### times ambient exposure -~

~ were 

### sensitive {fewer plants injured, 34 

### percent average foliar injury). This series of experiments indicates that white clover can develop ozone resistance when ozone is a predominant selection pressure.
Heck, Walter, John Dunning and 

### LJ. Hindawi. 1965. Interactions 

### of Environmental Factors on the Sensitivity

### of Plants to Air Pollution. 

### Juurnd of 

### the

### Air Pollution ControlAssociation
on air pollution sensitivity in 

### plants. Variables discussed are: light (quality, intensity, and duration), temperature, carbon dioxide eoncentration, humidity, wind, and soil (moisture, aeration, nutrient levels, and texture). Relative dose-response levelsare given for: photoperiod in 

### annual bluegrass; light intensity in alfalfa, tomato, pinto bean, cotton, tobacco, and endive; temperature and tobacco, alfalfa, and buckwheat; soil moisture and petunias; nutrient levels and alfalfa, buckwheat, tobacco,

~ 

### pinto bean, spinach, lettuce, barley, and oats. ~ -~

.~~ - ~~.

~ . ~~ -=45(1-1);

" 51 1-5-15,

- 

### Thls-~mide reviewsresearch-done on-theimpad ofseveral. environmental variables..-=--=~z :.=-

Hibben, C.R. 1969. Ozone 

### Toxicity to Sugar Maple. 

### Phy?opu?hology. 59: 1423-1428. 

### Experiments were conducted both in a laboratory and in the field. Sugar maples

### (her saccharum) were exposed to various dosesof ozone at different exposure intervals. It was concludedthat the "threshold level for 

### visible 

### injury to maple foliage after short exposures was 20 

### to 30 

### pphm for two hours." In addition, ''extended intermittent doses 

### as low 

### as 10 pphmat two hours per day for 14 

### days caused slight injury."
Hibben, C.R 1969. Plant Injury by Oxidant-type Pollutants in the New Vork City



### B-9\



### Atmosphere. 

### Plant Disease Reporter. 53(7): 544-48. Over a period of four years, snowstorm petunia, ornamental tobacco, eastern white pine, common and hybrid lilacs and oxidant-sensitive rubber strips were exposed to Brooklyn air, unfiltered and filtered(at the time, the most heavily polluted "industrial area" 

### in the country). Oxidants were present in unfiltered air at phytotoxic levels,

as shown by cracked rubber strips and damage to plants, including adaxial and bifacial flecks and abaxial glaze and discoloration. Most severely injured were ornamental tobacco and eastern white pine. Although growth was not measured, plants in unfiltered air clearly showed less 

### gro'wth than those in filtered air. While the oxidants were not specifically identified, damage resembling that caused by 

### ozone in other experiments implicated that ozone was one of the phytotoxicants.
Hill, 

### A.C. 

### 1961. Plant Injury Induced by 

### Ozone. 

### Phyfopafhology. 51: 356-362. 

### Phytotoxicity of 

### ozone to 34 

### (mostly agricultural) species was studied in controlled-atmosphere greenhouses. Plants were exposed to 0.13 

### to 0.72 

### ppm ozone for two-hour periods every one to two weeks. The plants were grouped into sensitivity categories based on the level of ozone require? to 

### produce injury symptoms (chlorotic mottling, necrotic bleaching oftheupper leaf surface, and bifacial necrotic spots that extended throughout the leaf). Sensitive plants were those injured at ozone levels of 

### less than 0.30 

### ppm, intermediate plants were injured at ozone levels of 0.30 

### to 0.40 

### ppm, and resistent plants were not injured (if at all) by levels below0.40 

### ppm.
Hirichsen, Don. 1987. 

### The Forest Decline Enigma: What Underlies Extensive Dieback on
suIphur 

### dioxide, nitrogen,ammonia, 

### organic chemicals, acid rain) and 

### extent of 

### forest decline in North 

### American andEurope. The total affected area is at least seven million hectares (16.5 

### million acres). The Union of German Forest Owners estimated the 1985 

### loss due to forest death at $1 

### billion for the Federal Republic

### of

### Germvy. Forest decline differs among the two continents. 

### In Europe, only 11 

### species are alfected: four ofthe most important conifers (Norway spruce, silver fir, Scotch pine, and European larch) and seven broad-leafed trees (European beech, silver birch, European ash, European
patuaea).

, 

### In North America, forest death appears to affect only conifers. ~.

~ -~ 

### Two Cont.inents?~-ce. 

### 37(8):-542-546.~ 

### -Thisarticle examines-the potentidcauses (ozone,

. ~

~. ~. . ~~~~- ".

.. :-= 

### :$der, common map~-rAcer-pseudopZatanus]), and-_twospecies..ofoak~~~e~~~~zla6ar_an~.CZlu~rc;lzrs

.~_ . .

.~. -.



### Jagels, 

### R,J. Cadisle, 

### R Cunningham, S. 

### Serreze and 

### P. Tsai. 3989. Impact of Acid 

### Fog and Ozone on 

### Coastal Red Spruce. 

### Water, 

### Air, and 

### Soil Poilution. 48: 

### 193-208. 

### Red spruce with 

### decline symptoms have 

### been associated with the combination of 

### high levels of ozone and acidfog along the coast 

### ofMaine. Trees in the mid-coastin well-buffered soils develop symptoms

### of late winter injury. Trees on poorer soils develop chlorosis on upper surfaces of older needles. Ozone levels contributed by plumes fiom the Boston area were 130-154 

### ppb. Mid-coast ozone levels were even higher:200 ppm at Isle au 

### Haut in June, 150

### to 180

### ppb at south coast sites. Researchers found that some ozone was possibly generated 

### fiom NO, and. hydrocarbons fiom trees. Coastal ozone levels exceeded those found at 

### any inlandsite in Maine.
Jensen, Keith and Leon Dochinger. 1989. Response of Eastern Hardwood Species to 

### Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Acid Precipitation. 

### JAPCA. 39: 852-55. 

### For 16 

### weeks seedlings of ten 

### eastern hardwood species were subjected to hmigation and acid rain treatments in 

### greenhouse



### B-10conditions. The treatments were: zero, 0.07 and 0.15 ppm 

### 0,; zero and 0.02 ppm SO2;and acid rain treatments with pHs of3.0, 3.5 and 4.2. Ozone and acid rain exposure significantly affected leaf dry weight, leaf area and/or new-growth dry weight of 

### six of the species. The ten species were divided into two groups: those sensitiveto air pollution which showed foliar injuryor diminished growth, and those that were tolerant. Sensitive species included white ash, yellow birch, sweetgum, red maple, yellow-poplar and sugar maple. Tolerant species were white 

### oak, shagbark hickory, American beech and European beech. The study concludes that ozone is probably morehadl than acid rain.


### Jensen, Keith. 1973. Response of Nine Forest Tree Speciesto 

### Chronic Ozone Fumigation. Pla&.Disease

### RepoHm. 57(11): 914-17. One-year old seedlings ofnine tree species were exposed to 30 pphm 

### of ozone for eight hours per day for five months. Height and leaf development were measured against a control group. Sycamore, sugar maple and silver maple showed the greatest reductions in growth as a resultof exposureto ozone, whiie yellow-poplar, silver maple and white ash showed significant decline in leaf production.


### Juhren, Marcella, Wilfred Noble and F.W. Went. 

### 1957. The Standardization ofPoa annua 

### as an Indicator of Smog Concentrations. 

### I. Effects of Temperature, Photoperiodand Light Intensity 

### During Growth ofthe 

### Test-plants. Plant Physiology. 32: 

### 576-586. Poa annua(annual bluegrass) has been reported as one ofthe most smog-sensitive plants observed in the field. Because it is also easy to grow and shows injury with measurable bands 

### of damage on its leaves, it was

~ ~ suggested for use 

### as an- indicator species 

### for detecting smog concentrations. Ten Poa annua-plants

were placed in test chambers each day in 12 locations aroundLos Angeles County. Plant injuries were measureddaily and judged

### high, medium, or low. Sensitivity to smog differed among growing conditions, but overall 

### Poa mnua stayed sensitive except

### in very hot conditions. Young-mature tissues were the most susceptible. Damage was consistently greater 

### in shorter (eight-hour) photoperiods than longer (12- or 16-hour) photoperiods.

### Plants grown in warm conditions showed the highest sensitivity to smog, while plants 

### grown in hot temperatures showed the lowest sensitivity.

grown in cool temperatures lost sensitivity when moved to hot temperatures. Damage was greater 

### in unshaded versus shaded plants (because of stomatal opening).


### Koritz, Helen 

### G., and F.W. 

### Went. 1953. The Physiological Action of 

### smog on Plants. 

### I. Initial Growth and Transportation Studies. 

### PZani PhysioZogy. 28: 50-62. Tomato plants were tested for biomass as a hnction of exposure to smog. Plants were fbmigated for one hour daily for six days with 0.1 ppm ozone and 1-n-hexene vapors and then harvested on the seventh day. Plants exposed to smog had decreased leaf area, total biomass, and height comparedto controls. Damage possibly varied

### as a hnction of plant

### age., Factors favoring the opening of stomata appeared to also increase smog sensitivity. ~ -- - .~~~. -

. ~ ~~."

--

~~ =.Plants grown 

### in hkconditions gained in sensitivity when exposed to-cooltemperatures, and- plants

-::~ = -=--

~~ ~ :



### Lumis, G.P., and 

### D.P. Ormrod. 1978. Effects of Ozone on Growth 

### of Four Woody 

### Ornamental Plants. Gznadim 

### Journal of Plant Science 58: 

### 769-773. Four 

### coniferous species: Pfitzer juniper, 

### tamarix juniper, dense yew and pyramid white cedar, were exposed to zero, 10 or 20 pphm of ozone for four consecutive days each week, 

### six hours per 

### day, for six or seven weeks.No



### B-11

### visible injury 

### was observed. Pfitzer juniperand especially dense yew showed an 

### increase in shoot 

### elongation after exposure to low 

### levels of 

### ozone, while white cedar elongated most at high levels of



### ozone. Tamark

### juniper grew most with no ozone exposure. Under high levels of ozone, plants had generally lower chlorophyll content, while Pfitzer juniper had increased levels of 

### chlorophylla 

### and b 

### under low levels of 

### ozone. It 

### was proposed that ozone may promote stem elongation by interfering with the 

### balance of growth promoters and inhibitors.
Miller, P.R, J.R Parmeter, O.C. Taylor, and 

### E.A. Cardiff. 1963. 

### Ozone Injury to the Foliage of Pinus

### ponderosa. Phytopathology. 53: 1072-1076. 

### Ozone injury occurred in 

### needles of 

### ponderosa pine exposedto 0.5 

### ppm 

### 0, for nine to 18 

### days. The chlorophyll content of needles was decreased when exposed to ozone for18 

### days.
Miller, PaulR, and Arthur Millecan. 1971, 

### Extent 

### ofOxidant Air Pollution Damage to Some Pines and Ot5er Conifers in California. 

### Plant Disease Reporter. 55(6): 555-60. Air 

### pollution damage was investigated on 16 

### native conifer species in 

### California over a three-year period. 

### Pinus ponderosa, P. jefieyi, 

### P. coulterj, P. radiata and 

### ,Pseudotsuga macrocaTa were the most susceptible to damage. Damage to trees was consistently associated with areas downwind of 

### population centers. "Choose-and-cut" Christmas tree farms in the south coast air basin, using 

### P. radiata, 

### showed sigmficant injury &om air 

### pollution, with up to 10 

### percent ofthe trees unmarketable. Oxidant air pollution damage is 

### synonymous with X-disease, chlorotic decline and ozone needle mottle.
Montes, RA., 

### U. Blum, A.S. 

### Heagle, andRJ. 

### Volk 1983. 

### The Effectsof 

### Ozone and Nitrogen Fertilizer on TalLFescue, Ladino Clover, and a Fescue-Clover Mixture.-.ll. Nitrogen Content and Nitrogen Fixation. 

### Canadian Journal ofBotany. 61: 2159-2168. 

### The authors demonstrate that "nitrogen fixation and system nitrogen of a clover and fescue-clover pasture could potentially be reduced by ambient 

### 0, concentrations, that the concomitant loss of clover 

### in fescue-clover pastures

modified by 

### nitrogen fertilization." ~~

.. ~~~~ ~ " -
. .. . ~ ~ ~~ .
~. . . .~

~ ~ 

### Gould result 

### in reduced-foragequaIity,-and that, the effectsof 

### O,_on-n.et.system~~~ro.gen,?le~e~~no~~

.~

. ~ .~.



### Mortensen, Leiv M., and Oddvar She. 1990. 

### Effects of 

### Low Ozone Concentrations on Growth 

### ofBetulapubescens Ehrh., 

### Betula verrucosaEhrh., and 

### Ahus incana L. Moench. 

### New Phytologist. 115: 156-170. 

### Seedlings

### of these three species were exposed in growth chambersto four levels of ozone concentration (225, 

### 35, 53 

### and 82 nL/L) 

### for 50 

### days. In all three species shoot and root 

### dry weight decreased almost linearly with increasing ozone concentrations. Shoot/root and leafhem dry weight ratios were unaffected by ozone concentration, while leaf senescence was significantly increased by greater concentrations of ozone. Visible injury was observed at ozone concentrations of 

### 53 ALL, 

### and above. Wilting occurred at 35 nL/L 

### ozone. Nyman, Leslie, David Benzing, Patric Temple and Joseph Arditti. 1990. 

### Effects of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxideon Two Epiphytic Orchids. 

### Environmetttal and 

### &perimental Botany. 30(2): 207-13. 

### Encyclia tmpmisand 

### Epidendrum rigidurn, two 

### epiphytic orchids, are species that carry out gas exchange at night via crassulacean acid metabolism 

### or 

### CAM. In this 

### study they were exposed

B-12

### to SOz (0.3, 0.6, 

### and 1.2 

### ppm) or Q (0.15, 0.3 

### and 0.45 

### ppm) for six hours 

### on four consecutive nights, "during the period of 

### maximal stomatal conductance." Some plants were then exposed sequentiallyto 0,, 0,

### and SO, 

### in combination, andthen SO, 

### for a total of six 

### hours each time. This exposuredid not cause visible 

### injuryto the plants, nor did exposure effect stomatal conductance and nighttime carbon fixation. The resistance to 

### the pollutants may be due to structural factors of the plants as well as to 

### generally higher resistance of CAM 

### plants to air pollutants.
Preston, Kris. 

### 1993. Selection for Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone Tolerance in 

### Brows

### rubens Along the South Central Coast of California. 

### Annals of 

### the Association of 

### American Geographers. 83(1): 

### 141-55. Bromus 

### rubens plants, a species of exotic annual grass widely distributed in 

### central and southern California, were exposed to three levels of 

### SO2 (0.05, 0.2 

### and 0.5 

### ppm) and 

### 0, (0.1, 0.2 

### and 0.4 

### ppm), alone and in combination, for live weeks. Seeds from two populations were used 

### in the experiment, one fiorn an area growing downwind from an oil refinery, the other 

### fiom a relatively pollution-free area. PIants originating from the polluted site 

### were found to be substantially more vigorous when exposed to 

### SO, and slightly more resistant to 

### 0, than those from the unpolluted site. Resistance to 

### pollutants may be. due to a 

### decrease in stomatal conductance (a pollution-avoidance mechanism) andor a fertilizer effect 

### from SO,. The results have implications for natural selection of 

### pollutant-sensitive and -resistant strains of plants.
Reiling, 

### K., and A.W. Davison. 1992. The Response of Native, Herbaceous Species to Ozone: Growth and Fluorescence Screening. 

### New Phytologist. 120: 

### 29-37.--Thirty-twonative European species were 

### tested for 

### sensitivityto ozone levels of 70 nL,/L 

### given for seven hours per day for two weeks. Six species 

### showed visible injury symptoms, and 14 

### showed significantreductions in 

### relative growth rates. There was little correlation between visible symptoms and growth reduction. There

was significant variation within genera and species. Roothhoot allometry was also affected in 14 

### species, most markedly in grasses.

~ .. ~ ~~~ ..~ .~
- ~" - =:= --:Reinert, R.A., AS; Heagte, J.R. Miller, and--W.R. Gecke1er.- 197%: Field S&udies of-Air-- =. - =--- -~~~ ~ - Pollution Injury to Vegetation in Cincinnati, Ohio. 

### Plant Disease 

### Reporter. 54(1): 8-11. 

### Plantigs ofpetunia, bean, radish, squash, tomato, alfalfa, oats and tobacco in three different locations

were used to 

### determine the effects of ambient air pollution inthe Cincinnati area. Two1 plots were planted 

### in 

### air chambers and exposed to unfiltered and filtered air, and 

### a third was 

### lee open to 

### ambient air. Levels 

### of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulhr dioxide were measured from June to 

### September, 1968, 

### and correlated with damage to piants. Injury 

### to plants, including stipple, fleck and uppersurface necrosis, was similar

### to greenhouse experiments exposing plants to ozone. Injury was highest after days with high concentrations of ozone (up to 20.1 

### pphm).
Reinert, 

### RA., and 

### P.V. Nelson. 1980. Sensitivity and Growth 

### of Five 

### EZatior begonia Cultivars to 

### SO, and 

## 9, Alone and 

### in Combinations. 

### Journal of 

### the American Society of Horticultural Science. 105(5): 721-23. 

### Five cultivars 

### ofElatior begonia ("Schwabenland Red," "Whisper 

### 0' Pink," "Fantasy," "Renaissance," and "Turo") were 

### exposed alone and 

### in combination to SO, 

### and 0,. 

### "Schwabedand Red" and "Whisper0' 

### Pink"

### were the most sensitiveto 

### ozone (0.25 

### ppm) based 

### on foliage and flower weight. "Fantasy"was the

### most sensitive 

### to SO, (0.5 

### ppm) with

B-13\



### reduced flower production, though 

### showed no 

### visible injury. The combination of SO, and 0, 

### affected only the flower weight of 

### "Schwabenland Red," though less than was expected from an additive model. "Turo" showed noill 

### effects from exposure to the pollutants.
Richards, B.L., Sr., 

### 0.C. Taylor and

### G.F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. Ozone Needle Mottle of Pine in 

### Southern California. 

### JAPCA. 18(2): 73-77. 

### This paper presents the results of earlier (1959 

### and 1960) 

### studies of experimental exposures of a number of pine species to synthesized ozone and ambient ozone-polluted atmospheres at a station in 

### Riverside CA, 

### dong with subsequent field studies and observations. The researchers found1) 

### that chlorotic mottling of pine needles occurs in a wide range of pine species, 2) 

### that X-disease, needle dieback, chlorotic decline and ozone needle mottle are different names for the same disease, and 3) 

### that atmospheric ozone is 

### the prime etiological factor in 

### this disease. The research also clarifiesthe sequence of

### the disease: mottling atthe needle tip, continuing toward the base, followed by chlorosis and yellowing, premature senescence, and finally needle drop.
Richards, G.A., C.L. Mulchi, and 

### J,R Hali. 1980. Influence of Plant Maturity on the Sensitivity ofTurfgrass Species 

### to Ozone. 

### Journal of

### Environmental Quality.9(1): 49-53. 

### Both warm and cool season turfgrass species were exposed to various concentrations of ozone at several stages of 

### plant development. Warm season species exhibited a high tolerance to ozone. The cool season turfgrasses displayed a wide range of 

### tolerance. Reiative susceptibility was influenced by 

### ozone concentration, length of exposure, and stage of plant development. The article gives several tables thatlist 

### various vegetative damage ratings.
Sanders, 

### J.S., and 

### RA. Reinert. 1982. Screening Azalea Cultivars 

### for Sensitivity

### to Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Ozone Alone and in Mixtures. 

### Journal of 

### theAmericanSociety of

### Horticulfurd

### Science, 107(1): 87-90. 

### Eight cultivars 

### of azalea ("Redwing," "Snow," "Glacier," "Hershey Red," Pink Gumbo," "Madame Pericat," "Red Luann'l and 

### "Mrs. G.G. Gerbing") were

in 

### combinations. Merpruning, the one-year old plants were exposed to the pollutants for 

### six threehour sessions over a four-week period. Neither NO, nor

### SO, caused foliar injury on 

### any of the plants, while ozone alone and 

### in combinations with 

### other pollytants caused foliar injury of greater than 10 

### percent on "Red Luann," "Glacier," and "Hershey Red." Sigdicant weight loss occurred in leaves or stems from exposure 

### of "Hershey Red," "Red Luq" and 

### "RedWing" 

### to treatments containing 0, 

### and from exposure ,of

### "I"s. G.G. Gert.ring'~ 

### "Glacier," 

### and "Red Luann" 

### to treatments containing ~ ~~~~ ~-

~~~ .~

-- ~ 

### exposed to 0.25 

### ppri 

### exch-of nitrogen dioxide- (NO>, sulfix 

### dioxide (SO,)

### -and ozone (O,);:-alone and---

~ ~~ =-



## so,.
Sanders,J.S., and RA. 

### Reinert. 1982. Weight Changes to Radish and Marigold Exposed 

### at Three Ages to 

### NO,, SO,, and 

### 0, Alone and in Mixture. 

### Journal of the

### American Society 

### of Horticultural Science 107(4): 

### 726-30. Radish and marigold plants of three different ages were exposed three

### times every 

### other day 

### for three

### hoursto 0.3

### ppm of 

### NO,, SO, 

### and 

### 0,.The 

### age groups ranged 

### fiom fiveto nine daysto 28 

### to 32 

### days after seediig. Radish 

### was most sensitiveto ozone at 19 

### to 23 

### days, while marigold responses 

### to pollutants did not depend 

### on age. Visible radish injury increased with the age ofthe plant. Ozone mixtures reduced the radish root dry weight by 48 

### percent



### B-14

### compared to controls. NO,, SO, 

### and 0, 

### in combination had a significant impact on the weight of 

### marigold plants. SO, 

### by itself reducedthe dry 

### weight of marigold flower and roots; this effect was reversed in 

### the presence of NO, 

### or 0,.
Schuize, E.D. 1989. Air Pollution and Forest Decline in a Spruce (Picea abies) Forest. Science. 244: 776-783. 

### This study found that deposition of sulfur, nitrate and ammonium significantly modified plant nutrition for spruce trees and soil 

### chemistry in northeast Bavaria, West Germany. Gaseous pollutants, such as 

### SO, NO, 

### and ozone, and pathogens had less significant direct effects on needle yellowing or loss. Uptake of ammonium by spruce roots hinders uptake of magnesium, while nitrate leaches with sulfate into groundwater, increasing soil acidification. ' 

### Increased canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen stimulated growth. This, combined with hindered nutrient uptake by roots, created a nitrogen to cation imbalance which, the author theorized, resulted in forest decline.
-Sernuniuk,

### IC, arid-H.E. Heggestad. 1981. Differences Among 

### Coleus cultivars 

### in Toierance to Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide. 

### TheJournul of

### Heredity: 72: 459-460. 

### Fifteen cultivarsof Coleus 

### were exposedto 0.6,0.8, 

### or 1.3 

### ppm ozone for four hours in 

### growth chambers. The species showed

a 

### wide rangeof

### tolerances, from highly sensitive to insensitiveto ozoneat these levels. This indicates that tolerant cultivars might be 

### selected for polluted areas.
Showman, 

### R.E. 199-1.- -A Comparison of Ozone Injury to Vegetation During 

### Moist and Drought Years. Journal of theAir & Waste Management Association. 41(1): 63-64. 

### The study demonstrated thatinjuryto ozone-sensitive plants is 

### lowered during periods of drought even if 

### ozone 

### levels are high. In contrast, during periods of optimal growing conditions, ozone-sensitive plants were injured, evenat lower ozone levels.
Temple, P.J. 1989. Oxidant Air Pollution Effects on Plants of Joshua Tree National



### Monument (JOTR) 

### routiiely exceed 0.10 ppm; 

### however, peak concentrations usually occur at night, when most plants are less susceptible. A 

### survey of air pollution effects on annual and perennial vegetation, conducted in 1984 

### and 1985, 

### found no visible injury symptoms on park vegetation. However, controlled experiments indicated that 

### Rhus trilobata 

### could be injured by 

### exposure to ozone concentrations

### as low 

### as 0.15 

### ppm for four hours per day for four days. Other woody riparian species and summer annuals were more tolerant o 

### 0,. ~ ~ ~- .~

~ . ~ y-~~ -~:

Monument. EnvironmentaIPollution. 57: 

### 35-47.-~0zone concentra$iuns-in Joshua 

### Tree National-

--

~ -: .- ~-:.

~

Thompson, 

### C.R, D.M. 

### Olszyk, G. Kats, A. Bytnerowiu, P.J. Dawson, and 

### J.W. Woif. 1984, Effects of Ozone 

### or Sulfur Dioxide on Annual Plants of the 

### Mojave Desert. 

### JAPCA. 34: 1017- 1022. 

### Forty-seven annual plant species were exposed to 

### O3and 

### SO, in open-top field chambers to test their relative sensitivity. Exposure levels were zero, 0.05,O. 1,0.2, 0.3, 

### and 0.4 

### ppm 

### 0,,or zero, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1

### .O,and 1.5

### ppm 

### SO2for eight hours per day 

### for four 

### to five days. Resultsfiom 

### the open-top chambers indicated that three species were very sensitive to both pollutants (Camissonia cIav~ormis, Camissonia hirtelia, 

### and Cryptantha nevadensis), two 

### species (Festuca octoflora 

### and Lepidium iasiocurpum) 

### were tolerantto both, and the rest exhibited intermediate sensitivity, with



### B-15

### sensitivity to 

### 0, and 

### SO2 often varying. Injury symptoms from 

### Q consisted of both flecking and large necrotic areas 

### (color ranged fiom white to brown, with some species ejrhibiting a brownish-red necrosis. Symptoms from SO, often were bifacial necrotic areas, ranging in color fiom white to brown, with some species exhibiting a red pigmentation. In addition, 29 of the species exposed in 

### the open-top chambers were planted in 

### the Mojave Desert and exposed to SO, 

### with a modified chamberless zonal air pollution 

### (ZAP) system. Exposure to the 

### ZAP system totalled 37 

### hours over

a si 

### day period with levels at zero, 0.4, 0.8, 

### and 1 .O 

### ppm SO,. Plants exposed to SO, with 

### the 

### ZAP system experienced much less injury than plants exposed in the open-top field chambers. Only 

### Camissoniaclavijormiswas injured at 0.8 

### ppm 

### SO, and 

### Oenothera calrfornica injured at 1 

### .O ppm.
Treshow, Michael, and Dennis Stewart. 1973. Ozone Sensitivity of Plants in Natural Communities. 

### Biological Conservation. 5(3): 209-214. 

### Field fumigation studies were done on grassland, 

### oak, aspen, and conifer communities to detenninethe sensitivity 

### of dominant plant species to 

### ozone. Plants were exposed to ozone at concentrations averaging 15, 25, 30, 

### or 

### 40 pphm for two hours. 

### "Bromus tectorum, Quercus gambei, and

### Populus tremuloides were injured bya single twohour exposureto 

### I5 pphm ozone. Over half the perennial forbs and woody species studied were visibly injured at concentrationsof 30 

### pphm or less." This suggests that lower, chronic or 

### repeated concentrations would impair growth, 

### affect community health and stability, and change plant composition of

### natural plant communities.

Wood, F.A., and 

### J.B. Coppolino. 1972. The Response 

### of 11 Hybrid Poplar Clones to Ozone. Phytopatizology. 62: 501-502. (abstract) 

### "Individuals of 1

### I 

### hybrid poplar clones were exposedto 0.25 nL/mL 0, 

### for four hours at 24 C, 75 

### percent relative humidity, and3,300 

### ft-c of light." The sensitivity of 

### the clones varied over time.

Wood, 

### F.A., and 

### J.B. Coppoiino. 1971. The Influence of Ozone on Selected Woody Ornamentals. 

### PhytopthoZogy. 61: 133. (abstract) 

### Nine hundred plants of 24 woody ornamental
humidity. The following species were sensitive (i.e., sustained injury from exposure): 

### Cercis canadensis, Cotoneaster divaricata, 

### C. horizontalis, Forsythia intermedia spectabilis "Lynwood gold," 

### Gleditsia triacanthos inemis, Rhododendron kaempheri"Camp fire,"

### R. hrume "Snow,"

### R. catawbiense album, 

### R. nova zembla, 

### R. roseum elegans,Sorbus aucuparia,Syringa vulgaris,and 

### Viburnum carlesz. The following were not sensitive (i.e,, did not sustain injury from exposure): 

### Euonymous alafus compacta,Hedra helix, Juniperus communis depressa plumosa, Pachysandra terminalis, Pieris japonica,Pyracantha coccinea lalandi,Rhododendron caroliniana,

### R. mollis, 

### Tms 

### cuspidafa, T, 

### media hichi, and 

### Vinca minor. ~~~.~

~ . ~-- -

~ 

### species were exposed to 25 

### pphm ozone for eight^ 

### hours with controlled .temperature, light, and

Youngner, 

### V.H., and 

### F.J. Nudge. 1980. Air Pollution Oxidant Effects on Cool-season and Warm-season Turf Grasses. Agronomy

### Journal. 

### 72: 169-170. 

### Cultivars of 

### common 

### turfgrass species were germinated in a 

### greenhouse under charcoal filtered air. 

### One treatment was then 

### fbmigated with 0.50 

### ppm ozone for three hours. There were signiscant variations in 

### leaf injury among species and even between cultivars, 

### of the same species. All 

### Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) cultivars showed severe injury, while 

### Poapratense (Kentucky bluegrass) varied 

### from very

B-16intolerant to very tolerant. Agrostis tenuis (creeping bentgrass) and Festuca rubra (creeping red fescue) had moderate injury. Warm season grasses in general were less sensitive than cool-season; only “Emerald” Zoysiagrass 

### and “Tufgrass” Bermudagrass showed 

### signs of injury. The article briefly reviews past work on turfgrass species. “Field observations have shown pronounced reduction in turf quality in areas subjectto repeated pollution exposure.“
Zwoch, 

### I., 

### U. Knorre and H. Schaub. 1990. 

### Influence of SO, and 

## 9,Singly or in ’ 

### Combination, on 

### Ethylene Synthesis in Sunflower. 

### Environmental and

### Expmimentul Botany. 30(2): 

### 193-205. Sunflowers (Helianthus annus 

### L.) showed no visible 

### injury after 18 days 

### of exposureto 

### SO, (100 

### ppb) andor 

### 0, (100 ppb). 

### SO, exposure reduced ethylene releases from intact plants, while 0, and combined 

## p lSp exposure enhanced ethylene releases in two of five developmental stages. The ratio

### of ethane to ethylene production was increased 

### in most cases. The 

### aminocyclopropane-I-carboxylic acid 

### (ACC) concentration was maller 

### than the mdonyl-1- 

### aminocyclopropane-I-carboxylic acid 

### (MACC) concentration in most cases. Fumigatior, effects depended on type 

### of tissue and plant age. 

### In conclusion, changes

### in ethylene synthesis and release caused by a long-term fbmigation

### with low doses 

### of SO, andlor 

### 0, did not appear to represent a stress reaction.



### B-17Appendix 

### C

Bibliography 

### On 

### Ozone Damage to 

### Plants: References 

### Not Used or 

### RetrievedAppendix C
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~~ .~~

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. . . ~ ~~ ~.~

~

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~

Richardson, 

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### VOL. 21, NO. 3, p. 717 DESCRIPTORS: Plant pretreatment;

C-18\

Physiologic response; Ozone exposure; Nitrogen dioxide1 6 1471 8
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### Making cities livablefor trees. (editoria1)IN: AmericanForests July-Aug 1988, v94, n7 & 8, p6(2)HU TITLE: American forests.LOCATION: Botany bold JP:Am Am 7H2
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.~

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### VOL. 30, 

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Schier, G.A., McQuattie, C.J., Jensen, 

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' C-24

### Appendix D



### Ozone Non-Attainment 

### Areas and Temperature 

### Zones25-July-95

Appendix D: Table Dl

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by Region, Class, and Temperature Zone

EpA Non-Attainment 

## 1 Ozone 

### i Temp. I 1990 Re~on

~ Area

~ class 1 Zone : Population I

I 1 poston-Lawrence 5.786.021 1 beater- Connect 2,459.471 6 79,966 5 j5 j 66.667 s 15 221.163 

# ; [anchester. NH 6 :5 120.005 4412.57 1 ortsmouth-Dove 104233

812322 1-2 bewYork-N. New 17,041,786 bany-Schenect 

### i 6 { 4-5 874304 319,416 2 buffalo-Niapra 6 1.189.288 37.152 110.943 2 poughkeepsie. N 343.403 2-3 Philadelphia-Wi 3 1 6-7 1 6.010338

i kllentown-Berhl 6 1 5-6 S9.5.081 3 Ftoona. PA 130542 3 Baltimore. MD 1 3 I 6-7 

# '
1 

# 1
2.34821s 3 Fharleston. WV :5 16 250.492 3 Erie.PA !6 j5 l 27.5.57: j6 15 I 34.69: 587,986 ortland, ME js 1s

rovidence- Pawt i



### l6 

# 1

24124; S1,79.'
ncaster. PA 422.82:

3 parkersburg-Mar 15 '6 I 86.9 15 3 Pittsburgh-Beav ! 5 

# 1 5-6 

# 1 2.468.289 3 peading. PA 5 16 336.523 3 pichmond-Peters 738.964 734.175 32370 113229 4 6-7 3,923574 417.848

6 613,622

16 i7 750,883 6 j 7-8 1.365.976

7 686526 7 44506 6 10357 Is 7 767.834 8 9 672.971 6 6 335.745 6 6 249232 6 7 82633( 

# 1.5 9- 10 4,056,10( '5 6 881,331 ensboro, KY 16 6 95,OS: 36,2626: 64356( 

# '

9 

# 1

. 1.685,71: 4 Warnpa-St. Peter25-July-%

Appendix D: Table Dl

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by Region, Class, and Temperature"ne

EPA 

# I Non-Attainment Region Area

4-5 4-5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 .5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 S 5 5 5 5-7

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 mcinnati-Hami

linton Co. OH

-Springfi etroit-Ann Arb

oor Co. WI Evansville. INint, MI

nsing-East La banitowoc co. w Milwaukee-Racin Muskegon, MI Preble Co at Da Pheboysan. WI rth Bend-Mish teubenville -We oledo, OH

pallas-Fort Wor

bowton-Galvest

fayette. LA ke Charles. L hewOrleans. LA kansas City, MO benver-Boulder, blt Lake City61 Paso. Tx


# E

hico. CA resno, Bak & Sur. mperial Co. CA 

# - Dzone Class

5

6 5

2 5 8

5 5 6 6 8 5 6 6 5 

# -

6

a 5

5 8 7 

### -

6 8 5 6 5 4 4

4 5

2 8 6 8 7

Angeles-San B & River$ 2 5 5 -6 4 Diego.CA

ta Barbara- S 5 entura Co uba City.CA

ttle-Tacoma, 

# - Temp. Zone 

# -

6 6 5 5

6 5

5 5-6

5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 S 5-6

8 8-9 7-8

7 8-9

8 8 8-9

5 4-5 6-7

8 8-9

9- 10

9 9 9 7 8-9

9 9-10

10 9 8 8 8 1990 Population

1.705289

897.948 36758.5 7.937.452 2.859.644

35,415 1.156.666

951270 4590.468

25.690

, 165.058 430.459 688399 797.159 20539 18.878 432.674 80.421 1.735.364

158,983 40.1 13 103.877 403.250 80298 515.630 75,000 2389.616

581.853 361226 3560.474

591.610 3,731.131

164.762 168.134 1,054312 1361,557 1,848319

913.897 182,120 2,742,000

109303 11273.720 2588,793

622,091 2,122,101

254.667 1545517 2,498,016 6.023377

369.608 669.016 58.228 1,412344 2559,16425-July-95

Appendix D:-Table D2

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 boston-Lawrence boston-Lawrence Boston- Lawrence

oston-lawrence oston -Lawrence oston-Lawrence oston-Lawrence oston-Lawrence oston-Lawrence oston-Lawrence poston-Lawrence Boston-Lawrence /Greater-Connect

reater

### -Connect reater-Connect reater- Connect breater-connect Eater-Cnnnect

reater-Connect anccck & Waldo vancock &Waldo Knox & Lincoln Knox gL Lincoln !&ewiston-Auburn kwiston-Auburn

anchester. NH ortland. ME (Portland. ME portland.ME Portsmouth-Dove providence-Paw1 providence-Pawl Providence-Pawt providence-Pawt providence-Pawt ppringfield. MA bpringfield. MA bprinefield, MA springfield. MA pewYork-N. New

ew York-N. New

ew York-N. New

ew York-N. New ew York-N. New ew York-N. New ew York-N. New FYorkZN.New

ew York N. New

ewYork-N. New ew York-N. New ew York-N. New

ew York-N. New ew York-N. New ew York-N. New

ew York-N. New New York-N. New 

# E

P

K 

# E



# I i 

# E k

assachusetts assachusetts assachusetts ew Hampshire ew Hampshire

nnecticut onnecticut Fonnecticut nnecticut .onnecticut .onnecticut onnecticut 

# r E E:::

baine

Maine Maine Maine bew Hampshire

aine aine aine ew Hampshire 

# 1

bhode Island Rhode Island Whode Island bhode Island

ew York ew York hewYork-N. New hewYork blymouth Cn Luffolk Co

bancock co

Knox Co bncoln co l”\ndroscoggin Co Kennebec Co

errirnack Co paldo co

pent Co pewport Co providence Co

ashington Co

assall 

### co

ueens Co 

# - hone DesiR.

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6
< 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1

1

1 2 2 2

# r:

t

# -

Temp. Zone 

# -

7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 6; Si

61

Si

5/ 5; 51 5; 5’ S 5 5 S S 5 6 6 6 5 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 7 61

61
6j 1990

186.605 $06325

11

539 670.080 1398.468 6.012 616.087 435376 663.906 709.705 336.073 245.845 8.51.783 174.092 143.196 804.219 254.957 128.699 10252s 46.948 33.018 3631a 30357 105.259 115.904 120.005 243.135 3353.5 164587 104,233 48.859 161,135 87.194 596.27C 11o.cw 13935; 70.092 45631C 14656t 825,38( 7782M S53.09F 107.776 671,78( S53.12r 42135: 43320: 453.06( 24027! 130.96 493.81! 1203.78! 2300,66. 1287341 1,48753t

307,64‘ 1,9515912.5-July-95

Appendix D: Table D2

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone

EPA j Non-Attainment

~ 

### i Region Area i state 1 Countv

1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
7 

### - 2-3 2-3 2-3 2- 3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 kewYork-N. New PYork-N. New

ew York-N. New WewYork-N. New !Albany-Schenect /Albany-Schenect Wbany-Schenect pbany-Schenect p-Schenect

bany-Schenect lentown-Beth1 htlantic city. city. ufFalo-Niagara uffalo-Niagara ew York-N. New oughkeepsie. N pouphlieepsie. N hsex CO, NY jlefferson CO. N Philadelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi philadelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi khiladelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi khiladelphia- Wi .khiiadelphia-Wi !Philadelphia-Wi Philadelphia-Wi yUlentown-Beth1 hentown-Beth1 blentown-Beth1 /Altoona PA fBaltimore. MD



# r.

MD altimore, MD altimore. MD

altimore, MD 

# c

hie. rurg-bba PA
arrisburg-Leba arrisburg- Leba Harrisburg-Leba

kent & Queen An Lncaster. PA Few York ew York ew York

ew York

ew York

ewYork ew York ew York ew Y ork

ew York ew Jersey ew Jersey ew Jersey 

# E 

# i

F 

# E b: 

# E::

picut


# e

6 1 ew York

ew York ew York

ew York elaware elaware Maryland pewJersey FewJersey New Jersey New Jersey

ew Jersey

ew Jersey Pennsylvania

ennsylvania ennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania 

# E2$2; E ennsylvania aryland aryland

3 korfolk-Virgini birgiia ichmond Co ockland CD uffolk Co estchester Co bany Co

eene Co ontgomery Co

ent Ca

ew Casrle Co
uriington Co mden Co umberland Co

ontgomery Co

Kent Co 

# E

ueen Annes(3 ncaSter Co hesapeake 

# - hone 3esip.

2 2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 S 6 6 2 f f t c 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 5 5 5 5 4 5 6 7 7 5 3 6 5 6 4 4 7;

7 6' 71

6 7 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6

6 ?

6 6 I 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 6 7 7 6 8 378.977 265.475 1321.864

814.866 292694 44.739 51,981 154.42s 181.276 149285 91.607 224325 95.089 968,532 220.7% 827.645 259.46: 83.941 37.15: 110.94: 110.99: 441.94t 71.34- 395.06r 502.82r 138.0.5: 230.082 325.821 6529i 541.17, 376,391 541.65 678.1 1 :1.58SS7' ' S6.84

291.13C 247.10: 13054; 427.235 136.01.: 692.134 123315 182.132 18732s 207.615 42.83: 275.57; 19525: 237.81: 113.74 41.17; 163.02! 7821t 17.84; 33.95: 422.82: 15197t25-July-95

Appendix D: Table D2

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone

EPA 1 Non-Attainment i Region Area

~ State 

# 1 county

I 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

3

3 3 3

3 3

3

, 3

3 3

3 3

>

7

, 3 3 3 3

1

, 3

7 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-5 Norfolk-Virgini $Jor€olk-Virgini borfotk-Virgini porfolk-Virgini porfolk-Virgini porfolk-Virgini Norfolk-Virgini Norfolk-Virgini borfoIk-Virgini Forfolk-Virgini Parkersburg-Mar Pittsburgh-Beav Pittsburgh-Beav Pittsburgh-Beav Pittsburgh- Beav Pittsburgh-Beav Pittsburgh-Beav Pittsburgh-Beav Reading. PA Richmond-Peters Richmond-Peters Richmond-Peters Richmond-Peters Richmond-Peters Richmond-Peters Richmond-Pelers branton-Wilkes branton-Willies kranton-Wilkes Scranton-Wilkes Gcranton-Wilkes Washington, DCWashington. DCWashington. DCWashingon. DCWashington. DCWashington. DCWashington. DCpashington. DCpashington. DCWashington. DChashineton. DCWashington, DCashington. DCashington, DC- !Washington,DCWashington, DCPk, PA Fork. PA 

# F 

# E ussex Cn, DE myth Co, VA reenbrier Co. untington -Ash1 untington-Ash1 kuntington- Ash1 Huntington -Ash1 houngstown-warr 

# E yirginia irginia irginia Virginia pirginia Virginia Virginia Virginia Virginia pirginia West Virginia Pennsylvania /Pennsylvania iPennsytvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Virginia 

# F

p?;; 

# F Virginia Virginia Nirginia

irginia ennsylvania ennsylvania ennsylvania /Pennsylvania

ennsylvania ist. Columbia 

# b K$:: Maryland baryland

rand 

# 1

irginia Irginia pirginia pirginia pirginia Virginia Virginia

irginia irginia irginia Bennsylvania

ennsylvania elaware irginia est Virginia entucky Kentucky pestVirginia West Virginia bhio ~ 

# E illiamsburg ork Co ood Co blegheny co

utler Cn ayette Co bashington Co Pestmoreland Co $erks Co Charles City CQ chesterfield Co /Colonial Heights kanover co Menrico Co

opeweil ichmond

kawanna Co

erne Ca

onroe Co yoming Co ashington 

# c Frederick Co

ontgomery Co rince George's Co hexandria lelington co

alls Church

udoun Co

rince William Co

jGreenupCo

ahoning Co 

# - *one Desig.

6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 S 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5

6 5 ~~ ~~- 

# -
rcmp. Zone



# -

7 7 7 8 7 8 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 6 5 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 6 5 6 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 6 6 7 6 5 6 6 6 6 5 1990 Population

133.793 34.859 170.045 26 1,229

11.00s 103.907 52.141 393.069

11530 42,422 86,915 1336.449

73.478 186.093 152.013 145351 204584 370321 336,523

6.282 209.274

16.064 63.306 217.881 23.101 203.056 63.202 219.039 328.145 95.705 28,076 606,9oC 5 1.372 101.154 150208 757,027 729268 111,183 170,930 19,622 818.584

9.578 86.129 27,957

6,734 215,68t 6 123t 7827f 33957r 113.225 3237( 34.69: 51,15( 36.74; 96.82: 41,63( 264,80(25-July-95

Appendix D: Table D2

Ozone Non- Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone

EPA Non-Attainment

~ t Regon i Area j state 1 CountV I 

## I' i1

I
3-5 3-5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4- 5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-5 1. koungtown-War,

oungrown-Wan tlanta. GA tlanta GA tlanta. GA tlanta. GA tlanta. GA tlanta. GA

tlanta GA tlanta, GA tlanta, GA tlanta. GA tlanta, GA tlanta. GA irmingharn.AL irmingharn,AL .harlotte-Gasto .harlotte-Gaslo reensboro-Wins pensboro-Wins breensboro-Wins

reensbom-Wins 

# E

xington-Fayet bxington-Fayet orgia orgia orgia orgia

pu'orrh Carolina worth Carolina !North Carolina Florida p-ennessee Kentucky C<entucky bemphis, TN-AR- kennessee piami-Fort Laud KFml- Fort Laud

tam1-Fort Laud pashville. TN pashville. TN

!h%shville.TN (Owensboro,KY bvensboro. KY kaducah. KY (No kaducah. KY (No #bleigh-Durham, rei&-Durham. kaleigh-Durham.

ampa-St. Peter ampa-St. Peter

.Wmonson Co

herokee @ Gree incinnati-Hami incinnati-Hami incinnati-Hami incinnati-Hami incinnati-Hami incinnati-Hami incinnati-Hami uisville, KY- uisville. KY- uisville, KY- 

# i Florida Florida klorida Fennessee

nennessee pennessee

ennessee
ennessee entuchy entucky entucky kentucky 

# E I

phelby Co

ecklenburg Co

uval Co

nox Co

tt Co

[therford Co

umner Co illiamson Co ikon Co

ranville Co 

# - [hone Dcsig.

6 6 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 e 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 +

5

r; 5 5 5 I



## I'

I ! 

# -

Temp. Zone 

# -

5 5 I 7 7 I 7 7 7 I 7 I 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 6 6 6 I la 1c 9 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 I 7 7 9 9 6 7 6 c c c c c c I c 6 ,1990 Population

227.813 121.003 90204 182.052 447.745 53,853 545.837

71,120 62.415 44.083 648.951 352,910 58.741 41.611 54.091 6.51525 99358 17.5.093 511,433 126 617 27.859 265.878 347.420 672.971 335.749 225366 23.867 826.330 1.255.488 1.937.094

863.518 510.784 118.57C 103.281 8 1

.021 67.675 87,189

7,864 9.062 27305 181835 38345 42338C 834.054 851.659

10357 44.506 51589 83,866 142.031 291.47: 150.18; 866228 113.905 87.77'3

. 64.W 4756;25-July-95

Appendix D: Table D2

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone

EPA j Non-Attainment 1 ReRion ! Area 

### 1 state

4-5 uisville,KY - 4-5 uisville.KY - 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 5 5 5 5

5 5 5 S S S 5 5 5

5 5 S 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 bnton, OH Chicago-Gary-La khicago-Gary-La phiago-Gary-La /Chicago- Gary- La

hicapo-Gary-La hicago-Gary-La Chicago-Gary-La bhicago-Gary-La Khicago-Gary-La /Chicago-Gary-La

leveland-Akron

/Cleveland-Akron Fleveland-Akron reveland-Akron

leveland-Akron leveland-Akron

kolumbus. OH Folurnbus. OH T-Spring~

ayton-Spring1 ayton-Spring1

-Springti etroit-Ann Arb /Detroit-Ann Arb betroii-Ann Arb Detroit-Ann Arb betroit-Ann Arb Detroit-Ann Arb betroit-Ann Arb pvansvilie, INFlint. MI brand Rapids. M

rand Rapids. M
jlansing-hst ~a !Lansing-East La

nsing-East La ilwaukee-Racin ihaukee-Racin ilwaukee-Racin ilwaukee-Racin ilwaukee-Racin lwaukee-Racin 

# E

iboledo, OH boledo, OH benev co i kentucky Kentucky bhio llinois llinois

Illinois Illinois Fllinois ttinois llinois pndiana 

# F

bhio

/Ohio Dhio phi0 bhio Dhio ' /Ohio Phi0

bichigan Michigan pichigan pichigan

ichigan diana ichigan ichigan ichigan kdiana

ichigan bichigan

ichigan isconsin isconsin isconsin isconsin Wisconsin Wisconsin Michigan Wisconsin ndiana ndiana Ohio 3hio ldham Co

u Page Co rundy Co

&ake Ca

htabula Co

acomb Co

onroe Co

ayne Ca

ion Co 

# - Dzone Desig.

5 5 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 5 5 6 8 8 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 6 6 8 5 5 6 1990 Population

664.937

33.263 367585 5.105.067

781.666 32337 317.471 39.413 516.418 183,241 357313 475594 128.932 99.821 1,412.140

81.129 215,499 271.126 122354 142.585 51499C 66.929 96 1.43'7 128.3OC 147.548 136.731 93.182 573.80s 115,64.' 717.4Oi 133,6Oi 1.083.592

145.60; 282.93'3 2.111.687

165,OSE 430,455 500,631 187,768 797.155 57.883 92.879 281.912 128.181 95927.' 72831 175,03r 95.326 304.71! 158.98: 10387.: 156.19) 247.05: 80.29j 462.363 11326! 2053!Appendix D: Table D2

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone

EPA 

## 1 Non-Attainment Region I Area 

# ! County I 5 5 5 5 S 5 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 5-7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 oor Co. W1

Vanitowoc CO. w (Wahvorth @ Mihv bt Louis. MO-IL 

# 1

Louis. MO-IL t Louis. MO-IL

t Louis, MO-IL
t Louis. MO-IL Et Louis, MO-IL baton Rouge. LA paton Rouge, LA baton Rouge, LA Faton Rouge. LA Baron Rouge. LA baton Rouge. LA Beaumont-Port A Beaumont-Port A Beaumont-Port A Dallas-Fort Wor balas-Fort Wor Et Louis. MO-IL

t Louis. MO-IL

pouston-Galvest

ouston-Galvest ouston-Galvest ouston-Galvest ouston- Galvest Pouston-Galvest houston-Galvest isconsin isconsin isconsin isconsin

h-exas


# E: kz

trexas

fcansas

issouri

issouri

lorado t Baton Rouge Par 

# Fo

penron Co

arrant Co 1 Pas0 co razoria Co hambers Co
art Bend CAJ 

# 1

halwm: Co
!Liberty CAJ

ontgomeryCo aller Co fayette Par lcasieu Par efferson Par 

# - Ozone Desig.

8

6 5

6 5

5 5 S 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 S 5 5

4 5

2 2 2 2 2
7 

## - 2 2 

### e 6 e e e e 7 7 7 7 7 E e F 8 F -5 *

< E 1 P 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 35.415 40.1 13 25.690 18.878 80.421 75.000 249.238 22.422 262.852

80.603 171380 212.907 396.68s 993529 58.214 380.105 3 1.049 70.526 22,540 19.419 41321: 239.395

80.50s 264.036 1.852.81C

27352: 1.170,10!

591.61C 191.70; 20.08E 225,421 217395 2.818.195

52.726 182.201 2339C 164.76: 168.134 448306 496.935 66.631 42.435 ' 355.054 16199: 153,411 63323; 57.86: 265,031 391511 22533! 467.61(

60391 438.43( 187,941 72595C 182.12C 8,863,16425-July-95 \

Appendix D: Table D2

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone

EPA 

### i Non-Attainment 

# I Region I Area I State I 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 bs Angeles-Ana Monterey Bay Monterey Bay konterey ~ay Imperial co, CA pemura c.. $hoenix, AZ pl,no, NV bramenio. CA

cramento, CA acramento. CA pubs City. CA @cramento. CA

n Diego, CA an Francisco-0 pan Francisco-0 ban Francisco-0 5an Francisco-0 Ban Francisco-0 ban Francisco-0 Ban Francisco- 0 5an Francisco- 0 5an Francisco- 0 Fresno. CA Bakersfield. CA Fresno. CA kadera Co. CA jhlerced. CA ptockton. CA jlvlodesto. CAYisalia-Tularepanta Barbara- S

LIS Angeles-Ana 5s Angeies-Ana pubs City, CA Portland-Vancou

ortland-Vancou ortland- Vancou portland-Vancou battle-Tacoma. battle-Tacoma. battle-Tacoma. 

# I? E”



# 1

bod: range Co onterey Co

Benito CCI Iacruzco

ashoe CB i Dorado Co lacer Co acramento Co



# E n Francisco CO

n Mateo Co anta Clara Co olano Co

onoma Co Fresno Co Kern Co

n Joaquin Co

ulare Co

iverside Co Ban Bernardino Co buba Co clackamas Co Multnomah Co

ierce Co &one Dcsig.

# r:

i

1 5 5

8 5

3 5 6 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 5 S 5 5 5 5 5 S 4, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 2 2 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

i 

# - remp. Zone 

# -

10 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 la

9 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 la



# T

I 1990

Population

2,410356

355.660 36.697 229,734 109303 669.016 2.122.101

254,667 125.995 172.796 1.b41.219

54.415 141.092 2.498.016 1.279.182

803.732 230.096 110,765 723.959 649.623 1,49757i

340.421

I 388.222 667.49C 543.417 101,469 88.090 178.403 480.628 370.522 311.921 369.608 1.170.413 1.41838C

58.228 278.85E 583.88; 311.554 238.05: 1.507315

58620! 465.642

146,423,413