Interim Decision #2946 

MATTER OP.ODURO 

In Visa Petition Proceedings 

A-23287657 

.A-23287658 

A-23287659 

Decided by Board August 12, 1983 

(1) Under Massachusetts law, legitimation of a person born out of wedlock is effected only 

by an acknowledgment of paternity (or judicial declaration of paternity) and the marriage of his natural parents. 

(2) The lawful permanent resident petitioner's natural, acluwwledged offspring who were 

born out of wedlock.and whose natural parents never married did not qualify as the 

petitioners "legitimated children" pursuant to Massachusetts law as defined in section 

101(b)(1)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(1)(C), and consequently are Ineligible for preference clansiEcation an his "unmarried con alai daughters" 

under section 203(a)(2) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1153(a)(2). 

ON BEHALF OF PETITIONER: Robert D. Price, Esquire 

Price & Madaus, P.C. 

2 Malden Street 

Holden, Massachusetts 01520 

Br: Milhollan, Chairman; Maniatis, Dunne, Mores, and Vacca, Board Members 

This matter is before the Board on appeal from the District Director's 

decision of July 15, 1982, denying the petitions to classify the beneficiaries as the unmarried son and daughters of a lawful permanent resident 

under section 203(a)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, 8 U.S.C. 

1153(a)(2). The appeal will be dismissed. 

The petitioner is a 43-year-old native and citizen of Ghana who was 

admitted to the United States for permanent residence on March 22, 

1978, based upon his marriage to either a United States citizen or lawful 

permanent resident. The beneficiaries are 20, 18, and 11-year-old natives 

and citizens of Ghana. The petitioner submitted unauthenticated toriginal delayed birth certificates from Ghana for each of the beneficiaries 

which show the petitioner to be their father. He also executed and 

I See 8 C.F:R. 287.6;*Motter of Lau, 16 I&N Dec. 115, 117 (BIA 1976). 

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submitted affidavits acknowledging his paternity of the beneficiaries. 

The petitioner submitted nothing to show that he ever married the 

beneficiaries' natural mothers. 

The District Director correctly noted that in order to establish eligibility for classification as the petitioner's unmarried son and daughters, 

the beneficiaries must qualify, or once have qualified, as his "children" 

within the meaning of section 101(b)(1) of the Act, 8 U.S.C. 1101(b)(1). 

Matter of Bullen, 16 I&N Dec. 378 (BIA 1977). That section provides in 

pertinent part: 

(1) The term "child" means an unmarried person under twenty-one years of age who 

is— 

(A) a legitimate child; or 

. . . 

(C) a child legitimated under the law of the child's residence or domicile, or under the 

law of the father's residence or domicile, whether in or outside the United States, if 

such legitimation takes place before the child reaches the age of eighteen years and the 

child is in the.legal custody of the legitimating parent or parents at the time of such -

legitimation. 

Because the beneficiaries apparently were born out of wedlock and the 

petitioner failed to establish that they had been legitimated under either 

Massachusetts or Ghanaian law, the District Director concluded the 

beneficiaries have never qualified as the petitioner's "children." Therefore, he denied the petitions. 

On appeal, the petitioner argues that he was separately married to 

and divorced from the beneficiaries' mothers under Ghanaian customary 

tribal law and thus they .were born in wedlock and are legitimate. He 

also contends that pursuant to a recent decision by the Massachusetts 

Supreme Court, Lowell v. Kowalski, 1980 Mass. Adv. Sh. 1243, 405 

N.E.2d 135 (1980), the beneficiaries qualify or once qualified as his 

legitimated children under Massachusetts law (his state of residence). 

The petitioner did not submit the evidence specified in Matter of 

Akinola, 15 I&N Dec. 359 (BIA 1975), and Matter of DaBaase, 16 I&N 

Dec. 39 (BIA 1976), to prove his alleged Ghanaian customary tribal 

marriages, and divorces. Therefore, he has failed to establish that the 

beneficiaries are his legitimate offspring. 

Turning to the issue of legitimation under Massachu_etts law, the 

term "legitimate," as used in section 101(b)(1)(A) of the Act, was previously applied only to children torn in wedlock. 'See Matter of James, 

15 I&N Dec. 544 (BIA 1975); Matter of Dela Rosa, 14 I&N Dec. 728 

(BIA 1974); Matter of Kubicka, 14 I&N Dec. 303 (BIA 1972). More 

recently, however, it also has been interpreted to include children born 

out of wedlock in countries which have eliminated all legal distinctions 

between legitimacy and illegitimacy. See Lau v. Kiley, 563 F.2d 543 (2d 

Cir. 1977); Matter of Richard, 18 I&N Dec. 208 (BIA 1982); Matter 

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of Mesias, 18 1&N Dec. 298 (BIA 1982) (Haiti); Matter of Clahar, 

18 I&N Dec. 1 (BIA 1981)' (Jamaica); Matter of Espinoza, 17 I&N Dec. 

622 (BIA 1980) (Bolivia); Mattem-of Hernandez, 17 I&N Dec. 7 (BIA 1979) 

(Guatemala); Matter of Pavlovic, 17 I&N Dec. 407 (BIA 1980) (Yugoslavia); Matter of Sanchez, 16 I&N Dec. 671 (BIA 1979) (Honduras); 

Matter of Wong, 16 I&N Dec. 646 (BIA 1978) (China).' All such legal 

distinctions will be deemed to lave been abolished only where there is 

complete equality of filial rights between legitimate children and those 

born out of wedlock. Matter of Hernandez, supra. Where differences 

in the filial rights of legitimate and illegitimate children do exist, they 

often appear in matters of inheritance, as well as for purposes of the 

father's rights to visitation or to prevent his child's adoption or removal, 

the mother's right to obtain child support, and the criminal liability of 

the father for ndnsupport. See Matter of Reyes, 17 1&N Dec. 512 (BIA 

1980); Matter of Chambers, 17 I&N Dec. 117 (BIA 1979). ' 

Similarly, a "legitimated" child under section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Act is 

one placed "in all respects upon the same footing as if begotten and born 

in wedlock" Pfeifer v. Wright, 41 F.2d 464, 466 (10th Cir. 1930), cert. 

denied, 282 U.S. 896 (1931). Acknowledged children, such as the instant 

beneficiaries, will therefore be considered "legitimated" only where they 

attain the full legal status of legitimate children as a result of the act of 

acknowledgement. See Matter of Mourillon, 18 I&N Dec. 122 (BIA. 

1981); Matter of Reyes, supra; Matter of Chambers, supra. 

Prior to the Lowell case cited by the petitionqr, Massachusetts General Law, chapter 190, section 7, provided that a child born out of wedlock could be legitimated only by marriage of his natural parents together 

with acknowledgment of paternity by his father. 3 Matter of C—, 9 I&N 

Dec. 242, 244 (BIA 1961). The function of this legitimation procedure is 

to place such a child on iparity with legitimate children for all purposes_ 

Re Adoption of a Minor, 338 Mass. 635,156 N.E.2d 801 (1959); Maclntyre 

v. Cregg, 350 Mass. 22, 212 N.E.2d 860 (1965). 

The Lowell court determined that under the recently adopted "Equal 

Rights Amendment" to the Massachusetts Constitution, Mass. Gen_ 

Law, ch. 190, section 7: was unconstitutional insofar as it absolutely 

required that the parents of a child born out of wedlock must marry 

2Only children who are born after the country's laws are changed to eliminate all such 

legal distinctions are deemed to be legitimate" for immigration purposes. See ibid. It is 

also apparent that children born prior to such a law change are deemed to be "legitimated" 

thereby. See Mailer of Clarke, •18 18I' Dec. 369, at p. 6 (BIA 1983); Matter of Cortez. 

16 I&N Dec. 289, 290 (BIA 1977). A prior-born child who is so legitimated must be under 

18 years of age at the time the law changed in older to qualify as a legitimated child" 

under section 101(b)(1)(C) of the Act. 

3An alternative to the father's acknowledgment was (and is) a judicial declaration of 

paternity. 

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before such child can inherit from his father. Therefore; it held that an 

illegitimate child is permitted to inherit from the estate of his natural 

father who has acknowledged his paternity to the same extent as the 

father's legitimate children. Otherwise stated, the Lowell decision was 

carefully circumscribed, holding that an acknowledged illegitimate child 

has the same legal status as a legitimate child, but only for purposes of 

inheritance. 

In response to the Lowell decision, the Massachusetts legislature 

amended Mass. Gen. Law, ch. 190, section 7 in 1980 to conform to'hat 

ruling. The section now provides, in part, that, "If a decedent has 

acknowledged paternity of an illegitimate person or if during his lifetime 

or after his death a decedent has been adjudged to be the father of an 

illegitimate person, that person is heir of his father . . . ." However, it 

is apparent that this is an exception to the basic legitimation rule which 

is also set forth in ch. 190, section 7. That section, entitled "When Illegitimate Child to Be Deemed Legitimate," still provides that the fundamental legitimation rule is: "An illegitimate person whose parents 

have intermarried and whose father has acknowledged him as his child 

or has been adjudged his father . . . shall be deemed legitimate and shall 

be entitled to take the name of his parents to the same extent as if born 

in lawful wedlock." Thus, whereas an acknowledged illegitimate child 

has coequal rights with legitimate children only for purposes of inheritance, Massachusetts law requires both an acknowledgment of paternity (or judicial declaration of paternity) and the marriage of the 

natural, parents in order for a child born out of wedlock to attain the 

full legal status of legitimate children for all purposes.' 

In view of the foregoing, we hold that under Massachusetts law, 

legitimation of a person born out of wedlock is effected only by an 

acknowledgment of paternity (or judicial declaration of paternity) and 

the marriage of his natural parents. 

The petitioner has failed to establish that the beneficiaries were born 

in wedlock Furthermore, even though the petitioner apparently has 

acknowledged paternity of the beneficiaries, inasmuch as he has not 

demonstrated that he ever married the beneficiaries' mothers, he has 

failed to establish that they qualify or once qualified as his legitimated 

children under section 101 (b)(1)(6) of the Act. Accordingly, they are 

ineligible for classification as'his unmarried son and daughters. 

ORDER; The appeal is dismissed. 

Moreover, because Massachusetts law incorporates a limited exception for acknowledged children in inheritance matters, and yet retains the concept of illegitimacy and 

prescribes a specific procedure for legitimation, this belies any alleged equality of 

legitimatefiegitimated children and those born out of wedlock, even if acknowledged. We 

will not presume that the law creates a distinction without a difference. Sec Matto: of 

MourritIon, supra, at 5; Matter of Reyes, supra, at 515; Matter of Cortez, supra n: 2, at 

292 (BIA 1977). 

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