IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-1908

Filed March 20, 2019

JEAN BELOVED,

Applicant-Appellant,

vs.

STATE OF IOWA,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Arthur E. Gamble, 

Judge.

An applicant appeals the dismissal of his application for postconviction 

relief. AFFIRMED. 

Gary Dickey of Dickey & Campbell Law Firm, PLC, Des Moines, for 

appellant.

Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Martha E. Trout, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Considered by Vogel, C.J., Vaitheswaran, J., and Mahan, S.J.* Gamble, 

S.J., takes no part.

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 (2019).
2

MAHAN, Senior Judge.

Jean Beloved was convicted of two counts of second-degree sexual abuse, 

in violation of Iowa Code sections 709.1 and 709.3(2) (2011), for his sexual contact 

with a child under the age of twelve over the course of two years. This court 

affirmed his convictions on direct appeal. See State v. Beloved, No. 14-1796, 2015 

WL 8390222, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 9, 2015). Beloved then filed an application 

for postconviction relief (PCR) raising twenty-three claims of ineffective assistance. 

The PCR court dismissed Beloved’s application, and Beloved now appeals the 

PCR court’s dismissal of several of his ineffective-assistance claims relating to his 

trial counsel.

I. Scope and Standard of Review

Although PCR dismissals are generally reviewed for correction of legal 

error, we review ineffective-assistance claims de novo due to their constitutional 

nature. See Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 141 (Iowa 2001).

To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the 

applicant must demonstrate both ineffective assistance and 

prejudice. Both elements must be proven by a preponderance of the 

evidence. However, both elements do not always need to be 

addressed. If the claim lacks prejudice, it can be decided on that 

ground alone without deciding whether the attorney performed 

deficiently.

Id. at 142 (citations omitted). We will conclude counsel provided ineffective 

assistance when an applicant demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence 

that counsel failed to perform an essential duty. See State v. Thorndike, 860 

N.W.2d 316, 320 (Iowa 2015). To do so, the applicant must demonstrate counsel’s 

performance fell “below the standard demanded of a ‘reasonably competent 

attorney.’” Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 866 (Iowa 2012) (citation 
3

omitted). We presume counsel performed competently and “proceed to an 

individualized fact-based analysis” to either confirm or reject this presumption. See 

id. “[I]neffective assistance is more likely to be established when the alleged 

actions or inactions of counsel are attributed to a lack of diligence as opposed to 

the exercise of judgment.” Id. (citation omitted). “Improvident trial strategy, 

miscalculated tactics or mistakes in judgment do not necessarily amount to 

ineffective counsel.” Kane v. State, 436 N.W.2d 624, 627 (Iowa 1989). “When 

counsel makes a reasonable tactical decision, this court will not engage in secondguessing.” Lamasters, 821 N.W.2d at 856 (citation omitted). To establish the level 

of prejudice warranting relief, the applicant must show “there is a reasonable 

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding 

would have been different.” Thorndike, 860 N.W.2d at 320 (quoting Strickland v. 

Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 694 (1984)).

We first note Beloved quarrels with the district court’s refusal to apply “a 

less deferential standard” of prejudice under the Iowa Constitution than that 

provided for under the federal ineffective-assistance framework. However, our 

courts have long followed the federal framework, including its prejudice standard,1

when considering ineffective-assistance claims under both the federal and state 

constitutions. See, e.g., King v. State, 797 N.W.2d 565, 574–76, 576 n.3 (Iowa 

2013) (determining PCR applicant’s claim did not entitle him to relief because he 

failed to meet the federal standard for prejudice and reaching that “result under the 

Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and independently under 

 

1 This standard of prejudice is referred to as Strickland prejudice.
4

article I, section 10 of the Iowa Constitution”); see also Brown v. State, No. 17-

0030, 2018 WL 4922941, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Oct. 10, 2018) (concluding 

ineffective-assistance claims asserting violations under the state constitution are 

reviewed using the same standard as the federal standard). It was not for the PCR 

court to complete an independent and more lenient ineffective-assistance analysis 

than that already established by our supreme court. See State v. Miller, 841 

N.W.2d 583, 584 n.1 (Iowa 2014) (noting the district court properly followed 

supreme court precedent and noting the supreme court should be the court to 

diverge from established principles). Likewise, it is also not for this court to diverge 

from the supreme court precedent, and we will apply Strickland prejudice to 

Beloved’s claims. See id. (noting it is proper for this court to apply precedent and 

leave any change to the supreme court); King, 797 N.W.2d at 574–76, 576 n.3 

(applying Strickland prejudice to state constitutional claim).

II. Analysis

A. Variance Between Trial Information and Jury Instructions

We now consider the substance of Beloved’s ineffective-assistance claims. 

Beloved first takes issue with his trial counsel’s failure to address inconsistences 

between the trial information and the jury instructions. The State charged Beloved 

with four counts of sexual abuse.2 In the trial information, count II alleged Beloved 

committed sexual abuse when he “used his hands to touch [the child]’s vaginal 

area and his mouth to touch her breasts,” and count IV alleged he committed 

sexual abuse when he “used his penis to touch her vaginal area.” By the end of 

 

2 The State dismissed one count, and the jury found Beloved guilty on two of the three 

counts submitted.
5

trial, the court, the attorneys, and the jury instructions transposed count II and 

count IV. Beloved argues counsel was ineffective in failing to alert the court to this 

error. He makes two specific claims; first, he claims he received ineffective 

assistance when counsel motioned for judgment of acquittal on count II and cited 

to facts relevant to count IV of the trial information (contact between Beloved’s 

penis and the child’s vaginal area), which was presented as count II in the jury 

instructions. Had counsel brought the differing numbering of the counts between 

the trial information and jury instructions to the court’s attention by referring to 

count IV instead of count II in the motion, the court simply would have relabeled 

the instructions and proceeded.3 Assuming counsel breached an essential duty, 

Beloved’s claim fails because he cannot establish Strickland prejudice—the 

outcome of the proceeding would have remained the same absent the breach, 

Beloved would have been convicted on two counts of sexual abuse.

Beloved also claims counsel’s failure to object to the inconsistent numbering 

of the counts resulted in a fatal variance between the trial information and count IV 

as presented at trial. A fatal variance occurs when the State specifies a manner 

of committing the charged offense in the trial information but presents evidence of 

a different manner of committing the charged offense at trial. See State v. Grice, 

515 N.W.2d 20, 22–23 (Iowa 1994). The State is required to prove an offense at 

trial in the same manner specified in the charging instrument so that the defendant 

receives fair notice of the charge, may prepare a defense, and is not misled by the 

charging instrument. See id. at 22.

 

3 Furthermore, the jury found Beloved not guilty for the conduct cited in the motion for 

judgment of acquittal, presented as count II in the jury instructions. 
6

Beloved contends because count II and count IV of the trial information 

provided differing manners of committing sexual abuse, a fatal variance occurred 

when the court transposed them in the jury instructions. The PCR court aptly 

described this argument as placing “form over substance.” Contrary to Beloved’s 

assertions, he was apprised of the claims against him and the various manners 

the State claimed he committed sexual abuse. Beloved was not robbed of that 

information simply because the counts were renumbered. In essence, the purpose 

of prohibiting fatal variances would not be satisfied in the present case because 

Beloved knew of the specific claims and could prepare a defense. See id. Even 

if counsel failed to perform an essential duty by not alerting the trial court to the 

change in numbering or alleging a fatal variance occurred, Beloved cannot 

demonstrate prejudice because had counsel brought the error to the court’s 

attention, it would have numbered the counts to match the trial information and the 

jury would still find Beloved guilty of two counts, count I and count II instead of 

count I and count IV, based on the same evidence.

In his reply and pro se briefs, Beloved notes in addition to transposing 

counts II and IV, the jury instructions also omitted certain details found in the trial 

information. Specifically, count II of the trial information alleged the sexual abuse 

occurred “in a parking lot in the back seat of [Beloved’s] vehicle where he used his 

hands to touch [the child]’s vaginal area and his mouth to her breasts.” When this 

manner of conduct was presented to the jury as count IV, the instruction made no 

mention of it occurring in a vehicle. Additionally, the prosecutor referred to the 

same conduct in closing arguments but stated it occurred while playing hide and 

seek. Beloved suggests this change amounts to a fatal variance in itself. However, 
7

only the material facts, those required to obtain conviction, must be consistent. Cf. 

State v. Brown, 400 N.W.2d 74, 76–77 (Iowa Ct. App. 1986). The location where 

the sexual abuse occurred is not a material fact because its determination is not 

an element required to obtain a conviction. See Iowa Code § 709.1. Trial counsel 

had no duty to alert the court to the change in the State’s claim of where the abuse 

occurred.

B. Failure to Impeach Witness

In his next claim of error, Beloved alleges trial counsel was ineffective for 

failing to impeach a key witness, Quvadis Marshall, with prior convictions. Marshall 

provided damning testimony against Beloved. He testified that Beloved 

approached him as he worked at the International House of Prayer in Kansas City, 

Missouri. He noted he had no prior connection to Beloved or the victim. He stated 

Beloved confided in him, telling Marshall “he was being accused of inappropriate 

acts with a girl who was eight or nine years old at the time . . . and [he] did it.” 

Beloved reasons had Marshall’s credibility been attacked, then his chances of 

convictions would have been greatly reduced. Iowa Rule of Evidence 5.609(a) 

permits a witness’s character for truthfulness be impeached by prior convictions 

“punishable by death or by imprisonment for more than one year.” 

At deposition, Beloved’s trial attorney explained his reasoning for failing to 

impeach Marshall with the prior convictions. He reasoned the jury would react 

unfavorably to him if he attacked the credibility of an otherwise uninterested party. 

Counsel was also concerned the State would rehabilitate Marshall by pointing to 

Marshall’s past experiences with the legal system to emphasize Marshall’s 

appreciation of the potential ramifications of his testimony implicating Beloved. 
8

Counsel specifically concluded, “[I]t would have hurt the jury’s view of me and Mr. 

Beloved more than helped and the potential of rehabilitation would have harmed 

us more.”

Beloved cannot demonstrate his trial counsel breached an essential duty 

because counsel’s decision not to impeach Marshall with prior convictions was a 

reasonable trial strategy. See Lamasters, 821 N.W.2d at 866 (“Improvident trial 

strategy, miscalculated tactics, or mistakes in judgment do not necessarily amount 

to ineffective assistance of counsel.” (citation omitted)); Everett v. State, 789 

N.W.2d 151, 158 (Iowa 2010) (“In determining whether an attorney failed in 

performance of an essential duty, we avoid second-guessing reasonable trial 

strategy.”); Kane, 436 N.W.2d at 627. The State was already able to show 

Marshall had no motivation to lie about Beloved’s confession. Had the State been 

able to rehabilitate Marshall following his impeachment, the State would have also 

been able to drive home that Marshall had a special appreciation for the potential 

consequences of his testimony due to his past incarceration. This would signify to 

the jury that Marshall did not flippantly provide testimony and permit the jury to 

place even greater weight on it.

Even presuming counsel breached a duty, Beloved cannot demonstrate 

prejudice. Had counsel impeached Marshall with prior convictions, it is unlikely the 

jury would not credit his testimony. Marshall was not connected to any of the 

parties, he lived in another state, he called law enforcement to report Beloved 

following their only conversation, and he received no benefit from testifying. 

Simply put, Marshall had no motivation to involve himself or provide false 

testimony. Any impeachment from prior convictions would not change the jury’s 
9

perception of Marshall’s motivation. Cf. Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 316 (1974) 

(noting the purpose of cross-examination is to ferret out a witness’s motivation in 

testifying). As a result, it is unlikely the jury would not credit his testimony had it 

learned of his past offenses, which were at least nine years old, and the outcome 

of the trial would remain unchanged.

C. Vouching for Witness 

Next, Beloved alleges an expert witness improperly vouched for the child’s

credibility and counsel was ineffective for failing to object. Beloved brought a 

similar ineffective-assistance claim on direct appeal challenging another portion of 

the expert witness’s testimony as vouching testimony, which this court rejected. 

See Beloved, 2015 WL 8390222, at *4–5. An expert witness may not vouch, 

directly or indirectly, for another witness’s credibility. See State v. Brown, 856

N.W.2d 685, 689 (Iowa 2014). As we previously stated in Beloved’s direct appeal:

Although we are committed to the liberal view on the admission of 

psychological evidence, we continue to hold expert testimony is not 

admissible merely to bolster credibility. Our system of justice vests 

the jury with the function of evaluating a witness’s credibility. The 

reason for not allowing this testimony is that a witness’s credibility is 

not a fact in issue subject to expert opinion. Such opinions not only 

replace the jury’s function in determining credibility, but the jury can 

employ this type of testimony as a direct comment on the defendant’s 

guilt or innocence. Moreover, when an expert comments, directly or 

indirectly, on a witness’s credibility, the expert is giving his or her 

scientific certainty stamp of approval on the testimony even though 

an expert cannot accurately opine when a witness is telling the truth.

In our system of justice, it is the jury’s function to determine the 

credibility of a witness.

Beloved, 2015 WL 8390222, at *5 (quoting Brown, 856 N.W.2d at 689). 

Beloved now challenges the following testimony from forensic interviewer, 

Tammera Bibbins, as vouching testimony:
10

[Prosecutor] Q. Do you ever form an opinion on about the

maturity of a child? [Bibbins] A. I’m not quite sure what you mean by 

your question.

Q. If I were to ask you do you think [the child] was a mature—

I think she would have been ten when you interviewed her—she 

would have been nine when you interviewed her? A. Yes, nine.

Q. Did you find her to be a mature nine-year old? A. I would 

agree with that.

Beloved asserts, “The prosecutor’s questions about [the child]’s ‘mature’

demeanor was nothing more than a backdoor way of inviting Bibbins to vouch for 

[the child]’s truthfulness.” Assuming, without deciding, Bibbins’s testimony 

indirectly vouched for the child’s credibility, we conclude reversal is not required 

because Beloved cannot demonstrate the alleged breach resulted in prejudice. 

See Lamasters, 821 N.W.2d at 866 (“Even if [the applicant] can show his counsel 

made a professionally unreasonable error, the judgment shall not be set aside 

unless it can be shown the error had an effect on the judgment.”). Contrary to 

Beloved’s assertions, this case cannot be described fairly as a weak, “he-said/shesaid case.” This characterization ignores Beloved’s confession to Marshall, a 

previously unknown party without any interest in the case. The child’s testimony, 

absent any vouching from Bibbins, coupled with Marshall’s testimony amounted to 

compelling evidence a jury was likely to believe. As a result, we conclude Beloved 

was not prejudiced and our faith in the outcome is not undermined. See Huffman 

v. State, No. 16-2035, 2018 WL 2727711, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. June 6, 2018) 

(noting an applicant must still demonstrate prejudice when alleging ineffective 

assistance for counsel’s failure to object to expert vouching testimony).
11

D. Beloved’s Presence During Expert’s Deposition

Next, Beloved claims counsel provided ineffective assistance when counsel 

failed to continue Bibbins’s deposition until he could be present. Beloved had 

moved to New York prior to trial to be closer to his family. As a result, returning to 

Iowa for trial proceedings presented a challenge to Beloved. He requested he not 

be required to attend Bibbins’s deposition, signed a waiver of his presence written 

out by counsel, and discussed the waiver with counsel. On PCR, Beloved asserts 

his waiver was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary, and he argues his presence 

was required during the deposition and counsel was ineffective in not insisting on 

it. 

Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.27(1) states: “In felony cases the 

defendant . . . shall be personally present at every stage of the trial . . . except as 

otherwise provided by this rule.” Defendants also have a constitutional right “to be 

present for all critical phases of the [criminal] proceedings.” See State v. 

Rogerson, 855 N.W.2d 495, 505 (Iowa 2014). Beloved asserts rule 2.27(1) and 

his constitutional right to be present during critical phases of the proceeding 

required his presence during deposition. However, we previously determined 

counsel does not fail to perform an essential duty when taking “discovery 

depositions not taken for use at trial” in a defendant’s absence because it does not 

amount to a “stage of trial.” See Van Hoff v. State, 447 N.W.2d 665, 674–75 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 1989). Beloved does not assert the deposition was taken for use at trial, 

and we necessarily conclude counsel did not fail to perform an essential duty in 

completing the deposition in his absence. See id. We also conclude Beloved’s 

waiver, to any extent it was necessary, was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. 
12

See State v. Turner, 345 N.W.2d 552, 559–60 (Iowa Ct. App. 1983) (noting waiver 

of constitutional right implicated when depositions are taken for use at trial and 

outside of a defendant’s presence must be knowing, intelligent, and voluntary).

We also note Beloved does not identify any resulting prejudice from the 

alleged breach, and we can identify none. Bibbins served as an expert witness on 

child sexual abuse, not as a fact witness. Beloved does not indicate he could have 

assisted counsel in deposing Bibbins. Further, had counsel refused to depose 

Bibbins without Beloved’s presence, counsel likely would not have deposed 

Bibbins at all due to Beloved’s resistance to return to Iowa throughout the 

proceedings. This would have compromised counsel’s ability to prepare for trial 

and been to Beloved’s detriment.

E. Counsel’s Failure to Consult Experts Regarding Sexual-Abuse 

Allegations

Beloved next claims he received ineffective assistance of counsel because 

counsel did not consult with an expert regarding sexual-abuse allegations to mount 

a defense or to adequately prepare for cross examination of State expert Bibbins. 

Assuming, without deciding, counsel breached a duty in failing to consult an expert, 

we conclude Beloved’s claim fails because he cannot demonstrate prejudice. 

Beloved provides no specific examples of what evidence he would have presented 

at trial or how counsel’s cross examination of Bibbins would have differed had 

counsel consulted an expert. See Dunbar v. State, 515 N.W.2d 12, 15 (Iowa 1994) 

(“The applicant must state the specific ways in which counsel’s performance was 

inadequate and identify how competent representation probably would have 

changed the outcome.”). We note the PCR court authorized state funds be used 
13

for Beloved to retain an expert so that he could provide such information. However, 

Beloved failed to provide any testimony from an expert or provide a report from an 

expert indicating what information counsel should have considered when 

preparing a defense or for cross examination. Without such information Beloved 

cannot demonstrate how the outcome of the trial would have differed, and our faith 

in the outcome of the proceedings not disturbed. 

F. Testimony Indicating Beloved Refused Questioning

Beloved next alleges his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to 

testimony from the investigating officer, which indicated the officer made attempts 

to interview Beloved during the investigation but Beloved refused the interviews. 

According to Beloved, this testimony amounted to an impermissible comment on 

his constitutional right to remain silent. Relying on Combs v. Coyle, 205 F.3d 269, 

285 (6th Cir. 2000), the PCR court found counsel breached an essential duty for 

failing to object to the officer’s testimony about his failed attempts to interview 

Beloved. 

Assuming the PCR court’s conclusion is correct, we conclude Beloved is 

not entitled to relief because he cannot demonstrate prejudice from the claimed 

breach. See State v. McCalley, No. 05-2136, 2006 WL 3019293, at *2 (Iowa Ct. 

App. Oct. 25, 2006) (finding no prejudice when counsel failed to object to testimony 

that suggested the defendant’s pre-arrest silence implicated guilt when there was 

ample evidence of the defendant’s guilt). Beloved provided a confession to 

Marshall, which Marshall recounted at trial, and the child provided testimony 

regarding the abuse. In light of this evidence, it is unlikely a passing testimony 

about an officer’s difficulty interviewing Beloved impacted the proceedings. See 
14

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694 (“The defendant show that there is a reasonable 

probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding 

would have been different.”). Our failure to identify any resulting prejudice is 

supported by the jury’s verdict. The jury acquitted Beloved of one of the counts of 

sexual abuse, indicating the jury applied the evidence to the corresponding jury 

instructions and reached individualized conclusions without consideration of any 

general inference of guilt from the officer’s testimony. As a result, Beloved is not 

entitled to relief.

G. Cumulative Impact of Alleged Errors

Beloved asserts even if any individual alleged breach is insufficient to 

demonstrate prejudice, their cumulative impact on the proceeding is sufficient to 

undermine the outcome of the proceeding. See State v. Clay, 824 N.W.2d 488, 

501 (Iowa 2012). He acknowledges the PCR court did not consider the cumulative 

impact of the alleged breaches, as a result the claim is not properly before this 

court, and we do not consider it. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 N.W.2d 532, 537 

(Iowa 2002) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must 

ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before we will decide 

them on appeal.”). 

H. Pro Se Claims

Beloved also asserts several pro se claims, most reiterate those briefed by 

appellate counsel. Additionally, he claims several trial errors resulted in structural 

error. Beloved never asserted a structural-error claim in the PCR court, rather he 

claimed ineffective assistance of counsel resulted in Strickland prejudice. As with 
15

his cumulative-error claim, his structural-error claims are not properly before this 

court, and we do not consider them. See id. 

III. Conclusion

In conclusion, Beloved is not entitled to relief on any of his claims of 

ineffective assistance of counsel. His claims of cumulative prejudice and structural 

error are not properly before this court for consideration. We affirm the ruling of 

the PCR court. 

AFFIRMED.