The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 1

The United States Senate: 

An Institutional Bibliography

1789-present

Introduction

I. Reference

II. Constitutional Structure

III. Constitutional Powers

IV. Rules and Practice

V. Leadership and Parties

VI. Committees

VII. Administration

VIII. External Relations

IX. Elections

X. Contemporary Accounts

XI. Seniority and Influence

XII. Archiving the Senate

XIII. A Guide to Sources

Introduction

This selective bibliography, compiled by the United States Senate Historical Office, is

designed to provide general readers and scholars with a guide to articles, documents, and books

on the institutional development of the Senate. In addition to covering the fundamental powers

of the Senate, the bibliography includes sources on Senate practices, customs, and rules of

procedure. While illustrative case studies are listed, the bibliography's emphasis is on the

historical evolution of the institution, not isolated occurrences. Studies on individuals and the

current status of the Senate have, for the most part, been excluded. For a comprehensive list of

sources on U.S. senators, consult the congressional document, Senators of the United States: A

Historical Bibliography (1995), which is listed under the Bibliographies subheading of the

Reference section of this bibliography. Also see the on-line Biographical Directory of the U.S.

Congress (http://bioguide.congress.gov/).

The bibliography contains over six hundred sources arranged by subject headings and

subheadings. The sources may be listed under multiple headings if they cover more than one

subject. Under each heading, the sources are further divided by the time period of their first

publication. The publication time periods are 1789-1889, 1890-1939, 1940-1989, and 1990 to

the present. The chronological divisions are meant to reveal trends in Senate scholarship as well

as to aid researchers interested in sources published during a particular period. If the source is a

reprinted book, the citation will often include the latest publication information. 

Periodically, citations will be added to the bibliography provided that they meet the

criteria determined by the Senate Historical Office. Suggestions for additions are encouraged. 

Send your comments regarding the bibliography to historian@sec.senate.gov.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 2

I. Reference

A. General 

(1890-1939)

Haynes, George H. The Senate of the United States. Two volumes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin

Company, 1938. 

Kerr, Clara Hannah Stidham. The Origin and Development of the United States Senate. Ithaca,

NY: Andrus & Church, 1895. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot. “The Senate of the United States.” In The Senate of the United States and

Other Essays and Addresses Historical and Literary. Chapter 1, pp. 1-31. New York:

Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921. 

(1940-1989)

Byrd, Robert C. The Senate, 1789-1989: Addresses on the History of the United States

Senate. Volume I and II: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate. Volume

III: Vital Speeches, 1830-1993. Volume IV: Historical Statistics, 1789-1992.

Washington, DC: GPO, 1989-1994. 

Dole, Bob. Historical Almanac of the United States Senate. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. 

Martis, Kenneth. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789-

1989. New York: Macmillan, 1989.

Ornstein, Norman J., et al, eds. Vital Statistics on Congress. Washington, DC: Congressional

Quarterly, biennial. 

de Pauw, Linda Grant, et al, eds. Documentary History of the First Federal Congress 1789-

1791. Fourteen volumes. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972-. 

Sinclair, Barbara. The Transformation of the U.S. Senate. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University

Press, 1989. 

Stubbs, Walter. Congressional Committees, 1789-1982: A Checklist. Wesport, CT.: Greenwood

Press, 1985. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-1989.

Senate Document 100-34. Washington, DC: GPO, 1988. 

(1990-)

Bacon, Donald, Roger Davidson, and Morton Keller, eds. The Encyclopedia of the United

 States Congress. Four volumes. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 3

Baker, Richard A. 200 Notable Days: Senate Stories 1787 to 2002. Washington, DC: U.S.

Government Printing Office, 2006.

Baker, Richard A. Traditions of the United States Senate. Senate Publication 11. 110 Congress. th

Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2007.

Christianson, Stephen G. Facts About the Congress. New York: Wilson, 1996.

Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Congress A to Z. Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008.

Congressional Quarterly, Inc. How Congress Works. Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: CQ Press,

2008.

Congressional Quarterly's Guide to Congress. Fifth Edition. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008.

Davidson, Roger H., and Walter J. Oleszek. The Congress and Its Members. Eighth Edition. 

Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2002.

Dubin, Michael J. United States Congressional Elections, 1788-1997: The Official Results of the

Elections of the 1 Through 105 Congresses. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1998. st th

Gould, Lewis L. The Most Exclusive Club: A History of the United States Senate. New York:

Basic Books, 2005. 

Harris, Fred R. Deadlock or Decision: The U.S. Senate and the Rise of National Politics. New

York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 

Hibbing, John R., and John G. Peters. “Studying the U.S. Senate: An Introduction to the

Hendricks Symposium Papers.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (May 1989): 163-174.

Hibbing, John, ed. The Changing World of the Senate. Berkeley, CA: IGS Press, 1990.

Landsberg, Brian K., ed. Major Acts of Congress. Three volumes. New York: Macmillan

Reference USA, 2004.

Loomis, Burdett A. and Wendy J. Schiller. The Contemporary Congress. Fifth Edition. Canada:

Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.

Polsby, Nelson W., and Eric Schickler. “Landmarks in the Study of Congress Since 1945.” 

Annual Review of Political Science 5 (2002): 333-367.

Ritchie, Donald A. The Congress of the United States: A Student Companion. Second edition.

New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 4

Silbey, Joel, ed. The Congress of the United States, 1789-1989. Twenty three volumes. 

Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, Inc., 1991.

–Reprints of 356 articles published between 1940 and 1989.

Silbey, Joel H. Encyclopedia of the American Legislative System: Studies of the Principal

Structures, Processes, and Policies of Congress and the State Legislatures since the

Colonial Era. Three volumes. New York: Scribner’s Sons, 1994. 

Stathis, Stephen W. Landmark Legislation 1774-2002: Major U.S. Acts and Treaties. 

Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2003.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Guide to Research Collections of Former United States Senators,

1789-1995. Senate Document 35. 103 Congress, second session. Washington, DC: rd

GPO, 1995.

Zelizer, Julian E., ed. The American Congress: The Building of Democracy. Boston: Houghton

Mifflin Company, 2004.

B. Bibliographies

(1890-1939)

Griffin, Appleton Prentiss Clark. Selected List of References on Impeachment. Washington, DC:

GPO, 1905. 

U.S. Congress. Library of Congress. List of References on the Treaty-Making Power. Compiled

by Herman H. B. Meyer. Washington, DC: GPO, 1920.

U.S. Congress. Senate. List of Books, Etc., Treating of the United States Senate. 59 Congress, th

1 session. Senate Document No. 303. Compiled by A.P.C. Griffin. Washington, DC: st

GPO, 1906. 

(1940-1989)

Goehlert, Robert U., and John R. Sayre. The United States Congress: A Bibliography. New

York: The Free Press, 1982.

Hill, Sidney B. “Treaty Making Power of the United States, a Bibliographical Guide.” Record of

the Association of the Bar of the City of New York 9 (February 1954): 1-23. 

Kingsley, Thomas C. The Federal Impeachment Process: A Bibliographic Guide to English and

American Precedence, Historical and Procedural Development, and Scholarly

Commentary. Ithica, N.Y.: Cornell Law Library, Cornell Universities Libraries, 1974. 

Ripley, Randall B., and Charles Jones. The Role of Political Parties in Congress: A
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 5

Bibliography and Research Guide. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1966.

Slinger, Michael J., Lucy Salsbury Payne, James Lloyd Gates, Jr. “The Senate Power of Advice

and Consent on Judicial Appointments: An Annotated Research Bibliography.” Notre

Dame Law Review 64 (1989):106-35. 

Tansill, William Raymond. The Organization of Congress: A Select, Annotated Bibliography on

the Organization, Procedure, and Reorganization of Congress. Volume II. Washington,

DC: GPO, 1945. 

(1990-)

Mantel, Matthew. “Congressional Investigations: A Bibliography.” Law Library Journal 100

(2008): 323-361.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Senators of the United States: A Historical Bibliography. Senate

Document 34. 103 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1995. rd nd

II. Constitutional Structure

A. General

(1789-1889)

Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. Edited by Melville M.

Bigelow. Buffalo: William S. Hein & Co., 1994 (originally published in 1833). 

Also in: Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States: With a

Preliminary Review of the Constitutional History of the Colonies and States Before the

Adoption of the Constitution. Two volumes. Boston: Brown & Little, 1891.

(1890-1939)

Foster, Roger. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Historical and Juridical,

with Observations upon the Ordinary Provisions of State Constitutions and a

Comparison with the Constitutions of other Countries. Boston: Boston Book Company,

1895. 

Hopkins, J. Castell. "The Senate and the House of Lords: A Comparison.” American Journal of

Politics 5 (November 1894): 461-69.

(1940-1989)

Hammond, Thomas H., and Gary J. Miller. “The Core of the Constitution.” American Political

Science Review 81 (December 1987): 1155-74.

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner. Founders’ Constitution. Volume II. Chicago: The

University of Chicago Press, 1987.

B. Equal Representation (Two Senators Per State)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 6

(1789-1889)

Madison, James. “Paper Nos. 62 and 63.” In The Federalist. Edited by Clinton Rossiter. New

York: New American Library, 1961 (originally published 1788). 

(1890-1939)

Baxter, Sylvester. “The Representative Inequality of Senators.” North American Review 177

(December 1903): 897-903.

Hoar, George Frisbie. The Connecticut Compromise: Roger Sherman, the Author of the Plan of

Equal Representation of the States in the Senate, and the Representation of the People in

Proportion to Numbers in the House. Worcester, MA: Press of Charles Hamilton, 1903.

Holst, H. Von. "Ought the United States Senate to be Abolished?" Monist 5 (October 1894): 1-

21. 

“How Can We Secure Better United States Senators?” Century 45 (March 1893): 793-794.

Also see: "Better United States Senators." Century 46 (May 1893):156.

Ingersoll, L.D. “The Reform of the Senate.” Lakeside Monthly 5 (May 1871): 322-23; 327.

Stewart, William M. “Misrepresentation in the Senate.” North American Review 157

(November 1893): 513-22. 

Warner, Charles D. “The Attack on the U.S. Senate.” Century 48 (July 1894): 374-9.

Also see: Brainerd, Cephas. “The Senate and the Constitution.” Century 48 (August

1894): 636-639. 

Woody, Carroll H. “Is the Senate Unrepresentative?” Political Science Quarterly 41 (June

1926): 219-39. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. “Roger Sherman in the Federal Convention.” By Lewis Henry Boutell. 

In Annual Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1893. 

Miscellaneous Document 104. 53d Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1894. nd

(1940-1989)

Jillson, Calvin C. Constitution Making: Conflict and Consensus in the Federal Convention of

1787. New York: Agathon Press, 1988.

(1990-)

Bernstein, Robert A. “Determinants of Differences in Feelings toward Senators Representing the

Same State.” Western Political Quarterly 45 (1992): 701-25.

Bowman, S.J. “Wild Political Dreaming: Constitutional Reformation of the United States

Senate.” Fordham Law Review 72 (March 2004): 35.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 7

Griffin, John D. “Senate Apportionment as a Source of Political Inequality.” Legislative Studies

Quarterly 31 (August 2006): 405-432.

Herrick, Rebekah, and Sue Thomas. “Split Delegations in the United States Senate: 1920-1988.”

Social Science Journal 30 (1993): 69-81. 

Lee, Frances, and Bruce Oppenheimer. Sizing Up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of

Equal Representation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Stephens, G. Ross. “Urban Underrepresentation in the U. S. Senate.” Urban Affairs Review 31

(1996): 404-18.

Tseytlin, Misha. “The United States Senate and the Problem of Equal State Suffrage.” 

Georgetown Law Journal 94 (March 2006): 859-888.

C. Term

(1789-1889)

Adams, Charles Francis, Jr. "The Senatorial Term." American Law Review 4 (October 1869): 18-

30. 

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. The Term of a Senator: When Does it Begin and End?: Constitution,

Laws, and Precedents Pertaining to the Term of a Senator. By Robert Dove. Senate

Document 29. 98 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1984. th nd

D. Class System

(1890-1939)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the Senate Relating to the Classification of United States

Senators under the Second Paragraph of the Third Section of the First Article of the

Constitution of the United States: Taken from the Journals of the Senate. Compiled by

Henry H. Gilfry. 60 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1907. th st

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. The Classification of United States Senators. By Floyd M. Riddick. 

Senate Document 103. 89 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1966. th nd

III. Constitutional Powers

A. General

(1789-1889)

Bryce, James. “The Senate as an Executive and Judicial Body.” In The American

Commonwealth. Volume I, chapter 11. London: MacMillan and Co., 1888. 

Dickinson, John. The Political Writings of John Dickinson, Esquire, Late President of the State
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 8

of Delaware, and of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. Wilmington, Del.: Bonsal and

Niles, 1801.

Also in: The Political Writings of John Dickinson, 1764-1774. Edited by Paul Leicester

Ford. New York, Da Capo Press, 1970 (reprint of 1895 edition). 

Ford, Paul Leicester, ed. Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States Published During

Its Discussion By the People, 1787-1788. New York: Burt Franklin, 1888. 

Hamilton, Alexander. "Speech on the Senate of the United States (1788)." Edited by Henry

 Cabot Lodge. New York ; London : G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1904 (originally published

1885). 

Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. Edited by Melville M.

Bigelow. Buffalo: William S. Hein & Co., 1994. 

Also in: Story, Joseph. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States: With a

Preliminary Review of the Constitutional History of the Colonies and States Before the

Adoption of the Constitution. Two volumes. Boston: Brown & Little, 1891 (originally

published in1833). 

(1890-1939)

Ford, Henry Jones. “The Senate.” In The Rise and Growth of American Politics. Chapter 21. 

New York: Da Capo Press, 1967 (originally published 1898). 

Foster, Roger. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Historical and Juridical,

with Observations upon the Ordinary Provisions of State Constitutions and a

Comparison with the Constitutions of other Countries. Boston: Boston Book Company,

1895. 

Haynes, George H. “Planning the Senate in the Federal Convention; Setting Senate Precedents in

the First Congress.” In The Senate of the United States. Volume I, chapters 1-2. Boston:

Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Hoar, George Frisbie. The Connecticut Compromise. Roger Sherman, the Author of the Plan of

Equal Representation of the States in the Senate, and Representation of the People in

Proportion to Numbers in the House. Worcester, MA: Press of Charles Hamilton, 1903. 

McCall, Samuel W. "The Power of the Senate." Atlantic Monthly 92 (October 1903): 433-42. 

Miller, Samuel Freeman. "The Separate Powers of the Senate and House of Representatives." In

Lectures on the Constitution of the United States. Littleton, CO : F.B. Rothman, 1980

(originally published 1891). 

Moffett, S. E. “Is the Senate Unfairly Constituted?” Political Science Quarterly 10 (June 1895):
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 9

248-56. 

Rogers, Lindsay. “The Senate as an Executive Council.” In The American Senate. Chapter 3,

pp. 22-87. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1968 (originally published 1926). 

Moody, William H. "Constitutional Powers of the Senate; A Reply." North American Review 174

(March 1902): 386-94. 

–Reply to A. Maurice Low. “The Oligarchy of the Senate.” North American Review 174

(February 1902): 231-44. 

(1940-1989)

Amer, Vik D. “The Senate and the Constitution.” Yale Law Journal 97 (May 1988): 1111-30.

Baker, Richard Allan. "The Senate of the United States: Supreme Executive Council of the

United States." Prologue 21 (Winter 1989): 289-313. 

Galloway, George. “The Functions of Congress.” In Congress at the Crossroads. Pp.1-21. 

New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946.

(1990-)

Mayhew, D.R. “Supermajority Rule in the U.S. Senate.” PS-Political Science & Politics 36

(January 2003): 31-36.

B. Origin, Formation

(1789-1889)

Maclay, William. Sketches of Debate in the First Senate of the United States, in 1789-90-91. 

Edited by George W. Harris. Harrisburg: Lane S. Hart, Printer, c1880.

Also in: Bickford, Charlene Bangs, Kenneth R. Bowling, and Helen E. Veit, eds. “The

Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates.” In Birth of the Nation:

The First Federal Congress 1789-1791. Volume IX. Washington, DC: George

Washington University, The First Federal Congress Project, 1989. 

Madison, James. Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787. Athens, Ohio: Ohio

University Press, 1984 (originally published 1840). 

Shepard, Elliott F. "Equalization of Representation in the United States Senate." New York State

Bar Association 2 (1879): 63-75. 

(1890-1939)

Farrand, Max. The Framing of the Constitution of the United States. New Haven and London:

Yale University Press, 1972 (originally published 1913). 

Farrand, Max, ed. The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787. Four volumes. New Haven

and London: Yale University Press, 1966 (originally published 1911). 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 10

Schulz, George J., ed. Creation of the Senate: From the Proceedings of the Federal

Convention. Senate Document 7. 100 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, th st

1987 (originally published 1937).

Woodburn, James Albert. “The Senate.” In The American Republic and its Government. 

Chapter 4, pp. 196-239. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1916 (originally published

1903). 

Woody, Carroll H. “Is the Senate Unrepresentative?” Political Science Quarterly 41 (June

1926): 219-39. 

(1940-1989)

Bickford, Charlene Bangs, and Kenneth R. Bowling, eds. Birth of the Nation: The First Federal

Congress 1789-1791. Washington, DC: George Washington University, The First Federal

Congress Project, 1989. 

Kammen, Michael, ed. The Origins of the American Constitution: A Documentary History. New

York: Penguin Books, 1986. 

Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner. Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: The University of

Chicago Press, 1987.

Main, Jackson Turner. The Upper House in Revolutionary America, 1763-1788. Madison:

University of Wisconsin Press, 1967. 

Sofaer, Abraham D. War, Foreign Affairs and Constitutional Power. Volume I: The Origins.

Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1976.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Bicentennial Commission. A Necessary Fence: The Senate's First

Century. Washington, DC: Commission on the Bicentennial of the U.S. Senate, 1989. 

Van Doren, Carl. The Great Rehearsal: The Story of the Making and Ratifying of the

Constitution of the United States. New York: The Viking Press, 1948. 

(1990-)

Bowling, Kenneth R. And Donald R. Kennon, eds. The House and Senate in the 1790's:

Petitioning, Lobbying, and Institutional Development. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University

Press, 2002. 

Bowling, Kenneth R., and Donald R. Kennon, eds. Inventing Congress: Origins and

Establishment of the First Federal Congress. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1999.

Currie, David P. The Constitution in Congress: Democrats and Whigs, 1829-1861.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 11

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Currie, David P. The Constitution in Congress: Descent into the Maelstrom, 1829-1861. 

Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 

Currie, David P. The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period 1789-1801. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1997. 

Currie, David P. The Constitution in Congress : the Jeffersonians, 1801-1829. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2001.

Greenfield, Kent. "Original Penumbras: Constitutional Interpretation in the First Year of

Congress." Connecticut Law Review 26 (Fall 1993): 79-144. 

Swift, Elaine K. The Making of an American Senate: Reconstitutive Change in Congress, 1787-

1841. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. 

Wirls, Daniel and Stephen Wirls. The Invention of the United States Senate. Baltimore: Johns

Hopkins University Press, 2003.

C. Treaties

(1789-1889)

Croswell, Simon G. “The Treaty-Making Power Under the Constitution.” American Law Review

20 (July-August 1886): 513-527.

Jay, John. “Paper No. 64.” In The Federalist. Edited by Clinton Rossiter. New York: New

American Library, 1961 (originally published 1788). 

(1890-1939)

Anderson, Chandler P. “The Extent and Limitations of the Treaty-Making Power Under the

Constitution.” American Journal of International Law 1 (July 1907): 636-670.

Bacon, Augustus O. “The Treaty-Making Power of the President and the Senate.” North

American Review 182 (1906): 502-12. 

Barrett, James T. “International Agreements without the Advice and Consent of the Senate.” 

Yale Law Journal 15 (November 1905): 18-27.

Black, Forrest R. “The United States Senate and the Treaty Power.” Rocky Mountain Law

Review 4 (November 1931): 1-19.

Boyd, James H. “Limitations of the Treaty-Making Power of the President of the United States

with the Concurrent Power of the Senate.” Central Law Journal (March 8, 15, 1918):
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 12

172-176; 188-194.

Find in: Library of Congress, Microfilm Room, Microfilm 05422 no. 548-566 AP

Butler, Charles H. The Treaty-Making Power of the United States. New York: Banks Law

Publishing Company, 1902. 

Crandall, Samuel B. Treaties, Their Making and Enforcement. Washington, DC: J. Byrne &

Company, 1904, 1916. 

Cullom, S.M. “The Treaty-Making Power.” North American Review 180 (March 1905): 335-

346.

Dangerfield, Royden J. In Defense of the Senate: A Study in Treaty Making. Port Washington,

NY: Kennikat Press, Inc., 1966 (originally published 1933). 

Davis, John W. The Treaty-Making Power in the United States. London: Oxford University

Press, 1920. 

Dennis, William Cullen. “The Arbitration Treaties and the Senate Amendments.” American

Journal of International Law 5 (July 1911): 614-28.

Finch, George A. “The Treaty of Peace with Germany in the United States Senate.” American

Journal of International Law 14 (January-April 1920): 155-206. 

Fleming, Denna Frank. “Role of the Senate in Treaty Making: A Survey of Four Decades.” 

American Political Science Review 28 (1934): 583-98. 

Fleming, Denna Frank. The Treaty Veto of the American Senate. New York: G.P. Putnam’s

Sons, 1930. 

Hayden, Ralston. The Senate and Treaties, 1789-1817: The Development of the Treaty-Making

Functions of the United States Senate During Their Formative Period. New York:

Macmillan, 1920. 

Hayden, Ralston. “The States’ Rights Doctrine and the Treaty-Making Power.” American

Historical Review 22 (April 1917): 566-85. 

Haynes, George H. “The Senate’s Part in Treaty-Making and Foreign Relations.” In The Senate

of the United States. Volume II, chapter 7. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Holt, W. Stull. Treaties Defeated by the Senate. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,

1933. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 13

Hudson, Manley O. “The United States Senate and the World Court.” American Journal of

International Law 29 (April 1935): 301-7.

Jones, Francois Stewart. “Treaties and Treaty-Making.” Political Science Quarterly 12

(September 1897): 420-49. 

Kerr, Clara Hannah Stidham. “The Senate as an Executive Body–Treaties.” In The Origin and

Development of the United States Senate. Chapter 4, pp. 135-58. Ithaca, NY: Andrus &

Church, 1895. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot. “The Treaty-Making Powers of the Senate.” Scribner’s Magazine 31

(January 1902): 33-43. 

Also in: A Fighting Frigate and Other Essays and Addresses. Pp. 219-56. New York:

Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902. 

McClendon, R. Earl. “The Two-Thirds Rule in Senate Actions Upon Treaties, 1789-1901. 

American Journal of International Law 26 (1932): 37-56. 

Mikell, William E. “The Extent of the Treaty-Making Power of the President and Senate of the

United States.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review and American Law Register 57

(April-May 1909): 435-458; 528-562.

Miller, Shackelford. “Treaty-Making Power.” American Law Review 41 (July-August 1907):

527-549.

Ogden, R. “The Senate as Treaty-Maker.” Nation (1902): 84-.

Ogden, R. “The U.S. Senate: The Graveyard of Good Treaties.” Nation (1900): 199-.

Pepper, George W. “Family Quarrels Over Treaties.” In Family Quarrels: The President, the

Senate, the House. Chapter 1, pp. 1-74. New York: Baker, Voorhis & Company, 1931. 

Sprout, H.H. “Storm Center in Treaty-Making: Veto Power of Senate.” American Scholar 7

(April 1938): 211-22.

Tansill, Charles C. “The Treaty-Making Powers of the Senate.” American Journal of

International Law 18 (July 1924): 459-82. 

Thompson, B.M. “The Power of the Senate to Amend a Treaty.” Michigan Law Review 3

(1905): 427-41. 

U.S. Congress. Library of Congress. List of References on the Treaty-Making Power. Compiled

by Herman H. B. Meyer. Washington, DC: GPO, 1920.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 14

Woolsey, Theodore S. “Treaty-making under the United States Constitution.” Journal of Social

Science 40 (December 1902): 83-95.

Wright, Quincy. “The Control of Foreign Relations.” American Political Science Review 15

(February 1921): 1-26. 

(1940-1989)

Berman, Daniel M. “Appointments and Treaties.” In In Congress Assembled: The Legislative

Process in the National Government. Chapter 13. (London: The Macmillan Company,

Collier-Macmillan Limited, 1964): 361-81. 

Bestor, Arthur. “‘Advice’ From the Very Beginning, ‘Consent’ When the End is Achieved.” 

American Journal of International Law 83 (1989): 718-27. 

Bestor, Arthur. “Respective Roles of Senate and President in the Making and Abrogation of 

Treaties–The Original Intent of the Framers of the Constitution Historically Examined.” 

Washington Law Review 55 (1979): 4-135. 

Cole, Wayne S. “With the Advice and Consent of the Senate: The Treaty-Making Process before

the Cold War Years.” In Congress and United States Foreign Policy: Controlling the

Use of Force in the Nuclear Age. Edited by Michael A. Barnhart, 79-89. Albany: State

University of New York Press, 1987. 

Colegrove, Kenneth W. The American Senate and World Peace. New York: Vanguard Press,

1944. 

Glennon, Michael J. “The Senate Role in Treaty Ratification.” American Journal of

International Law. 77 (April 1983): 257-80. 

Hill, Sidney B. “Treaty Making Power of the United States, a Bibliographical Guide.” Record of

the Association of the Bar of the City of New York 9 (February 1954): 1-23. 

Fischer, Robert. “Henry Cabot Lodge and the Taft Arbitration Treaties.” South Atlantic

Quarterly 78 (1979): 244-58. 

Heindel, Richard H., et. al. “The North Atlantic Treaty in the United States Senate.” American

Journal of International Law (October 1949): 633-65.

Hewes, James E., Jr. “Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations.” Proceedings of the

American Philosophical Society 114 (August 1970): 245-55.

Jones, J. Mervyn. Full Powers and Ratification: A Study in the Development of Treaty-Making

Procedure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1946.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 15

Lael, Richard L. “Struggle for Ratification: Wilson, Lodge, and the Thomson-Urrutia

Treaty.” Diplomatic History 2 (Winter 1978): 81-102.

McClendon, R. Earl. “Violations of Secrecy: Senate Executive Sessions, 1789-1929.” American

Historical Review 51 (October 1945): 35-54. 

McCluggage, Robert W. “The Senate and Indian Land Titles, 1800-1825.” Western Historical

Quarterly 4 (October 1970): 415-25. 

Mervin, David. “Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations.” Journal of

American Studies 4 (February 1971): 201-14.

Nelson, Randall H. “Legislative Participation in the Treaty and Agreement-Making Process.”

Western Political Quarterly 13 (March 1960): 154-71.

Rakove, Jack N. “Solving a Constitutional Puzzle: The Treatymaking Clause as a Case Study.”

Perspectives in American History 1 (1984): 233-81. 

Reter, Ronald F. “President Theodore Roosevelt and the Senate’s ‘Advice and Consent’ to

Treaties.” In Historian 44 (1982): 483-504. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. The Role of the Senate in Treaty

Ratification. By Morella Hansen. Senate Print 486-5. 95 Congress, 1 session. th st

Washington, DC: GPO, 1977. 

Vinson, J. Chal. “The Parchment Peace: The Senate Defense of the Four-Power Treaty of the

Washington Conference.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review 39 (September 1952):

303-14.

Webb, Richard E. “Treaty-Making and the President’s Obligation to Seek the Advice and

Consent of the Senate with Special Reference to the Vietnam Peace Negotiations.” Ohio

State Law Journal (Summer 1970): 490-519.

Wright, Herbert. “The Two-Thirds Vote of the Senate in Treaty-Making.” American Journal of

International Law 38 (October 1944): 643-50. 

(1990-)

Auerswald, D., and F. Maltzman. “Policymaking Through Advice and Consent: Treaty

Consideration by the United States Senate.” Journal of Politics 65 (November 2003):

1097-1110.

Deibel, Terry L. “The Death of a Treaty.” Foreign Affairs 2002 81 (5): 142-161.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 16

Evans, C. Lawrence, and Walter J. Oleszek. “A Tale of Two Treaties: The Practical Politics of

Treaty Ratification in the U.S. Senate.” In Congress and the Politics of Foreign Policy. 

Edited by Colton C. Campbell, et. al. pp.90-111. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,

2003.

Pitsvada, Bernard T. The Senate, Treaties, and National Security, 1945-1974. Lanham, MD:

University Press of America, 1991.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Treaties and Other International Agreements: The Role of the United

States Senate. Senate Print 53. 103 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, rd st

November, 1993. 

Vagts, Detlev F. “International Agreements, the Senate and the Constitution.” In Politics,

Values and Functions: International Law in the 21 Century. Edited by Jonathan I. st

Charney, et. al. pp.137-148. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1998.

D. Nominations

1. General

(1789-1889)

Hamilton, Alexander. “Federalist Paper No. 76; The Same View Continued in Relation to the

Appointment of the Officers of the Government.” In The Federalist. Edited by Clinton

Rossiter. New York: New American Library, 1961 (originally published 1788). 

Whitney, E.B. “The Advice and Consent of the Senate.” Nation 42 (1886): 125-.

(1890-1939)

Haynes, George H. “Senate ‘Advice and Consent’ to Appointments.” In The Senate of the

United States. Volume II, chapter 8. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Kerr, Clara Hannah Stidham. “The Senate as an Executive Body–Appointments.” In The Origin

and Development of the United States Senate. Chapter 4, pp. 104-35. Ithaca, NY:

Andrus & Church, 1895. 

Pepper, George W. “Family Quarrels Over Nominations.” In Family Quarrels: The President,

the Senate, the House. Chapter 11, pp. 75-188. New York: Baker, Voorhis & Company,

1931. 

(1940-1989)

Berman, Daniel M. “Appointments and Treaties.” In In Congress Assembled: The Legislative

Process in the National Government. Chapter 13. (London: The Macmillan Company,

Collier-Macmillan Limited, 1964): 361-81. 

Curl, Donald Walter. “The Long Memory of the United States Senate.” Ohio History 76 (1967):
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 17

103-13. 

Fein, Bruce E. “A Circumscribed Senate Confirmation Role.” Harvard Law Review 102

(January 1989): 672-87. 

Fowler, Dorothy G. “Congressional Dictation of Local Appointments.” Journal of Politics. 7

(1945): 25-57. 

Harris, Joseph P. The Advice and Consent of the Senate: A Study of the Confirmation of

Appointments by the United States Senate. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968

(originally published 1953). 

Macmahan, Arthur W. “Senatorial Confirmation.” Public Administration Review (Autumn

1943): 281-96. 

Nigro, Felix A. “Senate Confirmation.” Georgetown Law Journal 42 (January 1954): 241-60.

Percy, Charles H. “Advice and Consent: A Reevaluation.” Southern Illinois University Law

Journal 1978 (May1978): 31-43. 

(1990-)

DeRouen, Karl, Jr., et al. “Presidential Mandates and the Dynamics of Senate Advice and

Consent, 1885-1996.” American Politics Research 2005 33(1): 106-131.

Gerhardt, Michael J. The Federal Appointments Process. Durham, NC: Duke University Press,

2000.

Sollenberger, Mitchel A. “The President 'Shall Nominate': Exclusive or Shared Constitutional

Power?” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36(4) (2006): 714-731.

Sollenberger, Mitchel A. The President Shall Nominate: How Congress Trumps Executive

Power. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2008.

2. Judicial

a. General

(1890-1939)

Cole, Kenneth C. “Judicial Affairs: The Role of the Senate in the Confirmation of Judicial

Nominations.” American Political Science Review 28 (October 1934): 875-94.

(1940-1989)

Black, Charles. “A Note on Senatorial Consideration of Supreme Court Nominations.” Yale

Law Journal 79 (March 1970).
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 18

Chase, Harold. Federal Judges: The Appointing Process. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota

Press, 1972.

Danelski, David J. A Supreme Court Justice is Appointed. New York: Random House, 1964. 

Ferling, John. “The Senate and Federal Judges: The Intent of the Founding Fathers.” Capitol

Studies 2 (Winter 1974): 57-70. 

Friedlander, Robert A. “Judicial Selection and the Constitution: What did the Framers Originally

Intend?” Saint Louis University 8 (1989): 1-11.

Friedman, Richard D. “The Transformation in Senate Response to Supreme Court Nominations:

From Reconstruction to the Taft Administration and Beyond.” Cardozo Law Review 5

(Fall 1983): 1-95. 

Freund, Paul A. “Appointment of Justices: Some Historical Perspectives.” Harvard Law Review

101 (April 1988): 1146-63. 

Gauch, James E. “The Intended Role of the Senate in Supreme Court Appointments.” 

University of Chicago Law Review 56 (Winter 1989): 337-65. 

Ginsburg, Ruth Bader. “Confirming Supreme Court Justices: Thoughts on the Second Opinion

Rendered by the Senate.” University of Illinois Law Review 1988 (1988): 101-17.

Kurland, Philip B. “The Appointment and Disappointment of Supreme Court Justices.” Arizona

State University Law Journal: Law and the Social Order 1972 (1972): 183-237. 

Manoloff, Richard D. “The Advice and Consent of the Congress: Toward a Supreme Court

Appointment Process for Our Time.” Ohio State Law Journal 54 (1993): 1087-107.

Massaro, John. Supremely Political: The Role of Ideology and Presidential Management in

Unsuccessful Supreme Court Nominations. Albany: State University of New York Press,

1990.

Mathias, Charles McC. “Advice and Consent: The Role of the United States Senate in the

Judicial Selection Process.” University of Chicago Law Review 54 (Winter 1987): 200-7.

Mitzner, Adam. “The Evolving Role of the Senate in Judicial Nominations.” Journal of Law

and Politics 5 (Winter 1989): 387-428. 

Monaghan, Henry Paul. “The Confirmation Process: Law or Politics?” Harvard Law Review

101 (April 1988): 1202-12.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 19

Palmer, Jan. “Senate Confirmation of Appointments to the U.S. Supreme Court.” Review of

Social Economy 41 (1983): 152-62. 

Perry, James R. “Supreme Court Appointments, 1789-1801: Criteria, Presidential Style, and the

Press of Events.” Journal of the Early Republic 6 (Winter 1986): 371-410. 

Pierce, Carl A. “A Vacancy on the Supreme Court: The Politics of Judicial Appointment, 1893-

94.” Tennessee Law Review (Summer 1972): 555-612.

Rader, Randall R. “The Independence of the Judiciary: A Critical Aspect of the Confirmation

Process.” Kentucky Law Journal 77 (Summer 1989): 767-820.

Ross, William G. “The Functions, Roles, and Duties of the Senate in the Supreme Court

Appointment Process.” William and Mary Law Review 28 (Summer 1987): 633-82. 

Rotunda, Ronald D. “The Confirmation Process for Supreme Court Justices in the Modern Era.”

Emory Law Journal 37 (1988): 559-86.

Ryther, Scott R. “Advice and Consent: The Senate’s Political Role in the Supreme Court

Appointment Process.” Utah Law Review 1988 (1988): 411-33.

Schmidhauser, John R., and Larry L. Berg. The Supreme Court and Congress. New York: The

Free Press, 1972.

Segal, Jeffrey. “Senate Confirmation of Supreme Court Justices: Partisan and Institutional

Politics.” Journal of Politics 49 (1987): 998-1015. 

Simon, Paul. “The Senate’s Role in Judicial Appointments.” Judicature 70 (1986): 55-60.

Slinger, Michael J., Lucy Salsbury Payne and James Lloyd Gates, Jr. “The Senate Power of

Advice and Consent on Judicial Appointments: An Annotated Research Bibliography.” 

Notre Dame Law Review 64 (1989):106-35. 

Stock, Linda M. “That Salutary Restraint: The Senate and the Appointment of Supreme Court

Justices.” Southwestern University Law Review 18 (1989): 283-333. 

Sulfridge, Wayne. “Ideology as a Factor in Senate Consideration of Supreme Court

Nominations.” Journal of Politics 42 (May 1980): 560-67.

Thorpe, James A. “The Appearance of Supreme Court Nominees Before the Senate Judiciary

Committee.” Journal of Public Law 18 (1969): 371-402.

Tribe, Laurence H. God Save This Honorable Court: How the Choice of Supreme Court Justices
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 20

Shapes Our History. New York: New American Library, 1986.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Advice and Consent on Supreme Court

Nominations. Senate Print 391-0006. 94 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, th nd

1976. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. The Supreme Court of the United States:

Hearings and Reports on Successful and Unsuccessful Nominations of Supreme Court

Justices by the Senate Judiciary Committee, 1916-1972. Compiled by Roy M. Mersky

and J. Myron Jacobstein. Buffalo: W.S. Hein, 1975.

Supplement: 1916-1975; 1977-1996. 

(1990-)

Abraham, Henry J. Justices, Presidents, and Senators: A History of the U.S. Supreme Court

Appointments from Washington to Clinton. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,

Inc., 1999 (originally published in1992). 

Bell, L.C. “Senatorial Discourtesy: The Senate’s Use of Delay to Shape the Federal Judiciary.” 

Political Research Quarterly 55 (September 2002): 589-607.

Bell, Lauren Cohen. Warring Factions: Interest Groups, Money, and the New Politics of Senate

Confirmation. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2002.

Binder, Sarah A., Anthony J. Madonna and Steven S. Smith. “Going Nuclear, Senate Style.” 

Perspectives on Politics 5 (2007): 729-740.

Binder, Sarah A. and Forrest Maltzman. 2004. “The Limits of Senatorial Courtesy.” Legislative

Studies Quarterly 24 (February 2004): 5-22.

Binder, Sarah A., and Forrest Maltzman. “Senatorial Delay in Confirming Federal Judges, 1947-

1998.” American Journal of Political Science 2002 46 (1):190-199.

Binder, Sarah A. “The Senate as a Black Hole? Lessons Learned from the Judicial Appointments

Experience.” In Innocent Until Nominated: The Breakdown of the Presidential

Appointments Process. Edited by C. Calvin Mackenzie. Chapter 6, pp.173-195.

Brookings Institution Press, 2001.

Binder, Sarah A. “Where Do Institutions Come From? Exploring the Origins of the Senate Blue

Slip.” Studies in American Political Development 21:1 (2007): 1-15.

Burbank, S.B. “Politics, Privilege & Power – The Senate’s Role in the Appointment of Federal

Judges.” Judicature 86 (July-August 2002): 24-27.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 21

Caldeira, Gregory A., and John R. Wright. “Lobbying for Justice: Organized Interests, Supreme

Court Nominations, and United States Senate.” American Journal of Political Science 42

(April 1998): 499-523.

Comiskey, Michael. “The Real and Imagined Consequences of Senatorial Consent to Silent

Supreme Court Nominees.” Journal of Law and Politics 11 (Winter 1995): 41-77.

Comiskey, Michael. Seeking Justices: The Judging of Supreme Court Nominees. Lawrence:

University Press of Kansas, 2004.

Crockett, David A. “The Contemporary President:' Should the Senate Take a Floor Vote on a

Presidential Judicial Nominee?” Presidential Studies Quarterly 37:2 (2007): 313-330.

Epstein, Lee, and Jeffrey A. Segal. Advice and Consent: The Politics of Judicial Appointments.

New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Epstein, Lee; René Lindstädt, Jeffrey A. Segal, and Chad Westerland. “The Changing Dynamics

of Senate Voting On Supreme Court Nominees.” Journal of Politics 68(2) (2006): 296-

307.

Goldman, S. “Assessing the Senate Judicial Confirmation Process: The Index of Obstruction and

Delay.” Judicature 86 (March-April 2003): 251-257.

Goldman, Sheldon. Picking Federal Judges; Lower Court Selection From Roosevelt Through

Reagan. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.

Guliuzza, Frank, Daniel J. Reagan, and David M. Barrett. “The Senate Judiciary Committee and

Supreme Court Nominees: Measuring the Dynamics of Confirmation Criteria.” Journal

of Politics 56 (August 1994): 773-87.

Hartley, Roger E., and Lisa M. Holmes. “The Increasing Senate Scrutiny of Lower Federal Court

Nominees.” Political Science Quarterly 2002 117 (2): 259-278.

Hogue, Henry B. “Recess Appointments to Article III Courts.” Presidential Studies Quarterly

2004 34(3): 656-673.

Johnson, Timothy R., and Jason M. Roberts. “Presidential Capital and the Supreme Court

Confirmation Process.” Journal of Politics 2004 66(3): 663-683.

Johnson, Timothy R., and Jason M. Roberts. “Pivotal Politics, Presidential Capital, and Supreme

Court Nominations.” Congress & the Presidency 2005 32(1): 31-48.

Lemieux, Peter H., and Charles H. Stewart, III. “Senate Confirmation of Supreme Court
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 22

Nominations from Washington to Reagan.” Working Papers in Political Science 9-90-3

(March-April 1990): 1-32.

Martinek, W.L., M. Kemper, and S.R. Van Winkle. “To Advise and Consent: The Senate and

Lower Federal Court Nominations, 1977-1998.” Journal of Politics 64 (May 2002): 337-

361.

Melone, Albert P. “The Senate’s Confirmation Role in Supreme Court Nominations and the

Politics of Ideology versus Impartiality.” Judicature 75 (August-September 1991): 68-

79.

Moritz, E. Stewart. “’Statistical Judo’: The Rhetoric Of Senate Inaction In The Judicial

Appointment Process.” Journal of Law & Politics 22:4 (2006): 341-394.

Ruckman, P.S., Jr. “The Supreme Court, Critical Nominations, and the Senate Confirmation

Process.” Journal of Politics 55 (August 1993): 793-805.

Shipan, C.R., and M.L. Shannon. “Delaying Justice(s): A Duration Analysis of Supreme Court

Confirmations.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (October 2003): 654-668.

Silverstein, Mark. “The People, the Senate and the Court: The Democratization of the Judicial

Confirmation System.” Constitutional Commentary 9 (Winter 1992): 41-58.

Strauss, David A., and Cass R. Sunstein. “The Senate, the Constitution, and the Confirmation

Process.” Yale Law Journal 101 (May 1992): 1491-524.

Ward, Artemus. “The Nominations Presidents Make: Appointing Supreme Court Justices.” 

Congress & the Presidency 28:1 (Spring 2001): 63-110.

Watson, George. Shaping America: The Politics of Supreme Court Appointments. New York:

Harper Collins College Publishers, 1995.

White, Adam J. “Toward the Framers’ Understanding of ‘Advice and Consent’: A Historical and

Textual Inquiry.” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 29 (2005): 103-148.

b. Selected Case Studies

(1890-1939)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Hearings on the Nomination of Louis D.

Brandeis before the SubCommittee of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. Senate

Document 409. 64 Congress, 1 Session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1916. th st

(1940-1989)

Bronner, Ethan. Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. New York: W.W.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 23

Norton, 1989. 

Fish, Peter Graham. “Red Jacket Revisited: The Case that Unraveled John J. Parker’s Supreme

Court Appointment.” Law and History Review 5 (Spring 1987): 51-104.

Fish, Peter Graham. “Spite Nominations to the United States Supreme Court: Herbert C.

Hoover, Owen J. Roberts, and the Politics of Presidential Vengeance in Retrospect.” 

Kentucky Law Journal 77 (Spring 1989): 545-76.

Grossman, Joel B., and Stephen L. Wasby. “Haynsworth and Parker: History Does Live Again.” 

South Carolina Law Review 23 (1971): 345-59.

Maltese, John Anthony. “The Selling of Clement Haynsworth: Politics and the Confirmation of

Supreme Court Justices.” Judicature 72 (April-May 1989): 338-47.

Massaro, John. “LBJ and the Fortas Nomination for Chief Justice.” Political Science Quarterly 

97 (Winter 1982-1983): 603-21.

Murphy, Bruce Allen. Fortas: The Rise and Ruin of a Supreme Court Justice. New York:

William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1988.

Phelps, Timothy M., and Helen Witernitz. Capitol Games: Clarence Thomas, Anita Hill, and the

Story of a Supreme Court Nomination. New York: Hyperion, 1992.

Shogan, Robert. A Question of Judgement: The Fortas Case and the Struggle for the Supreme

Court. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1972.

Swindler, William F. “John Tyler’s Nominations: ‘Robin Hood,’ Congress and the Court.” 

Yearbook of the Supreme Court Historical Society 2 (1977): 39-43. 

Todd, Alden L. Justice on Trial: The Case of Louis D. Brandeis. New York: McGraw-Hill,

1964.

(1990)

Frank, John P. Clement Haynsworth, the Senate, and the Supreme Court. Charlottesville:

University Press of Virginia, 1991. 

Gitenstein, Mark. Matters of Principle: An Insider’s Account of America’s Rejection of Robert

Bork’s Nomination to the Supreme Court. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

Goings, Kenneth W. The NAACP Comes of Age: The Defeat of Judge John J. Parker. 

Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 24

Jacobstein, J. Myron, and Roy M. Mersky. The Rejected: Sketches of the 26 Men Nominated for

the Supreme Court but not Confirmed by the Senate. Milpitas, CA: Toucan Valley

Publications, 1993.

Sanchez, Ernesto J. “John J. Parker and the Beginning of the Modern Confirmation Process.” 

Journal of Supreme Court History 32:1 (2007): 22-45.

Symposium. “Confirmation Controversy: The Selection of a Supreme Court Justice.”

Northwestern University Law Review 84 (Spring/Summer 1990): 832-1228.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. The Complete Transcripts of the Clarence

Thomas–Anita Hill Hearings, October 11, 12, 13, 1991. Chicago: Academy Chicago

Publishers, 1994. 

3. Executive

a. General

(1789-1889)

Hoar, George Frisbie. “The Appointing Power.” North American Review 133 (November 1881):

464- 76. 

Sumner, Charles. Protection Against the President. Speech of Honorable Charles Sumner, of

Massachusetts, on the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices; Delivered in the United States

Senate States Senate, January 15, 16, 17, and 18, 1867. Washington, DC: Printed at the

Congressional Globe Office, 1867. 

(1940-1989)

Curl, Donald Walter. “The Long Memory of the United States Senate.” Ohio History 76

(Summer 1967): 103-13.

James, Louis C. “Senatorial Rejections of Presidential Nominations to the Cabinet: A Study in

Constitutional Custom.” Arizona Law Review 3 (Winter 1961): 232-61. 

King, James D., and James W. Riddlesperger, Jr. “Senate Confirmation of Appointments to the

Cabinet and Executive Office of the President.” Social Science Journal 28 (1991): 189-

202.

Nigro, Felix A. “Senate Confirmation and Foreign Policy.” Journal of Politics 14 (May 1952):

281-99.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs 

Appointments. 92 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1971. nd st

(1990-)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 25

McCarty, Nolan, and Rose Razaghian. “Advice and Consent: Senate Responses to Executive

Branch Nominations 1885-1996.” American Journal of Political Science 43 (October

1999): 1122-43.

b. Selected Case Studies

(1940-1989)

Baker, Richard A. “‘A Slap at the ‘Hidden-Hand Presidency’: The Senate and the Lewis Strauss

Affair.” Congress and the Presidency 14 (Spring 1987): 1-16. 

Harris, Joseph P. “The Senatorial Rejection of Leland Olds: A Case Study.” American Political

Science Review 45 (1950): 674-92.

Nigro, Felix A. “The Lilienthal Case.’ Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 40 (September

1959): 147-58.

Nigro, Felix A. “The Pauley Case.” Southwestern Social Science Quarterly 40 (March 1960):

341-49.

Nigro, Felix A. “The Van Buren Confirmation before the Senate.” Western Political Quarterly

14 (March 1961): 148-59. 

Nigro, Felix A. “The Warren Case.” Western Political Quarterly 11 (December 1958): 835-56.

E. Impeachments

1. General

(1789-1889)

Dwight, Theodore. “Trial By Impeachment.” American Law Register (University of

Pennsylvania Law Review) 6 (November 1866 to November 1867): 257-83. 

“Impeachment of the President.” Law Reporter 7 (August 1844): 161-69. 

Lawrence, William. “The Law of Impeachment.” American Law Register 6 (1867): 641-80. 

Pomeroy, John Norton. “Impeachment.” In An Introduction to the Constitutional Law of the

United States. Chapter 5, section 8, pp. 480-94. Boston: Houghton, Osgood, and

Company, 1879. 

Pomeroy, John Norton. “Impeachment.” In An Introduction to the Constitutional Law of the

United States. Chapter 5, section 8, pp. 480-94. Boston: Houghton, Osgood, and

Company, 1879. 

Tilden, Samuel J. “What are Impeachable Offences.” In The Writings and Speeches of Samuel J.

Tilden. Volume I, chapter 25, pp. 474-82. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1885. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 26

Van Nest, G. Willet. “Impeachable Offences Under the Constitution of the United States.” 

American Legal Review 16 (1882): 798-817. 

(1890-1939)

Carpenter, William S. “The Removal of Judges.” In Judicial Tenure in the United States, with

Especial Reference to the Tenure of Federal Judges. Chapter 3, pp. 101-54. New Haven,

CT: Yale U. Press, 1918. 

Griffin, Appleton Prentiss Clark. Selected List of References on Impeachment. Washington, DC:

GPO, 1905. 

Foster, Roger. “Impeachment.” In Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States,

Historical and Juridical. Chapter 13 and appendix, pp. 505-713. Boston: Boston Book

Company, 1895. 

Haynes, George H. “The High Court of Impeachment.” In The Senate of the United States. 

Volume II, chapter 15. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Kerr, Clara Hannah Stidham. “The Senate as a Judicial Body.” In The Origin and Development

of the United States Senate. Chapter 5, pp. 159-72. Ithaca, NY: Andrus & Church, 1895. 

McCall, Samuel W. “The Impeachment.” In Thaddeus Stevens. Chapter 18, pp. 323-48. Boston

and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1899. 

Simpson, Alexander, Jr. A Treatise on Federal Impeachments. Wilmington: Scholarly

Resources, Inc., 1973 (originally published in 1916).

Sumner, Charles. “Expulsion of the President.” In Charles Sumner: His Complete Works. 

Volume XVI, pp. 134-226. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1899. 

Taylor, Hannis. “The American Law of Impeachment.” North American Review 180 (JanuaryJune 1905): 502-12. 

Thomas, David Y. “The Law of Impeachment in the United States.” American Political Science

Review 2 (1908): 378-95. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Extracts from the Journal of the United States Senate in all Cases of

Impeachment Presented by the House of Representatives: 1798-1904. Senate Document

876. 62 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1912. nd nd

(1940-1989)

Association of the Bar of the City of New York. Committee on Federal Legislation. “Committee
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 27

Report: The Law of Presidential Impeachment.” Record of the Association of the Bar of

the City of New York 29 (1974): 154-76. 

Berger, Raoul. Impeachment, the Constitutional Problems. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 1973. 

Black, Charles L., Jr. Impeachment: A Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale U. Press, 1974. 

Brant, Irving. Impeachment: Trials and Errors. New York: Knopf, 1972. 

Ellis, Richard E. “Impeachments.” In The Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young

Republic. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. 

Feerick, John. “Impeaching Federal Judges: A Study of the Constitutional Provisions.” 

Fordham Law Review 39 (1970-1971): 1-58. 

Fenton, Paul S. “The Scope of Impeachment Power.” Northwest University Law Review 65

(1970): 719-47. 

Firmage, Edwin Brown and R. Collin Mangrum. “Removal of the President: Resignation and the

Procedural Law of Impeachment.” Duke Law Journal 2 (1974): 1023-116. 

Gerhardt, Michael J. “The Constitutional Limits to Impeachment and its Alternatives.” Texas

Law Review 68 (1989):1-104. 

Hoffer, Peter Charles and N.E.H. Hull. Impeachment in America, 1635-1805. New Haven and

London: Yale University Press, 1984. 

Kelley, Bethel B., and Daniel G. Wyllie. “The Congressional Impeachment Power as it Relates

to the Federal Judiciary.” Notre Dame Lawyer 46 (1971): 678-93. 

Kingsley, Thomas C. The Federal Impeachment Process: A Bibliographic Guide to English and

American Precedence, Historical and Procedural Development, and Scholarly

Commentary. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Law Library, Cornell Universities Libraries, 1974.

Kurland, Philip B. “Watergate, Impeachment, and the Constitution.” Mississippi Law Journal

45 (May 1974): 531-600. 

Labovitz, John R. Presidential Impeachment. New Haven, CT: Yale U. Press, 1978. 

Morgan, Charles. Jr., et al., “Impeachment: An Historical Overview.” Seton Hall Law Review 5

(1974): 689-719. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 28

Swindler, William F. “High Court of Congress: Impeachment Trials, 1797-1936.” American

Bar Association Journal 60 (1974): 420-28. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. “Impeachment." In The Senate, 1789-1989. By Robert C. Byrd. 

Volume II, chapter 4. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. 

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on the Judiciary. Impeachment, Selected

Materials. House Committee Print 689. 93 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: rd st

GPO, October 1973. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Procedure and Guidelines for Impeachment Trials in the United States

Senate. By Floyd M. Riddick and Robert B. Dove. Senate Document 33. 99 Congress, th

2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, August 15, 1986 (revision of 1974 Senate document nd

by Floyd M. Riddick).

Williams, Napoleon B. “The Historical and Constitutional Bases for the Senate’s Power to Use

Masters or Committees to Receive Evidence in Impeachment Trials.” New York

University Law Review 50 (1975): 512-620. 

(1990-)

Auslander, Rose. “Impeaching the Senate’s Use of Trial Committees.” New York University

Law Review 67 (April 1992): 68-107. 

Bushnell, Eleanor. Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal Impeachment Trials. Urbana

and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

Gerhardt, Michael J. “The Senate’s Role in the Federal Impeachment Process.” In The Federal

Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis. Chapter 4. Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1996. 

Grimes, Warren S. “Hundred-Ton-Gun Control: Preserving Impeachment as the Exclusive

Removal Mechanism for Federal Judges.” UCLA Law Review 38 (June 1991): 1209-55.

Melton, Buckner F., Jr. “Federal Impeachment and Criminal Procedure: The Framers’ Intent.” 

Maryland Law Review 52 (1993): 437-57. 

Scherr, Arthur. “‘The Confidence of His Country’: James Monroe on Impeachment.” Midwest

Quarterly 2002 44 (1): 24-45.

Turley, Jonathan. “Senate Trials and Factional Disputes: Impeachment as a Madisonian Device,” 

Duke Law Journal 49 (October 1999): 1-146.

Van Tassel, Emily Field and Paul Finkelman, Impeachable Offenses: A Documentary History
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 29

from 1787 to the Present. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1999. 

Volcansek, Mary L. Judicial Impeachment: None Called for Justice. Urbana, IL: University of

Illinois Press, 1993. 

2. William Blount

(1789-1889)

Wharton, Francis. “Impeachment of William Blount, a Senator of the United States. In State

Trials of the United States during the Administrations of Washington and Adams. New

York: B. Franklin, 1970 (originally published 1849).

Wright, Marcus J. Some Account of the Life and Services of William Blount. Washington, DC:

E. J. Gray, 1884.

(1890-1939)

Goodpasture, Albert V. “William Blount and the Southwest Territory.” American Historical

Magazine and Tennessee Historical Society Quarterly 8 (January 1903): 1-13. 

Posey, Walter B. “The Blount Conspiracy.” Birmingham-Southern College Bulletin 21

(December 1928): 11-21. 

Thompson, Isabel. “The Blount Conspiracy.” East Tennessee Historical Society’s Publications

2 (1930): 3-21. 

Turner, Frederick Jackson, ed. “Documents on the Blount Conspiracy, 1795-1797.” American

Historical Review 10 (April 1905): 574-606. 

(1940-1989)

Brant, Irving. “Plot and Counterplot.” In Impeachment: Trials and Errors. Chapter 2, pp. 24-

45. New York: Knopf, 1972. 

Hoffer, Peter Charles and N.E.H. Hull. “The Politicization of Impeachment, 1795-1800.” 

In Impeachment in America, 1635-1805. Chapter 8. New Haven and London: Yale

University Press, 1984. 

Masterson, William H. William Blount. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1954.

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “William Blount.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 2. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

Eigelsbach, William B. “The Blount Conspiracy: Notes on Samuel Sitgreaves on the

Questioning of Dr. Nicholas Romayne on July 13 and 14, 1797, Before the House
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 30

Impeachment Committee.” Journal of East Tennessee History. 66 (1994): 81-96. 

Melton, Buckner F., Jr. “Federal Impeachment and Criminal Procedure: The Framers’ Intent.” 

Maryland Law Review 52 (1993): 437-57. 

Melton, Buckner F., Jr. The First Impeachment: The Constitution’s Framers and the Case of

Senator William Blount. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press, 1998. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Riddick’s Senate Procedure: Precedents and Practices. By Floyd M.

Riddick and Alan S. Frumin. Senate Document 28. 101 Congress, 2 session. Pp. 865- st nd

79. Washington, DC: GPO, 1992. 

3. John Pickering

(1940-1989)

Berger, Raoul. “Insanity-Disability-Senility.” In Impeachment: The Constitutional Problems. 

Chapter 5, pp. 181-92. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973. 

Brant, Irving. “Alcoholism in a Federal Judge.” In Impeachment: Trials and Errors. Chapter 3,

pp. 46-57. New York: Knopf, 1972. 

Hoffer, Peter Charles and N.E.H. Hull. “Dress Rehearsals: Pickering and Shippen et al., 1803-

1805.” In Impeachment in America, 1635-1805. Chapter 11. New Haven and London:

Yale University Press, 1984. 

Turner, Lynn W. “The Impeachment of John Pickering.” American Historical Review 54 (April

1949): 485-507. 

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “John Pickering.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 3. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

4. Samuel Chase

(1789-1889)

“The Impeachment of Judge Chase.” Law Reporter 7 (August 1844): 169-77. 

The Trial of Samuel Chase, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States,

Impeached by the House of Representatives, for High Crimes and Misdemeanors Before

the Senate of the United States. Short-hand transcripts by Samuel H. Smith and Thomas

Lloyd. New York, Da Capo Press, 1970 (originally published 1805). 

(1890-1939)

Beveridge, Albert J. “Impeachment.” In The Life of John Marshall. Volume III, Chapter 4, pp.

157-222. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1919).
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 31

(1940-1989)

Berger, Raoul. “The Impeachment of Justice Samuel Chase.” In Impeachment, the

Constitutional Problems. Chapter 8. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1973. 

Brant, Irving. “The Trial of Samuel Chase.” In Impeachment: Trials and Errors. Chapter 4, pp.

58-83. New York: Knopf, 1972. 

Ellis, Richard. “The Impeachment of Samuel Chase.” In American Political Trials. Edited by

Michael R. Belknap. Pp. 57-78. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981. 

Ellis, Richard. “Impeachments,” “Republican Divisions,” and “Chase’s Acquittal.” In The

Jeffersonian Crisis: Courts and Politics in the Young Republic. Chapters 5-7, pp. 69-107. 

New York: Oxford University Press, 1971. 

Hoffer, Peter Charles and N.E.H. Hull. “Power and Precedent: The Impeachment and Trial of

Samuel Chase, 1804-1805.” In Impeachment in America, 1635-1805. Chapter 12. New

Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984. 

Johnson, Herbert A. “Impeachment and Politics.” South Atlantic Quarterly 63 (1964): 552-63. 

Labovitz, John R. “Grounds for Impeachment: The First Century.” In Presidential Impeachment.

Chapter 2. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978. 

Labovitz, John R. “Grounds for Impeachment: The First Century.” In Presidential Impeachment. 

Chapter 2. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1978. 

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Samuel Chase.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 4. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

Rehnquist, William H., Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase

and President Andrew Johnson. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1992. 

5. James Peck

(1789-1889)

Stansbury, Arthur. Report of the Trial of James H. Peck. New York: Da Capo Press, 1972

(originally published in 1833). 

(1940-1989)

Brant, Irving. “Peck and Humphries.” In Impeachment: Trials and Errors. Chapter 6, 122-32.

New York: Knopf, 1972. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 32

Bushnell, Eleanor. “The Impeachment and Trial of James H. Peck.” Missouri Historical Review

74 (1980): 137-65. 

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “James Peck.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 5. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

6. West H. Humphreys

(1940-1989)

Brant, Irving. “Peck and Humphreys.” In Impeachment: Trials and Errors. Chapter 6, pp. 122-

32. New York: Knopf, 1972. 

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “West H. Humphreys.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 6. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

7. Andrew Johnson

(1789-1889)

Godkin, E. L. “The Impeachment.” Nation 6 (March 5-May 21, 1868): 184-404.

“Impeachment.” American Law Review 2 (April 1868): 547-66; (July 1868): 747-77.

“Impeachment Trial.” American Journal of Education 18 (1869): 225-33.

The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States; The Complete

Record of the Impeachment in the House of Representatives, the Preliminary Proceedings

in the Senate, the Articles of Impeachment, and the Full Proceedings in the Court of

Impeachment of the Senate of the United States. New York: Dover Publications, 1974

(originally published in 1868). 

Also in: Trial of Andrew Johnson, President of the United States: Before the Senate of the

United States on Impeachment by the House of Representatives for High Crimes and

Misdemeanors. New York: Da Capo Press, 1970 (originally published as Senate

document in 1868). 

Sears, Edward I. “The Impeachment Trial and its Results.” National Quarterly Review 17 (June

1868): 144-56.

(1890-1939)

Dewitt, David Miller. The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson. New York: The

MacMillan Company, 1903. 

Dunning, William A. “The Impeachment and Trial of President Johnson.” Papers of the
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 33

American Historical Association 4 (1890): 469-503.

Hill, Frederick Trevor. “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: A Historic Moot Case.” In 

Decisive Battles of the Law: Narrative Studies of Eight Legal Contests Affecting the

History of the United States Between the Years 1800 and 1886. New York: Harper &

Brothers, 1907.

Ross, Edmund G. History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. New York: B. Franklin,

1965 (originally published 1896).

(1940-1989)

Benedict, Michael Les. The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson. New York: W.W.

Norton, 1973. 

Berger, Raoul. “The Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson.” In Impeachment, the

Constitutional Problems. Chapter 9. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973. 

Brant, Irving. “The Johnson Trial: Attainder by Impeachment.” In Impeachment: Trials and

Errors. Chapter 7, pp. 133-54. New York: Knopf, 1972. 

Hill, Frederick Trevor. “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson: A Historic Moot Case.” In 

Decisive Battles of the Law. Chapter 5, pp. 135-74. New York and London: Harper &

Brothers Publishers, 1907. 

Labovitz, John R. “Grounds for Impeachment: The First Century.” In Presidential Impeachment. 

Chapter 2. New Haven, CT: Yale U. Press, 1978. 

Lomask, Milton. Andrew Johnson: President on Trial. New York: Farrar, Straus, 1960. 

McKitrick, Eric L. Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1960. 

Parker, William Belmont. “The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.” In The Life and Public

Services of Justin Smith Morrill. Pp. 208-20. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin

Company, 1924. 

Plummer, Mark A. “Profile in Courage? Edmund G. Ross and the Impeachment Trial.” Midwest

Quarterly 27 (1985): 30-48.

Trefousse, Hans L. “Ben Wade and the Failure of the Impeachment of Johnson.” Historical and

Philosophical Society of Ohio Bulletin 18 (October 1960): 241-52. 

Trefousse, Hans L. Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks, and
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 34

Reconstruction. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975. 

(1990-)

Beauregard, Erving E. “The Chief Prosecutor of President Andrew Johnson.” Midwest Quarterly

31 (Spring 1990): 408-22. 

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Andrew Johnson.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 7. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

Hearn, Chester G. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.,

2000.

Rehnquist, William H., Grand Inquests: The Historic Impeachments of Justice Samuel Chase

and President Andrew Johnson. New York: William Morrow and Co., 1992. 

Stathis, Stephen W. “Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson: A View From the Iowa

Congressional Delegation.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 24 (Winter 1994): 29-47. 

U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on the Judiciary. “The Impeachment of

Andrew Johnson.” In Impeachment, Selected Materials. House Print 906-0002. 105th

Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1998. nd

8. William W. Belknap

(1789-1889)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the Senate Sitting for the Trial of William W. Belknap:

Late Secretary of War, on the Articles of Impeachment Exhibited by the House of

Representatives. 44 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1876. th st

(1940-1989)

Joachim, Walter. “Hiester Clymer and the Belknap Case.” Historical Review of Berks County

36 (1970): 13, 24-31. 

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “William W. Belknap.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 8. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

9. Charles Swayne

(1890-1939)

Littlefield, Charles E. “The Impeachment of Judge Swayne.” Green Bag 17 (April 1905): 193-

207.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings in the Senate of the United States in the Matter of the

Impeachment of Charles Swayne, Judge of the District Court of the United States in and

for the Northern District of Florida. Senate Document 194. 58 Congress, 3 session. th rd
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 35

Washington, DC: GPO, 1905.

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Charles Swayne.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 9. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

10. Robert W. Archbald

(1890-1939)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the United States Senate and the House of

Representatives in the Trial of Impeachment of Robert W. Archbald: Additional Circuit

Judge of the United States from the Third Judicial Circuit and Designated a Judge of the

Commerce Court. Senate Document 1140. 62 Congress, 3 session. Washington, DC: nd rd

1912-13.

(1940-1989)

McGinnis, Patrick J. “A Case of Judicial Misconduct: The Impeachment and Trial of Robert W.

Archbald.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 101 (1977): 506-20. 

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Robert W. Archbald.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 10. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

11. George English

(1890-1939)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Answer of George W. English, District Judge of the United States for the

Eastern District of Illinois: To the Articles of Impeachment Against Him by the House of

Representatives of the United States. Senate Document 104. 69 Congress, 61 session. th st

Washington, DC: GPO, 1926.

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “George English.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 11. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

12. Harold Louderback

(1890-1939)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Trial of Impeachment of

Harold Louderback, United States District Judge for the Northern District of California. 

Senate Document 73. 73 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1933. rd st

(1940-1989)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “One of Twelve: The Nevada Impeachment Connection.” Nevada Historical

Society 26 (1983): 2-12. 

(1990-)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 36

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Harold Louderback.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 12. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

13. Halsted L. Ritter

(1890-1939)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the United States in the Trial of Impeachment of Halsted

L. Ritter, United States District Judge for the Southern District of Florida. Senate

Document 200. 74 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1936. th nd

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Halsted L. Ritter.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 13. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press,

1992. 

14. Harry E. Claiborne

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Impeachment Trial Committee. Report of the Senate Impeachment Trial

Committee: Hearings Before the Senate Impeachment Trial Committee. Senate Hearing

812. 99 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1986. th nd

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of

Harry E. Claiborne, a Judge of the United States District Court for the District of

Nevada. Senate Document 48. 99 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: 1987. th nd

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Harry E. Claiborne.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal

Impeachment Trials. Chapter 14. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992. 

Luchsinger, Daniel. “Committee Impeachment Trials: The Best Solution?” Georgetown Law

Journal 80 (1991): 163-90. 

Volcansek, Mary L. Judicial Impeachment: None Called for Justice. Pp. 24-67. Urbana, IL:

University of Illinois Press, 1993. 

15. Alcee L. Hastings

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of

Alcee L. Hastings, A Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of

Florida. Senate Document 18. 101 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, st st

1989.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Impeachment Trial Committee. Report of the Senate Impeachment Trial

Committee on the Articles Against Judge Alcee L. Hastings: Hearings Before the Senate

Impeachment Trial Committee. Senate Hearing 194. 101 Congress, 1 session. st st

Washington, DC: GPO, 1989.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 37

(1990-)

Bushnell, Eleanor. “Epilogue.” In Crimes, Follies, and Misfortunes: The Federal Impeachment

Trials. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992.

Luchsinger, Daniel. “Committee Impeachment Trials: The Best Solution?” Georgetown Law

Journal 80 (1991): 163-90. 

Volcansek, Mary L. Judicial Impeachment: None Called for Justice. Pp. 68-119. Urbana, IL:

University of Illinois Press, 1993. 

16. Walter L. Nixon Jr.

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Impeachment of Judge Walter L. Nixon, Jr.: Constitutional Provisions;

Rules of Procedure and Practice in the Senate when sitting on impeachment trials;

Articles of impeachment against Walter L. Nixon, Jr., as amended; Judge Nixon’s answer

to the amended articles; and replication of the House of Representatives. Senate

Document 17. 101 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. st st

U.S. Congress. Senate. Impeachment Trial Committee. Report of the Senate Impeachment Trial

Committee on the Articles Against Judge Walter L. Nixon, Jr. Senate Hearing 247, parts

1-3. 101 Congress, 1 session, 1989. st st

U.S. Congress. Senate. Impeachment Trial Committee. Report of the Impeachment Trial

Committee on the Articles Against Judge Walter L. Nixon, Jr. Senate Report 164. 101st

Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. st

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of

Walter L. Nixon, Jr., a Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District

of Mississippi. Senate Document 22. 101 Congress, 1 Session. Washington, DC: st st

1989.

(1990-)

Luchsinger, Daniel. “Committee Impeachment Trials: The Best Solution?” Georgetown Law

Journal 80 (1991): 163-90. 

U.S. Supreme Court. Walter L. Nixon, Jr., Petitioner v. United States of America, Et Al. Brief

for the Respondents and Amicus Curiae United States Senate. Case Number 91-740. 

October Term, 1991. 

Volcansek, Mary L. Judicial Impeachment: None Called for Justice. Pp. 120-54. Urbana, IL:

University of Illinois Press, 1993. 

17. William J. Clinton
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 38

(1990-)

Baker, Peter. The Breach: Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton. 

New York: Scribner, 2000.

Ornstein, Norman J. “Civility, Deliberation, and Impeachment.” In Esteemed Colleagues. 

Edited by Burdett A. Loomis. Chapter 10, pp. 241-258. Washington, DC: Brookings

Institution Press, 2000. 

Posner, Richard A. An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President

Clinton. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. 

Rae, Nicol C. and Colton C. Campbell. Impeaching Clinton: Partisan Strife on Capitol Hill.

Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Proceedings of the United States Senate in the Impeachment Trial of

President William Jefferson Clinton. Senate Document 4. 106 Congress, 1 session. th st

Washington, DC: GPO, 2000.

IV. Rules and Practice 

A. General

(1789-1889)

"The Senate and the Law of Quorum." Weekly Law Bulletin 15 (May 31, 1886): 367-70. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. A Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the

United States by Thomas Jefferson. Senate Document 8. 103 Congress, 1 session. rd st

Washington, DC: GPO, 1993 (originally published 1801). 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Rules of the Senate of the United States and the Joint Rules of the Two

Houses. Washington, DC: GPO, 1867-.

(1890-1939)

French, Willlard. “Senatorial Privileges and Expenses.” Independent 70 (June 15, 1911): 1296-

1305.

Gilbert, Clinton W. “Our Senators and Their Rules.” Review of Reviews 71 (June 1925): 618-22.

Haynes, George H. “Senate Rules and Procedure.” In The Senate of the United States. Volume

I, chapter 7. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Luce, Robert. Legislative Procedure. New York: DaCapo Press, 1972 (originally published in

1922).

Maxey, Edwin. "Rules of the United States Senate." American Law Review 38 (JanuaryFebruary, 1904): 1-7. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 39

McCall, Samuel W. The Business of Congress. Columbia University Lectures. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1911.

McKee, Thomas Hudson. A Manual of Congressional Practice. Washington, DC: Thos. H.

McKee & Co., Publishers, 1891. 

Peffer, W.A. "The United States Senate: Its Privileges, Powers, and Functions, its Rules and

Methods of Doing Business." North American Review 167 (August 1898): 176-90. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Digest of Decisions and Precedents of the Senate and House of

Representatives of the United States. Compiled by Henry M. Smith. Senate

Miscellaneous Document 278. 53 Congress, 2 Session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1894. rd nd

Welliver, J.C. “Our Unbusinesslike Senate Whose Rules Make Legislative Efficiency

Impossible.” Munsey 49 (September 1913): 933-43.

(1940-1989)

Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. “A Deliberative Body.” The Process of Government under Jefferson. 

Chapter 11, pp. 253-72. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1978.

Froman, Lewis A. The Congressional Process: Strategies, Rules, and Procedures. Boston:

Little, Brown & Co., 1967.

Smith, Steven S. Call to Order; Floor Politics in the House and Senate. Washington, DC:

Brookings Institution, 1989. 

Tiefer, Charles. Congressional Practice and Procedure: A Reference, Research, and Legislative

Guide. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Republican Policy Committee. Senate Rules and The Senate as a

Continuing Body. Senate Document 4. 83 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: rd st

GPO, 1953.

White, William S. “The Senate and the Rules.” In The Citadel. Chapter 5, pp. 55-66. New

York: Harper and Brothers, 1957. 

(1990-)

Oppenheimer, Bruce I., ed. U.S. Senate Exceptionalism. Columbus: Ohio State University Press,

2002.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Standing Rules of the Senate: Revised to September 14, 2007. Senate

Document 9. 110 Congress, 1 Session. Washington, DC: GPO, 2007. th st
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 40

B. Origins

(1890-1939)

Foster, Roger. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Historical and Juridical.

Boston: Boston Book Company, 1895. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Privileges and Elections. Precedents Relating to the

Privileges of the Senate of the United States. Compiled by George P. Furber. Senate

Miscellaneous Document 52-68. 52 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, nd nd

1893. 

C. Revisions

(1789-1889)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules. Report of the Committee on Rules Relating to the

Rules of the Senate, the Joint Rules of the Senate and House of Representatives, and the

Senate Manual. Senate Report 2. 48 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, th st

1883. 

(1890-1939)

Norris, George W. “The Reform of the Senate Rules.” Saturday Evening Post 198 (February 13,

1926): 27; 169-73. 

Phelps, E. M. ed. “Revision of Rules of the United States Senate.” Congressional Digest 5

(November 1926): 291-315.

Swift, Elaine K. “Reconstitutive Change in the U.S. Congress: the Early Senate, 1789-1841.” 

Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (May 1989): 175-203.

(1990-)

Davidson, Roger H. “The Advent of the Modern Congress: The Legislative Reorganization Act

of 1946.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 15 (August 1990): 357-373.

Kravitz, Walter. “The Advent of the Modern Congress: The Legislative Reorganization Act of

1970.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 15 (August 1990): 375-399.

Schickler, E., E. McGhee, and J. Sides. “Remaking the House and the Senate: Personal Power,

Ideology, and the 1970's Reforms.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 28 (August 2003): 297-

331.

Zelizer, Julian E. On Capitol Hill: The Struggle to Reform Congress and its Consequences,

1948-2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

D. Use (Legislative Process)

1. General
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 41

(1789-1889)

Butler, M.C. “Secret Senate Sessions.” Public Opinion 1 (April 24, 1886): 27-9.

Eaton, Dorman B. Secret Sessions of the Senate: Their Origin, Their Motive, Their Object, Their

Effect. New York: H. Bessey,1886. 

(1890-1939)

Lancaster, Lane W. “The Initiative of the Senate in Legislation, 1789-1809.” Southwestern

Political and Social Science Quarterly 9 (June 1928): 67-75.

Peffer, W.A. "The United States Senate: Its Privileges, Powers, and Functions, its Rules and

Methods of Doing Business." North American Review 167 (August 1898): 176-90. 

Stealey, O. O. Twenty Years in the Press Gallery: A Concise History of Important Legislation

From the Forty-Eighth to the Fifty-Eighth Congress. New York: Publishers Printing

Company, 1906. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Enactment of a Law: Procedure on a Senate Bill. By Edwin A. Halsey. 

Senate Document 155. 73 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1934. rd nd

U.S. Congress. Senate. Precedents: Decisions on Points of Order with Phraseology in the

United States Senate from the First to Sixty-Second Congress Inclusive, 1789-1913.

Compiled by Henry H. Gilfry. Senate Document 1123. 62 Congress, 3 session. nd rd

Washington, DC: GPO, 1914. 

Supplement: U.S. Congress. Senate. Precedents: Decisions on Points of Order in the

United States Senate 63d to 65 Congress, Inclusive, 1913-1919. Compiled by Henry H. th

Gilfry. Washington, DC: GPO, 1919.

(1940-1989)

Asbell, Bernard. The Senate Nobody Knows. Garden City: Doubleday, 1978. 

Bibby, John F., and Roger H. Davidson. On Capitol Hill: Studies in the Legislative Process.

Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press, 1972. 

Campbell, James E. “Cosponsoring Legislation in the U.S. Congress.” Legislative Studies

Quarterly 7 (August 1982): 415-422.

Cooper, Joseph, and Cheryl Young. “Bill Introduction in the Nineteenth Century: A Study of

Institutional Change.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (February 1989): 67-1205.

Pettit, Lawrence K., and Edward Keynes, eds. The Legislative Process in the U.S. Senate. 

Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 42

Riddick, Floyd M. The United States Congress; Organization and Procedure. Manasas, VA:

National Capitol Publishers, Inc., 1949. 

Sinclair, Barbara. “Senate Styles and Senate Decision Making, 1955-1980.” Journal of Politics

48 (November 1986): 877-908. 

Smith, Steven S. Call to Order: Floor Politics in the House and Senate. Washington, DC:

Brookings Institution, 1989. 

Yarwood, Dean. “Legislative Persistence: A Comparison of the U.S. Senate in 1850 and 1860.” 

Midwest Journal of Political Science 11 (May 1967). 

(1990-)

Gold, Martin B. Senate Procedure and Practice. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield,

2004.

King, David C., and Richard J. Zeckhauser. “Congressional Vote Options.” Legislative Studies

Quarterly 28 (August 2003): 387-411.

Oleszek, Walter J. Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process. Seventh edition.

Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2007 (originally published 1978). 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Riddick’s Senate Procedure: Precedents and Practices. By Floyd M.

Riddick and Alan S. Frumin. Senate Document 28. 101 Congress, 2 session. Pp. 865- st nd

79. Washington, DC: GPO, 1992.

Earlier editions: 1958, 1964, 1974, 1981.

Wilson, Rick K., and Cheryl D. Young. “Cosponsorship in the U.S. Congress.” Legislative

Studies Quarterly 22 (February 1997): 25-43.

2. Selected Case Studies

(1940-1989)

Bailey, Stephen Kemp. Congress Makes a Law: The Story Behind the Employment Act of 1946.

New York: Columbia University Press, 1950. 

Eidenberg, Eugene and Roy D. Morey. An Act of Congress: The Legislative Process and the

Making of Education Policy. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, Inc., 1969.

–Elementary and Secondary Education Act.

McDonnell, Timothy L. The Wagner Housing Act: A Case Study of the Legislative Process. 

Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1957.

Redman, Eric. The Dance of Legislation. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 43

–National Health Service Act.

Reid, Thomas R. Congressional Odyssey: The Saga of a Senate Bill. San Francisco: W. H.

Freeman, 1980.

–Inland Waterways Act.

Shuman, Howard E. “Senate Rules and the Civil Rights Bill: A Case Study.” American Political

Science Review 51 (December 1957): 955-75.

Whalen, Charles and Barbara. The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil

Rights Act. Washington, DC: Seven Locks Press, 1985.

(1990-)

Bakken, Gordon Morris. The Mining Law of 1872: Past, Politics and Prospects. Albuquerque:

University of New Mexico Press, 2008.

Cohen, Richard E. Washington at Work: Back Rooms and Clean Air. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,

1995.

Waldman, Steven. The Bill: How Legislation Really Becomes Law: A Case Study of the National

Service Bill. New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1996.

E. Specific Rules

1. Debate, Filibuster, and Cloture

(1890-1939)

Dingley, E.N. "Freedom of Debate in the Senate.” American Journal of Politics 4 

(January 1894): 49-56. 

Donnelly, Thomas. “Freedom of Speech in the Senate.” Social Science 7 (July 1932): 225-36. 

Dunn, A.W. “Filibuster Defended.” Review of Reviews 72 (December 1925): 634-8.

Haynes, George H. “Debate in the Senate.” In The Senate of the United States. Volume I,

chapter 8. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot. “Obstruction in the Senate.” North American Review 162 (November

1893): 245-.

Norris, George W. “The Reform of the Senate Rules.” Saturday Evening Post 198 (February 13,

1926): 27; 169-73. 

Pepper, George Wharton. “Senate Cloture.” University of Pennsylvania Law Review and

American Law Register 74 (1925-1926): 131-38.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 44

Pepper, George Wharton. “The Senate Rumpus: A Fifty-One Per Cent Cloture.” Forum (October

1925): 574-88. 

Potterf, Rex M. “Limitation of Debate in the United States Senate: A Phase of the Law-Making

Process.” Indiana Law Journal 1 (March 1926): 139-48. 

Rogers, Lindsay. “Closure: The Senate.” In The American Senate. Chapter 5, pp. 161-90. New

York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968 (originally published 1926). 

“Senate Rules and Filibustering.” Nation 86 (June 4, 1908): 504-5.

“Should Debate in the Senate be Further Limited?” Congressional Digest 5 (November 1926):

291-315.

(1940-1989)

Beeman, Richard R. “Unlimited Debate in the Senate: The First Phase.” Political Science

Quarterly 83 (September 1968): 419-34. 

Burdette, Franklin L. Filibustering in the Senate. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,

1940. 

Calmes, Jacqueline. “‘Trivialized’ Filibuster is Still a Potent Tool.” Congressional Quarterly

(September 5, 1987): 2115-20. 

Damon, Allan L. “Filibuster.” American Heritage 27 (December 1975): 11-15, 97. 

Lehnen, Robert G. “Behavior on the Senate Floor: An Analysis of Debate in the U.S. Senate.”

Midwest Journal of Political Science 11 (November 1967): 505-21.

Myers, Francis J. “Limitation of debate in the United States Senate.” Temple Law Quarterly

(July 1949): 1-12.

Shuman, Howard E. “Senate Rules and The Civil Rights Bill: A Case Study. In Readings on

Congress. Edited by Raymond E. Wolfinger. Chapter 14, pp. 261-85. Englewood

Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971. 

Tiefer, Charles. “Filibuster and Cloture.” In Congressional Practice and Procedure: A

Reference, Research, and Legislative Guide. Pp. 691-761. New York: Greenwood Press,

1989. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. The Previous Question, its Standing as a Precedent for Cloture in the

United States Senate: A Dissertation on the So-Called “Previous question Rule” as

Employed by the Senate in its Early Days. By Dr. Joseph Cooper. 87 Congress, 2 th nd
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 45

session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1962. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules and Administration. Senate Cloture Rule:

Limitation of Debates in the Congress of the United States, and Legislative History of

Paragraphs 2 and 3 of Rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the U.S. Senate. Washington,

DC: GPO, 1975. 

Wheildon, L.B. “Majority Cloture for the Senate.” Educational Research Reports 1 (March

1947): 119-218.

Wolfinger, Raymond E. “Filibusters: Majority Rule, Presidential Leadership and Senate Norms.” 

In Readings on Congress. Edited by Raymond E. Wolfinger. Chapter 15, pp. 286-305. 

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971. 

Yankwich, Leon R. “The Immunity of Congressional Speech–Its Origins, Meaning and Scope.” 

University of Pennsylvania Law Review 99 (1950-1951): 960-77.

(1990-)

Alter, Alison B., and Leslie Moscow McGranahan. “Reexamining the Filibuster and Proposal

Powers in the Senate.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25 (May 2000): 259-284.

Binder, Sarah A. “The Senate: Does it Deliberate? Can it Act?” In Workways of Governance. Edited by

Roger D. Davidson. Brookings Institution Press, 2003.

Binder, S.A., E.D. Lawrence, and S.S. Smith. “Tracking the Filibuster, 1917 to 1996.” 

American Politics Research 30 (July 2002): 406-422.

Binder, Sarah A., and Steven S. Smith. “Politics or Principle?”: Filibustering in the United

States Senate. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1997. 

Dion, Douglas. Turning the Legislative Thumbscrew: Minority Rights and Procedural Change in

Legislative Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.

Fisk, Catherine, and Edwin Chemersky. "The Filibuster." Stanford Law Review 49 (January

1997): 181-254.

Gold, Martin B., and Gupta Dimple. “The Constitutional Option to Change Senate Rules

and Procedures: A Majoritarian Means to Overcome the Filibuster.” Harvard Journal of

Law and Public Policy 28 (Fall 2004): 205-273.

Koger, Gregory. “Cloture Reform and Party Government in the Senate, 1918-1925.” Journal of

Politics 68:3 (2006): 708-719.

Murphy, Troy A. “American Political Mythology and the Senate Filibuster.” Argumentation and
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 46

Advocacy 32 (Fall 1995): 90-107.

Overby, L. Marvin, and Lauren C. Bell. “Rational Behavior or the Norm of Cooperation?

Filibustering Among Retiring Senators.” Journal of Politics 2004 66(3): 906-924.

Roberts, John C. “Majority Voting Congress: Further Notes on the Constitutionality of

the Senate Cloture Rule.” Journal of Law and Politics 2004 20(4): 505-547.

 

Seitz, Virginia, and Joseph Guerra. “A Constitutional Defense of ‘Entrenched’ Senate Rules

Governing Debate.” Journal of Law and Politics 19 (Winter 2004): 1-32.

Toobin, Jeffrey. “Blowing Up the Senate: Will Bush’s Judicial Nominees Win With the

‘Nuclear Option’?” The New Yorker (March 7, 2005): 42-46.

U.S. Congress. Senate. “Extended Debate.” In Addresses on the History of the United States

Senate. By Robert C. Byrd. Volume II, chapter 5, pp. 93-163. Washington, DC: GPO,

1991.

Wawro, Gregory J., and Eric Schickler. Filibuster: Obstruction and Lawmaking in the

U.S. Senate. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006.

Wawro, Gregory J. “Peculiar Institutions: Slavery, Sectionalism, and Minority Obstruction in the

Antebellum Senate.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30 (May 2005): 163-191.

Wirls, Daniel. “The ‘Golden Age’ Senate and Floor Debate in the Antebellum Congress.”

Legislative Studies Quarterly 32 (May 2007): 193-222.

Wirls, Daniel. “’The Only Mode Of Avoiding Everlasting Debate’: The Overlooked Senate Gag

Rule for Antislavery Petitions.” Journal of the Early Republic 27:1 (2007): 115-138.

 

2. Unanimous Consent

(1940-1989)

Keith, Robert. “The Use of Unanimous Consent in the Senate.” In Committees and Senate

Procedures: A Compilation of Papers Prepared for the Commission on the Operation of

the Senate. Pp. 140-68. 94 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1977. th nd

Krehbiel, Keith. “Unanimous Consent Agreements: Going Along in the Senate.” Journal of

Politics 48 (August 1986): 541-64.

(1990-)

Ainsworth, Scott and Marcus Flathman. “Unanimous Consent Agreements as Leadership Tools.”

Legislative Studies Quarterly 20 (May 1995): 177-195.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 47

Smith, Steven S., and Marcus Flathman. “Managing the Senate Floor: Complex Unanimous

Consent Agreements Since the 1950s.” In The Changing World of the Senate. Edited by

John Hibbing. Chapter 7. (Berkeley, CA: IGS Press, 1990): 157-82.

Also in: Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (1989): 349-73.

V. Leadership and Parties 

A. General

(1890-1939)

Brown, George Rothwell. The Leadership of Congress. New York: Arno Press, 1974 (originally

published in1922). 

Hoar, George F. “Leaders of the Senate in 1877.” In Autobiography of Seventy Years. Volume

II, chapter VI, pp. 52-93. New York: Charles Scribner’s Songs, 1903. 

Thompson, Charles Willis. Party Leaders of the Time. New York: G.W. Dillingham Company,

Publishers, New York, 1906.

(1940-1989)

Canon, David T. “The Institutionalization of Leadership in the U.S. Congress.” Legislative

Studies Quarterly 14 (August 1989): 415-443.

Hamilton, Holman. “Democratic Senate Leadership and the Compromise of 1850.” Mississippi

Valley Historical Review 41 (December 1954): 403-18. 

Huitt, Ralph K. “The Internal Distribution of Influence: The Senate.” In The Congress and

America’s Future. Edited by David B. Truman. Pp. 91-117. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:

Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965.

Jewell, Malcolm E. “Party Leaders.” In Senatorial Politics and Foreign Policy. Chapter 4. 

Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1974 (originally published 1962). 

Matthews, Donald R. “Party Leadership.” In U.S. Senators and Their World. Chapter 6. Chapel

Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1960. 

Munk, Margaret. "Origin and Development of the Party Floor Leadership in the United States

Senate." Capitol Studies 2 (Winter 1974): 23-41. 

Peabody, Robert L. Leadership in Congress: Stability, Succession, and Change. Boston: Little,

Brown, 1975. 

Peabody, Robert L. “Senate Party Leadership: From the 1950s to the 1980s.” In Understanding

Congressional Leadership. Edited by Frank H. Mackaman. Washington, DC:

Congressional Quarterly Press, 1981. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 48

Ripley, Randall B. Power in the Senate. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1969. 

Shade, William G., et al. “Partisanship in the United States Senate, 1869-1901.” Journal of

Interdisciplinary History 4 (Autumn 1973): 185-205. 

Smith, Steven S. “Forces of Change in Senate Party Leadership and Organization.” In Congress

Reconsidered. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Washington,

DC: CQ Press, 1993 (originally published in 1977). 

Tiefer, Charles. “Running the Senate.” In Congressional Practice and Procedure: A Reference,

Research, and Legislative Guide. Pp. 463-538. New York: Greenwood Press, 1989. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Commission on the Operation of the Senate. Policymaking Role of

Leadership in the Senate: A Compilation of Papers. Washington, DC: GPO, 1976. 

(1990-)

Baker, Richard A., and Roger H. Davidson, eds. First Among Equals: Outstanding Senate

Leaders of the Twentieth Century. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1991. 

Brady, David W., and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds. Party, Process, and Political Change in

Congress, Volume 2: Further New Perspectives on the History of Congress. Stanford,

CA: Stanford University Press, 2007. 

Campbell, Andrea C., et al. “Agenda Power in the U.S. Senate, 1877-1986.” In Party, Process,

and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress. Edited

by David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. Pp.146-165. Stanford: Stanford

University Press, 2002.

Gamm, Gerald, and Steven S. Smith. “Policy Leadership and the Development of the Modern

Senate.” In Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the

History of Congress. Edited by David W. Brady and Mathew D. McCubbins. p.287.

Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.

Lee, Frances E. “Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 1981-2004.” 

Legislative Studies Quarterly 33 (May 2008): 199-222.

Rose, Melody. “The Upper Chamber Takes the High Road: Social Regulatory Policy and the

U.S. Senate, 1953-2000.” Congress & the Presidency 2004 31(2): 161-179. 

Smith, Steven S. Party Influence in Congress. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Smith, Steven S., and Gerald Gamm. “The Dynamics of Party Governance in Congress.” In 

Congress Reconsidered. Eighth Edition. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 49

Oppenheimer. Pp. 181-206. Washington: CQ Press, 2004.

Yackee, S.W. “Punctuating the Congressional Agenda: Strategic Scheduling by House and

Senate Leaders.” Political Research Quarterly 56 (June 2003): 139-149.

B. Majority and Minority Parties

(1890-1939)

Elseffer, L. “The Duty of the Minority.” American Magazine of Civics 9 (January 1897): 527-

30.

(1940-1989)

Bogue, Allan G. The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate. Ithaca: Cornell

University Press, 1981.

Bone, Hugh A. “An Introduction to the Senate Policy Committees.” American Political Science

Review 50 (June 1956): 339-59. 

Brady, David, Richard Brody and David Epstein. “Heterogeneous Parties and Political 

Organization: The U.S. Senate, 1880-1920.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (May 1989):

205-223.

Davidson, Roger H., and Walter Oleszek. “Changing the Guard in the U.S. Senate.” Legislative 

Studies Quarterly 9 (November 1984): 635-663.

Huitt, Ralph K., and Robert L. Peabody. “Democratic Party Leadership in the Senate.” In 

Congress: Two Decades of Analysis. Pp. 136-58. New York: Harper & Row, 1969. 

Hurley, Patricia A., and Rick K. Wilson. “Partisan Voting Patterns in the U.S. Senate, 1877-

1986.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (May 1989): 225-250. 

Jewell, Malcolm. “The Senate Republican Policy Committee and Foreign Policy.” Western

Political Quarterly 13 (December 1959): 966-80. 

Jones, Charles O. The Minority Party in Congress. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1970. 

Ripley, Randall B. Majority Party Leadership in Congress. Boston: Little Brown, 1969. 

Rosenthal, Alan. Toward Majority Rule in the U.S. Senate. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.

Shade, William G., et al. “Partisanship in the United States Senate: 1869-1901.” Journal of

Interdisciplinary History 3 (Autumn 1973): 185-205.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 50

U.S. Congress. Senate. Commission on the Operation of the Senate. “The Senate Minority and

Policy Analysis.” By Charles O. Jones. In Policymaking Role of Leadership in the

Senate: A Compilation of Papers. Washington, DC: GPO, 1976. 

(1990-)

Aldrich, John H., and Ruth W. Grant. “The Antifederalists, the First Congress, and the First

Parties.” Journal of Politics 55 (May 1993): 295-326.

Binder, Sarah. Majority Rule, Minority Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Kerr, Brinck, “Party Voting in the Senate, 1877-1990,” Congress & the Presidency 27 (Fall

2000): 189-206.

Theriault, Sean M. Party Polarization in Congress. Cambridge University Press, 2008.

U.S. Congress. Senate. A History of the United States Senate Republican Policy Committee,

1947-1997. By Donald A. Ritchie. Washington, DC: GPO, 1997.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Minutes of the Senate Democratic Conference. Edited by Donald A.

Ritchie. Senate Document 20. 105 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, th nd

1998.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Minutes of the Senate Republican Conference. Edited by Wendy Wolff

and Donald A. Ritchie. Senate Document 19. 105 Congress, 2 session. Washington, th nd

DC: GPO, 1999.

C. Majority and Minority Leaders

(1940-1989)

Barkley, Alben W. “The Majority Leader in the Legislative Process.” In The Process of

Government. By Simeon S. Willis, et. al. Lexington: Bureau of Government Research,

University of Kentucky, 1949.

Davis, Polly. “Court Reform and Alben W. Barkley’s Election as Majority Leader.” Southern

Quarterly 15 (1976): 15-31. 

Grant, Philip A. “Editorial Reaction to the Harrison-Barkley Senate Leadership Contest, 1937.” 

Journal of Mississippi History 36 (May 1974): 127-41.

Mansfield, Michael J. “The Senate and its Leadership.” In The Senate Institution. Edited by

Nathaniel S. Preston. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1969.

Patterson, Samuel C. “Party Leadership in the U.S. Senate.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 14

(August 1989): 393-413.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 51

U.S. Congress. Senate. Majority and Minority Leaders of the Senate: History and Development

of the Offices of Floor Leaders. By Floyd M. Riddick. Senate Document 29. 100th

Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1988. nd

U.S. Congress. Senate. “Party Floor Leaders." By Robert C. Byrd. In The Senate, 1789-1989. 

Volume II, chapter 7. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. 

(1990-)

Caro, Robert. Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson. New York: Knopf, 2002.

Daschle, Tom, and Michael D’Orso. Like No Other Time: The 107 Congress and the Two th

Years That Changed America Forever. New York: Crown Publishers, 2003.

Doherty, Brendan J. “Meeting the Challenges of Senate Leadership” PS: Political Science &

Politics 40 (April 2007) 422-424.

Evans, C. Lawrence, and Daniel Lipinski. “Obstruction and Leadership in the U.S. Senate.” In 

Congress Reconsidered. Eighth Edition. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I.

Oppenheimer. Pp. 227-248. Washington: CQ Press, 2004.

Frisch, Scott A. and Sean Q. Kelly. “Committee Assignment Politics in the U.S. Senate:

Democratic Leaders and Democratic Committee Assignments, 1953-1994.” Congress &

the Presidency 33:1 (2006): 1-23.

Morgan, Iwan W. “Hubert Humphrey’s Last Hurrah: The 1977 Senate Leadership Election and

the Decline of the New Deal Tradition.” Mid-America 79 (1997): 287-317.

Valeo, Francis R., Mike Mansfield, Majority Leader: A Different Kind of Senate, 1961-1976.

Armonk: Sharpe, 1999.

D. President Pro Tempore

(1789-1889)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Pro Tem: Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate since

1789. Prepared by the Senate Historical Office under the Direction of Nancy Erickson,

Secretary of the Senate. Senate Publication 18. 110 Congress. Washington, DC: U.S. th

Government Printing Office, 2008.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Tenure of Office of the President of the Senate Pro Tempore. Senate

Miscellaneous Document 101. 43 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: April 23, rd st

1874. 

(1889-1939)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 52

Haynes, George H. “The Senate’s President Pro Tempore.” In The Senate of the United States:

its History and Practice. Pp. 249-59. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. President of the Senate Pro Tempore; Proceedings in the United States

Senate From April 6, 1789, to December 5, 1911. Edited by Henry H. Gilfry. Senate

Document 104. 62 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1911. nd st

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. “The President Pro Tempore." In The Senate, 1789-1989. By Robert C.

Byrd. Volume II, chapter 6, pp. 167-83. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. 

(1990-)

Gamm, Gerald and Steven S. Smith. “Last Among Equals: The Senate’s Presiding Office.” In 

Esteemed Colleagues. Chapter 6, pp. 105-134. Edited by Burdett A. Loomis. 

Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000. 

E. Whips

(1940-1989)

Oleszek, Walter J. “Party Whips in the United States Senate.” Journal of Politics 33 (Nov.

1971): 955-79. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Majority and Minority Whips of the Senate: History and Development of

the Party Whip System in the U.S. Senate. By Walter J. Oleszek. Washington, DC: GPO,

1979.

U.S. Congress. Senate. “Party Whips." In The Senate, 1789-1989. By Robert C. Byrd. Volume

II, chapter 8, pp. 195-203. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989.

VI. Committees

A. General

(1789-1889)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Statement of the Rules and Practice of the Senate of the United States in

the Appointment of its Committees, 1789-1863. Compiled by W. Hickey. Senate

Miscellaneous Document 42. 37 Congress, special session. Washington, DC: March

th

14, 1863. (Reprinted by GPO as Senate Document 1122, 62 Congress, 3 session). nd rd

(1890-1939)

Avery, Brainard. "The Committees of the Senate." Yale Law Journal 10 (April 1901): 244-51. 

French, Burton L. “Sub-Committees of Congress.” American Political Science Review 9

(February 1915): 68-92.

Haynes, George H. “Senate Committees.” In The Senate of the United States. Volume I,
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 53

chapter 6. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

“The Organization of House and Senate Committees.” Chautauquan 22 (1895-1896): 622-.

(1940-1989)

Broden, Thomas F., Jr. “Congressional Committee Reports: Their Role and History.” Notre

Dame Lawyer 33 (March 1958): 209-38. 

Collie, Melissa P., and Brian E. Roberts. “Trading Places: Choice and Committee Chairs in the

U.S. Senate, 1950-1986.” Journal of Politics 54 (February 1992): 231-45.

Davidson, Roger H. “Multiple Referral of Legislation in the U.S. Senate.” Legislative Studies

Quarterly 14 (August 1989): 375-392.

Evans, C. Lawrence. “Participation and Policy Making in Senate Committees.” Political

Science Quarterly 106 (Autumn 1991): 479-98. 

Gamm, Gerald and Kenneth Shepsle. "Emergence of Legislative Institutions: Standing

Committees in the House and Senate, 1810-1825." Legislative Studies Quarterly 14

(1989): 39-66. 

Kammerer, Gladys M., Congressional Committee Staffing Since 1946. Lexington, KY: Bureau

of Government Research, 1951. 

Kravitz, Walter. “Evolution of the Senate’s Committee System.” Annals of the American

Academy of Political and Social Science 411 (1974): 27-38. 

Lees, John D. The Committee System of the United States Congress. London, Routledge and

Kegan Paul, 1967. 

Matthews, Donald R. U.S. Senators and Their World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina

Press, 1960. 

Price, David E. Who Makes the Laws? Creativity and Power in Senate Committees. 

Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Co., 1972.

Ripley, Randall B. Power in the Senate. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1969. 

Rogers, Lindsay. “The Staffing of Congress.” Political Science Quarterly 56 (March 1941): 1-

22. 

Stewart, Charles, III, and Tim Groseclose. “The Value of Committee Seats in the United States

Senate, 1947-91.” American Journal of Political Science 43 (July 1999): 963-73.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 54

Stubbs, Walter. Congressional Committees, 1789-1982: A Checklist. Wesport, CT.: Greenwood

Press, 1985. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. “The Committee System.” In The Senate, 1789-1989. By Robert C.

Byrd. Volume II, chapter 9, pp. 207-65. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. “The Committee System.” In The United States Senate, 1787-1801; A

Dissertation on the First Fourteen Years of the Upper Legislative Body. By Roy

Swanstrom. Chapter 13. Washington, DC: GPO, 1988 (originally published as a Senate

document in 1961). 

(1990-)

Canon, David T., Garrison Nelson, and Charles Stewart III. Committees in the U.S. Congress:

1789-1946. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2002.

Nelson, Garrison. Committees in the U.S. Congress: 1947-1992. Washington, DC: CQ Press,

1993. 

Smith, Steven S., and Christopher J. Deering. Committees in Congress. Washington, DC: CQ

Press, 1990. 

Wilkins, David E. “The ‘De-Selected’ Senate Committee on Indian Affairs and its Legislative

Record.” European Review of Native American Studies 9 (1995): 27-34. 

B. Organization

(1890-1939)

Jameson, J. Franklin, “The Origin of the Standing Committee System in American Legislative

Bodies.” Political Science Quarterly 10 (1894): 246-67. 

McConachie, Lauros G. Congressional Committees: A Study of the Origins and Development of

Our National and Local Legislative Methods. New York: B. Franklin, 1974 (originally

published in 1898). 

(1940-1989)

Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. “The Anatomy of Congressional Committees.” In The Process of

Government under Jefferson. Chapter 10, pp. 214-52. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton

University Press, 1978.

Goodwin, George. The Little Legislatures. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1970.

Huitt, Ralph K. “The Morse Committee Assignment Controversy: A Study in Senate Norms.” 

American Political Science Review 51 (June 1957): 313-29.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 55

Kofmehl, Kenneth. Professional Staffs of Congress. West Lafayette, IN: Perdue University Press,

1977. 

Lambert, Richard D., ed. “Changing Congress: The Committee System.” Annals of the

American Academy of Political and Social Science 411 (January 1974): entire issue.

Morrow, William L. Congressional Committees. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1969.

Ray, Bruce A., and Steven S. Smith. “Committee Size in the U.S. Congress.” Legislative Studies

Quarterly 9 (November 1984): 679-695.

 

Swanson, Wayne R. “Committee Assignments and the Non-Conformist Legislator: Democrats

in the U.S. Senate.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 13 (February 1969): 84-94. 

Tiefer, Charles. “Committee Organization and Jurisdiction.” In Congressional Practice and

Procedure: A Reference, Research, and Legislative Guide. Pp. 57-126. New York:

Greenwood Press, 1989. 

(1990-)

Arnold, Laura W. “The Distribution of Senate Committee Positions: Change or More of the

Same?” Legislative Studies Quarterly 26 (May 2001): 227-248.

Endersby, James W., and Karen M. McCurdy. “Committee Assignments in the U.S. Senate.” 

Legislative Studies Quarterly 21(May 1996): 219-233.

C. Reform

(1940-1989)

Davidson, Roger H., "Two Roads of Change: House and Senate Committee Reorganization." 

Congressional Studies 7 (Winter 1980): 11-32. 

Galloway, George. “Reorganizations in the Past.” In Congress at the Crossroads. Pp. 123-45. 

New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946. 

Parris, Judith H. “The Senate Reorganizes its Committees, 1977.” Political Science Quarterly 94

(Summer 1979): 319-37. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules and Administration. Committee System

Reorganization Amendments of 1977, Hearings. Senate Hearing Volume 3108-04. 95th

Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO., 1977. st

D. Standing Committees

1. Aeronautical and Space Sciences

(1940-1989)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 56

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences. Committee on

Aeronautics and Space Sciences, 1958-1976. Senate Print 428-1. 94 Congress, 2d th

session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1976. 

2. Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. A Brief History of

the Committee on Agriculture and Forestry, United States Senate and Landmark

Agricultural Legislation, 1825-1970. Senate Document 107. 91 Congress, 2 session. st nd

Washington, DC: GPO, 1970.

(1990-)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry. The United States

Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry; 1825-1998. Senate Document

24. 105 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1998. th nd

3. Appropriations

(1940-1989)

Fenno, Richard F., Jr. The Power of the Purse: Appropriations Politics in Congress. Boston:

Little, Brown and Co., 1966.

Horn, Stephen. Unused Power: The Work of the Senate Committee on Appropriations. 

Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1970.

Pressman, Jeffrey L. House vs. Senate: Conflict in the Appropriations Process. New Haven:

Yale University Press, 1966.

U.S. Congress. Senate. “History of the Senate Appropriations.” By Gayle Condon. In 

Budgeting in the United States Senate: A Compilation of Papers Prepared for the

Commission on the Operation of the Senate. Senate Print 435-1. 94 Congress, 2 th nd

session. Pp. 1-36. Washington, DC: GPO, 1977. 

(1990-)

Marshall, Bryan W., Brandon C. Prins, and David W. Rohde, “Fighting Fire with Water: Partisan

Procedural Strategies and the Senate Appropriations Committee.” Congress & the

Presidency 26 (Fall 1999): 113-132.

Schickler, Eric, and John Sides. “Intergenerational Warfare: The Senate Decentralizes

Appropriations.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25 (November 2000): 551-575.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Committee on Appropriations, United

States Senate: 1867-2008. Senate Document 110-14. 110 Congress, 2nd session. th

Washington, DC: GPO, 2008.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 57

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Committee on Appropriations, United

States Senate, 126 Anniversary, 1867-1993. Senate Document 17. 103 Congress, 1 th rd st

session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1995. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Committee on Appropriations, United

States Senate, 135 Anniversary, 1867-2002. Senate Document 107-13. 107 Congress, th rd

2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 2002. nd

4. Armed Services (Military Affairs and Naval Affairs Committees prior to

1947) 

(1940-1989)

Huzar, Elias. The Purse and the Sword: Control of the Army by Congress through Military

Appropriations, 1933-1950. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1971.

Javits, Jacob and Don Kellermann. Who Makes War: The President Versus Congress. New

York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1973.

Kolodziej, Edward A. The Uncommon Defense and Congress, 1945-1963. Columbus: Ohio

State University Press, 1966.

Livermore, Seward W. Politics is Adjourned: Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress, 1916-

1918. Middletown, CN: Wesleyan University Press, 1966.

Young, Roland A. Congressional Politics in the Second World War. New York: Columbia

University Press, 1956. 

5. Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs (Banking and Currency prior to

1971)

(1940-1989)

Bibby, John and Roger Davidson. “The Congressional Committee: The Politics of the Senate

Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs.” In On Capitol Hill: Studies in the

Legislative Process. Chapter 5. New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972. 

Huitt, Ralph K. “The Congressional Committee: A Case Study.” American Political Science

Review 48 (June 1954): 340-65.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Banking and Currency. Committee on Banking and

Currency, United States Senate, 50 Anniversary, 1913-1963. Senate Document 15. 88 th th

Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1963. st

6. Budget

(1990-)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 58

Thurber, James A. “The Senate Budget Committee: Bastion of Comity?” In Esteemed

Colleagues. Edited by Burdett A. Loomis. Chapter 11, pp. 241-258. Washington, DC:

Brookings Institution Press, 2000. 

7. Commerce

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. History, Membership and Jurisdiction of the

Senate Committee on Commerce from 1816-1966. 89 Congress, 2 session. th nd

Washington, DC: GPO, 1966. 

8. Energy and Natural Resources

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. History of the Committee

on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, as of the 100 Congress, 1816- th

1988. 100 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1989. th nd

9. Environment and Public Works

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. History of the

Committee on Environment and Public Works, United States Senate. 100 Congress, 2 th nd

sess. Washington, DC: GPO, 1988. 

10. Ethics

(1940-1989)

Baker, Richard A. “The History of Congressional Ethics.” In Representation and Responsibility. 

Edited by Bruce Jennings and Daniel Callahan. New York: Plenum Press, 1985. 

Sasser, Jim. “Learning from the Past: The Senate Code of Conduct in Historical Perspective.” 

Cumberland Law Review 8 (Fall 1977). 

11. Finance

(1940-1989)

Manley, John F. The Politics of Finance. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1970.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Finance. History of the Committee on Finance, United

States Senate. Senate Document 57. 91 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, st nd

1970.

12. Foreign Relations

(1890-1939)

“American Senate and Foreign Affairs: A Foreign Relations Committee for England?” Candid 2

(August 19, 1911): 453-68.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 59

Dangerfield, Royden J. “The Committee on Foreign Relations.” In In Defense of the Senate; a

Study in Treaty Making. Volume III, pp. 63-86. Port Washington, NY: Kennikat Press,

Inc., 1966 (originally published in 1933). 

Hayden, Ralston. “The Origin of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.” 

American Journal of International Law” 11 (January 1917): 113-30. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot. The Senate and the League of Nations. New York: Scribners, 1925.

(1940-1989)

Dennison, Eleanor E. The Foreign Relations Committee. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press,

1942. 

Gallagher, Hugh G. Advise and Obstruct: The Role of the United States Senate in Foreign Policy

Decisions. New York: Delacourt Press, 1969.

Gould, James W. “The Origins of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.” Western

Political Quarterly 12 (September 1959): 670-82. 

Humphrey, Hubert H. “The Senate in Foreign Policy.” Foreign Affairs 37 (July 1959): 525-36.

Jewell, Malcolm E. Senatorial Politics and Foreign Policy. Lexington: University of Kentucky

Press, 1962.

Robinson, James A. Congress and Foreign Policy Making. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1962.

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Congress and the Making of American Foreign Policy.” Foreign

Affairs 51 (October 1972): 78-113.

Sparkman, John J. “The Role of the Senate in Determining Foreign Policy.” In The Senate

Institution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1969.

Stennis, John C. and J. William Fulbright. The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy. 

Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1971.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Committee on Foreign Relations:

170 Anniversary, 1816-1986. Senate Document 21. 99 Congress, 2 session. th th nd

Washington, DC: GPO, 1986. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. The Senate Role in Foreign Affairs 

Appointments. 92 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: 1971. nd st

Vinson, John Chalmers. The Parchment Peace: The United States Senate and the Washington
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 60

Conference, 1921-22. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1955.

(1990-)

Fry, Joseph A. Debating Vietnam: Fulbright, Stennis, and Their Senate Hearings. Lanham:

Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.

13. Health, Education, Labor and Pensions (Labor and Public Welfare prior

to 1977)

(1940-1989)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Committee on Labor and

Public Welfare: 100 Anniversary 1869-1969. 90 Congress, 2 session. Washington, th th nd

DC: GPO, 1970. 

14. Interior and Insular Affairs

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Committee’s History,

Jurisdiction, and Summary of its Accomplishments During the 87 , 88 , 89, 90 and 91 th th th st

Congresses. Washington, DC: GPO, 1971.

15. Judiciary (Also see Constitutional Powers: Nominations–Supreme Court) 

(1940-1989)

Bronner, Ethan. Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. New York: W.W.

Norton, 1989. 

Farrelly, David G. “The Senate Judiciary Committee: Qualifications of Members.” American

Political Science Review (June 1943): 469-75.

Mersky, Roy M., and J. Myron Jacobstein, eds. The Supreme Court of the United States:

Hearings and Reports on Successful and Unsuccessful Nominations of Supreme Court

Justices by the Senate Judiciary Committee, 1916-1972. Buffalo: W.S. Hein, 1975.

Thorpe, James A. “The Appearance of Supreme Court Nominees Before the Senate Judiciary

Committee.” Journal of Public Law 18 (1969): 371-402.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. History of the Committee on the Judiciary,

United States Senate, 1816-1981. Senate Document 18. 97 Congress, 2 session. th nd

Washington, DC: GPO, 1982. 

(1990-)

Guliuzza, Frank, Daniel J. Reagan, and David M. Barrett. “The Senate Judiciary Committee and

Supreme Court Nominees: Measuring the Dynamics of Confirmation Criteria.” Journal

of Politics 56 (August 1994): 773-87.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 61

Wermiel, Stephen J. “Confirming the Constitution: The Role of the Senate Judiciary

Committee.” Law and Contemporary Problems 56 (Autumn 1993): 121-44. 

Williams, Margaret, and Lawrence Baum. “Questioning Judges About Their Decisions: Supreme

Court Nominees Before the Senate Judiciary Committee.” Judicature 90

(September/October 2006): 73-80.

E. Investigative Committees

1. General

(1890-1939)

Black, Hugo L. “Inside a Senate Investigation.” Harper’s Magazine 172 (February 1936): 275-

86.

Dimock, Marshall E. Congressional Investigating Committees. New York: AMS Press, 1971

(originally published in 1929).

Eberling, Ernest J. Congressional Investigation: A Study of the Origin and Development of the

Power of Congress to Investigate and Punish for Contempt. New York: Octagon Books,

1973 (originally published in 1928).

Haynes, George H. “Senate Investigations.” In The Senate of the United States. Volume I,

Chapter 11. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Rogers, Lindsay. “Congressional Investigations.” In The American Senate. Chapter 6, pp. 191-

213. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1968 (originally published in 1926). 

(1940-1989)

Barth, Alan. Government By Investigation. New York: Viking Press, 1955.

Davidson, Roger H. “The Political Dimensions of Congressional Investigations.” Capitol

Studies 5 (1977): 41-63.

Fulbright, J. William. “Congressional Investigations: Significance for the Legislative Process.” 

University of Chicago Law Review 18 (1950-1951): 440-448. 

Grabow, John C. Congressional Investigations: Law and Practice. Clifton, NJ: Prentice Hall

Law & Business, 1988.

Hamilton, James. The Power to Probe: A Study of Congressional Investigations. New York:

Random House, 1976.

Harpine, C. Allen. “Congressional Investigating Power: Judicial Interpretations of the Scope of

Inquiry.” American University Intramural Law Review 5 (May 1956): 64-81. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 62

McGeary, Nelson. “Congressional Investigations: Historical Development.” University of

Chicago Law Review 18 (1951): 425-39. 

McGeary, Nelson. The Developments of Congressional Investigative Power. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1940.

Nunn, Sam. “The Impact of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations on Federal

Policy.” Georgia Law Review 21 (1986): 17-56. 

Taylor, Telford. Grand Inquest: The Story of Congressional Investigations. New York: Simon

and Schuster, 1955. 

(1990-)

Mayhew, David R. Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-

1990. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Rules and Administration. Authority and Rules of Senate

Special Investigatory Committees and other Senate Entities, 1973-97. Senate Document

16. 105 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1998. th st

2. Selected Case Studies

(1890-1939)

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce. “Titanic” Disaster: Hearings before a

Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce. Senate Document 726. 62 Congress, 2 nd nd

session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1912.

Also in: Kuntz, Tom, ed. The Titanic Disaster Hearings: The Official Transcripts of the

1912 Senate Investigation. Edited by Tom Kuntz. New York: Pocket Books, 1998. 

(1940-1989)

Cohen, William S., and George J. Mitchell. Men of Zeal: A Candid Inside Story of the IranContra Hearings. New York: Viking, 1988.

Coker, William L. “The United States Senate Investigation of the Mississippi Election of 1875.”

Journal of Mississippi History 37 (May 1975): 143-63.

Cole, Timothy M. “Congressional Investigation of American Foreign Policy: Iran-Contra in

Perspective.” Congress & The Presidency 21 (Spring 1994): 29-48.

Dash, Samuel. Chief Counsel: Inside the Ervin Committee–The Untold Story of Watergate. New

York: Random House, 1976.

Griffith, Robert. The Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate. Lexington:

University Press of Kentucky, 1970. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 63

Johnson, Loch K. A Season of Inquiry: The Senate Intelligence Investigation. Lexington: The

University Press of Kentucky, 1985.

Moore, William Howard. The Kefauver Committee and the Politics of Crime: 1950-1952. 

Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1974.

Riddle, Donald H. The Truman Committee: A Study in Congressional Responsibility. New

Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1964.

–Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program.

Ritchie, Donald A. “The Legislative Impact of the Pecora Investigation.” Capitol Studies 5 (Fall

1977): 87-101. 

Schlesinger, Arthur Meier and Roger Bruns, eds. Congress Investigates: A Documented History,

1792-1974. Five volumes. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1983 (originally

published in 1975). –Cases include: St. Clair’s Defeat, James Wilkinson, the burning of

Washington, Andrew Jackson’s Invasion of Florida (Volume I); he assault on Charles

Sumner, the Harper’s Ferry inquiry, the Covode Committee (Volume II); postbellum

violence, the Clap Committee, the Pujo Committee (Volume III); Teapot Dome, the

Pecora Wall Street Expose (Volume IV); Pearl Harbor, Kefauver Intelligence Committee,

the MacArthur Inquiry, the McCarthy Era, the Watergate Inquiry (Volume V).

Sutherland, Keith A. “The Senate Investigates Harpers Ferry.” Prologue 8 (1976): 193-207. 

Tap, Bruce. Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War. Lawrence,

KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998. 

Thompson, Fred D. At that Point in Time: The Inside Story of the Senate Watergate Committee. 

New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1975.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to

Intelligence Activities. Final Report of the Senate Select Committee to study

Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities. Senate Report 755. 

94 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1976. th nd

U.S. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities. The Final

Report of the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities. Senate Report 981. 

93 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1974. rd nd

–Watergate investigation. See index of hearings in: Garza, Hedda, ed.. The Watergate

Investigation Index: Senate Select Committee Hearings and Reports on Presidential

Campaign Activities. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1982.

Wiltz, John E. In Search of Peace: The Senate Munitions Inquiry, 1934-1936. Baton Rouge:
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 64

Louisiana State University Press, 1963.

(1990-)

Coulter, Matthew Ware. The Senate Munitions Inquiry of the 1930's: Beyond the Merchants of

Death. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997.

Moser, John, “’Gigantic Engines of Propaganda’: The 1941 Senate Investigation of Hollywood.” 

Historian 63(Summer 2001): 731-751.

Ritchie, Donald A., “Are You Now or Have You Ever Been? Opening the Records of the

McCarthy Investigations.” Journal of Government Information 2004 30(4): 463-469.

Smist, Frank J. “Investigative and Institutional Oversight Combined: The Church Senate

Committee, 1975-76.” In Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community,

1947-1989. Chapter 2, pp. 25-81. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1990.

Smist, Frank J. “Institutional Oversight Triumphant: The Inouye, Bayh, and Goldwater Senate

Select Committees, 1976-84.” In Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence

Community, 1947-1989. Chapter 3, pp. 82-133. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press,

1990.

F. Conference Committees (See External Relations: House)

G. Joint Committees (See External Relations: House)

VII. Administration

A. General

(1789-1889)

Agg, John. History of Congress; Exhibiting and Classification of the Proceedings of the Senate,

and the House of Representatives, From March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1793; Embracing the

First Term of the Administration of General Washington. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard,

1848. 

(1890-1939)

Kerr, Clara Hannah Stidham. The Origin and Development of the United States Senate. Ithaca,

NY: Andrus & Church, 1895. 

McCall, Samuel W. The Business of Congress (New York: Columbia University Press, 1911)

McKee, Thomas Hudson. A Manual of Congressional Practice (The U.S. Red Book). 

Washington, DC: Thomas H. McKee & Co., 1891.

Peffer, W.A. "The United States Senate: Its Origin, Personnel, and Organization." North
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 65

American Review 167 (July 1898): 48-63. 

Wellman, Walter. "Operating the United States Senate." Success 6 (October 1903): 559-61. 

(1940-1989)

Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. “A Deliberative Body.” In The Process of Government Under

Jefferson. Chapter 11, pp. 253-72. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. 

Fenno, Richard F. “The Senate Through the Looking Glass: The Debate Over Television.” 

Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (August 1989): 313-348.

Frantzich, Stephen E. Computers in Congress: The Politics of Information. Beverly Hills, CA:

Sage Publications, 1982.

Galloway, George. “Reorganizing Congressional Services.” In Congress at the Crossroads. 

Pp. 323-33. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946. 

Garay, Ronald. Congressional Television: A Legislative History. Westport, CN, Greenwood

Press, 1984.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Senate Administration: A Compilation of Papers. Senate Print Volume 

435-7. 94 Congress, 2 session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1976. th nd

(1990-)

Scott, Pamela. "Moving to the Seat of Government: ‘Temporary Inconveniences and

Privations.’" In Coming into the City: Essays on Early Washington, DC (a special issue

of Washington History 12, no. 1, Spring/Summer 2000). 

Zelizer, Julian E. "Bridging State and Society: The Origins of 1970s Congressional Reform."

Social Science History 24 (Summer 2000): 379-93. 

B. Officers of the Senate

(1940-1989)

Bowling, Kenneth R. “Good-by ‘Charle’: The Lee-Adams Interest and the Political Demise of

Charles Thomson, Secretary of Congress, 1774-1789.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History

100 (July 1976): 314-35. 

Nuermberger, Ruth Ketring. "Asbury Dickins (1780-1861): A Career in Government Service.” 

North Carolina Historical Review 24 (July 1947): 281-314. 

C. Senate Staffs

(1890-1939)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 66

Peffer, W.A. "The United States Senate: Its Origin, Personnel, and Organization." North

American Review 167 (July 1898): 48-63. 

(1940-1989)

Asbell, Bernard. The Senate Nobody Knows. Garden City: Doubleday, 1978. 

Condon, Gayle. “History of the Senate Appropriations.” In Budgeting in the United States

Senate: A Compilation of Papers Prepared for the Commission on the Operation of the

Senate. 94 Congress., 2 session, pp. 1-36. Washington, DC: GPO, 1977. th nd

Fox, Harrison, W., Jr., and Susan Webb Hammond. Congressional Staffs: The Invisible Work

Force in American Lawmaking. New York: Free Press, 1977. 

Hammond, Susan Webb. "Legislative Staffs" Legislative Studies Quarterly 9 (May 1984): 271-

317. 

Kammerer, Gladys M. Congressional Committee Staffing Since 1946. Lexington, KY: Bureau of

Government Research, 1951. 

Kofmehl, Kenneth. Professional Staffs of Congress. West Lafayette, IN: Perdue University Press,

1977. 

Malbin, Michael J. “Delegation, Deliberation, and the New Role of Congressional Staff. In The

New Congress. Edited by Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein. Chapter 5, pp. 134-

77. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981. 

Malbin, Michael J. Unelected Representatives: Congressional Staff and the Future of

Representative Government. New York: Basic Books, 1980.

Manley, John F. “Congressional Staff and Public Policy-Making: The Joint Committee on

Internal Revenue Taxation.” Journal of Politics 30 (November 1968): 1046-67.

Price, David E. “Professionals and ‘Entrepreneurs’: Staff Orientations and Policy Making on

Three Senate Committees.” Journal of Politics 33 (May 1971): 316-36.

Redman, Eric. The Dance of Legislation. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1973. 

Rogers, Lindsay. “The Staffing of Congress.” Political Science Quarterly 56 (March 1941): 1-

22. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Senate Committee Staffing. Senate Document 16. 88 Congress, 1 th st

session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1963.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 67

Wolman, Harold L., and Diane Miller Wolman, “The Role of the U.S. Senate Staff in the

Opinion Linkage Process: Population Policy.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 2 (August

1977): 281-293

(1990-)

Friedman, Sally, and Robert T. Nakamura. “The Representation of Women on U.S. Senate

Committee Staffs.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 16 (August 1991): 407-427.

Shogan, Colleen J. “The Senate School of Public Policy.” PS: Political Science and Politics

(July 2006): 581-583.

VIII. External Relations

A. General

(1890-1939)

Low, Maurice A. “The Usurped Powers of the Senate.” American Political Science Review 1

(November 1906): 1-16. 

West, Henry Litchfield. "The Place of the Senate in Our Government." Forum 4 (June, 1901): 

423-31. 

(1990-)

Bowling, Kenneth R., and Donald R. Kennon, eds. Neither Separate Nor Equal: Congress in the

1790’s. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2000.

Doerfer, Gordon, et al. “The Courts, the Legislature, and the Executive: Separate and Equal?” 

Judicature 87(March/April 2004): 207-259.

Harriger, Katy J., ed. Separation of Powers: Documents and Commentary. Washington, D.C.:

CQ Press, 2003. 

B. House of Representatives

1. General

(1789-1889)

Hoar, George Frisbie. "The Conduct of Business in Congress." North American Review 128

(February 1879): 8, 114-34. 

Wilson, Woodrow. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Introduction by 

Walter Lippmann; afterword by Robert L. Peabody. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

University Press, 1981 (originally published 1885). 

(1890-1939)

Ogden, R. “The President, Senate, and House.” Nation 77 (1903): 439-.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 68

Luce, Robert. Legislative Procedure. New York: DaCapo Press, 1972 (originally published in

1922).

McCall, Samuel W. The Business of Congress. New York: The Columbia University Press,

1911. 

Pepper, George W. Family Quarrels: The President, the Senate, the House. New York: Baker,

Voorhis & Company, 1931.

(1940-1989)

Baker, Ross. House and Senate. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989.

Fenno, Richard F. The United States Senate: A Bicameral Perspective. Washington, DC:

American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1982.

Josephy, Alvin M., Jr. On the Hill: A History of the American Congress. New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1979.

Pressman, Jeffrey L. House vs. Senate: Conflict in the Appropriations Process. New Haven:

Yale University Press, 1966.

(1990-)

Binder, Sarah A. Stalemate: Causes and Consequences of Legislative Gridlock. Washington,

DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2003.

2. Conference Committees

(1890-1939)

McCown, Ada C. The Congressional Conference Committee. New York: AMS Press, Inc.,

1967 (originally published 1927). 

Rogers, Lindsay. “Conference Committee Legislation.” North American Review (March 1922):

300-7.

(1940-1989)

Bach, Stanley. “Germaneness Rules and Bicameral Relations in the U.S. Congress.” Legislative

Studies Quarterly 7 (August 1982): 341-357.

Fenno, Richard F. The Power of the Purse: Appropriations Politics in Congress. Boston: Little,

Brown & Co., 1966.

Froman, Lewis A. The Congressional Process: Strategies, Rules, and Procedures. Boston:

Little, Brown & Co., 1967.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 69

Longley, Lawrence D., and Walter J. Oleszek. Bicameral Politics: Conference Committees in

Congress. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1989. 

Oleszek, Walter J. “House-Senate Relationships: Comity and Conflict.” Annals of the American

Academy of Political and Social Science (January 1974): 75-86.

Steiner, Gilbert Yale. The Congressional Conference Committee: Seventeenth to Eightieth

Congresses. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1951. 

Vogler, David J. The Third House: Conference Committees in the U.S. Congress. Evanston, Ill.: 

Northwestern University Press, 1971. 

3. Joint Committees

(1940-1989)

Green, Harold and Alan Rosenthal. Government of the Atom: A Study in the Fusion of

Governmental Power. New York: Atherton, 1963.

Manley, John F. “Congressional Staff and Public Policy-Making: The Joint Committee on

Internal Revenue Taxation.” Journal of Politics 30 (November 1968): 1046-67.

Oleszek, Walter J. “House-Senate Relationships: Comity and Conflict.” Annals of the American

Academy of Political and Social Science (January 1974): 75-86.

Tap, Bruce. Over Lincoln’s Shoulder: The Committee on the Conduct of the War. Lawrence,

KS: University Press of Kansas, 1998. 

C. Executive (Also see Constitutional Powers: Nominations–Executive)

(1789-1889)

Eaton, Dorman B. "The President and the Senate." North American Review 142 (June 1886):

572-86. 

Luce, Robert. Legislative Problems. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1935.

(1890-1939)

Bacon, Augustus. “The President and Congress.” The Independent (March 8, 1906). Reprinted as

Senate Document 531, 59 Congress, 1906. th

“Executive and the Senate.” Outlook 85 (February 2, 1907): 246-9.

Haynes, George H. “The President and the Senate: Accord and Discord.” In The Senate of the

United States. Volume II, chapter 19. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

Hill, J. “President’s Attack on the Senate.” North American Review 209 (June 1919): 737-54.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 70

Mason, Edward C. The Veto Power. New York: Russell and Russell, 1967 (originally published

in 1890).

Ogden, R. “The President, Senate, and House.” Nation 77 (1903): 439-.

Pepper, George W. Family Quarrels: The President, the Senate, the House. New York: Baker,

Voorhis & Company, 1931. 

“The Presidency and Senator William B. Allison.” Atlantic Monthly 77 (April 1896): 544-551.

“President and the Senate.” Outlook 79 (February 25, 1905): 505-7.

“The Reply of the Senate to Washington’s First Inaugural Address.” Journal of American

History 8 (April/June 1914): 221-.

Schouler, James. "Mr. Cleveland and the Senate." Forum 23 (March 1897): 65-74. 

Sullivan, M. “Coolidge vs. the Senate; Can the President Hire and Fire?” World’s Work 51

(December 1925): 199-204.

Sullivan, M. “Mr. Harding and the Senate.” World’s Work 41 (April 1921): 614-618.

Wright, Quincy. “The Control of Foreign Relations.” American Political Science Review 15

(February 1921): 1-26. 

(1940-1989)

Abourezk, James. “The Congressional Veto: A Contemporary Response to Executive

Encroachment on Legislative Prerogatives.” Indiana Law Journal 52 (1977): 323-43. 

Binkley, Wilfred E. The President and Congress. New York: Vintage Books, 1962 (1937). 

Chamberlain, Lawrence H. The President, Congress and Legislation. New York:

Columbia University Press, 1946.

Chamberlain, Lawrence H. The President, Congress and Legislation. New York: Columbia

University Press, 1946.

Crabbe, Cecil V., and Pat M. Holt. Invitation to Struggle: Congress, the President and Foreign

Policy. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1984.

Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. “Executive-Congressional Relations.” In The Process of Government

Under Jefferson. Chapter 9, pp. 188-213. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 71

Fisher, Louis. Constitutional Conflicts Between Congress and the President. Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 1985. 

Fisher, Louis. The Politics of Shared Power. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press,

1981.

Fisher, Louis. President and Congress; Power and Policy. New York: Free Press, 1972. 

Fisher, Louis. “Relationship Between the Senate and the Executive Branch.” In Committees and

Senate Procedures: A Compilation of Papers Prepared for the Commission on the

Operation of the Senate. 94 Congress, 2 session. Pp. 115-30. Washington, DC: GPO, th nd

1977. 

Franck, Thomas M., ed. The Tethered Presidency: Congressional Restraints on Executive

Power. New York: New York University Press, 1981.

Freeman, J. Leiper. The Political Process: Executive Bureau-Legislative Committee Relations. 

New York: Random House, 1956.

Galloway, George. “Legislative-Executive Liaison.” In Congress at the Crossroads. Pp. 204-

29. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946. 

Harris, Joseph P. Congressional Control of Administration. Washington, DC: The Brookings

Institution, 1964.

Hart, James. “The President and the Senate.” In The American Presidency in Action. Chapter 4,

pp. 78-133. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1948.

Hilsman, Roger. “Congressional-Executive Relations and the Foreign Policy Consensus.” 

American Political Science Review 52 (September 1958): 725-44. 

Horn, Stephan. The Cabinet and Congress. New York: Octagon Books, 1982.

Javits, Jacob and Don Kellermann. Who Makes War: The President Versus Congress. New

York: William Morrow & Company, Inc., 1973.

Johannes, John R. “Casework as a Technique of U.S. Congressional Oversight of the Executive.”

Legislative Studies Quarterly 4 (August 1979): 325-351.

Miller, Arthur S., and George M. Knapp. “The Congressional Veto: Preserving the

Constitutional Framework.” Indiana Law Journal 52 (1977): 367-95. 

Mondale, Walter F. The Accountability of Power: Toward a Responsible Presidency. New
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 72

York: David McKay, 1975.

Ogul, Morris. Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,

1976.

Pearson, James B. “Oversight: A Vital Yet Neglected Congressional Function.” University of

Kansas Law Review 23 (Winter 1975): 277-288.

Polsby, Nelson. Congress and the Presidency. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976.

Randolph, Robert C., and David C. Smith. “Executive Privilege and the Congressional Right of

Inquiry.” Harvard Journal on Legislation (June 1973): 621-71.

Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., and Alfred DeGrazia. Congress and the Presidency: Their Role in

Modern Times. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1967.

Scicchitano, Michael J. “Congressional Oversight: The Case of the Clean Air Act.” Legislative

Studies Quarterly 11 (August 1986): 393-407.

Sharp, James R. “Andrew Jackson and the Limits of Presidential Power.” Congressional Studies

7 (Winter 1982): 63-80. 

Stathis, Stephen W. “Executive Cooperation: Presidential Recognition of the Investigative

Authority of Congress and the Courts.” Journal of Law and Politics 3(Fall 1986): 183-

294.

White, Leonard D. The Jacksonians; A Study in Administrative History, 1829-1861. New York:

The MacMillan Company, 1954. 

White, Leonard D. The Jeffersonians; A Study in Administrative History, 1801-1829. New

York: The MacMillan Company, 1956. 

White, Leonard D. The Republican Era: 1869-1901, A Study in Administrative History. New

York: The MacMillan Company, 1958. 

Wolkinson, Herman. “Demands of Congressional Committees for Executive Papers.” Federal

Bar Journal 10(2) (1949): 103-150.

(1990-)

Aberbach, Joel D. Keeping a Watchful Eye: The Politics of Congressional Oversight.

Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1990.

Andres, Gary J. “The Contemporary Presidency: Parties, Process, and Presidential Power:
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 73

Learning from Confirmation Politics in the U.S. Senate.” Presidential Studies Quarterly

32 (March 2002):147-156.

Andres, Gary. “The Contemporary Presidency: Polarization and White House/Legislative

Relations: Causes and Consequences of Elite-level Conflict.” Presidential Studies

Quarterly 35(December 2005): 761-770.

Black, Ryan C., Anthony J. Madonna, Ryan J. Owens and Michael S. Lynch. “Adding Recess 

Appointments to the President’s ‘Tool Chest’ of Unilateral Powers.” Political Research

Quarterly 60 (Dec 2007): 645-654.

Corley, Pamela C. “Avoiding Advice and Consent: Recess Appointments and Presidential

Power.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36(4) (2006): 670-680.

Davidson, Roger H. “The Senate and the Executive.” In Esteemed Colleagues. Edited by

Burdett A Loomis. Chapter 9, pp. 194-219. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution

Press, 2000. 

Derr, Jason A. “Raines, Raines go away: How Presidential Signing Statements and Senate Bill

3731 should lead to a New Doctrine of Legislative Standing.” Catholic University Law

Review 56(4) (2007): 1237-1271.

Fisher, Louis. The Politics of Shared Power: Congress and the Executive. Fourth Edition.

College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1998.

Foley, Michael. Congress and the Presidency: Institutional Politics in a Separated System. New

York: Manchester University Press, 1996.

Howell, William G. And Jon C. Pevehouse. “Presidents, Congress, and the Use of Force.”

International Organization 2005 59(1): 209-232.

Johnson, Robert David. Congress and the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press,

2006.

Kelley, Donald R., ed. Divided Power: The Presidency, Congress and the Formation of

American Foreign Policy. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2005. 

Krutz, Glen S. and Jeffrey S. Peake. “The Changing Nature of Presidential Policy Making on

International Agreements.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 36(3) (2006): 391-409.

Oleszek, Walter J. “Legislative Oversight.” In Congressional Procedures and the Policy Process.

Seventh edition. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2007 (originally published 1978).
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 74

Stevenson, Charles A. Congress at War: The Politics of Conflict Since 1789. Washington, DC:

National Defense University Press, 2007.

Thurber, James A., ed. Rivals for Power: Presidential - Congressional Relations. Washington,

DC: Congressional Quarterly, 1996. 

D. Judiciary (Also see Constitutional Powers: Nominations–Judicial)

(1940-1989)

Amer, Vik D. “The Senate and the Constitution.” Yale Law Journal 97 (May 1988): 1111-30.

Berger, Raoul. Congress versus the Supreme Court. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,

1969.

Breckinridge, Adam Carlyle. Congress Against the Court. Lincoln: University of Nebraska

Press, 1970.

Murphy, Walter F. Congress and the Courts. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Prittchett, C. Herman. Congress Versus the Supreme Court, 1957-1960. New York: DaCapo

Press, 1973.

(1990-)

Baker, Ross K. Strangers on a Hill: Congress and the Court. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.,

2006.

Barnes, Jeb. Overruled? Legislative Overrides, Pluralism, and Contemporary Court-Congress

Relations. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.

Comiskey, Michael. “The Real and Imagined Consequences of Senatorial Consent to Silent

Supreme Court Nominees.” Journal of Law and Politics 11 (Winter 1995): 41-77.

Devins, Neal and Keith E. Whittington, eds. Congress and the Constitution. Durham: Duke

University Press, 2005.

Geyh, Charles Gardner. When Courts and Congress Collide: The Struggle for Control of

America’s Judicial System. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006.

E. Media

(1789-1889)

Poore, Benjamin Perley. Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis.

 New York, AMS Press, 1971 (originally published in 1886).

Towle, G. W. “Glances from the Senate Gallery.” Continental Monthly 2 (July 1862): 10-14;
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 75

(August 1862): 154-58.

(1890-1939)

Barry, David S. Forty Years in Washington. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1924.

Briggs, Emily Edson. The Olivia Letters: Being Some History of Washington City for Forty

Years as Told by the Letters of a Newspaper Correspondent. New York: The Neale

publishing Company, 1906.

“Early Morning Visit to the Senate Press-Gallery.” Literary Digest 57 (June 15, 1918): 68-73.

Essary, Jesse Frederick. Covering Washington. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1927. 

Stealey, Orlando Oscar. Twenty Years in the Press Gallery: A Concise History of Important

Legislation From the Forty-Eighth to the Fifty-Eighth Congress. New York: Publishers

Printing Company, 1906. 

(1940-1989)

Garay, Ronald. Congressional Television: A legislative history. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press,

1984. 

Grotta, Gerald L. “Philip Freneau’s Crusade for Open Sessions of the U.S. Senate.” Journalism

Quarterly 48 (Winter 1971): 667-71. 

Hess, Stephen. The Ultimate Insiders: U.S. Senators and the National Media. Washington, DC:

Brookings, 1986. 

Kahn, Kim Fridkin, and Edie N. Goldenberg. “Women Candidates in the News: An

Examination of Gender Differences in U.S. Senate Campaign Coverage.” Public Opinion

Quarterly 55 (Summer 1991): 180-199.

Marbut, Frederick B. “The United States Senate and the Press, 1838-41.” Journalism Quarterly

28 (Summer 1951). 

Matthews, Donald R. “Senators and Reporters.” In U.S. Senators and Their World. Chapel Hill:

University of North Carolina Press, 1960. 

McPherson, Elizabeth G. “The Southern States and the Reporting of Senate Debates, 1789-

1802.” Journal of Southern History 12 (May 1946): 223-46.

Reid, Thomas R. Congressional Odyssey: The Saga of a Senate Bill. San Francisco: W. H.

Freeman, 1980.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 76

Ritchie, Donald A. “The Loyalty of the Senate: Washington Correspondents in the Progressive

Era.” Historian 51 (August 1989): 574-91. 

(1990-)

Cook, Timothy E. “Senators and Reporters Revisited.” In Esteemed Colleagues. Edited by

Burdett A. Loomis. Chapter 8, pp. 164-193. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution

Press, 2000. 

Johnson, Dennis W. Congress Online: Bridging the Gap Between Citizens and Their

Representatives. New York: Routledge, 2004.

Mann, Thomas E., and Norman Ornstein. Congress, the Press, and the Public. Washington,

DC: American Enterprise Institute The Brookings Institution, 1994.

Mixon, F.G., M.T. Gibson, and K.P. Upadhyaya. “Has Television Changed Legislative

Behavior? C-SPAN2 and the Frequency of Senate Filibustering.” Public Choice 115

(April 2003): 139-162.

Mixon, F.G. “Legislative Television as an Institutional Entry Barrier: The Impact of C-SPAN2

on Turnover in the U.S. Senate, 1946-1998.” Public Choice 112 (September 2002): 433-

448.

Ritchie, Donald A. “No Secrecy Possible: One Aspect of the Relationship between the United

States Senate and the Press in the Nineteenth Century.” Government Publications Review

18 (1991): 239-44.

Ritchie, Donald A. Press Gallery: Congress and the Washington Correspondents. Cambridge:

Harvard University Press, 1991. 

IX. Elections: 

A. General

(1789-1889)

Dickinson, John. The Letters of Fabius (1788). Edited by Joseph S. McNamara. Hillsdale, MI:

Hillsdale College Press, 1992 (originally published 1797).

U.S. Congress. Senate. Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1885. Compiled by

George F. Taft. Senate Document 11. 58 Congress, special session. Washington, DC: th

GPO, 1885. 

(1890-1939)

Jones, C.L. Senatorial Elections. New York: Macmillan Company, 1912. 

Kerr, Clara Hannah Stidham. “The Election of Senators and Organization of the Senate.” In The
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 77

Origin and Development of the United States Senate. Chapter 2, pp. 15-37. Ithaca, NY:

Andrus & Church, 1895. 

Selected Articles on the Election of United States Senators, compiled by C.E. Fanning. 

Minneapolis: H.W. Wilson Co., 1912 (originally published 1909). 

U. S. Congress. Senate. Brief on the Constitutionality of the Recall of United States Senators and

Representatives in Congress. Prepared by Walter F. George. Senate Document 108. 

74th Congress, 1st session. Washington, DC: GPO, 1935. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Compilation of Senate Election Cases from 1789 to 1903. Compiled by

George F. Taft, George P. Furber, and George M. Buck. Washington, DC: GPO, 1903. 

(1940-1989)

Bernstein, Robert. “Divisive Primaries Do Hurt: U.S. Senate Races, 1956-1972.” American

Political Science Review 71 (June 1977): 540-5.

Galloway, George. “How Congress is Composed.” In Congress at the Crossroads. Pp. 22-48. 

New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1946. 

Povlovich, Charles A. Senate Qualifications and Contested Elections. Washington, DC: Public

Affairs Press, 1957. 

Singer, Donald L. “For Whites Only: The Seating of Hiram Revels in the United States Senate.”

Negro History Bulletin 35 (Fall 1975): 25-54.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases from 1793 to 1972. 

Compiled by Richard D. Hupman, Senate Library. Washington, DC: GPO, 1972. 

(1990-)

Abramowitz, Alan I., and Jeffrey A. Segal. Senate Elections. Ann Arbor: The University of

Michigan Press, 1992. 

Brunell, Thomas L., Bernard Grofman. “Explaining Divided U.S. Senate Delegations, 1788-

1996: A Realignment Approach.” American Political Science Review 92 (June 1998):

391-400. 

Jenkins, Jeffery A. “Partisanship and Contested Election Cases in the Senate, 1789

2002.” Studies in American Political Development 2005 19(1): 53-74.

Salamanca, Paul E., and James E. Keller. “The Legislative Privilege to Judge the Qualifications,

Elections, and Returns of Members.” Kentucky Law Journal 95 (2) (2006-2007): 241-

383.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 78

U.S. Congress. Senate. United States Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases, 1793-

1990. Edited by Anne M. Butler and Wendy Wolff. 103 Congress, 1 session. rd st

Washington, DC: GPO, 1995.

Westlye, Mark C. Senate Elections and Campaign Intensity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

University Press, 1991.

 

B. By State Legislature

(1890-1939)

Haynes, George H. The Election of Senators. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1906.

Haynes, George H. “Election of Senators by State Legislatures.” In The Senate of the United

States. Volume I, chapter 3. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1938. 

C. Calls for Reform

(1890-1939)

Burgess, John W. “The Election of United States Senators by Popular Vote.” Popular Science

Quarterly 17 (December 1902): 650-6 3.

Clark, E. P. “Election of the Senate by Popular Vote.” Nation 74 (1902): 222-.

Conway, Moncure D. “Ought the United States Senate to be Reformed.” Monist (January 1895):

223-46. 

Edmunds, George F. "Should Senators be Elected by the People?” Forum 18 (November 1894): 

270-78. 

“Election of the Senate by Popular Vote.” Outlook 79 (1905): 161-.

Fox, C. F. “Election of the Senate by Popular Vote.” Arena (1902): 455-.

Garrison, Wendell P. "The Reform of the Senate." Atlantic Monthly 68 (August 1891): 227-32.

Haynes, John. Popular Election of United States Senators. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

University, 1893. 

Hoar, George Frisbie. "Has the Senate Degenerated?" Public Opinion 22 (April 22, 1897): 485-

86; Forum 23 (April 23, 1897): 129-44. 

"How Can We Secure Better United States Senators?" Century 46 (March 1893): 793-794. 

 Also see: "Better United States Senators." Century 46 (May 1893): 156. 

Perkins, G. C. “Senate and the People.” Independent 60 (April 12, 1906): 839-43.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 79

Perrin, John William. “Popular Election of United States Senators.” North American Review. 

192 (December 1910): 799-804. 

Philips, David Graham. The Treason of the Senate. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964

(originally published by Cosmopolitan Magazine in 1906).

Also see: “Need for the Treason of the Senate Articles; Symposium.” Cosmopolitan 40

(March 1906): 598-602.

Reeves, Robert N. "The Decline of the Senate." Arena 189 (August 1905): 161-67.

U.S. Congress. Library of Congress. List of References on the Popular Election of Senators. 

Compiled by A.P.C. Griffin. Washington, DC: GPO, 1904. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. Election of Senators by Direct Vote of People. Senate Report 530. 54th

Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, March 20, 1896. 

st

U.S. Congress. Senate. Election of Senators by the People. Senate Miscellaneous Document

406. 57 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, June 13, 1902. th st

U.S. Congress. Senate. Election of Senators by the People (April 6 and 7, 1893). By George

Frisbie Hoar. Senate Document 232. 59 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, th st

February 20, 1906.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Papers Relating to the Election of Senators by Direct Vote of the People. 

Senate Document 512. 60 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: GPO, May 23, 1908. th st

University of Wisconsin Extension Division. Department of Debating and Public Discussion.

Popular Election of United States Senators. Madison: The University of Wisconsin,

1912. 

D. By Direct Election (Seventeenth Amendment)

(1940-1989)

Easterling, Larry J. “Senator Joseph L. Bristow and the Seventeenth Amendment.” Kansas

Historical Quarterly 41 (Winter 1975): 488-511. 

McInerney, Virginia M. "Federalism and the Seventeenth Amendment." Journal of Christian

Jurisprudence 7 (1988): 153-88. 

U.S. Congress. Senate. “The Direct Election of Senators.” In The Senate, 1789-1989: Addresses

on the History of the United States Senate. By Robert C. Byrd. Volume I, chapter 21. 

Washington, DC: GPO, 1989.

(1990-)
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 80

Bernhard, William, and Brian R. Sala. “The Remaking of an American Senate: the 17th

Amendment and Ideological Responsiveness.” Journal of Politics 68:2 (May 2006): 345-

357.

Bybee, J.S. “Ulysses at the Mast: Democracy, Federalism, and the Sirens’ Song of the

Seventeenth Amendment.” Northwestern University Law Review 91 (Winter 1997).

Crook , Sara Brandes, John R. Hibbing. “A Not-So-Distant Mirror: The 17 Amendment and th

Congressional Change.” American Political Science Review 91 (December 1997): 845-

54. 

Highton, Benjamin. “Senate Elections in the United States, 1920-94.” British Journal of Political

Science 30(July 2003): 483-507.

Hoebeke, Christopher Hyde. The Road to Mass Democracy: Original Intent and the Seventeenth

Amendment. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1995. 

Meinke, Scott R. “Institutional Change and the Electoral Connection in the Senate.” Political

Research Quarterly 61(3) (2008): 445-457.

Rossum, Ralph. Federalism, the Supreme Court, and the Seventeenth Amendment: The Irony of

Constitutional Democracy. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2001.

E. By Appointment

(1940-1989)

Clem, Alan L. “Popular Representation and Senate Vacancies.” Midwest Journal of Political

Science 10 (February 1966): 52-77.

Morris, William D., and Roger H. Marz. “Treadmill to Oblivion: The Fate of Appointed

Senators.” Publius 11 (1981): 65-80. 

X. Contemporary Accounts

A. Observing the Senate

(1789-1889)

Benton, Thomas Hart. Thirty Years View: A History of the Workings of the American

Government for Thirty Years, From 1820-1850. New York: Greenwood Press, 1968

(originally published in 1856).

Blaine, James G. Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. Norwich, CN: The

Henry Bill Publishing Company, 1884-1886. 

“Etchings of the Senate." New England Magazine 7 (November 1834): 372-78. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 81

Maclay, William. Sketches of Debate in the First Senate of the United States, in 1789-90-91. 

Edited by George W. Harris. Harrisburg: Lane S. Hart, Printer, c1880.

Also in: Bickford, Charlene Bangs, Kenneth R. Bowling, and Helen E. Veit, eds. “The

Diary of William Maclay and Other Notes on Senate Debates.” In Birth of the Nation:

The First Federal Congress 1789-1791. Volume IX. Washington, DC: George

Washington University, The First Federal Congress Project, 1989. 

Taylor, B. B. “A Scene in the United States Senate.” Overland Monthly 12 (June 1874): 542-6.

(1890-1939)

Alton, Edmund. Among the Law-Makers. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1892.

Barry, David S. Forty Years in Washington. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1924.

Brown, Everett, ed. William Plumer’s Memorandum of Proceedings in the United States Senate,

1803-1807. New York: Da Capo Press, 1969 (originally published in 1923).

“Early Morning Visit to the Senate Press-Gallery.” Literary Digest 57 (June 15, 1918): 68-73.

Eckloff, Christian F. Memoirs of a Senate Page, 1855-1859. New York: Broadway Publishing

Company, 1909.

Edwards, E. Jay. “Character Sketches in the United States Senate.” Chautauquan 19

(September 1894): 706-12.

Godkin, E. L. “The Dignity of the U.S. Senate.” Nation 62 (1986): 230-.

Lodge, Henry Cabot. "The Senate." Scribner's Magazine 34 (November 1903): 541-50. 

Lodge, Henry Cabot. The Senate of the United States. New York: Scribners, 1921.

Mason, William E. “The United States Senate.” Munsey’s Magazine 19 (July 1898): 504-08.

O’Brien, Robert Lincoln. “New Men in the Senate.” Outlook 81 (September 23, 1905): 161-

71. 

Ogden, R. “The All-Powerful U.S. Senate.” Nation 72 (1901): 4-.

Pepper, George Wharton. In the Senate. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1930.

Pepper, George Wharton. “What is the Senate?” Forum 74 (December 1925): 863-71. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 82

“A Senator’s Week.” Independent 55 (April 16, 1903): 898-902.

Sherman, John. Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate, and Cabinet. New York:

Greenwood Press, 1968 (originally published in 1895).

Towle, G. W. “Glances from the Senate Gallery.” Continental Monthly 2 (July 1862): 10-4;

(August 1862): 154-58.

(1940-1989)

Aiken, George D. Aiken: Senate Diary, January 1972-January 1975. Brattleboro, VT: Stephen

Green Press, 1976.

Asbell, Bernard. The Senate Nobody Knows. Garden City: Doubleday, 1978. 

Baker, Ross K. Friend and Foe in the United States Senate. New York: The Free Press, 1980. 

Bailey, Stephen K., and Howard D. Samuel. A Day in the Life of a Senator: The Congressional

Office, 1952. Commentary (May 1952): 433-41.

Barkley, Alben W. That Reminds Me. Garden City, NJ: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1924.

Buckley, James. If Men Were Angels: A View From the Senate. New York: G. P. Putnam’s

Sons, 1975.

Cohen, William. Roll Call: One Year in the United States Senate. New York: Simon and

Schuster, 1981.

Cotton, Norris. In the Senate: Amidst the Conflict and the Turmoil. New York: Dodd, Mead,

1978.

Drew, Elizabeth. Senator. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979.

Drury, Allen. A Senate Journal, 1943-1945. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963.

Foley, Michael. The New Senate: Liberal Influence on a Conservative Institution 1959-1972.

New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980.

Madison, Frank. A View From the Floor: Journal of a U. S. Senate Page Boy. Englewood

Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1967.

Matthews, Donald R. U.S. Senators and Their World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina

Press, 1960. 
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 83

Miller, James A. Running in Place: Inside the Senate. New York: Simon and Shuster, 1986.

Preston, Nathaniel Stone, ed. The Senate Institution. New York: Van Nostrand, Reinhold, 1969.

Riedel, Richard L. Halls of the Mighty: My 47 Years at the Senate. Washington, DC: Luce,

1969.

Rothman, David J. Politics and Power: The United States Senate, 1869-1901. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 1966. 

White, William S. The Citadel: The Story of the U. S. Senate. New York: Harper and Brothers,

1957. 

(1990-)

Arnold, Laura W., and Barbara M. King. “Women, Committees, and Institutional Change in the

Senate.” In Women Transforming Congress. Edited by Cindy Simon Rosenthal. pp.

284-315. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2002.

"Arthur J. Rynearson, Office of the Senate Legislative Counsel, 1976-2003,” Oral History

Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Rynearson_arthur.htm.

Baker, Richard A. “Twentieth-Century Senate Reform: Three Views from the Outside.” 

In The Contentious Senate: Partisanship, Ideology, and the Myth of Cool Judgement. 

Edited by Colton C. Campbell and Nicol C. Rae. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield

Publishers, Inc., 2001. 

“Carl M. Marcy, Chief of Staff, Foreign Relations Committee, 1955-1973.” Oral History

Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Carl_M_Marcy.htm.

“Christine S. McCreary, Staff of Senator Stuart Symington, 1953-1977 and Senator John Glenn,

1977-1998.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. 

Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Christine_McCreary.htm.

"Chuck Ludlam: Counsel to the Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Subcommittee on

Separation of Powers, Senate Judiciary Committee (1975-1979), Legal Counsel to the

Joint Economic Committee (1982-1985), Chief Tax Counsel to the Senate Small

Business Committee (1985-1993), Counsel to Senator Joseph Lieberman (2001-2005),”

Oral History Interviews, December 2, 10, 2003 and October 18, 20, 2004, U.S. Senate

Historical Office, Washington, D.C. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Ludlam_chuck.htm.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 84

Cohen, Richard E. Washington at Work: Back Rooms and Clean Air. Boston: Allyn and Bacon,

1995.

“Dennis W. Brezina, Legislative Assistant to Senator Gaylord Nelson," Oral History Interviews,

U.S. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Dennis_Brezina.htm.

“Dorothye G. Scott, Administrative Assistant to the Senate Democratic Secretary and to the

Secretary of the Senate, 1945-1977.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical

Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Dorothye_Scott.htm.

“F. Nordy Hoffmann, Senate Sergeant at Arms, 1975-1981.” Oral History Interviews, U.S.

Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/F_Nordy_Hoffman.htm.

“Floyd M. Riddick, Senate Parliamentarian.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical

Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Floyd_M_Riddick.htm.

“Francis J. Attig, Official Reporter of Debates.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical

Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Francis_J_Attig.htm.

“Francis O. Wilcox, Chief of Staff, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 1947-1955.” Oral

History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Francis_O_Wilcox.htm.

“Francis R. Valeo, Secretary of the Senate, 1966-1977.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate

Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Frank_Valeo.htm.

“George A. Smathers, United States Senator, 1951-1969.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate

Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/George_A_Smathers.htm.

“George Tames, Washington Photographer for the New York Times.” Oral History Interviews,

U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/George_Tames.htm.

Hildenbrand, William F. When the Senate Cared. New York: iUniverse, 2007.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 85

“Howard E. Shuman, Legislative and Administrative Assistant to Senators Paul Douglas and

William Proxmire, 1955-1982.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. 

Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Howard_E_Shuman.htm.

Huitt, Ralph K. Working Within the System. Berkeley: IGS Press, 1990. 

“J. Franklin Little, Senate Page, 1910-1912.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical

Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/J_Franklin_Little.htm.

"J. Robert Vastine, Staff Director, Senate Republican Conference, 1985-1991,” Oral History

Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. Online Transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/J_Robert_Vastine.htm.

“Jerry Verkler, Staff Director of the Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, 1963-1974.”

Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online

transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Jerry_T_Verkler.htm.

“Jesse R. Nichols, Government Documents Clerk and Librarian, Senate Finance Committee,

1937-1971.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. 

Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Jesse_R_Nichols.htm.

Kippley, Joe. A Page in History. Sioux Falls, SD: Pine Hill Press, 2006.

“Leonard H. Ballard, Inspector, United States Capitol Police, 1947-1984.” Oral History

Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Leonard_H_Ballard.htm

Mara, Melina. Changing the Face of Power: Women in the U.S. Senate. Interviews by

Helen Thomas. Austen: University of Texas Press, 2005.

"Martin Gold, Counsel to the Senate Republican Leader, 1979-1982, 2003-2004,” Oral History

Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Gold_Martin.htm.

Ornstein, Norman J., ed. Farewell Addresses from the Senate. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Publications, 1997. 

Ornstein, Norman J., et al. “The U.S. Senate in an Era of Change.” In Congress

Reconsidered. Fifth Edition. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Pp.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 86

13-40. Washington: CQ Press, 1993.

“Pat M. Holt, Chief of Staff, Foreign Relations Committee.” Oral History Interviews, U.S.

Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Pat_M_Holt.htm.

Ritchie, Donald A. “Twentieth-Century Senate Reform: The View From the Inside.” In The

Contentious Senate: Partisanship, Ideology, and the Myth of Cool Judgement. Edited by

Colton C. Campbell and Nicol C. Rae. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,

Inc., 2001. 

“Ruth Young Watt, Chief Clerk, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, 1948-1979.” Oral

History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Ruth_Young_Watt.htm.

Sinclair, Barbara. “The New World of U.S. Senators.” In Congress Reconsidered. Eighth

Edition. Edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. Pp. 1-22. Washington:

CQ Press, 2004.

“Stewart E. McClure: Chief Clerk, Senate Committee on Labor, Education, and Public Welfare,

1949-1973.” Oral History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. 

Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Oral_History_McClure.htm.

Trees, Andy. “The Diary of William Maclay and Political Manners in the First

Congress.” Pennsylvania History 69(Spring 2002): 210-229.

"Warren Featherstone Reid, Assistant to Warren G. Magnuson," Oral History Interviews, U.S. 

Senate Historical Office, Washington, D.C. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/Featherstone_Reid.htm.

“William A. Ridgely, Senate Financial Clerk and Assistant Secretary of the Senate.” Oral

History Interviews, U.S. Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/William_Ridgely.htm.

“William F. Hildenbrand, Secretary of the Senate, 1981-1985.” Oral History Interviews, U.S.

Senate Historical Office. Washington, DC. Online transcript:

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/oral_history/William_F_Hildenbrand.htm.

Yarwood, D.L. “Humorous Stories and the Identification of Social Norms – The Senate Club.” 

Administration & Society 35 (March 2003): 9-28.

B. Opinion
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 87

(1789-1889)

“Our ‘House of Lords.’” North American Review 142 (May 1886): 454-65.

(1890-1939)

Barry, David S. "The American House of Lords." Pearson's Magazine 12 (December 12, 1904):

525-33. 

Crane, Condit. "In the Seats of the Mighty." Outlook 61 (January 7, 1899): 27-34. 

Didier, Eugene L. “The United States Senate.” Chautauquan (June 1890): 313-17.

Everett, William. "The United States Senate." Atlantic Monthly 97 (February 1906): 157-66. 

Haynes, George H. “The Changing Senate.” North American Review 200 (August, 1914): 222-

34.

Holst, H. Von. “Ought the United States Senate to be Abolished?” Monist 5 (1894): 1-21.

Holst, H. Von. “Shall the Senate Rule the Republic?” Forum 16 (November 1893): 263-71.

Hume, John F. “Our House of Lords.” American Journal of Politics 4 (April 1894): 348-58.

“Is the Senate Justly Criticized?” Century 54 (August 1897): 632-633.

Johnson, A. “American Senate as a Second Chamber.” Contemporary Review 93 (April 1908):

399-405.

Low, A. Maurice. “The Oligarchy of the Senate.” North American Review 174 (February 1902):

231-44.

MacPherson, William C. The Baronage and the Senate, or the House of Lords in the Past, the

Present, and the Future. London: John Murray, 1893.

Miller, C. R. “Has the Senate Degenerated?” Forum 23 (May 1897): 271-81.

Needham, Henry Beach. “The Senate–of ‘Special Interests.’” World’s Work 11 (January 1906):

7060-65; (February 1906): 7206-11.

Nelson, Henry Loomis. “The Overshadowing Senate.” Century 65 (February 1903): 499-515.

“The Senate in Light of History.” Forum 16 (November 1893): 272-81. 

Smith, Goldwin. “Has the U.S. Senate decayed?” Saturday Review 81 (1896): 467-.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 88

Trumbull, M. M. “The Decline of the Senate.” Open Court 7 (December 7, 1893): 3895-8.

Von Holst, H. “Ought the United States Senate to be Abolished?” Monist 5 (1894): 1-21.

West, Henry Litchfield. "The Place of the Senate in Our Government." Forum 4 (June, 1901): 

423-31.

Williams, A. “Truth About the Senate.” World To-Day 10 (May 1906): 499-507.

(1940-1989)

Clark, Joseph S. Congress: The Sapless Branch. New York: Harper and Row, 1964.

Clark, Joseph S. The Senate Establishment. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1984 (originally

published in 1963). 

(1990-)

Hamilton, Lee H. “The Case for Congress.” Wilson Quarterly 2004 28(2): 12-17.

Mann, Thomas E., and Norman J. Ornstein. The Broken Branch: How Congress is Failing

America and How to Get It Back on Track. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

XI. Seniority and Influence

(1890-1939)

Pollock, James K., Jr. “Seniority Rule in Congress.” North American Review 222 (Winter 1925-

1926): 235-45.

(1940-1989)

Balch, Stephen H. “Getting that Extra Edge: Seniority and Early Appointments to the United

States Senate.” Polity 11 (Fall 1978): 138-46.

Goodwin, George, Jr. “The Seniority System in Congress.” American Political Science Review 

52 (June 1959): 412-36.

Hinckley, Barbara. The Seniority System in Congress. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,

1971. 

Huitt, Ralph K. “The Internal Distribution of Influence: The Senate.” In The Congress and

America’s Future. Edited by David B. Truman. Pp. 91-117. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:

Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965.

Huitt, Ralph K. “The Morse Committee Assignment Controversy: A Study in Senate Norms.” 

American Political Science Review 51 (June 1957): 313-29.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 89

Huitt, Ralph K. "The Outsider in the Senate: An Alternative Role." In Congress: Two Decades of

Analysis. Edited by Ralph K. Huitt and Robert L. Peabody. New York: Harper and Row,

1969. 

Packwood, Robert W. “The Senate Seniority System.” In Congress in Change: Evolution and

Reform. Edited by Norman J. Ornstein. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1975.

Ripley, Randall B. “Power in the Post-World War II Senate.” Journal of Politics 31 (May

1969): 465-92.

Ripley, Randall B. Power in the Senate. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1969. 

Swanson, Wayne R. “Committee Assignments and the Non-Conformist Legislator: Democrats

in the U.S. Senate.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 13 (February 1969): 84-94.

XII. Archiving the Senate

(1940-1989)

Baker, Richard A. "Documenting the History of the United States Senate." Government

Publications Review 10 (September-October, 1983): 415-26.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Guide to the Records of the United States Senate at the National

Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition. Prepared by the National Archives' Center for

Legislative Archives. Senate Document 42. 100 Congress, 2 session. Washington, th nd

DC: GPO, 1989. 

(1990-)

Baker, Richard A. “Research Opportunities in the Records of the United States Senate.”

Western Historical Quarterly 24 (1993): 541-46.

Deeben, John P. “Serving at the Pleasure of the President: The Nomination Papers of the United

States Senate, 1789-1946.” Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives and Records

Administration 2005 37(4): 50-61.

Miller, Cynthia Pease. Managing Congressional Collections. Chicago: Society of American

Archivists, 2008.

Paul, Karen Dawley, Glenn R. Gray, and Rebecca Johnson Melvin. An American Political

Archives Reader. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Guide to Research Collections of Former United States Senators,

1789-1995. Senate Document 35. 103 Congress, second session. Washington, DC: rd

GPO, 1995.
The United States Senate: An Institutional Bibliography, 1789-Present <www.senate.gov> 90

U.S. Congress. Senate. Records Management Handbook for United States Senate Committees.

By Karen Paul. Senate Publication 11. 109 Congress, 1 session. Washington, DC: th st

GPO, 2005.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Records Management Handbook for United States Senators and Their

Archival Repositories. Senate Publication 19. 109 Congress, 2 session. Washington, th nd

DC: GPO, 2006.

Wilhelm, Kristen. “Roots in the Rotunda: Finding Biographical Information about Former

Members of Congress.” Prologue 28 (1996): 162-67.

XIII. Finding the Sources

Most of the books listed on the bibliography are available at large academic and research

libraries, while a number of the more recent, popular titles can be found in local public libraries. 

Consult a reference librarian for information regarding library holdings. If the library does not

have the book you are seeking, you may be able to order it through an inter-library loan service.

The Library of Congress (LC) in Washington, DC has copies of every book on the

bibliography. The LC catalog is accessible on-line (http://catalog.loc.gov/). You may browse the

catalog by subject, author, title, or call number. Once a book title is brought to the screen, click

on "full record" to get a complete bibliographic citation. 

The bibliography's twentieth-century articles are generally located in scholarly journals

held in academic libraries and the Library of Congress. Public library reference librarians can

often obtain copies of journal articles for a small fee. Check your local library for details. 

Nineteenth-century articles may be found in a variety of sources, including scholarly journals and

social commentary magazines. Ask a reference librarian to help you locate obscure titles.

Copies of government documents are held in federal depository libraries. Almost every

U.S. congressional district or territory has at least one federal depository library located within its

borders. A complete listing of federal depository libraries is available on-line

(http://www.gpoaccess.gov/libraries.html). If possible, go to the federal depository library in

person and provide the reference librarian with the document and Congress numbers included in

the bibliography's citation. Copies of recent documents may be purchased, or available at no

cost, from the Government Printing Office (GPO). Check the GPO Access catalog for holdings

(http://www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html). Original congressional documents are located at the

National Archives and Records Administration in Washington, DC (http://www.archives.gov). 

Questions regarding the locations of sources may be addressed to:

historian@sec.senate.gov.