COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judge O’Brien and Senior Judge Haley

Argued at Richmond, Virginia

ANTHONY PATRICK WASHINGTON

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 1256-21-2 CHIEF JUDGE MARLA GRAFF DECKER

OCTOBER 18, 2022

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF FREDERICKSBURG

Gordon F. Willis, Judge

James Joseph Ilijevich for appellant.

Virginia B. Theisen, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. 

Miyares, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Anthony Patrick Washington appeals his convictions for aggravated malicious wounding 

and the use of a firearm in the commission of a felony, in violation of Code §§ 18.2-51.2 and -53.1. 

The appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to sustain his convictions because he acted 

in self-defense. Alternatively, he contends that he shot the victim in the heat of passion and 

therefore without malice. For the following reasons, we affirm the convictions.

I. BACKGROUND1

In the summer of 2020, Deedra Cook stayed at a hotel in Fredericksburg for several weeks 

while working in the area. On the evening of June 30, 2020, Cook spent time in the hotel parking 

lot removing some stickers from her son Cody’s car. The parking lot is directly accessible from 

each hotel room. 

1

In accordance with familiar principles of appellate review, we view the facts in the light 

most favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial. See, e.g., Caison v. 

Commonwealth, 52 Va. App. 423, 440 (2008).

PUBLISHED
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As Cook worked in the parking lot with Cody, the appellant and Robert Lynn returned from 

a trip to the store. After parking, the appellant approached Cody’s car, insulted Cook, and told her 

she did not have to conceal her gun. Cook “guess[ed]” the appellant had previously seen her with a 

gun concealed under her clothes, but she did not have a gun with her that day. During the heated 

discussion about gun laws that followed, both the appellant and Cook claimed to own multiple 

firearms and were “yelling and screaming” at each other. Cook walked from the driver’s side 

around the car to where the appellant was standing, pointed at him, and repeatedly told him to leave. 

Cody was standing by his car during the incident. The appellant was taller than Cook and stood 

close to her, almost “towering over” her. As both parties yelled, Cook’s other son, Tyler, came 

outside and “tr[ied] to figure out what was going on.” 

Cook then called the appellant a racial epithet. The appellant dropped a folder he had been 

holding, backed up, and removed a gun from a holster on his hip. He pointed the gun toward

Cook’s head, and she turned slightly away. The appellant then lowered the gun as he moved toward 

her from behind. Cook heard her sons tell the appellant that he did not “have to do this.” 

Nevertheless, while standing close behind Cook, the appellant fired the gun and shot Cook in the

ankle. As Cook staggered forward and collapsed onto the sidewalk, the appellant walked away. 

The hotel surveillance camera recorded a video of the altercation without sound. 

The Commonwealth charged the appellant with aggravated malicious wounding and use of 

a firearm in the commission of a felony. He was tried by a judge sitting without a jury. 

The appellant testified in his defense. He said that when he saw Cook earlier that day, they

discussed gun laws and she told him he needed a permit to carry a gun. He contended that at that 

time she “patt[ed]” her pocket like she had a concealed weapon. The appellant testified that he later

decided to “inform” her about the laws in Virginia. In the parking lot, he told her, “Sweetheart, you 

know, in Virginia, you don’t need a permit to open-carry.” At that point, Cook “went off,” cursing 
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at him. According to the appellant, during the confrontation, Cook patted her pocket again and 

“said take your [B]lack ass inside and shoot some dope.” The appellant testified that, in response,

he called her a “bitch” and “walk[ed] away from her,” but he stopped when Cook came around the 

car and demanded “what the fuck did you just say to me.” The appellant said that Cook called him 

a racial epithet and stated that she had “something for [his] [B]lack ass.” 

While on the witness stand, the appellant explained that he felt “[t]hreatened” by Cook and 

her sons, who, according to him, were “converging” on him, so he drew his gun with the intent “to 

fire a warning shot.” The incident seemed “very quick,” and he represented that he “didn’t think”

because he “was just reacting.” He contended that he did not “know what was going to happen” 

when he unholstered his gun. 

In addition to Cook and the appellant, several witnesses testified at trial. Witnesses to the 

altercation included Cook’s two sons, as well as Robert Lynn and Carolyn Woolfolk.2 The 

eyewitnesses largely agreed on the course of events, but they contradicted each other on some of the 

details. 

At the close of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief and again after the close of the case, the 

appellant made motions to strike the evidence. The trial court denied both motions. In closing 

argument, the appellant contended that he acted in self-defense, did not intend to shoot Cook, and 

was not pointing the gun at her. Alternatively, he asserted there was reasonable provocation 

because Cook called him “the most vile thing that she could have called him” and “spit in his face.” 

The appellant argued that he shot Cook out of “a heat of passion, . . . hot blood, rage, and fear.” 

After argument by counsel, the court, as trier of fact assessing the evidence, found that the

appellant and Cook “both . . . used . . . terrible and ugly words that included slurs that were meant to 

2 Fredericksburg Police Officer Aric Rusk and Detective Alexandra Tittle also testified. 

They both relayed the statements the appellant gave after shooting Cook. The appellant’s earlier 

account was consistent with his testimony at trial. 
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be offensive, demeaning, [and] to marginalize the other.” The court observed that the appellant 

“chose not to back down” even though he could have walked away without “turn[ing] [his] back” to 

Cook. After considering the “credible evidence,” including the hotel surveillance that captured the 

entire confrontation through a silent video, the court convicted the appellant of aggravated malicious 

wounding and the use of a firearm in the commission of a felony. 

The appellant made a motion to set aside the verdict, arguing the Commonwealth failed to 

prove malice because Cook’s insulting language constituted reasonable provocation and he acted in 

the heat of passion. The court denied the motion and sentenced the appellant to twenty-three years

in prison, with thirteen years suspended. 

II. ANALYSIS

The appellant argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his convictions. He 

suggests that he established that he acted in self-defense or, alternatively, in the heat of passion, 

either of which would negate the crimes. 

“When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘[t]he judgment of the trial court is 

presumed correct and will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support 

it.’” McGowan v. Commonwealth, 72 Va. App. 513, 521 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting 

Smith v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 450, 460 (2018)). “In such cases, ‘[t]he Court does not ask itself 

whether it believes that the evidence at the trial established guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Id.

(alteration in original) (quoting Secret v. Commonwealth, 296 Va. 204, 228 (2018)). Instead, “the 

relevant question is whether ‘any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the 

crime beyond a reasonable doubt.’” Vasquez v. Commonwealth, 291 Va. 232, 248 (2016) (quoting 

Williams v. Commonwealth, 278 Va. 190, 193 (2009)). “If there is evidentiary support for the 

conviction, ‘the reviewing court is not permitted to substitute its own judgment, even if its opinion 
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might differ from the conclusions reached by the finder of fact at the trial.’”3 McGowan, 72 

Va. App. at 521 (quoting Chavez v. Commonwealth, 69 Va. App. 149, 161 (2018)). “These 

principles apply ‘with equal force’ to bench trials no differently than to jury trials.” Commonwealth 

v. Moseley, 293 Va. 455, 463 (2017) (quoting Vasquez, 291 Va. at 249).

In conducting our review, this Court likewise gives deference to the fact finder’s assessment 

of witness credibility. Determining “the ‘credibility of the witnesses and the weight of the 

evidence’ are tasks left ‘solely [to] the trier of fact’ unless those determinations are ‘plainly wrong 

or without evidence to support [them].’” Nelson v. Commonwealth, 73 Va. App. 617, 622 (2021)

(alterations in original) (quoting Wactor v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 375, 380 (2002)). This is 

so because the fact finder “has the unique opportunity to observe the demeanor of the witnesses as 

they testify.” Dalton v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 512, 525 (2015) (quoting Lea v. 

Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 300, 304 (1993)). The trier of fact is “free to believe or disbelieve, in 

part or in whole, the testimony of any witness.” Bazemore v. Commonwealth, 42 Va. App. 203, 213 

(2004) (en banc); see Rollston v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 535, 547 (1991). Similarly, “[i]n its 

role of judging witness credibility, the fact finder is entitled to disbelieve the self-serving testimony 

of the accused and to conclude that the accused is lying to conceal his guilt.” Flanagan v. 

Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 681, 702 (2011) (quoting Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 

505, 509-10 (1998)). 

It is under this well-established standard of review that we consider the appellant’s 

challenges to his convictions. He raises two distinct contentions. First, the appellant argues that the 

trial court erred by not finding that he acted in self-defense. Second, he sets forth the alternative 

3 We give the same deference to the trial court’s interpretation of the video evidence. See

Meade v. Commonwealth, 74 Va. App. 796, 806 (2022). “Such deference stems not from the 

trial court being in a superior position to view the video evidence but from the difference in our 

respective roles.” Id.
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theory that the court erroneously rejected his claim that he acted in the heat of passion rather than 

with malice. 

A. Self-Defense

The appellant argues that the trial court should have concluded that he acted in self-defense. 

He suggests that his “actions were not excessive in terms of the perceived threat of three adults, 

spewing racial epithets, coming toward him to do him harm, possibly with a firearm.”

4

 

The law in this area is clear. A defendant bears the burden of introducing evidence 

supporting the affirmative defense of self-defense. Jones v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 70, 86 

(2019). To meet this burden, the defendant at trial must “prove[] circumstances” of self-defense 

sufficient to “create a reasonable doubt” of his guilt. Smith v. Commonwealth, 17 Va. App. 68, 71 

(1993). “Whether an accused” meets this threshold “is a question of fact.” Id.

“In order to establish self-defense, a defendant must show that he . . . ‘reasonably believed 

that [he] was in danger of serious bodily harm or death.’” Jones, 71 Va. App. at 86 (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Sands, 262 Va. 724, 730 (2001)). In addition, he must demonstrate “‘that he was 

in imminent danger of harm’ by showing ‘an overt act or other circumstance’” that constitutes “‘an 

immediate threat to safety.’” Id. (quoting Carter v. Commonwealth, 293 Va. 537, 544 (2017)).

“Virginia law recognizes two forms of self-defense to criminal acts of violence: self-defense 

without fault,” referred to as justifiable self-defense, and “self-defense with fault,” known as 

excusable self-defense. Bell v. Commonwealth, 66 Va. App. 479, 487 (2016). The first type occurs 

when the accused is “without any fault on his part in provoking or bringing on the difficulty.” Avent

4

In support of his theory, the appellant emphasizes his testimony and that of his witnesses, 

contrary to the applicable standard of review. For example, his characterization of the record as 

showing that Cody and Tyler were converging on him is belied by the video. The recording, which 

was in evidence, shows that as the appellant and Cook argued at the side of the car, Cody and Tyler 

stood at the front of the car. Cook’s sons did not “move[] close” until the appellant unholstered his 

firearm. 
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v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 175, 199 (2010) (quoting Yarborough v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 971,

975 (1977)). In contrast, the second type of self-defense occurs when the accused is at “some fault 

in the first instance in provoking or bringing on the difficulty” but, when attacked, he “retreats as far 

as possible, announces his desire for peace,” and acts “from a reasonably apparent necessity to 

preserve his own life or save himself from great bodily harm.” Bell, 66 Va. App. at 487 (quoting 

Bailey v. Commonwealth, 200 Va. 92, 96 (1958)). 

In this case, when the appellant returned to the parking lot, Cook was attending to her son’s 

car. The appellant approached Cook and yelled at her, calling her an “ignorant [W]hite cunt bitch.” 

As the two exchanged heated insults, the appellant became “louder and more aggressive.” 

Ultimately, during the verbal dispute, the appellant removed his firearm from its holster and shot the 

unarmed victim while standing behind her. This record supports the trial court’s conclusion that the 

appellant “was not ‘without any fault on his part in provoking or bringing on the difficulty’” and 

cannot rely on justifiable self-defense. See Avent, 279 Va. at 199 (quoting Yarborough, 217 Va. at 

975). 

Further, the record supports the trial court’s finding that the appellant did not retreat, despite 

several opportunities during the confrontation to do so safely. Instead, the appellant escalated the 

situation drastically during the heated verbal exchange by unholstering his gun, pointing it at 

Cook’s head, and then ultimately shooting her in the ankle. Consequently, the trial court was not 

plainly wrong in rejecting the theory of excusable self-defense. See Jones, 71 Va. App. at 95 

(holding that the evidence did not support an excusable self-defense instruction in part because the 

defendant failed to retreat). 

The evidence, when viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, demonstrates 

that the appellant participated in instigating the altercation and did not withdraw despite an ability to 
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do so. Accordingly, the trial court did not err by finding that the appellant did not act in either form 

of self-defense when he shot Cook.

B. Heat of Passion

The appellant argues that there was overwhelming evidence that he acted in the heat of 

passion due to Cook’s behavior and use of certain racist language. Specifically, he contends that 

Cook’s use of the N-word5 directed at him, triggered a “visceral reaction.” The appellant suggests 

that this “racial epithet, as a matter of law, was likely to create fear or anger which could incite 

violence.’” He argues that Cook’s “overt racism” created “a mental state that negates malice.” 

Whether violence was completed in the heat of passion and due to a reasonable provocation 

is generally a question for the fact finder. See Avent, 279 Va. at 201; Dandridge v. Commonwealth, 

72 Va. App. 669, 682 (2021). Heat of passion is a defense based on a defendant’s lack of malice. 

Rhodes v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 195, 200 (2003). It “refers to the furor brevis which renders 

a [person] deaf to the voice of reason.” Id. (quoting Caudill v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 81, 85 

(1998)). “[W]hen provocation reasonably produces fear” or anger, causing “one to act on impulse 

without conscious reflection,” no malice exists. Id. (quoting Graham v. Commonwealth, 31 

Va. App. 662, 671 (2000)). In other words, heat of passion and malice are mutually exclusive. 

In contrast to heat of passion, “[m]alice inheres in the ‘doing of a wrongful act intentionally, 

or without just cause or excuse, or as a result of ill will.’” Tizon v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 1, 

11 (2012) (quoting Dawkins v. Commonwealth, 186 Va. 55, 61 (1947)). However, “[w]ords alone, 

no matter how insulting, are never sufficient to constitute heat of passion” so as to negate the 

presence of malice. See Palmer v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 225, 237 (2019) (alteration in 

original) (quoting Rhodes, 41 Va. App. at 201); accord Smith, 296 Va. at 461. See generally 2 Jens 

5 There is no dispute that Cook called the appellant the actual racial epithet associated 

with the N-word, but that word will not be used in this Court’s opinion given its nature in 

context. See N-word, Oxford English Dictionary (3d ed. 2004). 
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David Ohlin, Wharton’s Criminal Law § 22:6 (16th ed. 2021) (noting that despite the common 

law rule that insulting “words or gestures . . . do not constitute adequate provocation,” they may 

be “considered” “when accompanied by other conduct”). This long-established legal principle has 

roots in the common law. See McCoy v. Commonwealth, 133 Va. 731, 739 (1922) (citing Read’s 

Case, 63 Va. (22 Gratt.) 924, 938 (1872)). And, we are bound by this principle and its application.6 

See Vay v. Commonwealth, 67 Va. App. 236, 258 n.6 (2017) (recognizing that this Court is bound 

by its own precedent as well as that of the Supreme Court of Virginia).

The trial court acknowledged that Cook used “terrible and ugly words that included slurs 

that were meant to be offensive, demeaning, [and] to marginalize” the appellant. Nonetheless, it 

declined to “grade” the incendiary insults the appellant and the victim exchanged. Clearly, this 

Court recognizes that “[g]iven American history, . . . the [N-word] . . . can have a highly disturbing 

impact on the listener.” See Hrobowski v. Worthington Steel Co., 358 F.3d 473, 477 (7th Cir. 2004) 

(citing Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 355 (2003)). This word is “loaded with a legacy of . . . 

racial hatred.” United States v. Bartow, 997 F.3d 203, 209 (4th Cir. 2021). We agree with the trial 

court’s characterizations of the racist language and its utterly devastating impact on individuals and 

society. Even so, binding precedent is clear that words by themselves do not constitute provocation 

sufficient to support the heat of passion defense.7 See Palmer, 71 Va. App. at 237. 

6 The appellant argues that Code § 18.2-423, the statute prohibiting cross-burning, signals 

that the legislature has recognized that some speech is inherently likely to trigger violence. 

Unlike application of such a statute, in this case, we are not dealing with a statutory carve out for 

certain words. Further, we are not persuaded that the “fighting words” line of cases pertaining to 

free speech affects our review of the sufficiency of the evidence to prove malice in this case. 

7 To the extent that the appellant suggests that the victim’s behavior along with her words 

incited heat of passion, our analysis addresses that point. The trial court considered all the 

evidence, including Cook’s behavior, and found that the appellant acted with malice. The

competing evidence was before the trial court, which had the opportunity to listen to the 

testimony, observe the witnesses, watch the video, consider the arguments of counsel, and 

determine what happened. See Lockhart v. Commonwealth, 34 Va. App. 329, 343 (2001). 
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“Malice may be inferred ‘from the deliberate use of a deadly weapon unless, from all the 

evidence,’ there is reasonable doubt as to whether malice existed.” Avent, 279 Va. at 201-02 

(quoting Smith v. Commonwealth, 239 Va. 243, 263 (1990)). The trial court found beyond a 

reasonable doubt that the appellant acted with malice. That factual determination is supported by 

the record and included consideration of the use of the racial epithets. The appellant approached 

Cook and called her an “ignorant [W]hite cunt bitch.” As the two engaged in a heated argument

and said patently offensive things to one another, the appellant went over to her, dropped his folder,

and drew his firearm. The appellant first pointed it toward Cook’s head and then lowered it as he 

walked up behind her. He did all of this within moments of shooting her. The appellant’s clearly 

intentional acts support the finding that he acted deliberately rather than impulsively in the heat of 

passion. See Williams v. Commonwealth, 64 Va. App. 240, 253 (2015). This conclusion is further 

supported by the fact that immediately after the shooting, the appellant “calmly walked away.” See 

generally Simon v. Commonwealth, 58 Va. App. 194, 206 (2011) (“The statements and conduct of 

an accused after the events that constitute the charged crime may also be relevant circumstantial 

evidence of intent.”). In these circumstances, the appellant’s intentional use of a deadly weapon 

supports an inference that he acted with malice. The trial court’s finding that the appellant acted 

deliberately and intentionally in response to Cook’s use of racial slurs against him and that he was 

not under the influence of a passion that rendered him “deaf to the voice of reason” is supported by 

the record.

III. CONCLUSION

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the record does not 

support the appellant’s claim that he acted in self-defense. In addition, the evidence was sufficient 

to prove that the appellant acted with malice and not in the heat of passion upon a reasonable 
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provocation. Accordingly, we affirm the convictions for aggravated malicious wounding and the 

related firearm offense.

Affirmed.