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28 U.S.C. § 994(o) requires the Commission to “periodically . . . review and revise . . .

the guidelines.”

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

GAINESVILLE DIVISION

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

v. CASE NO. 1:03-cr-00056-MP-AK

ROBERT JAMES STEWART, JR,

Defendant.

___________________________/

O R D E R 

This matter is before the Court on Doc. 459 (as amended by doc. 461), a motion under 18

U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) and Amendments 706 and 711 to the United States Sentencing Guidelines

(“Guidelines”) for the Court to reduce the term of imprisonment originally imposed on

Defendant. The government did not respond. For the reasons which follow, the motion is

denied.

Statutory Background

Under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c), a sentencing Court may reduce an already-imposed sentence

based on an amendment to the Sentencing Guidelines in certain situations. Specifically, §

3582(c) provides:

In the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of imprisonment

based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by the

Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 994(o),1

 upon motion of the

defendant, the director of the Bureau of Prisons, or on its own motion, the court

may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in

section 3553(a) to the extent they are applicable, if such a reduction is consistent

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2

Amendment 711 amended how cocaine base and multiple other drugs were to be

converted to their marijuana equivalent - See Supplement to Appendix C (November 1, 2004,

through November 1, 2007) - Amendment 711. Amendment 706 had directed to first find the

base offense level for the other controlled substance involved, then use the table to determine the

cocaine base marijuana equivalent. Amendment 711 reversed amendment 706 on this point and

said to first find the offense level for the cocaine base involved and convert the cocaine base to

its marijuana equivalency. Then, the Court would add in the other controlled substances once

they were converted to their marijuana equivalency. 

Case No: 1:03-cr-00056-MP-AK

with applicable policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission. 

Effective November 1, 2007, the United States Sentencing Commission amended Section

2D1.1, which sets out the Base Offense Levels to be applied to drug offenses. Basically, by

readjusting the minimum amount of crack cocaine required to trigger each Base Offense Level,

the Commission effectively reduced by two levels all Base Offense Levels for crack cocaine

offenses. For example before the Amendment, a person who was responsible for 2 KG of crack

cocaine would trigger the highest Base Offense (Level 38, whose cut off was 1.5 KG). Now, the

cut-off for Level 38 is 4.5 KG, and the same defendant would fall into Level 36, which runs from

1.5 KG to 4.5 KG. This amendment was for a while called Amendment Nine of 2007, but

eventually was incorporated as Amendment 706 in the Supplement to Appendix C. Amendment

706 was further amended, in part, by Amendment 711.2

 

With effective dates of November 1, 2007, it was clear that these Amendments would

apply to those sentenced after that time. However, the question immediately arose whether these

Amendments should be applied retroactively to sentences imposed before November 1, 2007. 

Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c), such retroactive application is only proper if (1) the defendant’s

sentencing range has subsequently been lowered by the Sentencing Commission; (2) the

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Case No: 1:03-cr-00056-MP-AK

reduction is consistent with the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent they are

applicable; and (3) such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the

Sentencing Commission. 

With regard to the last question - whether retroactive application of an amendment to the

Guidelines is consistent with applicable policy statements - the Commission makes its policy

statements regarding retroactivity of amendments by periodically amending Guidelines §

1B1.10. That section contains the Commission’s policy statement on retroactivity and, in §

1B1.10(c), the Commission expressly lists the Amendments that it intends to have retroactive

effect. After a hearing cycle, the Commission eventually decided that Amendments 706 and 711

should be applied retroactively and thus amended the policy statement at § 1B1.10 to list

Amendments 706 and 711. This Amendment to § 1B1.10 had an effective date of March 3,

2008. The effect of all this was that the Commission had thus voted to give retroactive effect, as

of March 3, 2008, to Amendments 706 and 711. 

Applying the Retroactivity Provisions in § 1B1.10 in General

In addition to adding Amendments 706 and 711 to the list of retroactively effective

amendments, the amended § 1B1.10 contains some exclusions and limitations. First, § 1B1.10

provides:

(2) Exclusions.—A reduction in the defendant’s term of imprisonment is not consistent

with this policy statement and therefore is not authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2)

if— 

(A) none of the amendments listed in subsection (c) is applicable to the

defendant; or 

(B) an amendment listed in subsection (c) does not have the effect of lowering the

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Case No: 1:03-cr-00056-MP-AK

defendant’s applicable guideline range. 

In the Application Notes, the Commission gives this explanation:

Eligibility.—Eligibility for consideration under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c)(2) is

triggered only by an amendment listed in subsection (c) that lowers the applicable

guideline range. Accordingly, a reduction in the defendant’s term of

imprisonment is not authorized under 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) and is not consistent

with this policy statement if: (A) none of the amendments listed in subsection (c)

is applicable to the defendant; or (B) an amendment listed in subsection (c) is

applicable to the defendant but the amendment does not have the effect of

lowering the defendant’s applicable guideline range because of the operation of

another guideline or statutory provision (e.g., a statutory mandatory minimum

term of imprisonment).

Additionally, § 1B1.10 allows the Court, but does not require the Court, to depart below the

minimum of the amended guidelines range in cases where the original sentence was below the

Guidelines range:

Exception.—If the original term of imprisonment imposed was less than the term

of imprisonment provided by the guideline range applicable to the defendant at

the time of sentencing, a reduction comparably less than the amended guideline

range determined under subdivision (1) may be appropriate. However, if the

original term of imprisonment constituted a non-guideline sentence determined

pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220

(2005), a further reduction generally would not be appropriate.

Guidelines § 1B1.10(b)(2)(B). This provision applies most often to cases in which a substantial

assistance motion under Guidelines § 5K1.1 or 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e) or Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b) (or

all three) is or are filed by the Government. In such cases, the Court can, but is not required to,

reduce the sentence to represent a similar percentage reduction when compared to the amended

Guidelines range. As the Application Notes to Guidelines § 1B1.10 state:

If the original term of imprisonment imposed was less than the term of

imprisonment provided by the guideline range applicable to the defendant at the

time of sentencing, a reduction comparably less than the amended guideline

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range determined under subsection (b)(1) may be appropriate. For example, in a

case in which: (1) the guideline range applicable to the defendant at the time of

sentencing was 70 to 87 months; (2) the defendant’s original term of

imprisonment imposed was 56 months (representing a downward departure of 20

percent below the minimum term of imprisonment provided by the guideline

range applicable to the defendant at the time of sentencing); and (3) the amended

guideline range determined under subsection (b)(1) is 57 to 71 months, a

reduction to a term of imprisonment of 46 months (representing a reduction of

approximately 20 percent below the minimum term of imprisonment provided by

the amended guideline range determined under subsection (b)(1)) would amount

to a comparable reduction and may be appropriate.

The Court notes, however, that when the undersigned considers whether to impose a sentence

below a statutory minimum (under 18 U.S.C. § 3553(e)), to depart downward from the

Guidelines (pursuant to § 5K1.1), or to reduce a sentence under Fed. R. Crim. P. 35(b), the Court

expressly considers the factors listed in 18 U.S.C. § 3553 to craft a sentence that is appropriate

under the totality of the circumstances. Accordingly, it is likely that an Amendment to the

Guidelines, from which the Court in such cases has already been freed, would not affect the

Court’s determination of the appropriate sentence in cases where a previous downward departure

or reduction has been granted.

Also, by its language, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) applies only to “a term of imprisonment based

on a sentencing range.” Thus as Application Note 4 states, “Only a term of imprisonment

imposed as part of the original sentence is authorized to be reduced under this section. This

section does not authorize a reduction in the term of imprisonment imposed upon revocation of

supervised release.”

Finally, and most importantly, 18 U.S.C. § 3582(c) and § 1B1.10 make clear that the

question of whether “a reduction in the term of imprisonment may be appropriate for previously

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sentenced, qualified defendants” remains squarely within “the sound discretion of the court.” 

See Background to § 1B1.10, which states:

The listing of an amendment in subsection (c) reflects policy determinations by

the Commission that a reduced guideline range is sufficient to achieve the

purposes of sentencing and that, in the sound discretion of the court, a reduction

in the term of imprisonment may be appropriate for previously sentenced,

qualified defendants. The authorization of such a discretionary reduction does not

otherwise affect the lawfulness of a previously imposed sentence, does not

authorize a reduction in any other component of the sentence, and does not entitle

a defendant to a reduced term of imprisonment as a matter of right.

Application to the Instant Case

 With these principles in mind, we turn to the instant case. Here, the defendant is

currently serving a sentence of 120 months, which is below the Guidelines range of 262-327

months for his base offense level of 38. Under the Amended Guidelines, his range is still 262-

327, because the quantity of drugs attributed to him is greater than 4.5 kilograms. Because the

amendment does not lower the guideline range applicable to this defendant, § 1B1.10(a)(1) does

not permit the Court to reduce the original sentence. 

Accordingly it is hereby

ORDERED AND ADJUDGED:

1. The motions at doc. 459 and 461 are denied.

DONE AND ORDERED this 7th day of August, 2008

 s/Maurice M. Paul 

 Maurice M. Paul, Senior District Judge

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