United States

Department of

Agriculture Hurricane Hugo

Forest Service

cl@s II*wua

Effects on South Carolina’s

Forest Resource

Southeastern Forest

Experiment Station

Research Paper

SE-284

Raymond M. Sheffield and Michael T. Thompson
June 1992

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station

P.O. Box 2680

Asheville, North Carolina 28802
Hurricane Hugo

Effects on South Carolina’s

Forest Resource

Raymond M. Sheffield, Resource Analyst

and

Michael T. Thompson, Forester

Forest Inventory and Analysis

Asheville, North Carolina

Contents

Page

Introduction ................ 1

Methods .................. 1

Sampling Procedures ........... 1

Data Limitations ............. 2

Classification of Live-Tree Damages ..... 3

Affected Area and Volume ......... 3

More Than 4.5 Million Acres Damaged .... 3

Softwood Inventory Reduced by 21 Percent . . 5

Further Softwood Mortality Losses Likely . . 8

Softwood Damage Summary ........ 9

Hardwood Inventory Reduced by 6 Percent . . 10

Very Heavy Hardwood Damage ....... 1 2

Hardwood Damage Summary ........ 1 4

Stand Condition Assessment ........ 1 4

Regeneration Needs Soar .......... 15

Future Timber Supplies Altered ....... 1 7

Literature Cited .............. 2 0

Appendix A: Data-Collection Procedures . 21

Appendix B: Procedures and Criteria for

Assigning Trees With Hurricane Damage

into Damage Risk Categories ...... 2 5

Appendix C: Detailed Tables ....... 3 5

iii

Introduction Met hods

On September 21, 1989, Hurricane Hugo struck the

coast of South Carolina near Charleston with sustained

winds of 135 miles per hour. The storm moved

northwest toward Rock Hill and exited the State with

winds still at or near hurricane strength. Hugo has

since been widely acknowledged as the greatest single

forest disaster in the State’s history.

Aerial and ground surveys conducted by the South

Carolina Forestry Commission identified 23 counties

with substantial forest damage. Damage estimates

from this aerial survey guided the salvage of damaged

timber, the establishment of fire control measures,

and initial planning for reforestation. It was evident,

however, that more comprehensive and objective data

on the damage to the forest resource were needed to

assess changes in wood supply, plan for necessary wood

procurement shifts, and to guide long-term forest

resource programs.

The Forestry Commission requested that the Forest

Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Research Work Unit at

the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station conduct

a special inventory of the forest resource in the

damaged area. The previous full-scale inventory of

South Carolina was completed in 1986 (Tansey and

Hutchins 1988). During the fall of 1989 and early 1990,

objectives were established, field procedures developed,

funds secured, and field crews assembled. The

objectives of the inventory were to: (1) determine the

volume of hurricane-related mortality and damage, (2)

assess damage to merchantable and submerchantable

pine plantations, and (3) quantify needed stand

treatments resulting from the storm.

This report presents results, our interpretations, and

documents the procedures used in the collection and

analysis of the data.

Sampling Procedures

The sample plots used in the Hugo inventory included

2,530 permanent plots established in the 23 counties

during the sixth survey of South Carolina in 1986

(fig. 1). FIA sample plots are based upon a lo-point

cluster design. In most cases, five points are installed

in a single forest condition using a basal area factor

of 37.5 square feet per acre to sample trees 5.0 inches

d.b.h. and larger. Trees less than 5.0 inches d.b.h. are

tallied on l/300-acre fixed plots at each of the point

centers. More detailed information about standard FIA

field sampling procedures is available (Tansey and

Hutchins 1988; USDA Forest Service 1991). Between

February 1990 and June 1990, each of the 2,530 ground

samples was relocated and assessed for hurricane- and

nonhurricane-related changes since 1986.

In accordance with the objectives, sampling procedures

differed for natural and planted stands. In natural

stands, field crews accounted for each tree that was

3.0 inches d.b.h. and larger in 1986. This procedure

provided assurance that any tree that had grown large

enough to have merchantable volume (5.0 inches d.b.h.

and larger) would be evaluated. Each tree was assigned

to one of six categories: (1) live, without hurricane

damage; (2) live, with hurricane damage; (3) dead,

hurricane related; (4) dead, not hurricane related; (5)

cut, not associated with the salvage of damaged stands;

or (6) cut, associated with hurricane salvage or cleanup

operation, regardless of whether the tree was utilized

for a product. Live trees with hurricane damage were

assessed for volume loss, percentage of crown missing,

lean and bend, root damage, degree of damage to the

tree bole, and salt burn. Data-collection procedures are

documented in more detail in appendix A.

In planted stands, data-collection procedures differed

from those in natural stands in two respects: (1) field

crews accounted for all trees that were l.O-inch d.b.h.

and larger in 1986; and (2) planted pine trees that had

grown from less than 1.0 inch d.b.h. to greater than

1.0 inch and free-to-grow pine seedlings were tallied on

l/300-acre fixed plots around each of the point centers.

These data were necessary to assess current stocking

and damage levels in young plantations.
1 . . -._.. .‘f . . . . 1’.

Figure l-Distribution of 2,530 timberland sample locations

that were remeasured and evaluated for hurricane damage.

The collection of updated stand descriptive information

was minimized. Items such as ownership, stand size,

forest type, and stand age were not updated or

reclassified. The use of these stand descriptors in

this report reflects classifications made in the sixth

inventory in 1986. Current stand origin (planted or

natural) was noted. Field crews also recorded the

treatments and/or disturbances, including hurricane

damage, that had occurred in each stand since 1986.

Finally, crews assessed treatment opportunities at each

plot-salvage cuts, regeneration, thinning, etc.-along

with the potential for natural pine regeneration,

Data Limitations

Since procedures were designed to provide data

focused on hurricane damage, many estimates and

classifications were carried forward from the 1986

inventory. Estimates of timberland area were not

updated for this inventory; thus, no change in

timberland area is factored into the volume change

estimates. Forest type, ownership, stand size, and age

were not reestimated. The reader should be aware

that tables displaying these stand and area descriptors

may differ somewhat from true conditions in 1990.

For example, major land transactions since 1986 that

would affect the acreage by ownership are not reflected

in tables or illustrations in this report. All displays of

age class or stand type portray 1986 conditions prior
to any cutting, treatment, or hurricane disturbance.

An exception was made when planting was noted on a

plot. Then, the broad stand type was changed to pine

plantation and a zero (0) age class was assigned.

A complete assessment of current stocking and

hurricane damage in very young natural stands was

hampered because no trees less than 3.0 inches d.b.h.

were measured or sampled there in 1990. Field crews

did assess treatment opportunities in these stands,

reflecting the degree of damage inflicted.

Finally, the Hurricane Hugo inventory is limited to

providing updated volume statistics for the 23 counties

identified as sustaining significant damage. Volume

estimates for the entire State cannot be estimated

directly from these data.

Classification of Live-Tree Damages

The inventory procedures were designed to estimate

inventory change in the selected counties and to

meaningfully describe damage to the existing inventory.

The new inventory includes all merchantable trees that

were alive at the time field crews visited each ground

location. All types of significant damage to sample

trees were recorded to best describe the condition of

each tree. A logical classification system was needed

to accurately assess and illustrate the true extent of

damage, but no suitable one was known to exist. The

challenge was to place each tree into a meaningful

category that would provide a reasonable description of

damage severity and risk of dying in the near future.

Draft criteria were developed for different categories of

tree size, species group, and stand type to place each

tree in the appropriate class of damage. The criteria

were submitted to 20 individuals or organizations

for review. Review comments were received from

13 individuals or organizations, and final criteria

were developed. These criteria and a description of

evaluation methodology are in appendix B.

The damage/risk classes were designed to reflect the

likelihood of tree survival and present (or potential)

value degrade. The categories a.re:

Class l-High-risk tree with a high probability of dying

in the near future. Damage and value loss are severe

enough that this tree should not be retained in the

stand.

Class 2-Moderate-risk tree with elevated risk of

mortality; serious current or potential loss of value;

retention in the stand is questionable.

Class 3-Low-risk tree that has a high probability of

surviving, though not as high as an undamaged tree.

Damage and value degrade are minimal-these trees

should be retained in the stand in most management

scenarios.

Healthv-No obvious hurricane damage. A tree with

hidden or internal damage would be included here.

The damage/risk evaluation process placed trees into

discrete categories. We recognize that, in reality,

damaged trees belong on a continuum ranging from

“not damaged” to “nearly dead.” Our process was

uncomfortably subjective. We found only a limited

number of research studies for guidance (Barry and

others 1982; Brewer and Linnartz 1973). We defend

it primarily on the basis that it seems practical. We

hope that our detailed description of methods will

help in understa.nding Hugo damage and will lead to

improvements in damage estimation techniques in the

future.

Affected Area and Volume

This chapter summarizes our estimates of the amount

and location of timberland that was significantly

affected by Hurricane Hugo. It also provides estimates

of the losses of softwood and hardwood timber

volumes. Additional data on damage are in appendix

C.

More Than 4.5 Million Acres Damaged

The reinventory indicates that 4.5 million acres, or

two-thirds of the 6.5 million acres of timberland in the

23 counties, were damaged by Hurricane Hugo (app.

table C.21). About 37 percent of South Carolina’s

timberland sustained some storm damage.
Figure 2-A generalized distribution of timberland,

in South Carolina damaged by Hurricane Hugo.

Note: Not all stands in shaded areas’sustained damage,

and damage occurred in unshaded areas.

Timberland damage was most widespread near the

coast and on the northeast side of the hurricane’s

eye as it moved in a northwesterly direction. Figure

2 shows the generalized distribution and extent of

hurricane damage in South Carolina. One should not

conclude, however, that all stands in the area shown

as damaged sustained damage or that damage does

not exist in the unshaded areas. Representations of

damaged timberland were created by drawing Thiessen

polygons (Newton and Bower 1990) around each

ground location classed as having hurricane damage.

Adjacent polygons depicting damage were merged into

a single polygon by deleting interior polygon lines.

Undamaged timberland and nonforest plot locations are

portrayed as undamaged on the map. Therefore, the

higher incidence of nonforest land in the central portion

of the State lends an appearance of less damage there

than in the lower coastal plain or in the more heavily

forested areas to the north.

Hurricane Hugo damaged more than 90 percent of

the timberland in six counties-Berkeley, Clarendon,

Florence, Lee, Sumter, and Williamsburg. The

distribution of damage suggests that there probably

was damage in some counties not reinventoried, most

notably Colleton and Lexington Counties. The damage

in these counties was acknowledged prior to the field

work; they were omitted because of the limited extent

of damage and increased data-collection effort required.

4
Substantial hurricane damage was found in all stand

types and broad management types (app. table C.21).

Sixty-two percent of the pine plantation acreage was

affected, compared with 68 percent for natural pine and

oak-pine stands, and 64 percent for upland hardwood

stands. Lowland hardwood stands sustained the

highest incidence of damage-77 percent. Lowland

hardwood stands often contain large, shallow-rooted

trees with large crowns, factors associated with

increased susceptibility to wind damage (Barry and

others 1982; Hook and others 1991). Across all stand

types, the damage incidence rate averaged 76 percent

for stands classified as sawtimber size, 67 percent for

poletimber, and 59 percent for sapling-seedling.

Timberland in public ownership was the most severely

affected in terms of acres damaged-79 percent of

the acreage controlled by public agencies sustained

some hurricane damage (app. table C.21). One

factor contributing to the high incidence is the large

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

Billion cubic feet

concentration of National Forest in the most severely

affected area near the coast in Berkeley and Charleston

Counties. Another reason for the high rate of damage

on public land is that the older stands and larger trees

characteristic of public forests are more susceptible to

wind damage. Tall, large-diameter trees sustained more

damage than smaller trees. Forest industry land and

nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) land were both

equally affected by the hurricane; 68 percent of the

acreage in these two classes was affected.

Softwood Inventory Reduced by 21 Percent

Hurricane Hugo reduced the inventory of softwood

growing stock by 21 percent, from an estimated 4.8

billion cubic feet that existed prior to the storm to 3.8

billion cubic feet (fig. 3 and app. table C.l). Some 376

million cubic feet of Hugo-damaged softwoods were

salvaged, and 632 million cubic feet were killed but not

salvaged. The extent and nature of damages to trees

1986 Gross Regular Regular Pre-Hugo Hugo Hugo 1990

inventory growth cut mortality inventory salvage mortality inventory

Figure 3-Change in volume of softwood growing stock, by component of change.
that were not killed will be discussed later. Softwood

sawtimber volume declined from an estimated 19 billion

board feet to 14 billion board feet, a drop of more than

25 percent (app. table C.3).

Not all the volume classed as salvage was utilized for

wood products. Our total includes all damaged trees

that were cut after the hurricane. Some of these trees

were cut in cleanup operations in which the stems were

not utilized, and some were cut but not utilized during

salvage operations. The South Carolina Governor’s

Forest Disaster Salvage Council tracked actual salvage

volumes removed for product use and can provide final

statistics.

The pre-Hugo estimate of softwood inventory was

developed by adding estimates of gross growth (1

billion cubic feet) to the 4.8 billion cubic feet present

in 1986 and subtracting non-Hugo-related softwood

removals (900 million cubic feet) and mortality (100

million cubic feet). We are fairly certain that softwood

volume changed little from 1986 until Hugo struck, but

we acknowledge that errors are associated with the

computation. For instance, field crews encountered

some difficulty in determining whether a tree was cut

prior to the hurricane or whether it was removed

during a storm-related salvage operation. Also, some

growth occurred between the time Hugo struck and the

date of plot measurement the next spring; this volume

increment was assumed to be minimal. In establishing

the pre-Hugo inventory, all growth was assigned to

the period before the storm’s occurrence. To more

accurately describe storm impacts in the text, all losses

and changes are related to the pre-Hugo inventory

rather than the 1986 inventory. This rule is not strictly

adhered to in the appendix tables, but the values

reported and their bases for change are well defined in

the tables.

Declines in softwood inventory were recorded in all 23

counties, but declines were greatest in counties near

the coast and along the path of the hurricane’s eye

(fig. 4). More moderate losses occurred in counties

more distant from the path. Six counties-Berkeley

(49 percent), Charleston (47 percent), Clarendon (45

percent), Sumter (44 percent), Lancaster (35 percent),

and Lee (34 percent)-lost more than one-third of

their pre-Hugo softwood inventory. Berkeley and

Charleston Counties alone accounted for 43 percent of

the Hugo-related drop in softwood inventory.

Declines in softwood inventory varied considerably

among the major ownership categories (app. tables

C.7 and C.9). The most severe loss occurred on land

controlled by public agencies. Volume of softwood

growing stock fell 34 percent to 451 million cubic feet

on public land. Public land, which accounted for

only 14 percent of the pre-Hugo softwood inventory,

sustained 23 percent of the softwood volume loss.

More than one-third of the total softwood mortality

caused by the hurricane occurred on publicly owned

timberland-about 204 million cubic feet. The location

of National Forest land in the storm’s path and the

larger-than-average size of trees on this land explain

the heavy losses sustained there. The volume of

softwood growing stock dropped by only 12 percent

to 907 million cubic feet on timberland controlled

by forest industry. The percentage reduction was

smallest for this owner category. In this region a high

proportion of forest industry holdings are in young

pine plantations. Of the 1.6 million acres of forest

industry timberland, about a fourth was in planted

pine stands under 20 years old in 1986. The small

trees in the planted stands sustained considerably

less damage and mortality than larger trees in older

stands. Hugo-related salvage also was relatively small

on industry land. Forest industry land supplied only

11 percent of all Hugo-related softwood growing-stock

removals. Softwood inventory held by NIPF owners

was reduced by 21 percent from 3.1 to 2.4 billion cubic

feet.

6
Million cubic feet

tlal

300

0

Pre-Hugo

Post-Hugo

---u

w

Figure 4-Pre- and post-Hugo softwood growing-stock inventories, by county.
Billion cubic feet

2.5 -

m Pre-Hugo

EZB 1990 inventory

0

Loblolly

pine

Cypress Longleaf Shortleaf

pine pine

Figure 5-Pre- and post-Hugo softwood growing-stock inventories, by species.

No yellow pine species was especially resistant to

the hurricane’s winds (fig. 5 and app. tables C.17

and C.19). Loblolly pine inventory fell by 22 percent

in the wake of Hugo to 2.5 billion cubic feet. By far

the most abundant species in the region, loblolly pine

accounted for 72 percent of the decline in softwood

inventory. Volume of longleaf pine fell by 25 percent to

303 million cubic feet. Slash and pond pine volumes

declined by 27 and 29 percent to 146 and 180 million

cubic feet, respectively. Shortleaf pine experienced a

smaller decline of 13 percent to 205 million cubic feet.

However, shortleaf occurrence is concentrated in the

areas away from the coast.

Cypress survived the hurricane surprisingly well. The

inventory of cypress fell by only 3 percent to 355

million cubic feet. Putz and Sharitz (1991) also found

that cypress was able to withstand the hurricane’s

winds better than most species in the Congaree

Swamp.

Softwood volume declined across the entire range of

diameter classes (fig. 6 and app. tables C.13 and

C.15). Volume declined by 8 percent in the 6-inch

class, by 11 percent in the 8-inch class, and by 16

percent in the lo-inch class. Reductions ranging from

22 to 32 percent were recorded in the larger diameter

classes. The high losses in the larger size classes show

that large pines were particularly susceptible to bole

breakage, windthrow, and subsequent mortality.

Further Softwood Mortality Losses Likely

Observations of damaged trees not killed by the storm

suggest that substantial additional softwood mortality

is likely in the next few years. Of the 3.8 billion cubic

feet of softwood growing stock classified as live timber

(post-Hugo inventory), 29 percent, or nearly 1.1 billion

cubic feet, was damaged to some extent (app. table

C.5). Almost half of this damaged volume was in the

lowest risk category-class 3. However, nearly 0.6

billion cubic feet was in trees classed as moderate or

high risk. No attempt will be made here to estimate

the additional mortality that is likely to occur. The

rate of loss will depend on factors such as weather,

insects, disease, and further salvage efforts. However,

the potential for additional mortality of several

hundred thousand cubic feet is present.

As with mortality, damage to live trees was greatest

on public forests (app. tables C.ll and C.12). More

than 36 percent of the 1990 softwood inventory on

a
Million cubic feet

800

600

400

200

0 I

6

I

8 1 4 1 6 1 8 20+

IDiameter (d.b.h.1 class

m Pre-Hugo EZEB 1990 inventory

Figure ~--PIT- and post-Hugo softwood growing-stock inventories,

by diameter class.

public land was damaged to some degree with severe

and moderate damage (classes 1 and 2) present on 22

percent of the post-Hugo softwood inventory. About

36 percent of the post-Hugo softwood inventory on

forest industry forests was damaged, but 19 percent

was in the class 3 or low-risk group. Some 26 percent

of the post-Hugo softwood volume on NIPF land was

Softwood Damage Summary

Damage to softwood growing-stock (using the pre-Hugo

inventory as a base) is summarized in figure 7. About

8 percent of the pre-Hugo inventory was removed

in salvage operations, and another 13 percent (0.6

billion cubic feet) was dead at the time of plot

damaged; 6 percent was in the class 1 category, 8 remeasurement. Hugo-related mortality will continue to

percent in class 2, and 12 percent in class 3. accumulate for a number of years. Some 23 percent

Sal vase

Health

56%

q

Class 1

.., 22%

Class 2

Pre-Hugo inventory = 4.8 billion cubic feet

30%

Class 3

48%

Figure 7-Summary of hurricane losses and damage to the pre-Hugo softwood inventory.
of the softwood inventory before Hugo is in damaged

living trees. About 2.7 billion cubic feet, or only 56

percent of the pre-Hugo inventory, was classed as

“healthy,” or having no obvious storm-related damage.

Thus, softwood inventory losses to Hurricane Hugo

range somewhere between the 21 percent (1.0 billion

cubic feet) killed directly or salvaged immediately after

the storm and the 44 percent (2.1 billion cubic feet)

killed, salvaged, or damaged. A reasonable estimate

of softwood loss is around 30 percent of pre-Hugo

inventory (1.4 billion cubic feet).

Hardwood Inventory Reduced by 6 Percent

Hurricane Hugo reduced the inventory of hardwood

growing stock in the 23 counties by 6 percent to

4.8 billion cubic feet (fig. 8 and app. table C.2).

Sawtimber losses were similar in magnitude (app. table

C.4). An estimated 5.1 billion cubic feet of ha.rdwood

growing stock was present prior to Hugo, up from

5.0 billion cubic feet in 1986. Ha.rdwood inventory

reductions were attributed to 270 million cubic feet of

Hugo-related mortality and to only 49 million cubic

feet of salvage. These losses are small in comparison

with softwood losses for two reasons. First, there

was little hardwood salvage cutting-most of the

efforts to salvage dead and damaged timber focused

on pine species. Second, softwood species died more

quickly after windthrow, bole breakage, or loss of limbs,

whereas hardwood species were generally still alive.

Even windthrown hardwoods and those that lost their

entire crown were sprouting new growth the spring

after the storm. Many of these severely damaged

hardwoods will die, and the wood in those tha,t do not

will be degraded badly.

Geographically, the distribution of hardwood volume

loss followed essentially the same pattern a.s for

softwoods (fig. 9). The counties with the most severe

Billion cubic feet

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

1986 Gross Regular Regular Pre-Hugo Hugo Hugo 1990

inventory growth cut mortality inventory salvage mortality inventory

Figure S-Change in volume of hardwood growing stock, by component of change.

10
Million cubic feet

0

Pre-Hugo

Post-Hugo

Figure 9-I+- and post-Hugo hardwood growing-stock inventories, by county.
declines in hardwood volume are near the coast and

along the path of the hurricane’s eye. Lee County

lost 34 percent of its hardwood inventory, whereas

Charleston lost 16 percent, and Berkeley 14 percent.

Among ownership classes, public land sustained the

most severe reductions in hardwood volume (app.

tables C.8 and C.10). The hardwood inventory

controlled by public owners declined by 16 percent

to 237 million cubic feet. That controlled by forest

industry decreased by 5 percent from less than 1.1

to about 1.0 billion cubic feet. Hardwood inventory

on NIPF land dropped 6 percent from 3.8 to 3.6

billion cubic feet-near the average for all ownership

categories.

Large hardwoods were the most prone to Severely damaged hardwoods did not die as quickly

hurricane-related mortality (fig. 10 and app. tables after the storm as did softwoods. As a result,

C.14 and C.16). The inventory of hardwoods 20 inches hardwood mortality understates the real terrible blow

d.b.h. and larger dropped by 9 percent, whereas to the hardwood resource. That blow is expressed

reductions were more modest for smaller trees. primarily in the figures for damaged, living trees.

Million cubic feet

Volumes of all major hardwood species in the region

decreased (fig. 11 and app. tables C.18 and C.20).

Red oaks suffered the most severe drop of 10‘percent to

1.0 billion cubic feet. The sweetgum inventory declined

by 6 percent to 1.0 billion cubic feet. Volume of tupelo

and blackgum-the predominant hardwood species

group in the region-dropped 3 percent to 1.1 billion

cubic feet. Volume of all white oaks dropped 7 percent

to 420 million cubic feet. The small loss of blackgum

and tupelo relative to other hardwoods is consistent

with findings of a study in the Congaree Swamp (Putz

and Sharitz 1991).

Very Heavy Hardwood Damage

12uu

1000

I

800

600

c

6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Diameter (d.b.h.1 class

m Pre-Hugo B 1990 inventory

Figure lo-Pre- and post-Hugo hardwood growing-stock inventories,

by diameter class.

12
Billion cubic feet

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

/--

Red White Tupelo/

oak oak blackgum

m Pre-Hugo

m 1990 inventory

Sweetgum Yellow- Red

poplar maple

Figure 11-Pre- and post-Hugo hardwood growing-stock inventories, by species.

Thirty-two percent of the post-Hugo hardwood

inventory is damaged to some degree (app. table

C.5). Damaged trees contain 5.3 billion board feet of

hardwood sawtimber. About 12 percent of the 1990

hardwood growing stock is in high-risk trees, Only 6

percent of the softwood inventory is in this class. Eight

percent of the hardwood volume is in class 2 trees and

12 percent is in class 3 trees.

Public lands contained the highest proportion of

damaged hardwood volume-51 percent of the

post-Hugo hardwood inventory on public forests was

damaged to some degree (app. tables C.ll and C.12).

National Forests were most severely damaged; 60

percent of the 1990 hardwood inventory was damaged,

and two-thirds of the damaged volume is in trees in

classes 1 and 2. On both forest industry and NIPF

land, about 31 percent of the 1990 hardwood inventory

was damaged after the storm.

High-risk (class 1) trees are more prevalent with

increasing diameter for hardwoods (app. table C.14).

Less than 10 percent of the volume in hardwood

trees 15.0 inches d.b.h. and smaller was classified as

high risk. For hardwoods larger than 15.0 inches,

the proportion in class 1 averaged 18 percent, and

it exceeded 21 percent for the largest trees. The

proportions of damaged hardwoods in classes 2 and

3 did not change substantially across the range of

diameter classes.

Red oaks appear to have suffered the most (app.

table C.18). About 42 percent of the 1990 red oak

inventory was damaged, and one-half of the affected

trees was in class 1. Some 31 percent of white oak

volume was affected, and 14 percent was in class 1

trees. In contrast, only about 22 percent of the tupelo

and blackgum volume was damaged and most of this

volume was in class 3 trees. About 304 million cubic

feet, or 29 percent, of the sweetgum volume was

damaged; 40 percent of yellow-poplar volume was

damaged; and 42 percent of the soft maple volume was

damaged.

1 3
Mortality

5%

Healthy

64%

Damaged

30%

Salvage

1%

Pre-Hugo inventory = 5.1 billion cubic feet

Figure 12-S-my of hurricane losses and damage to the pre-Hugo hardwood inventory.

Hardwood Damage Summary Stand Condition Assessment

The fate of the pre-Hugo hardwood inventory is

outlined in figure 12. The volume present before the

storm was about 5.1 billion cubic feet. Only 5 percent

of the pre-Hugo inventory, or 270 million cubic feet,

was in trees that were killed outright by the storm.

Only 1 percent was removed in salvage operations.

Almost 577 million cubic feet, or 11 percent, of the

pre-Hugo inventory is now in class 1 trees. Another

385 million cubic feet, or 8 percent, is in class 2 trees

and some 577 million cubic feet is in class 3 trees.

After subtracting out all Hugo-related damage, salvage,

and mortality, about 3.3 billion cubic feet, or 64

percent, of the pre-Hugo hardwood inventory remains

in an undamaged state.

By any reasonable standard, the timber damage caused

by Hurricane Hugo was catastrophic. But people are

resilient, and they know that timber is a renewable

resource. The people of South Carolina want to know

what must be done to get their forests back to normal.

And while their forests are recovering, they want

to know what the effects on the timber industry will

be. Answers to those questions depend on accurate

descriptions of stand conditions before and after the

storm.

Although the immediate loss of hardwoods to Hugo

was relatively small (0.3 billion cubic feet of mortality

and salvage volume), the potential for additional

hardwood mortality and degrade is very high. A

reasonable estimate of total hardwood damage is

about 20 percent of the pre-Hugo hardwood volume,

or 1.0 billion cubic feet. While hardwood mortality

will not likely escalate to this level, loss estimates of

this magnitude are justified because of the value loss

associated with many of the wind-related damages.

We estimated the stocking of manageable stand (crop)

trees just prior to Hurricane Hugo by the method

described below. The term “stocking” as used here

refers to the degree of occupancy of the land by trees

as compared with a minimum standard required to

fully utilize the growth potential of the land. Values

used are expressed in percentage of full stocking.

(1) Stocking of all tally trees on each plot was

summarized to establish the baseline stocking level of

each plot at the time of the 1986 inventory. Only trees

3.0 inches d.b.h. and larger in natural stands and 1.0

inch in planted stands were tallied. Furthermore, only

trees that were coded as being part of a manageable

stand were considered; if a manageable stand did not

exist in 1986, stocking of all growing-stock trees was

summarized.

14
(2) Trees that were cut or died after the 1986 to retain in the stand until the end of a rotation.

inventory but before Hugo were subtracted from the Different minimum levels of pre- and post-Hugo

1986 baseline stocking to establish the pre-Hugo manageable stand stocking were used for assessments of

condition or stocking for the stand. regeneration needs and timber supply impacts.

Trees killed by the storm or salvaged soon after are no

problem-they must be deducted to estimate current

stocking. Assessment of current stocking, however,

requires some conjecture about how many of the trees

damaged by the storm will make satisfactory crop trees

through the end of the timber rotation. Damage to

live trees ranges from relatively minor to major and

life threatening. Three different assumptions about

damaged trees were made:

Regeneration Needs Soar

1. All damaged trees (risk classes 1, 2, and 3) are

unsatisfactory for future stocking (maximum stocking

reduction).

2. Only class 1 and class 2 trees are unsatisfactory

(average reduction).

Previous assessments of regeneration treatment

opportunity have used 60-percent stocking as a

minimum for determining whether a manageable stand

exists (Tansey and Hutchins 1988). In 1986, the

23 counties reinventoried contained approximately

1.0 million acres of timberland judged to be in need

of regeneration. In this analysis, we have used the

same standard for our baseline estimate of added

regeneration treatment opportunity. Stands that moved

from greater than do-percent stocking with manageable

stand trees to less than 60 percent were included in the

summary of additional acres needing regeneration. Preand post-Hugo stocking values different from these can

also be used to estimate regeneration needs, and an

example of this flexibility is demonstrated.

3. Only class 1 trees are unsatisfactory (minimum

reduction).

Trees that were classed as acceptable in 1986 and were

not damaged by the storm, plus those trees with light

levels of damage, were all considered to be acceptable

Depending on which live-tree damages were

included as stocking reductions, the acreage

reduced below minimum-stocking standards ranged

from 0.8 to 1.5 million acres (table I). Using the

minimum-stocking-reduction scenario discussed above,

0.8 million acres shifted from more than 60 percent

stocked with crop trees to less than 60 percent

stocked. Under the average discount, 1.2 million acres

Table I--Area of timberland reduced below a manageable stand using different stocking discomts,

by broad management class, for 23 comties in South Carolina, 1986-1990

Broad

management

class

All

classes

Damaged

area

Stocking reduced below manageable levels using:

Minimal

discounta

Average

discountb

Maximum

discountC

Thousand acres

Pine plantation 1,208.7 746.7 118.5 220.2 329.7

Natural pine 1,773.8 1,252.9 255.5 332.9 436.1

Oak-pine 832.4 545.4 67.8 105.5 135.1

Upland hardwood 989.2 634.7 102.0 119.0 147.9

Lowland hardwood 1.731.9 1.329.0 267.1 379.5 490.5

All classes 6,536.0 4,508.7 810.9 1,157.l 1,539.3

aStocking reduction consists of Hugo mortality, Hugo salvage, and class 1 live-tree damage.

b

Stocking reduction consists of Hugo mortality, Hugo salvage, and classes 1 and 2 live-tree damage.

'Stocking reduction consists of Hugo mortality, Hugo salvage, and classes 1, 2, and 3 live-tree damage.

1 5
were damaged severely enough to plac‘e them into a

regeneration needs category. If all damaged trees are

used as discounts (maximum discount), 1.5 million

acres shift into a poorly stocked category. Considering

this range, the acreage needing regeneration in these 23

counties has very likely more than doubled because of

hurricane-related damages.

The average discount option probably yields the most

realistic estimate of regeneration needs. Under the

maximum discount, many acres are classed as poorly

stocked based on fairly minor damages such-as small

portions of crown missing or minor degrees of lean

and bend. On the other hand, the minimum discount

probably understates the area of timberland where

the need to start over exists. To a large extent, the

decision to regenerate will depend upon the individual

landowner’s view of what constitutes an acceptable

stand.

Under the average discount, stocking was reduced

sufficiently on about one-fourth of the 4.5 million

affected acres to warrant stand regeneration. Hugo

added significant opportunities for regeneration in all

types of stands. About 29 percent of damaged pine

plantations were determined to be less than adequately

stocked with acceptable trees based upon the defined

standards. This proportion is as high as that for

lowland hardwood and somewhat higher than that for

natural pine stands (27 percent). The relatively high

proportion of plantations classed as poorly stocked is

partially attributable to the more complete evaluation

of all potental crop trees in these stands as compared

with natural stands. In general, however, the timber

expectations of the owners of plantations probably

exceed the expectations of the owners of natural

stands.

Other minimum levels of stocking for pre-Hugo and

post-Hugo conditions could be used to estimate

the acreages of regeneration opportunities, Many

stands that are moderately stocked with acceptable

trees become more fully stocked as the trees grow

and as natural regeneration becomes established

(Baker 1989). We did not attempt to conduct a more

complete evaluation of regeneration needs. Decisions

about acceptable stocking are predicated upon many

variables, among them site quality, forest type,

management objectives, rotation age, and the mix of

damages of various degrees and types. However, we do

provide a detailed summary of acreage by stand type

that displays the pre-Hugo and post-Hugo stocking

categories (app. table C.22). Hugo stocking reductions

in this table are based upon the average discount

option discussed above.

An example of how one might use different

combinations of pre- and post-Hugo stocking values

to assess damage is presented in table II. Values in

boldface type, corresponding to pre-Hugo stocking

Table II--Area of tilnberland by pre- and post-Hugo stocking percentage for manageable stand trees, for 23 camties

in South Carolina, 19861990a

Pre-Hugo Post-Hugo stocking (percent)

stocking All

(percent) classes o-14 15-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-84 85-99 lOO+

o-14 1,294.3 1,294.3 Thousand acres

15-29 429.7 84.6 345.1

30-39 356.1 43.4 62.6 250.1

40-49 418.1 64.2 57.0 52.7 244.2

50-59 623.8 89.1 59.5 72.9 86.9 315.4

60-69 629.5 56.5 63.4 53.4 72.3 95.7 288.2

70-84 901.4 91.1 53.6 82.9 81.8 65.7 128.9 397.4

85-99 716.8 59.8 25.5 34.7 49.2 24.4 68.2 131.9 323.1

lOO+ 1.166.3 89.5 45.4 41.2 26.2 44.9 I 44.4 104.1 'l.26.7 643.9

All classes 6,536.0 1,872.5 712.1 587.9 560.6 546.1 529.7 633.4 449.8 643.9

agased on trees 3.0 inches d.b.h. and larger in natural stands; all stems, including new planted stems, in

plantations.

1 6
levels of 60 percent or greater and post-Hugo stocking

of less than 60 percent, are those presented in table 1

under average discount. An alternative assessment

of added regeneration opportunity created by Hugo

damage is indicated by a summary of acreage below

and to the left of the stairstep line through the

body of the table. Here, a sliding scale is used to

define acceptable. The result depends, to a degree,

on pre-Hugo stocking. For instance, stands with a

pre-Hugo stocking of 50-59 percent are not included

in a regeneration scenario unless stocking has been

reduced below 40 percent. Stands 85-99 percent

stocked would have to be reduced below 50 percent

post-Hugo stocking. This assessment of added

regeneration needs yields an estimate of 1.3 million

acres, about the same as the estimate using the

traditional 60-percent threshold. Appendix table C.22

contains similar data by stand type so readers can

conduct their own evaluations.

Regardless of the process and stocking guidelines

used to estimate regeneration needs, it is obvious

that Hugo added greatly to the already large backlog

of acreage that lacked a manageable stand of trees.

The additional area easily exceeds 1 million acres. In

addition, the estimates presented here are low because

small trees in natural stands (< 3.0 inches d.b.h.)

were not reinventoried and losses of them were not

discounted.

The extent to which natural regeneration will be able

to rehabilitate damaged stands cannot be assessed

using the Hugo inventory data. Plots were visited too

soon after the storm for natural regeneration to have

become established. These assessments will be made

in a few years during the next full-scale inventory of

South Carolina, scheduled for completion by 1993.

Future Timber Supplies Altered

We attempted to roughly assess the effects of the

observed damage to stands on the region’s future

timber supplies. Our analysis did not include a

sophisticated projection model. Rather, we assigned

each sample stand to a damage class in a process

similar to that used for the regeneration analysis.

Three damage classes were assigned: no damage, light

damage, and moderate/heavy damage. Stands that

were harvested since 1986, but before the hurricane

struck, were identified and portrayed as a separate

category. Magnitude of stocking reduction was the

primary consideration in placing each sample plot in

one of the hurricane damage categories. The “no

damage” category was assigned based upon field

crew observation on the ground; this classification

was cross-checked against tree tally to verify that no

hurricane-damaged trees were present. The remaining

stands were assigned to one of two damage groups

based upon the severity of the stocking reduction

attributed to hurricane damage.

Light damage:

Sample plots where pre-Hugo stocking

was already below 30 percent of full

stocking.

Sample plots where post-Hugo stocking

remained above 75 percent of full stocking.

Sample plot with stocking standards between

1 and 2, where less than one-half of

pre-Hugo stocking was lost and stocking

reduction as a percentage of full stocking

did not exceed 30 percentage points.

Moderate to heavv damage:

All damaged stands not assigned to “light”

damage were classified as moderate/heavy

damage.

The distribution of damaged acreage is depicted in

age profiles (fig. 13). Classifications of stand age

and type are based on 1986 conditions in most cases.

Changes in these classifications that would be expected

with timber cutting, natural disturbances, or stand

development were not accounted for. Stands harvested

between 1986 and 1990 are identified as a separate

category in the profiles so that the timber supply

impacts of recently harvested stands can be evaluated

concurrently with the impacts of hurricane damage.

When planting occurred on a sample plot between 1986

and 1990, the sample was assigned to pine plantation,

age class 0. Pine plantations were assigned to a 5-year

class, whereas natural stands were assigned to lo-year

age classes.
Legend

m Undamaged m Light

0 Moderate to heavy 0 Harvested (1986-90)

More than 261,000 acres out of 1.2 million acres of

pine plantations in the 23 counties were classed as

moderately to heavily damaged (fig. 13a). On these

areas, Hugo reduced manageable stand stocking by 70

percent based on the average stocking-reduction criteria

discussed previously. These stands were left with an

average stocking of healthy and class 3 damaged trees

of only 28 percent of full stocking. Almost one-third of

the nonharvested plantations age 15 and above were

classed as moderately to heavily damaged.

Another 475,000 acres (39 percent of all plantations)

were classed as lightly damaged. In these stands, Hugo

reduced pre-Hugo stocking by an average of 16 percent.

However, stocking of healthy and class 3 damaged trees

in these stands averaged 81 percent of full stocking-an

adequate amount for long-term development of

acceptable trees. Pine plantations established since

1986 (age class 0) and those in age classes 5 and 10

account for almost four-fifths of the undamaged pine

plantations.

About 400,000 acres of stands classed as natural

pine in 1986, and not subsequently harvested, were

moderately to heavily damaged (fig. 13b). This

acreage represents 25 percent of all nonharvested

natural pine stands. The hurricane reduced manageable

stand stocking for this group by 77 percent, leaving

an average of only one-fifth of full stocking. As with

plantations, losses were concentrated in age classes

that have the highest volumes. Almost one-third of all

unharvested, natural pine stands greater than 20 years

old were moderately to heavily damaged. In contrast,

only 7 percent of natural pine stands less than 20 years

old were so classified.

Light damage was inflicted on 743,000 acres of

nonharvested natural pine stands. These stands are

found across the range of age classes but make up

more than one-half of each of the three youngest age

classes for natural pine. Natural pine stands in this

category lost 11 percent of their pre-Hugo stocking to

the hurricane.

About 17 percent of the stands in oak-pine and

hardwood forest types in 1986, and not subsequently

harvested, were moderately to heavily damaged

(fig. 13~). Altogether, some 582,000 acres of

Figure 13-Stand-age profiles for pine plantations,

natural pine stands, and oak-pine/hardHood stands,

by degree of hurricane damage.

(a) Pine plantations

Age class (years)

38+

33-37

28-32

23-27

18-22

13-17

8-12

l-7

0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Thousand acres

(b) Natural pine

Age class (years)

81+

71-80

61-70

51-60

41-50

31-40

21-30

11-20

O-10

1

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Thousand acres

(c) Oak-pine/hardwood

Age class (years)

81+

71-80

61-70

51-60

41-50

31-40

21-30

11-20

O-10

200 300 400 500 600 7Joo

Thousand acres
hardwood-dominated timberland were so classified.

These severely damaged stands were concentrated in

the 41-50 and older age classes. Almost 29 percent

of hardwood and oak-pine stands past age 40 were

moderately to heavily damaged. Only 7 percent of

stands less than 40 years old were placed in that

category. In moderately to heavily damaged hardwood

and oak-pine stands, Hugo reduced stocking by an

average 66 percent. The residual stands (comprised of

healthy and class 3 damaged trees) averaged only 26

percent of full stocking.

More than one-half (1.8 million acres) of oak-pine

and hardwood stands were lightly damaged. The

hurricane reduced manageable stand stocking there by

15 percent. The remaining 1.0 million acres did not

sustain any hurricane damage. Oak-pine and hardwood

forests that were not damaged or were lightly damaged

were distributed across all age classes, but they were

more highly concentrated in the younger age classes.

Geographically, forest stands with moderate to heavy

damage were distributed in a similar fashion to the

volume-loss distributions shown earlier (fig. 14).

Moderately to heavily damaged stands are concentrated

near the coast and to the northeast side of the

hurricane’s path.

Light damage

Moderate/heavy damage

Figure 14-A generalized distribution of timberland in South Carolina

damaged by Hurricane Hugo, by degree of damage.

19

/
From a timber supply standpoint, Hurricane Hugo had

an immediate impact by damaging old, high-volume

stands more severely than young, low-volume stands.

The age structure of the forests was instantly skewed

toward more younger stands. The hurricane also

reduced the stocking of residual trees on relatively large

areas to a level that requires the establishment of a

new, vigorous stand to restore long-term productivity.

Regenerating new stands over large areas through

planting and natural means will further tilt the age

structure toward young stands. Concentrations

of very young stands bode well for growth and

inventory changes 15 to 20 years in the future. In

the interim, however, timber supplies have been

severely compromised in the 23 counties. The impact

is, and will be, especially severe for both softwood

and hardwood solid-wood-product industries. Much

depends upon the degree to which (1) trees can

respond to the varying degrees of damage without

losing substantial value for their best use; and (2)

damaged timber can be utilized and make a viable

contribution to timber supplies in the short term.

Based on levels of damage depicted in the age profiles,

potential timber supplies for the next 10 to 20

years have been reduced by 20-30 percent in the 23

counties. Manufacturers that depend on medium- to

large-diameter trees will be impacted for a considerably

longer period of time. Supply reductions could easily

exceed 30 percent for manufacturers that cannot utilize

damaged timber.

Literature Cited

Baker, James B. 1989. Recovery and development of

understocked loblolly-shortleafpine stands. Southern

Journal of Applied Forestry 13(3): 132-139.

Barry, Patrick J.; Anderson, Robert L.; Swain, Kenneth

M. 1982. How to evaluate and manage storm-damaged

forest areas. For. Rep. SA-FR 20. Atlanta, GA: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Pest

Management. 15 pp.

Brewer, Conrad W.; Linnartz, Norwin E. 1973. The

recovery of hurricane-bent loblolly pine. LSU For.

Note 104. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University.

2 PP.

Hook, Donal D.; Buford, Marilyn A.; Williams, Thomas M.

1991. Impact of Hurricane Hugo on the South Carolina

coastal plain forest. Journal of Coastal Research,

Spec. Issue 8: 291-300.

Newton, Carlton M.; Bower, Steven T. 1990. Spatial

analysis of forest inventory data. In: LaBau, Vernon

J.; Cunia, Tiberius, tech. eds. State-of-the-art

methodology of forest inventory: a symposium

proceedings; 1989 July 30-August 5; Syracuse, NY. Gen.

Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-263. Portland, OR: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest

Research Station: 369-378.

Putz, Frances E.; Sharitz, Rebecca R. 1991. Hurricane

damage to old-growth forest in Congaree Swamp National

Monument, South Carolina, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of

Forest Research 21: 1765-1770.

Tansey, John B.; Hutchins, Cecil C., Jr. 1988. South

Carolina’s forests. Resour. Bull. SE-103. Asheville,

NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 96 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1991.

Field instructions for the Southeast. Asheville, NC:

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

20
Appendix A: Data-Collection Procedures

In the 23 damaged counties, field crews relocated

2,530 permanent sample plots that were established in

timberland in previous inventories. At each sample,

crews recorded information about the condition of the

stand, noting any treatments or disturbances that

had occurred since the previous inventory in 1986. In

addition, each stand was visually assessed for evidence

of hurricane damage of any severity. Land use changes,

windthrow orientation, and a description of the potential

for natural pine regeneration were also recorded.

In natural stands, all trees 3.0 inches d.b.h. and larger

at the time of the 1986 inventory were relocated.

These trees were determined to be either alive, timber

removals, or mortality. Live trees were evaluated for

several storm-related damages. If a tree had died since

the 1986 inventory, its death was attributed to the

hurricane or to other natural causes. Likewise, trees

removed from timberland by human activity were

separated into regular removals and hurricane-related

salvage operations.

In planted stands, all trees 1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger

in 1986 were accounted for and evaluated in the same

manner as above. In addition, pine trees that had grown

from less than 1.0 inch d.b.h. to 1.0 inch or larger and all

pine seedlings that were considered part of a manageable

stand were tallied on l/300-acre fixed plots at each of

the five sample point centers. These “new” pine tally

trees were also assessed for hurricane damage.

Past disturbance. Any significant natural or

human-caused disturbance such as disease, insects, or

prescribed fire that occurred after the 1986 survey was

identified (not including hurricane damage).

Treatment opportunity. At each sample location, field

crews determined what treatments, if any, were needed

to improve existing conditions in the stand. Possible

recommendations included salvage, harvest, thinning,

other stand improvement cuttings, stand conversion,

regeneration, and no treatment.

Potential natural nine regeneration. This item was

coded to describe the potential of hurricane-damaged

stands to regenerate naturally with pine. The coding

basically described three situations: stands that had

adequate existing regeneration, stands with an adequate

seed source (minimum basal area of 10 ft2/acre), or

stands that did not have an adequate seed source.

Nonforest plot (Ontional Item 1). This item identified

those samples that were cleared to a nonforest land use

since 1986.

Throw orientation (Ontional Item 2). Field crews, using

standard FIA codes for aspect description, coded the

predominant orientation of down or leaning trees on the

sample acre.

Tree Variables

Stand Condition Variables

The following items were recorded for each sample:

Stand origin. This code identified stands that had

evidence of planting or seeding.

Hurricane damage. This code specified whether or not

hurricane damage was evident in the sample stand. It

did not indicate the severity of the damage.

Past treatment. Up to three past treatments were coded

by using standard FIA procedures. Only treatments that

occurred between the 1986 survey and the hurricane

survey were recorded.

The following variables were recorded for individual trees

on each plot:

Tree history. Each tree tallied was assigned to one of six

categories: (1) pine ingrowth, tallied only in plantations;

(2) live tree with damage; (3) mortality caused by the

hurricane; (4) mortality not caused by the hurricane;

(5) tree removed from timberland, not associated with

a salvage cutting operation; and (6) tree removed as a

result of a salvage cutting or cleanup operation. Live

trees without damage were not entered on the field

forms; information for these trees was extracted from

computer files for the 1986 inventory.

Species. A three-digit standard FIA species code was

assigned to each tree tallied.

21

/
Old d.b.h. The d.b.h. assigned in the 1986 survey was

transferred to the tally sheet used in the Hugo inventory.

Tree class. A tree class code was assigned to each live

tree tallied using FIA merchantability standards. Tree

class was not changed from that coded in the 1986

survey unless it changed as a result of hurricane-inflicted

damage.

Cubic-volume loss. An estimate of the percentage of the

tree’s merchantable volume missing because of hurricane

damage.

Percentage of crown missing. An estimate of

the percentage of live-tree crown lost because of

hurricane-related damage. The crown ratio code noted

in the 1986 survey was used as a base for making this

determination.

Terminal leader missing. The absence of the tree’s

terminal leader was recorded if the breakage was caused

by the storm.

Bole condition. Any damage to the bole of the tree was

coded if the damage was caused by the hurricane. On a

priority basis, injuries were coded as: (0) no damage, (1)

split or twisted bole, (2) debris driven into tree, and (3)

tree bole skinned through cambium.

Tree lean. The angle of lean was recorded for each live

tree. Lean was defined as the degree from which the first

1Zfoot section of the tree varied from the vertical axis.

A code of “00” was recorded for a tree with no deviation

from vertical axis associated with hurricane winds. A

code of “90” was used to describe a live tree lying on the

ground.

Tree bend. Tree bend was coded in the same manner as

tree lean except it was measured from the ground to the

tip of the tree.

Distance to breakage. If the bole of a tree was broken

due to wind damage, the distance in feet from the l-foot

stump to the point of breakage was recorded.

Root damage. The field crews looked for any evidence

that the tree’s root system had been damaged by the

storm. Root injuries were recorded as: (1) no root

damage, (2) roots exposed (root sprung), and (3) root

damage below ground.

Cut-mortaiitv period. For each tree tallied that had

either died or was cut before the hurricane (tree history

6 or 8), a code was assigned to describe when the

mortality or removal occurred. If the mortality or

removal occurred within the past year, a 1 was recorded;

2 years ago, a 2 was recorded.

Field crews assigned a code to indicate the Salt burn.

presence of crown damage from airborne saltwater spray.

The brown or red foliage associated with this damage

was treated as missing crown.

22
HUGO DAMAGE ASSESSMENT SURVEY December 1989

Field Notes

.

2 &I ,h 2

2 M 0" Ll HURRICANE DAMA<

n

-.-I c -4

9

z

: 2 i is

u a

c

'd i.i : iii

a0 :: :: ma

zl

C i2 s.5 dG k" mo

acre

I( xx x xxx xxx x xx xx x x

POTENTIAL NATUF

xXxX.xX x xx PINE REGENERATI

1 - Adequate existir

2 - Pine seed source

exists (favorabl

. 3 - Pine seed source

exists (site prc

a 4 - Pine seed source

does not exist

TREE HISTORY

2 - Pine ingrowth

(plantation onl:

3 - Live tree damage

4 - Hurricane mortal

6 - Mortality before

hurricane

q 8 - Cut not associat

with salvage

o- Tree removed as

result of storm

TERM. LDR. MISS

0 - No

1 - Yes

BOLE CONDITION

0 - No damage

1 - Splits and/or tb

2 - Debris driven ir:

tree

3 - Tree skinned thr

cambium

ROOT DAMAGE

0 - No root damage

1 - Roots exposed

2 - Damage below grc

CUT/MORT. PERK

1 - 1 year

7 2- 2 years

(etc.)

23
24
Appendix B: Procedures and Criteria for

Assigning Trees With Hurricane Damage

into Damage Risk Categories

The 1990 inventory includes all trees that were alive

at the time field crews visited each sample location.

Several kinds of damage were tallied during the Hugo

inventory, and they can occur singly or in multiples

in any combination. This appendix documents

the procedures and criteria used to assign trees to

categories of damage that reflect the tree’s risk of dying

or its present or potential value loss.

Damage/Risk Class Definition

The damage/risk classes utilized are defined below.

The terms “class 1,” “class 2,” and “class 3” are used

instead of descriptive adjectives such as “severe,”

“moderate,” or “light” so that users will review the

definitions and criteria and attach descriptions that fit

each person’s assessment and use of the data.

1 High-risk trees with a high probability of

mortality in the near future. Damage is so

severe that retention in the stand until the

end of a rotation is not feasible.

2 Moderate-risk trees with an elevated risk of

dying soon. Death is not as “imminent”as

in class 1. Damage significantly degrades

present or potential value, especially for

high-value uses such as saw logs and veneer

logs. Tree growth is likely to be reduced for

a number of years due to damages such as

loss of crown or root damage. Retention in

the stand is questionable and depends on

tree and stand age, product objectives, etc.

3 Low-risk trees with a high probability

of survival. Damage elevates the risk of

mortality, but reduced growth and value

degrade will probably be minimal.

4 Trees without obvious hurricane damage.

Criteria and Evaluation Procedure

Criteria for assigning trees to damage/risk classes are

provided for the following combinations of species,

stand type, and tree size or age class:

Softwood species in planted stands-

* Less than 5 years old

l 5-20 years old

l 21 years and older

Softwood species in natural standsl Saplings (1.0-4.9 inches)

l Poletimber (5.0-8.9 inches)

l Sawtimber (9.0 inches & larger)

Hardwood species in all stands-

* Saplings (1.0-4.9 inches)

l Poletimber (5.0-10.9 inches)

l Sawtimber (11.0 inches & larger)

The following procedure was used to make the

damage/risk class assignment for each tree.

l Class 4 (healthy) was assigned if

no obvious hurricane damage was

present.

l Class 1 was assigned if one (or

more) qualifying damage was

present. When listed, associated

damages were treated as a required

combination with the primary

condition.

l If the criteria for assignment to

class 1 were not met, then

criteria for class 2 were

evaluated in the same manner as

described above.

l If no damages listed for class 2

were present, then damage

assignment defaulted to class 3.

The damage variables coded for each tree and used in

the damage/risk classification process are described in

appendix A.

25
Table B-l--Danrage/risk class criteria for softwood species in pine plantations

less than 5 years old

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

4 (healthy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss 2 75%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend L 60 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss (residual trees)

2 30%

3

Crown loss 40-74%

Lean/bend 15-59 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss (residual trees)

IO-29%

Terminal leader broken out

Crown loss l-39%

Root damage below ground

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend I-14 degrees

Volume loss (residual trees)

l-9%

Crown loss 2 30%

Crown loss < 30%

26
Table B-2--Dmage/risk class criteria for softwood species in pine plantations

S-20 years old

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

4 (healthy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss 2 75%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend 145 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss 2 30%

Crown loss 40-74%

Lean/bend 15-44 degrees

Split/twisted bole

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Salt burn present

Terminal leader broken out

Volume loss 5-29%

Crown loss l-39%

Root damage below ground

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Volume loss l-4%

Crown loss 2 50%

Crown loss E 30%

Crown loss < 50%

Crown loss 1 25%

Crown loss < 30%

Crown loss c 25%

27
Table B.3--Dmage/risk class criteria for softwood species in pine plantations

greater than 20 years old

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

2

3

Crown loss 40-74%

Lean/bend 15-34 degrees

Split/twisted bole

Sk inned bole/other bole damage

Sa It burn present

vo lume loss S-29%

Crown loss 2 50%

Crown loss 2 30%

4 (healthy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss z 75%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend 2 35 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss 1 30%

Crown loss l-39%

Root damage below ground

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Terminal leader broken out

Volume loss l-4%

Crown loss < 50%

Crown loss 1 25%

Crown loss < 30%

Crown loss < 25%

28
Table B-4--Damge/risk class criteria for softwood saplings (1.0-4.9 inches

d-b-h.) in natural stands

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

4 (healthy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss 2 75%

Crown loss 2 50 %

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Salt burn present

Lean/bend 2 45 degrees

Crown loss 40-7496

Crown loss 25-49%

Split/twisted bole

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 15-44 degrees

Salt burn present

Terminal leader broken out

Crown loss l-39%

Crown loss l-25%

Root damage below ground

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss 2 50%

Crown loss 2 30%

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss < 50%

Crown loss 2 25%

Crown loss < 30%

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss < 25%
Table B-S--Damage/risk class criteria for softwood pletiRlber (S-O-8.9 inches

d.b.h.) in natural stands

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

2 Crown loss 40-74%

Crown loss 25-49%

Split/twisted bole

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 15-44 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss 5-29%

Terminal leader broken out

3 Crown loss l-39%

Crown loss l-25%

Root damage below ground

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Volume loss l-4%

4 (healthy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss 2 75%

Crown loss 1 50%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend 1 45 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss 2 30%

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss 2 50%

Crown loss 1 30%

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss < 50%

Crown loss 1 25%

Crown loss c 30%

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss < 25%

30
Table B.6--Dmage/risk class criteria for softwood sawtirrber (9.0 inches d.b.h.

and larger) in natural stands

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

4 (healthy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss 2 75%

Crown loss 2 50 %

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend 135 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss z 30%

Crown loss 40-74%

Crown loss 25-49%

Split/twisted bole

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 15-34 degrees

Salt burn present

Volume loss 5-29%

Crown loss l-39%

Crown loss l-25%

Root damage below ground

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Terminal leader broken out

Volume loss l-496

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss 2 50%

Crown loss E 30%

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss < 50%

Crown loss 2 25%

Crown loss < 30%

Dominant/codominant trees

Intermediate/suppressed trees

Crown loss < 25%
Table B-7--Dmage/risk class criteria for hardmod saplings (l-0-4.9 inches

d-b-h.)

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

4 (healthy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss 1 90%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend 1 75 degrees

2

3

Lean/bend 2 45 degrees

Crown loss 1 75%

Crown loss 45-89%

Split/twisted bole Crown Loss < 75%

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 15-74 degrees

Crown loss l-44%

Root damage below ground

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Terminal leader broken out

32
Table B.8--Damage/risk class criteria for hardwood poleti&er (5.0-10.9 inches

d-b-h,)

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

4 (heal thy) No obvious damage

1 Crown loss 2 90%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend 1 60 degrees

Volume loss 2 30%

Crown loss 45-89%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 15-59 degrees

Volume loss 5-29%

Lean/bend 2 35 degrees

Crown loss 2 75%, or

Bole breakage in lower 20 ft

Lean/bend c 35 degrees

Crown loss x 75%, or

Bole breakage above lower 20 ft

Crown loss l-44%

Root damage below ground

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Terminal leader broken out

Volume loss l-4%

33 
Table B.9--Damage/risk class criteria for harduood sawtimber (11.0 inches 4b.h.

and larger)

Damage/risk

class Primary condition Associated condition

4 (healthy)

1

No obvious damage

Crown loss 1 90%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Lean/bend 2 45 degrees

Volume loss 2 30%

Crown loss 45-89%

Root sprung

Split/twisted bole

Skinned bole/other bole damage

Lean/bend 15-44 degrees

Volume loss 5-29%

3 Crown loss l-44%

Root damage below ground

Lean/bend 1-14 degrees

Terminal leader broken out

Volume loss l-4%

Lean/bend L 25 degrees

Crown loss 1. 75%, or

Bole breakage in lower 20 ft

Lean/bend < 25 degrees

Crown loss < 75%, or

Bole breakage above lower 20 ft

34
Appendix C: Detailed Tables

Table C-l--Period change in volune of softwood growing stock on timberland, by county and conponent of change,

for 23 counties in South Carolina, 1986-1990

County

1986 Gross Regular Hugo Net Regular Hugo Net 1990

inventory growth mortality mortality growth removals removals change inventory

(I86? (GG) (M,) (Mh) (NC) UR,) URh) (NC) (190)

Berkeley

Calhoun

Charleston

Chester

Chesterfield

Clarendon

Darlington

Dillon

Dorchester

Fairfield

Florence

Georgetown

Horry

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lee

Marion

Marlboro

Orangeburg

Richland

Sumter

Williamsburg

York

Total

542,202

119,407

305,111

223,223

206,712

138,435

102,759

96,508

226,376

286,611

242,192

285,312

388,917

185,948

158,758

85,669

158,473

92,880

211,080

161,380

146,349

271,340

109,040

22,235

43,414

58,451

50,990

20,492

15,903

19,530

31,316

90,995

42,479

54,223

67,958

42,864

46,947

16,707

27,006

24,812

38,538

35,327

26,157

49,581

6,850

_-

4,106

5,967

4,621

995

388

2,781

4,585

11,613

5,208

5,694

5,349

2,840

4,785

4,064

3,519

5,308

7,302

3,239

632

3,262

Thousand cubic feet

212,364 -110,174 49,770

17,782 4,453 23,709

112,201 -72,893 34,329

15,992 36,492 27,939

13,737 32,632 21,357

35,522 -16,025 17,752

6,563 8,952 11,404

2,051 14,698 11,044

20,689 6,042 53,544

867 78,515 68,972

18,659 18,612 78,253

29,100 19,429 69,430

4,883 57,726 71,594

13,941 26,083 65,993

19,332 22,830 46,096

15,963 -3,320 14,788

4,930 18,557 35,361

2,845 16,659 9,648

14,837 16,399 68,385

4,288 27,800 38,963

31,405 -5,880 18,278

28,513 17,806 40,336

79,184

8,767

34,258

11,219

10,815

27,956

15,607

5,505

13,325

__

6,884

9,960

3,672

13,961

35,403

12,603

4,858

_-

838

1,340

36,545

41,344

-239,128 303,074

-28,023 91,384

-141,480 163,631

-2,666 220,557

460 207,172

-61,733 76,702

-18,059 84,700

-1,851 94,657

-60,827 165,549

9,543 296,154

-66,525 175,667

-59,961 225,351

-17,540 371,377

-53,871 132,077

-58,669 100,089

-30,711 54,958

-21,662 136,811

7,011 99,891

-52,824 158,256

-12,503 148,877

-60,703 85,646

-63,874 207,466

179.464 46,536 3,894 5.625 37,017 37,760 1,669 -2,412 177,052

4,815,106 981,501 97,002 632,089 252,410 914,705 375,713 -1,038,008 3,777,098

NG = GG - Mr - Mh

NC q NG - TRr - TRh

Igo = I86 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory = Ig6 + GG - M, - TRr
Table C-Z--Period change in volme of hardwood growing stock on timberland, by county and conponent of change,

for 23 counties in South Carolins, 1986-1990

County

1986 Gross Regular Hugo Net Regular Net 1990

inventory

Hugo

growth mortality mortality growth removals removals change

(I86) (GG)

inventory

(I$.) (Mh) (NG) UR,) (TRh) (NC) ('90)

Berkeley

Calhoun

Charleston

Chester

Chesterfield

Clarendon

Darlington

Dillon

Dorchester

Fairfield

Florence

Georgetown

Horry

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lee

Marion

Marlboro

Orangeburg

Richland

Sumter

Williamsburg

York

Total

327,876 40,760

92,800 12,516

200,928 28,375

137,300 27,138

185,278 30,261

230,430 28,114

109,084 20,115

154,598 25,581

279,752 39,117

156,521 29,059

243,874 38,520

241,573 33,970

438,325 62,908

139,303 23,356

145,246 27,424

93,000 14,129

278,067 41,113

185,825 31,881

399,404 60,739

208,577 33,048

240,320 25,611

341,219 44,945

2,154

2,762

2,579

6,119

4,818

3,141

5,578

5,186

2,121

3,553

5,243

2,575

10,945

1,821

1,491

2,172

8,349

7,076

7,684

976

3,660

6,473

Thousand cubic feet

43,800 -5,194 17,432

1,352 8,402 7,478

33,279 -7,483 3,996

-- 21,019 24,025

6,457 18,986 23,973

23,217 1,756 36,608

5,223 9,314 11,560

829 19,566 14,038

26,983 10,013 49,858

1,562 23,944 18,955

3,576 29,701 28,427

15,794 15,601 16,146

5,576 46,387 29,432

4,810 16,725 6,821

7,065 18,868 20,109

24,936 -12,979 906

3,585 29,179 35,278

1,255 23,550 7,396

25,613 27,442 67,927

-- 32,072 31,807

18,536 3,415 32,794

11,165 27,307 32,323

4,507

--

1,848

789

2,532

6,304

1,107

_-

3,168

--

2,468

--

544

5,097

1,782

10,144

--

--

--

--

1,108

7,604

-27,133 300,743

924 93,724

-13,327 187,601

-3,795 133,505

-7,519 177,759

-41,156 189,274

-3,353 105,731

5,528 160,126

-43,013 236,739

4,989 161,510

-1,194 242,680

-545 241,028

16,411 454,736

4,807 144,110

-3,023 142,223

-24,029 68,971

-6,099 271,968

16,154 201,979

-40,485 358,919

265 208,842

-30,487 209,833

-12,620 328,599

172,963 37.539 3,475 5,752 28,312 14.848 -- 13.464 186,427

5,002,263 756,219 99,951 270,365 385,903 532,137 49,002 -195,236 4,807,027

NG q GG - M r - Mh

NC = NC - TRr - TRh

19o = Ig6 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory = I86 + GG - Mr - TRr

3 6
Table C-3--Period change in volume of softwood sautintw on timberland, by comty and cospnent of change,

for 23 counties in South Carolina, 1986-1990

county

1986 Gross Regular Hugo Net Regular Hugo Net 1990

inventory growth mortality mortality growth removals removals change inventory

(186) (M,.) (M,,) (NC) UR,) URh) (NC) ('90)

Berkeley 2,187,329

Calhoun 467,356

Charleston 1,441,830

Chester 732,457

Chesterfield 737,529

Clarendon

Darlington

Dillon

Dorchester

Fairfield

Florence

Georgetown

Horry

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lee

Marion

Marlboro

Orangeburg

Richland

Sumter

Williamsburg

York

Total

645,232

503,643

434,423

981,052

944,591

1‘081,686

1,101,589

1,684,945

599,675

460,865

329,786

738,661

284,079

821,700

614,031

589,302

1,150,983

457,920

103,953

240,403

238,739

175,947

106,844

84,725

97,447

171,850

333,560

219,601

243,088

357,104

159,297

163,457

79,405

132,876

109,509

173,864

138,011

114,150

239,312

24,755

--

23,332

10,087

10,869

5,225

--

12,038

12,736

38,302

12,189

17,887

19,691

4,763

15,177

17,347

8,467

14,701

16,598

11,046

4,499

17,293

Thousand board feet

1,056,557 -623,392 206,824

91,698 12,255 117,130

618,091 -401,020 171,591

64,428 164,224 97,552

65,188 99,890 68,510

189,637 -88,018 84,499

35,691 49,034 42,818

9,036 76,373 46,500

88,252 70,862 251,452

5,796 289,462 257,110

83,966 123,446 406,868

120,519 104,682 282,164

21,580 315,833 313,535

47,804 106,730 281,483

78,051 70,229 179,249

76,085 -14,027 39,728

25,471 98,938 165,405

12,024 82,784 13,459

73,963 83,303 298,618

13,919 113,046 169,727

161,826 -52,175 70,214

125,738 96,281 186,757

401,878

30,941

147,708

48,082

64,203

156,309

92,544

12,441

60,504

_-

41,575

52,598

22,726

42,781

114,594

58,605

31,247

-_

5,243

5,610

166,000

210,728

-1,232,094 955,235

-135,816 331,540

-720,319 721,511

18,590 751,047

-32,823 704,706

-328,826 316,406

-86,328 417,315

17,432 451,855

-241,094 739,958

32,352 976,943

-324,997 756,689

-230,080 871,509

-20,428 1,664,517

-217,534 382,141

-223,614 237,251

-112,360 217,426

-97,714 640,947

69,325 353,404

-220,558 601,142

-62,291 551,740

-288,389 300,913

-301,204 849,779

476,528 185,890 10,200 15,646 160,044 144.672 7,419 7,953 484.481

19,009,272 4,326,952 307,202 3,080,966 938,784 3,895,865 1,773,736 -4,730,817 14,278,455

NG q GG - Mr - Mh

NC = NC - TRr - TRh

Igo = I86 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory q I86 + GG - Mr - TRr

3 7
Table C.4--Period change in volune of hardwood sautinber on tintxrland, by comty and cosponent of change,

for 23 counties in South Carolina, 1986-1990

County

1986 Gross Regular Hugo Net Regular Hugo Net 1990

inventory growth mortality mortality growth removals removals change inventory

(I86) (GG) u$.) (Mh) (NG) UR,.) (TRh) (NC) (I90)

Berkeley

Calhoun

Charleston

Chester

Chesterfield

Clarendon

Oarlington

Dillon

Dorchester

Fairfield

Florence

Georgetown

Horry

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lee

Marion

Marlboro

Orangeburg

Richland

Sumter

Williamsburg

York

Total

1,018,776 136,093 1,778

272,262 47,983 8,944

580,532 98,285 8,504

347,994 74,016 22,747

563,124 102,595 8,995

731,638 111,183 5,805

330,963 45,281 20,080

452,454 87,923 10,011

856,940 120,240 5,823

396,366 97,931 11,014

833,389 144,036 16,968

766,458 122,049 3,606

1,388,656 230,958 37,015

386,776 74,687 1,845

316,751 60,101 2,613

287,548 40,512 11,089

910,854 148,097 28,013

520,285 108,559 26,789

1,054,692 192,056 17,905

667,731 121,999 3,913

832,963 106,070 6,869

1,064,967 156,556 20,462

Thousand board feet

148,919

6,717

135,829

--

20,747

80,820

24,282

4,606

102,641

7,508

18,621

52,253

17,706

9,650

11,512

97,252

16,062

4,693

76,142

--

73,646

44,165

-14,604 62,807

32,322 10,276

-46,048 6,563

51,269 87,830

72,853 104,544

24,558 124,594

919 34,284

73,306 25,212

11,776 171,302

79,409 67,804

108,447 101,370

66,190 41,442

176,237 105,446

63,192 15,353

45,976 59,701

-67,829 2,305

104,022 133,392

77,077 35,886

98,009 205,605

118,086 120,226

25,555 129,359

91,929 96,356

17,616

--

2,359

--

6,581

24,318

4,398

_-

17,054

--

11,406

--

2,234

10,288

5,808

35,931

_-

--

--

_-

1,275

24,755

-95,027 923,749

22,046 294,308

-54,970 525,562

-36,561 311,433

-38,272 524,852

-124,354 607,284

-37,763 293,200

48,094 500,548

-176,580 680,360

11,605 407,971

-4,329 829,060

24,748 791,206

68,557 1,457,213

37,551 424,327

-19,533 297,218

-106,065 181,483

-29,370 881,484

41,191 561,476

-107,596 947,096

-2,140 665,591

-105,079 727,884

-29,182 1,035,785

-- 362,376 106,140 10,970 21,248 73,922 53,044 20,878 383,254

14,944,495 2,533,350 291,758 975,019 1,266,573 1,794,701 164,023 -692,151 14,252,344

NG = GG - Mr - Mh

NC = NG - TRr - TRh

I9o = I86 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory q I86 + GG - Mr - TRr

38
Table C.5--Distribution of 1990 inventory of graving stock, by comty, species grog, and dmage class,

for 23 comties in South Carolina

County

Softwoods hardwoods

Percentage of inventory in-- Percentage of inventory in--

1990 1990

Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1 Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees trees trees trees trees

Berkeley

Calhoun

Charleston

Chester

Chesterfield

Clarendon

Darlington

Dillon

Dorchester

Fairfield

Florence

Georgetown

Horry

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lee

Marion

Marlboro

Orangeburg

Richland

Sumter

Williamsburg

York

Thousand

cubic feet

303,074

91,384

163,631

220,557

207,172

76,702

84,700

94,657

165,549

296,154

175,667

225,351

371,377

132,077

100,089

54,958

136,811

99,891

158,256

148,877

85,646

207,466

3 0

9 7

6 4

9 8

6 9

4 0

9 7

100

6 9

9 9

5 4

6 1

6 0

7 3

8 1

7 2

9 2

9 5

8 5

9 3

4 3

3 8

2 8

1

9

--

2 8

2 4

--

--

I O

--

3 0

1 0

2 3

1 2

5

7

3

2

7

5

21

4 1

7

2 4

_-

1 3

-_

2

1 5

2

--

11

1

9

2 0

1 6

11

2

1 6

3

3

6

1

1 6

11

z

1 8

2

1 4

2

1

2 1

1

--

I O

-_

7

9

1

4

1 2

5

2

_-

2

1

2 0

I O

z

Thousand

cubic feet

300,743

93,724

187,601

133,505

177,759

189,274

105,731

160,126

236,739

161,510

242,680

241,028

454,736

144,110

142,223

68,971

271,968

201,979

358,919

208,842

209,833

328,599

3 3 1 8 2 1

9 6 -_ 1

5 3 1 7 1 7

9 8 1 1

4 3 3 9 7

3 8 9 9

7 6 1 I O

9 2 _- 1

6 9 8 1 2

100 -- --

5 1 2 4 6

6 1 1 5 11

6 8 2 1 6

6 4 1 2 6

7 9 2 5

5 4 I O 1 7

8 7 3 4

9 5 2 1

9 1 3 4

8 5 1 0 1

5 1 8 1 5

3 8 2 7 1 4

2 8

3

1 3

_-

1 1

4 4

1 3

7

11

-_

1 9

1 3

5

1 8

1 4

1 9

6

2

2

4

2 6

21

177,052 8 7 . _ _ 186,427 9 0 1 G

7 7

Total 3,777,098 7 1 1 4 9 6 4,807,027 6 8 1 2 8 1 2

Percent Percent

39
Table Lb--Distribution of 1990 inventory of sautintw, by county, species group, and damage class,

for 23 comties in South Carolins

County

Softwoods Hardwoods

Percentage of inventory in-- Percentage of inventory in--

1990 1990

Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1 Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees trees trees trees trees

Berkeley

Calhoun

Charleston

Chester

Chesterfield

Clarendon

Darlington

Dillon

Dorchester

Fairfield

Florence

Georgetown

Horry

Kershaw

Lancaster

Lee

Marion

Marlboro

Orangeburg

Richland

Sumter

Williamsburg

York

Total

Thousand

board feet

955,235 32

331,540 98

721,511 63

751,047 98

704,706 69

316,406 , 35

417,315 97

451,855 100

739,958 72

976,943 100

756,689 53

871,509 60

1,664,517 60

382,141 79

237,251 78

217,426 77

640,947 94

353,404 94

601,142 88

551,740 90

300,913 47

849,779 39

Percent

2 9

1

9

_-

2 7

2 5

_-

_-

9

--

3 0

9

2 5

11

1

6

2

3

9

8

1 9

4 2

1 0

2 0

--

1 2

--

2

1 4

2

--

11

_-

9

2 1

1 4

5

1

1 0

2

2

2

1

1 5

9

1

1 6

--

21

2

3 9

8

2

--

I O

--

2 9

1 4

2 3

1 3

1

11

2

4

3

1 4

8

2 7

--

2 2

1

1 8

1

4

11

1 2

1

1 5

__

5

I O

7

6

5

1 5

3

-_

4

1

1 5

1 2

484.481 86 3 383,254 88 4 8

14,278,455 72 1 4 8 6 14,252,344 63 1 3 8 1 6

1 9

1

1 6

2

2

2 6

1

--

8

_-

8

1 0

1

5

2 0

7

2

1

1

1

1 9

1 0

Thousand

board feet

923,749

294,308

525,562

311,433

524,852

607,284

293,200

500,548

680,360

407,971

829,060

791,206

1,457,213

424,327

297,218

181,483

881,484

561,476

947,096

665,591

727,884

1,035,785

3 1

9 4

4 6

9 7

4 3

2 5

7 2

9 0

5 8

100

4 3

5 9

6 4

51

7 6

5 4

8 7

9 4

9 1

8 0

4 9

3 4

Percent

3 1

5

1 5

_-

1 4

5 6

1 4

9

17

--

2 3

1 7

6

3 0

1 8

2 0

8

2

2

5

2 8

2 7

4 0
Table C.7--Period change in volme of softwood growing stock on timberland, by coqxment of change and

omership class, for 23 comties in South Carolina. 1986-1990

Inventory item All National Other Forest Farmer Miscellaneous

ownerships forest public industry private

Thousand cubic feet

1986 Inventory (I86) 4,815,106 354,368 281,936 1,080,693 1,220,060 1,878,049

Gross growth (GG) 981,501 57,922 59,914 265,970 226,911 370,784

Regular mortality (M,) 97,002 6,509 6,118 19,662 28,590 36,123

Hugo mortality (Mh) 632,089 167,707 36,395 87,696 131,121 209,170

Net growth (NG) 252,410 -116,294 17,401 158,612 67,200 125,491

Regular removals (TR,) 914,705 30,360 28,844 291,625 222,433 341,443

Hugo removals (TRh) 375,713 11,107 15,881 40,317 107,038 201,370

Net change (NC) -1,038,008 -157,761 -27,324 -173,330 -262,271 -417,322

1990 Inventory (too) 3,777,098 196,607 254,612 907,363 957,789 1,460,727

NG = GG - Mr - Mh

NC = NG - TRr - TRh

I9o = I86 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory q Ig6 + GG - Mr - TRr

Table C.&-Period change in voluse of hardwood growing stock an timberland, by conpamnt of change

and ounership class, for 23 comties in South Carolina, 1986-1990

Inventory item All National Other Forest Miscellaneous

ownerships forest public industry Farmer private

Thousand cubic feet

1986 Inventory (Ig6) 5,002,263 184,892 86,205 1,090,291 1,514,479 2,126,396

Gross growth (GG) 756,219 24,689 15,901 151,846 238,050 325,733

Regular mortality (M,) 99,951 2,988 1,718 21,171 38,820 35,254

Hugo mortality (Mh) 270,365 37,249 6,313 47,490 75,647 103,666

Net growth (NG) 385,903 -15,548 7,870 83,185 123,583 186,813

Regular removals (TR,) 532,137 19,925 6,598 158,503 135,597 211,514

Hugo removals (TRh) 49,002 207 -- 4,953 23,623 20,219

Net change (NC) -195,236 -35,680 1,272 -80,271 -35,637 -44,920

1990 Inventory (Igo) 4,807,027 149,212 87,477 1,010,020 1,478,842 2,081,476

NC = GG - Mr - Mh

NC = NG - TRr - TRh

IO0 = I86 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory = Ig6 + GG - Mr - TRr

4 1
Table C.9--Period change in volme of softwood sautilnber on tin&erlard, by coymnent of change and

ownership class, for 23 comties in South Carolina, 1986-1990

Inventory item All National Other Forest Farmer Miscellaneous

ownerships forest public industry private

1986 Inventory (I86) 19,009,272 1,623,832 1,069,257 3,492,092 5,185,255 7,638,836

Gross growth (GG) 4,326,952 266,259 226,353 1,013,555 1,106,316 1,714,469

Regular mortality CM,) 307,202 23,437 15,112 44,469 96,839 127,345

Hugo mortality (Mh) 3,080,966 918,303 161,893 333,279 640,227 1,027,264

Net growth (NG) 938,784 -675,481 49,348 635,807 369,250 559,860

Regular removals (TR,) 3,895,865 132,220 136,555 1,150,044 1,019,350 1,457,696

Hugo removals (TRh) 1,773,736 60,708 86,005 127,903 517,632 981,488

Net change (NC) -4,730,817 -868,409 -173,212 -642,140 -1,167,732 -1,879,324

1990 Inventory (19G) 14,278,455 755,423 896,045 2,849,952 4,017,523 5,759,512

Thousand board feet

NG = GG - Mr - Mh

NC q NG - TRr - TRh

Igo = Is6 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory = I86 + GG - Mr - TRr

Table C-lo--Period change in volme of hardwod sawtilnber on timberland, by component of change and

ownership class, for 23 comties in Sauth Carolina, 1986-1990

Inventory item All National Other Forest Farmer Miscellaneous

ownerships forest public industry private

1986 Inventory (Is61

Gross growth (GG)

Regular mortality (M,)

Hugo mortality (Mh)

Net growth (NG)

Regular removals (TR,)

Hugo removals (TRh)

Net change (NC)

1990 Inventory (Igo)

14,944,495

2,533,350

291,758

975,019

1,266,573

1,794,701

164,023

-692,151

14,252,344

570,272

81,662

9,873

144,847

-73,058

78,537

-151,595

418,677

Thousand board feet

179,228 3,541,280 4,258,998 6,394,717

28,403 572,192 785,093 1,066,000

_- 70,386 98,878 112,621

18,178 168,079 262,298 381,617

10,225 333,727 423,917 571,762

12,030 553,137 399,157 751,840

-_ 4,850 81,951 77,222

-1,805 -224,260 -57,191 -257,300

177,423 3,317,020 4,201,807 6,137,417

NC = GG - Mr - Mh

NC = NG - TR, - TRh

I9o = Ig6 + NC

Pre-Hugo inventory = Is6 + GG - Mr - TRr

4 2
Table C-11--Distribution of 1990 inventory of growing stock, by ownership class, species grog, and damage class,

for 23 comties in South Carolina

Softwoods Hardwoods

Ownership class Percentage of inventory in-- Percentage of inventory in--

1990 1990

Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1 Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees trees trees trees trees

Thousand Thousand

cubic feet Percent cubic feet Percent

National forest 196,607 5 5 1 2 2 2 11 149,212 4 0 21 2 0 1 9

Other public 254,612 7 0 1 6 8 6 87,477 6 4 11 11 1 4

Forest industry 907,363 6 4 1 9 11 6 1,010,020 7 0 1 2 7 11

Farmer 957,789 7 5 1 3 7 5 1,478,842 6 8 1 2 7 1 3

Miscellaneous private 1.460.727 7 4 11 8 7 2.081.476 7 0 11 7 1 2

All ownerships 3,777,098 71 1 4 9 6 4,807,027 6 8 1 2 ' 8 1 2

Table C-12--Distribution of 1990 inventory of sawtidxx, by ownership class, species group, and darnage class,

for 23 counties in South Carolina

Ownership class

Softwoods Hardwoods

Percentage of inventory in-- Percentage of inventory in--

1990 1990

Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1 Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees trees trees trees trees

Thousand

board feet Percent

Thousand

board feet Percent

National forest 755,423 5 8 1 2 2 0 1 0 418,677 3 6 2 0 1 8 2 6

Other public 896,045 7 0 1 7 7 6 177,423 4 3 2 0 1 6 21

Forest industry 2,849,952 6 6 1 9 8 7 3,317,020 6 4 1 5 8 1 3

Farmer 4,017,523 7 5 1 3 7 5 4,201,807 6 4 1 2 8 1 6

Miscellaneous private 5.759.512 7 3 1 3 7 7 6.137.417 6 3 1 2 8 1 7

All ownerships 14,278,455 7 2 1 4 8 6 14,252,344 6 3 1 3 8 1 6

4 3
Table C-13--Change in volune of softwood growing stock on timberland, by diameter class, for 23 comties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Diameter class 1990 inventory in--

(inches at breast 1986 Net 1990

height) Inventory change Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees

5.0-6.9

7.0-8.9

9.0-10.9

11.0-12.9

13.0-14.9

15.0-16.9

17.0-18.9

19.0-20.9

21.0 and larger

All classes

Thousand cubic feet Percent

429,755 -65,092 364,663 6 8 1 3 1 3 6

636,017 -53,320 582,697 7 1 1 2 1 2 5

750,921 -138,543 612,378 7 3 1 4 8 5

768,374 -227,552 540,822 7 2 1 4 6 8

670,699 -151,324 519,375 7 2 1 4 7 7

546,665 -154,674 391,991 7 2 1 5 7 6

390,308 -99,269 291,039 6 9 1 5 9 7

255,152 -63,967 191,185 7 4 1 3 7 6

367,215 -84,267 282,948 6 6 1 7 11 6

4,815,106 -1,038,008 3,777,098 71 1 4 9 6

Table C-14--Change in volune of hardwood growing stock on timberland, by dieter class, for 23 counties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Diameter class 1990 inventory in--

(inches at breast 1986 Net 1990

height) Inventory change Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees

5.0-6.9

7.0-8.9

9.0-10.9

11.0-12.9

13.0-14.9

15.0-16.9

17.0-18.9

19.0-20.9

21.0 and larger

Thousand cubic feet Percent

473,665 -26,509 447,156 7 8 8 7 7

604,044 8,979 613,023 7 5 11 8 6

659,619 -9,128 650,491 7 2 11 8 9

711,364 -66,034 645,330 7 1 1 0 7 1 2

642,148 -6,502 635,646 7 3 11 6 1 0

544,058 -32,429 511,629 6 4 14 7 1 5

432,505 -27,642 404,863 6 2 1 4 7 1 7

292,547 -10,185 282,362 6 0 1 3 9 1 8

642,313 -25,786 616,527 5 4 1 4 11 21

All classes 5,002,263 -195,236 4,807,027 6 8 1 2 8 1 2

44
Table C-15--Change in volune of softwood sawtinrber on ti&erland, by dieter class, for 23 comties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Diameter class

(inches

heiahtj

1990 inventory in--

at breast 1 Y&S6 Net 1990

Inventory change Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

- =. . - , trees trees trees trees

_--_

Thousand board feet Percent

9.0-10.9 2,733,479 -497,748 2,235,731 7 4 1 3 8 5

11.0-12.9 3,480,059 -1,024,486 2,455,573 7 2 1 4 6 8

13.0-14.9 3,446,844 -781,009 2,665,835 7 2 1 4 7 7

15.0-16.9 3,052,743 -861,508 2,191,235 7 2 1 5 7 6

17.0-18.9 2,318,662 -597,629 1,721,033 6 9 1 5 9 7

19.0-20.9 1,576,250 -401,458 1,174,792 7 4 1 3 7 6

21.0 and larger 2.401.235 -566,979 1.834.256 6 6 1 7 11 6

All classes 19,009,272 -4,730,817 14,278,455 7 2 1 4 8 6

Table C-16--Change in volune of hardmod sawtilnber on tintserland, by dimeter class, for 23 comties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Diameter class 1990 inventory in--

(inches at breast 1986 Net 1990

height) Inventory change Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees

Thousand board feet Percent

11.0-12.9 2,453,516 -214,030 2,239,486 7 0 1 0 7 1 3

13.0-14.9 2,603,726 -11,132 2,592,594 7 2 1 2 6 1 0

15.0-16.9 2,478,661 -138,623 2,340,038 6 4 1 4 7 1 5

17.0-18.9 2,124,710 -131,826 1,992,884 6 2 1 4 7 1 7

19.0-20.9 1,536,842 -56,647 1,480,195 5 9 1 3 9 1 9

21.0 and larger 3.747.040 -139.893 3.607.147 5 3 1 4 11 2 2

All classes 14,944,495 -692,151 14,252,344 6 3 1 3 8 1 6

4 5
Table C.17--Change in volune of softwood growing stock on tiderland, by species, for 23 comties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Species 1986

Inventory

1990 inventory in--

Net 1990

change Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees

Longleaf pine

Slash pine

Shortleaf pine

Loblolly pine

Pond pine

Virginia pine

Pitch pine

Table Mountain pine

Spruce pine

Sand pine

Eastern white pine

Eastern hemlock

Spruce and fir

Baldcypress

Pondcypress

451,329

195,053

244,145

3,173,218

277,260

54,852

_-

15,678

-_

--

--

-- -- _- --

295,328 -11,304 284,024 7 7

74,169 -2,458 71,711 7 6

Thousand cubic feet

-148,690 302,639 8 0 8

-49,239 145,814 6 8 1 9

-39,025 205,120 8 5 7

-684,412 2,488,806 6 9 1 5

-97,505 179,755 5 9 1 5

-2,940 51,912 7 9 4

-- -- _- --

_-

-2,298

-_

--

--

_-

13,380

--

--

__ --

6 7 1 7

-- --

Percent

6 6

7 6

3 5

1 0 6

1 6 IO

2 1 5

-- -_

--

3

1 3 5

1 3 8

Cedars 34,074 -137 33,937 9 0 2 1 7

All species 4,815,106 -1,038,008 3,777,098 7 1 1 4 9 6

46
Table C-18--Change in volune of hardwood growing stock on ti&erland, by species, for 23 comties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Species 1986 Net 1990

Inventory change Inventory

Thousand cubic feet

Select white oaks 272,297

Select red oaks 92,266

Chestnut oak --

Other white oaks 159,951

Other red oaks 997,617

Hickory 162,474

Yellow birch --

Hard maple 1,524

Soft maple 379,354

Beech 7,159

Sweetgum 1,094,447

Tupelo and blackgum 1,152,982

Ash 168,598

Cottonwood 34,812

Basswood 275

Yellow-poplar 246,737

Bay and magnolia 16,306

Black cherry 9,649

Black walnut 3,179

Sycamore 26,500

Black locust --

Elm 90,972

Other eastern

1990 inventory in--

Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees

Percent

-4,575 267,722

-9,072 83,194

-- _-

71

6 3

--

6 5

5 8

6 9

-_

100

5 8

6 6

7 1

7 8

6 4

7 0

-_

6 0

8 5

7 6

7 0

7 4

_-

7 7

11 4

I O 5

__ __

I O 11

1 2 9

6 8

-- --

1 4

2 2

-_

-8,096 151,855

-68,770 928,847

-12,027 150,447

-- --

253 1,777

8,598 387,952

-81 7,078

-44,362 1,050,085

-19,399 1,133,583

-11,422 157,176

-2,114 32,698

5 8 333

-11,649 235,088

1,091 17,397

194 9,843

290 3,469

-6,049 20,451

-- --

-3,530 87,442

-- --

1 2 1 3

__ 1 9

1 4 7

11 6

1 3 I O

1 5 11

-- 100

1 3 8

-- 5

4 9

1 9 11

6 4

-- --

11 4

--

1 7

1 5

8

5

1 3

4

__

1 9

I O

11

__

1 6

--

8

hardwoods 85,164 -4,574 80,590 7 5 6 7 1 2

All species 5,002,263 -195,236 4,807,027 6 8 1 2 8 1 2

47
Table C-19--Change in volune of softwood sawtintnzr an timberland, by species, for 23 cmties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Species 1986

Inventory

1990 inventory in--

Net 1990

change Inventory Healthy Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees trees

Thousand board feet Percent

Longleaf pine 1,971,710 -683,707 1,288,003 8 0 9 4 7

Slash pine 476,183 -133,231 342,952 7 4 1 5 3 8

Shortleaf pine 644,400 -135,583 508,817 8 4 7 1 8

Loblolly pine 12,939,294 -3,327,718 9,611,576 6 9 1 6 9 6

Pond pine 1,095,182 -399,830 695,352 5 9 1 3 1 5 1 3

Virginia pine 142,686 2,082 144,768 8 0 2 2 1 6

Pitch pine -- -- -- -- __ -- -_

Table Mountain pine __ __ __ -- __ _- -.

Spruce pine 85,748 -15,586 70,162 6 9 1 8 -- 1 3

Sand pine __ -- -- -- -- -- -_

Eastern white pine -- -- _- -- -- -- -_

Eastern hemlock -- -- -_ -- -- __ --

Spruce and fir -- -- -_ _- __ -- -_

Baldcypress 1,342,624 -33,448 1,309,176 7 6 1 4 5 5

Pondcypress 256,991 1,363 258,354 7 6 1 4 7 3

Cedars 54.454 -5,159 49,295 8 4 6 -- 1 0

All species 19,009,272 -4,730,817 14,278,455 7 2 1 4 8 6

4 8
Table C-20--Change in volune of hardmod sawtilnber on timberland, by species, for 23 comties in

South Carolina, 1986-1990

Species 1986 Net 1990

Inventory change Inventory

Thousand board feet

Healthy

trees

1990 inventory in--

Class 3 Class 2 Class 1

trees trees trees

Percent

Select white oaks

Select red oaks

Chestnut oak

Other white oaks

Other red oaks

Hickory

Yellow birch

Hard maple

Soft maple

Beech

Sweetgum

Tupelo and blackgum

Ash

Cottonwood

Basswood

Yellow-poplar

Bay and magnolia

Black cherry

Black walnut

Sycamore

Black locust

Elm

Other eastern

829,475 -32,877

349,767 -31,137

-- --

796,598

318,630

505,941 -23,157

3,142,149 -306,073

504,622 -91,285

-- -_

482,784

2,836,076

413,337

1,981

824,432

16,393

3,067,063

3,586,932

471,183

136,056

_-

497

-18,253

333

-97,404

6,144

-14,355

305

--

2,478

806,179

16,726

2,969,659

3,593,076

456,828

136,361

--

914,192

15,565

6,437

5,699

114,364

-_

-35,830

584

-1,445

1,707

-28,433

878,362

16,149

4,992

7,406

85,931

- -

202,674 -10,621 192,053

6 4

5 4

--

5 6

4 9

5 8

--

100

4 5

5 0

6 6

7 7

6 2

6 9

--

5 7

7 1

100

6 4

7 5

- -

6 9

1 2

1 2

__

1 2

1 3

8

1 4

--

1 6

1 2

1 3

1 8

--

1 4

--

--

3 6

__

-_

1 3

5

5

--

1 3

1 0

8

__

__

1 6

2 4

8

6

1 0

1 0

--

8

IO

--

2 5

2 6

I O

5

1 5

3

--

2 1

1 9

-_

__ __

4 2 1

- - -_

6 1 2

1 9

2 9

1 9

2 8

2 6

hardwoods 249,570 -10.851 238,719 7 3 6 5 1 6

All species 14,944,495 -692,151 14,252,344 6 3 1 3 8 1 6

4 9
Table C-21--Area of tin&et-land, by ownership class, hurricane damsge status, and previous stand

type, for 23 comties in South Carolina

Ownership class All

and stand

damage status types

Previous stand type

Pine Natural Oak- Upland Lowland

plantation pine pine hardwood hardwood

P&tic

No damage

Damaged

112,503 26,721 51,762 12,895 10,667 10,458

420,358 59,767 198,063 51,472 21,627 89,429

Total 532,861 86,488 249,825 64,367 32,294 99,887

Forest industry

No damage

Damaged

516,688 266,733 76,771 50,316 38,532 84,336

1,092,775 449,281 166,864 79,131 68,046 329,453

Total 1.609.463 716,014 243,635 129.447 106,578 413,789

Nonindustrial private

No damage

Damaged

1,398,047 168,493 392,336 223,836 305,259 308,123

2,995,604 237,671 887,980 414,759 545,058 910,136

Total 4.393.651 406,164 1.280.316 638,595 850,317 1.218.259

All ownerships

No damage

Damaged

2,027,238 461,947 520,869 287,047 354,458 402,917

4,508,737 746,719 1,252,907 545,362 634,731 1,329,018

Total 6,535,975 1,208,666 1,773,776 832,409 989,189 l,i31,935

5 0
Table C.&?--Area of timberland, by broad mmagement class and pre- and post-Hugo stocking percentage for manageable

stand trees, for 23 comties in South Carolina

Broad management class All Post-Hugo stocking (percent)

and pre-Hugo stocking

(percent) classes o-14 15-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-84 85-99 100+

Pine plantations

o-14

15-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-84

85-99

lOO+

ALL classes

Acres

50,543 50,543

25,410 7,156 18,254

15,305 -- -- 15,305

51,701 14,180 -- 2,460 35,061

54,082 9,807 12,947 7,607 2,336 21,385

65,571 7,107 -- -- 5,042 12,995 40,427

177,808 14,534 7,955 18,665 22.167 10,352 14,423 89,712

170,663 10,536 9.751 -- 4,640 7,798 7,377 30,046 100,515

597.583 30.045 10.321 18.711 14.375 15.191 22.341 48.520 45,099 392.180

1.208.666 143.908 59.228 62.74% 83.621 67.721 84.560 160.278 146.414 392.180

Natural pine

o-14

15-29

30-39

40-49

SO-59

60-69

70-84

85-99

100+

All classes

395,308 395,308

114,515 23,044 91,471

104,214 14,936 9,803 79,475

106,979 16,695 27,854 2,410 60,012

159,892 30,020 16,004 21,605 21,631 69,032

191,813 18,759 12,836 9,044 15,221 16,763 119,190

254,364 44,771 12,012 16,622 20,774 7,494 39,407 113.284

238,761 37,569 3,503 13,128 15,037 2,410 24,431 37,748 104,927

207,930 38.169 23.536 9.987 2,459 12.836 4.792 12.820 16.369 86.962

1.773.776 619.271 197.819 152.279 135.134 109.343 187.820 163.852 121.296 06.962

Oak-pine

o-14

15-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-84

85-99

1 oo+

ALL classes

229,089 229,089

99,555 14,036 85,519

68,267 9,517 7,127 51,623

76,258 9,378 2,460 24,072 40,340

90,742 14,427 -- 14,777 11.818 49,720

64,006 4,465 16,716 6,989 7,493 4,635 23,708

107,087 7,343 4,582 6,909 7,395 7,228 23,262 50,368

53,347 -- -- 2,396 8,280 2,259 11,106 5,903 23,403

44‘058 4.696 4.506 2.679 2.396 4.582 -- 6.97a 7.513 10.708

832.409 292,951 120.910 109,445 77.730 68.424 58,076 63.249 30.916 10,708

Upland ha&mod

o-14

15-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-84

85-99

1 oo+

All classes

304,551 304,551

06,758 9,461 77,297

72,748 7,132 0,680 56,936

84,101 8,921 9,925 2,336 62.919

115,008 10,201 12,850 9,290 10,384 72,275

109,474 14,278 9,686 7.282 16.904 11,240 50,076

105,937 7,408 9,390 8,847 9,832 0,596 17,936 43,928

65,449 2,186 - - 4,847 3,639 2,470 5,469 21,000 25,830

45.163 2 336 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5,076 - - 2.409 35.262

989.189 366,474 127.02% 89.546 103.670 94.597 78,557 64.92% 20.319 35.262

Bottomland hardwood

o-14

15-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-84

85-99

1 oo+

ALL classes 1.731.935 449.712 206,314 173.885 160,518 206,039 120,741 173,019 122.901 118.806

All classes

o-14

15-29

30-39

40-49

50-59

60-69

70-84

85-99

100+

345,113

62,647

57,038

59,475

63,383

53,562

25,522

45.359

ALL classes

1,294,256 1,294,256

429,677 04,564

356,154 43,372

418,160 64,210

623,779 89,074

629,460 56,459

901,385 91,090

716,811 59,808

1.166.293 89.403

b,535,975 1,072,316 712,099

250,135

52,674 244,238

72,929 86.907 315,394

53,450 72,250 95,669 288,241

02,866 81,861 65,755 120,885 397,366

34,698 49,191 24,360 68,196 131.888 323,140

41.151 26.226 44.938 44.440 104.072 126.706 643.918

587,903 560,681 546,124 529,762 633,326 449,846 643.918

5 1

iI

-------___-------------_----

Sheffield, Raymond M.; Thompson, Michael T. 1992. Hurricane Hugo:

effects on South Carolina’s forest resource. Res. Pap. SE284. Asheville, NC: U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

51 PP.

Hurricane Hugo struck South Carolina in September 1989 causing extensive mortality

and damage to forest stands in 23 counties. The Forest Inventory and Analysis Work

Unit at the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station conducted a special inventory

of the damaged area in 1990. This Paper presents the results of that inventory and

documents procedures used in the inventory and analysis. More than 4.5 million

acres of timberland were significantly damaged. Volume of softwood growing stock

was reduced by 21 percent with nearly one-third of the remaining volume damaged

to some degree. Hardwoods sustained less immediate loss-6 percent-but one-third

of the remaining hardwoods was damaged. Hurricane Hugo added more than 1

million acres to South Carolina’s backlog of acreage needing regeneration.

KEYWORDS: Forest inventory, forest-damage assessments, tree-damage

classifications, wind damage.

-- -__--___--- ----- e--w -w-e

-I

iheffield, Raymond M.; Thompson, Michael T. 1992. Hurricane Hugo:

I

:ffects on South Carolina’s forest resource. Res. Pap. SE284. Asheville, NC: U.S.

I

department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. I,

il pp.

hurricane Hugo struck South Carolina in September 1989 causing extensive mortality

md damage to forest stands in 23 counties. The Forest Inventory and Analysis Work

1

Jnit at the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station conducted a special inventory

,f the damaged area in 1990. This Paper presents the results of that inventory and I

documents procedures used in the inventory and analysis. More than 4.5 million

acres of timberland were significantly damaged. Volume of softwood growing stock I

was reduced by 21 percent with nearly one-third of the remaining volume damaged

to some degree. Hardwoods sustained less immediate loss-6 percent-but one-third

of the remaining hardwoods was damaged. Hurricane Hugo added more than 1 f

million acres to South Carolina’s backlog of acreage needing regeneration.

I

KEYWORDS: Forest inventory, forest-damage assessments, tree-damage I

classifications, wind damage.

I
The Forest Service, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, is dedicated to the principle of

multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and

recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the

States and private forest owners, and management of the

’ National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives-as

directed by Congress-to provide increasingly greater

service to a growing Nation.

USDA policy prohibits discrimination because of race,

color, national origin, sex, age, religion, or handicapping

condition. Any person who believes he or she has been

discriminated against in any USDA-related activity should

immediately contact the Secretary of Agriculture,

Washington, DC 20250.