IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-1688

Filed January 10, 2024

IN THE INTEREST OF L.K.,

Minor Child,

E.L., Mother,

Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Linn County, Cynthia S. Finley, 

District Associate Judge.

A mother appeals termination of her parental rights. AFFIRMED.

Rachel R. McCrate of Gray, Stefani & Mitvalsky, P.L.C., Cedar Rapids, for 

appellant mother.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Mackenzie Moran, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee State.

Julie F. Trachta of Linn County Advocate, Inc., Cedar Rapids, attorney and 

guardian ad litem for minor child.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Schumacher and Buller, JJ.
2

BOWER, Chief Judge.

A mother appeals the termination of her parental rights pursuant to Iowa

Code section 232.116(1)(h) (2023). Upon review, we affirm.1

I. Background Proceedings and Facts

The child was born in 2019. The department of health and human services 

(department) became involved with the family in 2021 due to allegations the father 

was using methamphetamine. New allegations about the father’s drug use were 

made in October 2022. Shortly thereafter, the father was arrested for assaulting 

the mother. A criminal no-contact order between the parents was entered on 

October 10. The order remained in place throughout the case.

A temporary removal order was entered on October 10 placing the child 

with the paternal grandfather. The district court adjudicated the child to be in need 

of assistance on November 9.

Both parents had substantial drug use throughout the case. Their use was 

so pervasive that the child tested positive for methamphetamine on October 11. 

The mother tested positive for methamphetamine on October 14, October 20, and 

November 2, 2022. She did not test positive again after November 2.

The mother managed to progress to semi-supervised visitation in January 

2023, but she violated the terms of the visitation by allowing the child to call the 

father. As a result, visits became fully supervised.

The mother was again able to progress to semi-supervised visits in March. 

But on April 19, the department learned the mother and father were still in regular 

1 The father’s parental rights were also terminated. He does not appeal.
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communication despite the protective order. The mother admitted the interactions 

after being confronted with photographic evidence. Ultimately, the mother 

admitted to near-continuous contact with the father between October 2022 and 

April 2023.2 As a result, the mother’s visits again returned to fully supervised.

On June 25, the mother was contacted by a woman claiming to be in a 

sexual relationship with the father. The woman and the mother went to the father’s 

house at 3:00 a.m. to confront him. The father assaulted the mother when she 

confronted him. The mother, realizing she was in an abusive relationship,

characterized this interaction as a “turning point.”

On August 10, the mother gave birth to another child, T.K. T.K. is reported 

to be the father’s child. The potential dates of conception fall within the period 

covered by the protective order. From this information, the district court imputed 

further violations of the protective order. 

The termination hearing was held on August 21 and 25, 2023. The district 

court heard testimony from the department case manager, the maternal 

grandfather, the mother, the paternal grandfather, family service workers, the 

mother’s therapist, the father’s employer, and the father’s coworker. On 

September 15, the district court terminated the mother’s parental rights. The 

mother appeals. 

2 Violence was common throughout the course of the parents’ relationship. 

Between March 26 and September 13, 2022, police received twenty-one calls for 

service to the parents’ house.
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II. Standard of Review

We review de novo the termination of parental rights. In re A.S., 906 

N.W.2d 467, 472 (Iowa 2018). We give weight to, but are not bound by, the district 

court’s fact-findings. Id.

III. Analysis

When reviewing termination of parental rights, we use a three-step analysis. 

Id.; see Iowa Code § 232.116. First, we determine whether a ground for 

termination exists under section 232.116(1). Next, we determine whether 

termination is in the best interests of the child. Iowa Code § 232.116(2). Finally, 

we assess whether any exceptions preclude termination. Id. § 232.116(3).

A. Grounds for Termination. Section 232.116(1)(h) allows for termination 

of parental rights when four conditions are met: (i) the child is three years of age

or younger; (ii) the child has been adjudicated in need of assistance; (iii) the child 

has been removed from the physical custody of their parents for at least six of the 

last twelve months, or for the last six consecutive months and any trial period at 

home has been less than thirty days; and (iv) there exists clear and convincing 

evidence the child cannot be returned to the parents’ custody at the time of the 

termination hearing. See In re A.M., 843 N.W.2d 100, 110–11 (Iowa 2014). Here, 

only the fourth element, whether clear and convincing evidence exists that the child

could not be returned to the mother’s custody at the time of the termination hearing, 

is at issue. 

The mother claims the district court wrongfully terminated her parental rights 

because she satisfied the department’s recommendations, there were no 

immediate safety concerns in her home, and the State failed to establish by clear 
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and convincing evidence the child could not be returned to her. The mother argues 

the State did not offer any evidence she was continuing to contact the father at the 

time of the termination hearing.

The mother’s past behavior is a good indicator of her future behavior. See, 

e.g., In re T.B., 604 N.W.2d 660, 662 (Iowa 2000). The mother has consistently 

lied about her contact with the father, violated court orders, and acted without 

regard for the child’s safety. The mother acknowledged she had contact with the 

father from October 2022 to April 2023 but only after being confronted with

photographic evidence and lying to the department for months. On at least one 

occasion, she allowed the child to speak to the father during a semi-supervised 

visit in violation of her visitation agreement. While she was pregnant, the mother

violated the protective order when she went to the father’s house at 3:00 a.m. to 

“confront” the father about another romantic relationship he was engaged in. The 

last of these occurred only two months before the termination hearing. 

In addition, the mother has never been able to progress beyond semisupervised visits with the child. Anytime she made meaningful progress, she 

regressed into old patterns and was moved back to fully-supervised visits. The 

mother has failed to progress toward reunification, having never had unsupervised 

visits or trial home visits.

We, like the district court, find there is clear and convincing evidence the 

child could not be returned to the mother’s custody at the time of the termination

hearing.

B. Best Interests of the Child. Under step two of our analysis, we consider 

the “child’s safety, . . . the best placement for furthering the long-term nurturing and 
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growth of the child, and . . . the physical, mental, and emotional condition and 

needs of the child.” Iowa Code § 232.116(2). “It is well-settled law that we cannot 

deprive a child of permanency after the State has proved a ground for termination 

under section 232.116(1) by hoping someday a parent will learn to be a parent and 

be able to provide a stable home for the child.” A.M., 843 N.W.2d at 112 (citation 

omitted).

The district court found:

It is in [the child’s] best interest for termination of parental rights to 

occur. [The child] has suffered significant trauma while in the 

parents’ care due to their violent relationship. In over ten months, 

they have not demonstrated an ability to put [the child’s] needs and 

safety before their interests in their relationship. None of the 

testimony at the termination trial, or that in the removal hearing for 

[the mother’s baby, T.K.], showed that any of the family members 

could support an ongoing relationship between [the mother] and [the 

father] as being a healthy or safe one. While it appears that there 

may finally be some progress toward an understanding of this by [the 

mother], and perhaps [the father], there has not been any significant 

period of time in which they abided by a decision to remain separate. 

And given their history, the court cannot trust that they are yet willing 

and/or able to honor their stated intentions. A[s] the Iowa courts have 

acknowledged, the best predictor of the parent’s behaviors in the 

future is measured by their past behaviors. The risk to [the child] if 

they should behave as they historically have, is too great. [The child] 

needs permanency now, not at some point in the future when [the]

parents are able to demonstrate a significant period of time living 

separate lives not filled with domestic violence. [The child] considers 

[the] paternal grandfather to be [a] safe person, as well as other 

members of [the] paternal family. [The child’s] grandfather’s home is 

[a] “safe place.” Over the course of [the child’s] short life, [the child] 

has been cared for by [the] grandfather numerous times after violent 

episodes between [the] parents. It seems quite natural that [the 

child] would find safety in being with [the] grandfather.

We adopt the district court’s reasoning. From October 2022 until the hearing, the 

mother claimed to be done with her relationship with the father, only to continue 

contact. The most recent interaction, just two months before the termination 
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hearing, was decidedly violent. Despite the mother’s assertion she will move 

beyond this relationship, she lacks credibility based upon her history. The mother 

continually failed to put the needs and best interests of the child before her own. 

The paternal grandfather has raised the child since October 2022. The child

describes being happy with the grandfather and enjoys living at his house. The

grandfather and other family members have expressed their willingness to adopt 

the child. See In re D.W., 791 N.W.2d 703, 709 (Iowa 2010) (citing the child’s 

pre-adoptive placement as a factor favoring termination under section 232.116(2)). 

We find termination is in the child’s best interest.

C. Permissive Exceptions to Termination. Once the State has proven 

grounds for termination exist, the burden shifts to the parent to prove a permissive 

exception should preclude termination. Iowa Code § 232.116(3); see also A.S., 

906 N.W.2d at 475–76. The mother suggests her strong bond with the child should 

preclude termination. See Iowa Code § 232.116(3)(c).

Even though the child and mother love each other, love is not enough to 

overcome termination. The relevant exception requires clear and convincing 

evidence “termination would be detrimental to the child at the time [of the 

termination hearing] due to the closeness of the parent-child relationship.” Id. The 

mother has failed to establish their bond is so strong as to outweigh the child’s

need for permanency. See In re W.M., 957 N.W.2d 305, 315 (Iowa 2021). A stable 

home free from domestic violence is essential for the child’s healthy development. 

The child has stated the mother’s house feels unsafe when the parents argue.

When they argue, the child sometimes resorts to hiding under the bed or in the 
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closet. The child feels safe with the grandfather, with whom the child has been 

placed for over a year. 

The mother has voiced concerns about separating the children. While there 

is a preference for keeping siblings together, the fact one child will stay with the 

parent while the other cannot does not preclude termination. See In re K.A., 

No. 18-0232, 2018 WL 1633524, at *3–4 (Iowa Ct. App. Apr. 4, 2018).

We determine no permissive exception applies.

D. Additional Time for Reunification. The mother claims the district court 

should have granted her an additional six months to work toward reunification with 

the child. She argues because she met department guidelines, was raising a 

newborn on home visits, and had not contacted the father for over two months, the 

court should have given her more time.

A six-month extension may be granted if the court “determin[es] that the 

need for removal of the child from the child’s home will no longer exist at the end 

of the additional six-month period.” In re A.A.G., 708 N.W.2d 85, 92 (Iowa Ct. 

App. 2005) (quoting Iowa Code § 232.104(2)(b)). “The judge considering [the 

extension] should however constantly bear in mind that, if the plan fails, all 

extended time must be subtracted from an already shortened life for the children 

in a better home.” Id. (citation omitted).

The mother has exhibited a pattern of dishonesty and self-destructive 

behavior. She has been unable to end her relationship with the father. The child

cannot be expected to wait for the mother to be able to care for her child. See In 

re M.M., No. 15-0214, 2015 WL 1332330, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 25, 2015). We 
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find the district court properly denied the mother’s request for additional time to 

work toward reunification.

For these reasons, we affirm the termination of the mother’s parental rights.

AFFIRMED.