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|NCEH Fact 
            Sheets | NCEH 
            Brochures                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    |                                                          
|**Chapter 9 Safety in the Home 
            Environment**I. DefinitionsII. BackgroundIII. 
        ObjectivesIV. Relationship to Housing 
            InspectorV. ContentPublic Health agencies and 
            personnel are concerned with the total environment as it affects the 
            health, safety, and well-being of man. One of the greatest threats 
            to man's safety exists within the home in the form of accidental 
            injury.
            Statistics place 
            accidents as the fourth leading cause of death. among the total 
            population and as the leading cause of death for age groups 1 
            through 37. Accidents cost money-over $43 billion a year-in the form 
            of time away from work and a loss in productivity, medical expenses, 
            administrative costs, and property loss. Medical attention is 
            required by over 15 million persons injured each year in home 
            accidents. This medical attention is an extremely expensive factor 
            by itself.Most of us regard 
            home as a place of safety and security. Yet home accidents are the 
            most frequent place of injury. One-third of all nonfatal accidental 
            injuries and more than one-fourth of all fatal injuries occur in and 
            around the home. The very young and the 65-and-over age group are 
            particularly vulnerable to accidents. It is estimated that over 22 
            million persons (or one out of every nine Americans) were injured in 
            the home environment last year. Disabling injuries numbered 
            4,100,000 including 110,000 with some degree of permanent 
            impairment. This emphasizes the fact that our homes are not as safe 
            as we think.Accidental death 
            and injury occur at all socioeconomic levels. No home or individual 
            is immune against accidents. People accept and adapt themselves to 
            new conveniences and labor-saving devices without learning to live 
            safely within the new environment created by them.It must be 
            emphasized that potential dangers from the modern devices designed 
            to make life easier and more pleasant are related to the human 
            factors as well as the nature of the devices themselves. The human 
            factors are lack of skill, error of judgment, lack of knowledge, and 
            so forth.**I.  Definitions**A  Accident - 
            may be visualized as an event or incident resulting from an 
            interaction among a host (people), agent (things), and environment 
            (places).B Home accident - 
            occurrence within the home and its immediate premises.C Injury - harm or 
            hurt; a wound or maim, usually applied to damage inflicted to the 
            body by an external force.D Hazard - a source 
            of danger.E Glass, annealed - 
            type of glass most frequently found in windows, doors, and fixed 
            glass panels. Annealed glass breaks with a small impact into many 
            cutting surfaces, often of dagger shape.F Glass, 
            safety-1 Laminated - 
            commonly used in auto windshields. Consists of two layers of 
            annealed glass held together with a sheet of plastic cemented 
            between. Upon impact, it breaks into a jagged pattern, but plastic 
            interior holds the pieces together, greatly reducing the injury 
            potential.2 Wired glass - 
            commonly seen in fire doors, is annealed glass in which is imbedded 
            wire that serves the same holding function as plastic in laminated 
            glass.3 Tempered glass - 
            product of special heat treatment process. The safety feature is 
            that when broken its breaking pattern resembles rock salt; pieces 
            are rounded or cubical and inflict little or no injury. Its impact 
            resistance greatly exceeds that of similar thickness of annealed 
            glass.G L-P Gas 
            (Liquified Petroleum Gas) - any product composed of any or a mixture 
            of the following hydrocarbons: propane, propylene, and the butanes. 
            Being heavier than air, it tends to settle and accumulate in low 
            places.H Natural Gas - gas 
            issuing from earth's crust through natural openings or bored wells. 
            Most commonly found as a source of fuel in today's homes. The gas is 
            lighter than air, and this property causes it to rise to upper 
            levels.**II. 
              Background**Accidents do not happen by 
            themselves. Contributing to each accident, whether it is in the 
            home, in the factory, or out on the street, are the factors relating 
            to the man or host, the agent, and the environment in which we 
            live.A The human being 
            can be of any age and physical status and have varied emotions and 
            behavior.B Agents can be of 
            physical or chemical nature and be part of the environment.C Environment can 
            be not only visible, but can also be noise, ventilation and 
            design.Any environment 
              may place limitations on man's behavior, capabilities, and 
              tolerances of stress. For example, a well-designed stairway with a 
              handrail and acceptable lighting, while normal for most, can prove 
              to be an obstacle to a toddler or an elderly person. In your 
              inspections to develop a safe environment, consider the human 
              beings within the existing environment. **III.  
              Objectives**A  To enable the 
            inspector to become more aware of potential hazard within the 
            home.
            B  To minimize 
            these hazards through practical control of environment.C  To 
            recognize that even a "safe" environment at times can be a hazard 
            for certain human beings.**IV.  Relationship to Housing 
              Inspector**You can help 
              reduce home accidents and injuries by increasing your awareness of 
              potential hazards as they relate to the environment in and around 
              the home.You can help the 
              residents of this environment to become aware of these hazards; 
              you can suggest corrective measures that can be taken; you can 
              refer them to agencies, if needed, for corrective action; you can 
              help them to understand that their "normal" environment can place 
              limitations on their behavior and capabilities.**V. 
               Content**
              Since most 
              inspections of the house and home premises are made on an 
              area-by-area basis, this section will attempt to bring out the 
              primary environmental hazards for each.
            A 
Kitchen
            l Fire-The many 
              types of activities carried out in the kitchen make it perhaps the 
              most dangerous room in the home. The resident is most often not 
              aware of the numerous possible sources of injury here. There are 
              many opportunities for fire to occur in this area. The inspector 
              or sanitarian should look for curtains that may be capable of 
              being blown into the flame by breezes coming through open windows. 
              Drying of towels above stoves should be discouraged since they may 
              overheat and catch fire. The occupant should be advised about the 
              use of flame-retardant fabrics in this area and should adjust the 
              curtains in such a manner as to lessen the fire potential.Foods frying in 
              fats and cooking oils present a definite fire hazard. This hazard 
              is increased by the absence of a properly fitted lid on frying 
              pans. If the burner flame or electric heat source is turned to a 
              high position, fats and cooking oils may reach a temperature 
              sufficient to cause ignition from heat alone; no actual flame is 
              necessary to cause this ignition. This type of fire often occurs 
              and becomes uncontrollable when an adult is not present in the 
              kitchen at all times.The inspector 
              should impart useful information about methods of controlling a 
              fire. It would be helpful to mention that a grease fire in a 
              skillet or similar container can be effectively controlled by a 
              dry chemical or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. Water applied to 
              the flaming cooking oils and liquid greases will only intensify 
              and cause the fire to spread. In the case of an oven fire, close 
              the oven door; with skillet or container fires, cover the pan with 
              a lid to exclude the oxygen. Ordinary baking soda can also be used 
              to control small grease fires effectively in containers and in 
              ovens. The soda should be dumped or thrown into the fire from a 
              safe distance. The baking soda, in the presence of heat, produces 
              carbon dioxide, which shuts off the oxygen to the flames and 
              causes the flames to be extinguished. All fires can be more easily 
              controlled if the burner flame or heat source has been turned 
              offThere is normally 
              a tendency to store aerosol cans in the kitchen area. Caution 
              should be taken to see that these cans are not stored in direct 
              sunlight, where the temperature may exceed 120?F, or close to 
              heat-producing appliances. Most aerosol cans are kept under 
              pressure, and with increased temperature the cans may explode 
              spraying the area with its contents or fragments of the can. In 
              addition, the contents of some types of aerosols are extremely 
              flammable and should not be sprayed near any open flame. A 
              suggestion should be made to the resident to read and follow the 
              label on all aerosol cans. It will contain information about 
              proper use, flammability, and storage directions.The inspector 
              should also be aware of detectable gas leaks that could lead to an 
              explosion. He should immediately call this to the attention of the 
              occupant or personally contact the fuel supplier to inform them of 
              this hazard. Both natural gas and liquified petroleum gas (LP) 
              these been odorized to aid in determining the presence of a small 
              leak.In homes using 
              kerosene as a cooking or heating fuel, special problems exist. 
              Leaking fuel lines, burners, and fuel containers are a definite 
              fire hazard. Due to the type of fuel and manner of use, these 
              units must he cleaned often.If coal- or 
              wood-burning stoves are used for cooking and if flammable liquids 
              are used to ignite these fuels, care should be urged in their 
              proper use and storage. Under no condition should gasoline or 
              tractor fuel be used to assist in starting a fire. Kerosene or 
              liquid starters sold for this purpose can be used, but they should 
              never be applied once a fire is going or when the possibility of 
              live coals exists.Some city and 
              area ordinances prohibit the use of certain types of portable 
              liquid-fuel heat producing devices. Your knowledge of any such 
              restrictions-end subsequent recommendations about their use to the 
              proper person or agency are vital.Electric 
              appliances should be observed for frayed cords and exposed wiring, 
              since these may result in electrical fires and electrical shock 
              hazards. Face plates for electrical wall outlets should be 
              examined for serviceability. Broken face plates should be called 
              to the attention of the occupant and replacement ordered.Overloading of 
              electrical outlets in the kitchen is a common fire hazard. No 
              single outlet should have more than two small portable appliances 
              attached at one time, and preferably only one should be in use at 
              any given time.2 Carbon Monoxide 
              - A properly adjusted gas cook stove burner will burn with a blue 
              and well-shaped flame. If the flame appears irregular, lazy, and 
              yellow, the burner is not properly adjusted and will most often 
              produce carbon monoxide, a tasteless, colorless, and odorless gas 
              that is often fatal. In nearly all areas, a local gas company or 
              fuel supplier will respond immediately to calls concerning proper 
              burner adjustment. Such a situation should be observed by the 
              inspector and ordered corrected immediately.3 Poisons - Small 
              children have a curious nature and are quite at home in the 
              kitchen. Their natural curiosity often leads the child to eat, 
              drink, or taste items such as bleach, soap powder, furniture 
              polish, wax, and other commonly used household products. All such 
              items should be kept out of their sight and reach. A locked 
              storage area for nonfood items is recommended in homes where small 
              children are present. Provisions should be made for separate 
              storage of food and nonfood items to prevent accidental 
              contamination. If commonly used household products, drugs, and 
              poisons are observed in homes where small children are present, a 
              suggestion should be made that all such articles be placed out of 
              sight and in safe storage.4 Cuts - The 
              storage of sharp kitchen utensils should be arranged so that the 
              cutting edge is down or so that the utensils are placed in special 
              wall or drawer holders. Knives should be kept out of children's 
              sight and reach to prevent accidental cuts.5 Falls - 
              Injuries resulting from falls often occur in the kitchen because 
              of grease and other liquids spilled and left on the floors. 
              Improper storage of brooms, mops, and so forth, create a fall or 
              trip hazard. Mop and broom handles should be placed in a wall rack 
              or secured in an upright position. Broken, tom, or curled edges on 
              floor coverings, including linoleum floors, present a trip hazard. 
              The observed use of chairs and makeshift means to reach upper 
              cabinet shelves should be brought to the attention of the occupant 
              as an injury potential with a suggestion to use step stools or 
              ladders when climbing.6 Burns - 
              Children are often severely burned because of their curiosity to 
              reach for and pull on appliance cords and panhandles. Burns from 
              hot substances and liquids can be prevented by turning handles in 
              so that they will not protrude beyond the stove's edge.Electrical cords 
              should not be left dangling over a work surface or left attached 
              to the appliance or wall outlet after their use. The wearing of 
              loosely fitting, long-sleeved house dresses or robes while one is 
              cooking food may result in the ignition of the garment. Short 
              sleeves are much safer and should be recommended.B Living 
              RoomI Falls - In the 
              living area, emphasis should be placed on furniture arrangement 
              and floor covering. Rugs should be of a nonskid nature with smooth 
              edges in order to prevent possible tripping or slipping under 
              foot. Unstable scatter rugs are not limited to this area but 
              remain a problem throughout much of the house. Furniture should be 
              arranged in a manner that is best to provide a definable and 
              normal path of travel. Sharp edges on furniture are especially 
              hazardous to children and elders. Their placement should be 
              considered for children and the elderly to prevent injury. If 
              furniture is used for support by older persons, it should be a 
              type that is sturdy enough to withstand any unusual push, lunge, 
              or unsteadiness of the individual.2 Fire - Open 
              fireplaces should be checked for substantial fire-resistant 
              screens in order to prevent hot coals or sparks from being thrown 
              onto the rug. Brickwork in chimneys should be examined for 
              condition of construction and missing mortar, and the flue should 
              be checked for blockage that will prevent the exhausting of toxic 
              gases and smoke.Numerous 
              electrical extension wires present a fire hazard in that there is 
              an increased possibility of overloading the existing house 
              wiring.This type of 
              wiring is often called upon to carry more current than it was 
              designed to carry and this overload results in excessive heating 
              and the possibility of fire. The placing of electrical wires under 
              rugs, around door sills, and in places where they may have their 
              insulation worn bare may result in a short circuit and possibly in 
              an electrical fire.3 Cuts - The 
              modern home is created to admit the beauty of nature by employment 
              of large panes of glass. The living room is no exception. Patio 
              doors have become popular in the past few years in the living and 
              dining areas. These large expanses of glass present a serious 
              injury problem in that children and adults often walk, run, or 
              fall into the panels of glass. If the force of the impact is great 
              enough to cause normal annealed glass to break, it breaks into 
              long jagged pieces that may cause the individual to receive 
              multiple cuts and lacerations or suffer severed arteries. These 
              hazards can be minimized by placing furniture, potted plants, or 
              other household items in front of the stationary panels and thus 
              cause small children or adults to slow down before contacting the 
              glass door or panel. The use of decorative decals on glass panels 
              will often provide sufficient warning that the door is not in an 
              open position and thus deter a person from colliding with the 
              glass panel.The suggested use 
              of safety glass will minimize the possibility of injury if the 
              glass should break. The most common type of safety glass is 
              tempered glass. Other types of safety glass are laminated and 
              wired. Tempered safety glass looks no different from normal glass. 
              Tempered safety glass is, however, five times stronger than normal 
              annealed glass. If breakage does occur, this glass breaks into 
              small cubical particles, much like rock salt, that may scratch or 
              produce superficial cuts but will not produce deep, serious 
              lacerations. All tempered safety glass will be so labeled on each 
              panel. Homes that were built before 1963 will undoubtedly be 
              equipped with normal annealed glass.4 Electric Shock 
              - Young children are extremely curious and great imitators of 
              their parents. They closely watch and often imitate their parent 
              when they plug an electrical appliance into a wall outlet. They do 
              not realize the danger of shock and burn from inserting metal 
              objects such as eating utensils, hair pins, and other items into 
              an energized outlet. Plastic caps should be inserted and kept in 
              each wall outlet to prevent the child from this type of hazard. 
              Visible extension cords in the child's play area are a temptation 
              for the teething child to bite the cord. Concealment or removal of 
              electrical extension wires is recommended.C Bathroom1 Falls - The 
            bathroom also has its hazards. Falls often occur in this area as a 
            result of wet and slippery floors. Care should be taken to see that 
            water is promptly cleaned up.
            Where the occupants 
            are disabled or elderly it is recommended that tub and shower stalls 
            be provided with grab bars to assist them in getting in and out 
            safely. Grab bars should not be confused with towel holders or 
            handles on soap trays. These are usually insecurely attached to the 
            wall and will not support the weight of a normal person in an 
            emergency. Grab bars are more sturdily constructed, usually of 
            metal, and are anchored firmly to the wall studs. Other types of 
            grab bars can be fastened securely to the bathtub by means of bolts 
            or clamps. Nonskid surfaces, such as adhesive strips or bath mats, 
            should be employed to prevent slipping.2 Electric Shock - 
            The misuse of electrical appliances in the bathroom presents a shock 
            hazard. No switches or outlets should be within reach of the tub or 
            shower. Electrical equipment using household current should not be 
            present in the bathroom unless the bathroom is specifically designed 
            for it. All such equipment should carry the Underwriters' Laboratory 
            (UL) label. Radios, excluding battery-operated units, present a 
            definite shock hazard. All switch plates and electrical fixtures 
            should be grounded. Under the 1975 Electrical Code all bathrooms 
            must also have ground-fault circuit protection. Metal pull cords 
            should have string pull cords attached until they can be replaced 
            with wall switches.3 Poisons - The 
            medicine cabinet and sink area is often the catchall storage place 
            for drugs and household items, many of which are poisonous when 
            taken in excess. A reminder of their obvious presence in accessible 
            places in homes with small children might minimize the child's 
            temptation to taste these potential poisons. Inspectors should 
            suggest that old, unused drugs be disposed of in a safe manner such 
            as flushing down the toilet.A special storage 
            area out of reach, out of sight of children, and preferably locked, 
            can prevent accidental ingestion of these commonly used drugs and 
            household products.****D Bedroom1 Fires - 
            Smoking in bed presents a major hazard. A smoldering cigarette 
            accidentally embedded in the bedding and mattress will produce 
            highly toxic gases even if a fire does not result. The presence of 
            ashtrays near the bed area will indicate this unsafe habit. To 
            change the habits and behavior patterns of individuals is difficult, 
            but the suggested use of flame-retardant bedspreads, mattress 
            covers, and mattresses minimizes the risk. Wool and fiber glass 
            bankets are flame resistant and should be used where 
possible.
            2 Falls - Getting 
            into and out of the bed at night without proper lighting is 
            responsible for many fall injuries. The presence of a nearby lamp or 
            flashlight should be encouraged-one that can be reached before one 
            actually leaves the bed.As pointed out in 
            the previous discussion, unanchored, torn, or curled edges on floor 
            coverings should be called to the attention of the resident because 
            of the hazard they present, especially in the dark. Proper furniture 
            arrangement and a well-defined pathway in this area are important, 
            especially in homes of older persons.The presence of 
            small children in homes with second-floor bedrooms emphasizes the 
            need for window screens to be securely attached, but not to the 
            point that they could prevent escape from fire.3 Carbon Monoxide - 
            The presence of an unvented gas heater in the bedroom as well as in 
            any other room is extremely dangerous and illegal in most areas of 
            the country. If an unvented space heater is found, the proper 
            authority should be notified immediately. Flexible fuel lines are 
            often crimped or broken and thus allow the escape of flammable 
            gases. An adequate fresh air supply is necessary for providing 
            proper combustion, which, in turn, minimizes the production of 
            carbon monoxide.****E Hallway and 
            Stairs1 
            Falls - The storage of items in hallways and on stairs greatly 
            increases the possibility of tripping and falling. Toys, especially 
            wheeled items, are a hazard. Floor covering that is torn, worn, or 
            with curled edges should be observed and ordered corrected. Stairs 
            should be equipped with handrails that are securely attached to the 
            wall so that if an individual loses balance, a serious fall will be 
            prevented. Testing of handrails may expose those that are more 
            ornamental than functional.
            Adequate lighting 
            of halls and especially stairs is vital in preventing falls. The top 
            and bottom landing should be well lighted since many falls initiate 
            at these points. Prevention can be increased through placement of 
            larger wattage light bulbs in existing wall or ceiling 
            outlets.In homes where 
            children are present, a gate or door at the head of the stairs 
            should be kept closed to prevent children from falling down the 
            stairs. Balusters should be close enough together to prevent a child 
            from falling between.2 Burns - Hot-air 
            duct openings in the floor are often found in hallways. These and 
            wall heaters create problems because the grills become extremely hot 
            and will cause serious burns if someone accidentally touches them. 
            Proper placement and screening of these openings is 
            recommended.F Storage 
            Areas
            l Fire - The 
            basement and other areas are noted for storing miscellaneous items 
            such as newspapers, furniture, and other flammable materials. The 
            inspector should be especially aware of any accumulation that 
            presents an unusual hazard.
            Flammable liquids, 
            including gasoline, paint, paint thinners, turpentine, and similar 
            products, should be stored in metal containers with tightly fitting 
            lids and in areas that are free of potential sources of ignition 
            such as flame and electric sparks. The basement, which often 
            contains the heating system, water heater, and electrical motors, is 
            not a storage place for highly flammable liquids. They are to be 
            stored outside the house in areas with adequate ventilation to carry 
            away flammable and explosive vapors if leakage occurs.Paints and 
            similarly less flammable liquids are to be stored in a metal cabinet 
            some distance from any heat-producing units.Coals from 
            coal-fired heating units should not be placed in combustible 
            containers such as wood and cardboard boxes. The presence of ashes 
            in a combustible container should prompt the recommendation of using 
            a metal container.Inspection of the 
            chimney in the attic area for cracked bricks and missing mortar is 
            essential to fire safety. Storage of combustible items near any 
            chimney in use is dangerous; recommended removal to a minimum 
            distance of 3 feet is suggested.2 Cuts - The 
            presence of power equipment from which safety guards have obviously 
            been removed need noting, and an explanation of their potential for 
            cutting, crushing, and shearing should be made.Power tools not in 
            use but connected to the power source present a temptation and 
            hazard to children allowed to frequent the area.The clutter of 
            handtools in home work areas where children play frequently presents 
            them with a temptation to imitate adults in their use, and this 
            often results in cuts and lacerations.3 Suffocation - The 
            temporary storage of airtight containers such as refrigerators, 
            freezers, and similar household items presents a temptation for 
            children to play in them. The danger of suffocation can be minimized 
            by removing the door or door seal, by locking the door in a shut 
            position with a chain and lock, by blocking the door so that it 
            cannot be completely closed, or by facing the appliance to the wall 
            so the door cannot be opened.4 Electric Shock - 
            Portable electric tools used in basements and areas where electrical 
            grounds are present should bear a three wire cord with a three-prong 
            plug or be of the double insulated variety. If portable tools are 
            equipped with a three-wire cord, inspection should be made to 
            determine the presence and use of grounding adapter plugs in two 
            hole wall outlets.G 
            Garage****I Fire - Flammable liquids 
            are often stored in the garage. They should be stored in UL approved 
            metal containers to minimize the danger of fire and explosion. Glass 
            containers should never be used. A storage area should be maintained 
            in a neat and orderly manner and should be so located that children 
            do not have access to it. The inspector should examine the wiring 
            since it is often subjected to wear and exposed to the elements and 
            may, as a result, be in poor condition. If the inspector notices the 
            fueling of lawn mowers in the garage, he should recommend that they 
            be fueled outside to prevent the possible accumulation of fumes 
            within the garage.
            2 Falls -Garden and 
            lawn tools are normally stored in the garage. They should be stored 
            in such a manner that they cannot slide or fall and present a 
            tripping hazard. The inspector should look for the presence of oil 
            slicks where the car is parked. These should be brought to the 
            attention of the resident since they present a definite slipping 
            hazard. If miscellaneous items are stored in the loft area, care 
            should be taken that small children cannot climb to this area where 
            falling is a possibility.3 Cuts - All sharp 
            tools such as axes, knives, and saws should be stored in such a 
            manner that the blades are not exposed. The spark plug wire to 
            gas-powered equipment such as lawn mowers should be disconnected 
            from the spark plug to avoid accidental starting by small 
            children.4 Poisons - All 
            toxic material such as lawn and garden sprays should be stored out 
            of children's reach and in secure, preferably locked storage areas. 
            They should always be stored in their original containers with 
            labels and instructions for use clearly visible.The garage should 
            be kept neat and orderly at all times. The accumulation of unused 
            and unwanted material presents serious injury and fire 
            hazards.H Grounds and Home 
            Premises
            l Fire-In making an 
            inspection of the premises, special emphasis should be placed on 
            detecting possible fire hazards. Outside power lines that are bare 
            or rubbing against tree limbs or houses should be reported to the 
            appropriate agency for repair. The inspection of all outside 
            electric fixtures should be undertaken to determine if birds have 
            built their nest there and if so, a recommendation should be made 
            for their removal by the power company. The exterior of chimneys 
            should be inspected for durability and serviceability and, where 
            necessary, suggestions made for its improvement.
            2 Recreation - 
            Recreational items such as swings, slides, and teeter boards should 
            be checked for proper maintenance. Seats for swings should be 
            covered with shock-absorbent materials to prevent accidental injury 
            to children. Chains and hooks supporting swings should be covered 
            with rubber plastic or other suitable protective tubing and checked 
            periodically for wear. If teeter boards are made of wood, a 
            recommendation should be made to the resident that adequate covering 
            should be incorporated since weather and use will split the wood and 
            cause splinters. Recreation items should be out of the normal path 
            of individuals.Surfacing around 
            the recreation area should be sand or sawdust in order to prevent 
            possible serious injury to children if they fall. Hard materials 
            such as concrete or asphalt should be avoided.Precautions should 
            be taken to see that ditches, wells, and cisterns are securely 
            covered to prevent persons from falling into them.3 Cuts - The 
            outside area surrounding the home should be kept clean of broken 
            glass, sharp objects, and other debris. The presence of abandoned 
            automobiles and machinery presents not only an injury hazard to 
            children but also health hazards to the residents and neighborhood. 
            The lawn should be carefully cleared of items such as sticks, rocks, 
            and glass before the lawn is mowed, in order to prevent the throwing 
            of these objects by rotary power motors. Proper clothing should be 
            worn to protect the mower operator's feet and legs. Children should 
            not be allowed to play with or near a mower while in operation. 
            Refueling a lawn mower while it is hot or running creates a fire 
            hazard.4 Falls - Steps and 
            porch area should be inspected for trip hazards and loose railings 
            to prevent personal injury. Fences offer a climbing temptation to 
            children; therefore, their maintenance should be determined in view 
            of the fact that wood deteriorates with age and may be unable to 
            support children who climb on it. Ladders should not be left 
            standing against houses or other structures for fear of children 
            climbing them. In addition, their useful life will be extended if 
            they are stored away from the elements.****I 
            General****In this category we are 
            primarily concerned about items that have not been covered or that 
            are not applicable to all areas but nonetheless are an important 
            phase in home safety.
            Adults sometimes 
            start a car and let the engine idle while the car is still in the 
            garage. If the doors are closed, the carbon monoxide produced by the 
            engine may overcome a person in the garage and cause death. The 
            running of an auto in a garage attached to the house may allow 
            dangerous carbon monoxide vapor to penetrate the house or heating 
            system. Doors should always be open for safety.Firearms present a 
            special problem and should be carefully inspected to make sure they 
            are unloaded and stored in a locked cabinet. All ammunition should 
            be stored in a separate locked cabinet. The improper storage of any 
            unlocked or usable firearm in homes with children is a realistic 
            hazard - one to which attention should be directed.Exits should be 
            cleared at all times to permit easy passage from all areas in case 
            of fires.At night, all doors 
            should be kept closed in order to provide additional escape time in 
            case of fire.Since many rural 
            and suburban homes use LP gas, you should suggest that checks be 
            made to determine if leaks have occurred around fittings, to prevent 
            possible accumulation of gas in the home and consequent creation of 
            an explosion hazard. The odor of LP gas suggests the need for 
            immediate attention by the fuel supplier.Telephone numbers 
            for physician, ambulance, fire, and police departments should be 
            posted in a conspicuous place, preferably on or near the 
            telephone.Inspectors often 
            visit homes where very small children are left unattended for long 
            periods, often while the parents are at work. If it is apparent that 
            their absence is a definite detriment to the child's health and 
            safety, this should be noted and called to the attention of the 
            appropriate community agency.The electrical 
            service box containing fuses or circuit breakers may be found in any 
            part of the house. The fuse or circuit breakers are "safety valves" 
            that prevent electrical fires from occurring. When any electrical 
            circuit is overloaded, the breaker will trip or the fuse will blow 
            and shut off the electricity before a fire occurs. Unless larger 
            than normal wiring, such as is necessary to electric stoves and 
            water heaters, normal household circuits should be equipped with a 1 
            5-ampere fuse or circuit breaker. The current-carrying capacity can 
            be found on the base of the fuse or on the exterior of the circuit 
            breaker. Two commonly found violations and definite hazards are a 
            coin behind a fuse or the splitting and turning under of the fuse 
            edge so as to bypass the fusing element. Circuit breakers may be 
            found secured in a closed position by taping or blocking with a 
            match stick or a toothpick. These unsafe practices eliminate the 
            functioning of these components as a safety valve. The inspector can 
            greatly contribute to the safety of any building by noting and 
            ordering correction of this fire hazard.Most plumbing codes 
            require the use of both a pressure relief valve and temperature 
            control valve on water heaters. This temperature control valve is an 
            addition to the normal temperature control found on all gas and 
            electric water heaters. If the heater controls should fail to 
            operate properly, the pressure relief valve and the temperature 
            control valve will prevent the possibility of a pressure buildup and 
            explosion. The use and proper installation of these safety valves 
            are vital to safety.The charcoaling of 
            foods within the house and the use of gas range top burners for 
            supplementary heat should be discouraged due to the increased 
            generation of carbon monoxide gases by these appliances. The burning 
            of charcoal within the house should be allowed only within the 
            opening of a fireplace. An inspection should be made to determine if 
            the flue and draft control is operable; otherwise, carbon monoxide 
            gases can spill into the house.While many of these 
            points are not enforceable by the inspector, he should find it 
            within his duty to inform the resident of the hazard and show him 
            how to make corrections. If carried out properly, this procedure 
            should go far toward eliminating many household hazards and reducing 
            accidental injuries in the home and thus provide a healthful and 
            safe environment.Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |                                                           | **Chapter 9 Safety in the Home 
            Environment** |                                                                                     |                                    |            | I. Definitions |          |                          | II. Background |                                               |                                   | III. 
        Objectives |                |                                                           | IV. Relationship to Housing 
            Inspector |                                                           |  | V. Content                                             |  | Public Health agencies and 
            personnel are concerned with the total environment as it affects the 
            health, safety, and well-being of man. One of the greatest threats 
            to man's safety exists within the home in the form of accidental 
            injury.
            Statistics place 
            accidents as the fourth leading cause of death. among the total 
            population and as the leading cause of death for age groups 1 
            through 37. Accidents cost money-over $43 billion a year-in the form 
            of time away from work and a loss in productivity, medical expenses, 
            administrative costs, and property loss. Medical attention is 
            required by over 15 million persons injured each year in home 
            accidents. This medical attention is an extremely expensive factor 
            by itself.Most of us regard 
            home as a place of safety and security. Yet home accidents are the 
            most frequent place of injury. One-third of all nonfatal accidental 
            injuries and more than one-fourth of all fatal injuries occur in and 
            around the home. The very young and the 65-and-over age group are 
            particularly vulnerable to accidents. It is estimated that over 22 
            million persons (or one out of every nine Americans) were injured in 
            the home environment last year. Disabling injuries numbered 
            4,100,000 including 110,000 with some degree of permanent 
            impairment. This emphasizes the fact that our homes are not as safe 
            as we think.Accidental death 
            and injury occur at all socioeconomic levels. No home or individual 
            is immune against accidents. People accept and adapt themselves to 
            new conveniences and labor-saving devices without learning to live 
            safely within the new environment created by them.It must be 
            emphasized that potential dangers from the modern devices designed 
            to make life easier and more pleasant are related to the human 
            factors as well as the nature of the devices themselves. The human 
            factors are lack of skill, error of judgment, lack of knowledge, and 
            so forth.**I.  Definitions**A  Accident - 
            may be visualized as an event or incident resulting from an 
            interaction among a host (people), agent (things), and environment 
            (places).B Home accident - 
            occurrence within the home and its immediate premises.C Injury - harm or 
            hurt; a wound or maim, usually applied to damage inflicted to the 
            body by an external force.D Hazard - a source 
            of danger.E Glass, annealed - 
            type of glass most frequently found in windows, doors, and fixed 
            glass panels. Annealed glass breaks with a small impact into many 
            cutting surfaces, often of dagger shape.F Glass, 
            safety-1 Laminated - 
            commonly used in auto windshields. Consists of two layers of 
            annealed glass held together with a sheet of plastic cemented 
            between. Upon impact, it breaks into a jagged pattern, but plastic 
            interior holds the pieces together, greatly reducing the injury 
            potential.2 Wired glass - 
            commonly seen in fire doors, is annealed glass in which is imbedded 
            wire that serves the same holding function as plastic in laminated 
            glass.3 Tempered glass - 
            product of special heat treatment process. The safety feature is 
            that when broken its breaking pattern resembles rock salt; pieces 
            are rounded or cubical and inflict little or no injury. Its impact 
            resistance greatly exceeds that of similar thickness of annealed 
            glass.G L-P Gas 
            (Liquified Petroleum Gas) - any product composed of any or a mixture 
            of the following hydrocarbons: propane, propylene, and the butanes. 
            Being heavier than air, it tends to settle and accumulate in low 
            places.H Natural Gas - gas 
            issuing from earth's crust through natural openings or bored wells. 
            Most commonly found as a source of fuel in today's homes. The gas is 
            lighter than air, and this property causes it to rise to upper 
            levels.**II. 
              Background**Accidents do not happen by 
            themselves. Contributing to each accident, whether it is in the 
            home, in the factory, or out on the street, are the factors relating 
            to the man or host, the agent, and the environment in which we 
            live.A The human being 
            can be of any age and physical status and have varied emotions and 
            behavior.B Agents can be of 
            physical or chemical nature and be part of the environment.C Environment can 
            be not only visible, but can also be noise, ventilation and 
            design.Any environment 
              may place limitations on man's behavior, capabilities, and 
              tolerances of stress. For example, a well-designed stairway with a 
              handrail and acceptable lighting, while normal for most, can prove 
              to be an obstacle to a toddler or an elderly person. In your 
              inspections to develop a safe environment, consider the human 
              beings within the existing environment. **III.  
              Objectives**A  To enable the 
            inspector to become more aware of potential hazard within the 
            home.
            B  To minimize 
            these hazards through practical control of environment.C  To 
            recognize that even a "safe" environment at times can be a hazard 
            for certain human beings.**IV.  Relationship to Housing 
              Inspector**You can help 
              reduce home accidents and injuries by increasing your awareness of 
              potential hazards as they relate to the environment in and around 
              the home.You can help the 
              residents of this environment to become aware of these hazards; 
              you can suggest corrective measures that can be taken; you can 
              refer them to agencies, if needed, for corrective action; you can 
              help them to understand that their "normal" environment can place 
              limitations on their behavior and capabilities.**V. 
               Content**
              Since most 
              inspections of the house and home premises are made on an 
              area-by-area basis, this section will attempt to bring out the 
              primary environmental hazards for each.
            A 
Kitchen
            l Fire-The many 
              types of activities carried out in the kitchen make it perhaps the 
              most dangerous room in the home. The resident is most often not 
              aware of the numerous possible sources of injury here. There are 
              many opportunities for fire to occur in this area. The inspector 
              or sanitarian should look for curtains that may be capable of 
              being blown into the flame by breezes coming through open windows. 
              Drying of towels above stoves should be discouraged since they may 
              overheat and catch fire. The occupant should be advised about the 
              use of flame-retardant fabrics in this area and should adjust the 
              curtains in such a manner as to lessen the fire potential.Foods frying in 
              fats and cooking oils present a definite fire hazard. This hazard 
              is increased by the absence of a properly fitted lid on frying 
              pans. If the burner flame or electric heat source is turned to a 
              high position, fats and cooking oils may reach a temperature 
              sufficient to cause ignition from heat alone; no actual flame is 
              necessary to cause this ignition. This type of fire often occurs 
              and becomes uncontrollable when an adult is not present in the 
              kitchen at all times.The inspector 
              should impart useful information about methods of controlling a 
              fire. It would be helpful to mention that a grease fire in a 
              skillet or similar container can be effectively controlled by a 
              dry chemical or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. Water applied to 
              the flaming cooking oils and liquid greases will only intensify 
              and cause the fire to spread. In the case of an oven fire, close 
              the oven door; with skillet or container fires, cover the pan with 
              a lid to exclude the oxygen. Ordinary baking soda can also be used 
              to control small grease fires effectively in containers and in 
              ovens. The soda should be dumped or thrown into the fire from a 
              safe distance. The baking soda, in the presence of heat, produces 
              carbon dioxide, which shuts off the oxygen to the flames and 
              causes the flames to be extinguished. All fires can be more easily 
              controlled if the burner flame or heat source has been turned 
              offThere is normally 
              a tendency to store aerosol cans in the kitchen area. Caution 
              should be taken to see that these cans are not stored in direct 
              sunlight, where the temperature may exceed 120?F, or close to 
              heat-producing appliances. Most aerosol cans are kept under 
              pressure, and with increased temperature the cans may explode 
              spraying the area with its contents or fragments of the can. In 
              addition, the contents of some types of aerosols are extremely 
              flammable and should not be sprayed near any open flame. A 
              suggestion should be made to the resident to read and follow the 
              label on all aerosol cans. It will contain information about 
              proper use, flammability, and storage directions.The inspector 
              should also be aware of detectable gas leaks that could lead to an 
              explosion. He should immediately call this to the attention of the 
              occupant or personally contact the fuel supplier to inform them of 
              this hazard. Both natural gas and liquified petroleum gas (LP) 
              these been odorized to aid in determining the presence of a small 
              leak.In homes using 
              kerosene as a cooking or heating fuel, special problems exist. 
              Leaking fuel lines, burners, and fuel containers are a definite 
              fire hazard. Due to the type of fuel and manner of use, these 
              units must he cleaned often.If coal- or 
              wood-burning stoves are used for cooking and if flammable liquids 
              are used to ignite these fuels, care should be urged in their 
              proper use and storage. Under no condition should gasoline or 
              tractor fuel be used to assist in starting a fire. Kerosene or 
              liquid starters sold for this purpose can be used, but they should 
              never be applied once a fire is going or when the possibility of 
              live coals exists.Some city and 
              area ordinances prohibit the use of certain types of portable 
              liquid-fuel heat producing devices. Your knowledge of any such 
              restrictions-end subsequent recommendations about their use to the 
              proper person or agency are vital.Electric 
              appliances should be observed for frayed cords and exposed wiring, 
              since these may result in electrical fires and electrical shock 
              hazards. Face plates for electrical wall outlets should be 
              examined for serviceability. Broken face plates should be called 
              to the attention of the occupant and replacement ordered.Overloading of 
              electrical outlets in the kitchen is a common fire hazard. No 
              single outlet should have more than two small portable appliances 
              attached at one time, and preferably only one should be in use at 
              any given time.2 Carbon Monoxide 
              - A properly adjusted gas cook stove burner will burn with a blue 
              and well-shaped flame. If the flame appears irregular, lazy, and 
              yellow, the burner is not properly adjusted and will most often 
              produce carbon monoxide, a tasteless, colorless, and odorless gas 
              that is often fatal. In nearly all areas, a local gas company or 
              fuel supplier will respond immediately to calls concerning proper 
              burner adjustment. Such a situation should be observed by the 
              inspector and ordered corrected immediately.3 Poisons - Small 
              children have a curious nature and are quite at home in the 
              kitchen. Their natural curiosity often leads the child to eat, 
              drink, or taste items such as bleach, soap powder, furniture 
              polish, wax, and other commonly used household products. All such 
              items should be kept out of their sight and reach. A locked 
              storage area for nonfood items is recommended in homes where small 
              children are present. Provisions should be made for separate 
              storage of food and nonfood items to prevent accidental 
              contamination. If commonly used household products, drugs, and 
              poisons are observed in homes where small children are present, a 
              suggestion should be made that all such articles be placed out of 
              sight and in safe storage.4 Cuts - The 
              storage of sharp kitchen utensils should be arranged so that the 
              cutting edge is down or so that the utensils are placed in special 
              wall or drawer holders. Knives should be kept out of children's 
              sight and reach to prevent accidental cuts.5 Falls - 
              Injuries resulting from falls often occur in the kitchen because 
              of grease and other liquids spilled and left on the floors. 
              Improper storage of brooms, mops, and so forth, create a fall or 
              trip hazard. Mop and broom handles should be placed in a wall rack 
              or secured in an upright position. Broken, tom, or curled edges on 
              floor coverings, including linoleum floors, present a trip hazard. 
              The observed use of chairs and makeshift means to reach upper 
              cabinet shelves should be brought to the attention of the occupant 
              as an injury potential with a suggestion to use step stools or 
              ladders when climbing.6 Burns - 
              Children are often severely burned because of their curiosity to 
              reach for and pull on appliance cords and panhandles. Burns from 
              hot substances and liquids can be prevented by turning handles in 
              so that they will not protrude beyond the stove's edge.Electrical cords 
              should not be left dangling over a work surface or left attached 
              to the appliance or wall outlet after their use. The wearing of 
              loosely fitting, long-sleeved house dresses or robes while one is 
              cooking food may result in the ignition of the garment. Short 
              sleeves are much safer and should be recommended.B Living 
              RoomI Falls - In the 
              living area, emphasis should be placed on furniture arrangement 
              and floor covering. Rugs should be of a nonskid nature with smooth 
              edges in order to prevent possible tripping or slipping under 
              foot. Unstable scatter rugs are not limited to this area but 
              remain a problem throughout much of the house. Furniture should be 
              arranged in a manner that is best to provide a definable and 
              normal path of travel. Sharp edges on furniture are especially 
              hazardous to children and elders. Their placement should be 
              considered for children and the elderly to prevent injury. If 
              furniture is used for support by older persons, it should be a 
              type that is sturdy enough to withstand any unusual push, lunge, 
              or unsteadiness of the individual.2 Fire - Open 
              fireplaces should be checked for substantial fire-resistant 
              screens in order to prevent hot coals or sparks from being thrown 
              onto the rug. Brickwork in chimneys should be examined for 
              condition of construction and missing mortar, and the flue should 
              be checked for blockage that will prevent the exhausting of toxic 
              gases and smoke.Numerous 
              electrical extension wires present a fire hazard in that there is 
              an increased possibility of overloading the existing house 
              wiring.This type of 
              wiring is often called upon to carry more current than it was 
              designed to carry and this overload results in excessive heating 
              and the possibility of fire. The placing of electrical wires under 
              rugs, around door sills, and in places where they may have their 
              insulation worn bare may result in a short circuit and possibly in 
              an electrical fire.3 Cuts - The 
              modern home is created to admit the beauty of nature by employment 
              of large panes of glass. The living room is no exception. Patio 
              doors have become popular in the past few years in the living and 
              dining areas. These large expanses of glass present a serious 
              injury problem in that children and adults often walk, run, or 
              fall into the panels of glass. If the force of the impact is great 
              enough to cause normal annealed glass to break, it breaks into 
              long jagged pieces that may cause the individual to receive 
              multiple cuts and lacerations or suffer severed arteries. These 
              hazards can be minimized by placing furniture, potted plants, or 
              other household items in front of the stationary panels and thus 
              cause small children or adults to slow down before contacting the 
              glass door or panel. The use of decorative decals on glass panels 
              will often provide sufficient warning that the door is not in an 
              open position and thus deter a person from colliding with the 
              glass panel.The suggested use 
              of safety glass will minimize the possibility of injury if the 
              glass should break. The most common type of safety glass is 
              tempered glass. Other types of safety glass are laminated and 
              wired. Tempered safety glass looks no different from normal glass. 
              Tempered safety glass is, however, five times stronger than normal 
              annealed glass. If breakage does occur, this glass breaks into 
              small cubical particles, much like rock salt, that may scratch or 
              produce superficial cuts but will not produce deep, serious 
              lacerations. All tempered safety glass will be so labeled on each 
              panel. Homes that were built before 1963 will undoubtedly be 
              equipped with normal annealed glass.4 Electric Shock 
              - Young children are extremely curious and great imitators of 
              their parents. They closely watch and often imitate their parent 
              when they plug an electrical appliance into a wall outlet. They do 
              not realize the danger of shock and burn from inserting metal 
              objects such as eating utensils, hair pins, and other items into 
              an energized outlet. Plastic caps should be inserted and kept in 
              each wall outlet to prevent the child from this type of hazard. 
              Visible extension cords in the child's play area are a temptation 
              for the teething child to bite the cord. Concealment or removal of 
              electrical extension wires is recommended.C Bathroom1 Falls - The 
            bathroom also has its hazards. Falls often occur in this area as a 
            result of wet and slippery floors. Care should be taken to see that 
            water is promptly cleaned up.
            Where the occupants 
            are disabled or elderly it is recommended that tub and shower stalls 
            be provided with grab bars to assist them in getting in and out 
            safely. Grab bars should not be confused with towel holders or 
            handles on soap trays. These are usually insecurely attached to the 
            wall and will not support the weight of a normal person in an 
            emergency. Grab bars are more sturdily constructed, usually of 
            metal, and are anchored firmly to the wall studs. Other types of 
            grab bars can be fastened securely to the bathtub by means of bolts 
            or clamps. Nonskid surfaces, such as adhesive strips or bath mats, 
            should be employed to prevent slipping.2 Electric Shock - 
            The misuse of electrical appliances in the bathroom presents a shock 
            hazard. No switches or outlets should be within reach of the tub or 
            shower. Electrical equipment using household current should not be 
            present in the bathroom unless the bathroom is specifically designed 
            for it. All such equipment should carry the Underwriters' Laboratory 
            (UL) label. Radios, excluding battery-operated units, present a 
            definite shock hazard. All switch plates and electrical fixtures 
            should be grounded. Under the 1975 Electrical Code all bathrooms 
            must also have ground-fault circuit protection. Metal pull cords 
            should have string pull cords attached until they can be replaced 
            with wall switches.3 Poisons - The 
            medicine cabinet and sink area is often the catchall storage place 
            for drugs and household items, many of which are poisonous when 
            taken in excess. A reminder of their obvious presence in accessible 
            places in homes with small children might minimize the child's 
            temptation to taste these potential poisons. Inspectors should 
            suggest that old, unused drugs be disposed of in a safe manner such 
            as flushing down the toilet.A special storage 
            area out of reach, out of sight of children, and preferably locked, 
            can prevent accidental ingestion of these commonly used drugs and 
            household products.****D Bedroom1 Fires - 
            Smoking in bed presents a major hazard. A smoldering cigarette 
            accidentally embedded in the bedding and mattress will produce 
            highly toxic gases even if a fire does not result. The presence of 
            ashtrays near the bed area will indicate this unsafe habit. To 
            change the habits and behavior patterns of individuals is difficult, 
            but the suggested use of flame-retardant bedspreads, mattress 
            covers, and mattresses minimizes the risk. Wool and fiber glass 
            bankets are flame resistant and should be used where 
possible.
            2 Falls - Getting 
            into and out of the bed at night without proper lighting is 
            responsible for many fall injuries. The presence of a nearby lamp or 
            flashlight should be encouraged-one that can be reached before one 
            actually leaves the bed.As pointed out in 
            the previous discussion, unanchored, torn, or curled edges on floor 
            coverings should be called to the attention of the resident because 
            of the hazard they present, especially in the dark. Proper furniture 
            arrangement and a well-defined pathway in this area are important, 
            especially in homes of older persons.The presence of 
            small children in homes with second-floor bedrooms emphasizes the 
            need for window screens to be securely attached, but not to the 
            point that they could prevent escape from fire.3 Carbon Monoxide - 
            The presence of an unvented gas heater in the bedroom as well as in 
            any other room is extremely dangerous and illegal in most areas of 
            the country. If an unvented space heater is found, the proper 
            authority should be notified immediately. Flexible fuel lines are 
            often crimped or broken and thus allow the escape of flammable 
            gases. An adequate fresh air supply is necessary for providing 
            proper combustion, which, in turn, minimizes the production of 
            carbon monoxide.****E Hallway and 
            Stairs1 
            Falls - The storage of items in hallways and on stairs greatly 
            increases the possibility of tripping and falling. Toys, especially 
            wheeled items, are a hazard. Floor covering that is torn, worn, or 
            with curled edges should be observed and ordered corrected. Stairs 
            should be equipped with handrails that are securely attached to the 
            wall so that if an individual loses balance, a serious fall will be 
            prevented. Testing of handrails may expose those that are more 
            ornamental than functional.
            Adequate lighting 
            of halls and especially stairs is vital in preventing falls. The top 
            and bottom landing should be well lighted since many falls initiate 
            at these points. Prevention can be increased through placement of 
            larger wattage light bulbs in existing wall or ceiling 
            outlets.In homes where 
            children are present, a gate or door at the head of the stairs 
            should be kept closed to prevent children from falling down the 
            stairs. Balusters should be close enough together to prevent a child 
            from falling between.2 Burns - Hot-air 
            duct openings in the floor are often found in hallways. These and 
            wall heaters create problems because the grills become extremely hot 
            and will cause serious burns if someone accidentally touches them. 
            Proper placement and screening of these openings is 
            recommended.F Storage 
            Areas
            l Fire - The 
            basement and other areas are noted for storing miscellaneous items 
            such as newspapers, furniture, and other flammable materials. The 
            inspector should be especially aware of any accumulation that 
            presents an unusual hazard.
            Flammable liquids, 
            including gasoline, paint, paint thinners, turpentine, and similar 
            products, should be stored in metal containers with tightly fitting 
            lids and in areas that are free of potential sources of ignition 
            such as flame and electric sparks. The basement, which often 
            contains the heating system, water heater, and electrical motors, is 
            not a storage place for highly flammable liquids. They are to be 
            stored outside the house in areas with adequate ventilation to carry 
            away flammable and explosive vapors if leakage occurs.Paints and 
            similarly less flammable liquids are to be stored in a metal cabinet 
            some distance from any heat-producing units.Coals from 
            coal-fired heating units should not be placed in combustible 
            containers such as wood and cardboard boxes. The presence of ashes 
            in a combustible container should prompt the recommendation of using 
            a metal container.Inspection of the 
            chimney in the attic area for cracked bricks and missing mortar is 
            essential to fire safety. Storage of combustible items near any 
            chimney in use is dangerous; recommended removal to a minimum 
            distance of 3 feet is suggested.2 Cuts - The 
            presence of power equipment from which safety guards have obviously 
            been removed need noting, and an explanation of their potential for 
            cutting, crushing, and shearing should be made.Power tools not in 
            use but connected to the power source present a temptation and 
            hazard to children allowed to frequent the area.The clutter of 
            handtools in home work areas where children play frequently presents 
            them with a temptation to imitate adults in their use, and this 
            often results in cuts and lacerations.3 Suffocation - The 
            temporary storage of airtight containers such as refrigerators, 
            freezers, and similar household items presents a temptation for 
            children to play in them. The danger of suffocation can be minimized 
            by removing the door or door seal, by locking the door in a shut 
            position with a chain and lock, by blocking the door so that it 
            cannot be completely closed, or by facing the appliance to the wall 
            so the door cannot be opened.4 Electric Shock - 
            Portable electric tools used in basements and areas where electrical 
            grounds are present should bear a three wire cord with a three-prong 
            plug or be of the double insulated variety. If portable tools are 
            equipped with a three-wire cord, inspection should be made to 
            determine the presence and use of grounding adapter plugs in two 
            hole wall outlets.G 
            Garage****I Fire - Flammable liquids 
            are often stored in the garage. They should be stored in UL approved 
            metal containers to minimize the danger of fire and explosion. Glass 
            containers should never be used. A storage area should be maintained 
            in a neat and orderly manner and should be so located that children 
            do not have access to it. The inspector should examine the wiring 
            since it is often subjected to wear and exposed to the elements and 
            may, as a result, be in poor condition. If the inspector notices the 
            fueling of lawn mowers in the garage, he should recommend that they 
            be fueled outside to prevent the possible accumulation of fumes 
            within the garage.
            2 Falls -Garden and 
            lawn tools are normally stored in the garage. They should be stored 
            in such a manner that they cannot slide or fall and present a 
            tripping hazard. The inspector should look for the presence of oil 
            slicks where the car is parked. These should be brought to the 
            attention of the resident since they present a definite slipping 
            hazard. If miscellaneous items are stored in the loft area, care 
            should be taken that small children cannot climb to this area where 
            falling is a possibility.3 Cuts - All sharp 
            tools such as axes, knives, and saws should be stored in such a 
            manner that the blades are not exposed. The spark plug wire to 
            gas-powered equipment such as lawn mowers should be disconnected 
            from the spark plug to avoid accidental starting by small 
            children.4 Poisons - All 
            toxic material such as lawn and garden sprays should be stored out 
            of children's reach and in secure, preferably locked storage areas. 
            They should always be stored in their original containers with 
            labels and instructions for use clearly visible.The garage should 
            be kept neat and orderly at all times. The accumulation of unused 
            and unwanted material presents serious injury and fire 
            hazards.H Grounds and Home 
            Premises
            l Fire-In making an 
            inspection of the premises, special emphasis should be placed on 
            detecting possible fire hazards. Outside power lines that are bare 
            or rubbing against tree limbs or houses should be reported to the 
            appropriate agency for repair. The inspection of all outside 
            electric fixtures should be undertaken to determine if birds have 
            built their nest there and if so, a recommendation should be made 
            for their removal by the power company. The exterior of chimneys 
            should be inspected for durability and serviceability and, where 
            necessary, suggestions made for its improvement.
            2 Recreation - 
            Recreational items such as swings, slides, and teeter boards should 
            be checked for proper maintenance. Seats for swings should be 
            covered with shock-absorbent materials to prevent accidental injury 
            to children. Chains and hooks supporting swings should be covered 
            with rubber plastic or other suitable protective tubing and checked 
            periodically for wear. If teeter boards are made of wood, a 
            recommendation should be made to the resident that adequate covering 
            should be incorporated since weather and use will split the wood and 
            cause splinters. Recreation items should be out of the normal path 
            of individuals.Surfacing around 
            the recreation area should be sand or sawdust in order to prevent 
            possible serious injury to children if they fall. Hard materials 
            such as concrete or asphalt should be avoided.Precautions should 
            be taken to see that ditches, wells, and cisterns are securely 
            covered to prevent persons from falling into them.3 Cuts - The 
            outside area surrounding the home should be kept clean of broken 
            glass, sharp objects, and other debris. The presence of abandoned 
            automobiles and machinery presents not only an injury hazard to 
            children but also health hazards to the residents and neighborhood. 
            The lawn should be carefully cleared of items such as sticks, rocks, 
            and glass before the lawn is mowed, in order to prevent the throwing 
            of these objects by rotary power motors. Proper clothing should be 
            worn to protect the mower operator's feet and legs. Children should 
            not be allowed to play with or near a mower while in operation. 
            Refueling a lawn mower while it is hot or running creates a fire 
            hazard.4 Falls - Steps and 
            porch area should be inspected for trip hazards and loose railings 
            to prevent personal injury. Fences offer a climbing temptation to 
            children; therefore, their maintenance should be determined in view 
            of the fact that wood deteriorates with age and may be unable to 
            support children who climb on it. Ladders should not be left 
            standing against houses or other structures for fear of children 
            climbing them. In addition, their useful life will be extended if 
            they are stored away from the elements.****I 
            General****In this category we are 
            primarily concerned about items that have not been covered or that 
            are not applicable to all areas but nonetheless are an important 
            phase in home safety.
            Adults sometimes 
            start a car and let the engine idle while the car is still in the 
            garage. If the doors are closed, the carbon monoxide produced by the 
            engine may overcome a person in the garage and cause death. The 
            running of an auto in a garage attached to the house may allow 
            dangerous carbon monoxide vapor to penetrate the house or heating 
            system. Doors should always be open for safety.Firearms present a 
            special problem and should be carefully inspected to make sure they 
            are unloaded and stored in a locked cabinet. All ammunition should 
            be stored in a separate locked cabinet. The improper storage of any 
            unlocked or usable firearm in homes with children is a realistic 
            hazard - one to which attention should be directed.Exits should be 
            cleared at all times to permit easy passage from all areas in case 
            of fires.At night, all doors 
            should be kept closed in order to provide additional escape time in 
            case of fire.Since many rural 
            and suburban homes use LP gas, you should suggest that checks be 
            made to determine if leaks have occurred around fittings, to prevent 
            possible accumulation of gas in the home and consequent creation of 
            an explosion hazard. The odor of LP gas suggests the need for 
            immediate attention by the fuel supplier.Telephone numbers 
            for physician, ambulance, fire, and police departments should be 
            posted in a conspicuous place, preferably on or near the 
            telephone.Inspectors often 
            visit homes where very small children are left unattended for long 
            periods, often while the parents are at work. If it is apparent that 
            their absence is a definite detriment to the child's health and 
            safety, this should be noted and called to the attention of the 
            appropriate community agency.The electrical 
            service box containing fuses or circuit breakers may be found in any 
            part of the house. The fuse or circuit breakers are "safety valves" 
            that prevent electrical fires from occurring. When any electrical 
            circuit is overloaded, the breaker will trip or the fuse will blow 
            and shut off the electricity before a fire occurs. Unless larger 
            than normal wiring, such as is necessary to electric stoves and 
            water heaters, normal household circuits should be equipped with a 1 
            5-ampere fuse or circuit breaker. The current-carrying capacity can 
            be found on the base of the fuse or on the exterior of the circuit 
            breaker. Two commonly found violations and definite hazards are a 
            coin behind a fuse or the splitting and turning under of the fuse 
            edge so as to bypass the fusing element. Circuit breakers may be 
            found secured in a closed position by taping or blocking with a 
            match stick or a toothpick. These unsafe practices eliminate the 
            functioning of these components as a safety valve. The inspector can 
            greatly contribute to the safety of any building by noting and 
            ordering correction of this fire hazard.Most plumbing codes 
            require the use of both a pressure relief valve and temperature 
            control valve on water heaters. This temperature control valve is an 
            addition to the normal temperature control found on all gas and 
            electric water heaters. If the heater controls should fail to 
            operate properly, the pressure relief valve and the temperature 
            control valve will prevent the possibility of a pressure buildup and 
            explosion. The use and proper installation of these safety valves 
            are vital to safety.The charcoaling of 
            foods within the house and the use of gas range top burners for 
            supplementary heat should be discouraged due to the increased 
            generation of carbon monoxide gases by these appliances. The burning 
            of charcoal within the house should be allowed only within the 
            opening of a fireplace. An inspection should be made to determine if 
            the flue and draft control is operable; otherwise, carbon monoxide 
            gases can spill into the house.While many of these 
            points are not enforceable by the inspector, he should find it 
            within his duty to inform the resident of the hazard and show him 
            how to make corrections. If carried out properly, this procedure 
            should go far toward eliminating many household hazards and reducing 
            accidental injuries in the home and thus provide a healthful and 
            safe environment. |  | Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |  | CDC 
            Topics:Pointer
          In the NewsPointer
          Travelers' 
          HealthPointer
          Visitor 
            SurveyMore NCEH 
            Information:Pointer
          FundingPointer
          Shared 
            VisionHighlighted 
            Resources:Pointer
          CDC Fact Book 
            2000/2001PointerPointer
          SubscriptionsPointer
          Hoaxes and 
            Rumors |  | CDC 
            Topics: | Pointer                                                                                                                                                   | In the News                                                                                  | Pointer                                                       | Travelers' 
          Health | Pointer
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
|**Chapter 9 Safety in the Home 
            Environment**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
|Public Health agencies and 
            personnel are concerned with the total environment as it affects the 
            health, safety, and well-being of man. One of the greatest threats 
            to man's safety exists within the home in the form of accidental 
            injury.
            Statistics place 
            accidents as the fourth leading cause of death. among the total 
            population and as the leading cause of death for age groups 1 
            through 37. Accidents cost money-over $43 billion a year-in the form 
            of time away from work and a loss in productivity, medical expenses, 
            administrative costs, and property loss. Medical attention is 
            required by over 15 million persons injured each year in home 
            accidents. This medical attention is an extremely expensive factor 
            by itself.Most of us regard 
            home as a place of safety and security. Yet home accidents are the 
            most frequent place of injury. One-third of all nonfatal accidental 
            injuries and more than one-fourth of all fatal injuries occur in and 
            around the home. The very young and the 65-and-over age group are 
            particularly vulnerable to accidents. It is estimated that over 22 
            million persons (or one out of every nine Americans) were injured in 
            the home environment last year. Disabling injuries numbered 
            4,100,000 including 110,000 with some degree of permanent 
            impairment. This emphasizes the fact that our homes are not as safe 
            as we think.Accidental death 
            and injury occur at all socioeconomic levels. No home or individual 
            is immune against accidents. People accept and adapt themselves to 
            new conveniences and labor-saving devices without learning to live 
            safely within the new environment created by them.It must be 
            emphasized that potential dangers from the modern devices designed 
            to make life easier and more pleasant are related to the human 
            factors as well as the nature of the devices themselves. The human 
            factors are lack of skill, error of judgment, lack of knowledge, and 
            so forth.**I.  Definitions**A  Accident - 
            may be visualized as an event or incident resulting from an 
            interaction among a host (people), agent (things), and environment 
            (places).B Home accident - 
            occurrence within the home and its immediate premises.C Injury - harm or 
            hurt; a wound or maim, usually applied to damage inflicted to the 
            body by an external force.D Hazard - a source 
            of danger.E Glass, annealed - 
            type of glass most frequently found in windows, doors, and fixed 
            glass panels. Annealed glass breaks with a small impact into many 
            cutting surfaces, often of dagger shape.F Glass, 
            safety-1 Laminated - 
            commonly used in auto windshields. Consists of two layers of 
            annealed glass held together with a sheet of plastic cemented 
            between. Upon impact, it breaks into a jagged pattern, but plastic 
            interior holds the pieces together, greatly reducing the injury 
            potential.2 Wired glass - 
            commonly seen in fire doors, is annealed glass in which is imbedded 
            wire that serves the same holding function as plastic in laminated 
            glass.3 Tempered glass - 
            product of special heat treatment process. The safety feature is 
            that when broken its breaking pattern resembles rock salt; pieces 
            are rounded or cubical and inflict little or no injury. Its impact 
            resistance greatly exceeds that of similar thickness of annealed 
            glass.G L-P Gas 
            (Liquified Petroleum Gas) - any product composed of any or a mixture 
            of the following hydrocarbons: propane, propylene, and the butanes. 
            Being heavier than air, it tends to settle and accumulate in low 
            places.H Natural Gas - gas 
            issuing from earth's crust through natural openings or bored wells. 
            Most commonly found as a source of fuel in today's homes. The gas is 
            lighter than air, and this property causes it to rise to upper 
            levels.**II. 
              Background**Accidents do not happen by 
            themselves. Contributing to each accident, whether it is in the 
            home, in the factory, or out on the street, are the factors relating 
            to the man or host, the agent, and the environment in which we 
            live.A The human being 
            can be of any age and physical status and have varied emotions and 
            behavior.B Agents can be of 
            physical or chemical nature and be part of the environment.C Environment can 
            be not only visible, but can also be noise, ventilation and 
            design.Any environment 
              may place limitations on man's behavior, capabilities, and 
              tolerances of stress. For example, a well-designed stairway with a 
              handrail and acceptable lighting, while normal for most, can prove 
              to be an obstacle to a toddler or an elderly person. In your 
              inspections to develop a safe environment, consider the human 
              beings within the existing environment. **III.  
              Objectives**A  To enable the 
            inspector to become more aware of potential hazard within the 
            home.
            B  To minimize 
            these hazards through practical control of environment.C  To 
            recognize that even a "safe" environment at times can be a hazard 
            for certain human beings.**IV.  Relationship to Housing 
              Inspector**You can help 
              reduce home accidents and injuries by increasing your awareness of 
              potential hazards as they relate to the environment in and around 
              the home.You can help the 
              residents of this environment to become aware of these hazards; 
              you can suggest corrective measures that can be taken; you can 
              refer them to agencies, if needed, for corrective action; you can 
              help them to understand that their "normal" environment can place 
              limitations on their behavior and capabilities.**V. 
               Content**
              Since most 
              inspections of the house and home premises are made on an 
              area-by-area basis, this section will attempt to bring out the 
              primary environmental hazards for each.
            A 
Kitchen
            l Fire-The many 
              types of activities carried out in the kitchen make it perhaps the 
              most dangerous room in the home. The resident is most often not 
              aware of the numerous possible sources of injury here. There are 
              many opportunities for fire to occur in this area. The inspector 
              or sanitarian should look for curtains that may be capable of 
              being blown into the flame by breezes coming through open windows. 
              Drying of towels above stoves should be discouraged since they may 
              overheat and catch fire. The occupant should be advised about the 
              use of flame-retardant fabrics in this area and should adjust the 
              curtains in such a manner as to lessen the fire potential.Foods frying in 
              fats and cooking oils present a definite fire hazard. This hazard 
              is increased by the absence of a properly fitted lid on frying 
              pans. If the burner flame or electric heat source is turned to a 
              high position, fats and cooking oils may reach a temperature 
              sufficient to cause ignition from heat alone; no actual flame is 
              necessary to cause this ignition. This type of fire often occurs 
              and becomes uncontrollable when an adult is not present in the 
              kitchen at all times.The inspector 
              should impart useful information about methods of controlling a 
              fire. It would be helpful to mention that a grease fire in a 
              skillet or similar container can be effectively controlled by a 
              dry chemical or carbon dioxide fire extinguisher. Water applied to 
              the flaming cooking oils and liquid greases will only intensify 
              and cause the fire to spread. In the case of an oven fire, close 
              the oven door; with skillet or container fires, cover the pan with 
              a lid to exclude the oxygen. Ordinary baking soda can also be used 
              to control small grease fires effectively in containers and in 
              ovens. The soda should be dumped or thrown into the fire from a 
              safe distance. The baking soda, in the presence of heat, produces 
              carbon dioxide, which shuts off the oxygen to the flames and 
              causes the flames to be extinguished. All fires can be more easily 
              controlled if the burner flame or heat source has been turned 
              offThere is normally 
              a tendency to store aerosol cans in the kitchen area. Caution 
              should be taken to see that these cans are not stored in direct 
              sunlight, where the temperature may exceed 120?F, or close to 
              heat-producing appliances. Most aerosol cans are kept under 
              pressure, and with increased temperature the cans may explode 
              spraying the area with its contents or fragments of the can. In 
              addition, the contents of some types of aerosols are extremely 
              flammable and should not be sprayed near any open flame. A 
              suggestion should be made to the resident to read and follow the 
              label on all aerosol cans. It will contain information about 
              proper use, flammability, and storage directions.The inspector 
              should also be aware of detectable gas leaks that could lead to an 
              explosion. He should immediately call this to the attention of the 
              occupant or personally contact the fuel supplier to inform them of 
              this hazard. Both natural gas and liquified petroleum gas (LP) 
              these been odorized to aid in determining the presence of a small 
              leak.In homes using 
              kerosene as a cooking or heating fuel, special problems exist. 
              Leaking fuel lines, burners, and fuel containers are a definite 
              fire hazard. Due to the type of fuel and manner of use, these 
              units must he cleaned often.If coal- or 
              wood-burning stoves are used for cooking and if flammable liquids 
              are used to ignite these fuels, care should be urged in their 
              proper use and storage. Under no condition should gasoline or 
              tractor fuel be used to assist in starting a fire. Kerosene or 
              liquid starters sold for this purpose can be used, but they should 
              never be applied once a fire is going or when the possibility of 
              live coals exists.Some city and 
              area ordinances prohibit the use of certain types of portable 
              liquid-fuel heat producing devices. Your knowledge of any such 
              restrictions-end subsequent recommendations about their use to the 
              proper person or agency are vital.Electric 
              appliances should be observed for frayed cords and exposed wiring, 
              since these may result in electrical fires and electrical shock 
              hazards. Face plates for electrical wall outlets should be 
              examined for serviceability. Broken face plates should be called 
              to the attention of the occupant and replacement ordered.Overloading of 
              electrical outlets in the kitchen is a common fire hazard. No 
              single outlet should have more than two small portable appliances 
              attached at one time, and preferably only one should be in use at 
              any given time.2 Carbon Monoxide 
              - A properly adjusted gas cook stove burner will burn with a blue 
              and well-shaped flame. If the flame appears irregular, lazy, and 
              yellow, the burner is not properly adjusted and will most often 
              produce carbon monoxide, a tasteless, colorless, and odorless gas 
              that is often fatal. In nearly all areas, a local gas company or 
              fuel supplier will respond immediately to calls concerning proper 
              burner adjustment. Such a situation should be observed by the 
              inspector and ordered corrected immediately.3 Poisons - Small 
              children have a curious nature and are quite at home in the 
              kitchen. Their natural curiosity often leads the child to eat, 
              drink, or taste items such as bleach, soap powder, furniture 
              polish, wax, and other commonly used household products. All such 
              items should be kept out of their sight and reach. A locked 
              storage area for nonfood items is recommended in homes where small 
              children are present. Provisions should be made for separate 
              storage of food and nonfood items to prevent accidental 
              contamination. If commonly used household products, drugs, and 
              poisons are observed in homes where small children are present, a 
              suggestion should be made that all such articles be placed out of 
              sight and in safe storage.4 Cuts - The 
              storage of sharp kitchen utensils should be arranged so that the 
              cutting edge is down or so that the utensils are placed in special 
              wall or drawer holders. Knives should be kept out of children's 
              sight and reach to prevent accidental cuts.5 Falls - 
              Injuries resulting from falls often occur in the kitchen because 
              of grease and other liquids spilled and left on the floors. 
              Improper storage of brooms, mops, and so forth, create a fall or 
              trip hazard. Mop and broom handles should be placed in a wall rack 
              or secured in an upright position. Broken, tom, or curled edges on 
              floor coverings, including linoleum floors, present a trip hazard. 
              The observed use of chairs and makeshift means to reach upper 
              cabinet shelves should be brought to the attention of the occupant 
              as an injury potential with a suggestion to use step stools or 
              ladders when climbing.6 Burns - 
              Children are often severely burned because of their curiosity to 
              reach for and pull on appliance cords and panhandles. Burns from 
              hot substances and liquids can be prevented by turning handles in 
              so that they will not protrude beyond the stove's edge.Electrical cords 
              should not be left dangling over a work surface or left attached 
              to the appliance or wall outlet after their use. The wearing of 
              loosely fitting, long-sleeved house dresses or robes while one is 
              cooking food may result in the ignition of the garment. Short 
              sleeves are much safer and should be recommended.B Living 
              RoomI Falls - In the 
              living area, emphasis should be placed on furniture arrangement 
              and floor covering. Rugs should be of a nonskid nature with smooth 
              edges in order to prevent possible tripping or slipping under 
              foot. Unstable scatter rugs are not limited to this area but 
              remain a problem throughout much of the house. Furniture should be 
              arranged in a manner that is best to provide a definable and 
              normal path of travel. Sharp edges on furniture are especially 
              hazardous to children and elders. Their placement should be 
              considered for children and the elderly to prevent injury. If 
              furniture is used for support by older persons, it should be a 
              type that is sturdy enough to withstand any unusual push, lunge, 
              or unsteadiness of the individual.2 Fire - Open 
              fireplaces should be checked for substantial fire-resistant 
              screens in order to prevent hot coals or sparks from being thrown 
              onto the rug. Brickwork in chimneys should be examined for 
              condition of construction and missing mortar, and the flue should 
              be checked for blockage that will prevent the exhausting of toxic 
              gases and smoke.Numerous 
              electrical extension wires present a fire hazard in that there is 
              an increased possibility of overloading the existing house 
              wiring.This type of 
              wiring is often called upon to carry more current than it was 
              designed to carry and this overload results in excessive heating 
              and the possibility of fire. The placing of electrical wires under 
              rugs, around door sills, and in places where they may have their 
              insulation worn bare may result in a short circuit and possibly in 
              an electrical fire.3 Cuts - The 
              modern home is created to admit the beauty of nature by employment 
              of large panes of glass. The living room is no exception. Patio 
              doors have become popular in the past few years in the living and 
              dining areas. These large expanses of glass present a serious 
              injury problem in that children and adults often walk, run, or 
              fall into the panels of glass. If the force of the impact is great 
              enough to cause normal annealed glass to break, it breaks into 
              long jagged pieces that may cause the individual to receive 
              multiple cuts and lacerations or suffer severed arteries. These 
              hazards can be minimized by placing furniture, potted plants, or 
              other household items in front of the stationary panels and thus 
              cause small children or adults to slow down before contacting the 
              glass door or panel. The use of decorative decals on glass panels 
              will often provide sufficient warning that the door is not in an 
              open position and thus deter a person from colliding with the 
              glass panel.The suggested use 
              of safety glass will minimize the possibility of injury if the 
              glass should break. The most common type of safety glass is 
              tempered glass. Other types of safety glass are laminated and 
              wired. Tempered safety glass looks no different from normal glass. 
              Tempered safety glass is, however, five times stronger than normal 
              annealed glass. If breakage does occur, this glass breaks into 
              small cubical particles, much like rock salt, that may scratch or 
              produce superficial cuts but will not produce deep, serious 
              lacerations. All tempered safety glass will be so labeled on each 
              panel. Homes that were built before 1963 will undoubtedly be 
              equipped with normal annealed glass.4 Electric Shock 
              - Young children are extremely curious and great imitators of 
              their parents. They closely watch and often imitate their parent 
              when they plug an electrical appliance into a wall outlet. They do 
              not realize the danger of shock and burn from inserting metal 
              objects such as eating utensils, hair pins, and other items into 
              an energized outlet. Plastic caps should be inserted and kept in 
              each wall outlet to prevent the child from this type of hazard. 
              Visible extension cords in the child's play area are a temptation 
              for the teething child to bite the cord. Concealment or removal of 
              electrical extension wires is recommended.C Bathroom1 Falls - The 
            bathroom also has its hazards. Falls often occur in this area as a 
            result of wet and slippery floors. Care should be taken to see that 
            water is promptly cleaned up.
            Where the occupants 
            are disabled or elderly it is recommended that tub and shower stalls 
            be provided with grab bars to assist them in getting in and out 
            safely. Grab bars should not be confused with towel holders or 
            handles on soap trays. These are usually insecurely attached to the 
            wall and will not support the weight of a normal person in an 
            emergency. Grab bars are more sturdily constructed, usually of 
            metal, and are anchored firmly to the wall studs. Other types of 
            grab bars can be fastened securely to the bathtub by means of bolts 
            or clamps. Nonskid surfaces, such as adhesive strips or bath mats, 
            should be employed to prevent slipping.2 Electric Shock - 
            The misuse of electrical appliances in the bathroom presents a shock 
            hazard. No switches or outlets should be within reach of the tub or 
            shower. Electrical equipment using household current should not be 
            present in the bathroom unless the bathroom is specifically designed 
            for it. All such equipment should carry the Underwriters' Laboratory 
            (UL) label. Radios, excluding battery-operated units, present a 
            definite shock hazard. All switch plates and electrical fixtures 
            should be grounded. Under the 1975 Electrical Code all bathrooms 
            must also have ground-fault circuit protection. Metal pull cords 
            should have string pull cords attached until they can be replaced 
            with wall switches.3 Poisons - The 
            medicine cabinet and sink area is often the catchall storage place 
            for drugs and household items, many of which are poisonous when 
            taken in excess. A reminder of their obvious presence in accessible 
            places in homes with small children might minimize the child's 
            temptation to taste these potential poisons. Inspectors should 
            suggest that old, unused drugs be disposed of in a safe manner such 
            as flushing down the toilet.A special storage 
            area out of reach, out of sight of children, and preferably locked, 
            can prevent accidental ingestion of these commonly used drugs and 
            household products.****D Bedroom1 Fires - 
            Smoking in bed presents a major hazard. A smoldering cigarette 
            accidentally embedded in the bedding and mattress will produce 
            highly toxic gases even if a fire does not result. The presence of 
            ashtrays near the bed area will indicate this unsafe habit. To 
            change the habits and behavior patterns of individuals is difficult, 
            but the suggested use of flame-retardant bedspreads, mattress 
            covers, and mattresses minimizes the risk. Wool and fiber glass 
            bankets are flame resistant and should be used where 
possible.
            2 Falls - Getting 
            into and out of the bed at night without proper lighting is 
            responsible for many fall injuries. The presence of a nearby lamp or 
            flashlight should be encouraged-one that can be reached before one 
            actually leaves the bed.As pointed out in 
            the previous discussion, unanchored, torn, or curled edges on floor 
            coverings should be called to the attention of the resident because 
            of the hazard they present, especially in the dark. Proper furniture 
            arrangement and a well-defined pathway in this area are important, 
            especially in homes of older persons.The presence of 
            small children in homes with second-floor bedrooms emphasizes the 
            need for window screens to be securely attached, but not to the 
            point that they could prevent escape from fire.3 Carbon Monoxide - 
            The presence of an unvented gas heater in the bedroom as well as in 
            any other room is extremely dangerous and illegal in most areas of 
            the country. If an unvented space heater is found, the proper 
            authority should be notified immediately. Flexible fuel lines are 
            often crimped or broken and thus allow the escape of flammable 
            gases. An adequate fresh air supply is necessary for providing 
            proper combustion, which, in turn, minimizes the production of 
            carbon monoxide.****E Hallway and 
            Stairs1 
            Falls - The storage of items in hallways and on stairs greatly 
            increases the possibility of tripping and falling. Toys, especially 
            wheeled items, are a hazard. Floor covering that is torn, worn, or 
            with curled edges should be observed and ordered corrected. Stairs 
            should be equipped with handrails that are securely attached to the 
            wall so that if an individual loses balance, a serious fall will be 
            prevented. Testing of handrails may expose those that are more 
            ornamental than functional.
            Adequate lighting 
            of halls and especially stairs is vital in preventing falls. The top 
            and bottom landing should be well lighted since many falls initiate 
            at these points. Prevention can be increased through placement of 
            larger wattage light bulbs in existing wall or ceiling 
            outlets.In homes where 
            children are present, a gate or door at the head of the stairs 
            should be kept closed to prevent children from falling down the 
            stairs. Balusters should be close enough together to prevent a child 
            from falling between.2 Burns - Hot-air 
            duct openings in the floor are often found in hallways. These and 
            wall heaters create problems because the grills become extremely hot 
            and will cause serious burns if someone accidentally touches them. 
            Proper placement and screening of these openings is 
            recommended.F Storage 
            Areas
            l Fire - The 
            basement and other areas are noted for storing miscellaneous items 
            such as newspapers, furniture, and other flammable materials. The 
            inspector should be especially aware of any accumulation that 
            presents an unusual hazard.
            Flammable liquids, 
            including gasoline, paint, paint thinners, turpentine, and similar 
            products, should be stored in metal containers with tightly fitting 
            lids and in areas that are free of potential sources of ignition 
            such as flame and electric sparks. The basement, which often 
            contains the heating system, water heater, and electrical motors, is 
            not a storage place for highly flammable liquids. They are to be 
            stored outside the house in areas with adequate ventilation to carry 
            away flammable and explosive vapors if leakage occurs.Paints and 
            similarly less flammable liquids are to be stored in a metal cabinet 
            some distance from any heat-producing units.Coals from 
            coal-fired heating units should not be placed in combustible 
            containers such as wood and cardboard boxes. The presence of ashes 
            in a combustible container should prompt the recommendation of using 
            a metal container.Inspection of the 
            chimney in the attic area for cracked bricks and missing mortar is 
            essential to fire safety. Storage of combustible items near any 
            chimney in use is dangerous; recommended removal to a minimum 
            distance of 3 feet is suggested.2 Cuts - The 
            presence of power equipment from which safety guards have obviously 
            been removed need noting, and an explanation of their potential for 
            cutting, crushing, and shearing should be made.Power tools not in 
            use but connected to the power source present a temptation and 
            hazard to children allowed to frequent the area.The clutter of 
            handtools in home work areas where children play frequently presents 
            them with a temptation to imitate adults in their use, and this 
            often results in cuts and lacerations.3 Suffocation - The 
            temporary storage of airtight containers such as refrigerators, 
            freezers, and similar household items presents a temptation for 
            children to play in them. The danger of suffocation can be minimized 
            by removing the door or door seal, by locking the door in a shut 
            position with a chain and lock, by blocking the door so that it 
            cannot be completely closed, or by facing the appliance to the wall 
            so the door cannot be opened.4 Electric Shock - 
            Portable electric tools used in basements and areas where electrical 
            grounds are present should bear a three wire cord with a three-prong 
            plug or be of the double insulated variety. If portable tools are 
            equipped with a three-wire cord, inspection should be made to 
            determine the presence and use of grounding adapter plugs in two 
            hole wall outlets.G 
            Garage****I Fire - Flammable liquids 
            are often stored in the garage. They should be stored in UL approved 
            metal containers to minimize the danger of fire and explosion. Glass 
            containers should never be used. A storage area should be maintained 
            in a neat and orderly manner and should be so located that children 
            do not have access to it. The inspector should examine the wiring 
            since it is often subjected to wear and exposed to the elements and 
            may, as a result, be in poor condition. If the inspector notices the 
            fueling of lawn mowers in the garage, he should recommend that they 
            be fueled outside to prevent the possible accumulation of fumes 
            within the garage.
            2 Falls -Garden and 
            lawn tools are normally stored in the garage. They should be stored 
            in such a manner that they cannot slide or fall and present a 
            tripping hazard. The inspector should look for the presence of oil 
            slicks where the car is parked. These should be brought to the 
            attention of the resident since they present a definite slipping 
            hazard. If miscellaneous items are stored in the loft area, care 
            should be taken that small children cannot climb to this area where 
            falling is a possibility.3 Cuts - All sharp 
            tools such as axes, knives, and saws should be stored in such a 
            manner that the blades are not exposed. The spark plug wire to 
            gas-powered equipment such as lawn mowers should be disconnected 
            from the spark plug to avoid accidental starting by small 
            children.4 Poisons - All 
            toxic material such as lawn and garden sprays should be stored out 
            of children's reach and in secure, preferably locked storage areas. 
            They should always be stored in their original containers with 
            labels and instructions for use clearly visible.The garage should 
            be kept neat and orderly at all times. The accumulation of unused 
            and unwanted material presents serious injury and fire 
            hazards.H Grounds and Home 
            Premises
            l Fire-In making an 
            inspection of the premises, special emphasis should be placed on 
            detecting possible fire hazards. Outside power lines that are bare 
            or rubbing against tree limbs or houses should be reported to the 
            appropriate agency for repair. The inspection of all outside 
            electric fixtures should be undertaken to determine if birds have 
            built their nest there and if so, a recommendation should be made 
            for their removal by the power company. The exterior of chimneys 
            should be inspected for durability and serviceability and, where 
            necessary, suggestions made for its improvement.
            2 Recreation - 
            Recreational items such as swings, slides, and teeter boards should 
            be checked for proper maintenance. Seats for swings should be 
            covered with shock-absorbent materials to prevent accidental injury 
            to children. Chains and hooks supporting swings should be covered 
            with rubber plastic or other suitable protective tubing and checked 
            periodically for wear. If teeter boards are made of wood, a 
            recommendation should be made to the resident that adequate covering 
            should be incorporated since weather and use will split the wood and 
            cause splinters. Recreation items should be out of the normal path 
            of individuals.Surfacing around 
            the recreation area should be sand or sawdust in order to prevent 
            possible serious injury to children if they fall. Hard materials 
            such as concrete or asphalt should be avoided.Precautions should 
            be taken to see that ditches, wells, and cisterns are securely 
            covered to prevent persons from falling into them.3 Cuts - The 
            outside area surrounding the home should be kept clean of broken 
            glass, sharp objects, and other debris. The presence of abandoned 
            automobiles and machinery presents not only an injury hazard to 
            children but also health hazards to the residents and neighborhood. 
            The lawn should be carefully cleared of items such as sticks, rocks, 
            and glass before the lawn is mowed, in order to prevent the throwing 
            of these objects by rotary power motors. Proper clothing should be 
            worn to protect the mower operator's feet and legs. Children should 
            not be allowed to play with or near a mower while in operation. 
            Refueling a lawn mower while it is hot or running creates a fire 
            hazard.4 Falls - Steps and 
            porch area should be inspected for trip hazards and loose railings 
            to prevent personal injury. Fences offer a climbing temptation to 
            children; therefore, their maintenance should be determined in view 
            of the fact that wood deteriorates with age and may be unable to 
            support children who climb on it. Ladders should not be left 
            standing against houses or other structures for fear of children 
            climbing them. In addition, their useful life will be extended if 
            they are stored away from the elements.****I 
            General****In this category we are 
            primarily concerned about items that have not been covered or that 
            are not applicable to all areas but nonetheless are an important 
            phase in home safety.
            Adults sometimes 
            start a car and let the engine idle while the car is still in the 
            garage. If the doors are closed, the carbon monoxide produced by the 
            engine may overcome a person in the garage and cause death. The 
            running of an auto in a garage attached to the house may allow 
            dangerous carbon monoxide vapor to penetrate the house or heating 
            system. Doors should always be open for safety.Firearms present a 
            special problem and should be carefully inspected to make sure they 
            are unloaded and stored in a locked cabinet. All ammunition should 
            be stored in a separate locked cabinet. The improper storage of any 
            unlocked or usable firearm in homes with children is a realistic 
            hazard - one to which attention should be directed.Exits should be 
            cleared at all times to permit easy passage from all areas in case 
            of fires.At night, all doors 
            should be kept closed in order to provide additional escape time in 
            case of fire.Since many rural 
            and suburban homes use LP gas, you should suggest that checks be 
            made to determine if leaks have occurred around fittings, to prevent 
            possible accumulation of gas in the home and consequent creation of 
            an explosion hazard. The odor of LP gas suggests the need for 
            immediate attention by the fuel supplier.Telephone numbers 
            for physician, ambulance, fire, and police departments should be 
            posted in a conspicuous place, preferably on or near the 
            telephone.Inspectors often 
            visit homes where very small children are left unattended for long 
            periods, often while the parents are at work. If it is apparent that 
            their absence is a definite detriment to the child's health and 
            safety, this should be noted and called to the attention of the 
            appropriate community agency.The electrical 
            service box containing fuses or circuit breakers may be found in any 
            part of the house. The fuse or circuit breakers are "safety valves" 
            that prevent electrical fires from occurring. When any electrical 
            circuit is overloaded, the breaker will trip or the fuse will blow 
            and shut off the electricity before a fire occurs. Unless larger 
            than normal wiring, such as is necessary to electric stoves and 
            water heaters, normal household circuits should be equipped with a 1 
            5-ampere fuse or circuit breaker. The current-carrying capacity can 
            be found on the base of the fuse or on the exterior of the circuit 
            breaker. Two commonly found violations and definite hazards are a 
            coin behind a fuse or the splitting and turning under of the fuse 
            edge so as to bypass the fusing element. Circuit breakers may be 
            found secured in a closed position by taping or blocking with a 
            match stick or a toothpick. These unsafe practices eliminate the 
            functioning of these components as a safety valve. The inspector can 
            greatly contribute to the safety of any building by noting and 
            ordering correction of this fire hazard.Most plumbing codes 
            require the use of both a pressure relief valve and temperature 
            control valve on water heaters. This temperature control valve is an 
            addition to the normal temperature control found on all gas and 
            electric water heaters. If the heater controls should fail to 
            operate properly, the pressure relief valve and the temperature 
            control valve will prevent the possibility of a pressure buildup and 
            explosion. The use and proper installation of these safety valves 
            are vital to safety.The charcoaling of 
            foods within the house and the use of gas range top burners for 
            supplementary heat should be discouraged due to the increased 
            generation of carbon monoxide gases by these appliances. The burning 
            of charcoal within the house should be allowed only within the 
            opening of a fireplace. An inspection should be made to determine if 
            the flue and draft control is operable; otherwise, carbon monoxide 
            gases can spill into the house.While many of these 
            points are not enforceable by the inspector, he should find it 
            within his duty to inform the resident of the hazard and show him 
            how to make corrections. If carried out properly, this procedure 
            should go far toward eliminating many household hazards and reducing 
            accidental injuries in the home and thus provide a healthful and 
            safe environment.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
|Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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