# Patent

## Title
Solid detergent composition and method for solidifying a detergent composition

## Abstract

A solid detergent composition is provided including an effective amount of a cleaning agent to provide soil removal and a binding agent dispersed throughout the solid detergent composition. The binding agent comprises a result of mixing alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, and water. The binding agent preferably includes alkali metal sesquicarbonate. A method for solidifying a detergent composition is provided.

## Background
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to a solid detergent composition and to a method for solidifying a detergent composition. The detergent composition includes a cleaning agent solidified by a binding agent resulting from a reaction product of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate and water. The binding agent can be used as a primary binding agent for solidifying a detergent composition or it can be used as a secondary binding agent in combination with another binding agent for solidifying a detergent composition.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of solidification technology and solid block detergents in institutional and industrial operations is described in U.S. Reissue Pat. Nos. 32,762 and 32,818 to Fernholz et al. Sodium carbonate hydrate cast solid products using substantially hydrated sodium carbonate materials is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,595,520 to Heile et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,134 to Heile et al.
Attention has been directed at producing detergent materials from soda ash (sodium carbonate). Early work in developing the sodium carbonate based detergents found that sodium carbonate hydrate based materials swelled. That is, the sodium carbonate hydrate based materials were dimensionally unstable after solidification. Swelling can interfere with packaging, dispensing, and use. It is believed that the dimensional instability of the solid materials relates to the unstable nature of various hydrate forms prepared in manufacturing the sodium carbonate solid materials.
An E-form hydrate binder has been used for solidifying detergent compositions. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,177,392 to Lentsch et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,150,324 to Lentsch et al. The E-form hydrate binder results from an interaction of alkali metal carbonate, sequestrant, and water.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A solid detergent composition is provided according to the invention. The solid detergent composition includes an effective amount of a cleaning agent to provide soil removal and a binding agent dispersed throughout the solid detergent composition. The cleaning agent preferably includes at least one of a source of alkalinity, a surfactant, a water conditioning agent, and an enzyme cleaner. The binding agent comprises a result of mixing alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, and water. It is believed that the alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, and water interact in a manner that provides alkali metal sesquicarbonate because differential scanning calorimetry suggests its presence in the binding agent component.
A method for solidifying a detergent composition is provided according to the invention. The method includes a step of mixing an effective amount of a cleaning agent to provide soil removal with a binding agent to solidify the detergent composition. The binding agent comprises a mixture of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, and water. The alkali metal bicarbonate can be added directly to the detergent composition or it can be generated in situ. The alkali metal bicarbonate can be generated in situ by reaction of alkali metal carbonate and acid. Preferred acids that can be used to generate the alkali metal bicarbonate include citric acid, sulfamic acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, and mixtures thereof.


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The solid detergent composition of the invention includes an effective amount of a cleaning agent to provide soil removal and an effective amount of a binding agent dispersed throughout the solid detergent composition to provide the detergent composition as a solid at room temperature. The cleaning agent can include any component that provides soil removal properties when dispersed or dissolved in an aqueous solution and applied to a substrate for removal of soil from the substrate. The cleaning agent preferably includes at least one of a surfactant, a source of alkalinity, a water conditioning agent, an enzyme, and mixtures thereof. The cleaning agent preferably includes a mixture of two or more of a surfactant, a source of alkalinity, a water conditioning agent, and an enzyme. The binding agent includes a result of mixing alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, and water. Preferably, the result of mixing can be characterized as a reaction product. It should be understood that the term “reaction product” refers to a product resulting from any type of chemical interaction between the binding agent forming components including covalent bonding, complexing, and ionic bonding.
The solid detergent composition can be provided in a variety of forms including, for example, a cast solid, an extruded pellet, an extruded block, and a tablet. It should be understood that the term “solid” refers to the state of the detergent composition under the expected conditions of storage and use of the detergent composition. In general, it is expected that the detergent composition will remain a solid when provided at a temperature of up to about 100° F. and preferably greater than 120° F. The solid detergent composition can be provided in the form of a unit dose. A unit dose refers to a solid detergent composition unit sized so that the entire unit is used during a single washing cycle. In contrast, non-unit dose solids, such as, a block or a plurality of pellets, can be repeatedly used to generate aqueous detergent compositions for multiple washing cycles. When the solid detergent composition is provided as a unit dose, it is preferably provided as a cast solid, an extruded pellet, or a tablet having a size of between about 1 gram and about 50 grams. When the solid detergent composition is provided in a non-unit dose form for repeated use, it is preferably provided as a cast solid, an extruded block, or a tablet having a size of between about 5 grams and about 500 grams. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that the solid detergent composition can be provided as a cast solid, an extruded pellet, or a tablet so that a plurality of the solids will be available in a package having a size of between about 40 grams and about 11,000 grams.
The solid detergent composition can include additional components to enhance or improve the desirable characteristics of the solid detergent composition and/or the resulting aqueous detergent composition. Components that can be included in the composition include conventional detergent additives such as sanitizers, rinse aid functional materials, builders, chelating/sequestering agents, bleaching agents, hardening agents, solubility modifiers, detergent fillers, defoaming agents, anti-redeposition agents, optical brighteners, threshold agents, aesthetic enhancing agents (i.e., dyes, perfumes), and the like. Adjuvants and other additive ingredients will vary according to the type of composition being manufactured.
Surfactant
The composition can include at least one cleaning agent that is preferably a surfactant or surfactant system. The term “surfactant system” refers to a mixture of at least two surfactants. A variety of surfactants can be used in a cleaning composition, including anionic, nonionic, cationic, and zwitterionic surfactants that are commercially available from a number of sources. Anionic and nonionic surfactants are preferred. For a discussion of surfactants, see Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Third Edition, volume 8, pages 900–912, the disclosure of surfactants being incorporated herein by reference. Preferably, the cleaning composition comprises a surfactant or surfactant system in an amount effective to provide a desired level of cleaning. Preferably, solid detergent composition contains about 0–40 wt. %, and more preferably about 1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of the surfactant or surfactant system. As used in this application, the term “wt. %” refers to the weight percent of the indicated component relative to the total weight of the composition, unless indicated differently. In addition, unless specifically indicated, the weight percent refers to the weight percent based on the solid concentrate.
Anionic surfactants useful in the present cleaning compositions, include, for example, carboxylates such as alkylcarboxylates (carboxylic acid salts) and polyalkoxycarboxylates, alcohol ethoxylate carboxylates, nonylphenol ethoxylate carboxylates, and the like; sulfonates such as alkylsulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkylarylsulfonates, sulfonated fatty acid esters, and the like; sulfates such as sulfated alcohols, sulfated alcohol ethoxylates, sulfated alkylphenols, alkylsulfates, sulfosuccinates, alkylether sulfates, and the like; and phosphate esters such as alkylphosphate esters, and the like. Preferred anionics are sodium alkylarylsulfonate, alpha-olefinsulfonate, and fatty alcohol sulfates.
When the solid detergent composition includes an anionic surfactant, the anionic surfactant is preferably provided in an amount of greater than about 0.1 wt. % and up to about 40 wt. %.
Nonionic surfactants useful in cleaning compositions include those having a polyalkylene oxide polymer as a portion of the surfactant molecule. Such nonionic surfactants include, for example, chlorine-, benzyl-, methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl- and other alkyl-capped polyethylene glycol ethers of fatty alcohols; polyalkylene oxide free nonionics such as alkyl polyglycosides; sorbitan and sucrose esters and their ethoxylates; alkoxylated ethylene diamine; alcohol alkoxylates such as alcohol ethoxylate propoxylates, alcohol propoxylates, alcohol propoxylate ethoxylate propoxylates, alcohol ethoxylate butoxylates, and the like; nonylphenol ethoxylate, polyoxyethylene glycol ethers and the like; carboxylic acid esters such as glycerol esters, polyoxyethylene esters, ethoxylated and glycol esters of fatty acids, and the like; carboxylic amides such as diethanolamine condensates, monoalkanolamine condensates, polyoxyethylene fatty acid amides, and the like; and polyalkylene oxide block copolymers including an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide block copolymer such as those commercially available under the trademark PLURONIC (BASF-Wyandotte), and the like; and other like nonionic compounds. Silicone surfactants such as the ABIL B8852 can also be used.
When the solid detergent composition includes a nonionic surfactant, the nonionic surfactant is preferably provided in an amount of greater than about 0.1 wt. % and up to about 20 wt. %.
Cationic surfactants useful for inclusion in a cleaning composition for sanitizing or fabric softening, include amines such as primary, secondary and tertiary monoamines with C18 alkyl or alkenyl chains, ethoxylated alkylamines, alkoxylates of ethylenediamine, imidazoles such as a 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazoline, a 2-alkyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-imidazoline, and the like; and quaternary ammonium salts, as for example, alkylquaternary ammonium chloride surfactants such as n-alkyl(C12–C18)dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, n-tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride monohydrate, a naphthalene-substituted quaternary ammonium chloride such as dimethyl-1-naphthylmethylammonium chloride, and the like; and other like cationic surfactants.
When the solid detergent composition includes a cationic surfactant, the cationic surfactant is preferably provided in an amount of greater than about 0.1 wt. % and up to about 20 wt. %.
Source of Alkalinity
The composition can include at least one cleaning agent that is preferably a source of alkalinity to provide soil removal performance. Preferred sources of alkalinity include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal carbonates, bicarbonates, sesquicarbonates, and borates. Preferred sources of alkalinity include alkali metal carbonates such as soda ash or sodium carbonate.
The source of alkalinity is preferably in an amount to enhance the cleaning of a substrate and improve soil removal performance of the composition. The composition can include between about 10 wt. % and about 80 wt. %, preferably between about 15 wt. % and about 70 wt. %, and even more preferably between about 20 wt. % and about 60 wt. % of the source of alkalinity. The source of alkalinity can additionally be provided in an amount to neutralize the anionic surfactant and may be used to assist in the solidification of the composition.
Although the binding agent component according to the invention is prepared from an alkali metal carbonate, it should be appreciated that the amount of alkali metal carbonate used for binding agent purposes may or may not provide a desired level of alkalinity for the resulting detergent use solution. Accordingly, although the binding agent component is prepared from an alkali metal carbonate, the solid detergent composition does not necessarily have an effective cleaning agent amount of a source of alkalinity. If it is desirable to provide a cleaning agent amount of a source of alkalinity, it may be necessary to provide more alkali metal carbonate than necessary for binding agent component purposes.
Water Conditioning Agent
The water conditioning agent can be referred to as a detergent builder and/or chelating agent and generally provides cleaning properties and chelating properties. Exemplary detergent builders include sodium sulphate, sodium chloride, starch, sugars, C1–C10 alkylene glycols such as propylene glycol, and the like. Exemplary chelating agents include phosphates, phosphonates, and amino-carboxylates. Exemplary phosphates include sodium orthophosphate, potassium orthophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, potassium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and sodium hexametaphosphate. Exemplary phosphonates include 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid, aminotrimethylene phosphonic acid, diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid), 1-hydroxyethane-1,1-diphosphonic acid CH3C(OH)[PO(OH)2]2, aminotri(methylenephosphonic acid) N[CH2PO(OH)2]3, aminotri(methylenephosphonate), sodium salt




2-hydroxyethyliminobis(methylenephosphonic acid) HOCH2CH2N[CH2PO(OH)2]2, diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid) (HO)2POCH2N[CH2CH2N[CH2PO(OH)2]2]2, diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonate), sodium salt C9H(28-x)N3NaxO15P5 (x=7), hexamethylenediamine(tetramethylenephosphonate), potassium salt C10H(28-x)N2KxO12P4 (x=6), bis(hexamethylene)triamine(pentamethylenephosphonic acid) (HO2)POCH2N[(CH2)6N[CH2PO(OH)2]2]2, and phosphorus acid H3PO3. Exemplary amino-carboxylates include aminocarboxylic acids such as N-hydroxyethyliminodiacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid (DTPA).

Preferably, the water conditioning agent, when it is used, is provided in an amount of between about 1 wt. % of about 50 wt. %, and preferably between about 3 wt. % and35wt. %.
Enzyme
Enzymes that can be used according to the invention include enzymes that provide desirable activity for removal of protein-based, carbohydrate-based, or triglyceride-based stains from substrates; for cleaning, destaining, and sanitizing presoaks, such as presoaks for medical and dental instruments, devices, and equipment; presoaks for flatware, cooking ware, and table ware; or presoaks for meat cutting equipment; for machine warewashing; for laundry and textile cleaning and destaining; for carpet cleaning and destaining; for cleaning-in-place and destaining-in-place; for cleaning and destaining food processing surfaces and equipment; for drain cleaning; presoaks for cleaning; and the like. Although not limiting to the present invention, enzymes suitable for the stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions can act by degrading or altering one or more types of soil residues encountered on an instrument or device thus removing the soil or making the soil more removable by a surfactant or other component of the cleaning composition. Both degradation and alteration of soil residues can improve detergency by reducing the physicochemical forces that bind the soil to the instrument or device being cleaned, i.e. the soil becomes more water soluble. For example, one or more proteases can cleave complex, macromolecular protein structures present in soil residues into simpler short chain molecules which are, of themselves, more readily desorbed from surfaces, solubilized or otherwise more easily removed by detersive solutions containing said proteases.
Suitable enzymes include a protease, an amylase, a lipase, a gluconase, a cellulase, a peroxidase, or a mixture thereof of any suitable origin, such as vegetable, animal, bacterial, fungal or yeast origin. Preferred selections are influenced by factors such as pH-activity and/or stability optima, thermo stability, and stability to active detergents, builders and the like. In this respect bacterial or fungal enzymes are preferred, such as bacterial amylases and proteases, and fungal cellulases. Preferably the enzyme is a protease, a lipase, an amylase, or a combination thereof.
“Detersive enzyme”, as used herein, means an enzyme having a cleaning, destaining or otherwise beneficial effect as a component of a stabilized enzyme cleaning composition for instruments, devices, or equipment, such as medical or dental instruments, devices, or equipment; or for laundry, textiles, warewashing, cleaning-in-place, drains, carpets, meat cutting tools, hard surfaces, personal care, or the like. Preferred detersive enzymes include a hydrolase such as a protease, an amylase, a lipase, or a combination thereof. Preferred enzymes in stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions for cleaning medical or dental devices or instruments include a protease, an amylase, a cellulase, a lipase, or a combination thereof. Preferred enzymes in stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions for food processing surfaces and equipment include a protease, a lipase, an amylase, a gluconase, or a combination thereof. Preferred enzymes in stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions for laundry or textiles include a protease, a cellulase, a lipase, a peroxidase, or a combination thereof. Preferred enzymes in stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions for carpets include a protease, an amylase, or a combination thereof. Preferred enzymes in stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions for meat cutting tools include a protease, a lipase, or a combination thereof. Preferred enzymes in stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions for hard surfaces include a protease, a lipase, an amylase, or a combination thereof. Preferred enzymes in stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions for drains include a protease, a lipase, an amylase, or a combination thereof.
Enzymes are normally incorporated into a stabilized enzyme cleaning composition according to the invention in an amount sufficient to yield effective cleaning during a washing or presoaking procedure. An amount effective for cleaning refers to an amount that produces a clean, sanitary, and, preferably, corrosion free appearance to the material cleaned, particularly for medical or dental devices or instruments. An amount effective for cleaning also can refer to an amount that produces a cleaning, stain removal, soil removal, whitening, deodorizing, or freshness improving effect on substrates such as medical or dental devices or instruments and the like. Such a cleaning effect can be achieved with amounts of enzyme as low as about 0.1 wt-% of the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition. In the cleaning compositions of the present invention, suitable cleaning can typically be achieved when an enzyme is present at about 1 to about 30 wt-%; preferably about 2 to about 15 wt-%; preferably about 3 to about 10 wt-%; preferably about 4 to about 8 wt-%; preferably about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or about 8 wt-%. The higher enzyme levels are typically desirable in highly concentrated cleaning or presoak formulations. A presoak is preferably formulated for use upon a dilution of about 1:500, or to a formulation concentration of about 2000 to about 4000 ppm, which puts the use concentration of the enzyme at about 20 to about 40 ppm.
Commercial enzymes, such as alkaline proteases, are obtainable in liquid or dried form, are sold as raw aqueous solutions or in assorted purified, processed and compounded forms, and include about 2% to about 80% by weight active enzyme generally in combination with stabilizers, buffers, cofactors, impurities and inert vehicles. The actual active enzyme content depends upon the method of manufacture and is not critical; assuming the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition has the desired enzymatic activity. The particular enzyme chosen for use in the process and products of this invention depends upon the conditions of final utility, including the physical product form, use pH, use temperature, and soil types to be degraded or altered. The enzyme can be chosen to provide optimum activity and stability for any given set of utility conditions.
The stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions of the present invention preferably include at least a protease. The stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the invention has further been found, surprisingly, to significantly stabilize protease activity in use compositions toward digesting proteins and enhancing soil removal. Further, enhanced protease activity can occur in the presence of one or more additional enzymes, such as amylase, cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, endoglucanase enzymes and mixtures thereof, preferably lipase or amylase enzymes.
A valuable reference on enzymes is “Industrial Enzymes”, Scott, D., in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, (editors Grayson, M. and EcKroth, D.) Vol. 9, pp. 173–224, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
Protease
A protease suitable for the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the present invention can be derived from a plant, an animal, or a microorganism. Preferably the protease is derived from a microorganism, such as a yeast, a mold, or a bacterium. Preferred proteases include serine proteases active at alkaline pH, preferably derived from a strain of Bacillus such as Bacillus subtilis or Bacillus licheniformis; these preferred proteases include native and recombinant subtilisins. The protease can be purified or a component of a microbial extract, and either wild type or variant (either chemical or recombinant). A preferred protease is neither inhibited by a metal chelating agent (sequestrant) or a thiol poison nor activated by metal ions or reducing agents, has a broad substrate specificity, is inhibited by diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), is an endopeptidase, has a molecular weight in the range of about 20,000 to about 40,000, and is active at a pH of about 6 to about 12 and at temperatures in a range from about 20° C. to about 80° C.
Examples of proteolytic enzymes which can be employed in the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the invention include (with trade names) Savinase®; a protease derived from Bacillus lentus type, such as Maxacal®, Opticlean®, Durazym®, and Properase®; a protease derived from Bacillus licheniformis, such as Alcalase®, Maxatase®, Deterzyme®, or Deterzyme PAG 510/220; a protease derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, such as Primase®; and a protease derived from Bacillus alcalophilus, such as Deterzyme APY. Preferred commercially available protease enzymes include those sold under the trade names Alcalase®, Savinase®, Primaset, Durazym(, or Esperase® by Novo Industries A/S (Denmark); those sold under the trade names Maxatase®, Maxacal®, or Maxapem® by Gist-Brocades (Netherlands); those sold under the trade names Purafect®, Purafect OX, and Properase by Genencor International; those sold under the trade names Opticlean® or Optimase® by Solvay Enzymes; those sold under the tradenames Deterzyme®, Deterzyme APY, and Deterzyme PAG 510/220 by Deerland Corporation, and the like.
A mixture of such proteases can also be used. For example, Purafect is a preferred alkaline protease (a subtilisin) for use in detergent compositions of this invention having application in lower temperature cleaning programs, from about 30° C. to about 65° C.; whereas, Esperase® is an alkaline protease of choice for higher temperature detersive solutions, from about 50° C. to about 85° C.
Suitable detersive proteases are described in patent publications including: GB 1,243,784, WO 9203529 A (enzyme/inhibitor system), WO 9318140 A, and WO 9425583 (recombinant trypsin-like protease) to Novo; WO 9510591 A, WO 9507791 (a protease having decreased adsorption and increased hydrolysis), WO 95/30010, WO 95/30011, WO 95/29979, to Procter & Gamble; WO 95/10615 (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subtilisin) to Genencor International; EP 130,756 A (protease A); EP 303,761 A (protease B); and EP 130,756 A. A variant protease employed in the present stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions is preferably at least 80% homologous, preferably having at least 80% sequence identity, with the amino acid sequences of the proteases in these references.
In preferred embodiments of this invention, the amount of commercial alkaline protease present in the composition of the invention ranges from about 1 to about 30 wt-%; preferably about 2 to about 15 wt-%; preferably about 3 to about 10 wt-%; preferably about 4 to about 8 wt-%; preferably about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or about 8 wt-%. Typical commercially available detersive enzymes include about 5–10% of active enzyme.
Whereas establishing the percentage by weight of commercial alkaline protease required is of practical convenience for manufacturing embodiments of the present teaching, variance in commercial protease concentrates and in-situ environmental additive and negative effects upon protease activity require a more discerning analytical technique for protease assay to quantify enzyme activity and establish correlations to soil residue removal performance and to enzyme stability within the preferred solid embodiment and to use-dilution solutions. The activity of the proteases for use in the present invention are readily expressed in terms of activity units—more specifically, Kilo-Novo Protease Units (KNPU) which are azocasein assay activity units well known to the art. A more detailed discussion of the azocasein assay procedure can be found in the publication entitled “The Use of Azoalbumin as a Substrate in the Colorimetric Determination of Peptic and Tryptic Activity”, Tomarelli, R. M., Charney, J., and Harding, M. L., J. Lab. Clin. Chem. 34, 428 (1949).
In preferred embodiments of the present invention, the activity of proteases present in the use-solution ranges from about 1×10−5 KNPU/gm solution to about 4×10−3 KNPU/gm solution.
Naturally, mixtures of different proteolytic enzymes may be incorporated into this invention. While various specific enzymes have been described above, it is to be understood that any protease which can confer the desired proteolytic activity to the composition may be used and this embodiment of this invention is not limited in any way by specific choice of proteolytic enzyme.
Amylase
An amylase suitable for the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the present invention can be derived from a plant, an animal, or a microorganism. Preferably the amylase is derived from a microorganism, such as a yeast, a mold, or a bacterium. Preferred amylases include those derived from a Bacillus, such as B. licheniformis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, or B. stearothermophilus. The amylase can be purified or a component of a microbial extract, and either wild type or variant (either chemical or recombinant), preferably a variant that is more stable under washing or presoak conditions than a wild type amylase.
Examples of amylase enzymes that can be employed in the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the invention include those sold under the trade name Rapidase by Gist-Brocades® (Netherlands); those sold under the trade names Termanyl®, Fungamyl® or Duramyl® by Novo; those sold under the trade names Purastar STL or Purastar OXAM by Genencor; those sold under the trade names Thermozyme® L340 or Deterzyme® PAG 510/220 by Deerland Corporation; and the like. Preferred commercially available amylase enzymes include the stability enhanced variant amylase sold under the trade name Duramyl® by Novo. A mixture of amylases can also be used.
Amylases suitable for the stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions of the present invention, preferably for warewashing, include: I-amylases described in WO 95/26397, PCT/DK96/00056, and GB 1,296,839 to Novo; and stability enhanced amylases described in J. Biol. Chem., 260(11):6518–6521 (1985); WO 9510603 A, WO 9509909 A and WO 9402597 to Novo; references disclosed in WO 9402597; and WO 9418314 to Genencor International. A variant I-amylase employed in the present stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions is preferably at least 80% homologous, preferably having at least 80% sequence identity, with the amino acid sequences of the proteins of these references.
Preferred amylases for use in the stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions of the present invention have enhanced stability compared to certain amylases, such as Termamyl®. Enhanced stability refers to a significant or measurable improvement in one or more of: oxidative stability, e.g., to hydrogen peroxide/tetraacetylethylenediamine in buffered solution at pH 9–10; thermal stability, e.g., at common wash temperatures such as about 60° C.; and/or alkaline stability, e.g., at a pH from about 8 to about 11; each compared to a suitable control amylase, such as Termamyl®. Stability can be measured by methods known to those of skill in the art. Preferred enhanced stability amylases for use in the stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions of the present invention have a specific activity at least 25% higher than the specific activity of Termamyl® at a temperature in a range of 25° C. to 55° C. and at a pH in a range of about 8 to about 10. Amylase activity for such comparisons can be measured by assays known to those of skill in the art and/or commercially available, such as the Phadebas® I-amylase assay.
In preferred embodiments of this invention, the amount of commercial amylase present in the composition of the invention ranges from about 1 to about 30 wt-%; preferably about 2 to about 15 wt-%; preferably about 3 to about 10 wt-%; preferably about 4 to about 8 wt-%; preferably about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or about 8 wt-%, of the commercial enzyme product. Typical commercially available detersive enzymes include about 0.25–5% of active amylase.
Whereas establishing the percentage by weight of amylase required is of practical convenience for manufacturing embodiments of the present teaching, variance in commercial amylase concentrates and in-situ environmental additive and negative effects upon amylase activity may require a more discerning analytical technique for amylase assay to quantify enzyme activity and establish correlations to soil residue removal performance and to enzyme stability within the preferred embodiment and to use-dilution solutions. The activity of the amylases for use in the present invention can be expressed in units known to those of skill or through amylase assays known to those of skill in the art and/or commercially available, such as the Phadebas® I-amylase assay.
Naturally, mixtures of different amylase enzymes can be incorporated into this invention. While various specific enzymes have been described above, it is to be understood that any arnylase which can confer the desired amylase activity to the composition can be used and this embodiment of this invention is not limited in any way by specific choice of amylase enzyme.
Cellulases
A cellulase suitable for the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the present invention can be derived from a plant, an animal, or a microorganism. Preferably the cellulase is derived from a microorganism, such as a fungus or a bacterium. Preferred cellulases include those derived from a fungus, such as Humicola insolens, Humicola strain DSM1800, or a cellulase 212-producing fungus belonging to the genus Aeromonas and those extracted from the hepatopancreas of a marine mollusk, Dolabella Auricula Solander. The cellulase can be purified or a component of an extract, and either wild type or variant (either chemical or recombinant).
Examples of cellulase enzymes that can be employed in the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the invention include those sold under the trade names Carezyme® or Celluzym® by Novo; under the tradename Cellulase by Genencor; under the tradename Deerland Cellulase 4000 or Deerland Cellulase TR by Deerland Corporation; and the like. A mixture of cellulases can also be used. Suitable cellulases are described in patent documents including: U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307, GB-A-2.075.028, GB-A-2.095.275, DE-OS-2.247.832, WO 9117243, and WO 9414951 A (stabilized cellulases) to Novo.
In preferred embodiments of this invention, the amount of commercial cellulase present in the composition of the invention ranges from about 1 to about 30 wt-%; preferably about 2 to about 15 wt-%; preferably about 3 to about 10 wt-%; preferably about 4 to about 8 wt-%; preferably about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or about 8 wt-%, of the commercial enzyme product. Typical commercially available detersive enzymes include about 5–10 percent of active enzyme.
Whereas establishing the percentage by weight of cellulase required is of practical convenience for manufacturing embodiments of the present teaching, variance in commercial cellulase concentrates and in-situ environmental additive and negative effects upon cellulase activity may require a more discerning analytical technique for cellulase assay to quantify enzyme activity and establish correlations to soil residue removal performance and to enzyme stability within the preferred embodiment and to use-dilution solutions. The activity of the cellulases for use in the present invention can be expressed in units known to those of skill or through cellulase assays known to those of skill in the art and/or commercially available.
Naturally, mixtures of different cellulase enzymes can be incorporated into this invention. While various specific enzymes have been described above, it is to be understood that any cellulase that can confer the desired cellulase activity to the composition can be used and this embodiment of this invention is not limited in any way by specific choice of cellulase enzyme.
Lipases
A lipase suitable for the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the present invention can be derived from a plant, an animal, or a microorganism. Preferably the lipase is derived from a microorganism, such as a fungus or a bacterium. Preferred lipases include those derived from a Pseudomonas, such as Pseudomonas stutzeri ATCC 19.154, or from a Humicola, such as Humicola lanuginosa (typically produced recombinantly in Aspergillus oryzae). The lipase can be purified or a component of an extract, and either wild type or variant (either chemical or recombinant).
Examples of lipase enzymes that can be employed in the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the invention include those sold under the trade names Lipase P “Amano” or “Amano-P” by Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Nagoya, Japan or under the trade name Lipolase® by Novo, and the like. Other commercially available lipases that can be employed in the present compositions include Amano-CES, lipases derived from Chromobacter viscosum, e.g. Chromobacter viscosum var. lipolyticum NRRLB 3673 from Toyo Jozo Co., Tagata, Japan; Chromobacter viscosum lipases from U.S. Biochemical Corp., U.S.A. and Disoynth Co., and lipases derived from Pseudomonas gladioli or from Humicola lanuginosa. A preferred lipase is sold under the trade name Lipolase® by Novo.
Suitable lipases are described in patent documents including: WO 9414951 A (stabilized lipases) to Novo, WO 9205249, RD 94359044, GB 1,372,034, Japanese Patent Application 53,20487, laid open Feb. 24, 1978 to Amano Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and EP 341,947.
In preferred embodiments of this invention, the amount of commercial lipase present in the composition of the invention ranges from about 1 to about 30 wt-%; preferably about 2 to about 15 wt-%; preferably about 3 to about 10 wt-%; preferably about 4 to about 8 wt-%; preferably about 4, about 5, about 6, about 7, or about 8 wt-%, of the commercial enzyme product. Typical commercially available detersive enzymes include about 5–10 percent of active enzyme.
Whereas establishing the percentage by weight of lipase required is of practical convenience for manufacturing embodiments of the present teaching, variance in commercial lipase concentrates and in-situ environmental additive and negative effects upon lipase activity may require a more discerning analytical technique for lipase assay to quantify enzyme activity and establish correlations to soil residue removal performance and to enzyme stability within the preferred embodiment and to use-dilution solutions. The activity of the lipases for use in the present invention can be expressed in units known to those of skill or through lipase assays known to those of skill in the art and/or commercially available.
Naturally, mixtures of different lipase enzymes can be incorporated into this invention. While various specific enzymes have been described above, it is to be understood that any lipase that can confer the desired lipase activity to the composition can be used and this embodiment of this invention is not limited in any way by specific choice of lipase enzyme.
Additional Enzymes
Additional enzymes suitable for use in the present stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions include a cutinase, a peroxidase, a gluconase, and the like. Suitable cutinase enzymes are described in WO 8809367 A to Genencor. Known peroxidases include horseradish peroxidase, ligninase, and haloperoxidases such as chloro- or bromo-peroxidase. Peroxidases suitable for stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions are disclosed in WO 89099813 A and WO 8909813 A to Novo. Peroxidase enzymes can be used in combination with oxygen sources, e.g., percarbonate, percarbonate, hydrogen peroxide, and the like. Additional enzymes suitable for incorporation into the present stabilized enzyme cleaning composition are disclosed in WO 9307263 A and WO 9307260 A to Genencor International, WO 8908694 A to Novo, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,553,139 to McCarty et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,457 to Place et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,507,219 to Hughes and U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,868 to Hora et al.
An additional enzyme, such as a cutinase or peroxidase, suitable for the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition of the present invention can be derived from a plant, an animal, or a microorganism. Preferably the enzyme is derived from a microorganism. The enzyme can be purified or a component of an extract, and either wild type or variant (either chemical or recombinant). In preferred embodiments of this invention, the amount of commercial additional enzyme, such as a cutinase or peroxidase, present in the composition of the invention ranges from about 1 to about 30 wt-%, preferably about 2 to about 15 wt-%, preferably about 3 to about 10 wt-%, preferably about 4 to about 8 wt-%, of the commercial enzyme product. Typical commercially available detersive enzymes include about 5–10 percent of active enzyme.
Whereas establishing the percentage by weight of additional enzyme, such as a cutinase or peroxidase, required is of practical convenience for manufacturing embodiments of the present teaching, variance in commercial additional enzyme concentrates and in-situ environmental additive and negative effects upon their activity may require a more discerning analytical technique for the enzyme assay to quantify enzyme activity and establish correlations to soil residue removal performance and to enzyme stability within the preferred embodiment and to use-dilution solutions. The activity of the additional enzyme, such as a cutinase or peroxidase, for use in the present invention can be expressed in units known to those of skill or through assays known to those of skill in the art and/or commercially available.
Naturally, mixtures of different additional enzymes can be incorporated into this invention. While various specific enzymes have been described above, it is to be understood that any additional enzyme that can confer the desired enzyme activity to the composition can be used and this embodiment of this invention is not limited in any way by specific choice of enzyme.
Enzyme Stabilizing System
The enzyme stabilizing system of the present invention includes a mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate. The enzyme stabilizing system can also include other ingredients to stabilize certain enzymes or to enhance or maintain the effect of the mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate.
Stabilizing systems of certain cleaning compositions, for example medical or dental instrument or device stabilized enzyme cleaning compositions, may further include from 0 to about 10%, preferably from about 0.01% to about 6% by weight, of chlorine bleach scavengers, added to prevent chlorine bleach species present in many water supplies from attacking and inactivating the enzymes, especially under alkaline conditions. While chlorine levels in water may be small, typically in the range from about 0.5 ppm to about 1.75 ppm, the available chlorine in the total volume of water that comes in contact with the enzyme, for example during warewashing, can be relatively large; accordingly, enzyme stability to chlorine in-use can be problematic. Since percarbonate or percarbonate, which have the ability to react with chlorine bleach, may be present in certain of the instant compositions in amounts accounted for separately from the stabilizing system, the use of additional stabilizers against chlorine, may, most generally, not be essential, though improved results may be obtainable from their use.
Suitable chlorine scavenger anions are widely known and readily available, and, if used, can be salts containing ammonium cations with sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfite, thiosulfate, iodide, etc. Antioxidants such as carbamate, ascorbate, etc., organic amines such as ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA) or alkali metal salt thereof, monoethanolamine (MEA), and mixtures thereof can likewise be used. Likewise, special enzyme inhibition systems can be incorporated such that different enzymes have maximum compatibility. Other conventional scavengers such as bisulfate, nitrate, chloride, sources of hydrogen peroxide such as sodium percarbonate tetrahydrate, sodium percarbonate monohydrate and sodium percarbonate, as well as phosphate, condensed phosphate, acetate, benzoate, citrate, formate, lactate, malate, tartrate, salicylate, etc., and mixtures thereof can be used if desired.
In general, since the chlorine scavenger function can be performed by ingredients separately listed under better recognized functions, there is no requirement to add a separate chlorine scavenger unless a compound performing that function to the desired extent is absent from an enzyme-containing embodiment of the invention; even then, the scavenger is added only for optimum results. Moreover, the formulator will exercise a chemist's normal skill in avoiding the use of any enzyme scavenger or stabilizer that is unacceptably incompatible, as formulated, with other reactive ingredients. In relation to the use of ammonium salts, such salts can be simply admixed with the stabilized enzyme cleaning composition but are prone to adsorb water and/or liberate ammonia during storage. Accordingly, such materials, if present, are desirably protected in a particle such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,652,392, Baginski et al.
Binding Agent
The binding agent is preferably provided dispersed throughout the solid detergent composition to bind the detergent composition together to provide a solid detergent composition. The binding agent is formed by mixing alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, and water. A preferred alkali metal carbonate includes soda ash or sodium carbonate. A preferred alkali metal bicarbonate includes sodium bicarbonate. The alkali metal bicarbonate component can be provided by adding alkali metal bicarbonate or by forming alkali metal bicarbonate in situ. The alkali metal bicarbonate can be formed in situ by reacting the alkali metal carbonate with an acid.
The amounts of alkali metal carbonate, alkali metal bicarbonate, and water can be adjusted to control the rate of solidification of the detergent composition and to control the pH of aqueous detergent composition obtained from the solid detergent composition. The rate of solidification of the detergent composition can be increased by increasing the ratio of alkali metal bicarbonate to alkali metal carbonate, or decreased by decreasing the ratio of alkali metal bicarbonate to alkali metal carbonate. The aqueous detergent composition that is used for cleaning a substrate can be referred to as the use solution.
The pH of the use solution can be controlled by adjusting the source of alkalinity component and/or the amount of the alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal bicarbonate components. In general, it is expected that the pH of the desired detergent use solution will be between about 8 and about 12, and more preferably between about 8 and about 11, and even more preferably between about 9 and about 10.5.
The alkali metal bicarbonate component can be added to the solid detergent forming composition or it can be generated in situ by reaction of alkali metal carbonate and acid. The acid that can be added to form the alkali metal bicarbonate is preferably any acid that will react with the alkali metal carbonate to form the alkali metal bicarbonate. The acid can be provided as an organic acid or as an inorganic acid, and as a solid or as a liquid. Preferred acids that can be used include citric acid, sulfamic acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, and sulfonic acid.
The amount of acid provided to form the alkali bicarbonate is preferably provided in an amount that does not cause over neutralization of the alkali metal carbonate. That is, it is desirable for the acid to react with the alkali metal carbonate to a degree sufficient to form alkali metal bicarbonate. It is generally undesirable for the acid to continue reacting to form carbonic acid. Although the reaction between the acid and the alkali metal carbonate may form some carbonic acid, it is generally understood that the formation of carbonic acid results in wasted alkali metal carbonate and acid.
Water may be independently added to the detergent composition or may be provided in the detergent composition as a result of its presence in an aqueous material that is added to the detergent composition. For example, many of the materials added to the detergent composition include water available for reaction with the alkali metal carbonate and alkali metal bicarbonate components. For purposes of this discussion, the reference to water content refers to the presence of water available for reaction with the alkali metal carbonate and the alkali metal bicarbonate components. Preferably, water is introduced into the detergent composition to provide the detergent composition with a desired viscosity prior to solidification, and to provide a desired rate of solidification.
The solid detergent composition is preferably prepared by providing a composition containing between about 10 wt. % and about 80 wt. % alkali metal carbonate, between about 1 wt. % and about 40 wt. % alkali metal bicarbonate, and sufficient water to provide at least a monohydrate of carbonate and a monohydrate of bicarbonate.
The binding agent according to the invention can be used as the primary binding agent or as a secondary binding agent of the solid detergent forming composition. The term “primary binding agent” refers to the binding agent that is the primary source for causing the solidification of the detergent composition. The term “secondary binding agent” refers to the binding agent that acts as an auxiliary binding agent in combination with another primary binding agent. The secondary binding agent can be used to enhance solidification of the detergent composition and/or help accelerate the solidification of the detergent composition. Using the binding agent component of the invention as a secondary binding agent component is useful when the primary binding agent component does not solidify the detergent composition at a desired rate. Accordingly, the secondary binding agent component can be used to help accelerate the solidification process.
Sanitizers
Sanitizing agents also known as antimicrobial agents are chemical compositions that can be used in a solid block functional material to prevent microbial contamination and deterioration of commercial products material systems, surfaces, etc. Generally, these materials fall in specific classes including phenolics, halogen compounds, quaternary ammonium compounds, metal derivatives, amines, alkanol amines, nitro derivatives, analides, organosulfur and sulfur-nitrogen compounds and miscellaneous compounds. The given antimicrobial agent depending on chemical composition and concentration may simply limit further proliferation of numbers of the microbe or may destroy all or a substantial proportion of the microbial population. The terms “microbes” and “microorganisms” typically refer primarily to bacteria and fungus microorganisms. In use, the antimicrobial agents are formed into a solid functional material that when diluted and dispensed using an aqueous stream forms an aqueous disinfectant or sanitizer composition that can be contacted with a variety of surfaces resulting in prevention of growth or the killing of a substantial proportion of the microbial population. A five fold reduction of the microbial population results in a sanitizer composition. Common antimicrobial agents include phenolic antimicrobials such as pentachlorophenol, orthophenylphenol. Halogen containing antibacterial agents include sodium trichloroisocyanurate, sodium dichloroisocyanurate (anhydrous or dihydrate), iodine-poly(vinylpyrolidinonen) complexes, bromine compounds such as 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol quaternary antimicrobial agents such as benzalconium chloride, cetylpyridiniumchloride, amine and nitro containing antimicrobial compositions such as hexahydro-1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)-s-triazine, dithiocarbamates such as sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate, and a variety of other materials known in the art for their microbial properties. Sanitizers may be encapsulated to improve stability and/or to reduce reactivity with other materials in the solid detergent composition.
Rinse Aid Functional Materials
Functional materials of the invention can comprise a formulated rinse aid composition containing a wetting or sheeting agent combined with other optional ingredients in a solid block made using the hydrate complex of the invention. The rinse aid components of the cast solid rinse aid of the invention is a water soluble or dispersible low foaming organic material capable of reducing the surface tension of the rinse water to promote sheeting action and to prevent spotting or streaking caused by beaded water after rinsing is complete in warewashing processes. Such sheeting agents are typically organic surfactant like materials having a characteristic cloud point. The cloud point of the surfactant rinse or sheeting agent is defined as the temperature at which a 1 wt. % aqueous solution of the surfactant turns cloudy when warmed. Since there are two general types of rinse cycles in commercial warewashing machines, a first type generally considered a sanitizing rinse cycle uses rinse water at a temperature of about 1 80° F., about 80° C. or higher. A second type of non-sanitizing machines uses a lower temperature non-sanitizing rinse, typically at a temperature of about 125° F., about 50° C. or higher. Surfactants useful in these applications are aqueous rinses having a cloud point greater than the available hot service water. Accordingly, the lowest useful cloud point measured for the surfactants of the invention is approximately 40° C. The cloud point can also be 60° C. or higher, 70° C. or higher, 80° C. or higher, etc., depending on the use locus hot water temperature and the temperature and type of rinse cycle. Preferred sheeting Agents, typically comprise a polyether compound prepared from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or a mixture in a homopolymer or block or heteric copolymer structure. Such polyether compounds are known as polyalkylene oxide polymers, polyoxyalkylene polymers or polyalkylene glycol polymers. Such sheeting agents require a region of relative hydrophobicity and a region of relative hydrophilicity to provide surfactant properties to the molecule. Such sheeting agents have a molecular weight in the range of about 500 to 15,000. Certain types of (PO)(EO) polymeric rinse aids have been found to be useful containing at least one block of poly(PO) and at least one block of poly(EO) in the polymer molecule. Additional blocks of poly(EO), poly PO or random polymerized regions can be formed in the molecule. Particularly useful polyoxypropylene polyoxyethylene block copolymers are those comprising a center block of polyoxypropylene units and blocks of polyoxyethylene units to each side of the center block. Such polymers have the formula shown below:

(EO)n-(PO)m-(EO)n

wherein n is an integer of 20 to 60, each end is independently an integer of 10 to 130. Another useful block copolymer is block copolymers having a center block of polyoxyethylene units and blocks of polyoxypropylene to each side of the center block. Such copolymers have the formula:

(PO)n-(EO)m-(PO)n

wherein m is an integer of 15 to 175 and each end are independently integers of about 10 to 30. The solid functional materials of the invention can often use a hydrotrope to aid in maintaining the solubility of sheeting or wetting agents. Hydrotropes can be used to modify the aqueous solution creating increased solubility for the organic material. Preferred hydrotropes are low molecular weight aromatic sulfonate materials such as xylene sulfonates and dialkyldiphenyl oxide sulfonate materials.

Bleaching agents for use in inventive formulations for lightening or whitening a substrate, include bleaching compounds capable of liberating an active halogen species, such as Cl2, Br2, —OCl− and/or —OBr−, under conditions typically encountered during the cleansing process. Suitable bleaching agents for use in the present cleaning compositions include, for example, chlorine-containing compounds such as a chlorine, a hypochlorite, chloramine. Preferred halogen-releasing compounds include the alkali metal dichloroisocyanurates, chlorinated trisodium phosphate, the alkali metal hypochlorites, monochlorarrine and dichloramine, and the like. Encapsulated bleaching sources may also be used to enhance the stability of the bleaching source in the composition (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,618,914 and 4,830,773, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein). A bleaching agent may also be a peroxygen or active oxygen source such as hydrogen peroxide, perborates, sodium carbonate peroxyhydrate, phosphate peroxyhydrates, potassium permonosulfate, and sodium perborate mono and tetrahydrate, with and without activators such as tetraacetylethylene diamine, and the like. A cleaning composition may include a minor but effective amount of a bleaching agent, preferably about 0.1–10 wt. %, preferably about 1–6 wt. %.
Defoaming Agents
A minor but effective amount of a defoaming agent for reducing the stability of foam may also be included in the present cleaning compositions. Preferably, the cleaning composition includes about 0.0001–5 wt. % of a defoaming agent, preferably about 0.01–3 wt. %.
Examples of defoaming agents suitable for use in the present compositions include silicone compounds such as silica dispersed in polydimethylsiloxane, fatty amides, hydrocarbon waxes, fatty acids, fatty esters, fatty alcohols, fatty acid soaps, ethoxylates, mineral oils, polyethylene glycol esters, alkyl phosphate esters such as monostearyl phosphate, and the like. A discussion of defoaming agents may be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,048,548 to Martin et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,334,147 to Brunelle et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 3,442,242 to Rue et al., the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Anti-redeposition Agents
A cleaning composition may also include an anti-redeposition agent capable of facilitating sustained suspension of soils in a cleaning solution and preventing the removed soils from being redeposited onto the substrate being cleaned. Examples of suitable anti-redeposition agents include fatty acid amides, fluorocarbon surfactants, complex phosphate esters, styrene maleic anhydride copolymers, and cellulosic derivatives such as hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and the like. A cleaning composition may include about 0.5–10 wt. %, preferably about 1–5 wt. %, of an anti-redeposition agent.
Optical Brighteners
Optical brightener is also referred to as fluorescent whitening agents or fluorescent brightening agents provide optical compensation for the yellow cast in fabric substrates. With optical brighteners yellowing is replaced by light emitted from optical brighteners present in the area commensurate in scope with yellow color. The violet to blue light supplied by the optical brighteners combines with other light reflected from the location to provide a substantially complete or enhanced bright white appearance. This additional light is produced by the brightener through fluorescence. Optical brighteners absorb light in the ultraviolet range 275 through 400 nm. and emit light in the ultraviolet blue spectrum 400–500 nm.
Fluorescent compounds belonging to the optical brightener family are typically aromatic or aromatic heterocyclic materials often containing condensed ring system. An important feature of these compounds is the presence of an uninterrupted chain of conjugated double bonds associated with an aromatic ring. The number of such conjugated double bonds is dependent on substituents as well as the planarity of the fluorescent part of the molecule. Most brightener compounds are derivatives of stilbene or 4,4′-diamino stilbene, biphenyl, five membered heterocycles (triazoles, oxazoles, imidazoles, etc.) or six membered heterocycles (cumarins, naphthalamides, triazines, etc.). The choice of optical brighteners for use in detergent compositions will depend upon a number of factors, such as the type of detergent, the nature of other components present in the detergent composition, the temperature of the wash water, the degree of agitation, and the ratio of the material washed to the tub size. The brightener selection is also dependent upon the type of material to be cleaned, e.g., cottons, synthetics, etc. Since most laundry detergent products are used to clean a variety of fabrics, the detergent compositions should contain a mixture of brighteners that are effective for a variety of fabrics. It is of course necessary that the individual components of such a brightener mixture be compatible.
Optical brighteners useful in the present invention are commercially available and will be appreciated by those skilled in the art. Commercial optical brighteners which may be useful in the present invention can be classified into subgroups, which include, but are not necessarily limited to, derivatives of stilbene, pyrazoline, coumarin, carboxylic acid, methinecyanines, dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, azoles, 5- and 6-membered-ring heterocycles and other miscellaneous agents. Examples of these types of brighteners are disclosed in “The Production and Application of Fluorescent Brightening Agents”, M. Zahradnik, Published by John Wiley & Sons, New York (1982), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Stilbene derivatives which may be useful in the present invention include, but are not necessarily limited to, derivatives of bis(triazinyl)amino-stilbene; bisacylamino derivatives of stilbene; triazole derivatives of stilbene; oxadiazole derivatives of stilbene; oxazole derivatives of stilbene; and styryl derivatives of stilbene.
Dyes/Odorants
Various dyes, odorants including perfumes, and other aesthetic enhancing agents may also be included in the composition. Dyes may be included to alter the appearance of the composition, as for example, Direct Blue 86 (Miles), Fastusol Blue (Mobay Chemical Corp.), Acid Orange 7 (American Cyanamid), Basic Violet 10 (Sandoz), Acid Yellow 23 (GAF), Acid Yellow 17 (Sigma Chemical), Sap Green (Keyston Analine and Chemical), Metanil Yellow (Keystone Analine and Chemical), Acid Blue 9 (Hilton Davis), Sandolan Blue/Acid Blue 182 (Sandoz), Hisol Fast Red (Capitol Color and Chemical), Fluorescein (Capitol Color and Chemical), Acid Green 25 (Ciba-Geigy), and the like.
Fragrances or perfumes that may be included in the compositions include, for example, terpenoids such as citronellol, aldehydes such as amyl cinnamaldehyde, a jasmine such as C1S-jasmine or jasmal, vanillin, and the like.
Other Ingredients
A wide variety of other ingredients useful in detergent compositions can be included in the compositions hereof, including other active ingredients, builders, carriers, processing aids, dyes or pigments, perfumes, solvents for liquid formulations, hydrotropes (as described below), etc. Low molecular weight primary or secondary alcohols exemplified by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and isopropanol are suitable. Monohydric alcohols are preferred for solubilizing surfactant, but polyols such as those containing from about 2 to about 6 carbon atoms and from about 2 to about 6 hydroxy groups (e.g., propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerine, and 1,2-propanediol) can also be used.
The presoak compositions hereof will preferably be formulated such that during use in aqueous cleaning operations the wash water will have a pH of between about 6.5 and about 11, preferably between about 7.5 and about 10.5. Liquid product formulations preferably have a (10% dilution) pH between about 7.5 and about 10.0, more preferably between about 7.5 and about 9.0 Techniques for controlling pH at recommended usage levels include the use of buffers, alkali, acids, etc., and are well known to those skilled in the art.
Manufacturing the Solid Detergent Composition
The invention provides a method for manufacturing a solid detergent composition. According to the invention, the cleaning agent and the binding agent are mixed together in a mixing system. Preferably, the mixing system is sufficient to provide dispersion of the binding agent throughout the detergent composition. Heat may be applied from an external source to facilitate processing of the mixture.
A mixing system provides for continuous mixing of the ingredients at high shear to form a substantially homogeneous liquid or semi-solid mixture in which the ingredients are distributed throughout its mass. Preferably, the mixing system includes means for mixing the ingredients to provide shear effective for maintaining the mixture at a flowable consistency, with a viscosity during processing of greater than about 1,000 cps, preferably 1,000–1,000,000 cps, and more preferably about 50,000–200,000 cps. The mixing system is preferably a continuous flow mixer or more preferably, a single or twin screw extruder apparatus, with a twin-screw extruder being highly preferred.
The mixture is typically processed at a temperature to maintain the physical and chemical stability of the ingredients, preferably at ambient temperatures of about 20–80° C., more preferably about 25–55° C. Although limited external heat may be applied to the mixture, the temperature achieved by the mixture may become elevated during processing due to friction, variances in ambient conditions, and/or by an exothermic reaction between ingredients. Optionally, the temperature of the mixture may be increased, for example, at the inlets or outlets of the mixing system.
An ingredient may be in the form of a liquid or a solid such as a dry particulate, and may be added to the mixture separately or as part of a premix with another ingredient, as for example, the cleaning agent, the aqueous medium, and additional ingredients such as a second cleaning agent, a detergent adjuvant or other additive, a secondary hardening agent, and the like. One or more premixes may be added to the mixture.
The ingredients are mixed to form a substantially homogeneous consistency wherein the ingredients are distributed substantially evenly throughout the mass. The mixture is then discharged from the mixing system through a die or other shaping means. The profiled extrudate then can be divided into useful sizes with a controlled mass. Preferably, the extruded solid is packaged in film. The temperature of the mixture when discharged from the mixing system is preferably sufficiently low to enable the mixture to be cast or extruded directly into a packaging system without first cooling the mixture. The time between extrusion discharge and packaging may be adjusted to allow the hardening of the detergent block for better handling during further processing and packaging. Preferably, the mixture at the point of discharge is about 20–90° C., preferably about 25–55° C. The composition is then allowed to harden to a solid form that may range from a low density, sponge-like, malleable, caulky consistency to a high density, fused solid, concrete-like block.
Optionally, heating and cooling devices may be mounted adjacent to mixing apparatus to apply or remove heat in order to obtain a desired temperature profile in the mixer. For example, an external source of heat may be applied to one or more barrel sections of the mixer, such as the ingredient inlet section, the final outlet section, and the like, to increase fluidity of the mixture during processing. Preferably, the temperature of the mixture during processing, including at the discharge port, is maintained preferably at about 20–90° C.
When processing of the ingredients is completed, the mixture may be discharged from the mixer through a discharge die. The composition eventually hardens. The solidification process may last from a few minutes to about six hours, depending, for example, on the size of the cast or extruded composition, the ingredients of the composition, the temperature of the composition, and other like factors. Preferably, the cast or extruded composition “sets up” or begins to hardens to a solid form within about 1 minute to about 3 hours, preferably about 1 minute to about 2 hours, preferably about 1 minute to about 20 minutes.
The packaging receptacle or container may be rigid or flexible, and composed of any material suitable for containing the compositions produced according to the invention, as for example glass, metal, plastic film or sheet, cardboard, cardboard composites, paper, and the like.
Advantageously, since the composition is processed at or near ambient temperatures, the temperature of the processed mixture is low enough so that the mixture may be cast or extruded directly into the container or other packaging system without structurally damaging the material. As a result, a wider variety of materials may be used to manufacture the container than those used for compositions that processed and dispensed under molten conditions. Preferred packaging used to contain the compositions is manufactured from a flexible, easy opening film material.
Dispensing the Solid Detergent Composition
The cleaning composition made according to the present invention can be dispensed from a spray-type dispenser such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,826,661, 4,690,305, 4,687,121, 4,426,362 and in U.S. Pat. Nos. Re 32,763 and 32,818, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Briefly, a spray-type dispenser functions by impinging a water spray upon an exposed surface of the solid composition to dissolve a portion of the composition, and then immediately directing the concentrate solution comprising the composition out of the dispenser to a storage reservoir or directly to a point of use. When used, the product is removed from the package (e.g.) film and is inserted into the dispenser. The spray of water can be made by a nozzle in a shape that conforms to the solid detergent shape. The dispenser enclosure can also closely fit the detergent shape in a dispensing system that prevents the introduction and dispensing of an incorrect detergent.
When the solid detergent composition is provided as a unit dose, the solid detergent composition can be introduced into the cleaning environment to form the use solution. In the case of a warewashing machine, the unit dose can be dropped into the warewashing machine. The unit dose can be hand dropped into the warewashing machine or it can be dispensed mechanically into the warewashing machine. In addition, the unit dose can be used to form a concentrate that is then introduced into the warewashing machine.
The above specification provides a basis for understanding the broad meets and bounds of the invention. The following examples and test data provide an understanding of certain specific embodiments of the invention and contain a best mode. The invention will be further described by reference to the following detailed examples. These examples are not meant to limit the scope of the invention that has been set forth in the foregoing description. Variation within the concepts of the invention is apparent to those skilled in the art.
EXAMPLE 1
A powder premix was prepared by combining the components identified in Table 1.










TABLE 1







COMPONENT
AMOUNT



















Tripolyphosphate (large granular)
92.3%



Abil-B-8852
1.6%



EO/PO block nonionic (5 blocks)
3.6%



terminated with PO



SMEA
0.6%










The tripolyphosphate was added to a ribbon mixer. The ribbon mixer was turned on and the Abil surfactant (nonionic siloxane surfactant) was added and allowed to mix for a few minutes. A premix of the EO/PO block nonionic and the SMEA (stearic monoethanol amide) was heated to above 185° F. and then added to the ribbon mixer. The mixture was allowed to mix for a few minutes. The extrusion process was run in a 5 inch Readco continuous processor equipped with all feed screw except the second to last element being a helical paddle and the last element being a reverse helical paddle.
All powders were fed in the first powder port and all liquids in the first liquid port of the 5 inch Readco continuous processor.













Liquid feed streams



Hamp EX-80 (Na5 diethylene triamine penta
14.00%


acetate available from Hampshire Chemical Company)


benzyl ether of polyethoxylated linear alcohol
2.5%


EO/PO block nonionic (5 blocks) terminated with PO
0.215%


Powder feed streams


dense ash (sodium carbonate)
34.69%


sodium bicarbonate
12.00%


powder premix (Table 1)
36.60%





The production rate for this experiment was 50 pounds/min.


The product extruded well.






EXAMPLE 2
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that sodium bicarbonate was not added. The resulting composition solidified very slowly and was soft exiting the continuous processor.
EXAMPLE 3
The premixes identified in Table 2 were processed in the 5 inch Readco continuous processor described in Example 1.













TABLE 2









Formula
Total

RM with




%
Water
Premix %
P
% P
















Premix 1:







Water
1.2600
1.2600
8.394404


Citric acid,
0.4500

2.998001


anhydrous


Hamp-ex 80


(Water from neut.
13.3000
6.6500
88.607509


of NaOH in

0.0784


Hamp-ex 80)


Premix 2:


Powder Premix
34.4400


32.46831
8.198248


Premix 3:


EO/PO block nonionic
2.4800


(5 blocks) terminated


with PO


benzyl ether of
0.2100


polyethoxylated


linear alcohol


Premix 4:


Dense Ash
42.4200


Sodium Bicarbonate
5.4400






Total
100.0000


Total P
8.198248


(Total water)

7.9884000


(Moles water)

0.4438002


(Moles ash)

0.4001887


(% ash monohydrate)

110.89774









The product solidified faster than the product for Example 1.
It is believed that the citric acid neutralized caustic in the Hamp-ex 80 and neutralized a portion of the dense ash to form sesquicarbonate in situ.
EXAMPLE 4
The procedure of Example 1 was repeated using the formulation provided in Table 3.













TABLE 3









Formula
Total

RM with




%
Water
Premix %
P
% P
















Premix 1:







Water
0.0000
0.0000
0


Citric acid, anhydrous
1.0620

7.241238


Hamp-ex 80
13.6040
6.8020
92.75876


(Water from neut. of
13.3000
0.0802


NaOH in Hamp-ex 80)


Premix 2:


Powder Premix
35.2020


33.18669
8.379638


Premix 3:


EO/PO block nonionic
2.5380


(5 blocks) terminated


with PO


benzyl ether of
0.2180


polyethoxylated linear


alcohol


Premix 4:


Dense Ash
45.8760


Sodium Bicarbonate
1.5000






Total
100.0000


Total P
8.379638


(Total water)

6.8822


(Moles water)

0.3823442


(Moles ash)

0.4327925


(% ash monohydrate)

88.343546









The product solidified faster than the product in Example 1. It is believed that the citric acid neutralized caustic in the Hamp-ex 80 and neutralized a portion of the dense ash to form sesquicarbonate in situ.
The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the composition of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.

## Claims

1. A solid detergent composition comprising:
(a) an effective amount of a cleaning agent to provide soil removal, wherein the cleaning agent comprises about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of a surfactant based on the weight of the solid detergent composition, and about 1 wt. % to about 50 wt. % phosphonate, amino-carboxylate, or mixture thereof based on the weight of the detergent composition;
(b) an effective amount of a binding agent dispersed throughout the solid detergent composition to provide the detergent composition as a solid at a temperature up to about 100° F. within about 20 minutes of extrusion, the binding agent comprising a result of mixing:
(i) about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. % alkali metal carbonate, based on the weight of the detergent composition;
(ii) about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. % alkali metal bicarbonate, based on the weight of the detergent composition; and
(iii) a sufficient amount of water to react with the alkali metal carbonate and the alkali metal bicarbonate to provide solidification;


wherein the solid detergent composition is provided as an extruded solid in the form of a pellet or a block as a result of a step of hardening, and wherein the hardening comprises a result of solidification by the binding agent.

2. A solid detergent composition according to claim 1, wherein the binding agent comprises alkali metal sesquicarbonate.

3. A solid detergent composition according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said alkali metal bicarbonate is provided as a reaction product of alkali metal carbonate and acid.

4. A solid detergent composition according to claim 1, wherein the composition further comprises a builder comprising sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium nitrilotriacetate, or mixtures thereof.

5. A solid detergent composition according to claim 1, wherein the surfactant comprises at least one of a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, or a mixture thereof.

6. A solid detergent composition according to claim 1, wherein the solid composition is provided as a result of extrusion into a packaging.

7. A method for solidifying a detergent composition, the method comprising:
(a) mixing an effective amount of a cleaning agent to provide soil removal and an effective amount of a binding agent to solidify the detergent composition to form a mixture, the cleaning agent comprising about 0.1 wt. % to about 20 wt. % of a surfactant based on the weight of the solid detergent composition, and about 1 wt. % to about 50 wt. % phosphonate, amino-carboxylate, or mixture thereof based on the weight of the detergent composition, the binding agent comprising a result of mixing:
(i) about 10 wt. % to about 80 wt. % alkali metal carbonate, based on the weight of the detergent composition;
(ii) about 1 wt. % to about 40 wt. % alkali metal bicarbonate, based on the weight of the detergent composition; and
(iii) a sufficient amount of water to react with the alkali metal carbonate and the alkali metal bicarbonate to provide solidification;

(b) extruding the mixture; and
(c) hardening the mixture to form the solid detergent composition in the form of a pellet or a block, wherein the hardening comprises a result of solidification by the binding agent, and wherein the solid detergent composition and has a melting temperature greater than 100° F. within about 20 minutes of extruding the mixture.

8. A method according to claim 7, further comprising a step of:
(a) generating alkali metal bicarbonate by reacting alkali metal carbonate with acid.

9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the acid comprises at least one of citric acid, sulfamic acid, adipic acid, succinic acid, and mixtures thereof.

10. A method according to claim 7, wherein the binding agent comprises alkali metal sesquicarbonate.

11. A method according to claim 7, further comprising a step of:
(a) packaging the mixture of cleaning agent and binding agent.