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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
|NCEH Fact 
            Sheets | NCEH 
            Brochures                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                          
|**Chapter 6 
            Plumbing Elements of a 
            Housing Inspection**I.  Background 
            FactorsII.  
            DefinitionsIII. Main Features of an 
            Indoor Plumbing SystemIV.  Elements of a 
            Plumbing SystemPlumbing may be defined as 
            practice, materials, and fixtures used in the installation, 
            maintenance, and alteration of all piping, fixtures, appliances, and 
            appurtenances in connection with sanitary or storm drainage 
            facilities, the venting system, and the public or private water 
            supply systems. Plumbing does not include the trade of drilling 
            water wells, installing water softening equipment, or the business 
            of manufacturing or selling plumbing fixtures, appliances, 
            equipment, or hardware. A plumbing system consists of three separate 
            parts: an adequate potable water supply system; a safe, adequate 
            drainage system; and ample fixtures and equipment.****I.  
            Background Factors
            The generalized 
            inspector of housing is concerned with a safe water supply system, 
            an adequate drainage system, and ample and proper fixtures and 
            equipment. This chapter covers the major features of a residential 
            plumbing system and the basic plumbing terms the inspector must know 
            and understand to identify properly housing code violations 
            involving plumbing and the more complicated defects that he will 
            refer to the appropriate agencies.****II.  
            Definitions1  Air Chambers - Air Chambers are pressure absorbing 
            devices that eliminate water hammer. They should be installed as 
            close as possible to the valves or faucet and at the end of long 
            runs of pipe. 
            2  Air Gap 
            (Drainage System) - The unobstructed vertical distance through the 
            free atmosphere between the outlet of a water pipe and the flood 
            level rim of the receptacle into which it is discharging.3  Air Gap 
            (Water Distribution System) - The unobstructed vertical distance 
            through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe 
            or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other 
            device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.4  Air Lock - 
            An air lock is a bubble of air which restricts the flow of water in 
            a pipe.5  Backflow - 
            Backflow is the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or 
            substances into the distributing pipes of a potable water supply 
            from any source or sources other than the intended source. Back 
            siphonage is one type of backflow.6  Back 
            Siphonage - Back siphonage is the flowing back of used, 
            contaminated, or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel 
            into a potable water supply due to a negative pressure in the 
            pipe.7  Branch - A 
            branch is any part of the piping system other than the main, riser, 
            or stack.8  Branch Vent 
            - A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent 
            stack.9  Building 
            Drain - The building (house) drain is the part of the lowest piping 
            of a drainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste, 
            or other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building (house) and 
            conveys it to the building sewer beginning 3 feet outside the 
            building wall.10   Cross 
            Connection -Any physical connection or arrangement between two 
            otherwise separate piping systems, one of which contains potable 
            water and the other either water of unknown or questionable safety 
            or steam, gas, or chemical whereby there may be a flow from one 
            system to the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure 
            differential between the two systems. (See Backflow and Back 
            siphonage.)11   Disposal 
            Field - An area containing a series of one or more trenches lined 
            with coarse aggregate and conveying the effluent from the septic 
            tank through vitrified clay Pine or perforated, non-metallic pipe, 
            laid in such a manner that the flow will be distributed with 
            reasonable uniformity into natural soil.12  Drain - A 
            drain is any pipe that carries waste water or water-borne waste in a 
            building (house) drainage system.13 Flood Level Rim 
            - The top edge of a receptacle from which water overflows.14 Flushometer 
            Valve - A device that discharges a predetermined quantity of water 
            to fixtures for flushing purposes and is closed by direct water 
            pressures.15 Flush Valve - A 
            device located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets 
            and similar fixtures.16 Grease Trap - 
            See Interceptor17 Hot Water - Hot 
            water means potable water that is heated to at least 120?F and used 
            for cooking, cleaning, washing dishes, and bathing.18 Insanitary - 
            Contrary to sanitary principles injurious to health.19 Interceptor - A 
            device designed and installed so as to separate and retain 
            deleterious, hazardous, or undesirable matter from normal wastes and 
            permit normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the drainage 
            system by gravity.20 Leader - An 
            exterior drainage pipe for conveying storm water from roof or gutter 
            drains to the building storm drain, combined building sewer, or 
            other means of disposal.21 Main Vent - The 
            principal artery of the venting system, to which vent branches may 
            be connected.22 Main Sewer - See 
            Public Sewer.23 Pneumatic - The 
            word pertains to devices making use of compressed air as in pressure 
            tanks boosted by pumps.24 Potable Water - 
            Water having no impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause 
            disease or harmful physiological effects and conforming in its 
            bacteriological and chemical quality to the requirements of the 
            Public Health Service drinking water standards or meeting the 
            regulations of the public health authority having 
            jurisdiction.25 P & T 
            (Pressure and Temperature) Relief Valve - A safety valve installed 
            on a hot water storage tank to limit temperature and pressure of the 
            water.26 P Trap - A trap 
            with a vertical inlet and a horizontal outlet.27 Public Sewer - A 
            common sewer directly controlled by public authority.28 Relief Vent - An 
            auxiliary vent that permits additional circulation of air in or 
            between drainage and vent systems.29 Septic Tank - A 
            watertight receptacle that receives the discharge of a building's 
            sanitary drain system or part thereof and is designed and 
            constructed so as to separate solid from the liquid, digest organic 
            matter through a period of detention, and allow the liquids to 
            discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of 
            open-joint or perforated piping, or through a seepage pit.30 Sewerage System 
            - A sewerage system comprises all piping, appurtenances, and 
            treatment facilities used for the collection and disposal of sewage, 
            except plumbing inside and in connection with buildings served. and 
            the building drain.31 Soil Pipe - The 
            pipe that directs the sewage of a house to the receiving sewer, 
            building drain, or building sewer.32 Soil Stack - The 
            vertical piping that terminates in a roof vent and carries off the 
            vapors of a plumbing system.33 Stack Vent - An 
            extension of a solid or waste stack above the highest horizontal 
            drain connected to the stack. Sometimes called a waste vent or a 
            soil vent.34 Storm Sewer - A 
            sewer used for conveying rain water, surface water, condensate. 
            cooling water, or similar liquid waste.35 Trap - A trap is 
            a fitting or device that provides a liquid seal to prevent the 
            emission of sewer gases without materially affecting the flow of 
            sewage or waste water through it.36 Vacuum Breaker - 
            A device to prevent backflow (back siphonage) by means of an opening 
            through which air may be drawn to relieve negative pressure 
            (vacuum).37 Vent Stack - The 
            vertical vent pipe installed to provide air circulation to and from 
            the drainage system and that extends through one or more 
            stories.38 Water Hammer - 
            The loud thump of water in a pipe when a valve or faucet is suddenly 
            closed.39 Water Service 
            Pipe - The pipe from the water main or other sources of potable 
            water supply to the water-distributing system of the building 
            served.40 Water Supply 
            System - The water supply system consists of the water service pipe, 
            the water-distributing pipes, the necessary connecting pipes, 
            fittings, control valves, and all appurtenances in or adjacent to 
            the building or premises.41 Wet Vent - A 
            vent that receives the discharge of waste other than from water 
            closets.42 Yoke Vent - A 
            pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack 
            for the purpose of preventing pressure changes in the 
            stacks.III. Main Features of an Indoor Plumbing 
            System
            The primary 
            functions of the plumbing system within the house are as 
            follows:****1  To bring 
              an adequate and potable supply of hot and cold water to the users 
              of the dwelling.
              2  To drain 
              all waste water and sewage discharged from these fixtures into the 
              public sewer, or private disposal 
            system.****It is, therefore, very 
            important that the housing inspector familiarize himself fully with 
            all elements of these systems so that he may recognize inadequacies 
            of the structure's plumbing as well as other code violations In 
            order to aid the inspector in understanding the plumbing system, a 
            series of drawings and diagrams has been included at the end of this 
            chapter.**** 
            IV.  Elements of a Plumbing System
            1  Water 
            Service: The piping of a house service line should be as short as 
            possible. Elbows and bends should be kept to a minimum since these 
            reduce the pressure and therefore the supply of water to fixtures in 
            the house.The house service 
            line should also be protected from freezing. The burying of the line 
            under 4 feet of soil is a commonly accepted depth to prevent 
            freezing. This depth varies, however, across the country from north 
            to south. The local or state plumbing code should be consulted for 
            the recommended depth in your area of the country.A typical house 
            service installation is pictured in Figure 6-1.The materials used 
            for a house service may be copper, cast iron, steel or wrought iron. 
            The connections used should be compatible with the type of pipe 
            used.****a  
              Corporation stop - The corporation stop is connected to the water 
              main. This connection is usually made of brass and can be 
              connected to the main by use of a special tool without shutting 
              off the municipal supply. The valve incorporated in the 
              corporation stop permits the pressure to be maintained in the main 
              while the service to the building is completed.
              b  Curb stop 
              - The curb stop is a similar valve used to isolate the building 
              from the main for repairs, nonpayment of water bills, or flooded 
              basementsSince the 
              corporation stop is usually under the street and would necessitate 
              breaking the pavement to reach the valve, the curb stop is used as 
              the isolation valve.c   Curb 
              stop box - The curb stop box is an access box to the curb stop for 
              opening and closing the valve. A long-handled wrench is used to 
              reach the valve.****Figure 6-1. House Service 
            Installation**** 
            d  Meter 
              stop -The meter stop is a valve placed on the street side of the 
              water meter to isolate the meter for installation or maintenance. 
              Many codes require a gate valve on the house side of the meter to 
              shut off water for house plumbing repairs. The curb and meter 
              stops are not to be used frequently and can be ruined in a short 
              time if used very frequently.
              e  Water 
              meter - The water meter is a device used to measure the amount of 
              water used in the house. It is usually the property of the city 
              and is a very delicate instrument that should not he 
abused.Since the 
              electric system is usually grounded to the water line, a grounding 
              loop-device should be installed around the meter. Many meters come 
              with a yoke that maintains electrical continuity even though the 
              meter is removed.****2  Hot and Cold Water 
            Main Lines: The hot and cold water main lines are usually hung from 
            the basement ceiling and are attached to the water meter and 
            hot-water tank on one side and the fixture supply risers on the 
            other.
            These pipes should 
            be installed in a neat manner and should be supported by pipe 
            hangers or straps of sufficient strength and number to prevent 
            sagging.Hot and cold water 
            lines should be approximately 6 inches apart unless the hot water 
            line is insulated. This is to insure that the cold water line does 
            not pick up heat from the hot water line.The supply mains 
            should have a drain valve or stop and waste valve in order to remove 
            water from the system for repairs. These valves should be on the low 
            end of the line or on the end of each fixture 
            riser.****a  The 
              fixture risers start at the basement main and rise vertically to 
              the fixtures on the upper floors. In a one-family dwelling, riser 
              branches will usually proceed from the main riser to each fixture 
              grouping. In any event the fixture risers should not depend on the 
              branch risers for support but should be supported with a pipe 
              bracket. 
              b  Each 
              fixture is then connected to the branch riser by a separate line. 
              The last fixture on a line is usually connected directly to the 
              branch riser. Figure 6-2 is a diagram of a typical single-family 
              residence water supply system.****Figure 6-2. Water 
            Distribution System for Small Residence 
            3  Hot Water 
            Heaters: Hot water heaters are usually powered by electricity, fuel 
            oil, gas, or in rare cases, coal or wood. They consist of a space 
            for heating the water and a storage tank for providing hot water 
            over a limited period of time.All hot water 
            heaters should be fitted with a temperature-pressure relief valve no 
            matter what fuel is used.This valve will 
            operate when either the temperature or the pressure becomes too high 
            due to an interruption of the water supply or a faulty 
            thermostat.Figure 6-3 shows 
            the correct installation of a hot water heater.Figure 6-3. Proper Water 
            Heater Installation4  Pipe Sizes: 
            The size of basement mains and risers depends on the number of 
            fixtures supplied. However, a 3/4 inch pipe is usually the minimum 
            size used. This allows for deposits on the pipe due to hardness in 
            the water and will usually give satisfactory volume and 
            pressure.B  Drainage 
            SystemThe water supply 
            brought into the house and used is discharged through the drainage 
            system. This system is either a sanitary drainage system carrying 
            just interior waste water or a combined system carrying interior 
            waste and roof runoff. The sanitary system will be discussed 
            first.****1  Sanitary 
            Drainage System: The proper sizing of the sanitary drain or house 
            drain depends on the number of fixtures it serves. The usual minimum 
            size is 6 inches in dial diameter. The materials used are usually 
            cast iron, vitrified clay, plastic, and in rare cases, lead. For 
            proper flow in the drain the pipe should be sized so that it flows 
            approximately one-half full. This ensures proper scouring action so 
            that the solids contained in the waste will not be deposited in the 
            pipe.a  Sizing 
              of house drain - The Uniform Plumbing Code Committee has developed 
              a method of sizing of house drains in terms of "fixture units." 
              One ''fixture unit" equals approximately 7? gallons of water per 
              minute. This is the surge flow-rate of water discharged from a 
              wash basin in 1 minute. All other fixtures have been related to 
              this unit.
              A table fixture 
              unit values is shown in Table 6-1Table 6-1. Fixture Unit 
              ValuesThe maximum 
              number of fixture units attached to a sanitary drain is shown in 
              Table 6-2.Table 6-2. Sanitary Drain 
              Sizesb  Grade of 
              house drain-A house drain or building sewer should be sloped 
              toward the sewer to ensure scouring of the drain. Figure 6-4 shows 
              the results of proper and improper Ditch of a house drain.Figure 6-4. Results of 
              Proper and Improper Pitch of a House DrainThe usual pitch 
              of a house or building sewer is ? inch fall in 1 foot of 
              length.c  House 
              drain installation-A typical house drain installation is shown in 
              Figure 6-5. Typical branch connections to the main are shown in 
              Figure 6-6.Figure 6-5. Typical House 
              Drain Installationd  Fixture 
              and branch drains - A branch drain is a waste pipe that collects 
              the waste from two or more fixtures and conveys it to the building 
              or house sewer. It is sized in the same way as the house sewer, 
              taking into account that all water closets must have a minimum 
              3-inch diameter drain, and only two water closets may connect into 
              one 3-inch drain.All branch drains 
              must join the house drain with a "Y" -type fitting as shown in 
              Figure 6-6. The same is true for fixture drains joining branch 
              drains.Figure 6-6. Typical Branch 
              Connections to the MainThe "Y" fitting 
              is used to eliminate, as much as possible, the deposit of solids 
              in or near the connection. A build-up of these solids will cause a 
              blockage in the drain.The recommended 
              minimum size of fixture drain is shown in Table 6-3.e  Traps-A 
              plumbing trap is a device used in a waste system to prevent the 
              passage of sewer gas into the structure and yet not hinder the 
              fixture's discharge to any great extent. All fixtures connected to 
              a household plumbing system should have a trap installed in the 
              line.****Table 6-3. Minimum Fixture 
            Service 
            The effect of sewer 
            gases on the human body are known; many are extremely harmful. 
            Additionally, certain sewer gases are explosive. A trap will prevent 
            these gases from passing into the structure.****
            "P" trap -The most 
            common trap found today is the "P" trap. Figure 6-7 is a drawing of 
            a "P" trap.Figure 6-7. Diagram of a "P" 
            TrapThe depth of the 
            seal in a trap is usually 2 inches. A deep seal trap has a 4-inch 
            seal.As was mentioned 
            earlier, the purpose of a trap is to seal out sewer gases from the 
            structure. Since a plumbing system is subject to wide variations in 
            flow, and this flow originates in many different sections of the 
            system, there is a wide variation in pressures in the waste lines. 
            These pressure differences tend to destroy the water seal in the 
            trap.To counteract this 
            problem mechanical traps were introduced. It has been found, 
            however, that the corrosive liquids flowing in the system corrode or 
            jam these mechanical traps. It is for this reason that most plumbing 
            codes prohibit mechanical traps.There are many 
            manufacturers of traps, and all have varied the design somewhat. 
            Figures 6-8 and 6-9 show various types of "P" traps. The "P" trap is 
            usually found in lavatories, sinks, urinals, drinking fountains, 
            showers, and other installations that do not discharge a Great deal 
            of water.Figure 6-8. Various Types of 
            "P" TrapsFigure 6-9. Traps on 
            Wall-hung Fixtures****Drum trap - The 
            drum trap is another water seal-type trap. They are usually used in 
            the 4x5-inch or 4x8-inch sizes. These traps have a greater sealing 
            capacity than the "P" trap and pass large amounts of water quickly. 
            Figure 6-10 shows a drum trap.Figure 6-10. A 4x8 Inch Drum 
            TrapDrum traps are 
            commonly connected to bathtubs, foot baths, sitz baths, and modified 
            shower baths. Figure 6-11 shows a drum trap connected to a bathtub 
            and shower.Figure 6-11. (a) Drum Trap 
            on Bathtub Outlet; (b) Drum Trap on Shower 
            Installation****Objectionable traps 
            - The "S" 1 and the 3h "S" trap should not be us in plumbing 
            installations. They are almost impossible to ventilate properly, and 
            the 3h "S" trap forms a perfect siphon.The bag trap, an 
            extreme form of "S" trap, is seldom found. Figure 6-12 shows these 
            types of "S" traps.Figure 6-12. Types of "S" 
            TrapsFigure 6-13 shows 
            one type of mechanically sealed trap. Any trap that depends on a 
            moving part for its effectiveness is usually inadequate and has been 
            prohibited by the local plumbing codes.Figure 6-13. Mechanically 
            Sealed TrapFigure 6-14 shows 
            various types of internal partition traps. These traps work, but 
            their design usually results in their being higher priced than the 
            "P" or drum traps.It should be 
            remembered that traps are used only to prevent the escape of sewer 
            gas into the structure. They do not compensate for pressure 
            variations. Only proper venting will eliminate pressure 
            problems.****f   
            Ventilation - A plumbing system is ventilated to prevent trap seal 
            loss, material deterioration. and flow retardation.Figure 6-14. Partition 
            Traps****Trap seal 
              loss-The seal in a plumbing trap may be lost due to siphonage 
              (direct and indirect or momentum), back pressure, evaporation, 
              capillary attraction, or wind effect. The first two named are 
              probably the most common causes of loss.
              If a waste pipe 
              is placed vertically after the fixture trap, as in an "S" trap, 
              the waste water continues to flow after the fixture is emptied and 
              clears the trap. This is caused by the pressure of air on the 
              fixture water's being greater than the pressure of air in the 
              waste pipe. The action of the water discharging into the waste 
              pipe removes the air from that pipe and thereby causes a negative 
              pressure in the waste line.In the case of 
              indirect or momentum siphonage, the flow of water past the 
              entrance to a fixture drain in the waste pipe removes air from the 
              fixture drain. This reduces the air pressure in the fixture drain, 
              and the entire assembly acts as an aspirator such as the physician 
              uses to spray an infected throat. Figures 6-15 and 6-16 show 
              examples of siphonage.Figure 6-15. Examples of 
              Direct Siphonage: (a) Seal Intact, (b) Fixture Discharging,(c) 
              Loss of SealFigure 6-16. Loss of Trap 
              Seal****Back 
              pressure-The flow of water in a soil pipe varies according to the 
              fixtures being used. A lavatory gives a small flow and a water 
              closet a large flow. Small flows tend to cling to the sides of the 
              pipe, but large ones form a slug of waste as they drop. As this 
              slug of water falls down the pipe the air in front of it becomes 
              pressurized. As the pressure builds it seeks an escape point. This 
              point is either a vent or a fixture outlet. If the vent is plugged 
              or there is no vent, the only escape for this air is the fixture 
              outlet. The air pressure forces the trap seal up the pipe into the 
              fixture. If the pressure is great enough the seal is blown out of 
              the fixture entirely. Figures 6-17 and 6-18 illustrate this type 
              of problem.
              Figure 
              6-18. Individual Ventilation of Lavatories, Sinks, Drinking 
              Fountains, etc.****Vent sizing - 
              Vent pipe installation is similar to that of soil and waste pipe. 
              The same fixture unit criteria are used. Table 6-3 shows minimum 
              vent pipe sizes.
              Vent pipes of 
              less than 1? inches in diameter should not be used. Vents smaller 
              than this diameter tend to clog and do not perform their 
              function.****Individual 
              fixture ventilation - Figure 6-19 shows a typical installation of 
              a wall-hung plumbing unit. This type of ventilation is generally 
              used for sinks, lavatories, drinking fountains, and so 
forth
              Figure 6-19. Individual 
              Ventilation of Lavatories, Sinks, Drinking Fountains, 
              etc.Figure 6-20 shows 
              a typical installation of a bathtub or shower ventilation 
              system.Figure 6-20. Individual 
              Ventilation of Bathtubs, Showers and UrinalsFigure 6-21 shows 
              the proper vent connection for a water closet or slop sink. The 
              water closet can be either a tank type or a flushometer valve 
              type.Figure 6-21. Individual 
              Ventilation of Water Closets, Clinic Sinks, or Stop 
              Sinks****Unit venting- 
              Figures 6-22 to 6-24 Picture a back-to-hack ventilation system for 
              various common plumbing fixtures. The unit venting system is 
              commonly used in apartment buildings. This type of system saves a 
              great deal of money and space when fixtures are placed back to 
              back in separate apartments.
              Figure 6-22. Unit Vent 
              Method of Ventilating Wall-hung Fixture TrapsFigure 6-23. Unit Vent 
              used in Bathtub InstallationFigure 6-24. Unit Vent 
              used in Water Closet InstallationFigure 6-25 shows 
              a double combination "Y" used for joining the fixtures to the 
              common soil pipe. The deflectors are to prevent waste from one 
              fixture flowing back up into the waste in the attached fixture on 
              the other side of the wall.Figure 6-25. Double 
              Combination Y and 1/8 Bend with Deflectors****Wet venting - 
              Wet venting of a plumbing system is common in household bathroom 
              fixture grouping. It is exactly what the name implies: the vent 
              pipe is used as a waste line. 
              6-26 shows a 
              typical wet-vent installation in a home.Figure 6-26. West Vent 
              Used in Connection With Bathroom Group of 
              Fixtures****Total drainage 
              system-Up to now we have talked about the drain, soil waste, and 
              vent systems of a plumbing system separately. For a working 
              system, however, they must all be connected. Figures 6-27 through 
              6-32 show some typical drainage systems that are found in homes 
              and small apartment buildings. 
              Figure 6-27. Drain Soil 
              Waste and Vent Pipe Layout
              Figure 6-28. Plumbing 
              Layout for a Two-Story Residence, Showing Individual Ventilation 
              of FixturesFigure 6-29.Typical 
              Plumbing Layout for a Two-Story Apartment BuildingFigure 6-30. Plumbing 
              Layout for a Duplex ResidenceFigure 6-31. Direct Cross 
              ConnectionFigure 6-32. Cross 
              ConnectionTable 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |                                                           | **Chapter 6 
            Plumbing Elements of a 
            Housing Inspection** |                                                                                     |                                    |            | I.  Background 
            Factors |          |                          | II.  
            Definitions |                                               |                                   | III. Main Features of an 
            Indoor Plumbing System |                |                                                           | IV.  Elements of a 
            Plumbing System |                                                           | Plumbing may be defined as 
            practice, materials, and fixtures used in the installation, 
            maintenance, and alteration of all piping, fixtures, appliances, and 
            appurtenances in connection with sanitary or storm drainage 
            facilities, the venting system, and the public or private water 
            supply systems. Plumbing does not include the trade of drilling 
            water wells, installing water softening equipment, or the business 
            of manufacturing or selling plumbing fixtures, appliances, 
            equipment, or hardware. A plumbing system consists of three separate 
            parts: an adequate potable water supply system; a safe, adequate 
            drainage system; and ample fixtures and equipment.****I.  
            Background Factors
            The generalized 
            inspector of housing is concerned with a safe water supply system, 
            an adequate drainage system, and ample and proper fixtures and 
            equipment. This chapter covers the major features of a residential 
            plumbing system and the basic plumbing terms the inspector must know 
            and understand to identify properly housing code violations 
            involving plumbing and the more complicated defects that he will 
            refer to the appropriate agencies.****II.  
            Definitions1  Air Chambers - Air Chambers are pressure absorbing 
            devices that eliminate water hammer. They should be installed as 
            close as possible to the valves or faucet and at the end of long 
            runs of pipe. 
            2  Air Gap 
            (Drainage System) - The unobstructed vertical distance through the 
            free atmosphere between the outlet of a water pipe and the flood 
            level rim of the receptacle into which it is discharging.3  Air Gap 
            (Water Distribution System) - The unobstructed vertical distance 
            through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe 
            or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other 
            device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.4  Air Lock - 
            An air lock is a bubble of air which restricts the flow of water in 
            a pipe.5  Backflow - 
            Backflow is the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or 
            substances into the distributing pipes of a potable water supply 
            from any source or sources other than the intended source. Back 
            siphonage is one type of backflow.6  Back 
            Siphonage - Back siphonage is the flowing back of used, 
            contaminated, or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel 
            into a potable water supply due to a negative pressure in the 
            pipe.7  Branch - A 
            branch is any part of the piping system other than the main, riser, 
            or stack.8  Branch Vent 
            - A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent 
            stack.9  Building 
            Drain - The building (house) drain is the part of the lowest piping 
            of a drainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste, 
            or other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building (house) and 
            conveys it to the building sewer beginning 3 feet outside the 
            building wall.10   Cross 
            Connection -Any physical connection or arrangement between two 
            otherwise separate piping systems, one of which contains potable 
            water and the other either water of unknown or questionable safety 
            or steam, gas, or chemical whereby there may be a flow from one 
            system to the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure 
            differential between the two systems. (See Backflow and Back 
            siphonage.)11   Disposal 
            Field - An area containing a series of one or more trenches lined 
            with coarse aggregate and conveying the effluent from the septic 
            tank through vitrified clay Pine or perforated, non-metallic pipe, 
            laid in such a manner that the flow will be distributed with 
            reasonable uniformity into natural soil.12  Drain - A 
            drain is any pipe that carries waste water or water-borne waste in a 
            building (house) drainage system.13 Flood Level Rim 
            - The top edge of a receptacle from which water overflows.14 Flushometer 
            Valve - A device that discharges a predetermined quantity of water 
            to fixtures for flushing purposes and is closed by direct water 
            pressures.15 Flush Valve - A 
            device located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets 
            and similar fixtures.16 Grease Trap - 
            See Interceptor17 Hot Water - Hot 
            water means potable water that is heated to at least 120?F and used 
            for cooking, cleaning, washing dishes, and bathing.18 Insanitary - 
            Contrary to sanitary principles injurious to health.19 Interceptor - A 
            device designed and installed so as to separate and retain 
            deleterious, hazardous, or undesirable matter from normal wastes and 
            permit normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the drainage 
            system by gravity.20 Leader - An 
            exterior drainage pipe for conveying storm water from roof or gutter 
            drains to the building storm drain, combined building sewer, or 
            other means of disposal.21 Main Vent - The 
            principal artery of the venting system, to which vent branches may 
            be connected.22 Main Sewer - See 
            Public Sewer.23 Pneumatic - The 
            word pertains to devices making use of compressed air as in pressure 
            tanks boosted by pumps.24 Potable Water - 
            Water having no impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause 
            disease or harmful physiological effects and conforming in its 
            bacteriological and chemical quality to the requirements of the 
            Public Health Service drinking water standards or meeting the 
            regulations of the public health authority having 
            jurisdiction.25 P & T 
            (Pressure and Temperature) Relief Valve - A safety valve installed 
            on a hot water storage tank to limit temperature and pressure of the 
            water.26 P Trap - A trap 
            with a vertical inlet and a horizontal outlet.27 Public Sewer - A 
            common sewer directly controlled by public authority.28 Relief Vent - An 
            auxiliary vent that permits additional circulation of air in or 
            between drainage and vent systems.29 Septic Tank - A 
            watertight receptacle that receives the discharge of a building's 
            sanitary drain system or part thereof and is designed and 
            constructed so as to separate solid from the liquid, digest organic 
            matter through a period of detention, and allow the liquids to 
            discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of 
            open-joint or perforated piping, or through a seepage pit.30 Sewerage System 
            - A sewerage system comprises all piping, appurtenances, and 
            treatment facilities used for the collection and disposal of sewage, 
            except plumbing inside and in connection with buildings served. and 
            the building drain.31 Soil Pipe - The 
            pipe that directs the sewage of a house to the receiving sewer, 
            building drain, or building sewer.32 Soil Stack - The 
            vertical piping that terminates in a roof vent and carries off the 
            vapors of a plumbing system.33 Stack Vent - An 
            extension of a solid or waste stack above the highest horizontal 
            drain connected to the stack. Sometimes called a waste vent or a 
            soil vent.34 Storm Sewer - A 
            sewer used for conveying rain water, surface water, condensate. 
            cooling water, or similar liquid waste.35 Trap - A trap is 
            a fitting or device that provides a liquid seal to prevent the 
            emission of sewer gases without materially affecting the flow of 
            sewage or waste water through it.36 Vacuum Breaker - 
            A device to prevent backflow (back siphonage) by means of an opening 
            through which air may be drawn to relieve negative pressure 
            (vacuum).37 Vent Stack - The 
            vertical vent pipe installed to provide air circulation to and from 
            the drainage system and that extends through one or more 
            stories.38 Water Hammer - 
            The loud thump of water in a pipe when a valve or faucet is suddenly 
            closed.39 Water Service 
            Pipe - The pipe from the water main or other sources of potable 
            water supply to the water-distributing system of the building 
            served.40 Water Supply 
            System - The water supply system consists of the water service pipe, 
            the water-distributing pipes, the necessary connecting pipes, 
            fittings, control valves, and all appurtenances in or adjacent to 
            the building or premises.41 Wet Vent - A 
            vent that receives the discharge of waste other than from water 
            closets.42 Yoke Vent - A 
            pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack 
            for the purpose of preventing pressure changes in the 
            stacks.III. Main Features of an Indoor Plumbing 
            System
            The primary 
            functions of the plumbing system within the house are as 
            follows:****1  To bring 
              an adequate and potable supply of hot and cold water to the users 
              of the dwelling.
              2  To drain 
              all waste water and sewage discharged from these fixtures into the 
              public sewer, or private disposal 
            system.****It is, therefore, very 
            important that the housing inspector familiarize himself fully with 
            all elements of these systems so that he may recognize inadequacies 
            of the structure's plumbing as well as other code violations In 
            order to aid the inspector in understanding the plumbing system, a 
            series of drawings and diagrams has been included at the end of this 
            chapter.**** 
            IV.  Elements of a Plumbing System
            1  Water 
            Service: The piping of a house service line should be as short as 
            possible. Elbows and bends should be kept to a minimum since these 
            reduce the pressure and therefore the supply of water to fixtures in 
            the house.The house service 
            line should also be protected from freezing. The burying of the line 
            under 4 feet of soil is a commonly accepted depth to prevent 
            freezing. This depth varies, however, across the country from north 
            to south. The local or state plumbing code should be consulted for 
            the recommended depth in your area of the country.A typical house 
            service installation is pictured in Figure 6-1.The materials used 
            for a house service may be copper, cast iron, steel or wrought iron. 
            The connections used should be compatible with the type of pipe 
            used.****a  
              Corporation stop - The corporation stop is connected to the water 
              main. This connection is usually made of brass and can be 
              connected to the main by use of a special tool without shutting 
              off the municipal supply. The valve incorporated in the 
              corporation stop permits the pressure to be maintained in the main 
              while the service to the building is completed.
              b  Curb stop 
              - The curb stop is a similar valve used to isolate the building 
              from the main for repairs, nonpayment of water bills, or flooded 
              basementsSince the 
              corporation stop is usually under the street and would necessitate 
              breaking the pavement to reach the valve, the curb stop is used as 
              the isolation valve.c   Curb 
              stop box - The curb stop box is an access box to the curb stop for 
              opening and closing the valve. A long-handled wrench is used to 
              reach the valve.****Figure 6-1. House Service 
            Installation**** 
            d  Meter 
              stop -The meter stop is a valve placed on the street side of the 
              water meter to isolate the meter for installation or maintenance. 
              Many codes require a gate valve on the house side of the meter to 
              shut off water for house plumbing repairs. The curb and meter 
              stops are not to be used frequently and can be ruined in a short 
              time if used very frequently.
              e  Water 
              meter - The water meter is a device used to measure the amount of 
              water used in the house. It is usually the property of the city 
              and is a very delicate instrument that should not he 
abused.Since the 
              electric system is usually grounded to the water line, a grounding 
              loop-device should be installed around the meter. Many meters come 
              with a yoke that maintains electrical continuity even though the 
              meter is removed.****2  Hot and Cold Water 
            Main Lines: The hot and cold water main lines are usually hung from 
            the basement ceiling and are attached to the water meter and 
            hot-water tank on one side and the fixture supply risers on the 
            other.
            These pipes should 
            be installed in a neat manner and should be supported by pipe 
            hangers or straps of sufficient strength and number to prevent 
            sagging.Hot and cold water 
            lines should be approximately 6 inches apart unless the hot water 
            line is insulated. This is to insure that the cold water line does 
            not pick up heat from the hot water line.The supply mains 
            should have a drain valve or stop and waste valve in order to remove 
            water from the system for repairs. These valves should be on the low 
            end of the line or on the end of each fixture 
            riser.****a  The 
              fixture risers start at the basement main and rise vertically to 
              the fixtures on the upper floors. In a one-family dwelling, riser 
              branches will usually proceed from the main riser to each fixture 
              grouping. In any event the fixture risers should not depend on the 
              branch risers for support but should be supported with a pipe 
              bracket. 
              b  Each 
              fixture is then connected to the branch riser by a separate line. 
              The last fixture on a line is usually connected directly to the 
              branch riser. Figure 6-2 is a diagram of a typical single-family 
              residence water supply system.****Figure 6-2. Water 
            Distribution System for Small Residence 
            3  Hot Water 
            Heaters: Hot water heaters are usually powered by electricity, fuel 
            oil, gas, or in rare cases, coal or wood. They consist of a space 
            for heating the water and a storage tank for providing hot water 
            over a limited period of time.All hot water 
            heaters should be fitted with a temperature-pressure relief valve no 
            matter what fuel is used.This valve will 
            operate when either the temperature or the pressure becomes too high 
            due to an interruption of the water supply or a faulty 
            thermostat.Figure 6-3 shows 
            the correct installation of a hot water heater.Figure 6-3. Proper Water 
            Heater Installation4  Pipe Sizes: 
            The size of basement mains and risers depends on the number of 
            fixtures supplied. However, a 3/4 inch pipe is usually the minimum 
            size used. This allows for deposits on the pipe due to hardness in 
            the water and will usually give satisfactory volume and 
            pressure.B  Drainage 
            SystemThe water supply 
            brought into the house and used is discharged through the drainage 
            system. This system is either a sanitary drainage system carrying 
            just interior waste water or a combined system carrying interior 
            waste and roof runoff. The sanitary system will be discussed 
            first.****1  Sanitary 
            Drainage System: The proper sizing of the sanitary drain or house 
            drain depends on the number of fixtures it serves. The usual minimum 
            size is 6 inches in dial diameter. The materials used are usually 
            cast iron, vitrified clay, plastic, and in rare cases, lead. For 
            proper flow in the drain the pipe should be sized so that it flows 
            approximately one-half full. This ensures proper scouring action so 
            that the solids contained in the waste will not be deposited in the 
            pipe.a  Sizing 
              of house drain - The Uniform Plumbing Code Committee has developed 
              a method of sizing of house drains in terms of "fixture units." 
              One ''fixture unit" equals approximately 7? gallons of water per 
              minute. This is the surge flow-rate of water discharged from a 
              wash basin in 1 minute. All other fixtures have been related to 
              this unit.
              A table fixture 
              unit values is shown in Table 6-1Table 6-1. Fixture Unit 
              ValuesThe maximum 
              number of fixture units attached to a sanitary drain is shown in 
              Table 6-2.Table 6-2. Sanitary Drain 
              Sizesb  Grade of 
              house drain-A house drain or building sewer should be sloped 
              toward the sewer to ensure scouring of the drain. Figure 6-4 shows 
              the results of proper and improper Ditch of a house drain.Figure 6-4. Results of 
              Proper and Improper Pitch of a House DrainThe usual pitch 
              of a house or building sewer is ? inch fall in 1 foot of 
              length.c  House 
              drain installation-A typical house drain installation is shown in 
              Figure 6-5. Typical branch connections to the main are shown in 
              Figure 6-6.Figure 6-5. Typical House 
              Drain Installationd  Fixture 
              and branch drains - A branch drain is a waste pipe that collects 
              the waste from two or more fixtures and conveys it to the building 
              or house sewer. It is sized in the same way as the house sewer, 
              taking into account that all water closets must have a minimum 
              3-inch diameter drain, and only two water closets may connect into 
              one 3-inch drain.All branch drains 
              must join the house drain with a "Y" -type fitting as shown in 
              Figure 6-6. The same is true for fixture drains joining branch 
              drains.Figure 6-6. Typical Branch 
              Connections to the MainThe "Y" fitting 
              is used to eliminate, as much as possible, the deposit of solids 
              in or near the connection. A build-up of these solids will cause a 
              blockage in the drain.The recommended 
              minimum size of fixture drain is shown in Table 6-3.e  Traps-A 
              plumbing trap is a device used in a waste system to prevent the 
              passage of sewer gas into the structure and yet not hinder the 
              fixture's discharge to any great extent. All fixtures connected to 
              a household plumbing system should have a trap installed in the 
              line.****Table 6-3. Minimum Fixture 
            Service 
            The effect of sewer 
            gases on the human body are known; many are extremely harmful. 
            Additionally, certain sewer gases are explosive. A trap will prevent 
            these gases from passing into the structure.****
            "P" trap -The most 
            common trap found today is the "P" trap. Figure 6-7 is a drawing of 
            a "P" trap.Figure 6-7. Diagram of a "P" 
            TrapThe depth of the 
            seal in a trap is usually 2 inches. A deep seal trap has a 4-inch 
            seal.As was mentioned 
            earlier, the purpose of a trap is to seal out sewer gases from the 
            structure. Since a plumbing system is subject to wide variations in 
            flow, and this flow originates in many different sections of the 
            system, there is a wide variation in pressures in the waste lines. 
            These pressure differences tend to destroy the water seal in the 
            trap.To counteract this 
            problem mechanical traps were introduced. It has been found, 
            however, that the corrosive liquids flowing in the system corrode or 
            jam these mechanical traps. It is for this reason that most plumbing 
            codes prohibit mechanical traps.There are many 
            manufacturers of traps, and all have varied the design somewhat. 
            Figures 6-8 and 6-9 show various types of "P" traps. The "P" trap is 
            usually found in lavatories, sinks, urinals, drinking fountains, 
            showers, and other installations that do not discharge a Great deal 
            of water.Figure 6-8. Various Types of 
            "P" TrapsFigure 6-9. Traps on 
            Wall-hung Fixtures****Drum trap - The 
            drum trap is another water seal-type trap. They are usually used in 
            the 4x5-inch or 4x8-inch sizes. These traps have a greater sealing 
            capacity than the "P" trap and pass large amounts of water quickly. 
            Figure 6-10 shows a drum trap.Figure 6-10. A 4x8 Inch Drum 
            TrapDrum traps are 
            commonly connected to bathtubs, foot baths, sitz baths, and modified 
            shower baths. Figure 6-11 shows a drum trap connected to a bathtub 
            and shower.Figure 6-11. (a) Drum Trap 
            on Bathtub Outlet; (b) Drum Trap on Shower 
            Installation****Objectionable traps 
            - The "S" 1 and the 3h "S" trap should not be us in plumbing 
            installations. They are almost impossible to ventilate properly, and 
            the 3h "S" trap forms a perfect siphon.The bag trap, an 
            extreme form of "S" trap, is seldom found. Figure 6-12 shows these 
            types of "S" traps.Figure 6-12. Types of "S" 
            TrapsFigure 6-13 shows 
            one type of mechanically sealed trap. Any trap that depends on a 
            moving part for its effectiveness is usually inadequate and has been 
            prohibited by the local plumbing codes.Figure 6-13. Mechanically 
            Sealed TrapFigure 6-14 shows 
            various types of internal partition traps. These traps work, but 
            their design usually results in their being higher priced than the 
            "P" or drum traps.It should be 
            remembered that traps are used only to prevent the escape of sewer 
            gas into the structure. They do not compensate for pressure 
            variations. Only proper venting will eliminate pressure 
            problems.****f   
            Ventilation - A plumbing system is ventilated to prevent trap seal 
            loss, material deterioration. and flow retardation.Figure 6-14. Partition 
            Traps****Trap seal 
              loss-The seal in a plumbing trap may be lost due to siphonage 
              (direct and indirect or momentum), back pressure, evaporation, 
              capillary attraction, or wind effect. The first two named are 
              probably the most common causes of loss.
              If a waste pipe 
              is placed vertically after the fixture trap, as in an "S" trap, 
              the waste water continues to flow after the fixture is emptied and 
              clears the trap. This is caused by the pressure of air on the 
              fixture water's being greater than the pressure of air in the 
              waste pipe. The action of the water discharging into the waste 
              pipe removes the air from that pipe and thereby causes a negative 
              pressure in the waste line.In the case of 
              indirect or momentum siphonage, the flow of water past the 
              entrance to a fixture drain in the waste pipe removes air from the 
              fixture drain. This reduces the air pressure in the fixture drain, 
              and the entire assembly acts as an aspirator such as the physician 
              uses to spray an infected throat. Figures 6-15 and 6-16 show 
              examples of siphonage.Figure 6-15. Examples of 
              Direct Siphonage: (a) Seal Intact, (b) Fixture Discharging,(c) 
              Loss of SealFigure 6-16. Loss of Trap 
              Seal****Back 
              pressure-The flow of water in a soil pipe varies according to the 
              fixtures being used. A lavatory gives a small flow and a water 
              closet a large flow. Small flows tend to cling to the sides of the 
              pipe, but large ones form a slug of waste as they drop. As this 
              slug of water falls down the pipe the air in front of it becomes 
              pressurized. As the pressure builds it seeks an escape point. This 
              point is either a vent or a fixture outlet. If the vent is plugged 
              or there is no vent, the only escape for this air is the fixture 
              outlet. The air pressure forces the trap seal up the pipe into the 
              fixture. If the pressure is great enough the seal is blown out of 
              the fixture entirely. Figures 6-17 and 6-18 illustrate this type 
              of problem.
              Figure 
              6-18. Individual Ventilation of Lavatories, Sinks, Drinking 
              Fountains, etc.****Vent sizing - 
              Vent pipe installation is similar to that of soil and waste pipe. 
              The same fixture unit criteria are used. Table 6-3 shows minimum 
              vent pipe sizes.
              Vent pipes of 
              less than 1? inches in diameter should not be used. Vents smaller 
              than this diameter tend to clog and do not perform their 
              function.****Individual 
              fixture ventilation - Figure 6-19 shows a typical installation of 
              a wall-hung plumbing unit. This type of ventilation is generally 
              used for sinks, lavatories, drinking fountains, and so 
forth
              Figure 6-19. Individual 
              Ventilation of Lavatories, Sinks, Drinking Fountains, 
              etc.Figure 6-20 shows 
              a typical installation of a bathtub or shower ventilation 
              system.Figure 6-20. Individual 
              Ventilation of Bathtubs, Showers and UrinalsFigure 6-21 shows 
              the proper vent connection for a water closet or slop sink. The 
              water closet can be either a tank type or a flushometer valve 
              type.Figure 6-21. Individual 
              Ventilation of Water Closets, Clinic Sinks, or Stop 
              Sinks****Unit venting- 
              Figures 6-22 to 6-24 Picture a back-to-hack ventilation system for 
              various common plumbing fixtures. The unit venting system is 
              commonly used in apartment buildings. This type of system saves a 
              great deal of money and space when fixtures are placed back to 
              back in separate apartments.
              Figure 6-22. Unit Vent 
              Method of Ventilating Wall-hung Fixture TrapsFigure 6-23. Unit Vent 
              used in Bathtub InstallationFigure 6-24. Unit Vent 
              used in Water Closet InstallationFigure 6-25 shows 
              a double combination "Y" used for joining the fixtures to the 
              common soil pipe. The deflectors are to prevent waste from one 
              fixture flowing back up into the waste in the attached fixture on 
              the other side of the wall.Figure 6-25. Double 
              Combination Y and 1/8 Bend with Deflectors****Wet venting - 
              Wet venting of a plumbing system is common in household bathroom 
              fixture grouping. It is exactly what the name implies: the vent 
              pipe is used as a waste line. 
              6-26 shows a 
              typical wet-vent installation in a home.Figure 6-26. West Vent 
              Used in Connection With Bathroom Group of 
              Fixtures****Total drainage 
              system-Up to now we have talked about the drain, soil waste, and 
              vent systems of a plumbing system separately. For a working 
              system, however, they must all be connected. Figures 6-27 through 
              6-32 show some typical drainage systems that are found in homes 
              and small apartment buildings. 
              Figure 6-27. Drain Soil 
              Waste and Vent Pipe Layout
              Figure 6-28. Plumbing 
              Layout for a Two-Story Residence, Showing Individual Ventilation 
              of FixturesFigure 6-29.Typical 
              Plumbing Layout for a Two-Story Apartment BuildingFigure 6-30. Plumbing 
              Layout for a Duplex ResidenceFigure 6-31. Direct Cross 
              ConnectionFigure 6-32. Cross 
              Connection |                                                        | Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |                                                                                     | CDC 
            Topics:Pointer
          In the NewsPointer
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          HealthPointer
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            SurveyMore NCEH 
            Information:Pointer
          FundingPointer
          Shared 
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            Resources:Pointer
          CDC Fact Book 
            2000/2001PointerPointer
          SubscriptionsPointer
          Hoaxes and 
            Rumors |                                                    | CDC 
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          Health                                                                                                                             | Pointer                                                                                      | Visitor 
            Survey                                  | More NCEH 
            Information: | Pointer
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
|**Chapter 6 
            Plumbing Elements of a 
            Housing Inspection**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                           | I.  Background 
            Factors                                               
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                           | II.  
            Definitions                                                     
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                           | III. Main Features of an 
            Indoor Plumbing System                      
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |                                                           | IV.  Elements of a 
            Plumbing System                                   
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
|Plumbing may be defined as 
            practice, materials, and fixtures used in the installation, 
            maintenance, and alteration of all piping, fixtures, appliances, and 
            appurtenances in connection with sanitary or storm drainage 
            facilities, the venting system, and the public or private water 
            supply systems. Plumbing does not include the trade of drilling 
            water wells, installing water softening equipment, or the business 
            of manufacturing or selling plumbing fixtures, appliances, 
            equipment, or hardware. A plumbing system consists of three separate 
            parts: an adequate potable water supply system; a safe, adequate 
            drainage system; and ample fixtures and equipment.****I.  
            Background Factors
            The generalized 
            inspector of housing is concerned with a safe water supply system, 
            an adequate drainage system, and ample and proper fixtures and 
            equipment. This chapter covers the major features of a residential 
            plumbing system and the basic plumbing terms the inspector must know 
            and understand to identify properly housing code violations 
            involving plumbing and the more complicated defects that he will 
            refer to the appropriate agencies.****II.  
            Definitions1  Air Chambers - Air Chambers are pressure absorbing 
            devices that eliminate water hammer. They should be installed as 
            close as possible to the valves or faucet and at the end of long 
            runs of pipe. 
            2  Air Gap 
            (Drainage System) - The unobstructed vertical distance through the 
            free atmosphere between the outlet of a water pipe and the flood 
            level rim of the receptacle into which it is discharging.3  Air Gap 
            (Water Distribution System) - The unobstructed vertical distance 
            through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe 
            or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other 
            device and the flood level rim of the receptacle.4  Air Lock - 
            An air lock is a bubble of air which restricts the flow of water in 
            a pipe.5  Backflow - 
            Backflow is the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or 
            substances into the distributing pipes of a potable water supply 
            from any source or sources other than the intended source. Back 
            siphonage is one type of backflow.6  Back 
            Siphonage - Back siphonage is the flowing back of used, 
            contaminated, or polluted water from a plumbing fixture or vessel 
            into a potable water supply due to a negative pressure in the 
            pipe.7  Branch - A 
            branch is any part of the piping system other than the main, riser, 
            or stack.8  Branch Vent 
            - A vent connecting one or more individual vents with a vent 
            stack.9  Building 
            Drain - The building (house) drain is the part of the lowest piping 
            of a drainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste, 
            or other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building (house) and 
            conveys it to the building sewer beginning 3 feet outside the 
            building wall.10   Cross 
            Connection -Any physical connection or arrangement between two 
            otherwise separate piping systems, one of which contains potable 
            water and the other either water of unknown or questionable safety 
            or steam, gas, or chemical whereby there may be a flow from one 
            system to the other, the direction of flow depending on the pressure 
            differential between the two systems. (See Backflow and Back 
            siphonage.)11   Disposal 
            Field - An area containing a series of one or more trenches lined 
            with coarse aggregate and conveying the effluent from the septic 
            tank through vitrified clay Pine or perforated, non-metallic pipe, 
            laid in such a manner that the flow will be distributed with 
            reasonable uniformity into natural soil.12  Drain - A 
            drain is any pipe that carries waste water or water-borne waste in a 
            building (house) drainage system.13 Flood Level Rim 
            - The top edge of a receptacle from which water overflows.14 Flushometer 
            Valve - A device that discharges a predetermined quantity of water 
            to fixtures for flushing purposes and is closed by direct water 
            pressures.15 Flush Valve - A 
            device located at the bottom of the tank for flushing water closets 
            and similar fixtures.16 Grease Trap - 
            See Interceptor17 Hot Water - Hot 
            water means potable water that is heated to at least 120?F and used 
            for cooking, cleaning, washing dishes, and bathing.18 Insanitary - 
            Contrary to sanitary principles injurious to health.19 Interceptor - A 
            device designed and installed so as to separate and retain 
            deleterious, hazardous, or undesirable matter from normal wastes and 
            permit normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the drainage 
            system by gravity.20 Leader - An 
            exterior drainage pipe for conveying storm water from roof or gutter 
            drains to the building storm drain, combined building sewer, or 
            other means of disposal.21 Main Vent - The 
            principal artery of the venting system, to which vent branches may 
            be connected.22 Main Sewer - See 
            Public Sewer.23 Pneumatic - The 
            word pertains to devices making use of compressed air as in pressure 
            tanks boosted by pumps.24 Potable Water - 
            Water having no impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause 
            disease or harmful physiological effects and conforming in its 
            bacteriological and chemical quality to the requirements of the 
            Public Health Service drinking water standards or meeting the 
            regulations of the public health authority having 
            jurisdiction.25 P & T 
            (Pressure and Temperature) Relief Valve - A safety valve installed 
            on a hot water storage tank to limit temperature and pressure of the 
            water.26 P Trap - A trap 
            with a vertical inlet and a horizontal outlet.27 Public Sewer - A 
            common sewer directly controlled by public authority.28 Relief Vent - An 
            auxiliary vent that permits additional circulation of air in or 
            between drainage and vent systems.29 Septic Tank - A 
            watertight receptacle that receives the discharge of a building's 
            sanitary drain system or part thereof and is designed and 
            constructed so as to separate solid from the liquid, digest organic 
            matter through a period of detention, and allow the liquids to 
            discharge into the soil outside of the tank through a system of 
            open-joint or perforated piping, or through a seepage pit.30 Sewerage System 
            - A sewerage system comprises all piping, appurtenances, and 
            treatment facilities used for the collection and disposal of sewage, 
            except plumbing inside and in connection with buildings served. and 
            the building drain.31 Soil Pipe - The 
            pipe that directs the sewage of a house to the receiving sewer, 
            building drain, or building sewer.32 Soil Stack - The 
            vertical piping that terminates in a roof vent and carries off the 
            vapors of a plumbing system.33 Stack Vent - An 
            extension of a solid or waste stack above the highest horizontal 
            drain connected to the stack. Sometimes called a waste vent or a 
            soil vent.34 Storm Sewer - A 
            sewer used for conveying rain water, surface water, condensate. 
            cooling water, or similar liquid waste.35 Trap - A trap is 
            a fitting or device that provides a liquid seal to prevent the 
            emission of sewer gases without materially affecting the flow of 
            sewage or waste water through it.36 Vacuum Breaker - 
            A device to prevent backflow (back siphonage) by means of an opening 
            through which air may be drawn to relieve negative pressure 
            (vacuum).37 Vent Stack - The 
            vertical vent pipe installed to provide air circulation to and from 
            the drainage system and that extends through one or more 
            stories.38 Water Hammer - 
            The loud thump of water in a pipe when a valve or faucet is suddenly 
            closed.39 Water Service 
            Pipe - The pipe from the water main or other sources of potable 
            water supply to the water-distributing system of the building 
            served.40 Water Supply 
            System - The water supply system consists of the water service pipe, 
            the water-distributing pipes, the necessary connecting pipes, 
            fittings, control valves, and all appurtenances in or adjacent to 
            the building or premises.41 Wet Vent - A 
            vent that receives the discharge of waste other than from water 
            closets.42 Yoke Vent - A 
            pipe connecting upward from a soil or waste stack to a vent stack 
            for the purpose of preventing pressure changes in the 
            stacks.III. Main Features of an Indoor Plumbing 
            System
            The primary 
            functions of the plumbing system within the house are as 
            follows:****1  To bring 
              an adequate and potable supply of hot and cold water to the users 
              of the dwelling.
              2  To drain 
              all waste water and sewage discharged from these fixtures into the 
              public sewer, or private disposal 
            system.****It is, therefore, very 
            important that the housing inspector familiarize himself fully with 
            all elements of these systems so that he may recognize inadequacies 
            of the structure's plumbing as well as other code violations In 
            order to aid the inspector in understanding the plumbing system, a 
            series of drawings and diagrams has been included at the end of this 
            chapter.**** 
            IV.  Elements of a Plumbing System
            1  Water 
            Service: The piping of a house service line should be as short as 
            possible. Elbows and bends should be kept to a minimum since these 
            reduce the pressure and therefore the supply of water to fixtures in 
            the house.The house service 
            line should also be protected from freezing. The burying of the line 
            under 4 feet of soil is a commonly accepted depth to prevent 
            freezing. This depth varies, however, across the country from north 
            to south. The local or state plumbing code should be consulted for 
            the recommended depth in your area of the country.A typical house 
            service installation is pictured in Figure 6-1.The materials used 
            for a house service may be copper, cast iron, steel or wrought iron. 
            The connections used should be compatible with the type of pipe 
            used.****a  
              Corporation stop - The corporation stop is connected to the water 
              main. This connection is usually made of brass and can be 
              connected to the main by use of a special tool without shutting 
              off the municipal supply. The valve incorporated in the 
              corporation stop permits the pressure to be maintained in the main 
              while the service to the building is completed.
              b  Curb stop 
              - The curb stop is a similar valve used to isolate the building 
              from the main for repairs, nonpayment of water bills, or flooded 
              basementsSince the 
              corporation stop is usually under the street and would necessitate 
              breaking the pavement to reach the valve, the curb stop is used as 
              the isolation valve.c   Curb 
              stop box - The curb stop box is an access box to the curb stop for 
              opening and closing the valve. A long-handled wrench is used to 
              reach the valve.****Figure 6-1. House Service 
            Installation**** 
            d  Meter 
              stop -The meter stop is a valve placed on the street side of the 
              water meter to isolate the meter for installation or maintenance. 
              Many codes require a gate valve on the house side of the meter to 
              shut off water for house plumbing repairs. The curb and meter 
              stops are not to be used frequently and can be ruined in a short 
              time if used very frequently.
              e  Water 
              meter - The water meter is a device used to measure the amount of 
              water used in the house. It is usually the property of the city 
              and is a very delicate instrument that should not he 
abused.Since the 
              electric system is usually grounded to the water line, a grounding 
              loop-device should be installed around the meter. Many meters come 
              with a yoke that maintains electrical continuity even though the 
              meter is removed.****2  Hot and Cold Water 
            Main Lines: The hot and cold water main lines are usually hung from 
            the basement ceiling and are attached to the water meter and 
            hot-water tank on one side and the fixture supply risers on the 
            other.
            These pipes should 
            be installed in a neat manner and should be supported by pipe 
            hangers or straps of sufficient strength and number to prevent 
            sagging.Hot and cold water 
            lines should be approximately 6 inches apart unless the hot water 
            line is insulated. This is to insure that the cold water line does 
            not pick up heat from the hot water line.The supply mains 
            should have a drain valve or stop and waste valve in order to remove 
            water from the system for repairs. These valves should be on the low 
            end of the line or on the end of each fixture 
            riser.****a  The 
              fixture risers start at the basement main and rise vertically to 
              the fixtures on the upper floors. In a one-family dwelling, riser 
              branches will usually proceed from the main riser to each fixture 
              grouping. In any event the fixture risers should not depend on the 
              branch risers for support but should be supported with a pipe 
              bracket. 
              b  Each 
              fixture is then connected to the branch riser by a separate line. 
              The last fixture on a line is usually connected directly to the 
              branch riser. Figure 6-2 is a diagram of a typical single-family 
              residence water supply system.****Figure 6-2. Water 
            Distribution System for Small Residence 
            3  Hot Water 
            Heaters: Hot water heaters are usually powered by electricity, fuel 
            oil, gas, or in rare cases, coal or wood. They consist of a space 
            for heating the water and a storage tank for providing hot water 
            over a limited period of time.All hot water 
            heaters should be fitted with a temperature-pressure relief valve no 
            matter what fuel is used.This valve will 
            operate when either the temperature or the pressure becomes too high 
            due to an interruption of the water supply or a faulty 
            thermostat.Figure 6-3 shows 
            the correct installation of a hot water heater.Figure 6-3. Proper Water 
            Heater Installation4  Pipe Sizes: 
            The size of basement mains and risers depends on the number of 
            fixtures supplied. However, a 3/4 inch pipe is usually the minimum 
            size used. This allows for deposits on the pipe due to hardness in 
            the water and will usually give satisfactory volume and 
            pressure.B  Drainage 
            SystemThe water supply 
            brought into the house and used is discharged through the drainage 
            system. This system is either a sanitary drainage system carrying 
            just interior waste water or a combined system carrying interior 
            waste and roof runoff. The sanitary system will be discussed 
            first.****1  Sanitary 
            Drainage System: The proper sizing of the sanitary drain or house 
            drain depends on the number of fixtures it serves. The usual minimum 
            size is 6 inches in dial diameter. The materials used are usually 
            cast iron, vitrified clay, plastic, and in rare cases, lead. For 
            proper flow in the drain the pipe should be sized so that it flows 
            approximately one-half full. This ensures proper scouring action so 
            that the solids contained in the waste will not be deposited in the 
            pipe.a  Sizing 
              of house drain - The Uniform Plumbing Code Committee has developed 
              a method of sizing of house drains in terms of "fixture units." 
              One ''fixture unit" equals approximately 7? gallons of water per 
              minute. This is the surge flow-rate of water discharged from a 
              wash basin in 1 minute. All other fixtures have been related to 
              this unit.
              A table fixture 
              unit values is shown in Table 6-1Table 6-1. Fixture Unit 
              ValuesThe maximum 
              number of fixture units attached to a sanitary drain is shown in 
              Table 6-2.Table 6-2. Sanitary Drain 
              Sizesb  Grade of 
              house drain-A house drain or building sewer should be sloped 
              toward the sewer to ensure scouring of the drain. Figure 6-4 shows 
              the results of proper and improper Ditch of a house drain.Figure 6-4. Results of 
              Proper and Improper Pitch of a House DrainThe usual pitch 
              of a house or building sewer is ? inch fall in 1 foot of 
              length.c  House 
              drain installation-A typical house drain installation is shown in 
              Figure 6-5. Typical branch connections to the main are shown in 
              Figure 6-6.Figure 6-5. Typical House 
              Drain Installationd  Fixture 
              and branch drains - A branch drain is a waste pipe that collects 
              the waste from two or more fixtures and conveys it to the building 
              or house sewer. It is sized in the same way as the house sewer, 
              taking into account that all water closets must have a minimum 
              3-inch diameter drain, and only two water closets may connect into 
              one 3-inch drain.All branch drains 
              must join the house drain with a "Y" -type fitting as shown in 
              Figure 6-6. The same is true for fixture drains joining branch 
              drains.Figure 6-6. Typical Branch 
              Connections to the MainThe "Y" fitting 
              is used to eliminate, as much as possible, the deposit of solids 
              in or near the connection. A build-up of these solids will cause a 
              blockage in the drain.The recommended 
              minimum size of fixture drain is shown in Table 6-3.e  Traps-A 
              plumbing trap is a device used in a waste system to prevent the 
              passage of sewer gas into the structure and yet not hinder the 
              fixture's discharge to any great extent. All fixtures connected to 
              a household plumbing system should have a trap installed in the 
              line.****Table 6-3. Minimum Fixture 
            Service 
            The effect of sewer 
            gases on the human body are known; many are extremely harmful. 
            Additionally, certain sewer gases are explosive. A trap will prevent 
            these gases from passing into the structure.****
            "P" trap -The most 
            common trap found today is the "P" trap. Figure 6-7 is a drawing of 
            a "P" trap.Figure 6-7. Diagram of a "P" 
            TrapThe depth of the 
            seal in a trap is usually 2 inches. A deep seal trap has a 4-inch 
            seal.As was mentioned 
            earlier, the purpose of a trap is to seal out sewer gases from the 
            structure. Since a plumbing system is subject to wide variations in 
            flow, and this flow originates in many different sections of the 
            system, there is a wide variation in pressures in the waste lines. 
            These pressure differences tend to destroy the water seal in the 
            trap.To counteract this 
            problem mechanical traps were introduced. It has been found, 
            however, that the corrosive liquids flowing in the system corrode or 
            jam these mechanical traps. It is for this reason that most plumbing 
            codes prohibit mechanical traps.There are many 
            manufacturers of traps, and all have varied the design somewhat. 
            Figures 6-8 and 6-9 show various types of "P" traps. The "P" trap is 
            usually found in lavatories, sinks, urinals, drinking fountains, 
            showers, and other installations that do not discharge a Great deal 
            of water.Figure 6-8. Various Types of 
            "P" TrapsFigure 6-9. Traps on 
            Wall-hung Fixtures****Drum trap - The 
            drum trap is another water seal-type trap. They are usually used in 
            the 4x5-inch or 4x8-inch sizes. These traps have a greater sealing 
            capacity than the "P" trap and pass large amounts of water quickly. 
            Figure 6-10 shows a drum trap.Figure 6-10. A 4x8 Inch Drum 
            TrapDrum traps are 
            commonly connected to bathtubs, foot baths, sitz baths, and modified 
            shower baths. Figure 6-11 shows a drum trap connected to a bathtub 
            and shower.Figure 6-11. (a) Drum Trap 
            on Bathtub Outlet; (b) Drum Trap on Shower 
            Installation****Objectionable traps 
            - The "S" 1 and the 3h "S" trap should not be us in plumbing 
            installations. They are almost impossible to ventilate properly, and 
            the 3h "S" trap forms a perfect siphon.The bag trap, an 
            extreme form of "S" trap, is seldom found. Figure 6-12 shows these 
            types of "S" traps.Figure 6-12. Types of "S" 
            TrapsFigure 6-13 shows 
            one type of mechanically sealed trap. Any trap that depends on a 
            moving part for its effectiveness is usually inadequate and has been 
            prohibited by the local plumbing codes.Figure 6-13. Mechanically 
            Sealed TrapFigure 6-14 shows 
            various types of internal partition traps. These traps work, but 
            their design usually results in their being higher priced than the 
            "P" or drum traps.It should be 
            remembered that traps are used only to prevent the escape of sewer 
            gas into the structure. They do not compensate for pressure 
            variations. Only proper venting will eliminate pressure 
            problems.****f   
            Ventilation - A plumbing system is ventilated to prevent trap seal 
            loss, material deterioration. and flow retardation.Figure 6-14. Partition 
            Traps****Trap seal 
              loss-The seal in a plumbing trap may be lost due to siphonage 
              (direct and indirect or momentum), back pressure, evaporation, 
              capillary attraction, or wind effect. The first two named are 
              probably the most common causes of loss.
              If a waste pipe 
              is placed vertically after the fixture trap, as in an "S" trap, 
              the waste water continues to flow after the fixture is emptied and 
              clears the trap. This is caused by the pressure of air on the 
              fixture water's being greater than the pressure of air in the 
              waste pipe. The action of the water discharging into the waste 
              pipe removes the air from that pipe and thereby causes a negative 
              pressure in the waste line.In the case of 
              indirect or momentum siphonage, the flow of water past the 
              entrance to a fixture drain in the waste pipe removes air from the 
              fixture drain. This reduces the air pressure in the fixture drain, 
              and the entire assembly acts as an aspirator such as the physician 
              uses to spray an infected throat. Figures 6-15 and 6-16 show 
              examples of siphonage.Figure 6-15. Examples of 
              Direct Siphonage: (a) Seal Intact, (b) Fixture Discharging,(c) 
              Loss of SealFigure 6-16. Loss of Trap 
              Seal****Back 
              pressure-The flow of water in a soil pipe varies according to the 
              fixtures being used. A lavatory gives a small flow and a water 
              closet a large flow. Small flows tend to cling to the sides of the 
              pipe, but large ones form a slug of waste as they drop. As this 
              slug of water falls down the pipe the air in front of it becomes 
              pressurized. As the pressure builds it seeks an escape point. This 
              point is either a vent or a fixture outlet. If the vent is plugged 
              or there is no vent, the only escape for this air is the fixture 
              outlet. The air pressure forces the trap seal up the pipe into the 
              fixture. If the pressure is great enough the seal is blown out of 
              the fixture entirely. Figures 6-17 and 6-18 illustrate this type 
              of problem.
              Figure 
              6-18. Individual Ventilation of Lavatories, Sinks, Drinking 
              Fountains, etc.****Vent sizing - 
              Vent pipe installation is similar to that of soil and waste pipe. 
              The same fixture unit criteria are used. Table 6-3 shows minimum 
              vent pipe sizes.
              Vent pipes of 
              less than 1? inches in diameter should not be used. Vents smaller 
              than this diameter tend to clog and do not perform their 
              function.****Individual 
              fixture ventilation - Figure 6-19 shows a typical installation of 
              a wall-hung plumbing unit. This type of ventilation is generally 
              used for sinks, lavatories, drinking fountains, and so 
forth
              Figure 6-19. Individual 
              Ventilation of Lavatories, Sinks, Drinking Fountains, 
              etc.Figure 6-20 shows 
              a typical installation of a bathtub or shower ventilation 
              system.Figure 6-20. Individual 
              Ventilation of Bathtubs, Showers and UrinalsFigure 6-21 shows 
              the proper vent connection for a water closet or slop sink. The 
              water closet can be either a tank type or a flushometer valve 
              type.Figure 6-21. Individual 
              Ventilation of Water Closets, Clinic Sinks, or Stop 
              Sinks****Unit venting- 
              Figures 6-22 to 6-24 Picture a back-to-hack ventilation system for 
              various common plumbing fixtures. The unit venting system is 
              commonly used in apartment buildings. This type of system saves a 
              great deal of money and space when fixtures are placed back to 
              back in separate apartments.
              Figure 6-22. Unit Vent 
              Method of Ventilating Wall-hung Fixture TrapsFigure 6-23. Unit Vent 
              used in Bathtub InstallationFigure 6-24. Unit Vent 
              used in Water Closet InstallationFigure 6-25 shows 
              a double combination "Y" used for joining the fixtures to the 
              common soil pipe. The deflectors are to prevent waste from one 
              fixture flowing back up into the waste in the attached fixture on 
              the other side of the wall.Figure 6-25. Double 
              Combination Y and 1/8 Bend with Deflectors****Wet venting - 
              Wet venting of a plumbing system is common in household bathroom 
              fixture grouping. It is exactly what the name implies: the vent 
              pipe is used as a waste line. 
              6-26 shows a 
              typical wet-vent installation in a home.Figure 6-26. West Vent 
              Used in Connection With Bathroom Group of 
              Fixtures****Total drainage 
              system-Up to now we have talked about the drain, soil waste, and 
              vent systems of a plumbing system separately. For a working 
              system, however, they must all be connected. Figures 6-27 through 
              6-32 show some typical drainage systems that are found in homes 
              and small apartment buildings. 
              Figure 6-27. Drain Soil 
              Waste and Vent Pipe Layout
              Figure 6-28. Plumbing 
              Layout for a Two-Story Residence, Showing Individual Ventilation 
              of FixturesFigure 6-29.Typical 
              Plumbing Layout for a Two-Story Apartment BuildingFigure 6-30. Plumbing 
              Layout for a Duplex ResidenceFigure 6-31. Direct Cross 
              ConnectionFigure 6-32. Cross 
              Connection                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   
|Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          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