United States

Department of

Agriculture

Natural

Resources

Conservation

Service

In cooperation with

United States Department

of Agriculture, Forest

Service; United States

Department of the Interior,

Bureau of Land

Management; Oregon

Agricultural Experiment

Station; and Douglas

County

Soil Survey of

Douglas County

Area, Oregon

General Soil Map

The general soil map, which is a color map, shows the survey area divided into groups of associated soils called

general soil map units. This map is useful in planning the use and management of large areas.

To find information about your area of interest, locate that area on the map, identify the name of the map unit in the

area on the color-coded map legend, then refer to the section General Soil Map Units for a general description of

the soils in your area.

Detailed Soil Maps

The detailed soil maps can be useful in planning the use and

management of small areas.

To find information about your area

of interest, locate that area on the

Index to Map Sheets. Note the

number of the map sheet and turn

to that sheet.

Locate your area of interest on

the map sheet. Note the map unit

symbols that are in that area. Turn

to the Contents, which lists the

map units by symbol and name

and shows the page where each

map unit is described.

The Contents shows which table

has data on a specific land use for

each detailed soil map unit. Also

see the Contents for sections of

this publication that may address

your specific needs.

3

How to Use This Soil Survey
4

Additional information about the Nation’s natural resources is available on the

Natural Resources Conservation Service home page on the World Wide Web.

The address is http://www.nrcs.usda.gov (click on “Technical Resources” ).

This soil survey is a publication of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, a joint effort

of the United States Department of Agriculture and other Federal agencies, State

agencies including the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and local agencies. The

Natural Resources Conservation Service (formerly the Soil Conservation Service) has

leadership for the Federal part of the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Major fieldwork for this soil survey was completed in 1993. Soil names and

descriptions were approved in 1994. Unless otherwise indicated, statements in this

publication refer to conditions in the survey area in 1994. This survey was made

cooperatively by the Natural Resources Conservation Service and the Forest Service,

Bureau of Land Management, Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station, and Douglas

County. The survey is part of the technical assistance furnished to the Douglas County

and Umpqua Soil and Water Conservation Districts.

Since the publication of this survey, more information on soil properties may have

been collected, new interpretations developed, or existing interpretive criteria modified.

The most current soil information and interpretations for this survey are in the Field

Office Technical Guide (FOTG) at the local Natural Resources Conservation Service

field office. The soil maps in this publication are in digital form. The digitizing of the

maps is in accordance with the Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) database

standards. The digital SSURGO-certified maps are considered the official maps for the

survey area and are part of the FOTG at the local Natural Resources Conservation

Service field office.

Soil maps in this survey may be copied without permission. Enlargement of these

maps, however, could cause misunderstanding of the detail of mapping. If enlarged,

maps do not show the small areas of contrasting soils that could have been shown at a

larger scale.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all of

its programs on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability,

political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited

bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means

for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should

contact the USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice or TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights,

Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC

20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Cover: View of the North Umpqua River, near Glide. Mount Scott is in background.
5

Contents

How to Use This Soil Survey ................................. 3

Foreword ............................................................... 17

General Nature of the Survey Area ........................ 19

How This Survey Was Made .................................. 31

General Soil Map Units ........................................ 35

Soil Descriptions ................................................ 35

Soils of the Coastal Fogbelt ........................... 35

1. Duneland-Waldport-Heceta ..................... 35

2. Salander .................................................. 35

3. Millicoma-Reedsport-Svensen ................ 36

4. Coquille ................................................... 36

Soils of the Interior Valley Lowlands .............. 36

5. Conser-Newberg-Roseburg ..................... 36

6. Oakland-Sutherlin-Nonpareil ................... 37

7. Philomath-Dixonville-Curtin ..................... 38

Soils of the Interior Hills and Mountains......... 38

8. Bateman-Windygap-Atring ...................... 38

9. Jory-Dixonville-Ritner .............................. 39

10. Atring-Rosehaven-Larmine.................... 39

Soils of the Klamath Mountains ..................... 40

11. Pengra-Buckeye-McMullin ..................... 40

12. Speaker-Josephine-Hilltish .................... 41

13. Lettia-Beal ............................................. 41

14. Windygap-Chimneyrock ........................ 42

15. Gravecreek-Dubakella-Pearsoll ............. 42

16. Josephine-Acker-Beekman ................... 43

17. Acker-Kanid-Atring ................................ 43

18. Sharpshooter-Lettia............................... 44

Soils of the Coast Range Mountains.............. 44

19. Absaquil-McDuff-Preacher .................... 44

20. Preacher-Bohannon-Digger................... 44

21. Bohannon-Umpcoos-Damewood........... 45

22. Laderly-Leopold-Romanose .................. 45

Soils of the Western Cascade Mountains ...... 46

23. Orford-Honeygrove-Gustin .................... 46

24. Klickitat-Harrington-Kinney .................... 46

25. Illahee-Mellowmoon-Scaredman ........... 47

Broad Land Use Considerations ........................ 47

Detailed Soil Map Units ....................................... 51

1C—Abegg very gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes ............................................. 52

1D—Abegg very gravelly sandy loam,

12 to 20 percent slopes ............................... 53

1E—Abegg very gravelly sandy loam,

20 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 54

2E—Absaquil-Blachly-McDuff complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ................................. 55

3E—Absaquil-Honeygrove-McDuff complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ................................. 56

4E—Acker gravelly loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes .......................................................... 57

5F—Acker-Norling complex, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes ................................................. 58

6F—Acker-Norling complex, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes ................................................ 59

7F—Acker-Norling complex, high elevation,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................... 60

8E—Atring gravelly loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes .......................................................... 61

8F—Atring gravelly loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes .......................................................... 62

8G—Atring gravelly loam, 60 to 90 percent

slopes .......................................................... 63

9G—Atring very gravelly loam, high elevation,

60 to 90 percent slopes ............................... 64

10E—Atring-Larmine complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ............................................. 65

10F—Atring-Larmine complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ............................................. 66

10G—Atring-Larmine complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes ............................................. 67

11F—Atring-Larmine-Rock outcrop complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................... 68

11G—Atring-Larmine-Rock outcrop complex,

60 to 90 percent slopes ............................... 69

12F—Atring-Vermisa complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................... 70

12G—Atring-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes .................................... 71

13G—Atring-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes ................................... 72

14A—Banning loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ........ 73

14C—Banning loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes ...... 74

14D—Banning loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes .......................................................... 75

15A—Bashaw clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes .......... 76

16C—Bateman silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 77

16E—Bateman silt loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes .......................................................... 78
6

16F—Bateman silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes .......................................................... 79

17—Beaches ..................................................... 80

18E—Beal loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes .......... 80

19F—Beekman-Vermisa complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................... 81

19G—Beekman-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes ................................... 82

20G—Beekman-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes .................................... 83

21C—Bellpine silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 85

21E—Bellpine silt loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes .......................................................... 86

21F—Bellpine silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes .......................................................... 87

22C—Bellpine clay loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 88

22E—Bellpine clay loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes .......................................................... 89

23F—Bellpine-Windygap complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ............................................. 90

24C—Bickford silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 91

25C—Bigdutch gravelly loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes .......................................................... 92

25E—Bigdutch gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ............................................. 93

25F—Bigdutch gravelly loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes .......................................................... 94

26E—Blachly silty clay loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes .......................................................... 95

26F—Blachly silty clay loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes .......................................................... 95

27G—Bohannon-Preacher-Damewood

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes ................ 96

28A—Bragton muck, 0 to 1 percent slopes ........ 97

29A—Brand silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes .......................................................... 98

30D—Buckeye loam, 2 to 20 percent slopes ..... 99

30E—Buckeye loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 100

30F—Buckeye loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 101

31E—Buckshot sandy loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 102

32F—Buckshot sandy loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes ............................................... 103

33G—Buckshot-Stinger complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes .................................. 103

34A—Camas-Newberg complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 104

35A—Central Point loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 106

36E—Chamate extremely gravelly loam,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 107

36F—Chamate extremely gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................. 108

37A—Chapman-Chehalis complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 109

38F—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 110

38G—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 111

39F—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 111

39G—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent south slopes ................... 112

40F—Clevescove-Salander complex,

30 to 70 percent slopes ............................. 113

41E—Climax clay, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 114

41F—Climax clay, 30 to 60 percent slopes ...... 115

42B—Coburg silty clay loam, 0 to 5 percent

slopes ........................................................ 116

43A—Coburg silty clay loam, flooded, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 117

44A—Conser silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 118

45A—Coquille silt loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes ........................................................ 119

46A—Coquille silt loam, protected, 0 to 1

percent slopes ........................................... 120

47E—Crater Lake sandy loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 120

47F—Crater Lake sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 121

48C—Curtin clay, 3 to 12 percent slopes ......... 122
7

48D—Curtin clay, 12 to 20 percent slopes ....... 123

49F—Damewood-Bohannon-Umpcoos

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes .............. 124

49G—Damewood-Bohannon-Umpcoos

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes .............. 125

50E—Darby silty clay loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 126

50F—Darby silty clay loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 128

51C—Debenger-Brader complex, 2 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 128

51E—Debenger-Brader complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 129

51F—Debenger-Brader complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 130

52G—Dicecreek-Bellpine-Windygap

complex, 30 to 60 percent south

slopes ........................................................ 131

53E—Dickerson loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 132

53G—Dickerson loam, 30 to 90 percent

slopes ........................................................ 133

54E—Dickerson-Rock outcrop complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 134

54G—Dickerson-Rock outcrop complex,

30 to 90 percent slopes ............................. 134

55G—Dickerson-Rock outcrop-Chimneyrock

complex, 60 to 90 percent north slopes ..... 135

56G—Dickerson-Rock outcrop-Chimneyrock

complex, 60 to 90 percent south slopes .... 136

57E—Digger-Bohannon complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 138

57F—Digger-Bohannon complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 139

58G—Digger-Bohannon-Umpcoos complex,

60 to 90 percent slopes ............................. 140

59G—Digger-Preacher complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes ........................................... 141

60F—Digger-Umpcoos-Rock outcrop

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes .............. 142

60G—Digger-Umpcoos-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes .............. 144

61C—Dixonville silty clay loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 145

61E—Dixonville silty clay loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 146

62F—Dixonville silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 147

63F—Dixonville silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 148

64F—Dompier-Zing-Beal complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 149

65F—Dubakella very stony clay loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 150

66F—Dubakella very stony clay loam,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 151

67E—Dubakella-Pearsoll complex, 5 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 152

68F—Dubakella-Pearsoll complex, 30 to 70 percent

north slopes ............................................... 153

69C—Dumont gravelly loam, 2 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 155

69E—Dumont gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 156

70F—Dumont gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 156

71F—Dumont gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 157

72E—Dumont gravelly loam, granitic

substratum, 3 to 30 percent slopes ........... 158

73E—Dumont-Zing complex, 2 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 159

74—Duneland .................................................. 160

75C—Dupee silty clay loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 161

75E—Dupee silty clay loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 162

76E—Edenbower clay, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 163

77D—Eightlar very gravelly silty clay loam,

5 to 20 percent slopes ............................... 163

78A—Evans loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes ......... 164

79E—Fernhaven gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 165

79F—Fernhaven gravelly loam, 30 to 50

percent slopes ........................................... 166

79G—Fernhaven gravelly loam, 50 to 75

percent slopes ........................................... 167
8

80E—Fernhaven-Digger complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 167

80F—Fernhaven-Digger complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 169

81A—Foehlin gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 170

81C—Foehlin gravelly loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 170

82C—Fordice very cobbly loam, 0 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 171

83A—Glide fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 172

84E—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 173

85F—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 174

85G—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 60 to 80

percent north slopes .................................. 174

86F—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 175

86G—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 60 to 80

percent south slopes ................................. 176

87E—Greengulch-Cedargrove complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 177

88F—Greengulch-Cedargrove complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 179

89F—Greengulch-Cedargrove complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 180

90E—Gustin-Orford complex, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 181

91G—Harrington-Kilchis-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 100 percent slopes ............ 182

92A—Heceta fine sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ........................................................ 183

93C—Heceta-Waldport complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 184

94E—Hemcross-Klistan complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 185

95F—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 185

95G—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 186

96F—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 187

96G—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

60 to 90 percent south slopes ................... 188

97E—Honeygrove gravelly clay loam,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 189

97F—Honeygrove gravelly clay loam,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................. 190

98E—Honeygrove-Gustin complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 190

99E—Honeygrove-Peavine complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 191

99F—Honeygrove-Peavine complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................. 192

100E—Honeygrove-Shivigny complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 193

101F—Honeygrove-Shivigny-Gustin

complex, 30 to 60 percent north slopes ..... 194

102F—Honeygrove-Shivigny-Gustin

complex, 30 to 60 percent south slopes .... 196

103G—Hummington very gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 197

104F—Illahee-Mellowmoon-Scaredman

complex, 30 to 60 percent north slopes ..... 198

105F—Illahee-Mellowmoon-Scaredman

complex, 30 to 60 percent south slopes .... 199

106G—Illahee-Rock outcrop complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 200

107G—Illahee-Scaredman complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 201

108G—Illahee-Scaredman complex,

60 to 90 percent south slopes ................... 202

109E—Jayar very gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 203

110F—Jayar very gravelly loam, 30 to 70

percent north slopes .................................. 204

111F—Jayar very gravelly loam, 30 to 70

percent south slopes ................................. 205

112A—Jimbo-Haflinger complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 206

113C—Jory silty clay loam, 2 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 207

113D—Jory silty clay loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 208

113E—Jory silty clay loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 209
9

113F—Jory silty clay loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 210

114F—Jory-Ritner complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 211

115C—Josephine gravelly loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 212

115E—Josephine gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 213

116F—Josephine-Speaker complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 214

117F—Josephine-Speaker complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 215

118E—Kanid very gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 216

118F—Kanid very gravelly loam, 30 to 70

percent slopes ........................................... 217

119F—Kanid-Atring complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 217

119G—Kanid-Atring complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes ................................. 218

120G—Kanid-Atring complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes .................................. 220

121G—Kilchis-Harslow-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 100 percent south slopes .. 221

122E—Kinney-Klickitat complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 222

123A—Kirkendall-Nekoma complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 223

124F—Klickitat-Harrington complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 224

124G—Klickitat-Harrington complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 225

125G—Klickitat-Harrington complex,

60 to 90 percent south slopes ................... 226

126F—Klickitat-Kinney complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 227

127F—Klistan-Hemcross complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 228

128F—Laderly very gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 229

129G—Laderly-Romanose complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 230

130E—Lempira gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 231

131F—Lempira-Illahee complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 232

132E—Leopold clay loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 233

132F—Leopold clay loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 234

133E—Lettia gravelly loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 234

134F—Lettia gravelly loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes ............................................... 235

135F—Lettia gravelly loam, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes .............................................. 236

136E—Lettia-Beal-Zing complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 238

137F—Lettia-Beal-Zing complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 239

138F—Lettia-Beal-Zing complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 241

139F—Lettia-Tishar complex, 30 to 70

percent north slopes .................................. 242

140F—Lettia-Tishar complex, 30 to 70

percent south slopes ................................. 243

141C—Lint silt loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 245

141D—Lint silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 245

142G—Littlesand-Nonpareil-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 90 percent south slopes .... 246

143G—Littlesand-Rosehaven-Atring

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes .............. 247

144A—Malabon silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 249

145A—Malabon silty clay loam, flooded,

0 to 3 percent slopes ................................. 250

146E—McComas very gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 250

147F—McDuff-Absaquil-Blachly complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................. 251

148F—McDuff-Absaquil-Honeygrove

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes .............. 252

149E—McMullin-Reston complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 253

149F—McMullin-Reston complex, 30 to 75

percent slopes ........................................... 254
10

150F—McMullin-Reston-Rock outcrop

complex, 30 to 75 percent slopes .............. 255

151A—McNab clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 256

152E—McNab-Windygap complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 257

153D—Meda loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 258

154B—Medford clay loam, 0 to 7 percent

slopes ........................................................ 258

154C—Medford clay loam, 7 to 15 percent

slopes ........................................................ 259

155E—Mellowmoon-Illahee complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 260

156G—Millicoma-Reedsport complex,

60 to 90 percent slopes ............................. 261

157A—Natal clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 262

158A—Natroy clay, 0 to 2 percent

slopes ........................................................ 263

159C—Nekia silty clay loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 264

159D—Nekia silty clay loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes ........................................... 265

159E—Nekia silty clay loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 266

160E—Nekia-Jory complex, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 267

161A—Nekoma-Gardiner complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 268

162A—Nestucca silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 269

163C—Netarts fine sand, 2 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 269

163E—Netarts fine sand, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 270

164A—Newberg fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 271

165A—Newberg loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 272

166C—Nonpareil loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 273

166E—Nonpareil loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 273

167G—Nonpareil loam, 60 to 90 percent

north slopes ............................................... 274

168G—Nonpareil loam, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes .............................................. 275

169C—Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 3 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 276

169E—Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 277

169F—Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 278

170C—Oakland silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 278

170D—Oakland silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 280

170E—Oakland silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 281

171F—Oakland silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes ............................................... 282

172F—Oakland silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes .............................................. 283

173E—Oakland-Dupee complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 284

174E—Oakland-Nonpareil-Sutherlin

complex, 12 to 30 percent slopes .............. 285

174F—Oakland-Nonpareil-Sutherlin

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes .............. 287

175E—Oakland-Sutherlin complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 289

176F—Oneonta-Hummington complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 291

177F—Oneonta-Hummington complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 292

178E—Oneonta-Keel complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 293

179E—Orford gravelly silt loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 294

179F—Orford gravelly silt loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 294

180E—Orford gravelly loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 295

180F—Orford gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 296

181F—Orford-Gustin complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 296
11

182F—Orford-McDuff complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 297

183B—Packard gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent

slopes ........................................................ 298

184A—Packard gravelly loam, flooded,

0 to 3 percent slopes ................................. 299

185D—Panther silty clay loam, 4 to 20

percent slopes ........................................... 300

186F—Pearsoll-Dubakella complex,

30 to 70 percent south slopes ................... 301

187E—Peel clay loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 303

188D—Pengra silt loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 305

188E—Pengra silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 306

189E—Philomath-Dixonville complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 307

189F—Philomath-Dixonville complex,

30 to 70 percent slopes ............................. 308

190E—Philomath-Edenbower complex,

12 to 30 percent slopes ............................. 309

190F—Philomath-Edenbower complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................. 310

191—Pits ......................................................... 311

192E—Pollard gravelly loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 311

193F—Pollard gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 312

194F—Pollard gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 313

195E—Preacher loam, 0 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 314

195F—Preacher loam, 30 to 50 percent

slopes ........................................................ 314

195G—Preacher loam, 50 to 75 percent

slopes ........................................................ 315

196E—Preacher-Blachly complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 316

197E—Preacher-Bohannon complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 317

197F—Preacher-Bohannon complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................. 318

198F—Preacher-Bohannon-Blachly

complex, 30 to 70 percent

slopes ........................................................ 319

199G—Preacher-Bohannon-Digger

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes .............. 320

200F—Preacher-Bohannon-Xanadu

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes .............. 321

201A—Quosatana silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 322

202B—Redbell silt loam, 0 to 5 percent

slopes ........................................................ 323

203F—Reedsport-Millicoma complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes ............................. 324

204G—Remote-Digger complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes ........................................... 325

205E—Ritner gravelly silty clay loam,

12 to 30 percent slopes ............................. 326

206F—Ritner gravelly silty clay loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 327

207G—Ritner gravelly silty clay loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 328

208G—Ritner-Jory complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes ........................................... 329

209F—Ritner-Sahaptin complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 330

209G—Ritner-Sahaptin complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes ................................. 332

210—Riverwash ............................................... 333

211—Rock outcrop .......................................... 333

212G—Rock outcrop-Umpcoos complex,

60 to 110 percent slopes ........................... 333

213G—Romanose-Laderly complex,

60 to 90 percent south slopes ................... 334

214A—Roseburg loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 335

215C—Rosehaven loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 336

215E—Rosehaven loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 337

215F—Rosehaven loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 338

216E—Rosehaven-Atring complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 339
12

216F—Rosehaven-Atring complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 340

217E—Salander silt loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 341

217F—Salander silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 341

218G—Scaredman-Limpy-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 100 percent south

slopes ........................................................ 342

219E—Sharpshooter loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 343

220F—Sharpshooter loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes ............................................... 344

220G—Sharpshooter loam, 60 to 90 percent

north slopes ............................................... 345

221F—Sharpshooter loam, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes .............................................. 345

221G—Sharpshooter loam, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes .............................................. 346

222F—Shivigny-Honeygrove complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 347

222G—Shivigny-Honeygrove complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 348

223F—Shivigny-Honeygrove complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 349

224B—Sibold fine sandy loam, 0 to 5

percent slopes ........................................... 350

225D—Speaker loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 351

225E—Speaker loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 352

226F—Speaker loam, 30 to 60 percent north

slopes ........................................................ 353

227F—Speaker loam, 30 to 60 percent south

slopes ........................................................ 354

228G—Speaker-Beekman-Josephine

complex, 60 to 90 percent north slopes ..... 355

229G—Speaker-Beekman-Nonpareil

complex, 60 to 90 percent south

slopes ........................................................ 357

230E—Speaker-Nonpareil complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 358

230F—Speaker-Nonpareil complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 359

231G—Stackyards extremely gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes .................... 361

232G—Steinmetz-Sitkum complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes .................................. 361

233G—Steinmetz-Sitkum complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes ................................. 363

234C—Stockel fine sandy loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 364

235C—Sutherlin silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 365

235D—Sutherlin silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 366

235E—Sutherlin silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 368

235F—Sutherlin silt loam, 30 to 50 percent

slopes ........................................................ 370

236C—Sutherlin-Oakland complex, 3 to 12

percent slopes ........................................... 371

237E—Svensen loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 372

237F—Svensen loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 373

238F—Svensen-Millicoma-Reedsport

complex, 35 to 75 percent slopes .............. 374

239E—Sweetbriar silty clay loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 375

240F—Sweetbriar silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 376

241F—Sweetbriar silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 376

242F—Templeton-Millicoma complex,

30 to 50 percent slopes ............................. 377

242G—Templeton-Millicoma complex,

50 to 75 percent slopes ............................. 378

243G—Tethrick-Siskiyou complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes .................................. 379

244G—Tethrick-Siskiyou complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes ................................. 380

245E—Thistleburn clay loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 381

246E—Thistleburn-Illahee-Telemon

complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes ................ 382

246F—Thistleburn-Illahee-Telemon

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes .............. 383
13

247F—Threeforks loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes ............................................... 385

247G—Threeforks loam, 60 to 90 percent

north slopes ............................................... 386

248G—Threeforks loam, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes .............................................. 387

249E—Tishar-Jory complex, 3 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 387

249F—Tishar-Jory complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 388

250E—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 389

251F—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 391

251G—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 60 to 80

percent north slopes .................................. 392

252F—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 393

252G—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 60 to 80

percent south slopes ................................. 394

253F—Umpcoos-Rock outcrop-Damewood

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes .............. 395

253G—Umpcoos-Rock outcrop-Damewood

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes .............. 396

254G—Vena-Rock outcrop complex,

60 to 100 percent slopes ........................... 397

255C—Veneta loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes .... 398

255D—Veneta loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes ........................................................ 400

256G—Vermisa-Rock outcrop complex,

60 to 100 percent south slopes.................. 401

257A—Waldo silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes ........................................................ 402

258C—Waldport fine sand, 0 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 403

258E—Waldport fine sand, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 403

258F—Waldport fine sand, 30 to 70 percent

slopes ........................................................ 404

259E—Waldport fine sand, thin surface,

0 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 404

260A—Wasson loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes .... 406

261A—Willanch fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 406

262C—Windygap silt loam, 2 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 407

262E—Windygap silt loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 408

262F—Windygap silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes ........................................................ 409

263C—Windygap clay loam, 2 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 410

263E—Windygap clay loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 411

264E—Windygap-Bellpine complex,

12 to 30 percent slopes ............................. 412

265F—Windygap-Bellpine complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes .................... 414

266F—Windygap-Bellpine complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes ................... 415

267C—Wintley silt loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes ........................................................ 416

268E—Wolfpeak sandy loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 417

269F—Wolfpeak sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes .................................. 419

270F—Wolfpeak sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes ................................. 419

271E—Wolfpeak-Beal-Zing complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes ............................... 420

272E—Xanadu gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 422

272F—Xanadu gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 423

273G—Xerorthents-Rock outcrop complex,

30 to 80 percent slopes ............................. 424

274A—Yachats fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes ........................................... 425

275D—Yoncalla silty clay loam, 2 to 20

percent slopes ........................................... 425

275E—Yoncalla silty clay loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 426

276E—Zalea-Pyrady complex, 15 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 427

277E—Zing loam, 0 to 30 percent

slopes ........................................................ 428

278E—Zing-Lettia complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 430
14

279E—Zing-Sweetbriar complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes ........................................... 432

279F—Zing-Sweetbriar complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes ........................................... 433

Use and Management of the Soils.................... 435

Crops and Pasture ........................................... 435

Yields per Acre ............................................ 436

Land Capability Classification ...................... 437

Prime Farmland ........................................... 437

Forest Management ......................................... 438

Forest Productivity ........................................... 442

Recreation ........................................................ 443

Wildlife Habitat ................................................. 444

Engineering ...................................................... 446

Building Site Development ........................... 447

Sanitary Facilities......................................... 447

Construction Materials ................................. 449

Water Management ..................................... 450

Soil Properties .................................................... 453

Engineering Index Properties ........................... 453

Physical and Chemical Properties ................... 454

Soil and Water Features................................... 455

Classification of the Soils ................................. 457

Soil Series and Their Morphology ........................ 457

Abegg Series ................................................... 457

Absaquil Series ................................................ 458

Acker Series ..................................................... 459

Atring Series .................................................... 460

Banning Series ................................................. 460

Bashaw Series ................................................. 460

Bateman Series ............................................... 461

Beal Series ....................................................... 462

Beekman Series ............................................... 462

Bellpine Series ................................................. 463

Bickford Series ................................................. 464

Bigdutch Series ................................................ 464

Blachly Series .................................................. 465

Bohannon Series.............................................. 465

Brader Series ................................................... 466

Bragton Series ................................................. 466

Brand Series .................................................... 467

Buckeye Series ................................................ 467

Buckshot Series ............................................... 468

Camas Series .................................................. 468

Cedargrove Series ........................................... 469

Central Point Series ......................................... 469

Chamate Series ............................................... 470

Chapman Series .............................................. 470

Chehalis Series ................................................ 471

Chimneyrock Series ......................................... 472

Clevescove Series ............................................ 472

Climax Series ................................................... 473

Coburg Series .................................................. 473

Conser Series .................................................. 474

Coquille Series ................................................. 475

Crater Lake Series ........................................... 475

Curtin Series .................................................... 476

Damewood Series ............................................ 476

Darby Series .................................................... 477

Debenger Series .............................................. 477

Dicecreek Series .............................................. 478

Dickerson Series .............................................. 478

Digger Series ................................................... 479

Dixonville Series ............................................... 479

Dompier Series ................................................ 480

Dubakella Series .............................................. 480

Dumont Series ................................................. 481

Dupee Series ................................................... 481

Edenbower Series ............................................ 482

Eightlar Series .................................................. 483

Evans Series .................................................... 483

Fernhaven Series ............................................. 484

Foehlin Series .................................................. 485

Fordice Series .................................................. 485

Gardiner Series ................................................ 486

Glide Series ..................................................... 486

Gravecreek Series ........................................... 487

Greengulch Series ........................................... 487

Gustin Series ................................................... 488

Haflinger Series ............................................... 489

Harrington Series ............................................. 489

Harslow Series ................................................. 490

Heceta Series .................................................. 491

Hemcross Series.............................................. 491

Hilltish Series ................................................... 492

Honeygrove Series ........................................... 492

Hummington Series ......................................... 493

Illahee Series ................................................... 493
15

Jayar Series ..................................................... 494

Jimbo Series .................................................... 494

Jory Series ....................................................... 495

Josephine Series.............................................. 496

Kanid Series ..................................................... 496

Keel Series ....................................................... 497

Kilchis Series ................................................... 497

Kinney Series ................................................... 498

Kirkendall Series .............................................. 498

Klickitat Series ................................................. 499

Klistan Series ................................................... 500

Laderly Series .................................................. 500

Larmine Series ................................................. 501

Lempira Series ................................................. 501

Leopold Series ................................................. 502

Lettia Series ..................................................... 502

Limpy Series .................................................... 503

Lint Series ........................................................ 503

Littlesand Series .............................................. 504

Malabon Series ................................................ 504

McComas Series.............................................. 505

McDuff Series .................................................. 506

McGinnis Series ............................................... 506

McMullin Series ................................................ 507

McNab Series .................................................. 508

Meda Series ..................................................... 508

Medford Series ................................................. 509

Mellowmoon Series .......................................... 509

Millicoma Series ............................................... 510

Natal Series ..................................................... 511

Natroy Series ................................................... 511

Nekia Series ..................................................... 512

Nekoma Series ................................................ 513

Nestucca Series ............................................... 513

Netarts Series .................................................. 514

Newberg Series................................................ 514

Nonpareil Series............................................... 515

Norling Series .................................................. 515

Oakland Series ................................................ 516

Oneonta Series ................................................ 516

Orford Series.................................................... 517

Packard Series ................................................. 518

Panther Series ................................................. 518

Pearsoll Series ................................................. 519

Peavine Series ................................................. 519

Peel Series ....................................................... 520

Pengra Series .................................................. 520

Philomath Series .............................................. 521

Pollard Series ................................................... 522

Preacher Series ............................................... 522

Pyrady Series................................................... 523

Quosatana Series ............................................ 523

Redbell Series .................................................. 524

Reedsport Series ............................................. 525

Remote Series ................................................. 526

Reston Series .................................................. 526

Ritner Series .................................................... 527

Romanose Series ............................................ 527

Roseburg Series .............................................. 528

Rosehaven Series ............................................ 528

Sahaptin Series ................................................ 529

Salander Series ............................................... 529

Scaredman Series ........................................... 530

Sharpshooter Series ........................................ 531

Shivigny Series ................................................ 531

Sibold Series .................................................... 532

Siskiyou Series ................................................ 533

Sitkum Series ................................................... 533

Speaker Series ................................................ 534

Stackyards Series ............................................ 534

Steinmetz Series .............................................. 535

Stinger Series .................................................. 535

Stockel Series .................................................. 536

Sutherlin Series ................................................ 537

Svensen Series ................................................ 538

Sweetbriar Series ............................................. 538

Telemon Series ................................................ 539

Templeton Series ............................................. 540

Tethrick Series ................................................. 541

Thistleburn Series ............................................ 541

Threeforks Series ............................................. 542

Tishar Series .................................................... 543

Umpcoos Series............................................... 543

Vena Series ...................................................... 544

Veneta Series ................................................... 544

Vermisa Series ................................................. 545

Waldo Series .................................................... 545

Waldport Series ............................................... 546
16

Wasson Series ................................................. 546

Willanch Series ................................................ 547

Windygap Series .............................................. 547

Wintley Series .................................................. 548

Wolfpeak Series ............................................... 549

Xanadu Series ................................................. 549

Xerorthents ...................................................... 550

Yachats Series ................................................. 550

Yoncalla Series ................................................. 551

Zalea Series ..................................................... 551

Zing Series ....................................................... 552

Formation of the Soils ....................................... 559

Factors of Soil Formation ................................. 559

Soil Development ............................................. 561

References .......................................................... 571

Glossary .............................................................. 575

Tables .................................................................. 589

Table 1.—Temperature and Precipitation ......... 590

Table 2.—Freeze Dates in Spring and Fall ....... 595

Table 3.—Growing Season............................... 598

Table 4.—Acreage and Proportionate

Extent of the Soils ..................................... 600

Table 5.—Yields per Acre of Crops and

Native Pasture ........................................... 607

Table 6.—Land Capability ................................ 615

Table 7.—Forestland Management .................. 637

Table 8.—Forestland Productivity..................... 658

Table 9.—Recreational Development ............... 687

Table 10.—Building Site Development ............. 719

Table 11.—Sanitary Facilities ........................... 747

Table 12.—Construction Materials ................... 779

Table 13.—Water Management........................ 815

Table 14.—Engineering Index Properties ......... 841

Table 15.—Physical and Chemical

Properties of the Soils ............................... 886

Table 16.—Soil and Water Features................. 911

Table 17.—Classification of the Soils ............... 932

Issued 2003
17

This soil survey contains information that affects land use planning in this survey

area. It contains predictions of soil behavior for selected land uses. The survey also

highlights soil limitations, improvements needed to overcome the limitations, and the

impact of selected land uses on the environment.

This soil survey is designed for many different users. Farmers, ranchers, foresters,

and agronomists can use it to evaluate the potential of the soil and the management

needed for maximum food and fiber production. Planners, community officials,

engineers, developers, builders, and home buyers can use the survey to plan land use,

select sites for construction, and identify special practices needed to ensure proper

performance. Conservationists, teachers, students, and specialists in recreation,

wildlife management, waste disposal, and pollution control can use the survey to help

them understand, protect, and enhance the environment.

Various land use regulations of Federal, State, and local governments may impose

special restrictions on land use or land treatment. The information in this report is

intended to identify soil properties that are used in making various land use or land

treatment decisions. Statements made in this report are intended to help the land users

identify and reduce the effects of soil limitations on various land uses. The landowner

or user is responsible for identifying and complying with existing laws and regulations.

Great differences in soil properties can occur within short distances. Some soils are

seasonally wet or subject to flooding. Some are shallow to bedrock. Some are too

unstable to be used as a foundation for buildings or roads. Clayey or wet soils are

poorly suited to use as septic tank absorption fields. A high water table makes a soil

poorly suited to basements or underground installations.

These and many other soil properties that affect land use are described in this soil

survey. Broad areas of soils are shown on the general soil map. The location of each

soil is shown on the detailed soil maps. Each soil in the survey area is described.

Information on specific uses is given for each soil. Help in using this publication and

additional information are available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or the Cooperative Extension Service.

Bob Graham

State Conservationist

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Foreword
18

Location of Douglas County Area in Oregon.
19

DOUGLAS COUNTY AREA is in southwestern

Oregon. It encompasses all of Douglas County

except the part within the boundaries of the

Umpqua, Willamette, and Rogue River National

Forests. According to the 1990 census, the total

population in the survey area was about 92,000

with 17,932 in Roseburg, the county seat. The

total area is 2,259,471 acres, or 3,530 square

miles. Of this, about 654,100 acres is managed

by the Bureau of Land Management, 64,400

acres in Siuslaw National Forest is managed by the

Forest Service, and 35,800 acres in Elliott State

Forest is managed by the State Department of

Forestry.

An earlier survey, South Umpqua Area,

Oregon, was published in 1973 (USDA, 1973).

It covers about 200,000 acres of the Umpqua

National Forest, in the South Umpqua River

Basin in Douglas County. This earlier survey was

not updated and published with the present

survey.

General Nature of the Survey Area

This section gives general information about the

survey area. It discusses history and development;

physiography, relief, and drainage; farming; geology;

climate; and vegetation.

History and Development

Fred Reenstjerna, research librarian, Douglas County Museum,

helped to prepare this section.

Five native Indian tribes inhabited the Umpqua

Basin prior to settlement of the area by EuroAmericans. Each tribe occupied distinct geographic

areas in the basin and spoke a unique language. The

westernmost inhabitants were the Siuslawan-speaking

Kuitsh, or Lower Umpqua, Indians, who occupied the

coastal area between Fivemile and Tenmile Lakes

and upriver to Scottsburg. The Upper Umpqua

Indians, who spoke Athabascan, occupied the area

from present-day Scottsburg to the Cascade

Mountains, along the North Umpqua River. The

Kalapuyan-speaking Yoncalla Indians inhabited the

Elk and Calapooya Creek drainageways. The

Penutian-speaking Takelma Indians, including the

Upland and Lowland Takelma Tribes and the Cow

Creek Band of the Umpqua Tribe, occupied the Cow

Creek drainageway and the upper South Umpqua

region. Finally, the Southern Molalla Indians, who

spoke Sahaptian, occupied the upper part of the

Umpqua Basin, in the Western Cascade Mountains

(O’Neill, 1990).

Although there is little recorded information about

some of the native tribes, there were probably some

similarities among them. Their diets were somewhat

Soil Survey of

Douglas County Area, Oregon

By David R. Johnson, John T. Haagen, and Alan C. Terrell

Fieldwork by David R. Johnson, Susan L. Reams, David E. Turcotte, John T. Haagen,

Alan C. Terrell, Gerry Coleman, Gary Kitzrow, Dennis Holloran, and Jerry Macdonald

United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service,

in cooperation with

United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service; United States Department of

the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station; and

Douglas County
20 Soil Survey of

similar because of the abundance of similar food

resources throughout the basin. In general, all of the

tribes subsisted on a variety of fish, shellfish, camas

root, nuts, seeds, berries, and wild game. The Kuitsh

Indians relied more heavily on marine life and less on

hunting than did the interior tribes. All of the tribes

maintained permanent winter lodging, and they

erected transient camps while gathering food and

hunting game. None of the tribes had large tribal

governments; they operated instead as small

independent bands, each with their own headman

(Beckham, 1977).

Life changed dramatically for the Indians when the

Euro-Americans arrived in the area. Disease

decimated the Indian populations. Although the initial

relationship between the Indians and the settlers was

peaceful, prospectors sparked unrest in the region.

Relations were strained by the resulting Rogue River

Wars in 1854 to 1856 and associated skirmishes in

the Umpqua Basin (Cornutt, 1971). In 1854, a

territorial law was passed that prohibited the sale of

firearms and ammunition to the Indians. Settlers and

prospectors freely hunted for game, and they allowed

their livestock to decimate the camas root and acorn

sources (Beckham, 1977). Many Indians

surrendered their native homeland and moved to

reservations, but small groups stayed in remote

areas in the basin.

European interest in the region had begun more

than two centuries earlier. In response to the threat of

English expansion into the region, the Spanish thrust

northward from California in the early 1600’s. The first

European thought to see the Umpqua River was

Martin Aquilar in 1603 (Hogg, 1979). In 1778, James

Cook verified Aquilar’s sighting of the Umpqua River.

Exploration of the land at that time, however, did not

go beyond the dense coastal vegetation. It was not

until the early 1820’s that the interior area was

explored by trappers of the Northwest Company and

the Hudson’s Bay Company. Peter Ogden passed

through the basin in 1821 to 1826 while searching for

the source of the Umpqua River, then thought to be

the Great Basin to the east. In 1826, Alexander

McLeod, sponsored by the Hudson’s Bay Company,

explored and trapped in the land south of the Umpqua

River, establishing a rapport with the native people.

Botanist David Douglas was among his party (Hogg,

1979). As a result of the increased fur trapping in the

area, Fort Umpqua was established by the Hudson’s

Bay Company near present-day Elkton. In some

years, the volume of trade from this fort was similar to

that of Fort Vancouver. The first American to pass

through Douglas County was Jedediah Smith. He and

his party traveled up the Smith River, but they lost a

number of men in 1828 in what has become known as

the “Smith Umpqua Massacre.”

In 1846, Jesse Applegate and Levi Scott blazed the

Old South Road, or Applegate Trail, which extended

from the Willamette Valley into California. Originally

intended as a way to bypass the treacherous

Columbia River passage on the Oregon Trail, the

Applegate Trail opened the Umpqua Basin to

increased settlement (Hogg, 1979). This increased

settlement was due in part to the activity in the mining

districts in California and southern Oregon and in part

to the Donation Land Acts signed by President Polk in

1850. The first Donation Land Act granted 320 acres

of land to each American citizen over the age of 18

years who had resided in Oregon since December 1,

1850. Subsequent amendments reduced the amount

of land granted to each citizen, but these acts

encouraged settlement throughout the Umpqua Basin

(Beckham, 1986). Settlers found a favorable climate,

heavily forested uplands, lush grasslands, and rich,

productive soils. They first settled in some of the more

remote areas, such as Tiller and Shoestring Valleys.

Subsistence farming commonly was augmented with

cottage industries to support the pioneer families. The

wagon roads connected the small valleys, and the

demand for food and supplies from the mining districts

created a market for the settlers (Hennigh, 1975).

In 1852, Douglas and Umpqua Counties were

established in the basin. Umpqua County included the

main Umpqua River drainageway. By 1862, Douglas

County had absorbed most of the land in Umpqua

County. Winchester was the first county seat of

Douglas County, but in 1864 Aaron Rose’s donation

land claim, called Deer Creek because of the stream

that flowed through it, became the new county seat. It

was eventually renamed Roseburg (Hogg, 1979).

In 1851, gold was discovered in Jacksonville,

Oregon. Subsequent discoveries throughout southern

Oregon and Douglas County stimulated the economy.

Considerable placer mining was done along Cow

Creek and its tributaries. According to some reports,

at least $250,000 in gold was mined (Chandler, 1981).

In 1867, commercial quantities of gold and silver were

discovered in the Bohemia district in the Calapooya

Divide area, north of Roseburg. Because this area

was so isolated, however, it was not feasible to

develop the area until 1871. Only sporadic activity

occurred in the area until 1891, when full-scale

operations began (Hogg, 1979).

Early transportation centered on the navigable

portion of the Umpqua River, from its confluence with

the Pacific Ocean to Scottsburg. The Oregon and

California Railroad Grant of 1866 and the Coos Bay

Wagon Road Grant of 1872 had a major impact on the
Douglas County Area, Oregon 21

development of Douglas County. In 1872, Roseburg

became the southern terminus for the Oregon and

California Railroad. In 1882, track laid from

Roseburg joined with that of the Central Pacific

Railroad, connecting Douglas County to national

markets. In 1916, all land granted for the railroad

and wagon road was revested to the government

and the General Land Office of the Department of

the Interior became the administrator of the land

(Beckham, 1986).

The diverse topography and soils and the favorable

climate provided a variety of agricultural opportunities

in Douglas County. Subsistence farming in the

bottomlands and foothills grew into considerable grain

and fruit production by the turn of the century. A prune

industry took hold in the early 1890’s, and it flourished

for more than 30 years. The local climate was

recognized early as favorable for growing grapes, and

a productive wine industry still exists. The early

settlers found the lush grass on the foothills conducive

to raising livestock. A very productive pasture

management system was developed, and it supports

successful cattle operations and the most productive

sheep and lamb operations in Oregon (USDA and

Oregon Agricultural Statistics Service, 1990). Turkey

farming was an important industry in the Oakland area

before World War II. A fishing and cannery industry

thrived near Reedsport from the 1870’s until the

1940’s.

The rich timberland in Douglas County has

provided an economic base for the area since the

1860’s. The first mills in the area, which consisted of

hand-operated whipsaws run by settlers, were the

precursors to larger mill operations, such as the

Gardiner Mill Company started in 1864. These large

mills were located near water sources to facilitate

logging activities and the transport of the finished

products to distant markets. Initially, logging occurred

on timberland immediately adjacent to coastal

streams. As logging progressed further inland, loggers

depended on runoff from precipitation in fall and winter

to drive logs downstream for transport to the mills.

Development of the steam donkey engine and

construction of railroads improved logging operations

considerably. By the end of World War II, timber on

much of the private forestland had been harvested.

The Umpqua National Forest and the revested land

became important sources of timber for the nation.

The postwar building boom, the availability of heavy

equipment, and the rising price of lumber resulted in a

thriving and expanding timber industry in Douglas

County. The local government, which received a

percentage of the income from the public timber sales

in the county, benefited by the increased revenue. The

surge peaked in 1980, when Douglas County received

a total of $24.6 million in revenue from public land.

With the advent of the Federal sustained yield and

multiple use mandates in the 1960’s, forest practices

and public land management changed. In addition,

unsteady market conditions have resulted in a

fluctuation in the supply and demand for wood

products (Beckham, 1986).

The economy of Douglas County has diversified

beyond wood products in recent years. Transportation

to west coast markets and other shipping points is

available through the numerous trucking companies

utilizing U.S. Interstate 5 and State Highways 42 and

38, the Southern Pacific Railroad, and the Roseburg

Municipal Airport. Small businesses and service

industries continue to grow in the area because of the

favorable climate, attractive setting, available labor

force, abundance of raw materials, available

commercial real estate, easy access to transportation

corridors, and a growing retirement community. The

abundant recreational resources on the public land

administered by the Bureau of Land Management and

the Forest Service continue to attract travelers,

resulting in a lucrative tourist industry (Cubic and

Tribble, 1989).

Physiography, Relief, and Drainage

The survey area can be divided into six geographic

areas. Three of the areas are recognized as distinct

geographic provinces—the Klamath Mountains, the

Coast Range Mountains, and the Western Cascade

Mountains (Franklin and Dyrness, 1973). The other

three areas are considered significant subdivisions of

the Klamath Mountains and Coast Range Mountains

provinces. The six geographic areas are shown in

figure 1. Each of the geographic areas has unique

geologic, climatic, topographic, vegetative, and soil

features.

The Klamath Mountains geographic area makes up

the southern part of the survey area. This geographic

area consists dominantly of mountains with ridges and

steep side slopes. Elevation ranges from 800 to 5,000

feet or more. The area is drained by Cow Creek, the

South Umpqua River, and the Middle Fork of the

Coquille River. Typically, the climate is characterized

by warm, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The

highest elevations have cool, wet winters and warm,

moist summers. Conifer forests are dominant in this

area, but there are scattered areas of grassland and

oak savannah.

The Western Cascade Mountains geographic area

makes up the eastern part of the survey area. This

geographic area is dominantly gently sloping plateaus
22 Soil Survey of

to steep side slopes. Elevation ranges from 800 feet to

nearly 5,000 feet. The area is drained by the North

Umpqua River, Little River, and South Umpqua River.

Typically, the climate is characterized by warm, wet

winters and hot, moist summers. The highest

elevations have cool, wet winters and warm, moist

summers. Conifer forests are dominant.

The Coast Range Mountains geographic area

makes up the western part of the survey area. This

geographic area is dominantly narrow to broad ridges

and gently sloping to steeply sloping side slopes.

Elevation ranges from 50 feet to nearly 3,300 feet.

The area is drained by the Smith River, tributaries of

the main stem of the Umpqua River, Camp Creek,

   

           



Elkton

Coast Range Mountains Interior

Mountains

Interior

Mountains

Western

Cascade

Mountains



Coastal

Lowlands

and 

Mountains

Interior Valley 

Lowlands

Klamath Mountains

Coast Range 

Mountains

Interior Valley 

Lowlands

Glendale

Roseburg

N

Figure 1.—Geographic areas of the survey area.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 23

Lake Creek, and headwaters of the Williams River

and the Middle Fork of the Coquille River. Typically,

the climate is characterized by warm, wet winters and

hot, moist summers. The highest elevations have

cool, wet winters and warm, moist summers, and

some of the south-facing slopes at the southern end of

this area have hot, dry summers. Conifer forests are

dominant.

The Coastal Lowlands and Mountains geographic

area is considered to be a subdivision of the Coast

Range Mountains province. This area consists of

sand dunes, flood plains, terraces, and

mountainsides. The sand dunes are nearly level to

steeply sloping. The flood plains and terraces are

nearly level. The rest of the area consists of narrow

ridges and gently sloping to steeply sloping side

slopes. Elevation ranges from 0 to 1,300 feet. The

upland areas are drained by tributaries of the

Umpqua River. The climate is affected by marine air

year round, and it typically is characterized by cool,

wet winters and cool, moist summers. Although most

of the sand dunes do not support trees, some areas

are covered with coniferous trees. The flood plains

and terraces are used primarily for hay and pasture.

Conifer forests are dominant in the mountainous

areas.

The Interior Mountains geographic area is

considered to be a subdivision of the Klamath

Mountains province. This area consists of gently

sloping to very steep mountainsides. Elevation

ranges from 250 to 2,600 feet. The area is drained by

Elk Creek, Calapooya Creek, and the Middle Fork of

the Coquille River. Typically, the climate is

characterized by warm, wet winters and hot, dry

summers. Although conifer forests are dominant,

some areas do not support forests or support only

sparse forests.

The Interior Valley Lowlands geographic area is

considered to be a subdivision of the Klamath

Mountains province. This area consists of the

nearly level or gently sloping flood plains and

terraces of the North and South Umpqua Rivers

and the adjacent gently sloping to steep footslopes

and surrounding hills. Elevation ranges from 350 to

2,200 feet. The area is drained by Elk Creek,

Calapooya Creek, Lookingglass Creek, and the

North and South Umpqua Rivers. This geographic

area has the lowest annual precipitation in the

survey area, and the climate is characterized by

warm, wet winters and hot, dry summers. Most of

the footslopes and surrounding hills support

grassland, oak savannah, or sparse forests. Some

areas, mainly on north-facing slopes, support

coniferous forests.

Farming

Rodney McCoy, Douglas County extension agent, Oregon

State University, helped to prepare this section.

Farming in the survey area is limited to flood

plains, terraces, and footslopes and to gently sloping

areas of hills. The soils on the flood plains

and terraces are fertile and are suitable for growing

vegetables, alfalfa, wheat, oats, cane fruit, and fruit

and nut trees. The main limitations for growing

vegetables are the limited heat units because of the

cool temperatures at night and the limited

availability of irrigation water. These soils are well

suited to growing grass-clover hay and pasture.

Grass seed, subterranean clover seed, wheat, and

oats are grown on the terraces, footslopes, and side

slopes. Grapes are grown in the moderately deep

and deep soils on the south aspects of terraces,

footslopes, and side slopes. Christmas trees are

grown on the footslopes and hills. Summers are dry

on the footslopes and hills; therefore, cropping is

limited to perennial plants that are tolerant of

droughtiness.

Livestock production is the major farming and

ranching enterprise in the survey area. Beef cows,

feeder cattle, and sheep are raised on the terraces,

footslopes, and side slopes. Sheep are better able to

graze on the pastures on hills, including the steepest

slopes, and cattle use the pastures on the less steep

side slopes.

Geology

The geologic history of Oregon began with the

formation of the Klamath Mountains. The

stratigraphy of these mountains is very complex

because of the age of the rock and the geologic

activity that has taken place since the rock formed.

The origin of the mountains can be traced to a

volcanic island arc, or peninsula, that was adjacent to

the ancient shoreline of North America during the

Triassic period (Alt and Hyndman, 1981). During this

time, the Pacific Ocean plate began to subduct

beneath the North American plate. The lighter

sediment of the Pacific Ocean plate was scraped onto

the margin of the North American plate and was

metamorphosed with the volcanic rock already

present to form the Dothan (fig. 2), Galice, and Otter

Point Formations (Baldwin, 1981). Granitic and

serpentinitic rock also intruded into the area.

Early in the Cretaceous period, shoreline and

stream deposits originating from the Klamath

Mountains formed in basins and were later faulted

and slightly metamorphosed, adding more rock to the
24 Soil Survey of

mountains to form the Riddle and Days Creek

Formations. Most areas of the Klamath Mountains

have been eroded into a ridge and ravine landscape

pattern, but some hills are at the northern end.

Because of the complex stratigraphy, many different

soils are in these mountains.

The Coast Range Mountains, Interior Mountains,

and Interior Valley Lowlands consist of sedimentary

and volcanic rock that originally was laid down on an

embayment floor on the Pacific Ocean plate

immediately offshore from the North American plate.

This rock originated during the Eocene epoch, when

submarine flows, breccia, and tuffaceous sediment

from ancient offshore volcanoes intermingled with

sediment from the Klamath Mountains on the

embayment floor. Sills and dikes of volcanic flows

intruded into the marine sediment on the

embayment. During the Oligocene epoch, the Pacific

Ocean plate subduction zone shifted to its present

course off the Oregon Coast (Alt and Hyndman,

1981). Consequently, the embayment was uplifted as

the Pacific Ocean plate subducted beneath it,

exposing the sedimentary rock and pillowed basalt of

the Roseburg Formation (figs. 3 and 4), the

sedimentary rock of the Lookingglass and Flournoy

Formations, and the sedimentary rock and volcanic

sills and dikes of the Tyee, Elkton, and Bateman

Formations (Baldwin, 1981). Erosion has reduced

most of the Roseburg, Lookingglass, and Flournoy

Formations to hills that occupy the Interior Valley

Lowlands; however, the Tyee, Elkton, and

Bateman Formations have been dissected to the very

Figure 2.—Area of the Dothan Formation, consisting of metamorphosed sedimentary rock of the Klamath Mountains.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 25

steep canyons, narrow to broad ridges, and high

basaltic peaks of the Coast Range Mountains and the

higher elevations of the Coastal Lowlands and

Mountains.

The Western Cascade Mountains consist of

volcanic rock that originated from a string of

volcanoes on the edge of North America. The

volcanism originated during the Eocene epoch,

as the Pacific Ocean plate subducted beneath the

North American plate, and continued through the

late Miocene epoch. The volcanoes produced dark

basalt and andesite lava, andesitic breccia, and

light-colored ashflow tuff, forming the Colestine and

Fisher Formations and the Little Butte Volcanics

(Alt and Hyndman, 1981). The old volcanic vents

have since been eroded away. The softer ashflow

tuff formed plateaus, and the hard basalt eroded

into a landscape pattern of ridges and ravines.

During the Pleistocene epoch, some local

glaciation at the higher elevations resulted in the

deposition of glacial outwash. Some remnants of

these deposits are on high terraces along

drainageways of the Western Cascade Mountains

(Reckendorf, 1987). A few scattered remnants of

alluvial deposits from this epoch are in the Klamath

Mountains, along Cow Creek and the South Umpqua

Figure 3.—Area of the Roseburg Formation, consisting of tilted siltstone beds of the Eocene epoch.
26 Soil Survey of

River. Marine terraces formed along the Pacific

Ocean as the sea level lowered; thus, high marine

terrace remnants are within the Coastal Lowlands

and Mountains (Nettleton and others, 1982).

During the Holocene epoch, alluvium was

deposited on the terraces and flood plains along

streams in the Interior Valley Lowlands (Reckendorf,

1987). Low marine terraces formed and sand dunes

were deposited along the lower elevations of the

Coastal Lowlands and Mountains (Nettleton and

others, 1982).

Climate

Prepared by the National Water and Climate Center, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon.

Data for the climate tables were recorded at Elkton,

Idleyld Park, Riddle, Roseburg, and North Bend,

Oregon. Thunderstorm days, relative humidity,

percent sunshine, and wind information were

estimated from data recorded at First Order stations in

Eugene and Medford, Oregon. Other climate data

were obtained from maps of the Parameter-elevation

Figure 4.—Area of the Roseburg Formation, consisting of pillowed basalt of the Eocene epoch.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 27

Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)

(Daly, 1994).

Table 1 gives data on temperature and precipitation

for the survey area as recorded at Elkton, Idleyld

Park, Riddle, and North Bend during the period 1961

to 1990 and at Roseburg during the period 1966 to

1990. Table 2 shows probable dates of the first freeze

in fall and the last freeze in spring. Table 3 provides

data on the length of the growing season. Extremes

are based on a period of record that dates back to

1948 at Elkton and Riddle, 1958 at Idleyld Park,

1966 at Roseburg, and 1931 at North Bend.

In winter, the average temperature is 43.6

degrees F at Elkton, 40.5 degrees at Idleyld Park,

42.7 degrees at Riddle, 42.6 degrees at Roseburg,

and 46.3 degrees at North Bend. The average daily

minimum temperature in winter is 36.9 degrees at

Elkton, 32.7 degrees at Idleyld Park, 34.8 degrees at

Riddle, 35.2 degrees at Roseburg, and 39.8 degrees

at North Bend. The lowest temperatures on record

were 0 degrees at Elkton and -1 degree at Idleyld

Park on December 8, 1972; -3 degrees at Riddle on

January 22, 1962; 3 degrees at Roseburg on

December 21, 1990; and 13 degrees at North Bend

on December 21, 1990.

In summer, the average temperature is 66.1

degrees at Elkton, 64.0 degrees at Idleyld Park,

66.4 degrees at Riddle, 67.0 degrees at Roseburg,

and 58.9 degrees at North Bend. The average daily

maximum temperature in summer is 81.5 degrees at

Elkton, 80.3 degrees at Idleyld Park, 81.3 degrees at

Riddle and Roseburg, and 65.7 degrees at North

Bend. The highest temperatures on record were

108 degrees at Elkton on July 11, 1961; 104 degrees

at Idleyld Park on August 8, 1978; 110 degrees at

Riddle on August 17, 1977; 109 degrees at Roseburg

on July 18, 1998; and 96 degrees at North Bend on

July 6, 1931.

Growing degree days are shown in table 1. They

are equivalent to “heat units.” During the month,

growing degree days accumulate by the amount that

the average temperature each day exceeds a base

temperature (40 degrees). The normal monthly

accumulation is used to schedule single or successive

plantings of a crop between the last freeze in spring

and the first freeze in fall.

The average annual precipitation is highly variable

in this very diverse survey area. The highest is along

the coast and in the Coast Range Mountains, west of

Elkton. The average annual precipitation in these

areas ranges from 60 to 80 inches, and the average is

63.78 inches at North Bend, in nearby Coos County.

East of the Coast Range Mountains, the average

annual precipitation ranges from 40 to 60 inches, and

the average is 51.47 inches at Elkton. The central

valleys receive 30 to 40 inches, and the average is

30.41 inches at Riddle and 32.40 inches at

Roseburg. In the foothills east of Roseburg and

Myrtle Creek, the average annual precipitation

ranges from 40 to 65 inches, and the average is

62.91 inches at Idleyld Park, near the National

forest boundary. Precipitation in the southern part

of the survey area varies with elevation. The

average annual precipitation ranges from

30 inches in the lowest valleys to about 60 inches

on the highest peaks. The amount of precipitation

that falls during the growing season (April to

October) in the central part of the survey area,

near Roseburg, is about 9 inches, which is less

than 30 percent of the total precipitation

received. The heaviest 1-day rainfall during the

periods of record was 6.36 inches at Elkton on

December 7, 1981; 6.72 inches at Idleyld Park on

November 22, 1961; 3.86 inches at Riddle on

October 29, 1950; 4.35 inches at Roseburg on

November 19, 1996; and 6.67 inches at North Bend

on November 18, 1996. Thunderstorms occur on

about 5 days each year, and most occur in May

through September.

The average seasonal snowfall is dependent on

location. Most low-elevation areas, including inland

areas, receive an average of 3 to 6 inches annually,

and no snow is received in many years. Measurable

snowfall was received at Elkton in only 1 year

during the period 1976 to 1990, and at Roseburg in

only 4 years during the same period. Snowfall is

higher at the higher elevations, particularly in areas

above 2,000 feet. Idleyld Park, at 1,080 feet, receives

21.8 inches of snowfall annually, and it has received

at least some measurable snowfall every year since

1958. Areas at 3,000 feet receive an estimated 30 to

50 inches of snow annually. The greatest snow

depths at any one time during the periods of record

generally occurred late in January of 1969. The

maximum snow depth was 33 inches at Elkton,

26 inches at Idleyld Park, 27 inches at Roseburg,

and 9 inches at Riddle and on the coast at North

Bend. On an average, less than 1 day per year has

at least 1 inch of snow on the ground at elevations of

less than 1,000 feet. At Idleyld Park, an average of

14 days per year have some snow on the ground.

On an average, 30 to 60 days have some snow on

the ground at elevations above 2,000 feet. The

heaviest 1-day snowfall, recorded late in January of

1969, was 18.0 inches at Elkton, 13.5 inches at

Roseburg, and 8.0 inches at North Bend. At Idleyld

Park, the heaviest 1-day snowfall, 12.0 inches,

occurred on December 30, 1964. At Riddle, the
28 Soil Survey of

heaviest 1-day snowfall, 8.0 inches, was recorded on

January 13, 1971.

The average relative humidity in midafternoon is

about 80 percent in winter and 30 percent in summer,

except along the coast, where humidity in the

afternoon is about 70 percent year round. Humidity is

higher at night, and the average at dawn is about 90

percent at most locations throughout the year. In the

inland areas, the sun shines about 80 percent of the

time possible in summer and 30 percent in winter.

Along the coast, the sun shines about 50 percent of

the time possible in summer and 35 percent in winter.

The prevailing wind varies according to location.

Generally, the average windspeed in the survey area

is among the lowest in the entire nation. It is 4 to 6

miles per hour, except along the coast where it is

about 10 miles per hour. The average windspeed is

highest in spring and early in summer in the inland

valleys, and it is highest in winter along the coast.

Vegetation

Gene Hickman, range conservationist, Natural Resources

Conservation Service, prepared this section.

Southwestern Oregon is a very diverse ecological

region. The diversity of the vegetation is primarily the

result of dramatic climatic gradients, such as that

between the moist Pacific Coast and the cold

Cascade Mountains. Another regional climatic

gradient is a result of latitudinal changes north to

south. It ranges from the mild climate of the

Willamette Valley to the hot climate of northern

California. Because of the mountainous topography,

there are also numerous localized climatic transitions

that make the relationship of macroclimate with

vegetation and landscape even more complex.

In addition, a wide variety of soils and related

geologic features directly affect local plant distribution

and the resulting plant communities. Some types of

rock, such as serpentinitic rock, uniquely affect the

chemical properties of associated soils, thus

significantly affecting the production and composition

of the plant community. Other characteristics

important to plant adaptation and growth are the

depth, texture, and drainage of a soil and the amount

of rock fragments in the soil. These features work

together to either restrict or facilitate vegetative

development to the maximum extent possible under

the prevailing climate.

Topography, elevation, steepness of slope, and

aspect are other landscape features that affect the

local microclimate and thus the plant cover.

Drainageways and adjacent toeslopes support a more

moist vegetative type than do uplands. North-facing

slopes receive less direct sunlight and support plant

communities that are less tolerant of droughtiness

than do south-facing slopes. At high elevations, soils

on all aspects support species that are more tolerant

of cold temperatures. These elevational variations in

vegetation generally correlate with differences in

precipitation, length of growing season, amount of

snowfall, and temperature. Latitude affects the

elevation at which these changes occur. Equivalent

ecological changes occur at much higher elevations

moving from north to south. There is a similar

elevational increase moving inland (west to east) from

the coastline to the Cascade Mountains.

In southwestern Oregon, broad ecological

subdivisions have been recognized. These

subdivisions are within regional provinces defined by

Daubenmire (Daubenmire, 1968) and described

locally by Franklin and Dyrness (Franklin and

Dyrness, 1973). Franklin and Dyrness recognized four

subdivisions—the Sitka spruce coastal forests,

western hemlock forests of the Cascade and Coast

Range Mountains, mixed conifer-mixed evergreen

forests, and the interior valleys of the Rogue and

Umpqua Rivers. The survey area spans all of these

subdivisions with diverse climatic, geologic,

topographic, and edaphic characteristics. The

landscape and climatic features create a wide variety

of contrasting environments with the potential for

supporting diverse native plant communities, which

are grouped into vegetation zones. These zones

represent the major macroclimatic environments.

Vegetation zones may cover large geographic

areas, but a single set of potential native plant

communities is throughout each zone. Vegetative

patterns commonly are predictable within a zone

because they are related to local landscape features

such as aspect, soil, and landform. Vegetation zones

can be used to focus on specific geographical

differences in climate and vegetation and to

generalize complex local vegetation patterns. The

vegetation zones in the survey area are described in

this section and are shown on the General Vegetation

Zone Map provided with this survey.

Northern Coastal Fog Zone

The Northern Coastal Fog Zone parallels the

Pacific Ocean coastline in a belt about 10 to 12 miles

wide. The climate in this zone is very mild, and it does

not have wide extremes in temperature as do the

inland areas. The temperature is moderated by

coastal fog and frequent cloudy weather. The average

annual precipitation is about 70 to 90 inches, and

elevation ranges from sea level to about 1,500 feet.

The soils have a udic moisture regime and an
Douglas County Area, Oregon 29

isomesic temperature regime. General soil map units

1, 2, 3, and 4 are in this zone.

This zone can be subdivided into two parts based

on the prevalence of Sitka spruce. The western part of

the zone is adjacent to the ocean and is more affected

by marine fog and salt spray. It encompasses the

beaches, dunes, marine terraces, and mountain fronts

most exposed to the coastal weather. This part

supports shore pine and Sitka spruce. The spruce

typically is intermingled with Douglas fir, western

hemlock, western redcedar, red alder, and cascara

buckthorn, but it also occurs in nearly pure stands.

Western swordfern, salmonberry, vine maple, and

salal are some common understory plants.

The eastern part of the zone is made up of

mountains. This part does not support shore pine, and

Sitka spruce is not as prevalent in this part. The

forests consist primarily of western hemlock, Douglas

fir, Sitka spruce, and hardwoods such as red alder,

bigleaf maple, and cascara buckthorn. A very dense

shrub understory is on both the north- and southfacing slopes. It consists of Pacific rhododendron,

evergreen huckleberry, vine maple, creambush

oceanspray, western hazel, red huckleberry, and

salal. Western redcedar is in moist areas, and some

golden chinkapin is in upland areas.

Dense stands of red alder regeneration develop in

this zone following disturbances such as fire or timber

harvesting. Tree plantations are subject to severe

plant competition from hardwood trees and evergreen

and deciduous shrubs.

Western Hemlock Zone

The Western Hemlock Zone includes much of the

Coast Range and Western Cascade Mountains. The

average annual precipitation is about 55 to 110

inches. Summer fog and cloudy weather reduce the

rate of evapotranspiration in this zone. Elevation

generally is less than 2,000 feet in the northern part of

the survey area, but it ranges to about 4,000 feet in

the southern and eastern parts. The soils have a udic

moisture regime and a mesic temperature regime.

General soil map units 19, 20, 21, 23, and 24 are in

this zone.

This zone can be subdivided into two parts based

on the presence or absence of grand fir. The

northwestern corner does not support grand fir in the

plant community. It is in the Coast Range Mountains

and is influenced by the coastal climate. The part of

this zone that supports grand fir in the plant

community is a transitional area adjacent to the Grand

Fir Zone in the Western Cascade and Coast Range

Mountains. This area has sufficient moisture to

support western hemlock as a dominant tree species,

but it is influenced by an interior climate that has drier

and warmer periods in summer.

Douglas fir is an important co-dominant species in

the Western Hemlock Zone. Western redcedar,

golden chinkapin, and hardwoods such as red alder,

bigleaf maple, and cascara buckthorn are also in the

overstory. Common understory species include

western swordfern, oxalis, vine maple, currant,

western hazel, creambush oceanspray, Pacific

rhododendron, salal, red huckleberry, cascade

Oregongrape, and evergreen huckleberry.

As in the Northern Coastal Fog Zone, dense stands

of red alder regeneration develop in this zone

following disturbances such as fire or timber

harvesting. Tree plantations are subject to severe

plant competition from hardwood trees and evergreen

and deciduous shrubs.

Grand Fir Zone

The Grand Fir Zone is a transitional climatic belt

between the moist Western Hemlock Zone and the dry

Interior Valleys and Foothills Zone. It is a continuous

belt around the Interior Valleys and Foothills Zone

except at the southern end of the survey area, near

Canyonville. The Grand Fir Zone is made up of

mountains and foothills that have an average annual

precipitation of 40 to 55 inches. Elevation generally is

less than about 3,200 feet. The soils have a mesic

temperature regime and a xeric moisture regime

bordering on udic.

Douglas fir is dominant in most of the older stands

in this zone. Grand fir is dominant or co-dominant on

the north-facing slopes in nearly level areas, and it

decreases in dominance on south-facing slopes in

areas of droughty soils. Golden chinkapin commonly

occurs on north-facing slopes, normally in tree form.

Pacific madrone and in some areas California black

oak are common, especially on south-facing slopes.

Western redcedar may occur in areas that receive

supplemental moisture from run-on. Western hemlock

may occur on steep, north-facing slopes that are

cooler and have a lower rate of evapotranspiration. A

lack of moisture in summer restricts the growth of

western hemlock.

Numerous valleys, south-facing slopes, and foothill

areas are within the Grand Fir Zone. The droughty,

clayey, or wet soils favor white oak savannah and

restrict the development of coniferous forests. Most of

these areas are small in size; however, two large

areas are near Elkton and Camas Valley.

Understory shrubs on north-facing slopes include

salal, cascade Oregongrape, western hazel,

creambush oceanspray, red huckleberry, western

prince’s pine, whipplevine, yerba buena, and hairy
30 Soil Survey of

honeysuckle. The south-facing slopes also support

these shrubs, but red huckleberry, cascade

Oregongrape, and salal are less abundant because of

droughtiness. Grasses and poison oak are more

prevalent on south-facing slopes; thus, the plant

community more closely resembles that of the Interior

Valleys and Foothills Zone.

The Grand Fir Zone can be divided into two parts.

The vegetation in the northern part is ecologically

similar to that of the southern Willamette Valley

foothills, and the vegetation in the southern part is

ecologically similar to that of Josephine and Jackson

Counties. The southern part from about Roseburg

south has more floristic diversity. The vegetation in

this part includes California black oak, sugar pine,

ponderosa pine, canyon live oak, incense cedar, and

various grasses. These species are of minor extent or

are absent in the part north of Roseburg.

Interior Tanoak Zone

The Interior Tanoak Zone occurs only at the

extreme southern end of the survey area. It represents

the northernmost extent of a large ecological zone that

extends south into northern California. This zone is

made up of mountains, and the average annual

precipitation is about 45 to 75 inches. Elevation

generally is less than 3,200 feet. The soils have a

mesic temperature regime and a xeric moisture

regime. Although the moisture and temperature

regimes are the same as those of the Grand Fir Zone

and the average annual temperature is the same or

higher, the number of consecutive dry days in summer

is significantly higher in the Interior Tanoak Zone. This

zone is characterized by an abundance of tanoak,

which occurs in the form of trees on north-facing

slopes and in the form of shrubs on south-facing

slopes. This exhibits the dramatic environmental

difference between these slopes. Douglas fir, the

primary associated tree species, generally is

dominant in the stand. The species composition of this

zone is similar to that of the Grand Fir Zone except for

the presence of tanoak; however, Pacific madrone,

sugar pine, ponderosa pine, incense cedar, California

black oak, and canyon live oak are more prevalent in

this zone. Golden chinkapin trees are a component of

the plant community on some north-facing slopes.

The shrub cover is similar to that of the Grand Fir

Zone except for the presence of evergreen

huckleberry on north-facing slopes. Pacific poison oak

and canyon live oak trees and shrubs commonly are

present on south-facing slopes.

The Interior Tanoak Zone has important

implications to forest management. Tanoak and

Pacific madrone readily sprout after timber harvesting

or burning. Canyon live oak also sprouts, but it is less

of a competitor and is more prevalent on soils that

have a high content of rock fragments.

Golden Chinkapin Zone

Immediately east of the Interior Tanoak Zone is the

Golden Chinkapin Zone. This zone represents the

northernmost extent of a larger ecological zone that

extends south into northeastern Josephine County

and northwestern Jackson County. This zone is made

up of mountains, and it has an average annual

precipitation of about 35 to 60 inches. Elevation

generally is less than 3,200 feet. The soils have a

mesic temperature regime and a xeric moisture

regime. The climate and vegetation in this zone are

similar to those of the Grand Fir Zone except for the

presence of golden chinkapin instead of tanoak in the

plant community.

Cool Western Hemlock Zone

This zone encompasses the high-elevation

mountain peaks and ridges. The elevation in this zone

varies depending on latitude and longitude. The

elevation in the Coast Range Mountains ranges from

about 1,500 feet in the northern part to about 3,000

feet in the southern part. The elevation in the Western

Cascade Mountains ranges from about 3,000 to 4,600

feet. The average annual precipitation is about 60 to

120 inches, most of which falls in the form of snow.

The soils have a frigid temperature regime, and most

areas have a udic moisture regime. The soils at an

elevation of more than 3,800 feet typically have a cryic

moisture regime. This zone occurs as small, isolated

mountain peaks and narrow ridges; therefore,

because of the small scale used many areas could not

be delineated on the general soil map or the general

vegetation zone map. General soil map units 22 and

25 are in this zone.

The overstory vegetation generally consists of

western hemlock, grand fir, and Douglas fir and at the

higher elevations, western white pine, noble fir, and

Pacific silver fir. In the southern part of the survey

area, Douglas fir, golden chinkapin, and tanoak make

up the overstory. The understory is dominantly Pacific

rhododendron, western prince’s pine, common

beargrass, salal, and cascade Oregongrape.

Cold temperatures and a short growing season in

this zone restrict the growth rate of trees and restrict

regeneration. Areas that have been harvested or

burned develop fields of dense brush.

Interior Valleys and Foothills Zone

This zone encompasses the driest and warmest

climatic areas in the survey area. It is made up of hills
Douglas County Area, Oregon 31

and low mountains of the Cascade and Coast Range

Mountains. Interspersed with the hills and mountains

are numerous valleys that are characterized by

terraces and flood plains. The average annual

precipitation is about 30 to 50 inches. The soils have a

mesic temperature regime and a xeric moisture

regime.

The vegetation on the hills and mountains is

variable. It is affected by the soil characteristics that

determine the water holding capacity, such as depth,

texture, and content of rock fragments. Soils that have

a moderate to high water holding capacity support

Douglas fir, Pacific madrone, bigleaf maple, California

black oak, ponderosa pine, incense cedar, and

Oregon white oak. Soils that have a low to moderate

water holding capacity support Pacific madrone,

Oregon white oak, California black oak, and smaller

amounts of Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, and incense

cedar. Soils that have a very low to low water holding

capacity support only scattered Oregon white oak and

grasses or shrubs such as wedgeleaf ceanothus and

Pacific poison oak.

The vegetation on the terraces and flood plains is

dependent on soil texture and drainage. The overstory

vegetation consists of black cottonwood on the deep,

sandy and gravelly soils on flood plains and

dominantly Oregon white oak and Oregon ash on the

poorly drained, clayey soils on flood plains and

terraces. The deep, well drained soils on terraces

support Douglas fir, bigleaf maple, and incense cedar.

The understory vegetation also is dependent on soil

conditions, but common snowberry and Pacific poison

oak generally are in the understory along with vine

maple, mockorange, viburnum, Pacific ninebark, blue

elderberry, creambush oceanspray, and western

hazel.

The natural vegetation in this zone has been

affected by settlement and grazing. Large areas have

been converted to cropland and improved

pastureland. To control shrubs such as rose, Pacific

poison oak, blackberry, Scotch broom, and hawthorn,

brush management is needed in the upland areas that

have been cleared of hardwood or coniferous forests

for use as improved nonirrigated pastureland.

How This Survey Was Made

This survey was made to provide information about

the soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey area.

The information includes a description of the soils and

miscellaneous areas and their location and a

discussion of their suitability, limitations, and

management for specified uses. Soil scientists

observed the steepness, length, and shape of the

slopes; the general pattern of drainage; the kinds of

crops and native plants; and the kinds of bedrock.

They dug many holes to study the soil profile, which is

the sequence of natural layers, or horizons, in a soil.

The profile extends from the surface down into the

unconsolidated material in which the soil formed. The

unconsolidated material is devoid of roots and other

living organisms and has not been changed by other

biological activity.

The soils and miscellaneous areas in the survey

area are in an orderly pattern that is related to the

geology, landforms, relief, climate, and natural

vegetation of the area. Each kind of soil and

miscellaneous area is associated with a particular

kind of landform or with a segment of the landform. By

observing the soils and miscellaneous areas in the

survey area and relating their position to specific

segments of the landform, a soil scientist develops a

concept or model of how they were formed. Thus,

during mapping, this model enables the soil scientist

to predict with a considerable degree of accuracy the

kind of soil or miscellaneous area at a specific

location on the landscape.

Commonly, individual soils on the landscape merge

into one another as their characteristics gradually

change. To construct an accurate soil map, however,

soil scientists must determine the boundaries between

the soils. They can observe only a limited number of

soil profiles. Nevertheless, these observations,

supplemented by an understanding of the soilvegetation-landscape relationship, are sufficient to

verify predictions of the kinds of soil in an area and to

determine the boundaries.

Soil scientists recorded the characteristics of the

soil profiles that they studied. They noted soil color,

texture, size and shape of soil aggregates, kind and

amount of rock fragments, distribution of plant roots,

reaction, and other features that enable them to

identify soils. After describing the soils in the survey

area and determining their properties, the soil

scientists assigned the soils to taxonomic classes

(units). Taxonomic classes are concepts. Each

taxonomic class has a set of soil characteristics with

precisely defined limits. The classes are used as a

basis for comparison to classify soils systematically.

Soil taxonomy, the system of taxonomic classification

used in the United States, is based mainly on the kind

and character of soil properties and the arrangement

of horizons within the profile. After the soil scientists

classified and named the soils in the survey area, they

compared the individual soils with similar soils in the

same taxonomic class in other areas so that they

could confirm data and assemble additional data

based on experience and research.
32 Soil Survey of

Predictions about soil behavior are based not only

on soil properties but also on such variables as

climate and biological activity. Soil conditions are

predictable over long periods of time, but they are not

predictable from year to year. For example, soil

scientists can predict with a fairly high degree of

accuracy that a given soil will have a high water table

within certain depths in most years, but they cannot

predict that a high water table will always be at a

specific level in the soil on a specific date.

After soil scientists located and identified the

significant natural bodies of soil in the survey area,

they drew the boundaries of these bodies on aerial

photographs and identified each as a specific map

unit. Aerial photographs show trees, buildings, fields,

roads, and rivers, all of which help in locating

boundaries accurately.

Survey Procedures

The procedures followed for this survey are

described in the National Soil Survey Handbook

(Available at the State office of the Natural

Resources Conservation Service, Portland, Oregon).

References used in the development of the survey

were the “Douglas County Flood Plain Information,

Interim Report,” published in 1966 by the Corps of

Engineers, Portland District; the “Flood Insurance

Rate Map of Douglas County, Oregon,” published in

1986 by the Federal Emergency Management Agency

(FEMA); the “Preliminary Geologic Map of the

Medford Quadrangle, Oregon and California,”

published in 1972 by the Oregon Department of

Geology and Mineral Industries; the “Map of Eocene

Stratigraphy of Southwest Oregon” published in 1974

by the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral

Industries; the “Compilation Geologic Map of Southern

Tyee Basin, Southern Coast Range, Oregon,”

published in 1990 by the Oregon Department of

Geology and Mineral Industries; and the

memorandum of understanding agreed upon by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service, the Forest

Service, the Bureau of Land Management, the Oregon

Agricultural Experiment Station, and Douglas County.

The slope gradients and aspect on the hills and

mountains generally were determined by examination

of contour lines on U.S. Geological Survey 7.5-minute

topographic maps.

The soils in the survey area were mapped by soil

scientists who used field observations and their

knowledge of soil-vegetation-landscape relationships

to predict soil patterns on landscape positions. The

general soil-vegetation-landscape concepts, or

models, developed by field soil scientists are

described in detail in the section “Formation of the

Soils.” Traverses and transects were used on various

landforms to confirm the soil-vegetation-landscape

concepts and to check the accuracy of the concepts

by examining tonal patterns on aerial photographs.

The traverses were made by truck or by foot. The soil

was examined when changes in characteristics were

apparent. In areas where the soils varied

considerably, many traverses were made at short

intervals.

Transects of the map units were made randomly

so that the soil scientists could determine the

composition of the dominant soils and the included

areas. The soil scientists generally crossed the

areas on foot, following a course that had been

charted on aerial photographs. The soil

characteristics were examined and documented at

regular intervals.

The survey area was mapped at two levels of

intensity. A more detailed level was used to map the

alluvial soils and the soils on low foothills, which are

under intensive agricultural and urban development.

Maps published by the Corps of Engineers and the

Federal Emergency Management Agency were used

as an aid in determining the boundaries of the flood

plains. The minimum size of the map unit delineations

was 5 acres. About 17 percent of the survey area was

mapped at the detailed level.

A less detailed level of mapping was used on the

gently sloping to very steep uplands. These soils

formed in various kinds of parent material. They are

used as woodland and for hay and pasture.

Generally, the minimum size of the delineations

was about 40 acres, but the delineations are as

small as 10 acres in areas that are considered to

be of importance for management. About 83 percent

of the survey area was mapped at the less detailed

level.

Spot symbols are used on the maps to identify

contrasting soils and miscellaneous areas that are

less than 5 acres in size. The contrasting soils or

miscellaneous areas that are included in mapping are

described in the section “Detailed Soil Map Units” if

they are of significant extent.

In some areas, soil scientists were denied access

to private property. If the inaccessible area was

small, soil scientists were able to use their

knowledge of the soil-vegetation-landscape

relationships and observations of soil profiles on

similar adjacent landscape positions to predict the

kinds of soils and the boundaries of the map units on

inaccessible landscape positions. These small

areas are mapped similarly to the accessible areas.

For large inaccessible areas, however, soil
Douglas County Area, Oregon 33

scientists were not able to predict the soil profiles

or the map unit boundaries because of the

dissimilar geology, climate, plant community, or

landscape position of adjacent areas. These large

areas are identified on the maps as “DA” for denied

access.

Soil samples for chemical and physical analyses

were taken from typical pedons of some of the major

soils in the survey area. The analyses were made by

the National Soil Survey Laboratory in Lincoln,

Nebraska, and by the Soils Laboratory at Oregon

State University. The results of the analyses were

used in classifying the soils, in determining the fertility

and erodibility of the soils, and in making various

interpretations for engineering and agricultural uses

and for other land uses.

Soil-plant relationships were evaluated during the

development of the detailed soil map unit descriptions.

Foresters assisted in measuring the potential for

timber production at representative forested sites. Soil

and range conservationists assisted in collecting yield

data for crops and forage on farms and in areas of

native pasture and assisted in determining the

potential productivity of the soils. The data were then

correlated with the kinds of soil and the site

characteristics of the map units. The results were

used to predict the productivity of various map units in

the survey area.

35

The general soil map in this publication shows

broad areas that have a distinctive pattern of soils,

relief, and drainage. Each map unit on the general soil

map is a unique natural landscape. Typically, it

consists of one or more major soils or miscellaneous

areas and some minor soils or miscellaneous areas. It

is named for the major soils or miscellaneous areas.

The components of one map unit can occur in another

but in a different pattern.

The general soil map can be used to compare the

suitability of large areas for general land uses. Areas

of suitable soils can be identified on the map.

Likewise, areas where the soils are not suitable can

be identified.

Because of its small scale, the map is not suitable

for planning the management of a farm or field or for

selecting a site for a road or building or other

structure. The soils in any one map unit differ from

place to place in slope, depth, drainage, and other

characteristics that affect management.

Soil Descriptions

Soils of the Coastal Fogbelt

This group consists of four map units. It makes up

about 5 percent of the survey area. The soils in this

group are near the Pacific Ocean, where summer

and winter temperatures are moderated by coastal

fog. The soils are used primarily for recreation, as

woodland, for homesite development, and as wildlife

habitat.

1. Duneland-Waldport-Heceta

This map unit is on active foredunes, on recently

stabilized dunes, and in interdunal swales and

depressions. Elevation ranges from 0 to 500 feet.

Slopes are dominantly 0 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 70 to 80 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 51 to 53 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 180 to 240 days.

This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey

area. It is about 37 percent Duneland, 26 percent

Waldport soils, and 16 percent Heceta soils. The

remaining 21 percent is components of minor extent.

Duneland consists of shifting transverse, oblique,

and parabolic sand dunes. The dunes are very deep

and excessively drained.

Waldport soils formed on nearly level to very steep,

stabilized dunes. These soils are very deep and

excessively drained. Typically, the surface layer and

substratum are fine sand.

Heceta soils formed in nearly level interdunal

swales and depressions. These soils are very deep

and poorly drained. Typically, the surface layer and

substratum are fine sand.

Of minor extent in this unit are Netarts soils on

gently sloping and moderately sloping stabilized

dunes and areas of Beaches that are sandy and are

along the ocean.

This unit is used for recreation, as wildlife habitat,

and for homesite development. It is limited by a

hazard of soil blowing and sandy textures. The

Heceta soil is also limited by wetness.

Maintaining plant cover helps to prevent soil

blowing. Irrigation is needed for lawn grasses and

shrubs. On the Heceta soil, select plants that tolerate

wetness. The steeper areas of this unit are not suited

to homesite development.

2. Salander

This map unit is on side slopes and ridges.

Elevation ranges from 50 to 800 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 12 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 70 to 80 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 50 to 53 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 180 to 240 days.

This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey

area. It is about 67 percent Salander soils. The

remaining 33 percent is water and soils of minor

extent.

Salander soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep side slopes. These soils are very deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer and subsoil are

silt loam.

General Soil Map Units
36 Soil Survey of

Of minor extent are Tahkenitch Lake; Clevescove,

Millicoma, and Reedsport soils on steep and very

steep side slopes; and Bragton soils on nearly level

flood plains adjacent to Tahkenitch Lake.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by plant competition, steepness of slope, and a

hazard of erosion.

Plant competition can be overcome by intensive

site preparation and maintenance. Wheeled and

tracked equipment can be used in the less sloping

areas, but in the steeper areas cable yarding

generally is safer and disturbs the soils less. Logging

should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce the risk

of erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts

and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and

seeding.

3. Millicoma-Reedsport-Svensen

This map unit is on side slopes and narrow ridges.

Elevation ranges from 50 to 1,500 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 70 to 90 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 49 to 53 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 145 to 240 days.

This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey

area. It is about 42 percent Millicoma soils, 35 percent

Reedsport soils, and 17 percent Svensen soils. The

remaining 6 percent is components of minor extent.

Millicoma soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam

and the subsoil is very gravelly loam.

Reedsport soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam

and the subsoil is loam and clay loam.

Svensen soils formed on gently sloping to very

steep side slopes. These soils are deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is loam and the

subsoil is loam and clay loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Salander soils on

moderately sloping and steep side slopes, Rock

outcrop on very steep side slopes, and Templeton

soils on steep and very steep side slopes.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope, plant competition, and a

hazard of erosion.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Plant

competition can be overcome by intensive site

preparation and maintenance. Reduce the risk of

erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts and

fills by use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

4. Coquille

This map unit is on low flood plains that are subject

to tidal flooding or are protected by dikes. Elevation

ranges from 0 to 10 feet. Slopes are dominantly 0 to 1

percent. The mean annual precipitation is 70 to 90

inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50 to 53

degrees F, and the frost-free period is 180 to 240

days.

This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey

area. It is about 75 percent Coquille soils. The

remaining 25 percent is water and soils of minor

extent.

Coquille soils formed on nearly level, low flood

plains. These soils are very deep and very poorly

drained. Typically, the surface layer is silt loam and

the substratum is silt loam and silty clay loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are the Umpqua River;

Lint soils on terraces; and Nestucca, Bragton,

Willanch, and Yachats soils on flood plains.

This unit is used for hay and pasture and as wildlife

habitat and wetland management. The soils are

limited by hazards of flooding and compaction and by

wetness.

Protection from flooding can be provided only by

the use of extensive dikes. To reduce the risk of

compaction, use planned grazing systems and proper

stocking rates and limit grazing to drier periods. Select

plants that tolerate wetness.

Soils of the Interior Valley Lowlands

This group consists of three map units. It makes up

about 16 percent of the survey area. The soils in this

group are at low elevations in the Umpqua Valley.

They are used primarily for hay and pasture, as

cropland, and for homesite development. A few areas

are used as woodland.

5. Conser-Newberg-Roseburg

This map unit is on flood plains and terraces.

Elevation ranges from 50 to 1,600 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 30 to 60 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 50 to 55 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 180 to 235 days.

This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey

area. It is about 12 percent Conser soils, 9 percent

Newberg soils, and 8 percent Roseburg soils. The
Douglas County Area, Oregon 37

remaining 71 percent is water and soils of minor

extent.

Conser soils formed on nearly level terraces. These

soils are very deep and poorly drained. Typically, the

surface layer is silty clay loam and the subsoil and

substratum are clay.

Newberg soils formed on nearly level, low flood

plains. These soils are very deep and somewhat

excessively drained. Typically, the surface layer is fine

sandy loam and the substratum is fine sandy loam

and loamy fine sand.

Roseburg soils formed on nearly level, high flood

plains. These soils are very deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is loam and the subsoil is

clay loam, loam, and sandy loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are water in the Umpqua

River and other streams of the Umpqua watershed;

Camas, Evans, Chapman, Chehalis, Glide, and Sibold

soils on nearly level flood plains; Banning, Bashaw,

Brand, Central Point, Coburg, Foehlin, Fordice,

Malabon, Medford, and Natroy soils on nearly level

terraces; Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on nearly level

flood plains; and Meda soils on gently sloping and

moderately sloping alluvial fans and terraces in areas

that receive more than 60 inches of precipitation

annually.

This unit is used for hay and pasture, as cropland,

for homesite development, and as wetland

management. All of the soils are limited by a hazard of

compaction, the Newberg and Roseburg soils are

limited by a hazard of flooding, and the Conser soils

are limited by wetness and a high content of clay.

Reduce the risk of compaction by using planned

grazing systems and proper stocking rates, returning

crop residue to the soil, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods. On the Conser soils,

select plants that tolerate wetness. Because of the

high content of clay in the Conser soils, prevent

structural damage as a result of shrinking and

swelling by backfilling with material that has low

shrink-swell potential, properly designing foundations

and footings, and diverting runoff away from buildings.

The Conser soils generally are not suited to septic

tank absorption fields. Houses and other structures

should be located above the expected high water

level.

6. Oakland-Sutherlin-Nonpareil

This map unit is on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and ridges of hills underlain by sandstone and

siltstone. Elevation ranges from 400 to 1,600 feet.

Slopes are dominantly 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 30 to 55 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 50 to 55 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 160 to 235 days.

This unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey

area. It is about 25 percent Oakland soils, 15 percent

Sutherlin soils, and 12 percent Nonpareil soils. The

remaining 48 percent is soils of minor extent.

Oakland soils formed on gently sloping to steep

toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These

soils are moderately deep and well drained. Typically,

the surface layer is silt loam and the subsoil is silty

clay loam and silty clay.

Sutherlin soils formed on gently sloping and

moderately sloping toeslopes and footslopes. These

soils are very deep and moderately well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is silt loam, the subsoil is

silty clay loam, and the contrasting substratum is silty

clay.

Nonpareil soils formed on gently sloping to steep

toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These

soils are shallow and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer and subsoil are loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Speaker, Bateman,

and Windygap silt loams on gently sloping to steep

toeslopes, side slopes, and ridges; Pengra soils on

gently sloping and moderately sloping toeslopes,

footslopes, and alluvial fans; and Conser soils on

nearly level terraces.

This unit is used for hay and pasture, as cropland,

and for homesite development. It is also used as

woodland. The soils are limited by hazards of erosion

and compaction, steepness of slope, depth to

bedrock, and depth to the clay layer.

Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Reduce the risks of compaction and erosion by using

planned grazing systems and proper stocking rates,

returning crop residue to the soil, and limiting grazing

to drier periods.

In areas used as woodland, wheeled and tracked

equipment can be used in the less sloping areas but in

the steeper areas cable yarding generally is safer and

disturbs the soils less. Logging should be restricted to

drier periods. Reduce the risk of erosion around skid

trails, logging roads, and cuts and fills by use of

proper design, ripping, and seeding.

If this unit is used for homesite development,

sanitary facilities are limited by the depth to bedrock in

the Oakland and Nonpareil soils and by the depth to

the clay layer in the Sutherlin soils. Because of the

high content of clay in the Sutherlin soils, structural

damage as a result of shrinking and swelling can be

prevented by backfilling with material that has low

shrink-swell potential, properly designing foundations
38 Soil Survey of

and footings, and diverting runoff away from buildings.

The steeper areas of this unit are not suited to

homesite development.

7. Philomath-Dixonville-Curtin

This map unit is on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, ridges, and alluvial fans of hills underlain by

basalt. Elevation ranges from 400 to 2,000 feet.

Slopes are dominantly 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 30 to 55 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 50 to 55 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 160 to 235 days.

This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey

area. It is about 36 percent Philomath soils, 20

percent Dixonville soils, and 19 percent Curtin soils.

The remaining 25 percent is soils of minor extent.

Philomath soils formed on gently sloping to steep

footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These soils are

shallow and well drained. Typically, the surface layer

is silty clay and clay.

Dixonville soils formed on gently sloping to steep

toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These

soils are moderately deep and well drained. Typically,

the surface layer is silty clay loam and the subsoil is

silty clay and clay.

Curtin soils formed on gently sloping and

moderately sloping alluvial fans and footslopes. These

soils are very deep and somewhat poorly drained.

Typically, the surface layer and subsoil are clay.

Of minor extent in this unit are Edenbower soils on

gently sloping to steep side slopes and ridges; Ritner

soils on moderately sloping to very steep footslopes,

side slopes, and ridges; Climax soils on moderately

sloping and steep footslopes and side slopes; and

Philomath and Dixonville soils on very steep side

slopes.

This unit is used for hay and pasture, as cropland,

and for homesite development. The Dixonville soils

are also used as woodland. The soils in this unit are

limited by hazards of erosion and compaction,

steepness of slope, wetness, depth to bedrock, and a

high content of clay.

Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Reduce compaction and erosion by using planned

grazing systems and proper stocking rates, returning

crop residue to the soil, and limiting grazing to drier

periods. On the Curtin soils, select plants that tolerate

wetness.

If the Dixonville soils used as woodland, wheeled

and tracked equipment can be used in the less sloping

areas but in the steeper areas cable yarding generally

is safer and disturbs the soils less. Logging should be

restricted to drier periods. Reduce the risk of erosion

around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts and fills by

use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

If this unit is used for homesite development,

sanitary facilities are limited by the depth to bedrock in

the Philomath and Dixonville soils and by the high

content of clay in the Curtin soils. Because of the high

content of clay in the Curtin soils, structural damage

as a result of shrinking and swelling can be prevented

by backfilling with material that has low shrink-swell

potential, properly designing foundations and footings,

and diverting runoff away from buildings. The Curtin

soils generally are not suited to septic tank absorption

fields. The steeper areas of this unit are not suited to

homesite development.

Soils of the Interior Hills and Mountains

This group consists of three map units. It makes up

about 15 percent of the survey area. The soils in this

group are along the edge of the interior of the Umpqua

Valley. They are dry during part of the growing

season. The soils are used primarily as woodland. A

few areas are used as pasture.

8. Bateman-Windygap-Atring

This map unit is on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and broad ridges. The soils in this unit are

dominantly clayey and are derived from sandstone

and siltstone. Elevation ranges from 300 to 2,500 feet.

Slopes are dominantly 12 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 40 to 55 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 50 to 55 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 160 to 235 days.

This unit makes up about 8 percent of the survey

area. It is about 34 percent Bateman soils, 20 percent

Windygap soils, and 9 percent Atring soils. The

remaining 37 percent is soils of minor extent.

Bateman soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep footslopes, side slopes, and broad ridges.

These soils are very deep and well drained. Typically,

the surface layer is silt loam and the subsoil is silty

clay loam.

Windygap soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep footslopes, side slopes, and broad ridges.

These soils are deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is silt loam and the subsoil is silty clay.

Atring soils formed on steep side slopes and

ridges. They are moderately deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam and the

subsoil is very gravelly loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Bellpine, Oakland,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 39

and Rosehaven soils on gently sloping to steep

toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and ridges;

Sutherlin soils on gently sloping and moderately

sloping toeslopes, footslopes, and alluvial fans;

Bateman and Windygap soils on gently sloping

toeslopes; and Atring soils on very steep side

slopes.

This unit is used as woodland and for hay and

pasture. It is also used as cropland and for homesite

development. The soils are limited by hazards of

erosion and compaction and by steepness of slope.

In areas used as woodland, reduce the risk of

compaction by using suitable logging systems, laying

out skid trails in advance, and harvesting timber when

the soils are least susceptible to compaction. Wheeled

and tracked equipment can be used in the less sloping

areas, but in the steeper areas cable yarding

generally is safer and disturbs the soils less. Logging

should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce the risk

of erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts

and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

In areas used for hay and pasture and as cropland,

erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded early,

conservation tillage is used, and tillage and seeding

are on the contour or across the slope. Reduce the

risks of compaction and erosion by using planned

grazing systems and proper stocking rates, returning

crop residue to the soil, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

The steeper areas of this unit are not suited to

homesite development.

9. Jory-Dixonville-Ritner

This map unit is on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and broad ridges. The soils in this unit are

dominantly clayey and are derived from basalt.

Elevation ranges from 400 to 2,100 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 40 to 55 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 50 to 55 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 160 to 225 days.

This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey

area. It is about 49 percent Jory soils, 13 percent

Dixonville soils, and 9 percent Ritner soils. The

remaining 29 percent is soils of minor extent.

Jory soils formed on gently sloping to steep

toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and broad ridges.

These soils are very deep and well drained. Typically,

the surface layer is silty clay loam and the subsoil is

silty clay.

Dixonville soils formed on gently sloping to steep

toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These

soils are moderately deep and well drained. Typically,

the surface layer is silty clay loam and the subsoil is

silty clay and clay.

Ritner soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These soils

are moderately deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is gravelly silty clay loam and the subsoil

is very gravelly silty clay and very cobbly silty clay.

Of minor extent in this unit are Darby soils on

moderately sloping and steep footslopes and side

slopes; Philomath soils on gently sloping to steep

footslopes, side slopes, and ridges; Nekia soils on

gently sloping to steep toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and ridges; Yoncalla soils on gently sloping

and moderately sloping toeslopes, footslopes, and

alluvial fans; Sahaptin soils on steep and very steep

side slopes; and Jory and Ritner soils on very steep

side slopes.

This unit is used as woodland and for hay and

pasture. It is also used as cropland and for homesite

development. The soils are limited by hazards of

erosion and compaction and by steepness of slope.

In areas used as woodland, reduce the risk of

compaction by using suitable logging systems, laying

out skid trails in advance, and harvesting timber when

the soils are least susceptible to compaction. Wheeled

and tracked equipment can be used in the less sloping

areas, but in the steeper areas cable yarding

generally is safer and disturbs the soils less. Logging

should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce the risk

of erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts

and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

In areas used for hay and pasture and as cropland,

erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded early,

conservation tillage is used, and tillage and seeding

are on the contour or across the slope. Reduce the

risks of compaction and erosion by using planned

grazing systems and proper stocking rates, returning

crop residue to the soil, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

The steeper areas of this unit are not suited to

homesite development.

10. Atring-Rosehaven-Larmine

This map unit is on side slopes and narrow ridges.

The soils in this unit are dominantly loamy and are

derived from sandstone and siltstone. Elevation

ranges from 300 to 2,500 feet. Slopes are dominantly

30 to 90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 40

to 55 inches, the mean annual air temperature is 50 to

55 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 160 to 235

days.

This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey

area. It is about 29 percent Atring soils, 17 percent
40 Soil Survey of

Rosehaven soils, and 11 percent Larmine soils. The

remaining 43 percent is components of minor extent.

Atring soils formed on steep and very steep side

slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam

and the subsoil is very gravelly loam.

Rosehaven soils formed on steep side slopes.

These soils are very deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is loam and the subsoil is

clay loam.

Larmine soils formed on steep and very steep side

slopes. These soils are shallow and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam and the

subsoil is very gravelly loam and extremely gravelly

loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Bateman, Bellpine,

and Windygap silt loams on moderately sloping and

steep side slopes and ridges; Littlesand soils on very

steep side slopes; Speaker soils on moderately

sloping ridges and steep, south-facing side slopes;

Rock outcrop on very steep side slopes; and

Rosehaven soils on moderately sloping footslopes.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope and a hazard of erosion.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce

the risk of erosion around skid trails, logging roads,

and cuts and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and

seeding.

Soils of the Klamath Mountains

This group consists of eight map units. It makes up

about 29 percent of the survey area. The soils in this

group are in the southern part of the survey area.

They are dry during part of the growing season. The

soils are used primarily as woodland and pasture and

for homesite development.

11. Pengra-Buckeye-McMullin

This map unit is on alluvial fans, toeslopes,

footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. The soils in this

unit are underlain by metamorphic rock. Elevation

ranges from 600 to 3,200 feet. Slopes are dominantly

3 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

35 to 45 inches, the mean annual air temperature is

50 to 55 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 160 to

220 days.

This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey

area. It is about 14 percent Pengra soils, 10 percent

Buckeye soils, and 7 percent McMullin soils. The

remaining 69 percent is soils of minor extent.

Pengra soils formed on gently sloping and

moderately sloping toeslopes, footslopes, and alluvial

fans. These soils are very deep and somewhat poorly

drained. Typically, the surface layer is silt loam and

the subsoil is silty clay loam and clay.

Buckeye soils formed on gently sloping to steep

footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These soils are

moderately deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is loam and the subsoil is loam and

gravelly clay loam.

McMullin soils formed on gently sloping to steep

side slopes and ridges. These soils are shallow and

well drained. Typically, the surface layer is loam and

the subsoil is gravelly loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Conser soils on

nearly level terraces; Josephine soils on gently

sloping and steep toeslopes, footslopes, and side

slopes; Reston soils on gently sloping to very steep

side slopes and ridges; Speaker soils on steep side

slopes; Beekman and Vermisa soils on very steep

side slopes; and McMullin soils on very steep side

slopes.

This unit is used mainly as pasture. It is also used

for hay and homesite development. The Buckeye soils

are used as woodland. The soils in this unit are limited

by the hazards of erosion and compaction, steepness

of slope, depth to bedrock, depth to the clay layer, and

wetness.

In areas used for hay and pasture, reduce the risks

of compaction and erosion by using planned grazing

systems and proper stocking rates, returning crop

residue to the soil, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods. Erosion can be minimized

if fall grain is seeded early, conservation tillage is

used, and tillage and seeding are on the contour or

across the slope. On the Pengra soils, select plants

that tolerate wetness.

If this unit is used for homesite development,

sanitary facilities are limited by the depth to bedrock in

the Buckeye and McMullin soils and by the depth to

the clay layer and wetness of the Pengra soils. In the

Pengra soils, structural damage as a result of

shrinking and swelling can be prevented by backfilling

with material that has low shrink-swell potential,

properly designing foundations and footings, and

diverting runoff away from buildings. The steeper

areas of this unit are not suited to homesite

development.

If the Buckeye soils are used as woodland,

wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 41

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Severe

seedling mortality on south- and west-facing slopes

can be overcome by use of intensive site preparation

and maintenance. Reduce the risk of erosion around

skid trails, logging roads, and cuts and fills by use of

proper design, ripping, and seeding.

12. Speaker-Josephine-Hilltish

This map unit is on footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. The soils in this unit are underlain by

sedimentary rock. Elevation ranges from 700 to 2,900

feet. Slopes are dominantly 12 to 90 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is 35 to 40 inches, the

mean annual air temperature is 50 to 54 degrees F,

and the frost-free period is 150 to 200 days.

This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey

area. It is about 24 percent Speaker soils, 16 percent

Josephine soils, and 8 percent Hilltish soils. The

remaining 52 percent is soils of minor extent.

Speaker soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These soils

are moderately deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is loam and the subsoil is loam and

gravelly clay loam.

Josephine soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These soils

are deep and well drained. Typically, the surface layer

is gravelly loam and the subsoil is gravelly loam and

gravelly clay loam.

Hilltish soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and

well drained. Typically, the surface layer is very

gravelly sandy loam, the subsoil is very gravelly

sandy loam, and the substratum is extremely cobbly

sandy loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Beekman soils on

very steep side slopes; Sutherlin and Veneta

soils on gently sloping and moderately sloping

footslopes; drier Debenger and Brader soils on

gently sloping to steep, south-facing footslopes and

side slopes; Eightlar soils on gently sloping and

moderately sloping alluvial fans; and Speaker and

Josephine soils on gently sloping toeslopes.

This unit is used mainly as woodland and for hay

and pasture. It is also used for homesite development.

The soils are limited by hazards of erosion and

compaction, seedling mortality, steepness of slope,

and depth to bedrock.

In areas used as woodland, reduce the risk of

erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts and

fills by use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

Severe seedling mortality on south- and west-facing

slopes can be overcome by use of intensive site

preparation and maintenance. Wheeled and tracked

equipment can be used in the less sloping areas, but

in the steeper areas cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less. Logging should be

restricted to drier periods.

In areas used for hay and pasture, reduce the risk

of compaction by using planned grazing systems and

proper stocking rates and by limiting grazing to drier

periods.

If this unit is used for homesite development,

sanitary facilities are limited by the depth to rock in the

Speaker and Hilltish soils. The steeper areas of this

unit are not suited to homesite development.

13. Lettia-Beal

This map unit is on footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. The soils in this unit are underlain by granitic

rock. Elevation ranges from 700 to 3,500 feet. Slopes

are dominantly 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 35 to 60 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 45 to 53 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 100 to 200 days.

The unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey

area. It is about 47 percent Lettia soils and 8 percent

Beal soils. The remaining 45 percent is soils of minor

extent.

Lettia soils formed on gently sloping to steep

footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These soils are

deep and well drained. Typically, the surface layer is

gravelly loam and the subsoil is loam and clay loam.

Beal soils formed on moderately sloping and steep

footslopes and side slopes. These soils are very deep

and moderately well drained. Typically, the surface

layer is loam and the subsoil is clay loam and clay.

Of minor extent in this unit are the drier Wolfpeak,

Greengulch, and Cedargrove soils on gently sloping to

steep footslopes, side slopes, and ridges; Zing soils

on gently sloping to steep footslopes and side slopes;

Steinmetz and Sitkum soils on very steep side slopes;

and the moister Buckshot and Stinger soils on very

steep, north-facing side slopes.

This unit is used as woodland and for hay and

pasture. The soils are limited by hazards of erosion

and compaction, plant competition, seedling mortality,

and steepness of slope.

In areas used as woodland, reduce the risk of

erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts and

fills by use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

Plant competition and severe seedling mortality on the

south- and west-facing slopes can be overcome by

use of intensive site preparation and maintenance.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable
42 Soil Survey of

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods.

In areas used for hay and pasture, reduce the risk

of compaction by using planned grazing systems and

proper stocking rates and by limiting grazing to drier

periods.

14. Windygap-Chimneyrock

This map unit is on footslopes, side slopes, and

broad ridges. The soils in this unit are underlain by

sedimentary rock. Elevation ranges from 400 to 3,400

feet. Slopes are 12 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 40 to 55 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 50 to 55 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 120 to 200 days.

This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey

area. It is about 41 percent Windygap soils and 9

percent Chimneyrock soils. The remaining 50 percent

is soils of minor extent.

Windygap soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep footslopes, side slopes, and broad ridges.

These soils are deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is clay loam and the subsoil is clay and

silty clay.

Chimneyrock soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is very gravelly loam and

the subsoil is gravelly clay loam and extremely cobbly

clay loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Bellpine soils on

gently sloping to steep footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges; Speaker soils on steep side slopes; Atring

soils on very steep side slopes; Dicecreek soils on

steep, south-facing side slopes; Vermisa soils on very

steep, south-facing side slopes; McNab soils in nearly

level and gently sloping swales; Kanid soils on very

steep, north-facing side slopes; and Windygap soils

on gently sloping toeslopes.

This unit is used mainly as woodland. It is also

used for hay and pasture. The soils are limited by

seedling mortality, steepness of slope, and hazards of

erosion and compaction.

In areas used as woodland, severe seedling

mortality on south- and west-facing slopes can be

overcome by use of intensive site preparation and

maintenance. Wheeled and tracked equipment can be

used in the less sloping areas, but in the steeper

areas cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the

soils less. Logging should be restricted to drier

periods. Reduce the risk of erosion around skid trails,

logging roads, and cuts and fills by use of proper

design, ripping, and seeding.

In areas used for hay and pasture, reduce the risk

of compaction by using planned grazing systems and

proper stocking rates and by limiting grazing to drier

periods.

15. Gravecreek-Dubakella-Pearsoll

This map unit is on side slopes and ridges. The

soils in this unit are underlain by serpentinitic rock.

Elevation ranges from 800 to 4,500 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 12 to 80 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 35 to 60 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 45 to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 100 to 180 days.

The unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey

area. It is about 37 percent Gravecreek soils, 28

percent Dubakella soils, and 23 percent Pearsoll

soils. The remaining 12 percent is soils of minor

extent.

Gravecreek soils formed on moderately sloping to

very steep side slopes and ridges. These soils are

moderately deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is gravelly loam and the subsoil is very

gravelly clay loam.

Dubakella soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and

well drained. Typically, the surface layer is very

stony clay loam and the subsoil is very cobbly clay.

Pearsoll soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are shallow and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is extremely

stony clay loam and the subsoil is extremely cobbly

clay.

Of minor extent in this unit are Josephine and

Speaker soils on steep side slopes; Vermisa and

Beekman soils on very steep side slopes; Windygap

soils on moderately sloping, broad ridges; Acker and

Norling soils on steep side slopes; Kanid soils on very

steep side slopes; and Dubakella and Pearsoll soils

on gently sloping and moderately sloping side slopes

and ridges.

This unit is used mainly as woodland. It is also

used as pasture. The soils are limited by a hazard of

erosion, seedling mortality, steepness of slope, and a

high amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soils.

In areas used as woodland, reduce the risk of

erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts and

fills by use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

Severe seedling mortality on south- and west-facing

slopes can be overcome by use of intensive site

preparation and maintenance. Wheeled and tracked

equipment can be used in the less sloping areas, but
Douglas County Area, Oregon 43

in the steeper areas cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less. Logging should be

restricted to drier periods.

In areas used as pasture, reduce the risk of

compaction by using planned grazing systems and

proper stocking rates and by limiting grazing to drier

periods.

16. Josephine-Acker-Beekman

This map unit is on side slopes. The soils in this

unit are underlain by metamorphic rock. Elevation

ranges from 600 to 4,000 feet. Slopes are dominantly

30 to 90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

35 to 50 inches, the mean annual air temperature is

45 to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 100 to

200 days.

This unit makes up about 8 percent of the

survey area. It is about 17 percent Josephine soils,

14 percent Acker soils, and 11 percent Beekman

soils. The remaining 58 percent is soils of minor

extent.

Josephine soils formed on steep, south-facing side

slopes. These soils are deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam and the

subsoil is gravelly loam and gravelly clay loam.

Acker soils formed on steep, north-facing side

slopes. These soils are very deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam and the

subsoil is clay loam.

Beekman soils formed on very steep, south-facing

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam

and the subsoil is very gravelly loam and very gravelly

clay loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Kanid and Atring

soils on very steep, north-facing side slopes; Speaker

soils on steep, south-facing side slopes; Norling soils

on steep, north-facing side slopes; Vermisa soils on

very steep side slopes; Dumont and Pollard soils on

gently sloping and moderately sloping footslopes and

ridges; and Acker and Josephine soils on moderately

sloping footslopes and ridges.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope, a hazard of erosion, and

seedling mortality.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce

the risk of erosion around skid trails, logging roads,

and cuts and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and

seeding. Severe seedling mortality on south- and

west-facing slopes can be overcome by use of

intensive site preparation and maintenance.

17. Acker-Kanid-Atring

This map unit is on side slopes. The soils in this

unit are underlain by metamorphic rock. Elevation

ranges from 1,000 to 4,000 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 30 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 40 to 60 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 45 to 52 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 100 to 200 days.

This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey

area. It is about 23 percent Acker soils, 23 percent

Kanid soils, and 22 percent Atring soils. The

remaining 32 percent is soils of minor extent.

Acker soils formed on steep side slopes. These

soils are very deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is gravelly loam and the subsoil is clay

loam.

Kanid soils formed on very steep side slopes.

These soils are deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is very gravelly loam and the subsoil is

very gravelly clay loam.

Atring soils formed on very steep side slopes.

These soils are moderately deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer and subsoil are very

gravelly loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Norling soils on

steep side slopes; Vermisa soils on very steep side

slopes; Dumont soils on gently sloping and

moderately sloping toeslopes and ridges; Lettia soils

that are derived from granodiorite and are on gently

sloping to steep footslopes, side slopes, and ridges;

Acker soils on gently sloping footslopes; colder

Pyrady and Zalea soils on moderately sloping ridges

at high elevations on Anaktuvuk Saddle; and Jayar

soils on steep and very steep side slopes of King and

Cedar Springs Mountains.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope, a hazard of erosion, seedling

mortality, and a high amount of rock fragments on the

surface and in the soils.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas

cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the

soils less. Logging should be restricted to drier

periods. Reduce the risk of erosion around skid trails,

logging roads, and cuts and fills by use of proper

design, ripping, and seeding. Severe seedling

mortality on south- and west-facing slopes can be

overcome by use of intensive site preparation and

maintenance.
44 Soil Survey of

18. Sharpshooter-Lettia

This map unit is on side slopes and ridges. The

soils in this unit are underlain by granitic rock and

schist. Elevation ranges from 900 to 3,900 feet.

Slopes are dominantly 30 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 40 to 60 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 45 to 52 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 100 to 180 days.

The unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey

area. It is about 43 percent Sharpshooter soils and

13 percent Lettia soils. The remaining 44 percent is

soils of minor extent.

Sharpshooter soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is loam and the subsoil is

loam and gravelly loam.

Lettia soils formed on steep side slopes. These

soils are deep and well drained. Typically, the surface

layer is gravelly loam and the subsoil is loam and clay

loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Steinmetz and

Sitkum soils on very steep side slopes, Beal and Zing

soils on gently sloping to steep footslopes and side

slopes, and Lettia and Sharpshooter soils on gently

sloping and moderately sloping side slopes and

ridges.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by a hazard of erosion, seedling mortality, and

steepness of slope.

Reduce the risk of erosion around skid trails,

logging roads, and cuts and fills by use of proper

design, ripping, and seeding. Severe seedling

mortality on the south- and west-facing slopes can be

overcome by use of intensive site preparation and

maintenance. Wheeled and tracked equipment can be

used in the less sloping areas, but in the steeper

areas cable yarding generally is safer and disturbs the

soils less. Logging should be restricted to drier

periods.

Soils of the Coast Range Mountains

This group consists of four map units. It makes up

about 25 percent of the survey area. The soils in this

group are in the western to northwestern part of the

survey area. They are moist most of the growing

season. The soils are used primarily as woodland.

19. Absaquil-McDuff-Preacher

This map unit is on side slopes and broad ridges.

The soils in this unit are dominantly clayey and warm

(mesic). Elevation ranges from 300 to 3,000 feet.

Slopes are dominantly 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 55 to 90 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 45 to 53 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 145 to 240 days.

This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey

area. It is about 17 percent Absaquil soils, 15 percent

McDuff soils, and 13 percent Preacher soils. The

remaining 55 percent is soils of minor extent.

Absaquil soils formed on gently sloping to steep

side slopes and broad ridges. These soils are deep

and well drained. Typically, the surface layer is silt

loam and the subsoil is silty clay loam, silty clay, and

gravelly silty clay.

McDuff soils formed on gently sloping to steep side

slopes and broad ridges. These soils are moderately

deep and well drained. Typically, the surface layer is

silty clay loam and the subsoil is clay.

Preacher soils formed on gently sloping to steep

side slopes and ridges. These soils are very deep and

well drained. Typically, the surface layer is loam, the

subsoil is loam and clay loam, and the substratum is

clay loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Bohannon soils on

steep and very steep side slopes and ridges; Blachly,

Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils on gently

sloping to steep side slopes and broad ridges; and

Digger, Umpcoos, and Preacher soils on very steep

side slopes.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by plant competition, hazards of compaction and

erosion, and steepness of slope.

Plant competition can be overcome by use of

intensive site preparation and maintenance. Reduce

the risk of compaction by using suitable logging

systems, laying out skid trails in advance, and

harvesting timber when the soils are least susceptible

to compaction. Reduce the risk of erosion around skid

trails, logging roads, and cuts and fills by use of

proper design, ripping, and seeding. Wheeled and

tracked equipment can be used in the less sloping

areas, but in the steeper areas cable yarding

generally is safer and disturbs the soils less. Logging

should be restricted to drier periods.

20. Preacher-Bohannon-Digger

This map unit is on moderately sloping and steep

side slopes and ridges. The soils in this unit are

dominantly loamy and warm (mesic). Elevation

ranges from 200 to 3,100 feet. Slopes are dominantly

12 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

55 to 100 inches, the mean annual air temperature is

45 to 53 degrees F, and the frost-free period is 145 to

240 days.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 45

This unit makes up about 4 percent of the survey

area. It is about 24 percent Preacher soils, 21 percent

Bohannon soils, and 9 percent Digger soils. The

remaining 46 percent is soils of minor extent.

Preacher soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep side slopes. These soils are very deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is loam, the

subsoil is loam and clay loam, and the substratum is

clay loam.

Bohannon soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep side slopes and ridges. These soils are

moderately deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer and subsoil are gravelly loam.

Digger soils formed on moderately sloping and

steep side slopes and ridges. These soils are

moderately deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer and subsoil are very gravelly loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Absaquil and Orford

soils on gently sloping to steep side slopes and broad

ridges; Damewood soils on very steep side slopes;

Blachly, McDuff, and Xanadu soils on gently sloping to

steep side slopes and broad ridges; Umpcoos soils on

very steep side slopes; Digger and Bohannon soils on

very steep side slopes; Preacher soils on gently

sloping ridges; Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on flood

plains; and Meda soils on alluvial fans and terraces.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by plant competition, steepness of slope, and a

hazard of erosion.

Plant competition can be overcome by use of

intensive site preparation and maintenance. Wheeled

and tracked equipment can be used in the less sloping

areas, but in the steeper areas cable yarding

generally is safer and disturbs the soils less. Logging

should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce the risk

of erosion around skid trails, logging roads, and cuts

and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and seeding.

21. Bohannon-Umpcoos-Damewood

This map unit is on steep and very steep side

slopes and headwalls. The soils in this unit are

dominantly loamy and warm (mesic). Elevation ranges

from 200 to 3,600 feet. Slopes are dominantly 30 to 90

percent. The mean annual precipitation is 55 to 110

inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 53

degrees F, and the frost-free period is 145 to 240

days.

This unit makes up about 16 percent of the survey

area. It is about 22 percent Bohannon soils, 22

percent Umpcoos soils, and 18 percent Damewood

soils. The remaining 38 percent is components of

minor extent.

Bohannon soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer and subsoil are

gravelly loam.

Umpcoos soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes and headwalls. These soils are shallow

and well drained. Typically, the surface layer and

subsoil are very gravelly sandy loam.

Damewood soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is very gravelly

loam and the subsoil is extremely gravelly loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Digger soils on

steep and very steep side slopes, Preacher soils on

gently sloping to very steep side slopes, Rock outcrop

on very steep side slopes, Blachly soils on gently

sloping to steep side slopes and broad ridges,

Bohannon soils on gently sloping and moderately

sloping ridges, Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on flood

plains, and Meda soils on alluvial fans and terraces.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope, a hazard of erosion, plant

competition, and depth to bedrock.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce

the risk of erosion around skid trails, logging roads,

and cuts and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and

seeding. Plant competition can be overcome by use of

intensive site preparation and maintenance.

22. Laderly-Leopold-Romanose

This map unit is on side slopes and broad ridges.

The soils in this unit are loamy and cold (frigid).

Elevation ranges from 1,500 to 2,850 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 90 to 120 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 42 to 45 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 100 to 145 days.

This unit makes up about 1 percent of the survey

area. It is about 59 percent Laderly soils, 23 percent

Leopold soils, and 15 percent Romanose soils. The

remaining 3 percent is components of minor extent.

Laderly soils formed on steep and very steep side

slopes. These soils are moderately deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is very gravelly

loam and the subsoil is extremely cobbly loam.

Leopold soils formed on gently sloping to steep

side slopes and broad ridges. These soils are

moderately deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is clay loam and the subsoil is gravelly

silty clay loam and very gravelly silty clay loam.

Romanose soils formed on very steep side slopes.
46 Soil Survey of

These soils are shallow and well drained. Typically,

the surface layer is very gravelly sandy loam and the

substratum is extremely cobbly sandy loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are Bigdutch, Jayar,

Pyrady, Stackyards, and Zalea soils; warmer

Preacher and Bohannon soils at lower elevations on

steep side slopes; Rock outcrop on very steep side

slopes; warmer Hemcross and Klistan soils on

gently sloping to steep side slopes and broad ridges;

and Kilchis and Harslow soils on very steep side

slopes.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope, a hazard of erosion, plant

competition, and depth to rock.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce

the risk of erosion around skid trails, logging roads,

and cuts and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and

seeding. Plant competition can be overcome by use of

intensive site preparation and maintenance.

Soils of the Western Cascade Mountains

This group consists of three map units. It makes up

about 10 percent of the survey area. The soils in this

group are in the eastern part of the survey area. They

are moist most of the growing season. The soils are

used as woodland.

23. Orford-Honeygrove-Gustin

This map unit is on footslopes, side slopes, and

broad ridges. The soils in this unit are clayey and

warm (mesic). Elevation ranges from 800 to 3,500

feet. Slopes are dominantly 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is 55 to 75 inches, the mean

annual air temperature is 45 to 50 degrees F, and the

frost-free period is 100 to 160 days.

This unit makes up about 5 percent of the survey

area. It is about 40 percent Orford soils, 23 percent

Honeygrove soils, and 15 percent Gustin soils. The

remaining 22 percent is soils of minor extent.

Orford soils formed on gently sloping to steep side

slopes and ridges. These soils are very deep and well

drained. Typically, the surface layer is gravelly loam

and the subsoil is silty clay loam.

Honeygrove soils formed on gently sloping to steep

side slopes and broad ridges. These soils are very

deep and well drained. Typically, the surface layer is

gravelly clay loam and the subsoil is clay.

Gustin soils formed on gently sloping to steep

footslopes and side slopes. These soils are very deep

and somewhat poorly drained. Typically, the surface

layer is clay loam and the subsoil is clay.

Of minor extent in this unit are Klickitat and

Harrington soils on steep and very steep side slopes,

Kinney soils on steep side slopes, and Shivigny soils

on steep and very steep side slopes.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by plant competition, the hazards of compaction and

erosion, and steepness of slope.

Plant competition can be overcome by use of

intensive site preparation and maintenance. Reduce

the risk of compaction by using suitable logging

systems, laying out skid trails in advance, and

harvesting timber when the soils are least susceptible

to compaction. Reduce the risk of erosion around skid

trails, logging roads, and cuts and fills by use of

proper design, ripping, and seeding. Wheeled and

tracked equipment can be used in the less sloping

areas, but in the steeper areas cable yarding

generally is safer and disturbs the soils less. Logging

should be restricted to drier periods.

24. Klickitat-Harrington-Kinney

This map unit is on side slopes. The soils in this

unit are loamy and warm (mesic). Elevation ranges

from 1,100 to 4,000 feet. Slopes are dominantly 30 to

90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is 55 to 75

inches, the mean annual air temperature is 45 to 50

degrees F, and the frost free period is 100 to 160

days.

This unit makes up about 3 percent of the survey

area. It is about 50 percent Klickitat soils, 24 percent

Harrington soils, and 12 percent Kinney soils. The

remaining 14 percent is components of minor extent.

Klickitat soils formed on steep and very steep side

slopes. These soils are very deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is extremely gravelly loam

and the subsoil is very gravelly loam.

Harrington soils formed on very steep side slopes.

These soils are moderately deep and well drained.

Typically, the surface layer is very gravelly loam and

the subsoil is very gravelly clay loam and extremely

gravelly loam.

Kinney soils formed on steep side slopes. These

soils are very deep and well drained. Typically, the

surface layer is gravelly loam and the subsoil is clay

loam and gravelly clay loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are cooler Illahee and

Scaredman soils on steep and very steep, northfacing side slopes; Mellowmoon soils on steep, northfacing side slopes; Rock outcrop on very steep side

slopes; Orford and Honeygrove soils on gently sloping

to steep side slopes and ridges; and Klickitat and
Douglas County Area, Oregon 47

Kinney soils on gently sloping and moderately sloping

ridges.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope, a hazard of erosion, and plant

competition.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce

the risk of erosion around skid trails, logging roads,

and cuts and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and

seeding. Plant competition can be overcome by use of

intensive site preparation and maintenance.

25. Illahee-Mellowmoon-Scaredman

This map unit is on side slopes and ridges. The

soils in this unit are loamy and cold (frigid or cryic).

Elevation ranges from 2,800 to 4,600 feet. Slopes are

dominantly 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is 60 to 80 inches, the mean annual air

temperature is 40 to 45 degrees F, and the frost-free

period is 50 to 100 days.

This unit makes up about 2 percent of the survey

area. It is about 38 percent Illahee soils, 20 percent

Mellowmoon soils, and 14 percent Scaredman soils.

The remaining 28 percent is components of minor

extent.

Illahee soils formed on gently sloping to very steep

side slopes and ridges. These soils are very deep and

well drained. Typically, the surface layer and subsoil

are very gravelly loam.

Mellowmoon soils formed on gently sloping to

steep side slopes and ridges. These soils are very

deep and well drained. Typically, the surface layer is

gravelly loam, the subsoil is clay loam and gravelly

clay loam, and the substratum is gravelly loam.

Scaredman soils formed on steep and very steep

side slopes. These soils are moderately deep and

well drained. Typically, the surface layer is

extremely gravelly loam and the subsoil is very

gravelly loam.

Of minor extent in this unit are warmer Klickitat

soils on steep and very steep, south-facing side

slopes; Kinney soils on steep, south-facing side

slopes; colder Oneonta and Keel soils on gently

sloping to steep side slopes and broad ridges; colder

Hummington soils on steep and very steep side

slopes at high elevations on Huckleberry Mountain;

Lempira and Limpy soils on gently sloping to steep

side slopes and ridges; and Thistleburn and Telemon

soils and Rock outcrop on very steep side slopes.

This unit is used as woodland. The soils are limited

by steepness of slope and a hazard of erosion.

Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but in the steeper areas cable

yarding generally is safer and disturbs the soils less.

Logging should be restricted to drier periods. Reduce

the risk of erosion around skid trails, logging roads,

and cuts and fills by use of proper design, ripping, and

seeding.

Broad Land Use Considerations

This section relates the major land uses in the

survey area to the general soil map units. The land

uses include woodland, hay and pasture, livestock

grazing, cropland, wetland management, and

homesite and urban development. These uses are

grouped into three broad categories—woodland,

woodland and pasture, and cropland and pasture

(fig. 5).

About 89 percent of the survey area is woodland. It

is on uplands in units 2, 3, and 6 through 25. The

potential productivity of Douglas fir, the dominant tree

species, and other species is highly variable. The

highest productivity for Douglas fir is in units 19 and

23. Productivity on most of the units is good; however,

units 6, 7, 11, 12, and 15 have the lowest potential

productivity. All of the units that support woodland are

limited by steepness of slope and a hazard of erosion.

The production of timber on units 22 and 25 is limited

by cold temperatures. Units 2, 3, 13, and 19 through

24 are limited by a hazard of plant competition. Units

8, 9, 19, and 23 are limited by a hazard of compaction.

Units 11 through 18 are limited by a hazard of

seedling mortality.

About 9 percent of the survey area is used for hay

and pasture. These areas have been improved and

seeded to grasses or grass-legume mixtures that are

suited to the climate. They are on flood plains,

terraces, footslopes, and hillsides in units 4 through 9

and 11 through 14. They are limited by a hazard of

compaction. The most productive areas of hay and

pasture are on the Roseburg soils in unit 5. These

areas are limited by flooding. Units 6 through 9 and 11

through 13 are limited by a hazard of erosion and by

steepness of slope. The Conser, Curtin, and Pengra

soils in units 5, 7, and 11 are limited by a high content

of clay or depth to a clay layer.

Areas used for livestock grazing make up a small

percentage of the survey area. These areas support

native grasses and forbs with scattered Oregon white

oak. They are on the Nonpareil, Philomath, McMullin,

Dubakella, and Pearsoll soils on hillsides and

mountainsides in units 6, 7, 11, and 15. The soils

are limited by a hazard of erosion, depth to rock,

and steepness of slope. They are too shallow or too
48 Soil Survey of

steep to plow or seed without increasing the risk of

erosion.

About 2 percent of the survey area is used as

cropland. Crops include many truck crops, small

grain, and wine grapes. Some areas are used as fruit

and nut orchards. The areas of cropland are on flood

plains, terraces, footslopes, and ridges in units 5

Cropland

and pasture

Woodland

Woodland

Woodland

Cropland

and pasture

Glendale

Elkton

N

Woodland

and pasture

Cropland

and pasture

Roseburg

Woodland

and pasture

Woodland

 and

 pasture

Woodland

and

pasture

Figure 5.—Broad categories of the major land uses in the survey area.

through 9 and 11. The most productive cropland in the

survey area is in unit 5; however, parts of this unit are

limited by flooding and the Conser soils in this unit are

limited by a high content of clay and wetness. The

productivity of units 6 through 9 and 11 generally is

good, but the soils are limited by a hazard of erosion

and steepness of slope. Parts of units 6, 7, and 11 are
Douglas County Area, Oregon 49

limited by depth to a clay layer or a high content of

clay, which results in wetness of the soils, and by

depth to bedrock.

Wetland wildlife habitat makes up a small

percentage of the survey area. It is in areas of poorly

drained and very poorly drained soils on flood plains,

terraces, and interdunal depressions in units 1 and 4.

Areas used as homesite and urban development

are mainly in the central part of the survey area, along

U.S. Interstate 5, and adjacent to the coast, along

U.S. Highway 101. Some development has also taken

place in rural areas. Units 1, 5 through 9, 11, and 12

are suited to homesite development. Unit 1 is limited

by a hazard of soil blowing and sandy soil textures,

and the Heceta soils in this unit are limited by

wetness. Parts of unit 5 are limited by a hazard of

flooding, and the Conser soils in this unit are limited

by a high content of clay and wetness. Parts of units

6, 7, and 11 are limited by steepness of slope, depth

to a clay layer or to bedrock, and a high content of

clay. Units 8 and 9 are limited by steepness of slope.

A high content of clay, depth to a clay layer, and

wetness result in shrinking and swelling, which can

damage structures. Areas that are subject to shrinking

and swelling are poorly suited to sanitary facilities.

The young, stable sand dunes in unit 1 are used for

recreational development. They are along U.S.

Highway 101. They are limited by a hazard of soil

blowing, sandy soil textures, and wetness. The

uplands throughout the survey area are used for

recreational activities such as hunting, fishing,

camping, and hiking. They are limited for major

recreational development by steepness of slope and

restricted access.

51

The map units delineated on the detailed soil maps

in this survey represent the soils or miscellaneous

areas in the survey area. The map unit descriptions in

this section, along with the maps, can be used to

determine the suitability and potential of a unit for

specific uses. They also can be used to plan the

management needed for those uses.

A map unit delineation on a map represents an

area dominated by one or more major kinds of soil or

miscellaneous areas. A map unit is identified and

named according to the taxonomic classification of the

dominant soils. Within a taxonomic class there are

precisely defined limits for the properties of the soils.

On the landscape, however, the soils are natural

phenomena, and they have the characteristic

variability of all natural phenomena. Thus, the range of

some observed properties may extend beyond the

limits defined for a taxonomic class. Areas of soils of a

single taxonomic class rarely, if ever, can be mapped

without including areas of other taxonomic classes.

Consequently, every map unit is made up of the soils

or miscellaneous areas for which it is named and

some “included” areas that belong to other taxonomic

classes.

Most included soils have properties similar to those

of the dominant soil or soils in the map unit, and thus

they do not affect use and management. These are

called noncontrasting, or similar, inclusions. They may

or may not be mentioned in the map unit description.

Other included soils and miscellaneous areas,

however, have properties and behavioral

characteristics divergent enough to affect use or to

require different management. These are called

contrasting, or dissimilar, inclusions. They generally

are in small areas and could not be mapped

separately because of the scale used. Some small

areas of strongly contrasting soils or miscellaneous

areas are identified by a special symbol on the maps.

The included areas of contrasting soils or

miscellaneous areas are mentioned in the map unit

descriptions. A few included areas may not have been

observed, and consequently they are not mentioned in

the descriptions, especially where the pattern was so

complex that it was impractical to make enough

observations to identify all the soils and miscellaneous

areas on the landscape.

The presence of included areas in a map unit in no

way diminishes the usefulness or accuracy of the

data. The objective of mapping is not to delineate pure

taxonomic classes but rather to separate the

landscape into landforms or landform segments that

have similar use and management requirements. The

delineation of such segments on the map provides

sufficient information for the development of resource

plans. If intensive use of small areas is planned,

however, onsite investigation is needed to define and

locate the soils and miscellaneous areas.

An identifying symbol precedes the map unit name

in the map unit descriptions. Each description includes

general facts about the unit and gives the principal

hazards and limitations to be considered in planning

for specific uses.

Soils that have profiles that are almost alike make

up a soil series. Except for differences in texture of the

surface layer, all the soils of a series have major

horizons that are similar in composition, thickness,

and arrangement.

Soils of one series can differ in texture of the

surface layer, slope, stoniness, salinity, degree of

erosion, and other characteristics that affect their use.

On the basis of such differences, a soil series is

divided into soil phases. Most of the areas shown on

the detailed soil maps are phases of soil series. The

name of a soil phase commonly indicates a feature

that affects use or management. For example, Jory

silty clay loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes, is a phase of

the Jory series.

Some map units are made up of two or more major

soils or miscellaneous areas. These map units are

complexes.

A complex consists of two or more soils or

miscellaneous areas in such an intricate pattern or in

such small areas that they cannot be shown

separately on the maps. The pattern and proportion of

the soils or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar

in all areas. Josephine-Speaker complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes, is an example.

This survey includes miscellaneous areas. Such

Detailed Soil Map Units
52 Soil Survey of

areas have little or no soil material and support little or

no vegetation. Rock outcrop is an example.

Table 4 gives the acreage and proportionate extent

of each map unit. Other tables give properties of the

soils and the limitations, capabilities, and potentials

for many uses. The Glossary defines many of the

terms used in describing the soils or miscellaneous

areas.

1C—Abegg very gravelly sandy loam, 2 to

12 percent slopes

Composition

Abegg soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: High terraces and alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 800 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

snowberry, creambush oceanspray, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 210 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly loam

21 to 35 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly

clay loam

35 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Foehlin, Josephine, and Rosehaven soils

• Packard soils on flood plains

• Dupee and Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Abegg soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Applications of irrigation water should be light and

frequent.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 53

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• For best results in landscaping, remove gravel and

cobbles in disturbed areas.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

1D—Abegg very gravelly sandy loam,

12 to 20 percent slopes

Composition

Abegg soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 800 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

snowberry, creambush oceanspray, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 210 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly loam

21 to 35 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly

clay loam

35 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Josephine, and Rosehaven soils

• Foehlin soils in less sloping positions

• Dupee and Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Abegg soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 20 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Applications of irrigation water should be light and

frequent.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.
54 Soil Survey of

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• For best results in landscaping, remove gravel and

cobbles in disturbed areas.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

1E—Abegg very gravelly sandy loam,

20 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Abegg soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 800 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

snowberry, creambush oceanspray, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 210 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 9 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly loam

21 to 35 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly

clay loam

35 to 63 inches—yellowish brown extremely cobbly

sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling and Speaker soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Acker, Josephine, and Rosehaven soils

• Dupee and Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Abegg soils that have slopes of less than 20 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of erosion

• Steepness of slope

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce erosion by planning grazing systems, using
Douglas County Area, Oregon 55

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• For best results in landscaping, remove gravel and

cobbles in disturbed areas.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

2E—Absaquil-Blachly-McDuff complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Absaquil soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Blachly soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

McDuff soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Absaquil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

10 to 26 inches—brown and strong brown silty clay

loam

26 to 32 inches—strong brown silty clay

32 to 45 inches—strong brown gravelly silty clay

45 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Blachly Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

10 to 21 inches—dark red clay

21 to 60 inches—red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches
56 Soil Survey of

McDuff Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 32 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Preacher soils

• Bohannon soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Blachly soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• McDuff, Absaquil, and Blachly soils that have slopes

of more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Absaquil, Blachly, and McDuff

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

McDuff

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the McDuff soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

3E—Absaquil-Honeygrove-McDuff

complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Absaquil soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

McDuff soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Absaquil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

10 to 26 inches—brown and strong brown silty clay

loam

26 to 32 inches—strong brown silty clay

32 to 45 inches—strong brown gravelly silty clay

45 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 57

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

McDuff Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 32 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Preacher soils

• Bohannon soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Honeygrove soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• McDuff, Absaquil, and Honeygrove soils that have

slopes of more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Absaquil, Honeygrove, and McDuff

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

McDuff

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the McDuff soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

4E—Acker gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Acker soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam
58 Soil Survey of

5 to 19 inches—dark brown and strong brown clay

loam

19 to 60 inches—strong brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dumont soils

• McGinnis, Norling, and Tishar soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils underlain by

serpentinite and peridotite

• Abegg soils on alluvial fans

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Acker soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

5F—Acker-Norling complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Acker soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Norling soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Acker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 19 inches—dark brown and strong brown clay

loam

19 to 60 inches—strong brown clay loam

Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Norling Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—brown gravelly loam

10 to 16 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

16 to 23 inches—strong brown very gravelly clay

loam

23 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 59

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils underlain by

serpentinite and peridotite

• Dumont soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Acker and Norling soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Acker and Norling

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Acker

• Moderately slow permeability

Norling

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Norling soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

6F—Acker-Norling complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Acker soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Norling soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of creambush oceanspray,

cascade Oregongrape, whipplevine, and

mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Acker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 19 inches—dark brown and strong brown clay

loam

19 to 60 inches—strong brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Norling Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—brown gravelly loam

10 to 16 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

16 to 23 inches—strong brown very gravelly clay

loam

23 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches
60 Soil Survey of

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils underlain by

serpentinite and peridotite

• Dumont soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Acker and Norling soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Acker and Norling

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Acker

• Moderately slow permeability

Norling

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Norling soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

7F—Acker-Norling complex, high

elevation, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Acker soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Norling soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and golden chinkapin

with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and western

swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Acker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

4 to 19 inches—strong brown clay loam

19 to 60 inches—yellowish red clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Norling Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

2 to 13 inches—strong brown gravelly loam

13 to 28 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam

28 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 61

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dumont soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Acker and Norling soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Acker and Norling

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Acker

• Moderately slow permeability

Norling

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Norling soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

8E—Atring gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Larmine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave positions

• Atring soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow
62 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

8F—Atring gravelly loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Larmine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 63

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

8G—Atring gravelly loam, 60 to 90

percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Rock outcrop and Larmine soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring soils that have a very gravelly or extremely

gravelly surface layer

• Atring soils that have slopes of less than 60 percent

or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from
64 Soil Survey of

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

9G—Atring very gravelly loam, high

elevation, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and golden chinkapin

with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and western

swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

3 to 11 inches—brown very gravelly loam

11 to 26 inches—strong brown very gravelly clay

loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling soils

• McMullin, Reston, and Vermisa soils and Rock

outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Acker and Kanid soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring soils that have slopes of less than 60 percent

or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 65

10E—Atring-Larmine complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Larmine soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Atring—Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine; Larmine—

Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with an understory

of western swordfern, cascade Oregongrape,

whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Larmine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

3 to 19 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

and extremely gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave positions

• Atring and Larmine soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Atring and Larmine

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Larmine

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Larmine soil commonly are subject to
66 Soil Survey of

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

10F—Atring-Larmine complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Larmine soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Atring—Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine; Larmine—

Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with an understory

of western swordfern, cascade Oregongrape,

whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Larmine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

3 to 19 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

and extremely gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring and Larmine soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Atring and Larmine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Larmine

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from
Douglas County Area, Oregon 67

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Larmine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

10G—Atring-Larmine complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Larmine soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Larmine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

3 to 19 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

and extremely gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring soils that have a very gravelly or extremely

gravelly surface layer

• Atring and Larmine soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Atring and Larmine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Larmine

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted
68 Soil Survey of

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Larmine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

11F—Atring-Larmine-Rock outcrop

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Larmine soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Atring and Larmine—side slopes

and ridges; Rock outcrop—side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Larmine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

3 to 19 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

and extremely gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring and Larmine soils that have a very cobbly or

very stony surface layer and are below areas of Rock

outcrop

• Atring and Larmine soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Atring and Larmine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Larmine

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding
Douglas County Area, Oregon 69

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Larmine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

11G—Atring-Larmine-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Larmine soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Atring—side slopes; Larmine

and Rock outcrop—side slopes and

headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Larmine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

3 to 19 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

and extremely gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring and Larmine soils that have a very cobbly or

very stony surface layer and are below areas of Rock

outcrop

• Atring and Larmine soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Atring and Larmine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality
70 Soil Survey of

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Larmine

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas that have a high amount of Rock

outcrop will minimize breakage of timber and increase

the efficiency of yarding operations.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Larmine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

12F—Atring-Vermisa complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Vermisa soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam

39 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Vermisa Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

4 to 17 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling soils

• McMullin and Reston soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Acker and Kanid soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Atring soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

and Atring and Vermisa soils that have slopes of more

than 60 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 71

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Atring and Vermisa

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

Vermisa

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Vermisa soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

12G—Atring-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Vermisa soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Atring—side slopes; Vermisa—

side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam

39 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Vermisa Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

4 to 17 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling soils

• McMullin and Reston soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Acker and Kanid soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils underlain by

serpentinite and peridotite
72 Soil Survey of

• Atring and Vermisa soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Atring and Vermisa

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

Vermisa

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Vermisa soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

13G—Atring-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes

Composition

Atring soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Vermisa soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Atring—side slopes; Vermisa—

side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Atring—Douglas fir and Pacific

madrone with an understory of creambush

oceanspray, cascade Oregongrape, whipplevine,

and mountain brome; Vermisa—Douglas fir with

an understory of hairy honeysuckle, Pacific poison

oak, canyon live oak, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam

39 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Vermisa Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

4 to 17 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 73

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling soils

• McMullin and Reston soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Acker and Kanid soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils underlain by

serpentinite and peridotite

• Atring and Vermisa soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Atring and Larmine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Vermisa

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area,

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings help

to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• On the Vermisa soil, increased erosion, loss of

nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result from

fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Vermisa soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

14A—Banning loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Banning soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 700 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark brown loam

2 to 15 inches—very dark brown clay loam

15 to 35 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

clay loam

35 to 60 inches—dark brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in December

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches
74 Soil Survey of

Contrasting Inclusions

• Foehlin, Medford, and Packard soils

• Conser soils in swales

• Sibold soils on flood plains

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and by providing drainage around buildings

with basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

14C—Banning loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Banning soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 700 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark brown loam

2 to 15 inches—very dark brown clay loam

15 to 35 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

clay loam

35 to 60 inches—dark brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in December

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Abegg, Foehlin, and Medford soils

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils

• Panther soils near drainageways

• Banning soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 75

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system that

includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

14D—Banning loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Banning soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 700 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark brown loam

2 to 15 inches—very dark brown clay loam

15 to 35 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

clay loam

35 to 60 inches—dark brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in December

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Abegg, Foehlin, and Medford soils

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils

• Banning soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction
76 Soil Survey of

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and by using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

15A—Bashaw clay, 0 to 1 percent slopes

Composition

Bashaw soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Intermediate terraces

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Elevation: 400 to 800 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of common snowberry, Pacific

poison oak, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—black clay

14 to 63 inches—very dark gray clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to a

depth of 6 inches below the surface in November

through May

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Curtin soils on alluvial fans and in more steeply

sloping positions
Douglas County Area, Oregon 77

• Waldo soils on flood plains

• Bashaw soils that have slopes of more than 1

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, urban and homesite development,

and wetland management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Hazard of compaction

• High clay content

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risk of compaction of the surface layer

by planning grazing systems, using proper stocking

rates, and limiting grazing and field operations to drier

periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in this unit. Onsite investigation is

needed to locate such soils.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and by providing drainage around buildings

with basements and crawl spaces.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

16C—Bateman silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Bateman soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Toeslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam

7 to 50 inches—dark brown and reddish brown silty

clay loam

50 to 63 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Oakland soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Bateman soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition
78 Soil Survey of

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and by using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

16E—Bateman silt loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Bateman soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam

7 to 50 inches—dark brown and reddish brown silty

clay loam

50 to 63 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Oakland soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Bateman soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 79

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

16F—Bateman silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Bateman soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam
80 Soil Survey of

7 to 50 inches—dark brown and reddish brown silty

clay loam

50 to 63 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kanid soils

• Oakland soils in convex positions

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Bateman soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

17—Beaches

Composition

Beaches—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Beach

Slope: 1 to 5 percent

Elevation: 0 to 10 feet

Native plants: None

Description of Beaches

Beaches consists of areas of loose sand and shell

fragments that have been worked and reworked by

waves, tides, and wind and are still subject to such

action.

Contrasting Inclusions

• Duneland

• Heceta and Waldport soils

• Rock outcrop

• Areas of Beaches that are cobbly

Major Uses

Recreation and wildlife habitat

18E—Beal loam, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Beal soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,100 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, Pacific poison

oak, whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 81

10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

18 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—olive clay loam and clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Lettia soils in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Beal soil but are less

than 40 inches deep to bedrock

• Zing soils that are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Soils that are poorly drained and are in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Beal soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 30 percent

Major Use

Hay and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

19F—Beekman-Vermisa complex, 30 to

60 percent south slopes

Composition

Beekman soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Vermisa soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 500 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, canyon live oak,

whipplevine, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Beekman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

18 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

clay loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Vermisa Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

4 to 17 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• McMullin and Reston soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Josephine soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Beekman soil but have

bedrock at depth of 40 inches or more and are in

concave, less sloping positions
82 Soil Survey of

• Beekman soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

• Beekman and Vermisa soils that have slopes of

more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Beekman and Vermisa

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Vermisa

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• On the Vermisa soil, an increased risk of erosion,

loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to

result from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Vermisa soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

19G—Beekman-Vermisa complex, 60 to

90 percent south slopes

Composition

Beekman soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Vermisa soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Beekman—side slopes;

Vermisa—side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 500 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, canyon live oak,

whipplevine, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Beekman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

18 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

clay loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Vermisa Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

4 to 17 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 83

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• McMullin and Reston soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Josephine soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Beekman soil but have

bedrock at depth of 40 inches or more and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Beekman and Vermisa soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Beekman and Vermisa

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Vermisa

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade (fig. 6), leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• On the Vermisa soil, an increased risk of erosion,

loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to

result from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Vermisa soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

20G—Beekman-Vermisa complex, 60 to

90 percent north slopes

Composition

Beekman soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Vermisa soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Beekman—side slopes;

Vermisa—side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 500 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of cascade Oregongrape,

whipplevine, creambush oceanspray, and

common snowberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Beekman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

18 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

clay loam

26 inches—hard bedrock
84 Soil Survey of

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Vermisa Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

4 to 17 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• McMullin and Reston soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Josephine soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Beekman soil but have

Figure 6.—Shade cards used to protected seedlings on Beekman-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90 percent south slopes.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 85

bedrock at depth of 40 inches or more and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Beekman and Vermisa soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Beekman and Vermisa

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface

and in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

Vermisa

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of

trees in a specified area and selecting climatically

adapted seedlings help to ensure the establishment

and survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Vermisa soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

21C—Bellpine silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills of the Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown and dark reddish brown

silt loam

11 to 30 inches—yellowish red silty clay

30 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Windygap soils in concave positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Bellpine soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion
86 Soil Survey of

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system that

includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

21E—Bellpine silt loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills of the Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and footslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown and dark reddish brown

silt loam

11 to 30 inches—yellowish red silty clay

30 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 87

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Windygap soils in concave positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Atring and Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Bellpine soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

21F—Bellpine silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent
88 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown and dark reddish brown

silt loam

11 to 30 inches—yellowish red silty clay

30 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kanid soils

• Windygap soils in concave positions

• Atring and Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Bellpine soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

22C—Bellpine clay loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Klamath Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 2,700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western hazel, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—dark brown clay loam

3 to 18 inches—brown clay loam

18 to 25 inches—strong brown clay

25 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 89

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Windygap soils in concave positions

• McNab soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Dicecreek soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Bellpine soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

22E—Bellpine clay loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Klamath Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 2,700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an
90 Soil Survey of

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western hazel, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—dark brown clay loam

3 to 18 inches—brown clay loam

18 to 25 inches—strong brown clay

25 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Windygap soils in concave positions

• McNab soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Dicecreek soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Bellpine soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

23F—Bellpine-Windygap complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Bellpine—convex side slopes

and ridges; Windygap—concave side slopes
Douglas County Area, Oregon 91

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Bellpine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown and dark reddish brown

silt loam

11 to 30 inches—yellowish red silty clay

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Windygap Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam

7 to 55 inches—dark red silty clay

55 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kanid soils

• Atring and Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Bellpine and Windygap soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Bellpine and Windygap

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

• Moderately slow permeability

Bellpine

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Windygap

• Hazard of slope failure

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• The Windygap soil is susceptible to slope failure;

therefore, onsite investigation may be needed before

disturbing the soil.

• Slumping of the Windygap soil can be minimized by

locating roads in the less sloping areas or in areas of

more suitable soils and by using properly designed

road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Bellpine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

24C—Bickford silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Bickford soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent
92 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Parent material: Colluvium over older clayey alluvium

Elevation: 250 to 750 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western redcedar with

an understory of red alder, western swordfern,

vine maple, and sedges

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark gray silt loam

5 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

12 to 16 inches—grayish brown silt loam

16 to 42 inches—gray clay

42 to 60 inches—light olive gray silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderate above the clay layer and very

slow through it

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Natal and Wintley soils on terraces

• Bickford soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Woodland and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Depth to the clay layer

• Hazard of windthrow

• Very slow permeability through the clay layer

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the soil is unsuited to traffic when wet, use

equipment only during dry periods.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

25C—Bigdutch gravelly loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Bigdutch soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Plateaus

Landscape position: Ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone

Elevation: 2,700 to 3,900 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, golden chinkapin, Pacific

rhododendron, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 70 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 21 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam

21 inches—hard sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 93

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this Bigdutch soil but are

less than 20 inches deep to bedrock and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Bigdutch soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Bigdutch soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

25E—Bigdutch gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Bigdutch soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Plateaus

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone

Elevation: 2,700 to 3,900 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, golden chinkapin, Pacific

rhododendron, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 70 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 21 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam

21 inches—hard sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this Bigdutch soil but are

less than 20 inches deep to bedrock and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Bigdutch soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Bigdutch soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock
94 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

25F—Bigdutch gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Bigdutch soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Plateaus

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone

Elevation: 2,700 to 3,900 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, golden chinkapin, Pacific

rhododendron, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 70 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 21 inches—dark brown very cobbly clay loam

21 inches—hard sandstone

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this Bigdutch soil but are

less than 20 inches deep to bedrock and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Bigdutch soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Bigdutch soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 95

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

26E—Blachly silty clay loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Blachly soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

10 to 21 inches—dark red clay

21 to 60 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Preacher soils

• Bohannon soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Blachly soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Blachly soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Blachly soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

26F—Blachly silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Blachly soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with
96 Soil Survey of

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

10 to 21 inches—dark red clay

21 to 60 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Preacher soils

• Bohannon soils in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Blachly soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex positions

• Damewood and Umpcoos soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Blachly soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

27G—Bohannon-Preacher-Damewood

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Damewood soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Bohannon and Damewood—

convex side slopes; Preacher—concave side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 97

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Damewood Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

11 to 29 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly

loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Umpcoos soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Damewood soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Bohannon, Preacher, and Damewood soils that

have slopes of less than 60 percent

• Bohannon and Damewood soils that have slopes of

more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Bohannon, Preacher, and Damewood

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Bohannon

• Hazard of compaction

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Preacher

• Hazard of compaction

Damewood

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Bohannon and Damewood soils do

not respond well to seeding or mulching because of

the large amount of exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Bohannon and Damewood soils

commonly are subject to windthrow during periods

when the soils are excessively wet and winds are

strong.

28A—Bragton muck, 0 to 1 percent

slopes

Composition

Bragton soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low tidal basins and flood plains
98 Soil Survey of

Parent material: Organic material over sandy or silty

alluvium

Elevation: 0 to 10 feet

Native plants: Bullrushes and sedges

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—52 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—200 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown muck

13 to 38 inches—very dark brown and dark brown

muck

38 to 60 inches—very dark gray silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to a

depth of 24 inches below the surface in January

through December

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in January through

December

Contrasting Inclusions

• Areas of woody and fibrous peat

• Coquille and Willanch soils on higher flood plains

• Barren tidal flats on lower flood plains

Major Uses

Wildlife habitat and wetland management

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Wetness

• Hazard of subsidence

• High organic matter content

• Low soil strength

29A—Brand silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Brand soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Elevation: 400 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of common snowberry, Pacific

poison oak, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 15 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

15 to 26 inches—grayish brown silty clay

26 to 60 inches—grayish brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 inches above the surface to a

depth of 6 inches below the surface in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Coburg, Malabon, and Redbell soils on higher

terraces

• Waldo soils on flood plains

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, homesite development, and wetland

management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• High clay content

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Furrow, border, corrugation, and sprinkler irrigation

systems are suited to this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 99

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in this unit. Onsite investigation is

needed to locate these areas.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

30D—Buckeye loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Buckeye soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Pacific madrone and Douglas fir with

an understory of western swordfern, creambush

oceanspray, western hazel, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 220 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

13 to 25 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

25 to 35 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

35 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and McMullin and Reston soils in

convex positions

• Pengra, Sutherlin, and Yoncalla soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Soils that are similar to this Buckeye soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Buckeye soils that have slopes of more than 20

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system that

includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.
100 Soil Survey of

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

30E—Buckeye loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Buckeye soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Pacific madrone and Douglas fir with

an understory of western swordfern, creambush

oceanspray, western hazel, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 220 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

13 to 25 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

25 to 35 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

35 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and McMullin and Reston soils in

convex positions

• Pengra, Sutherlin, and Yoncalla soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Soils that are similar to this Buckeye soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Buckeye soils that have slopes of less than 20

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality
Douglas County Area, Oregon 101

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system that

includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

30F—Buckeye loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Buckeye soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Pacific madrone and Douglas fir

with an understory of western swordfern,

creambush oceanspray, western hazel, and

mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 220 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

13 to 25 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

25 to 35 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

35 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and McMullin and Reston soils in

convex positions

• Sutherlin and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Buckeye soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Buckeye soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition
102 Soil Survey of

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• On west- and south-facing slopes, leaving some of

the larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

31E—Buckshot sandy loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Buckshot soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,200 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

creambush oceanspray, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 170 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown sandy loam

4 to 30 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

30 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Stinger soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Soils that are similar to this Buckshot soil but have a

clay subsoil

• Buckshot soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 103

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

32F—Buckshot sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Buckshot soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,200 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

creambush oceanspray, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 170 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown sandy loam

4 to 30 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown loam

30 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Stinger soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Buckshot soil but have a

clay subsoil and are in concave, less sloping positions

• Buckshot soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

33G—Buckshot-Stinger complex, 60 to

90 percent north slopes

Composition

Buckshot soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Stinger soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Buckshot—concave side slopes;

Stinger—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from granodiorite
104 Soil Survey of

Elevation: 1,200 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

creambush oceanspray, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 170 days

Buckshot Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown sandy loam

4 to 30 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

30 to 60 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Stinger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark brown loam

3 to 30 inches—light olive brown sandy loam

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Stinger soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Stinger soils that have a very gravelly or very cobbly

surface layer

• Buckshot soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

• Stinger soils that have slopes of more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Buckshot and Stinger

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Buckshot

• Moderately slow permeability

Stinger

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils (fig. 7).

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Stinger soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

34A—Camas-Newberg complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Camas soil and similar inclusions—45 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 105

Newberg soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 400 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Black cottonwood and Oregon ash

with an understory of willow, common

snowberry, rose, and blue elderberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Figure 7.—Slope failure in an area of Buckshot-Stinger complex, 60 to 90 percent north slopes.
106 Soil Survey of

Camas Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

2 to 12 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

12 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

sandy loam

17 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loamy sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

April

Newberg Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

4 to 19 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

19 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

35 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy fine

sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

April

Contrasting Inclusions

• Evans soils on higher flood plains

• Soils that are similar to the Camas and Newberg

soils but are poorly drained

• Riverwash

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, cropland, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Camas and Newberg

• Hazard of flooding

• Coarse texture

Camas

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Droughtiness

Newberg

• Hazard of compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Applications of irrigation water should be light and

frequent.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• On the Newberg soil, reduce the risk of compaction

of the surface layer by planning grazing systems,

using proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and

field operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

35A—Central Point loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Central Point soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 800 to 1,700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an
Douglas County Area, Oregon 107

understory of common snowberry, Pacific poison

oak, creambush oceanspray, and tall

Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—52 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown loam

10 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

20 to 35 inches—dark brown sandy loam

35 to 60 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in December

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Camas, Newberg, and Evans soils on flood plains

• Chapman, Chehalis, and Roseburg soils on flood

plains

• Soils that are similar to this Central Point soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions

• Central Point soils that have a very gravelly surface

layer

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitation

• Hazard of compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risk of compaction of the surface layer

by planning grazing systems, using proper stocking

rates, and limiting grazing and field operations to drier

periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

36E—Chamate extremely gravelly loam,

3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Chamate soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from welded tuff

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of whipplevine, creambush

oceanspray, cascade Oregongrape, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown extremely gravelly

loam

7 to 56 inches—dark brown and brown very gravelly

loam

56 to 65 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches
108 Soil Survey of

Contrasting Inclusions

• Orford soils in concave positions

• Vena soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Chamate soil but are

poorly drained

• Gustin soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Areas of talus below Rock outcrop

• Soils that are similar to this Chamate soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Chamate soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

36F—Chamate extremely gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Chamate soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Dominantly south-facing side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from welded tuff

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of whipplevine, creambush

oceanspray, cascade Oregongrape, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark grayish brown extremely gravelly

loam

7 to 56 inches—dark brown and brown very gravelly

loam

56 to 65 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop

• Areas of talus below Rock outcrop

• Orford soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Vena soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Chamate soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Chamate soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of erosion
Douglas County Area, Oregon 109

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Providing artificial shade or leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade on the south- and westfacing slopes, planting larger trees or a higher number

of trees in a specified area, and selecting climatically

adapted seedlings help to ensure the establishment

and survival of seedlings.

37A—Chapman-Chehalis complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Chapman soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Chehalis soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Intermediate flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Bigleaf maple and Oregon ash with an

understory of common snowberry, mockorange,

western hazel, and Kentucky bluegrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Chapman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 25 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

25 to 40 inches—dark brown loam

40 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in November

through March

Chehalis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown silt loam

16 to 47 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

47 to 60 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in November

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Camas, Newberg, and Evans soils on lower flood

plains

• Roseburg and Sibold soils on higher flood plains

Major Uses

Cropland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

Chapman and Chehalis

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

Chehalis

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.
110 Soil Survey of

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is

seeded early and conservation tillage is used.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and

by planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

38F—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes

Composition

Chimneyrock soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

conglomerate

Elevation: 900 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, American

twinflower, western hazel, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam

24 to 47 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

47 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hilltish, Josephine, and Speaker soils

• Windygap clay loam in concave, less sloping

positions

• Chimneyrock soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 111

38G—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Chimneyrock soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from

conglomerate

Elevation: 900 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, American

twinflower, western hazel, and Alaska

oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam

24 to 47 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

47 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hilltish, Josephine, and Speaker soils

• Windygap clay loam in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Chimneyrock soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

39F—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent south slopes

Composition

Chimneyrock soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

conglomerate

Elevation: 900 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of canyon live oak, Pacific poison oak,

whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches
112 Soil Survey of

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam

24 to 47 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

47 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hilltish, Josephine, and Speaker soils

• Windygap clay loam in concave, less sloping

positions

• Chimneyrock soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

39G—Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent south slopes

Composition

Chimneyrock soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from conglomerate

Elevation: 900 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of canyon live oak, Pacific poison oak,

whipplevine, western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam

24 to 47 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

47 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hilltish, Josephine, and Speaker soils
Douglas County Area, Oregon 113

• Windygap clay loam in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Chimneyrock soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

40F—Clevescove-Salander complex,

30 to 70 percent slopes

Composition

Clevescove soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Salander soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 20 to 800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Sitka spruce with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry,

salmonberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Clevescove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—black loam

4 to 15 inches—very dark brown loam

15 to 50 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

50 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 9.5 inches

Salander Soil

Typical profile

0 to 17 inches—very dark brown and dark reddish

brown silt loam

17 to 53 inches—dark brown silt loam

53 to 61 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 18 inches
114 Soil Survey of

Contrasting Inclusions

• Millicoma and Reedsport soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Clevescove soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Clevescove and Salander soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent

• Clevescove soils that have slopes of more than 70

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• In the more steeply sloping areas of this unit, end

hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

41E—Climax clay, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Climax soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak with an understory of

Pacific poison oak, Saskatoon serviceberry,

western buttercup, and California oatgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—black clay

4 to 36 inches—black clay

36 to 39 inches—olive brown clay

39 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in December

through April

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Edenbower, Dixonville, and Philomath soils in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Climax soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• High shrink-swell potential

• Steepness of slope

• Very slow permeability

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Wetness

• Depth to rock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 115

• High clay content

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

41F—Climax clay, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Climax soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak with an understory of

Pacific poison oak, Saskatoon serviceberry,

western buttercup, and California oatgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—black clay

4 to 36 inches—black clay

36 to 39 inches—olive brown clay

39 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in December

through April

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Edenbower, Dixonville, and Philomath soils in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Climax soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction
116 Soil Survey of

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Wetness

• High clay content

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

42B—Coburg silty clay loam, 0 to 5

percent slopes

Composition

Coburg soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,100 feet

Native plants: Bigleaf maple and Oregon ash with an

understory of Himalaya blackberry, common

snowberry, Pacific poison oak, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

10 to 27 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

27 to 41 inches—dark brown silty clay

41 to 63 inches—dark brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 30 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Banning and Foehlin soils

• Conser soils in concave positions

• Coburg soils on flood plains

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of compaction

• Wetness

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 117

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

43A—Coburg silty clay loam, flooded,

0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Coburg soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: High flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,100 feet

Native plants: Bigleaf maple and Oregon ash with an

understory of Himalaya blackberry, common

snowberry, Pacific poison oak, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 17 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

17 to 30 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

30 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 30 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Roseburg and Sibold soils

• Waldo soils in concave positions

• Coburg soils on terraces

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Wetness

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The

method used generally is governed by the crop

grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around
118 Soil Survey of

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Structures and roads should be located above the

expected flood level.

44A—Conser silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Conser soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,300 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of common snowberry, Pacific

poison oak, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

4 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown clay

11 to 33 inches—dark gray clay

33 to 63 inches—gray clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 inches above the surface to a

depth of 18 inches below the surface in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sibold and Waldo soils on flood plains

• Coburg, Malabon, and Redbell soils on higher

terraces

Major Uses

Hay (fig. 8) and pasture, homesite development, and

wetland management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• High clay content

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Furrow, border, corrugation, and sprinkler irrigation

systems are suited to this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 119

45A—Coquille silt loam, 0 to 1 percent

slopes

Composition

Coquille soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains and stream deltas that are

subject to tidal fluctuations

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium over marine sediment

Elevation: 0 to 10 feet

Native plants: Sitka spruce, red alder, slough sedge,

cattails, and tufted hairgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

13 to 36 inches—dark gray silt loam

36 to 48 inches—very dark gray silt loam

48 to 60 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 inches above the surface to a

depth of 24 inches below the surface in January

through December

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in January through

December

Contrasting Inclusions

• Willanch soils

• Nestucca soils on higher flood plains

• Lint soils on terraces

• Bragton soils on lower flood plains

Major Uses

Wildlife habitat, hay and pasture, and wetland

management

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

Figure 8.—Hay in an area of Conser silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes. Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes, in

background.
120 Soil Survey of

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Protection from flooding can be provided only by

use of extensive dikes.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

46A—Coquille silt loam, protected, 0 to 1

percent slopes

Composition

Coquille soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains and stream deltas protected

from tidal flooding by dikes

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium over marine

sediment

Elevation: 0 to 10 feet

Native plants: Sitka spruce, red alder, slough sedge,

cattails, and tufted hairgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

13 to 36 inches—dark gray silt loam

36 to 48 inches—very dark gray silt loam

48 to 60 inches—very dark gray silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Very poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 inches above the surface to a

depth of 24 inches below the surface in October

through June

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Willanch soils

• Nestucca soils on higher flood plains

• Lint soils on terraces

• Bragton soils on lower flood plains

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, wildlife habitat, and wetland

management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

47E—Crater Lake sandy loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Crater Lake soil and similar inclusions—95 percent

Contrasting inclusions—5 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: High terraces and side slopes

Parent material: Volcanic ash

Elevation: 1,000 to 1,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, golden

chinkapin, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 121

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam

3 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam

24 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish

brown sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 12.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Soils that are similar to this Crater Lake soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Glide soils on flood plains

• Crater Lake soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, and hay and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

47F—Crater Lake sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Crater Lake soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Volcanic ash

Elevation: 1,000 to 1,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, golden

chinkapin, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown sandy loam

3 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown sandy loam

24 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish

brown sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more
122 Soil Survey of

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 12.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Crater Lake soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave, less sloping

positions

• Crater Lake soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

48C—Curtin clay, 3 to 12 percent slopes

Composition

Curtin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, Saskatoon

serviceberry, western buttercup, and California

oatgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 21 inches—black clay

21 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Yoncalla soils

• Climax, Dixonville, and Philomath soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Bashaw soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Curtin soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• High clay content

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system that

includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 123

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

48D—Curtin clay, 12 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Curtin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans and footslopes

Parent material: Clayey alluvium and colluvium

derived from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, Saskatoon

serviceberry, western buttercup, and California

oatgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 21 inches—black clay

21 to 60 inches—very dark grayish brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Yoncalla soils

• Climax, Dixonville, and Philomath soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Curtin soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 20 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Wetness

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• High clay content

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.
124 Soil Survey of

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

49F—Damewood-Bohannon-Umpcoos

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Damewood soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Damewood and Bohannon—Douglas fir

and western hemlock with an understory of salal,

cascade Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and

vine maple; Umpcoos—Douglas fir and Pacific

madrone with an understory of cascade

Oregongrape, common beargrass, whipplevine,

and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Damewood Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

11 to 29 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils below areas of Rock outcrop that have an

extremely gravelly or extremely cobbly surface layer

• Soils that are similar to the Damewood soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 125

• Blachly, Preacher, and Xanadu soils in concave,

less sloping positions

• Damewood and Bohannon soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent

• Damewood, Bohannon, and Umpcoos soils that

have slopes of more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Damewood, Bohannon, and Umpcoos

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Damewood and Umpcoos

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Bohannon

• Hazard of compaction

Umpcoos

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts do not respond well to seeding or

mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Umpcoos soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

49G—Damewood-Bohannon-Umpcoos

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Damewood soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Damewood and Bohannon—

side slopes; Umpcoos—side slopes and

headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Damewood and Bohannon—

Douglas fir and western hemlock with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple;

Umpcoos—Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

beargrass, whipplevine, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Damewood Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

11 to 29 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly

loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam
126 Soil Survey of

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to the Damewood soil but have

an extremely gravelly or extremely cobbly surface

layer and are below areas of Rock outcrop

• Soils that are similar to the Damewood soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Preacher soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Damewood, Bohannon, and Umpcoos soils that

have slopes of less than 60 percent or more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Damewood, Bohannon, and Umpcoos

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Damewood and Umpcoos

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Bohannon

• Hazard of compaction

Umpcoos

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts do not respond well to seeding or

mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Umpcoos soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

50E—Darby silty clay loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Darby soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an
Douglas County Area, Oregon 127

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 44 inches—very dark brown silty clay

44 to 61 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

61 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Climax soils

• Dixonville and Philomath soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Darby soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the

soil to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.
128 Soil Survey of

50F—Darby silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Darby soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 44 inches—very dark brown silty clay

44 to 61 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

61 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dixonville soils in convex positions

• Ritner and Philomath soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Climax soils in concave positions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Darby soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

51C—Debenger-Brader complex, 2 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Debenger soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Brader soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Toeslopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Debenger—Oregon white oak and

Pacific madrone with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, common snowberry, Saskatoon

serviceberry, and Idaho fescue; Brader—

Oregon white oak and California black oak

with an understory of Pacific poison oak,

hairy honeysuckle, pine bluegrass, and Idaho

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—52 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 200 days
Douglas County Area, Oregon 129

Debenger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown loam

11 to 26 inches—brown loam

26 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Brader Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark brown loam

2 to 12 inches—brown loam

12 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sutherlin and Veneta soils in concave positions

• Conser, Panther, and Redbell soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to the Debenger soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Debenger and Brader soils that have slopes of more

than 12 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

Debenger and Brader

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Depth to rock

Brader

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

51E—Debenger-Brader complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Debenger soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Brader soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Debenger—Oregon white oak and

Pacific madrone with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, common snowberry, Saskatoon

serviceberry, and Idaho fescue; Brader—Oregon

white oak and California black oak with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, pine bluegrass, and Idaho fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—52 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 200 days

Debenger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown loam

11 to 26 inches—brown loam

26 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches
130 Soil Survey of

Brader Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark brown loam

2 to 12 inches—brown loam

12 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sutherlin and Veneta soils in concave positions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Soils that are similar to the Debenger soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Debenger and Brader soils that have slopes of less

than 12 percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

Debenger and Brader

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

Brader

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour

or in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

51F—Debenger-Brader complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Debenger soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Brader soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Debenger—Oregon white oak and

Pacific madrone with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, common snowberry, Saskatoon

serviceberry, and Idaho fescue; Brader—Oregon

white oak and California black oak with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, pine bluegrass, and Idaho fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—52 to 54

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 200 days

Debenger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark yellowish brown and brown

loam

11 to 26 inches—brown loam

26 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 131

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Brader Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark brown loam

2 to 12 inches—brown loam

12 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hilltish soils derived from conglomerate

• Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to the Debenger soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Debenger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Debenger and Brader soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Debenger and Brader

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Depth to rock

Brader

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to

encourage livestock to graze in areas where access

is limited.

52G—Dicecreek-Bellpine-Windygap

complex, 30 to 60 percent south

slopes

Composition

Dicecreek soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Dicecreek and Bellpine—

convex side slopes; Windygap—concave side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 800 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, western hazel,

creambush oceanspray, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 200 days

Dicecreek Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark brown loam

3 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

12 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard, fractured bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Bellpine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark brown clay loam

3 to 18 inches—brown clay loam

18 to 25 inches—strong brown clay

25 inches—soft bedrock
132 Soil Survey of

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Windygap Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay loam

4 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

7 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay

16 to 58 inches—red silty clay

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring, McGinnis, and Tishar soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Vermisa soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dicecreek, Bellpine, and Windygap soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Dicecreek, Bellpine, and Windygap

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

Dicecreek

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of fire damage

• Hazard of windthrow

Bellpine

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Windygap

• Hazard of slope failure

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Dicecreek soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• The Windygap soil is susceptible to slope failure;

therefore, onsite investigation may be needed before

disturbing the soil.

• Slumping on the Windygap soil can be minimized by

locating roads in the less sloping areas or in areas of

more suitable soils and by using properly designed

road drainage systems.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• In areas of the Dicecreek soil, increased erosion,

loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to

result from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Dicereek and Bellpine soils commonly

are subject to windthrow during periods when the soils

are excessively wet and winds are strong.

53E—Dickerson loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Dickerson soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 133

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 500 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Pine bluegrass, blue wildrye, western

buttercup, and western yarrow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

2 to 5 inches—dark brown loam

5 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nonpareil, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave

positions

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Dickerson soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

53G—Dickerson loam, 30 to 90 percent

slopes

Composition

Dickerson soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 500 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Pine bluegrass, blue wildrye, western

buttercup, and western yarrow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

2 to 5 inches—dark brown loam

5 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nonpareil, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Dickerson soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing
134 Soil Survey of

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

54E—Dickerson-Rock outcrop complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Dickerson soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Rock outcrop—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 500 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Pine bluegrass, blue wildrye, western

buttercup, and western yarrow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Dickerson Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

2 to 5 inches—dark brown loam

5 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nonpareil, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave

positions

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Dickerson soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

54G—Dickerson-Rock outcrop complex,

30 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Dickerson soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Rock outcrop—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills
Douglas County Area, Oregon 135

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 500 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Pine bluegrass, blue wildrye, western

buttercup, and western yarrow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Dickerson Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

2 to 5 inches—dark brown loam

5 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nonpareil, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Dickerson soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

55G—Dickerson-Rock outcropChimneyrock complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes

Composition

Dickerson soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—30 percent

Chimneyrock soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Dickerson and Rock outcrop—

side slopes and headwalls; Chimneyrock—

concave side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from conglomerate

Elevation: 1,000 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Dickerson—pine bluegrass, blue

wildrye, western buttercup, and western yarrow;

Chimneyrock—Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, American

twinflower, western hazel, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Dickerson Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

2 to 5 inches—dark brown loam

5 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock
136 Soil Survey of

Chimneyrock Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam

24 to 47 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

47 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hilltish, Josephine, and Speaker soils

• Windygap soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Dickerson and Chimneyrock soils that have slopes

of less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Dickerson and Chimneyrock

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

Dickerson

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of compaction

• Droughtiness

Chimneyrock

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments and fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• The Chimneyrock soil is susceptible to slope failure;

therefore, onsite investigation may be needed before

disturbing the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

56G—Dickerson-Rock outcropChimneyrock complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes

Composition

Dickerson soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—30 percent

Chimneyrock soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 137

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Dickerson and Rock outcrop—

side slopes and headwalls; Chimneyrock—

concave side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from conglomerate

Elevation: 1,000 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Dickerson—pine bluegrass, blue

wildrye, western buttercup, and western yarrow;

Chimneyrock—Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, American

twinflower, western hazel, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Dickerson Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

2 to 5 inches—dark brown loam

5 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Chimneyrock Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 24 inches—brown gravelly clay loam

24 to 47 inches—reddish brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

47 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hilltish, Josephine, and Speaker soils

• Windygap soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Dickerson and Chimneyrock soils that have slopes

of less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Dickerson and Chimneyrock

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

Dickerson

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of compaction

• Droughtiness

Chimneyrock

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments and fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• The Chimneyrock soil is susceptible to slope failure;

therefore, onsite investigation may be needed before

disturbing the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or

planting a greater number of trees in a specified area,
138 Soil Survey of

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• On the Chimneyrock soil, an increased risk of

erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency are

likely to result from fires of moderate intensity.

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce

competition from woody plants and improve degraded

areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to

encourage livestock to graze in areas where access

is limited.

57E—Digger-Bohannon complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Digger soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils in concave

positions

• Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils in concave

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Digger and Bohannon

soils but are poorly drained and are in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Digger and Bohannon soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Digger and Bohannon

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 139

Digger

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Digger soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

57F—Digger-Bohannon complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Digger soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven, Honeygrove, Orford, Preacher, and

Xanadu soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Umpcoos soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Digger and Bohannon soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Digger and Bohannon

• Steepness of slope
140 Soil Survey of

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Digger

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Bohannon

• Hazard of compaction

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts do not respond well to seeding or

mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

58G—Digger-Bohannon-Umpcoos

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Digger soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Digger and Bohannon—

side slopes; Umpcoos—side slopes and

headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Digger and Bohannon—Douglas fir

and western hemlock with an understory of salal,

cascade Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron,

and vine maple; Umpcoos—Douglas fir and

Pacific madrone with an understory of cascade

Oregongrape, common beargrass, whipplevine,

and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 141

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that have an extremely gravelly or extremely

cobbly surface layer and are below areas of Rock

outcrop

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Digger, Bohannon, and Umpcoos soils that have

slopes of less than 60 percent or more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Digger, Bohannon, and Umpcoos

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Digger and Umpcoos

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Bohannon

• Hazard of compaction

Umpcoos

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Digger and Umpcoos soils do not

respond well to seeding or mulching because of the

large amount of exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Umpcoos soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

59G—Digger-Preacher complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes

Composition

Digger soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Digger—convex side slopes;

Preacher—concave side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam
142 Soil Survey of

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon soils

• Umpcoos soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Digger and Preacher soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent

• Digger soils that have slopes of more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Digger and Preacher

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Digger

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Preacher

• Hazard of compaction

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Digger soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction on the Preacher

soil, use suitable logging systems and harvest timber

when the soil is least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Digger soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

60F—Digger-Umpcoos-Rock outcrop

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Digger soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Rock outcrop—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Digger and Umpcoos—side

slopes and ridges; Rock outcrop—side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet
Douglas County Area, Oregon 143

Native plants: Digger—Douglas fir and western

hemlock with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and vine

maple; Umpcoos—Douglas fir and Pacific

madrone with an understory of cascade

Oregongrape, common beargrass, whipplevine,

and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon soils

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Digger soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

• Digger and Umpcoos soils that have slopes of more

than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Digger and Umpcoos

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

Umpcoos

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Umpcoos soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
144 Soil Survey of

60G—Digger-Umpcoos-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Digger soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Rock outcrop—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Digger—side slopes; Umpcoos

and Rock outcrop—side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Digger—Douglas fir and western

hemlock with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and vine

maple; Umpcoos—Douglas fir and Pacific

madrone with an understory of cascade

Oregongrape, common beargrass, whipplevine,

and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon soils

• Preacher soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Soils that have an extremely gravelly or extremely

cobbly surface layer and are below areas of Rock

outcrop

• Digger and Umpcoos soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Digger and Umpcoos

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

Umpcoos

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 145

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Umpcoos soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

61C—Dixonville silty clay loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Dixonville soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, western

hazel, common snowberry, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

8 to 31 inches—dark brown silty clay and clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Darby and Climax soils in concave positions

• Edenbower and Philomath soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave positions

• Bashaw soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Dixonville soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system that

includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.
146 Soil Survey of

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the

soil to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

61E—Dixonville silty clay loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Dixonville soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with

an understory of creambush oceanspray,

western hazel, common snowberry, and

mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

8 to 31 inches—dark brown silty clay and clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Darby and Climax soils in concave positions

• Edenbower and Philomath soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Dixonville soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 147

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the

soil to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

62F—Dixonville silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Dixonville soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with

an understory of creambush oceanspray,

western hazel, common snowberry, and

mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

8 to 31 inches—dark brown silty clay and clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Darby and Climax soils in concave positions

• Edenbower, Philomath, and Ritner soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Dixonville soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength
148 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

63F—Dixonville silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Dixonville soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and California black oak

with an understory of hairy honeysuckle, tall

Oregongrape, mountain sweetroot, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

8 to 31 inches—dark brown silty clay and clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Darby and Climax soils in concave positions

• Rock outcrop and Edenbower, Philomath, and

Ritner soils in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Dixonville soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and
Douglas County Area, Oregon 149

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to

encourage livestock to graze in areas where access

is limited.

64F—Dompier-Zing-Beal complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Dompier soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Zing soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Beal soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Dompier—convex side slopes;

Zing—concave side slopes of less than 45

percent; Beal—concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

mica schist

Elevation: 1,100 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

common snowberry, and Pacific poison oak

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Dompier Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown silt loam

16 to 24 inches—dark brown silt loam

24 to 32 inches—gray silty clay loam

32 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to restrictive layers: 20 to 40 inches to a

fragipan and 60 inches or more to bedrock

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderate above the fragipan and very

slow through it

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 45 inches—gray clay

45 to 62 inches—light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Beal Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

18 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—olive clay loam and clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dumont and Sharpshooter soils
150 Soil Survey of

• Soils that are similar to the Dompier soils but have a

hardpan at a depth of less than 20 inches

• Dompier, Zing, and Beal soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Dompier, Zing, and Beal

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• Hazard of windthrow

• Wetness

• Plant competition

Dompier

• Depth to the fragipan

Zing

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Beal

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the soils are unsuited to traffic when wet,

use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more well drained

soils and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

65F—Dubakella very stony clay loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes

Composition

Dubakella soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

serpentinite and peridotite

Elevation: 1,700 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—dark reddish brown very stony clay

loam

3 to 33 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly clay

33 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pearsoll soils and Rock outcrop in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Peel and Eightlar soils in concave, less sloping

positions
Douglas County Area, Oregon 151

• Soils that are similar to this Dubakella soil but are

less affected by the nutrient imbalance of the parent

material

• Dubakella soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Low fertility

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

and stones will minimize breakage of timber and

increase the efficiency of yarding operations.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

66F—Dubakella very stony clay loam,

30 to 60 percent south slopes

Composition

Dubakella soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

serpentinite and peridotite

Elevation: 1,700 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir, Jeffrey pine, and incense

cedar with an understory of western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—dark reddish brown very stony clay

loam

3 to 33 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly clay

33 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pearsoll soils and Rock outcrop in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Peel and Eightlar soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Dubakella soil but are

less affected by the nutrient imbalance of the parent

material

• Dubakella soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Low fertility

• Steepness of slope
152 Soil Survey of

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

and stones will minimize breakage of timber and

increase the efficiency of yarding operations.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

67E—Dubakella-Pearsoll complex, 5 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Dubakella soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Pearsoll soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

serpentinite and peridotite

Elevation: 700 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Dubakella—Jeffrey pine, incense cedar,

and scattered Douglas fir with an understory of

canyon live oak, California fescue, and pine

bluegrass; Pearsoll—Jeffrey pine with an

understory of wedgeleaf ceanothus, sheep

fescue, pine bluegrass, iris, and western buttercup

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Dubakella Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark reddish brown very stony clay

loam

3 to 33 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly

clay

33 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Pearsoll Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark reddish brown extremely stony

clay loam

6 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown extremely

cobbly clay

14 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Atring, Beekman, Gravecreek, Josephine,

Norling, and Speaker soils

• Peel and Eightlar soils in concave, less sloping

positions and on footslopes
Douglas County Area, Oregon 153

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Dubakella and

Pearsoll soils but have less than 35 percent rock

fragments

• Soils that are similar to the Dubakella and Pearsoll

soils but are less affected by the nutrient imbalance

of the parent material

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Dubakella and Pearsoll

• Low fertility

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Pearsoll

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

and stones will minimize breakage of timber and

increase the efficiency of yarding operations.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

68F—Dubakella-Pearsoll complex, 30 to

70 percent north slopes

Composition

Dubakella soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Pearsoll soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

serpentinite and peridotite

Elevation: 700 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Dubakella—Jeffrey pine, incense cedar,

and scattered Douglas fir with an understory of

canyon live oak, California fescue, and pine

bluegrass; Pearsoll—Jeffrey pine with an

understory of wedgeleaf ceanothus, sheep

fescue, pine bluegrass, iris, and western buttercup

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches
154 Soil Survey of

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Dubakella Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark reddish brown very stony clay

loam

3 to 33 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly clay

33 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Pearsoll Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark reddish brown extremely stony

clay loam

6 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown extremely cobbly

clay

14 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Atring, Beekman, Gravecreek, Josephine,

Norling, and Speaker soils

• Peel and Eightlar soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Dubakella and Pearsoll

soils but have less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Soils that are similar to the Dubakella and Pearsoll

soils but are less affected by the nutrient imbalance of

the parent material

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 70 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Dubakella and Pearsoll

• Low fertility

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Pearsoll

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

and stones will minimize breakage of timber and

increase the efficiency of yarding operations.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and
Douglas County Area, Oregon 155

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soils

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

69C—Dumont gravelly loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Dumont soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 40 inches—red clay

40 to 70 inches—red clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, McGinnis, Norling, and Tishar soils in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Abegg soils on alluvial fans

• Dumont soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.
156 Soil Survey of

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

69E—Dumont gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Dumont soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 40 inches—red clay

40 to 70 inches—red clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, McGinnis, Norling, and Tishar soils in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Abegg soils on alluvial fans

• Dumont soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, and hay and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

70F—Dumont gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Dumont soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 157

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 40 inches—red clay

40 to 70 inches—red clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker soils

• McGinnis, Norling, and Tishar soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Dumont soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

71F—Dumont gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Dumont soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of creambush oceanspray,

cascade Oregongrape, whipplevine, and

mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 40 inches—red clay

40 to 70 inches—red clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker soils
158 Soil Survey of

• McGinnis, Norling, Tishar, Atring, and Kanid soils in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Dumont soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars and culverts.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

72E—Dumont gravelly loam, granitic

substratum, 3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Dumont soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and footslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from granodiorite

Elevation: 1,400 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of salal,

golden chinkapin, cascade Oregongrape, and

deerfoot vanillaleaf

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—48 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

4 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown clay loam

10 to 50 inches—dark red clay

50 to 60 inches—dark reddish brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Soils that are similar to this Dumont soil but are less

than 40 inches deep to bedrock and are in convex

positions

• Lettia soils in convex positions and on more steeply

sloping side slopes

• Dumont soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but
Douglas County Area, Oregon 159

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

73E—Dumont-Zing complex, 2 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Dumont soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Zing soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Dumont—convex toeslopes and

footslopes; Zing—swales

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Dumont Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 40 inches—red clay

40 to 70 inches—red clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 45 inches—gray clay

45 to 62 inches—light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Zing soil but are poorly

drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Acker, McGinnis, Norling, and Tishar soils in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Abegg soils on alluvial fans

• Dumont and Zing soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, and hay and pasture

Major Management Limitations

Dumont and Zing

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Dumont

• Moderately slow permeability
160 Soil Survey of

Zing

• Wetness

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Zing soil is unsuited to traffic when wet,

use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Zing soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• In areas of the Zing soil, select plants that can

tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

74—Duneland

Composition

Duneland—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Slope: 3 to 30 percent

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 10 to 150 feet

Vegetation: Barren except for scattered clumps of

European beachgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 60 inches—light gray fine and medium sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Waldport soils

• Heceta soils in concave positions

Major Uses

Recreation and wildlife habitat
Douglas County Area, Oregon 161

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Instability of the sand

75C—Dupee silty clay loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Dupee soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Toeslopes and swales

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

9 to 30 inches—dark brown silty clay

30 to 63 inches—mottled, dark brown and yellowish

brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pengra and Sutherlin soils

• Bateman, Oakland, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loam in convex positions

• Panther soils near drainageways

• Dupee soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.
162 Soil Survey of

75E—Dupee silty clay loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Dupee soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and concave side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

9 to 30 inches—dark brown silty clay

30 to 63 inches—mottled, dark brown and yellowish

brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pengra and Sutherlin soils

• Bateman, Oakland, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loam in convex positions

• Panther soils near drainageways

• Dupee soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb
Douglas County Area, Oregon 163

the soil to the less sloping areas and by using properly

designed road drainage systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

76E—Edenbower clay, 3 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Edenbower soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Pine bluegrass, blue wildrye, western

buttercup, and western yarrow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown clay

8 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 4 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Climax, Dixonville, and Philomath soils

• Darby soils in concave positions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Edenbower soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Livestock grazing and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Ripping and blasting are needed for road

construction in some areas of this unit.

77D—Eightlar very gravelly silty clay

loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes

Composition

Eightlar soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent
164 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Alluvium derived from serpentinitic

rock

Elevation: 700 to 1,800 feet

Native plants: Wedgeleaf ceanothus, California

fescue, and blue wildrye with scattered ponderosa

pine and incense cedar

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—52 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly silty clay

loam

3 to 35 inches—very dark brown very gravelly clay

35 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

sandy clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Abegg soils

• Dubakella soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Eightlar soils that have a stony surface layer

• Eightlar soils that have slopes of more than 20

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Low fertility

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that are tolerant of low soil fertility.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Remove gravel, cobbles, and stones in disturbed

areas for best results when landscaping.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

78A—Evans loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Evans soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains
Douglas County Area, Oregon 165

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Bigleaf maple and Oregon ash with an

understory of common snowberry, mockorange,

western hazel, and Kentucky bluegrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 27 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

27 to 43 inches—very dark grayish brown very fine

sandy loam

43 to 63 inches—dark brown very fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Camas and Newberg soils on lower flood plains

• Chapman and Chehalis soils on higher flood plains

• Sibold soils in concave positions

Major Uses

Cropland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

79E—Fernhaven gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Fernhaven soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

12 to 31 inches—dark brown loam

31 to 63 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay loam

63 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Fernhaven soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments
166 Soil Survey of

• Soils that are similar to this Fernhaven soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Fernhaven soils that have a very gravelly surface

layer

• Fernhaven soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

79F—Fernhaven gravelly loam, 30 to 50

percent slopes

Composition

Fernhaven soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

12 to 31 inches—dark brown loam

31 to 63 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay loam

63 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils in concave,

less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Fernhaven soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Fernhaven soils that have a very gravelly surface

layer

• Fernhaven soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 50 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 167

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

79G—Fernhaven gravelly loam, 50 to 75

percent slopes

Composition

Fernhaven soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

12 to 31 inches—dark brown loam

31 to 63 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay loam

63 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex positions

• Umpcoos soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Fernhaven soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Fernhaven soils that have a very gravelly surface

layer

• Fernhaven soils that have slopes of less than 50

percent or more than 75 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

80E—Fernhaven-Digger complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Fernhaven soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Digger soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Fernhaven—ridges and concave

side slopes; Digger—ridges and convex side

slopes
168 Soil Survey of

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Fernhaven Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

12 to 31 inches—dark brown loam

31 to 63 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay loam

63 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11.5 inches

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils

• Bohannon soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Fernhaven and Digger

soils but are poorly drained and are in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Fernhaven soils that have a very gravelly surface

layer

• Fernhaven and Digger soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Fernhaven and Digger

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Digger

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Digger soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Digger soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 169

80F—Fernhaven-Digger complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Fernhaven soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Digger soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Fernhaven—concave side

slopes; Digger—convex side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Fernhaven Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

12 to 31 inches—dark brown loam

31 to 63 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay loam

63 to 72 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11.5 inches

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils in concave,

less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Fernhaven soils that have a very gravelly surface

layer

• Fernhaven and Digger soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Fernhaven and Digger

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion

• Plant competition

Fernhaven

• Hazard of compaction

Digger

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Digger soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.
170 Soil Survey of

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Digger soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

81A—Foehlin gravelly loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Foehlin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 500 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of common snowberry, Pacific poison

oak, creambush oceanspray, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Malabon and Medford soils on terraces

• Banning soils in concave positions

• Packard soils in convex positions

• Malabon and Roseburg soils on flood plains

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

81C—Foehlin gravelly loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Foehlin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 500 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an
Douglas County Area, Oregon 171

understory of common snowberry, Pacific poison

oak, creambush oceanspray, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

5 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Abegg, Banning, and Medford soils

• Foehlin soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

82C—Fordice very cobbly loam, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Fordice soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: High terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 500 to 1,400 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of rose, Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

13 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam

19 to 35 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly clay

loam

35 to 63 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

loam and extremely cobbly loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pollard and Josephine soils

• Soils that are similar to this Fordice soil but have a

clay subsoil

• Fordice soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent
172 Soil Survey of

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of erosion

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Applications of irrigation water should be light and

frequent.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Reduce erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• For best results in landscaping, remove gravel and

cobbles in disturbed areas.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

83A—Glide fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Glide soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: High flood plains

Parent material: Ashy alluvium

Elevation: 400 to 800 feet

Native plants: None; all areas are cultivated

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—black fine sandy loam

5 to 12 inches—black gravelly sandy loam

12 to 36 inches—black and very dark brown gravelly

loamy sand

36 to 63 inches—dark brown gravelly sand and

gravelly loamy sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 13 inches

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Roseburg and Sibold soils

• Coburg soils on flood plains

• Packard soils on flood plains

• Glide soils that are not flooded

Major Uses

Cropland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of compaction

• Hazard of flooding

• Coarse texture

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risk of compaction of the surface layer
Douglas County Area, Oregon 173

by planning grazing systems, using proper stocking

rates, and limiting grazing and field operations to drier

periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

84E—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Gravecreek soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from serpentinitic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

beargrass, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

15 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

30 to 37 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

37 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dubakella and Norling soils

• Rock outcrop and Pearsoll soils in convex

positions

• Acker and Dumont soils in concave positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and

are in concave positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but are

cold

• Gravecreek soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Low fertility

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be

used, but cable yarding generally is safer in the

more steeply sloping areas and disturbs the soil

less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in

a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.
174 Soil Survey of

85F—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Gravecreek soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from serpentinitic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

beargrass, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

15 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

30 to 37 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

37 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dubakella and Norling soils

• Rock outcrop and Pearsoll soils in convex positions

• Acker and Dumont soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and

are in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but are

cold

• Gravecreek soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Low fertility

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

85G—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 60 to 80

percent north slopes

Composition

Gravecreek soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains
Douglas County Area, Oregon 175

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from serpentinitic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

beargrass, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

15 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

30 to 37 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

37 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dubakella and Norling soils

• Rock outcrop and Pearsoll soils in convex

positions

• Acker soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and

are in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but are

cold

• Gravecreek soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Low fertility

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

86F—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Gravecreek soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from serpentinitic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Jeffrey pine with an

understory of canyon live oak, common
176 Soil Survey of

beargrass, creambush oceanspray, and California

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

15 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

30 to 37 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

37 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dubakella and Norling soils

• Acker and Dumont soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop and Pearsoll soils in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and

are in concave, less sloping positions

• Gravecreek soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Low fertility

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

86G—Gravecreek gravelly loam, 60 to 80

percent south slopes

Composition

Gravecreek soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from serpentinitic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Jeffrey pine with an

understory of canyon live oak, common

beargrass, creambush oceanspray, and California

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 177

7 to 15 inches—yellowish brown gravelly loam

15 to 30 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

30 to 37 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly clay

loam

37 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dubakella and Norling soils

• Rock outcrop and Pearsoll soils in convex positions

• Acker soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Gravecreek soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and

are in concave, less sloping positions

• Gravecreek soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Low fertility

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

87E—Greengulch-Cedargrove complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Greengulch soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Cedargrove soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and footslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 800 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, tall

Oregongrape, hairy honeysuckle, and California

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Greengulch Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

3 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 30 inches—dark brown and strong brown clay

30 inches—soft bedrock
178 Soil Survey of

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Cedargrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—dark brown silt loam

14 to 30 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

30 to 60 inches—dark brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Pollard, and Speaker soils derived from

metamorphic rock

• Wolfpeak soils in convex positions

• Siskiyou and Tethrick soils in more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Greengulch and Cedargrove soils that have slopes

of more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

Greengulch and Cedargrove

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of fire damage

Greengulch

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Greengulch soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt encourage livestock to graze in areas where

access is limited.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 179

• Septic tank absorption fields should be installed in

areas that are deeper to bedrock. Onsite investigation

is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Buildings and roads should be designed to offset the

limited ability of the soils to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

88F—Greengulch-Cedargrove complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes

Composition

Greengulch soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Cedargrove soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 800 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

creambush oceanspray, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Greengulch Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

3 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 30 inches—dark brown and strong brown clay

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Cedargrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—dark brown silt loam

14 to 30 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

30 to 60 inches—dark brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Pollard, and Speaker soils derived from

metamorphic rock

• Wolfpeak soils in convex positions

• Siskiyou and Tethrick soils in more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Greengulch and Cedargrove soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Greengulch and Cedargrove

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of fire damage

• High shrink-swell potential

Greengulch

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.
180 Soil Survey of

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Greengulch soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

89F—Greengulch-Cedargrove complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes

Composition

Greengulch soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Cedargrove soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 800 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, tall

Oregongrape, hairy honeysuckle, and California

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Greengulch Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

3 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 30 inches—dark brown and strong brown clay

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Cedargrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—dark brown silt loam

14 to 30 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

30 to 60 inches—dark brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Pollard, and Speaker soils derived from

metamorphic rock

• Wolfpeak soils in convex positions

• Siskiyou and Tethrick soils in more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Greengulch and Cedargrove soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Greengulch and Cedargrove

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of fire damage

• Low soil strength

Greengulch

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 181

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Greengulch soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

90E—Gustin-Orford complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Gustin soil and similar inclusions—65 percent

Orford soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Gustin—footslopes and concave

side slopes; Orford—footslopes and convex side

slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and Oregon oxalis

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Gustin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown clay loam

7 to 24 inches—brown clay

24 to 46 inches—mottled, yellowish red clay

46 to 60 inches—mottled, grayish brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Orford Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

9 to 42 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

42 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• McDuff soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Gustin soil but are poorly

drained or very poorly drained and are in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Gustin and Orford soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Gustin and Orford

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Low soil strength

• High shrink-swell potential
182 Soil Survey of

Gustin

• Wetness

• Hazard of windthrow

• Slow permeability

Orford

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Gustin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Gustin soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

91G—Harrington-Kilchis-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 100 percent slopes

Composition

Harrington soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Kilchis soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Rock outcrop—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Harrington—side slopes;

Kilchis and Rock outcrop—side slopes and

headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,100 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of

common snowberry, cascade Oregongrape,

creambush oceanspray, mountain brome, and

western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Harrington Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly loam

5 to 28 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly clay

loam

28 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Kilchis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

10 to 18 inches—brown very cobbly loam

18 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Klickitat soils

• Kinney soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Areas of talus below Rock outcrop

• Harrington soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland
Douglas County Area, Oregon 183

Major Management Limitations

Harrington and Kilchis

• Steepness of slope

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of fire damage

Kilchis

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade and leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade on the south- and westfacing slopes, planting larger trees or a higher number

of trees in a specified area, and selecting climatically

adapted seedlings help to ensure the establishment

and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• On south- and west-facing slopes, increased

erosion, loss of nutrients, and water repellency are

likely to result from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Kilchis soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

92A—Heceta fine sand, 0 to 2 percent

slopes

Composition

Heceta soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Interdunal swales and

depressions

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 0 to 50 feet

Native plants: Shore pine, rushes, and sedges

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand

2 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to a

depth of 24 inches below the surface in October

through May

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Duneland and Waldport soils in more steeply

sloping positions

Major Uses

Recreation, wildlife habitat, and wetland management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Rapid permeability

• Coarse texture

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Recreation

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining plant
184 Soil Survey of

cover, revegetating disturbed areas as soon as

possible, surfacing paths, and controlling traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• In summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses,

shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental trees.

93C—Heceta-Waldport complex, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Heceta soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Waldport soil, thin surface, and similar inclusions—

40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Heceta—interdunal swales and

depressions with slopes of 2 percent or less;

Waldport—recently stabilized dunes

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 0 to 50 feet

Native plants: Heceta—shore pine, European

beachgrass, rushes, and sedges; Waldport—

shore pine and European beachgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—200 to 260 days

Heceta Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand

2 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Permeability: Rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to a

depth of 24 inches below the surface in October

through May

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Waldport Soil, Thin Surface

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand

2 to 63 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Duneland

• Waldport soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Recreation, wildlife habitat, and wetland

management

Major Management Limitations

Heceta, and Waldport, thin surface

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Coarse texture

• Droughtiness

Heceta

• Wetness

• Rapid permeability

Waldport, thin surface

• Very rapid permeability

Use and Management

Recreation

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining plant

cover, revegetating disturbed areas as soon as

possible, surfacing paths, and controlling traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

• This unit generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable soils may

be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Reduce wetness in the Heceta soil by installing

drain tile around footings and providing drainage

around buildings with basements and crawl spaces.

• In summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses,

shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental trees.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 185

94E—Hemcross-Klistan complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Hemcross soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Klistan soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Plateaus

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Hemcross Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown and dark reddish brown

silt loam

11 to 44 inches—yellowish red and strong brown silt

loam

44 to 60 inches—strong brown gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 13 inches

Klistan Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

7 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

25 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Harslow soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Hemcross and Klistan soils that are stony and are

below areas of Rock outcrop

• Hemcross and Klistan soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Hemcross and Klistan

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Klistan

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Klistan soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

95F—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes

Composition

Hilltish soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

conglomerate

Elevation: 700 to 2,900 feet
186 Soil Survey of

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of rose, western hazel, creambush

oceanspray, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54

degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 14 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam

14 to 27 inches—brown and reddish yellow extremely

cobbly sandy loam

27 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine and Speaker soils

• Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Rock outcrop and McMullin soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Chimneyrock soils in concave positions

• Hilltish soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

95G—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Hilltish soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from conglomerate

Elevation: 700 to 2,900 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of rose, western hazel, creambush

oceanspray, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 14 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam

14 to 27 inches—brown and reddish yellow extremely

cobbly sandy loam

27 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 187

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Rock outcrop and McMullin soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Chimneyrock soils in concave positions

• Hilltish soils that have slopes of less than 60 percent

or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

96F—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

30 to 60 percent south slopes

Composition

Hilltish soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

conglomerate

Elevation: 700 to 2,900 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, canyon live oak,

tall Oregongrape, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 14 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam

14 to 27 inches—brown and reddish yellow extremely

cobbly sandy loam

27 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine and Speaker soils

• Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Rock outcrop and McMullin soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Chimneyrock soils in concave positions

• Hilltish soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion
188 Soil Survey of

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

96G—Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

60 to 90 percent south slopes

Composition

Hilltish soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from conglomerate

Elevation: 700 to 2,900 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, canyon live oak,

tall Oregongrape, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 14 inches—brown very gravelly sandy loam

14 to 27 inches—brown and reddish yellow extremely

cobbly sandy loam

27 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Rock outcrop and McMullin soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Chimneyrock soils in concave positions

• Hilltish soils that have slopes of less than 60 percent

or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 189

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area,

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings help

to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

97E—Honeygrove gravelly clay loam,

3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and volcanic rock

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven, Kinney, and Preacher soils

• Bohannon, Digger, Klickitat, Harrington, and

Peavine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Gustin soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Honeygrove soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, and hay and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.
190 Soil Survey of

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

97F—Honeygrove gravelly clay loam,

30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and volcanic rock

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven, Kinney, and Preacher soils

• Bohannon, Digger, Klickitat, Harrington, and

Peavine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Shivigny soils in convex positions

• Gustin soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Honeygrove soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

98E—Honeygrove-Gustin complex, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Gustin soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Honeygrove—footslopes and

convex side slopes; Gustin—footslopes and

concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with
Douglas County Area, Oregon 191

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and Oregon oxalis

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Gustin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown clay loam

7 to 24 inches—brown clay

24 to 46 inches—mottled, yellowish red clay

46 to 60 inches—mottled, grayish brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Klickitat, Peavine, and Shivigny soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Gustin soil but are poorly

drained or very poorly drained and are in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Honeygrove and Gustin soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Honeygrove and Gustin

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Low soil strength

Honeygrove

• Moderately slow permeability

Gustin

• Wetness

• Hazard of windthrow

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Gustin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Gustin soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

99E—Honeygrove-Peavine complex, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Peavine soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent
192 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone, siltstone, and volcanic rock

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Peavine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

5 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Honeygrove soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Honeygrove and Peavine soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Honeygrove and Peavine

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Peavine

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Peavine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

99F—Honeygrove-Peavine complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Peavine soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Honeygrove—concave side

slopes; Peavine—convex side slopes and ridges
Douglas County Area, Oregon 193

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and volcanic rock

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Peavine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

5 to 31 inches—dark reddish brown clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Honeygrove and Peavine soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Honeygrove and Peavine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Peavine

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Peavine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

100E—Honeygrove-Shivigny complex,

3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Shivigny soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Honeygrove—concave side

slopes; Shivigny—convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and crinkleawn fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days
194 Soil Survey of

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shivigny Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly

loam

10 to 21 inches—yellowish red very stony clay loam

21 to 64 inches—yellowish red very stony clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Gustin soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Klickitat and Peavine soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Honeygrove and Shivigny soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Honeygrove and Shivigny

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Shivigny

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Shivigny soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

101F—Honeygrove-Shivigny-Gustin

complex, 30 to 60 percent north

slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Shivigny soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Gustin soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Honeygrove—side slopes;

Shivigny—convex side slopes; Gustin—concave

side slopes of less than 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and Oregon oxalis

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay
Douglas County Area, Oregon 195

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shivigny Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly

loam

10 to 21 inches—yellowish red very stony clay loam

21 to 64 inches—yellowish red very stony clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Gustin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown clay loam

7 to 24 inches—brown clay

24 to 46 inches—mottled, yellowish red clay

46 to 60 inches—mottled, grayish brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Klickitat and Peavine soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Honeygrove, Shivigny, and Gustin soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent

• Honeygrove and Shivigny soils that have slopes of

more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Honeygrove, Shivigny, and Gustin

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

Honeygrove

• Moderately slow permeability

Shivigny

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Moderately slow permeability

Gustin

• Wetness

• Hazard of windthrow

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Gustin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Shivigny soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Gustin soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
196 Soil Survey of

102F—Honeygrove-Shivigny-Gustin

complex, 30 to 60 percent south

slopes

Composition

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Shivigny soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Gustin soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Honeygrove—side slopes;

Shivigny—convex side slopes; Gustin—concave

side slopes of less than 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and Oregon oxalis

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shivigny Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly clay

loam

10 to 21 inches—yellowish red very stony clay loam

21 to 64 inches—yellowish red very stony clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Gustin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown clay loam

7 to 24 inches—brown clay

24 to 46 inches—mottled, yellowish red clay

46 to 60 inches—mottled, grayish brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Klickitat and Peavine soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Honeygrove, Shivigny, and Gustin soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent

• Honeygrove and Shivigny soils that have slopes of

more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Honeygrove, Shivigny, and Gustin

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

Honeygrove

• Moderately slow permeability

Shivigny

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

Gustin

• Wetness

• Hazard of windthrow

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability
Douglas County Area, Oregon 197

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Gustin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Shivigny soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, avoiding very wet areas,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Gustin soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

103G—Hummington very gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Hummington soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic

rock

Elevation: 3,800 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir and Douglas fir with an

understory of Pacific rhododendron, big

huckleberry, toothed pyrola, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—65 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45

degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 16 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

16 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly loam

22 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Hummington soil but

have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and

are in convex positions

• Oneonta soils in concave and less steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Hummington soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

and are in concave and less steeply sloping

positions

• Hummington soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock
198 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

104F—Illahee-Mellowmoon-Scaredman

complex, 30 to 60 percent north

slopes

Composition

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Mellowmoon soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Scaredman soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45

degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Mellowmoon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 13 inches—dark brown loam

13 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam and gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Scaredman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

17 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Limpy soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions
Douglas County Area, Oregon 199

• Illahee and Mellowmoon soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent

• Illahee and Scaredman soils that have slopes of

more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Illahee, Mellowmoon, and Scaredman

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

Illahee

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Scaredman

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Illahee and Scaredman soils do not

respond well to seeding or mulching because of the

large amount of exposed rock fragments and fractured

bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Scaredman soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

105F—Illahee-Mellowmoon-Scaredman

complex, 30 to 60 percent south

slopes

Composition

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Mellowmoon soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Scaredman soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Mellowmoon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 13 inches—dark brown loam

13 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam and gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained
200 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Scaredman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

17 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Limpy soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Illahee and Mellowmoon soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent

• Illahee and Scaredman soils that have slopes of

more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Illahee, Mellowmoon, and Scaredman

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

Illahee

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Scaredman

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Illahee and Scaredman soils do not

respond well to seeding or mulching because of the

large amount of exposed rock fragments and fractured

bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Scaredman soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

106G—Illahee-Rock outcrop complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Rock outcrop—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Illahee—side slopes; Rock

outcrop—side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 201

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Scaredman soils

• Limpy soils in convex positions

• Mellowmoon soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Illahee soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments and fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

107G—Illahee-Scaredman complex, 60 to

90 percent north slopes

Composition

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Scaredman soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic

rock

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45

degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Scaredman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

17 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

29 inches—hard bedrock
202 Soil Survey of

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Limpy soils in convex positions

• Mellowmoon soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Illahee and Scaredman soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Illahee and Scaredman

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Scaredman

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments and fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Scaredman soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

108G—Illahee-Scaredman complex, 60 to

90 percent south slopes

Composition

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Scaredman soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Scaredman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

17 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

29 inches—hard bedrock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 203

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Limpy soils in convex positions

• Mellowmoon soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Illahee and Scaredman soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Illahee and Scaredman

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Scaredman

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed

rock fragments and fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Scaredman soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

109E—Jayar very gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Jayar soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and white fir with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, creambush

oceanspray, western swordfern, and western

princes pine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45

degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

3 to 15 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

15 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and are in

convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but are

influenced by serpentinite
204 Soil Survey of

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are in

concave positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have less

than 35 percent rock fragments

• Jayar soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

110F—Jayar very gravelly loam, 30 to 70

percent north slopes

Composition

Jayar soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and white fir with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, creambush

oceanspray, western swordfern, and western

princes pine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45

degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

3 to 15 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

15 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and are in

convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but are

influenced by serpentinite

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have less

than 35 percent rock fragments
Douglas County Area, Oregon 205

• Jayar soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 70 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

111F—Jayar very gravelly loam, 30 to 70

percent south slopes

Composition

Jayar soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 3,800 to 5,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and white fir with an

understory of cascade Oregongrape, creambush

oceanspray, western swordfern, and western

princes pine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45

degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

3 to 15 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

15 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and are in

convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but are

influenced by serpentinite

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Jayar soil but have less

than 35 percent rock fragments

• Jayar soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 70 percent

Major Use

Woodland
206 Soil Survey of

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area,

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings help

to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

112A—Jimbo-Haflinger complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Jimbo soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Haflinger soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: High flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 1,100 to 1,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, vine

maple, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 65 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Jimbo Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown fine sandy loam

10 to 35 inches—very dark grayish brown and brown

fine sandy loam

35 to 60 inches—brown gravelly sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Haflinger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown cobbly sandy

loam

3 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown cobbly sandy loam

10 to 60 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Jimbo and Haflinger

soils but are on lower flood plains
Douglas County Area, Oregon 207

• Soils that are similar to the Jimbo soil but are not

flooded

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Jimbo and Haflinger

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Rapid permeability of the substratum

Haflinger

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soils, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Reduce the risk of compaction of the surface layer

by planning grazing systems, using proper stocking

rates, and limiting grazing and field operations to drier

periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

113C—Jory silty clay loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Jory soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Toeslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nekia soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Jory soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.
208 Soil Survey of

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

113D—Jory silty clay loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes

Composition

Jory soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nekia soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Jory soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 20 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system
Douglas County Area, Oregon 209

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption

field to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

113E—Jory silty clay loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Jory soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nekia and Ritner soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Jory soils that have slopes of less than 20 percent

or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but
210 Soil Survey of

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

113F—Jory silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Jory soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nekia soils in convex positions

• Ritner soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Jory soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition
Douglas County Area, Oregon 211

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

114F—Jory-Ritner complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Jory soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Ritner soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Jory—concave side slopes;

Ritner—convex side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 600 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Jory Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Ritner Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly silty clay

loam

9 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly silty

clay

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nekia soils in convex positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Sahaptin soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Jory and Ritner soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, and source of quarry rock, particularly the

Ritner soil

Major Management Limitations

Jory and Ritner

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction
212 Soil Survey of

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Jory

• Low soil strength

Ritner

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Ritner soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Ritner soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

115C—Josephine gravelly loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Josephine soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 500 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, common

snowberry, whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam

22 to 59 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam

59 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pollard soils

• Speaker soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Josephine soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Sutherlin, Pengra, and Veneta soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Josephine soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 213

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

115E—Josephine gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Josephine soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 500 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, common

snowberry, whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam

22 to 59 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam

59 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pollard soils

• Speaker soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Josephine soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Sutherlin, Pengra, and Veneta soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Josephine soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.
214 Soil Survey of

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

116F—Josephine-Speaker complex, 30 to

60 percent north slopes

Composition

Josephine soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Josephine—concave side slopes;

Speaker—convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of western swordfern, common

snowberry, creambush oceanspray, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Josephine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam

22 to 59 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam

59 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Speaker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pollard, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Beekman and Vermisa soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils in areas of serpentinite

and peridotite

• Soils that are similar to the Josephine soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Josephine and Speaker soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Josephine and Speaker

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction
Douglas County Area, Oregon 215

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Speaker

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Speaker soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

117F—Josephine-Speaker complex, 30 to

60 percent south slopes

Composition

Josephine soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Josephine—concave side slopes;

Speaker—convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, whipplevine,

common snowberry, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Josephine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam

22 to 59 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam

59 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Speaker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Pollard, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Beekman and Vermisa soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils in areas of serpentinite

and peridotite

• Soils that are similar to this Josephine soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Josephine and Speaker soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Josephine and Speaker

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability
216 Soil Survey of

Speaker

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Speaker soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

118E—Kanid very gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Kanid soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 300 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam

19 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark

brown very gravelly clay loam

48 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rosehaven soils in concave positions

• Atring and Larmine soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Kanid soils that have an extremely gravelly or

extremely cobbly surface layer and are below areas of

Rock outcrop

• Kanid soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding
Douglas County Area, Oregon 217

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

118F—Kanid very gravelly loam, 30 to 70

percent slopes

Composition

Kanid soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 300 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam

19 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark

brown very gravelly clay loam

48 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rosehaven soils

• Atring and Larmine soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Kanid soils that have an extremely gravelly or

extremely cobbly surface layer and are below areas of

Rock outcrop

• Kanid soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 70 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

119F—Kanid-Atring complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Kanid soil and similar inclusions—45 percent
218 Soil Survey of

Atring soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, cascade

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Kanid Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam

19 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark

brown very gravelly clay loam

48 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam

39 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling soils

• McMullin, Reston, and Vermisa soils and Rock

outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Acker and Dumont soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Kanid and Atring soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Kanid and Atring

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Atring

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Atring soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Atring soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

119G—Kanid-Atring complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes

Composition

Kanid soil and similar inclusions—45 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 219

Atring soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, cascade

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Kanid Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam

19 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark

brown very gravelly clay loam

48 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam

39 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling soils

• Acker soils in concave, less sloping positions

• McMullin, Reston, and Vermisa soils and Rock

outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils underlain by

serpentinite and peridotite

• Kanid and Atring soils that have slopes of less than

60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Kanid and Atring

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Atring

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Atring soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Atring soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
220 Soil Survey of

120G—Kanid-Atring complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes

Composition

Kanid soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Atring soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Kanid Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—brown extremely gravelly loam

19 to 48 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark

brown very gravelly clay loam

48 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

9 to 39 inches—brown very gravelly loam

39 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Norling soils

• Acker soils in concave, less sloping positions

• McMullin, Reston, and Vermisa soils and Rock

outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils underlain by

serpentinite and peridotite

• Kanid and Atring soils that have slopes of less than

60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Kanid and Atring

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Atring

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit (fig. 9).

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Atring soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in

a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 221

• Trees on the Atring soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

121G—Kilchis-Harslow-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 100 percent south

slopes

Composition

Kilchis soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Harslow soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 1,500 to 2,250 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, vine maple,

whipplevine, and common snowberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Kilchis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown very cobbly loam

10 to 18 inches—brown very cobbly loam

18 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Figure 9.—Highlead logging in an area of Kanid-Atring complex, 60 to 90 percent north slopes.
222 Soil Survey of

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Harslow Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam and

extremely gravelly loam

25 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Harslow soil but are

more than 40 inches deep to bedrock

• Areas of talus below areas of Rock outcrop

• Kilchis and Harslow soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

122E—Kinney-Klickitat complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Kinney soil and similar inclusions—60 percent

Klickitat soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,100 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Kinney Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown gravelly loam

14 to 44 inches—dark brown clay loam

44 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 223

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Klickitat Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

11 to 38 inches—dark brown and strong brown very

gravelly loam

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red and strong brown very

gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Honeygrove and Orford soils

• Harrington soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Gustin soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Kinney and Klickitat soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Kinney and Klickitat

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Klickitat

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Klickitat soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

123A—Kirkendall-Nekoma complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Kirkendall soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Nekoma soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Kirkendall—intermediate flood

plains; Nekoma—low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 20 to 1,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir, red alder, and bigleaf maple

with an understory of vine maple, creambush

oceanspray, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Kirkendall Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silt loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown silt loam

19 to 37 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

37 to 63 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam and silt loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to water table: 30 to 72 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow
224 Soil Survey of

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Nekoma Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark brown and dark brown silt

loam

14 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

27 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown very fine sandy

loam

32 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Quosatana and Wasson soils in swales

• Wintley soils on terraces

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Kirkendall and Nekoma

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Plant competition

Kirkendall

• Wetness

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Nekoma

• Coarse texture

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use to periods when the soils are wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads, skid

trails, and landings.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method of

applying water. Use of this method permits the even,

controlled application of water.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

124F—Klickitat-Harrington complex, 30 to

60 percent north slopes

Composition

Klickitat soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Harrington soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,100 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and western hazel

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days
Douglas County Area, Oregon 225

Klickitat Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

11 to 38 inches—dark brown and strong brown very

gravelly loam

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red and strong brown very

gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Harrington Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly loam

5 to 28 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly

clay loam

28 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Kilchis soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Honeygrove, Kinney, and Orford soils in concave,

less sloping positions

• Klickitat and Harrington soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Klickitat and Harrington

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Harrington

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Harrington soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments and fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Providing artificial shade and leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade on south- and westfacing slopes, planting larger trees or a higher number

of trees in a specified area, and selecting climatically

adapted seedlings help to ensure establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Harrington soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

124G—Klickitat-Harrington complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Klickitat soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Harrington soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,100 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and western hazel

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days
226 Soil Survey of

Klickitat Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

11 to 38 inches—dark brown and strong brown very

gravelly loam

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red and strong brown very

gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Harrington Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly loam

5 to 28 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly clay

loam

28 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Kilchis soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Kinney soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Klickitat and Harrington soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Klickitat and Harrington

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Harrington

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Harrington soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Harrington soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

125G—Klickitat-Harrington complex,

60 to 90 percent south slopes

Composition

Klickitat soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Harrington soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,100 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and western hazel

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days
Douglas County Area, Oregon 227

Klickitat Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

11 to 38 inches—dark brown and strong brown very

gravelly loam

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red and strong brown very

gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Harrington Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly loam

5 to 28 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly clay

loam

28 to 34 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Kilchis soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Kinney soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Klickitat and Harrington soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Klickitat and Harrington

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Harrington

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Harrington soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• On the Harrington soil, an increased risk of erosion,

loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to

result from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Harrington soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

126F—Klickitat-Kinney complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Klickitat soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Kinney soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,100 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and red huckleberry
228 Soil Survey of

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Klickitat Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark reddish brown extremely gravelly

loam

11 to 38 inches—dark brown and strong brown very

gravelly loam

38 to 60 inches—yellowish red and strong brown very

gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Kinney Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown gravelly loam

14 to 44 inches—dark brown clay loam

44 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Honeygrove and Orford soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Harrington and Kilchis soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Kinney and Klickitat soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent

• Klickitat soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Klickitat and Kinney

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

Klickitat

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Klickitat soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Providing artificial shade and leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade on south- and westfacing slopes, planting larger trees or a higher number

of trees in a specified area, and selecting climatically

adapted seedlings help to ensure the establishment

and survival of seedlings.

127F—Klistan-Hemcross complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Klistan soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Hemcross soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from basalt

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock

with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and

western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 110 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 229

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Klistan Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

7 to 25 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

25 to 60 inches—brown very gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Hemcross Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown and dark reddish brown

silt loam

11 to 44 inches—yellowish red and strong brown silt

loam

44 to 60 inches—strong brown gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 13 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kilchis and Harslow soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Klistan and Hemcross soils that are stony and are

below areas of Rock outcrop

• Klistan and Hemcross soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Klistan and Hemcross

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Klistan

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Klistan soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

128F—Laderly very gravelly loam, 30 to

60 percent north slopes

Composition

Laderly soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 1,500 to 2,850 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 120 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 145 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

4 to 13 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

13 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

32 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
230 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Romanose soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Laderly soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Laderly soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Laderly soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

129G—Laderly-Romanose complex, 60 to

90 percent north slopes

Composition

Laderly soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Romanose soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 1,500 to 2,850 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 120 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 145 days

Laderly Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

4 to 13 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

13 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

32 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Romanose Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and dark brown very

gravelly sandy loam

12 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

18 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Laderly soil but have
Douglas County Area, Oregon 231

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Laderly soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Laderly and Romanose soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Laderly and Romanose

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Depth to rock

Romanose

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Romanose soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

130E—Lempira gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Lempira soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from volcanic rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45

degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown gravelly loam

14 to 29 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

29 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 13.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Illahee and Scaredman soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Lempira soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Lempira soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope
232 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Air drainage may be restricted on this unit;

therefore, timber harvesting methods should be

designed to reduce the effect of frost on regeneration.

131F—Lempira-Illahee complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Lempira soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Lempira—concave side slopes;

Illahee—convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Lempira Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown gravelly loam

14 to 29 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

29 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 13.5 inches

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Limpy and Scaredman soils in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Lempira and Illahee soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent

• Illahee soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Lempira and Illahee

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

Illahee

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 233

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Illahee soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

132E—Leopold clay loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Leopold soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Plateaus

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone

Elevation: 1,750 to 2,550 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of Pacific rhododendron, salal,

cascade Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 120 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 145 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown clay loam

5 to 20 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—brown very gravelly silty clay loam

24 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Leopold soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Leopold soils that have a very gravelly surface layer

• Soils that are similar to this Leopold soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are in

concave positions

• Leopold soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.
234 Soil Survey of

132F—Leopold clay loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Leopold soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Plateaus

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone

Elevation: 1,750 to 2,550 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of Pacific rhododendron, salal,

cascade Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 120 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 145 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown clay loam

5 to 20 inches—brown gravelly silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—brown very gravelly silty clay loam

24 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping areas

• Soils that are similar to this Leopold soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Leopold soils that have a very gravelly surface layer

• Soils that are similar to this Leopold soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Leopold soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

133E—Lettia gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of salal,

golden chinkapin, cascade Oregongrape, and

deerfoot vanillaleaf

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days
Douglas County Area, Oregon 235

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Lettia soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

134F—Lettia gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes
236 Soil Survey of

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, whipplevine, cascade

Oregongrape, and deerfoot vanillaleaf

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Lettia soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer (fig. 10).

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in

a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

135F—Lettia gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from granodiorite

Elevation: 1,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and sugar pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, creambush

oceanspray, whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 237

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Lettia soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

Figure 10.—Paper mulch in an area of Lettia gravelly loam, 30 to 60 percent north slopes.
238 Soil Survey of

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

136E—Lettia-Beal-Zing complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Beal soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Zing soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Lettia—footslopes and convex

side slopes; Beal—footslopes and concave side

slopes; Zing—footslopes and concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,100 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and creambush oceanspray

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Lettia Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Beal Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

18 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—olive clay loam and clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 45 inches—gray clay

45 to 62 inches—light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Sharpshooter and Threeforks soils underlain by

mica schist

• Dompier soils in concave positions

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Lettia, Beal, and Zing soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 239

Major Uses

Woodland, and hay and pasture

Major Management Limitations

Lettia, Beal, and Zing

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of fire damage

Lettia

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

Beal

• Wetness

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

Zing

• Wetness

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Beal and Zing soils are unsuited to

traffic when wet, use equipment only during dry

periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires of moderate

intensity.

• Trees on the Beal and Zing soils commonly are

subject to windthrow during periods when the soils are

excessively wet and winds are strong.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• In the areas of the Zing soil, select plants that can

tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

137F—Lettia-Beal-Zing complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Beal soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Zing soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Lettia—convex side slopes;

Beal—concave side slopes; Zing—concave side

slopes of less than 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,100 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an
240 Soil Survey of

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and creambush oceanspray

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Lettia Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Beal Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

18 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—olive clay loam and clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 45 inches—gray clay

45 to 62 inches—light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Sharpshooter and Threeforks soils underlain by

mica schist

• Dompier soils in concave positions

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Lettia, Beal, and Zing soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Lettia, Beal, and Zing

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Lettia

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

Beal

• Wetness

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

Zing

• Wetness

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Beal and Zing soils are unsuited to

traffic when wet, use equipment only during dry

periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and
Douglas County Area, Oregon 241

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Beal and Zing soils commonly are

subject to windthrow during periods when the soils are

excessively wet and winds are strong.

138F—Lettia-Beal-Zing complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Beal soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Zing soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Lettia—convex side slopes;

Beal—concave side slopes; Zing—concave side

slopes of less than 45 percent

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,100 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, tall

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Lettia Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Beal Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

18 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—olive clay loam and clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 45 inches—gray clay

45 to 62 inches—light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Sharpshooter and Threeforks soils underlain by

mica schist
242 Soil Survey of

• Dompier soils in convex positions

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Lettia, Beal, and Zing soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Lettia, Beal, and Zing

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Lettia

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

Beal

• Wetness

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

Zing

• Wetness

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Beal and Zing soils are unsuited to

traffic when wet, use equipment only during dry

periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Beal and Zing soils commonly are

subject to windthrow during periods when the soils are

excessively wet and winds are strong.

139F—Lettia-Tishar complex, 30 to 70

percent north slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Lettia—colluvium and residuum

derived from granodiorite; Tishar—colluvium and

residuum derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,350 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and common snowberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days
Douglas County Area, Oregon 243

Lettia Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• McGinnis and Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Lettia and Tishar soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent

• Tishar soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Lettia and Tishar

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

Lettia

• Hazard of fire damage

Tishar

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Tishar soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• In areas of the Lettia soil, increased erosion, loss of

nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result from

fires of moderate intensity.

140F—Lettia-Tishar complex, 30 to 70

percent south slopes

Composition

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Lettia—colluvium and residuum
244 Soil Survey of

derived from granodiorite; Tishar—colluvium and

residuum derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,650 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and sugar pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, creambush

oceanspray, whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Lettia Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty

clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• McGinnis and Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Lettia and Tishar soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent

• Tishar soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Lettia and Tishar

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Lettia

• Hazard of fire damage

Tishar

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Tishar soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area,

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings help

to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• In areas of the Lettia soil, increased erosion, loss of

nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result from

fires of moderate intensity.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 245

141C—Lint silt loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Lint soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Marine terraces

Landscape position: High marine terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 20 to 300 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of Pacific rhododendron, salal, vine

maple, and salmonberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silt loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown silt loam

19 to 39 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

39 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 21 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Coquille soils on flood plains

• Salander, Svensen, and Templeton soils in more

steeply sloping areas

• Lint soils that have slopes of more than 12 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

141D—Lint silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Lint soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Marine terraces

Landscape position: High marine terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 20 to 300 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with
246 Soil Survey of

an understory of Pacific rhododendron, salal, vine

maple, and salmonberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown silt loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown silt loam

19 to 39 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

39 to 62 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 21 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Coquille soils on flood plains

• Salander, Svensen, and Templeton soils in more

steeply sloping areas

• Lint soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

142G—Littlesand-Nonpareil-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 90 percent south

slopes

Composition

Littlesand soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—10 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Littlesand—side slopes;

Nonpareil and Rock outcrop—side slopes and

headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 400 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Littlesand—Douglas fir and grand fir

with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, red huckleberry, and western

swordfern; Nonpareil—Oregon white oak and

Pacific madrone with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, hairy honeysuckle, Saskatoon

serviceberry, and blue wildrye
Douglas County Area, Oregon 247

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Littlesand Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

8 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam

18 to 39 inches—yellowish brown cobbly clay loam

39 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring, Dickerson, and Larmine soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Kanid and Rosehaven soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Littlesand and Nonpareil soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Littlesand and Nonpareil

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Littlesand

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Nonpareil

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils

are least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

143G—Littlesand-Rosehaven-Atring

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Littlesand soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Rosehaven soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Atring soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent
248 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Littlesand and Atring—convex

side slopes; Rosehaven—concave side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 400 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, red

huckleberry, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Littlesand Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam

18 to 39 inches—yellowish brown cobbly clay loam

39 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Rosehaven Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown loam

12 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

25 to 63 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kanid soils in concave positions

• Bateman soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Larmine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Rosehaven soils that have slopes less than

60 percent

• Littlesand and Atring soils that have slopes of

more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Littlesand, Rosehaven, and Atring

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Littlesand

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Atring

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are the

most suitable.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Atring soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage

to vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils

are least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 249

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees

in a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Littlesand and Atring soils

commonly are subject to windthrow during periods

when the soils are excessively wet and winds are

strong.

144A—Malabon silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Malabon soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,300 feet

Native plants: Bigleaf maple and Oregon white oak

with an understory of western hazel, common

snowberry, Pacific poison oak, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

13 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

20 to 43 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

43 to 63 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Foehlin soils

• Malabon soils on flood plains

• Packard soils in convex positions

• Conser and Redbell soils in concave positions

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The

method used generally is governed by the crop

grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not

so much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.
250 Soil Survey of

145A—Malabon silty clay loam, flooded,

0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Malabon soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: High flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 400 to 1,300 feet

Native plants: Bigleaf maple and Oregon white oak

with an understory of western hazel, common

snowberry, Pacific poison oak, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 13 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

13 to 20 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

20 to 43 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

43 to 63 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Chapman and Chehalis soils

• Malabon soils on terraces

• Packard soils in convex positions

• Waldo soils in concave positions

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Structures and roads should be located above the

expected flood level.

146E—McComas very gravelly loam, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

McComas soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills
Douglas County Area, Oregon 251

Landscape position: Slump blocks

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 900 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak with an understory

of Pacific poison oak, hairy honeysuckle, rose,

blue wildrye, and sedge

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

5 to 13 inches—dark brown very cobbly silty clay

loam

13 to 27 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly

clay

27 to 38 inches—dark grayish brown very cobbly

clay

38 to 63 inches—dark grayish brown extremely stony

clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this McComas soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions

• McComas soils that are stony

• Yoncalla soils

Major Use

Pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to the clay layer

• High shrink swell potential and very slow

permeability of the clay layer

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

147F—McDuff-Absaquil-Blachly complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

McDuff soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Absaquil soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Blachly soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: McDuff—convex side slopes

and ridges; Absaquil—side slopes and ridges;

Blachly—concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

McDuff Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 32 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
252 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Absaquil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

10 to 26 inches—brown and strong brown silty clay

loam

26 to 32 inches—strong brown silty clay

32 to 45 inches—strong brown gravelly silty clay

45 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Blachly Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

10 to 21 inches—dark red clay

21 to 60 inches—red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Preacher soils

• Bohannon and Damewood soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• McDuff, Absaquil, and Blachly soils that have slopes

of less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

McDuff, Absaquil, and Blachly

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

McDuff

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the McDuff soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

148F—McDuff-Absaquil-Honeygrove

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

McDuff soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Absaquil soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: McDuff—convex side slopes and

ridges; Absaquil—side slopes and ridges;

Honeygrove—concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days
Douglas County Area, Oregon 253

McDuff Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 32 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Absaquil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

10 to 26 inches—brown and strong brown silty clay

loam

26 to 32 inches—strong brown silty clay

32 to 45 inches—strong brown gravelly silty clay

45 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Preacher soils

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• McDuff, Absaquil, and Honeygrove soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent or more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

McDuff, Absaquil, and Honeygrove

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

McDuff

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the McDuff soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

149E—McMullin-Reston complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

McMullin soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Reston soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet
254 Soil Survey of

Native plants: McMullin—Oregon white oak with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, wedgeleaf

ceanothus, western yarrow, blue wildrye, and pine

bluegrass; Reston—Pacific poison oak, wedgeleaf

ceanothus, filaree, wooly eriophyllum, western

yarrow, and pine bluegrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

McMullin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam

4 to 19 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Reston Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

2 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Contrasting Inclusions

• Buckeye and Speaker soils

• Josephine, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• McMullin and Reston soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

149F—McMullin-Reston complex, 30 to 75

percent slopes

Composition

McMullin soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Reston soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: McMullin—Oregon white oak with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, wedgeleaf

ceanothus, western yarrow, blue wildrye, and pine

bluegrass; Reston—Pacific poison oak, wedgeleaf

ceanothus, filaree, wooly eriophyllum, western

yarrow, and pine bluegrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

McMullin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam

4 to 19 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 255

Reston Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

2 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Contrasting Inclusions

• Buckeye and Speaker soils

• Josephine, Pengra and Sutherlin soils in concave,

less sloping positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• McMullin and Reston soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 75 percent

Major Uses

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Depth to rock

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

150F—McMullin-Reston-Rock outcrop

complex, 30 to 75 percent slopes

Composition

McMullin soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Reston soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills and mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: McMullin—Oregon white oak with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, wedgeleaf

ceanothus, western yarrow, blue wildrye, and pine

bluegrass; Reston—Pacific poison oak, wedgeleaf

ceanothus, filaree, wooly eriophyllum, western

yarrow, and pine bluegrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

McMullin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown loam

4 to 19 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

gravelly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Reston Soil

Typical profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

2 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 5 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Buckeye, and Speaker soils

• Pengra and Sutherlin soils in concave and less

sloping positions

• McMullin and Reston soils that have a very cobbly
256 Soil Survey of

or very stony surface layer and are below areas of

Rock outcrop

• McMullin and Reston soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 75 percent

Major Uses

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

151A—McNab clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

McNab soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Swales

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 1,000 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, western

swordfern, and hairy honeysuckle

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown clay loam

6 to 17 inches—brown clay

17 to 42 inches—yellowish brown clay

42 to 60 inches—light olive brown silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Windygap soils that are dry and are in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this McNab soil but are

poorly drained

• Waldo soils on narrow flood plains

• McNab soils that have slopes of more than 3

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Plant competition

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because this soil is not suited to traffic when wet,

use conventional equipment in harvesting but limit its

use to periods when the soil is dry.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads, skid

trails, and landings.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial
Douglas County Area, Oregon 257

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

152E—McNab-Windygap complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

McNab soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: McNab—swales with slopes of

less than 20 percent; Windygap—footslopes and

convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 1,000 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, western

swordfern, and hairy honeysuckle

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

McNab Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown clay loam

6 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 42 inches—yellowish brown clay

42 to 60 inches—light olive brown silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Windygap Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay loam

4 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

7 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay

16 to 58 inches—red silty clay

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker soils that are in convex positions and formed

in coarse sandstone

• Soils that are similar to the McNab soil but are

poorly drained

• Soils that are similar to the McNab soil but have 25

to 35 percent rock fragments

• Bellpine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Windygap soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

McNab and Windygap

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

McNab

• Wetness

• Hazard of windthrow

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Windygap

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the McNab soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and
258 Soil Survey of

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the McNab soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

153D—Meda loam, 2 to 20 percent slopes

Composition

Meda soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Alluvial fans and terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 20 to 1,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

22 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

31 to 51 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

sandy loam and gravelly sandy loam

51 to 60 inches—yellowish brown silt loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wintley soils

• Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on flood plains

• Natal soils in concave positions

• Soils that are similar to this Meda soil but have more

than 35 percent rock fragments and are in more

steeply sloping positions

• Meda soils that have slopes of more than 20 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

154B—Medford clay loam, 0 to 7 percent

slopes

Composition

Medford soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Low terraces and alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 800 to 1,600 feet
Douglas County Area, Oregon 259

Native plants: Douglas fir and Oregon white oak with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, creambush oceanspray, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown clay loam

8 to 17 inches—very dark brown clay

17 to 53 inches—very dark grayish brown clay

53 to 60 inches—dark brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Foehlin soils

• Banning and Panther soils in concave positions

• Packard soils in convex positions

• Medford soils that have slopes of more than 7

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

154C—Medford clay loam, 7 to 15 percent

slopes

Composition

Medford soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 800 to 1,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Oregon white oak with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, creambush oceanspray, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown clay loam

8 to 17 inches—very dark brown clay
260 Soil Survey of

17 to 53 inches—very dark grayish brown clay

53 to 60 inches—dark brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Foehlin soils

• Banning and Panther soils in concave positions

• Medford soils that have slopes of less than 7

percent or more than 15 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

155E—Mellowmoon-Illahee complex, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Mellowmoon soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 2,800 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Mellowmoon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 13 inches—dark brown loam

13 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam and gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 261

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Scaredman soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Mellowmoon soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Mellowmoon and Illahee soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Mellowmoon and Illahee

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Illahee

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Illahee soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees

in a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Air drainage may be restricted on this unit;

therefore, timber harvesting methods should be

designed to minimize the effect of frost on

regeneration.

156G—Millicoma-Reedsport complex,

60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Millicoma soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Reedsport soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 50 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, salmonberry, cascade

Oregongrape, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Millicoma Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown and dark brown

gravelly loam

10 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches
262 Soil Survey of

Reedsport Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

5 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 32 inches—dark brown clay loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Salander, Svensen, and Templeton soils in

concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Millicoma soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Millicoma and Reedsport soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Millicoma and Reedsport

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Millicoma

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Millicoma soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

157A—Natal clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Natal soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: High terraces

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Elevation: 50 to 700 feet

Native plants: Oregon ash and red alder with an

understory of western swordfern, salmonberry,

rushes, and sedges

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark gray clay loam

11 to 33 inches—grayish brown clay

33 to 45 inches—grayish brown clay

45 to 60 inches—gray clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 12

inches below the surface in December through

April

Permeability: Slow
Douglas County Area, Oregon 263

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bickford soils

• Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on flood plains

• Meda soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Natal soils that are flooded

Major Uses

Wildlife habitat and wetland management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

158A—Natroy clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes

Composition

Natroy soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Intermediate terraces and alluvial

fans

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Elevation: 500 to 1,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of common snowberry, Pacific

poison oak, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 18 inches—very dark grayish brown and very

dark gray clay

18 to 40 inches—very dark grayish brown clay

40 to 53 inches—dark brown clay

53 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 inches above the surface to a

depth of 12 inches below the surface in November

through May

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Curtin soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Dixonville and Philomath soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, homesite development, and wetland

management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Hazard of compaction

• High clay content

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing
264 Soil Survey of

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

159C—Nekia silty clay loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Nekia soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

8 to 19 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

19 to 29 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

29 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jory soils in concave positions

• Ritner and similar soils that are more than 40 inches

deep to bedrock and are in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions

• Nekia soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial
Douglas County Area, Oregon 265

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

159D—Nekia silty clay loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes

Composition

Nekia soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and footslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

8 to 19 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

19 to 29 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

29 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jory soils in concave positions

• Ritner and similar soils that are more than 40 inches

deep to bedrock and are in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions

• Nekia soils that have slopes of less than 12 percent

or more than 20 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial
266 Soil Survey of

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

159E—Nekia silty clay loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Nekia soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

8 to 19 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

19 to 29 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

29 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Jory soils in concave positions

• Ritner and similar soils that are more than 40 inches

deep to bedrock and are in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions

• Nekia soils that have slopes of less than 20 percent

or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and west-
Douglas County Area, Oregon 267

facing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

160E—Nekia-Jory complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Nekia soil and similar inclusions—60 percent

Jory soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Nekia—convex side slopes and

ridges; Jory—concave side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Nekia Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

8 to 19 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

19 to 29 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Jory Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Ritner soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Nekia and Jory soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

Nekia and Jory

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Nekia

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Nekia soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
268 Soil Survey of

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to

encourage livestock to graze in areas where access

is limited.

161A—Nekoma-Gardiner complex, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Nekoma soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Gardiner soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 20 to 50 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir, red alder, and bigleaf maple

with an understory of western swordfern, vine

maple, and creambush oceanspray

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Nekoma Soil

Typical profile

0 to 14 inches—very dark brown and dark brown silt

loam

14 to 27 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

27 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown very fine sandy

loam

32 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

April

Gardiner Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

8 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy fine sand

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6.5 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

April

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kirkendall soils on higher flood plains

• Meda soils on terraces and alluvial fans

• Quosatana soils in swales

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

Nekoma and Gardiner

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Coarse texture

Gardiner

• Moderately rapid permeability

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method of

applying water. Use of this method permits the even,

controlled application of water.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soils, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 269

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

162A—Nestucca silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Nestucca soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 10 to 40 feet

Native plants: Sitka spruce, red alder, and bigleaf

maple with an understory of vine maple, western

swordfern, and salmonberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

15 to 30 inches—dark grayish brown silty clay loam

30 to 60 inches—gray silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 24 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 12 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

April

Contrasting Inclusions

• Yachats soils

• Coquille and Willanch soils on lower flood plains

• Lint soils on terraces

• Soils that are similar to this Nestucca soil but are

well drained and are on higher flood plains

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method of

applying water. Use of this method permits the even,

controlled application of water.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

163C—Netarts fine sand, 2 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Netarts soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Stabilized sand dunes

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 50 to 300 feet

Native plants: Western hemlock and Douglas fir with

an understory of evergreen huckleberry, salal,

and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand
270 Soil Survey of

5 to 30 inches—brown, light yellowish brown, and

light olive brown fine sand

30 to 63 inches—light olive brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Waldport soils on recently stabilized dunes

• Duneland

• Netarts soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Recreation, wildlife habitat, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Coarse texture

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Recreation and homesite development

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining plant

cover, revegetating disturbed areas as soon as

possible, surfacing paths, and controlling traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• In summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses,

shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental trees.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is saturated or very dry.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control water

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

163E—Netarts fine sand, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Netarts soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Stabilized sand dunes

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 50 to 300 feet

Native plants: Western hemlock and Douglas fir with

an understory of evergreen huckleberry, salal, and

Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

5 to 30 inches—light yellowish brown and light olive

brown fine sand

30 to 63 inches—light olive brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Waldport soils on recently stabilized dunes

• Duneland

• Netarts soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Recreation, wildlife habitat, woodland, and homesite

development
Douglas County Area, Oregon 271

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Coarse texture

• Hazard of soil displacement

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Recreation and homesite development

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining

plant cover, revegetating disturbed areas as

soon as possible, surfacing paths, and controlling

traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour

or in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• In summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses,

shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental trees.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity. Limit its use when the soil is saturated

or very dry.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care

in the placement of culverts help to control water

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees

in a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

164A—Newberg fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Newberg soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,700 feet

Native plants: Black cottonwood and willow with an

understory of common snowberry, mockorange,

and western hazel

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

4 to 19 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

19 to 35 inches—dark yellowish brown fine sandy

loam

35 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loamy fine

sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Evans soils

• Camas soils on bars or in channels

• Riverwash on lower flood plains

• Soils that are similar to this Newberg soil but are

poorly drained

• Newberg soils that have a loamy sand surface

layer

Major Uses

Cropland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Coarse texture
272 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risk of compaction of the surface layer

by planning grazing systems, using proper stocking

rates, and limiting grazing and field operations to drier

periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

165A—Newberg loamy sand, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Newberg soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,700 feet

Native plants: Black cottonwood and willow with an

understory of common snowberry, mockorange,

and western hazel

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown loamy sand

8 to 30 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

30 to 60 inches—dark brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Evans soils

• Camas soils on bars or in channels

• Riverwash on lower flood plains

• Soils that are similar to this Newberg soil but are

poorly drained

• Newberg soils that have a fine sandy loam surface

layer

Major Uses

Cropland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Coarse texture

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited

to this unit. The method used generally is governed

by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not

so much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is

seeded early and conservation tillage is used.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and

by planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce runoff and soil displacement and

maintain soil tilth by planning grazing systems,

using proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing

and field operations when the soil is saturated or

very dry.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and

placement of salt improve livestock distribution.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 273

166C—Nonpareil loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and toeslopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dickerson, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Nonpareil soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Livestock grazing and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Ripping and blasting are needed for road

construction in some areas of this unit.

166E—Nonpareil loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days
274 Soil Survey of

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dickerson, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Nonpareil soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Livestock grazing and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This soil generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Ripping and blasting are needed for road

construction in some areas of this unit.

167G—Nonpareil loam, 60 to 90 percent

north slopes

Composition

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring, Dickerson, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions
Douglas County Area, Oregon 275

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Nonpareil soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce

competition from woody plants and improve degraded

areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to

encourage livestock to graze in areas where access

is limited.

168G—Nonpareil loam, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes

Composition

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring, Dickerson, Oakland, and Speaker soils

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Windygap and Rosehaven soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Nonpareil soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.
276 Soil Survey of

169C—Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 3 to

12 percent slopes

Composition

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and toeslopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dickerson and Speaker soils

• Bateman, Rosehaven, and Windygap soils in

concave positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Nonpareil and Oakland soils that have slopes of

more than 12 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

Nonpareil and Oakland

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Nonpareil

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soils and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• In areas of the Nonpareil soil, select plants that

can tolerate droughtiness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This unit generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soils to support a load.

• Ripping and blasting are needed for road

construction in some areas of this unit.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 277

169E—Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dickerson and Speaker soils

• Bateman, Rosehaven, and Windygap soils in

concave positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Nonpareil and Oakland soils that have slopes of

less than 12 percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

Nonpareil and Oakland

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Nonpareil

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• In areas of the Nonpareil soil, select plants that can

tolerate droughtiness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This unit generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable included

soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.
278 Soil Survey of

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soils to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Ripping and blasting are needed for road

construction in some areas of this unit.

169F—Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dickerson and Speaker soils

• Bateman, Rosehaven, and Windygap soils in

concave, less sloping positions

• Atring soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Nonpareil and Oakland soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Pasture

Major Management Limitations

Nonpareil and Oakland

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Nonpareil

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

170C—Oakland silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, common
Douglas County Area, Oregon 279

snowberry, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave

positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex positions

• Dupee, Panther, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils

in concave positions and near drainageways

• Oakland soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.
280 Soil Survey of

170D—Oakland silt loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and footslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave

positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex positions

• Dupee, Panther, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils

in concave positions and near drainageways

• Oakland soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 20 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development.

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 281

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock .

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

170E—Oakland silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave

positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex positions

• Dupee, Panther, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils

in concave, less sloping positions

• Oakland soils that have slopes of less than 20

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.
282 Soil Survey of

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

171F—Oakland silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, western

swordfern, rose, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave, less

sloping positions

• Dickerson and Nonpareil soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Dupee, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Oakland soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 283

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

172F—Oakland silt loam, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, hairy

honeysuckle, mountain sweetroot, and mountain

brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave, less

sloping positions

• Dickerson and Nonpareil soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Dupee, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Oakland soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.
284 Soil Survey of

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

173E—Oakland-Dupee complex, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Dupee soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Oakland—footslopes and convex

side slopes; Dupee—footslopes and concave side

slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oakland—Oregon white oak, Pacific

madrone, and Douglas fir with an understory of

Pacific poison oak, common snowberry,

Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue wildrye;

Dupee—Oregon white oak and Douglas fir with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Dupee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

9 to 30 inches—dark brown silty clay

30 to 63 inches—mottled, dark brown and yellowish

brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Bateman, Speaker, and Windygap soils in convex

positions

• Sutherlin soils in concave positions

• Pengra soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Panther soils near drainageways

• Oakland and Dupee soils that have slopes of less

than 12 percent

• Oakland soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, homesite development, and

woodland

Major Management Limitations

Oakland and Dupee

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Oakland

• Depth to rock

• Plant competition
Douglas County Area, Oregon 285

Dupee

• Wetness

• Hazard of slope failure

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soils and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• In areas of the Dupee soil, select plants that can

tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock or

are better drained. Onsite investigation is needed to

locate these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Reduce wetness of the Dupee soil by installing

drain tile around footings and providing drainage

around buildings with basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soils to support a load.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soils to the less sloping or better drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

Woodland

• Because the Dupee soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or better drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

174E—Oakland-Nonpareil-Sutherlin

complex, 12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Oakland—footslopes and

convex side slopes; Nonpareil—convex side

slopes; Sutherlin—footslopes and concave side

slopes

Parent material: Oakland and Nonpareil—residuum

and colluvium derived from sandstone and
286 Soil Survey of

siltstone; Sutherlin—alluvium and colluvium

derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak, Pacific madrone,

and Douglas fir with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, common snowberry, Saskatoon

serviceberry, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Sutherlin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

30 to 43 inches—dark yellowish brown and yellowish

brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave

positions

• Dupee and Veneta soils in concave positions and

near drainageways

• Oakland, Nonpareil, and Sutherlin soils that have

slopes of less than 12 percent or more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, homesite development, and

woodland

Major Management Limitations

Oakland, Nonpareil, and Sutherlin

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Oakland

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Plant competition

Nonpareil

• Depth to rock

• Droughtiness

Sutherlin

• Wetness

• Depth to clay layer

• Very slow permeability and high shrink-swell

potential of clay layer

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 287

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock or

to a clay layer. Onsite investigation is needed to

locate these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling in areas of the Sutherlin soil

and the limited ability of the soils in this unit to support

a load.

• In areas of the Sutherlin soil, prevent structural

damage that results from shrinking and swelling by

backfilling with material that has low shrink-swell

potential, properly designing foundations and footings,

and diverting runoff away from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

Woodland

• Because the Sutherlin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

174F—Oakland-Nonpareil-Sutherlin

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Oakland—side slopes;

Nonpareil—convex side slopes; Sutherlin—

concave side slopes

Parent material: Oakland and Nonpareil—residuum

and colluvium derived from sandstone and

siltstone; Sutherlin—alluvium and colluvium

derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak, Pacific madrone,

and Douglas fir with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, hairy honeysuckle, mountain

sweetroot, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches
288 Soil Survey of

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Sutherlin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

30 to 43 inches—mottled, dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown and light

brownish gray silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave, less

sloping positions

• Dupee and Veneta soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Sutherlin soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

• Oakland and Nonpareil soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

Oakland, Nonpareil, and Sutherlin

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Oakland

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Plant competition

Nonpareil

• Depth to rock

• Droughtiness

Sutherlin

• Wetness

• Hazard of slope failure

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Because the Sutherlin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 289

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

175E—Oakland-Sutherlin complex, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Oakland—footslopes and convex

side slopes; Sutherlin—footslopes and concave

side slopes

Parent material: Oakland—residuum and colluvium

derived from sandstone and siltstone; Sutherlin—

alluvium and colluvium derived from sandstone

and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak, Pacific madrone,

and Douglas fir with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, common snowberry, Saskatoon

serviceberry, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Sutherlin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

30 to 43 inches—mottled, dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown and light

brownish gray silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Speaker soils

• Bateman and Windygap silt loams in concave

positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex positions

• Dupee and Veneta soils in concave positions and

near drainageways

• Oakland and Sutherlin soils that have slopes of less

than 12 percent or more than 30 percent
290 Soil Survey of

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, homesite development, and

woodland

Major Management Limitations

Oakland and Sutherlin

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Low soil strength

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

Oakland

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

Sutherlin

• Wetness

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock or

to a clay layer. Onsite investigation is needed to

locate these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling in areas of the Sutherlin soil

and the limited ability of the soils in this unit to support

a load.

• In areas of the Sutherlin soil, prevent structural

damage that results from shrinking and swelling by

backfilling with material that has low shrink-swell

potential, properly designing foundations and footings,

and diverting runoff away from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soils to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

Woodland

• Because the Sutherlin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and west-
Douglas County Area, Oregon 291

facing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

176F—Oneonta-Hummington complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes

Composition

Oneonta soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Hummington soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 3,800 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir and Douglas fir with an

understory of Pacific rhododendron, golden

chinkapin, cascade Oregongrape, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—65 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Oneonta Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam

18 to 34 inches—dark brown loam

34 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 13.5 inches

Hummington Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 16 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

16 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly loam

22 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Keel soils

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Hummington soil but

have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and

are in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Hummington soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Oneonta soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

• Hummington soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Oneonta and Hummington

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

Hummington

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Hummington soil do not respond

well to seeding or mulching because of the large

amount of exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial
292 Soil Survey of

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Hummington soil commonly are

subject to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

177F—Oneonta-Hummington complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes

Composition

Oneonta soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Hummington soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 4,000 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir and Douglas fir with an

understory of Pacific rhododendron, golden

chinkapin, cascade Oregongrape, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—65 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Oneonta Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam

18 to 34 inches—dark brown loam

34 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 13.5 inches

Hummington Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

6 to 16 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

16 to 22 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

cobbly loam

22 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Keel soils

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Hummington soil but

have bedrock at a depth of less than 20 inches and

are in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Hummington soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Oneonta soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

• Hummington soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Oneonta and Hummington

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

Hummington

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Hummington soil do not respond

well to seeding or mulching because of the large

amount of exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 293

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Hummington soil commonly are

subject to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

178E—Oneonta-Keel complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Oneonta soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Keel soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Plateaus

Landscape position: Broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from volcanic rock

Elevation: 4,000 to 4,800 feet

Native plants: Pacific silver fir and Douglas fir with an

understory of Pacific rhododendron, golden

chinkapin, cascade Oregongrape, and vine

maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—65 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Oneonta Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—very dark brown and dark brown loam

18 to 34 inches—dark brown loam

34 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 13.5 inches

Keel Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark brown gravelly silt loam

6 to 17 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

17 to 22 inches—dark brown cobbly loam

22 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Hummington soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Oneonta soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Soils that are similar to the Oneonta soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions

• Oneonta and Keel soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Oneonta and Keel

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Keel

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Air drainage may be restricted on this unit;

therefore, timber harvesting methods should be

designed to minimize the effect of frost on

regeneration.
294 Soil Survey of

179E—Orford gravelly silt loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Orford soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Coast Range Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown gravelly silt loam

12 to 22 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

22 to 52 inches—brown clay

52 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils

• Bohannon, Digger, and McDuff soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Orford soil but are poorly

drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Orford soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

179F—Orford gravelly silt loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Orford soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Coast Range Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown gravelly silt loam

12 to 22 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

22 to 52 inches—brown clay

52 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 295

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils

• Bohannon, Digger, and McDuff soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Orford soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

180E—Orford gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Orford soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Western Cascades Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

9 to 42 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

42 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• McDuff soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Gustin soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Orford soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• High shrink-swell potential

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes
296 Soil Survey of

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

180F—Orford gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Orford soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Western Cascades Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

9 to 42 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

42 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Klickitat and McDuff soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Gustin soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Orford soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• High shrink-swell potential

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

181F—Orford-Gustin complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Orford soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Gustin soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Western Cascades Mountains

Landscape position: Orford—convex side slopes;

Gustin—concave side slopes of less than 45

percent

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with
Douglas County Area, Oregon 297

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

vine maple, and Oregon oxalis

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Orford Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

9 to 42 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

42 to 60 inches—brown silty clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Gustin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown clay loam

7 to 24 inches—brown clay

24 to 46 inches—mottled, yellowish red clay

46 to 60 inches—mottled, grayish brown clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Klickitat and McDuff soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Gustin and Orford soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent

• Orford soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Orford and Gustin

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

• High shrink-swell potential

Orford

• Moderately slow permeability

Gustin

• Wetness

• Hazard of windthrow

• Slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Gustin soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Gustin soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

182F—Orford-McDuff complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Orford soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

McDuff soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent
298 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Coast Range Mountains

Landscape position: Orford—concave side slopes;

McDuff—convex side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 1,500 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Orford Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown gravelly silt loam

12 to 22 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

22 to 52 inches—brown clay

52 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

McDuff Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

10 to 32 inches—strong brown and dark yellowish

brown clay

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Orford and McDuff soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Orford and McDuff

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

McDuff

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the McDuff soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

183B—Packard gravelly loam, 0 to 5

percent slopes

Composition

Packard soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: Low terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 300 to 950 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir, Oregon white oak, and

bigleaf maple with an understory of common
Douglas County Area, Oregon 299

snowberry, Pacific poison oak, and western

swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly

loam

12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

21 to 32 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly

clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 6 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Foehlin soils

• Roseburg soils on flood plains

• Medford soils in concave positions

• Packard soils that are flooded

• Packard soils that have a cobbly surface layer

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Hazard of compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

184A—Packard gravelly loam, flooded,

0 to 3 percent slopes

Composition

Packard soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: High flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 300 to 950 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir, Oregon white oak, and

bigleaf maple with an understory of common

snowberry, Pacific poison oak, and western

swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 21 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

21 to 32 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

32 to 60 inches—reddish brown extremely gravelly

clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Roseburg soils
300 Soil Survey of

• Foehlin soils on terraces

• Camas and Newberg soils on lower flood plains

• Packard soils that are not flooded

• Packard soils that have a cobbly surface layer

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Hazard of compaction

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Structures and roads should be located above the

expected flood level.

185D—Panther silty clay loam, 4 to 20

percent slopes

Composition

Panther soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Swales

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and basalt

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of common snowberry, Pacific

poison oak, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

3 to 11 inches—black clay

11 to 34 inches—dark gray clay

34 to 63 inches—gray clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 12

inches below the surface in December through

April

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Bateman, Oakland, and Windygap soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Panther soils that have slopes of less than 4 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, homesite development, and wetland

management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• High clay content

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to
Douglas County Area, Oregon 301

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• For the steeper areas of this unit, install septic tank

absorption lines on the contour or in adjacent areas

that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

186F—Pearsoll-Dubakella complex, 30 to

70 percent south slopes

Composition

Pearsoll soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Dubakella soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes (fig. 11)

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

serpentinite and peridotite

Elevation: 700 to 3,800 feet

Native plants: Pearsoll—Jeffrey pine with an

understory of wedgeleaf ceanothus, sheep

fescue, pine bluegrass, iris, and western

buttercup; Dubakella—Jeffrey pine, incense

cedar, and scattered Douglas fir with an

understory of canyon live oak, California fescue,

and pine bluegrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Pearsoll Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark reddish brown extremely stony

clay loam

6 to 14 inches—dark reddish brown extremely cobbly

clay

14 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Dubakella Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark reddish brown very stony clay

loam
302 Soil Survey of

3 to 33 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly

clay

33 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Gravecreek, Josephine, Norling, and

Speaker soils

• Peel and Eightlar soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Pearsoll and Dubakella

soils but have less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Soils that are similar to the Pearsoll and Dubakella

soils but are less affected by the nutrient imbalance

of the parent material

• Pearsoll and Dubakella soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 70 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Pearsoll and Dubakella

• Low fertility

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface

and in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Figure 11.—Typical area of Pearsoll-Dubakella complex, 30 to 70 percent south slopes.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 303

• Slow permeability

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of windthrow

Pearsoll

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Stones on the surface restrict the placement of

roads and skid trails and increase the risk of

breakage of timber.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and

winds are strong.

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing

and duration of grazing and includes a periodic

rotation during the season of use helps to maintain

plant vigor and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the

soil and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

187E—Peel clay loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Peel soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from serpentinite

and peridotite

Elevation: 600 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Incense cedar, Jeffrey pine, and

Douglas fir with an understory of western

buttercup, Gregor oniongrass, and California

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam

9 to 29 inches—dark brown and dark grayish brown

gravelly clay and gravelly silty clay

29 to 38 inches—olive gray silty clay

38 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in December

through March

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Eightlar soils

• Dubakella and Pearsoll soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Peel soil but are poorly

drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways
304 Soil Survey of

• Soils that are similar to this Peel soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Peel soils that are stony

• Peel soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Pasture, woodland, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Low soil fertility

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Wetness

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of slope failure

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate low soil fertility.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads

in the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock or

are more well drained. Onsite investigation is needed

to locate these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• For the steeper areas of this unit, install septic tank

absorption lines on the contour or in adjacent areas

that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 305

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

188D—Pengra silt loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Pengra soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Toeslopes, footslopes, and

alluvial fans

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, rose,

blue wildrye, and California oatgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

16 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown and olive gray

clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to clay layer: 14 to 30 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 30

inches below the surface in November through

May

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman and Pollard soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Rosehaven and Windygap soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Nonpareil, Oakland, and Speaker soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Pengra soils that have slopes of more than 20

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be
306 Soil Survey of

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• For the steeper areas of this unit, install septic tank

absorption lines on the contour or in adjacent areas

that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

188E—Pengra silt loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Pengra soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, rose,

blue wildrye, and California oatgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

7 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

16 to 60 inches—dark grayish brown and olive gray

clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to clay layer: 14 to 30 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 30

inches below the surface in November through

May

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman and Pollard soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Rosehaven and Windygap soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Nonpareil, Oakland, and Speaker soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Pengra soils that have slopes of less than 20

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 307

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

189E—Philomath-Dixonville complex, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Philomath soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Dixonville soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Philomath—Oregon white oak with an

understory of common snowberry, hairy

honeysuckle, western buttercup, California

oatgrass, and Idaho fescue; Dixonville—Douglas

fir and bigleaf maple with an understory of

creambush oceanspray, western hazel, common

snowberry, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Philomath Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—black silty clay

4 to 16 inches—black clay

16 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Dixonville Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

8 to 31 inches—dark brown silty clay and clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Climax soils

• Curtin, Darby, and Yoncalla soils in concave

positions

• Edenbower soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions
308 Soil Survey of

• Philomath and Dixonville soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

Philomath and Dixonville

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Philomath

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• In areas of the Philomath soil, select plants that can

tolerate droughtiness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the

soils to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

189F—Philomath-Dixonville complex,

30 to 70 percent slopes

Composition

Philomath soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Dixonville soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Philomath—Oregon white oak with an

understory of common snowberry, hairy

honeysuckle, western buttercup, California

oatgrass, and Idaho fescue; Dixonville—Douglas

fir and California black oak with an understory of

hairy honeysuckle, tall Oregongrape, mountain

sweetroot, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Philomath Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—black silty clay

4 to 16 inches—black clay

16 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Dixonville Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown silty clay loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 309

8 to 31 inches—dark brown silty clay and clay

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Climax soils

• Darby and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Edenbower soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Philomath and Dixonville soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent

Major Use

Pasture

Major Management Limitations

Philomath and Dixonville

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Depth to rock

• Low soil strength

Philomath

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

190E—Philomath-Edenbower complex,

12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Philomath soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Edenbower soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Philomath—Oregon white oak with an

understory of common snowberry, hairy

honeysuckle, western buttercup, California

oatgrass, and Idaho fescue; Edenbower—pine

bluegrass, blue wildrye, western buttercup, and

western yarrow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—165 to 235 days

Philomath Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—black silty clay

4 to 16 inches—black clay

16 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Edenbower Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown clay

8 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 4 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Climax and Dixonville soils

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Darby soils in concave positions

• Curtin and Yoncalla soils in concave positions

• Philomath and Edenbower soils that have slopes of

less than 12 percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Livestock grazing and homesite development
310 Soil Survey of

Major Management Limitations

• Depth to rock

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing

and duration of grazing and includes a periodic

rotation during the season of use helps to maintain

plant vigor and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the

soil and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce

competition from woody plants and improve

degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and

placement of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• This unit generally is not suitable for septic tank

absorption fields; however, areas of suitable

included soils may be in the unit. Onsite investigation

is needed to locate these areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour

or in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material

that has low shrink-swell potential, properly

designing foundations and footings, and diverting

runoff away from buildings.

• Buildings and roads should be designed to offset

the limited ability of the soils to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Ripping and blasting are needed for road

construction in some areas of this unit.

190F—Philomath-Edenbower complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Philomath soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Edenbower soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from basalt

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Philomath—Oregon white oak with an

understory of common snowberry, hairy

honeysuckle, western buttercup, California

oatgrass, and Idaho fescue; Edenbower—pine

bluegrass, blue wildrye, western buttercup, and

western yarrow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—165 to 235 days

Philomath Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—black silty clay

4 to 16 inches—black clay

16 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Edenbower Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown clay

8 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 4 to 10 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Shrink-swell potential: High
Douglas County Area, Oregon 311

Contrasting Inclusions

• Climax and Dixonville soils

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Darby and Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Philomath and Edenbower soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soil

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce

competition from woody plants and improve degraded

areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

191—Pits

This map unit consists of open excavations

throughout the survey area from which the soil and

commonly some of the underlying material, such as

hard rock or gravel, have been removed. The pits in

upland areas are sources of rock, and those on

terraces and flood plains are sources of gravel or

topsoil, or both. Many of the pits currently are being

used and enlarged for the extraction of gravel,

topsoil, and other fill material. This unit also consists

of excavations and mine tailings from the operation

of Glenbrook Nickel Company near the town of

Riddle.

192E—Pollard gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Pollard soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, common

snowberry, whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

6 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 60 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sutherlin, Pengra, and Veneta soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Josephine and Speaker soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Pollard soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength
312 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

193F—Pollard gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Pollard soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of western swordfern, common

snowberry, creambush oceanspray, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

6 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 60 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 313

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine soil

• Sutherlin and Veneta soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Beekman soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Speaker soils in convex positions

• Pollard soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

194F—Pollard gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Pollard soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, whipplevine,

common snowberry, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

6 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay loam

16 to 60 inches—red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine soil

• Sutherlin and Veneta soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Beekman soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Speaker soils in convex positions

• Pollard soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.
314 Soil Survey of

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars and culverts.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

195E—Preacher loam, 0 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Blachly, Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Soils that are similar to this Preacher soil but are

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Preacher soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

195F—Preacher loam, 30 to 50 percent

slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 315

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Blachly, Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils in

concave, less sloping positions

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Preacher soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 50 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

195G—Preacher loam, 50 to 75 percent

slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Preacher soils that have slopes of less than 50

percent or more than 75 percent
316 Soil Survey of

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

196E—Preacher-Blachly complex, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Blachly soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Blachly Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

10 to 21 inches—dark red clay

21 to 60 inches—red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon and Damewood soils in convex, more

steeply sloping areas

• Soils that are similar to the Blachly soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Soils that are similar to the Preacher and Blachly

soils but are poorly drained and are in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Preacher and Blachly soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Preacher and Blachly

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope
Douglas County Area, Oregon 317

Blachly

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

197E—Preacher-Bohannon complex, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Preacher—ridges and concave

side slopes; Bohannon—ridges and convex side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Blachly, Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils

• Digger soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Soils that are similar to the Preacher and Bohannon

soils but are poorly drained and are in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Preacher and Bohannon soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Preacher and Bohannon

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Bohannon

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock
318 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Bohannon soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Bohannon soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

197F—Preacher-Bohannon complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Preacher—concave side slopes;

Bohannon—convex side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock

with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and vine

maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Honeygrove, Orford, and Xanadu soils in concave,

less sloping positions

• Digger soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Preacher and Bohannon soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Preacher and Bohannon

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Bohannon

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 319

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Bohannon soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Bohannon soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

198F—Preacher-Bohannon-Blachly

complex, 30 to 70 percent slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Blachly soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Preacher and Blachly—concave

side slopes; Bohannon—convex side slopes and

ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock

with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and vine

maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Blachly Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

10 to 21 inches—dark red clay

21 to 60 inches—red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Digger soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Blachly soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Preacher, Bohannon, and Blachly soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent
320 Soil Survey of

• Preacher and Bohannon soils that have slopes of

more than 70 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Preacher, Bohannon, and Blachly

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Bohannon

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Blachly

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Bohannon soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Bohannon soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

199G—Preacher-Bohannon-Digger

complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Digger soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Preacher—concave side

slopes; Bohannon and Digger—convex side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 321

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop and Umpcoos soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Digger soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Preacher, Bohannon, and Digger soils that have

slopes of less than 60 percent

• Bohannon and Digger soils that have slopes of more

than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Preacher, Bohannon, and Digger

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Preacher

• Hazard of compaction

Bohannon

• Hazard of compaction

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Digger

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Bohannon and Digger soils do not

respond well to seeding or mulching because of the

large amount of exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Bohannon and Digger soils commonly

are subject to windthrow during periods when the soils

are excessively wet and winds are strong.

200F—Preacher-Bohannon-Xanadu

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Preacher soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Bohannon soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Xanadu soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Preacher and Xanadu—concave

side slopes; Bohannon—convex side slopes and

ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Preacher Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam
322 Soil Survey of

19 to 34 inches—brown loam

34 to 60 inches—brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Bohannon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown gravelly loam

12 to 32 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown gravelly loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Xanadu Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 15 inches—dark reddish brown clay loam

15 to 60 inches—reddish brown and dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Digger soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Xanadu soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Preacher soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Preacher, Bohannon, and Xanadu soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent

• Preacher and Bohannon soils that have slopes of

more than 70 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Preacher, Bohannon, and Xanadu

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Bohannon

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Xanadu

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Bohannon soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Bohannon soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

201A—Quosatana silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Quosatana soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Swales on low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 20 to 400 feet

Native plants: Oregon ash and red alder with an
Douglas County Area, Oregon 323

understory of western swordfern, salmonberry,

rushes, and sedges

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

16 to 34 inches—dark grayish brown silt loam

34 to 55 inches—dark gray silty clay loam

55 to 63 inches—dark gray silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 18

inches below the surface in November through

April

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 12 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

April

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wasson soils

• Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on high flood plains

• Meda soils on terraces

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, wildlife habitat, and wetland

management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method of

applying water. Use of this method permits the even,

controlled application of water.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

202B—Redbell silt loam, 0 to 5 percent

slopes

Composition

Redbell soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces and alluvial fans

Landscape position: Low terraces and alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,200 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Saskatoon serviceberry,

common snowberry, western swordfern, and rose

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

8 to 34 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

34 to 42 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

42 to 50 inches—mottled, yellowish brown silty clay

loam

50 to 62 inches—mottled, strong brown loam

62 to 70 inches—multicolored extremely gravelly sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Foehlin soils

• Conser soils in concave positions

• Malabon soils on higher terraces
324 Soil Survey of

• Sibold and Waldo soils on flood plains

• Redbell soils that have slopes of more than 5

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The

method used generally is governed by the crop

grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

203F—Reedsport-Millicoma complex,

30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Reedsport soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Millicoma soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and narrow ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 50 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, salmonberry, cascade

Oregongrape, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Reedsport Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

5 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 32 inches—dark brown clay loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Millicoma Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown and dark brown

gravelly loam

10 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

30 inches—soft bedrock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 325

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Salander, Svensen, and Templeton soils in

concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Millicoma soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Millicoma and Reedsport soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Reedsport and Millicoma

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Millicoma

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Millicoma soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

204G—Remote-Digger complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes

Composition

Remote soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Digger soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: North-facing side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 1,600 to 3,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—110 to 160 days

Remote Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

10 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

26 to 60 inches—yellowish brown and dark yellowish

brown extremely gravelly loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Digger Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—very dark grayish brown very gravelly

loam
326 Soil Survey of

6 to 19 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

19 to 28 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon soils

• Preacher soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Umpcoos soils and Rock outcrop in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Orford and McDuff soils in less steeply sloping

positions

• Remote and Digger soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Remote and Digger

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil and on the

surface

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Digger

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Digger soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

205E—Ritner gravelly silty clay loam,

12 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Ritner soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 500 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of whipplevine, tall Oregongrape, hairy

honeysuckle, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly silty clay

loam

9 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly silty

clay

34 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dixonville and Nekia soils
Douglas County Area, Oregon 327

• Darby and Jory soils in concave positions

• Sahaptin soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions

• Ritner soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption

field to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour

or in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

206F—Ritner gravelly silty clay loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes

Composition

Ritner soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 500 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, rose,

and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days
328 Soil Survey of

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly silty clay

loam

9 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly silty

clay

34 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dixonville and Nekia soils

• Darby and Jory soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Sahaptin soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Ritner soils that have slopes of less than 30 percent

or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

207G—Ritner gravelly silty clay loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Ritner soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 500 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, rose,

and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly silty clay

loam

9 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly silty

clay

34 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 329

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dixonville and Nekia soils

• Darby and Jory soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop and Sahaptin soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Ritner soils that have slopes of less than 60 percent

or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

208G—Ritner-Jory complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes

Composition

Jory soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Ritner soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ritner—convex side slopes;

Jory—concave side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 600 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Ritner Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly silty clay

loam

9 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly silty

clay

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Jory Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay
330 Soil Survey of

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dixonville and Nekia soils on ridges

• Sahaptin soils and Rock outcrop in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Jory and Ritner soils that have slopes of less than

60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, and source of quarry rock, particularly the

Ritner soil

Major Management Limitations

Ritner and Jory

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Ritner

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Jory

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Ritner soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Ritner soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

209F—Ritner-Sahaptin complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Ritner soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Sahaptin soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 500 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of whipplevine, tall Oregongrape,

hairy honeysuckle, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Ritner Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly silty clay

loam

9 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly silty

clay

34 inches—hard bedrock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 331

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Sahaptin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silty

clay loam

8 to 17 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly silty

clay

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dixonville and Nekia soils

• Darby and Jory soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Sahaptin soil but are

less than 10 inches deep to bedrock

• Ritner and Sahaptin soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and livestock grazing

Major Management Limitations

Ritner and Sahaptin

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

Sahaptin

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in

a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• In areas of the Sahaptin soil, increased erosion,

loss of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to

result from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Sahaptin soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing

and duration of grazing and includes a periodic

rotation during the season of use helps to maintain

plant vigor and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the

soil and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce

competition from woody plants and improve

degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and

placement of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to

encourage livestock to graze in areas where access

is limited.
332 Soil Survey of

209G—Ritner-Sahaptin complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes

Composition

Ritner soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Sahaptin soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 500 to 2,800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of whipplevine, tall Oregongrape, hairy

honeysuckle, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 225 days

Ritner Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly silty clay

loam

9 to 23 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

23 to 34 inches—dark reddish brown very cobbly silty

clay

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Sahaptin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark brown very cobbly silty clay

loam

8 to 17 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly silty

clay

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dixonville and Nekia soils

• Darby and Jory soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Sahaptin soil but are

less than 10 inches deep to bedrock

• Ritner and Sahaptin soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Ritner and Sahaptin

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

Sahaptin

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils

are least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in

a specified area and selecting climatically adapted
Douglas County Area, Oregon 333

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• In areas of the Sahaptin soil, increased erosion, loss

of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result

from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Sahaptin soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

210—Riverwash

Composition

Riverwash and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,000 feet

Native plants: Occasional bunches of grass and

scattered willows

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—48 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 235 days

Riverwash

Description: Areas of highly stratified sand and gravel

Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained to poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24

inches below the surface in January through

December

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: Variable

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in October through

July

Contrasting Inclusions

• Camas and Newberg soils on higher flood plains

Major Uses

Source of sand and gravel, wildlife habitat, and

recreation

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Wetness

• High amount of rock fragments

• Coarse texture

• Very rapid permeability

211—Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed volcanic, sedimentary,

and metamorphic rock scattered throughout the

survey area

Slope: 60 percent to nearly vertical

Major use: Wildlife habitat

212G—Rock outcrop-Umpcoos complex,

60 to 110 percent slopes

Composition

Rock outcrop—60 percent

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of cascade Oregongrape, common

beargrass, whipplevine, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 100 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch
334 Soil Survey of

Contrasting Inclusions

• Damewood, Digger, and Bohannon soils

• Preacher soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to Preacher soils but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

concave, less sloping positions

• Umpcoos soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Depth to rock

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

213G—Romanose-Laderly complex, 60 to

90 percent south slopes

Composition

Romanose soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Laderly soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 1,500 to 2,850 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

trailing blackberry, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—90 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 145 days

Romanose Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and dark brown very

gravelly sandy loam

12 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly sandy loam

18 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Laderly Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

4 to 13 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

13 to 32 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam

32 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon 335

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Laderly soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Soils that are similar to the Laderly soil but have

less than 35 percent rock fragments

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Laderly and Romanose soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Romanose and Laderly

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Romanose

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Romanose soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

214A—Roseburg loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Roseburg soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: High flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 950 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and bigleaf maple with an

understory of western swordfern, common

snowberry, western hazel, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

10 to 15 inches—very dark grayish brown clay loam

15 to 32 inches—dark brown clay loam

32 to 41 inches—dark brown loam

41 to 64 inches—dark brown sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Contrasting Inclusions

• Conser, Coburg, and Sibold soils in concave

positions

• Evans and Chapman soils on lower flood plains

• Foehlin, Malabon, and Medford soils on terraces

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of compaction

• Hazard of flooding

• Low soil strength
336 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Structures and roads should be located above the

expected flood level.

215C—Rosehaven loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Rosehaven soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Toeslopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown loam

12 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

25 to 63 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman soils

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Rosehaven soils that have slopes of more than

12 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited

to this unit. The method used generally is governed

by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not

so much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 337

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

215E—Rosehaven loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Rosehaven soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown loam

12 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

25 to 63 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman and Kanid soils

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Rosehaven soils that have slopes of less than

12 percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.
338 Soil Survey of

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

215F—Rosehaven loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Rosehaven soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown loam

12 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

25 to 63 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman and Kanid soils

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Larmine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Rosehaven soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 339

216E—Rosehaven-Atring complex, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Rosehaven soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Atring soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Rosehaven Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown loam

12 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

25 to 63 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman and Kanid soils

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Rosehaven soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent

• Rosehaven and Atring soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Rosehaven and Atring

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

Atring

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Atring soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted
340 Soil Survey of

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Atring soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

216F—Rosehaven-Atring complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Rosehaven soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Atring soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Rosehaven—concave side

slopes; Atring—convex side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Rosehaven Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown loam

12 to 25 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

25 to 63 inches—yellowish brown clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 11 inches

Atring Soil

Typical profile

0 to 9 inches—dark grayish brown gravelly loam

9 to 20 inches—brown very gravelly loam

20 to 35 inches—yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

35 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman and Kanid soils

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Larmine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Rosehaven and Atring soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Rosehaven and Atring

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Atring

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Atring soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and west-
Douglas County Area, Oregon 341

facing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Atring soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

217E—Salander silt loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Salander soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 50 to 800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Sitka spruce with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry,

salmonberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 17 inches—very dark brown and dark reddish

brown silt loam

17 to 53 inches—dark brown silt loam

53 to 61 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 18 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this Salander soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Millicoma and Reedsport soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Salander soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

217F—Salander silt loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Salander soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and narrow ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 50 to 800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Sitka spruce with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry,

salmonberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 17 inches—very dark brown and dark reddish

brown silt loam
342 Soil Survey of

17 to 53 inches—dark brown silt loam

53 to 61 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 18 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this Salander soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments

• Millicoma and Reedsport soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Salander soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

218G—Scaredman-Limpy-Rock outcrop

complex, 60 to 100 percent south

slopes

Composition

Scaredman soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Limpy soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Rock outcrop and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Scaredman—side slopes;

Limpy and Rock outcrop—side slopes and

headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Scaredman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly loam

10 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly loam

17 to 29 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Limpy Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam

6 to 19 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly loam

19 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 12 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1.5 inches

Rock Outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Illahee soils

• Mellowmoon soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Scaredman and Limpy soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 343

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Scaredman and Limpy

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soils

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Depth to rock

Limpy

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area,

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings help

to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• On the Limpy soil, an increased risk of erosion, loss

of nutrients, and water repellency are likely to result

from fires of moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Limpy soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

219E—Sharpshooter loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Sharpshooter soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from mica schist

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and deerfoot vanillaleaf

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

31 to 45 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

45 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dumont soils

• Soils that are similar to this Sharpshooter soil but

have bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and

are in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Sharpshooter soils that have slopes of more than

30 percent

Major Use

Woodland
344 Soil Survey of

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

220F—Sharpshooter loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Sharpshooter soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

mica schist

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and deerfoot vanillaleaf

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

31 to 45 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

45 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sharpshooter soils that have a clay subsoil and are

in concave positions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Sharpshooter soil but

are less than 40 inches deep to bedrock and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Sharpshooter soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 345

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

220G—Sharpshooter loam, 60 to 90

percent north slopes

Composition

Sharpshooter soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from mica schist

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and deerfoot vanillaleaf

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

31 to 45 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

45 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex positions

• Beal soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Sharpshooter soil but

are less than 40 inches deep to bedrock

• Sharpshooter soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

221F—Sharpshooter loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Sharpshooter soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains
346 Soil Survey of

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from mica schist

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of creambush oceanspray, hairy

honeysuckle, whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

31 to 45 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

45 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sharpshooter soils that have a clay subsoil and are

in concave positions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Sharpshooter soil but

are less than 40 inches deep to bedrock and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Sharpshooter soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

221G—Sharpshooter loam, 60 to 90

percent south slopes

Composition

Sharpshooter soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from mica schist

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, hairy

honeysuckle, whipplevine, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days
Douglas County Area, Oregon 347

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 19 inches—dark brown loam

19 to 31 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

31 to 45 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

45 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex positions

• Beal soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Sharpshooter soil but

are less than 40 inches deep to bedrock

• Sharpshooter soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

222F—Shivigny-Honeygrove complex,

30 to 60 percent north slopes

Composition

Shivigny soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Shivigny—convex side slopes;

Honeygrove—concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, and

vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Shivigny Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly

loam

10 to 21 inches—yellowish red very stony clay loam

21 to 64 inches—yellowish red very stony clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained
348 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Gustin soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Klickitat and Peavine soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Honeygrove and Shivigny soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Shivigny and Honeygrove

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Shivigny

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Shivigny soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

222G—Shivigny-Honeygrove complex,

60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Shivigny soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Shivigny—convex side slopes;

Honeygrove—concave side slopes of less than

75 percent

Parent material: Colluvium derived from volcanic

rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Shivigny Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly loam

10 to 21 inches—yellowish red very stony clay loam

21 to 64 inches—yellowish red very stony clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

loam

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay
Douglas County Area, Oregon 349

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Peavine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Shivigny soil but are less

than 40 inches deep to bedrock and are in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Honeygrove and Shivigny soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent

• Shivigny soils that have slopes of more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Shivigny and Honeygrove

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Shivigny

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Shivigny soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

223F—Shivigny-Honeygrove complex,

30 to 60 percent south slopes

Composition

Shivigny soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Honeygrove soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Shivigny—convex side slopes;

Honeygrove—concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape, and

vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 75 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Shivigny Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark reddish brown very gravelly

loam

10 to 21 inches—yellowish red very stony clay loam

21 to 64 inches—yellowish red very stony clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Honeygrove Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam
350 Soil Survey of

12 to 30 inches—dark reddish brown clay

30 to 63 inches—dark red clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kinney soils

• Gustin soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Klickitat and Peavine soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Honeygrove and Shivigny soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Shivigny and Honeygrove

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Shivigny

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Shivigny soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

224B—Sibold fine sandy loam, 0 to 5

percent slopes

Composition

Sibold soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: High flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

6 to 12 inches—dark brown loam

12 to 40 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

40 to 49 inches—yellowish brown loam

49 to 63 inches—brownish yellow silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 18 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow above the silty clay

layer and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Frequency of flooding: Rare

Shrink-swell potential: High in the clay layer

Contrasting Inclusions

• Roseburg soils

• Chapman, Chehalis, Evans, and Newberg soils on

lower flood plains
Douglas County Area, Oregon 351

• Conser soils in concave positions

• Soils that are similar to this Sibold but are poorly

drained and are in concave positions

• Banning, Foehlin, and Redbell soils on terraces

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Hazard of flooding

• Very slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Furrow, border, corrugation, trickle, and sprinkler

irrigation systems are suited to this unit. The method

used generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Structures and roads should be located above the

expected flood level.

225D—Speaker loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Ridges and footslopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with

an understory of tall Oregongrape, whipplevine,

common snowberry, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Oakland, Pollard, and Rosehaven soils

• Beekman, Dickerson, and Nonpareil soils in convex

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways
352 Soil Survey of

• Speaker soils that have slopes of more than 20

percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

225E—Speaker loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, whipplevine,

common snowberry, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 353

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Oakland, Pollard, and Rosehaven soils

• Beekman, Dickerson, and Nonpareil soils in convex

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in

concave positions and near drainageways

• Speaker soils that have slopes of less than 20

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface

layer and erosion by planning grazing systems,

using proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and

field operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

226F—Speaker loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes
354 Soil Survey of

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of western swordfern, creambush

oceanspray, western hazel, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Oakland, Pollard, and Rosehaven

soils

• Beekman, Dickerson, and Nonpareil soils in

convex positions

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in

concave positions and near drainageways

• Speaker soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

227F—Speaker loam, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and ponderosa pine with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, whipplevine,

common snowberry, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 355

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Oakland, Pollard, and Rosehaven soils

• Beekman, Dickerson, and Nonpareil soils in convex

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in

concave positions and near drainageways

• Speaker soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

228G—Speaker-Beekman-Josephine

complex, 60 to 90 percent north

slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Beekman soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Josephine soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Speaker—convex side slopes of

less than 75 percent; Beekman—convex side

slopes; Josephine—concave side slopes of less

than 75 percent

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 600 to 2,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of western swordfern, creambush

oceanspray, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 200 days

Speaker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
356 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Beekman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

18 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

clay loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: 3 inches

Josephine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

5 to 22 inches—yellowish red gravelly loam

22 to 59 inches—yellowish red gravelly clay loam

59 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nonpareil and Vermisa soils and Rock outcrop in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Josephine and Speaker soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent

• Speaker and Beekman soils that have slopes of

more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Speaker, Beekman, and Josephine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Speaker

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Beekman

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Josephine

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils

are least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in

a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Speaker and Beekman soils

commonly are subject to windthrow during periods
Douglas County Area, Oregon 357

when the soils are excessively wet and winds are

strong.

229G—Speaker-Beekman-Nonpareil

complex, 60 to 90 percent south

slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Beekman soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Josephine soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Speaker—side slopes of less

than 75 percent; Beekman and Nonpareil—side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 600 to 2,100 feet

Native plants: Speaker and Beekman—Douglas fir

and incense cedar with an understory of western

swordfern, creambush oceanspray, and

whipplevine; Nonpareil—Oregon white oak and

Pacific madrone with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, hairy honeysuckle, Saskatoon

serviceberry, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 54

degrees F

Frost-free period—140 to 200 days

Speaker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Beekman Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—brown gravelly loam

5 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

18 to 26 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

clay loam

26 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Vermisa soils and Rock outcrop in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Josephine soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Speaker soil that have slopes of less than 60

percent

• Beekman and Nonpareil soils that have slopes of

more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Speaker, Beekman, and Nonpareil

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Speaker

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

Beekman

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil
358 Soil Survey of

Nonpareil

• Hazard of compaction

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

230E—Speaker-Nonpareil complex, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Speaker—Douglas fir and ponderosa

pine with an understory of tall Oregongrape,

whipplevine, common snowberry, and

California fescue; Nonpareil—Oregon white

oak and Pacific madrone with an understory

of Pacific poison oak, hairy honeysuckle,

Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Speaker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Oakland, Pollard, and Rosehaven soils

• Beekman soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in

concave positions and near drainageways

• Speaker and Nonpareil soils that have slopes of

more than 30 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 359

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, homesite development, and

woodland

Major Management Limitations

Speaker and Nonpareil

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Speaker

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Nonpareil

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• In many areas, it may be necessary to haul in

topsoil for lawns and gardens.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

230F—Speaker-Nonpareil complex, 30 to

60 percent slopes

Composition

Speaker soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Nonpareil soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills
360 Soil Survey of

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 400 to 2,500 feet

Native plants: Speaker—Douglas fir and ponderosa

pine with an understory of tall Oregongrape,

whipplevine, common snowberry, and California

fescue; Nonpareil—Oregon white oak and Pacific

madrone with an understory of Pacific poison oak,

hairy honeysuckle, Saskatoon serviceberry, and

blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Speaker Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—dark brown loam

10 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 31 inches—strong brown gravelly clay loam

31 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Nonpareil Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—brown loam

4 to 17 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

17 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Oakland, Pollard, and Rosehaven soils

• Beekman soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils in

concave positions and near drainageways

• Speaker and Nonpareil soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

Speaker and Nonpareil

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Speaker

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Nonpareil

• Droughtiness

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings. On the west- and south-facing

slopes, leave some of the larger trees to provide

shade.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 361

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soils are excessively wet and winds

are strong.

231G—Stackyards extremely gravelly

loam, 60 to 90 percent north slopes

Composition

Stackyards soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from metamorphic

rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and golden chinkapin with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—85 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown extremely

gravelly loam

10 to 15 inches—dark brown extremely cobbly clay

loam

15 to 44 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

cobbly loam and extremely cobbly clay loam

44 inches—hard bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Rock outcrop

• Soils that are similar to this Stackyards soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed, fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees

in a specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

232G—Steinmetz-Sitkum complex, 60 to

90 percent north slopes

Composition

Steinmetz soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Sitkum soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Steinmetz—concave side slopes;

Sitkum—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from granodiorite
362 Soil Survey of

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

whipplevine, and creambush oceanspray

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Steinmetz Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam

5 to 15 inches—dark brown sandy loam

15 to 60 inches—strong brown sandy loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Sitkum Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown sandy loam

4 to 38 inches—strong brown sandy loam

38 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sharpshooter soils

• Lettia soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Sitkum soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Steinmetz and Sitkum soils that have a very gravelly

or very cobbly surface layer

• Steinmetz soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

• Sitkum soils that have slopes of more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Steinmetz and Sitkum

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of fire damage

Sitkum

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Sitkum soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 363

233G—Steinmetz-Sitkum complex, 60 to

90 percent south slopes

Composition

Steinmetz soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Sitkum soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Steinmetz—concave side slopes;

Sitkum—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from granodiorite

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,300 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray,

whipplevine, tall Oregongrape, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Steinmetz Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown gravelly sandy loam

5 to 15 inches—dark brown sandy loam

15 to 60 inches—strong brown sandy loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Sitkum Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown sandy loam

4 to 38 inches—strong brown sandy loam

38 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Sharpshooter soils

• Lettia soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Sitkum soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Steinmetz and Sitkum soils that have a very gravelly

or very cobbly surface layer

• Steinmetz soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

• Sitkum soils that have slopes of more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Steinmetz and Sitkum

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Sitkum

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted
364 Soil Survey of

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Sitkum soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

234C—Stockel fine sandy loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Stockel soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Toeslopes and alluvial fans

Parent material: Mixed alluvium and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 400 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

9 to 23 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

loam

23 to 43 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly loam

and gravelly sandy loam

43 to 63 inches—mottled, grayish brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 12 to 24 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderate above the clay layer and very

slow through it

Available water capacity: About 9 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High in the clay layer

Contrasting Inclusions

• Foehlin and Malabon soils

• Dupee, Pengra, Sutherlin, and Veneta soils

• Panther soils near drainageways

• Bateman, Oakland, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Stockel soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 365

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

235C—Sutherlin silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Toeslopes and alluvial fans

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak, Pacific madrone,

and Douglas fir with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, Saskatoon serviceberry, western

buttercup, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

30 to 43 inches—mottled, dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown and light

brownish gray silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Veneta soils

• Bateman, Pollard, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Sutherlin soils that have slopes of more than

12 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Low soil strength

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Because the soil is unsuited to traffic when wet, use

equipment only during dry periods.
366 Soil Survey of

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area,

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings

help to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to the clay

layer. Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

235D—Sutherlin silt loam, 12 to 20

percent slopes

Composition

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and alluvial fans

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak, Pacific madrone,

and Douglas fir with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, Saskatoon serviceberry, western

buttercup, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

30 to 43 inches—mottled, dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown and light

brownish gray silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Veneta soils

• Bateman, Pollard, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Sutherlin soils that have slopes of less than

12 percent or more than 20 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 367

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Because the soil is unsuited to traffic when wet, use

equipment only during dry periods.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to the clay

layer. Onsite investigation is needed to locate these

areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.
368 Soil Survey of

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

235E—Sutherlin silt loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and side slopes

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak, Pacific madrone,

and Douglas fir with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, Saskatoon serviceberry, western

buttercup, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

30 to 43 inches—mottled, dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown and light

brownish gray silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Veneta soils

• Bateman, Pollard, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Sutherlin soils that have slopes of less than 20

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Hazard of slope failure (fig. 12)

• Low soil strength

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to

perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Because the soil is unsuited to traffic when wet, use

equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but
Douglas County Area, Oregon 369

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

Figure 12.—Landslide in an area of Sutherlin silt loam, 20 to 30 percent slopes.
370 Soil Survey of

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

areas of this unit that are deeper to the clay layer.

Onsite investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

235F—Sutherlin silt loam, 30 to 50

percent slopes

Composition

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Alluvium and colluvium over

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak, Pacific madrone,

and Douglas fir with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, Saskatoon serviceberry, western

buttercup, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish brown

silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

30 to 43 inches—mottled, dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown and light

brownish gray silty clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bateman, Pollard, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Veneta soils in concave, less

sloping positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Sutherlin soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

Major Uses

Pasture and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Wetness

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Low soil strength

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 371

Woodland

• Because the soil is unsuited to traffic when wet, use

equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

236C—Sutherlin-Oakland complex, 3 to

12 percent slopes

Composition

Sutherlin soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Oakland soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Sutherlin—concave toeslopes;

Oakland—convex toeslopes

Parent material: Sutherlin—alluvium and colluvium

over residuum derived from sandstone and

siltstone; Oakland—residuum and colluvium

derived from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 300 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, common

snowberry, Saskatoon serviceberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Sutherlin Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark brown and dark yellowish

brown silt loam

16 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

30 to 43 inches—mottled, dark yellowish brown and

yellowish brown silty clay

43 to 60 inches—mottled, yellowish brown and light

brownish gray silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to clay layer: 24 to 36 inches

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 18 to 36 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately slow above the clay layer

and very slow through it

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Oakland Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown silt loam

5 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

20 to 24 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

24 to 28 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Veneta soils

• Bateman, Pollard, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Speaker soils in convex positions
372 Soil Survey of

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Oakland and Sutherlin soils that have slopes of

more than 12 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

Sutherlin and Oakland

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Low soil strength

• Plant competition

Sutherlin

• Wetness

• Depth to clay layer

• High shrink-swell potential and very slow

permeability of clay layer

• Seedling mortality

Oakland

• Moderately slow permeability

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

some areas of this unit that are deeper to the clay

layer or to bedrock. Onsite investigation is needed to

locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling in the Sutherlin soil and the

limited ability of the soils to support a load.

• On the Sutherlin soil, prevent structural damage

that results from shrinking and swelling by

backfilling with material that has low shrink-swell

potential, properly designing foundations and

footings, and diverting runoff away from buildings.

• Reduce wetness in the Sutherlin soil by

installing drain tile around footings and providing

drainage around buildings with basements and

crawl spaces.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

237E—Svensen loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes

Composition

Svensen soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone

Elevation: 50 to 1,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Sitka spruce with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry,

salmonberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown loam

12 to 29 inches—dark brown loam

29 to 41 inches—dark brown clay loam

41 to 52 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

52 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 373

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this Svensen soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Millicoma and Reedsport soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Svensen soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

237F—Svensen loam, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Svensen soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and narrow ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone

Elevation: 50 to 1,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Sitka spruce with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry,

salmonberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown loam

12 to 29 inches—dark brown loam

29 to 41 inches—dark brown clay loam

41 to 52 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

52 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to this Svensen soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Millicoma and Reedsport soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Svensen soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and
374 Soil Survey of

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

238F—Svensen-Millicoma-Reedsport

complex, 35 to 75 percent slopes

Composition

Svensen soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Millicoma soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Reedsport soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Svensen—concave side slopes;

Millicoma and Reedsport—convex side slopes

and narrow ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 50 to 1,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, salmonberry, cascade

Oregongrape, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Svensen Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark brown and very dark

grayish brown loam

12 to 29 inches—dark brown loam

29 to 41 inches—dark brown clay loam

41 to 52 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Millicoma Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown and dark brown

gravelly loam

10 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Reedsport Soil

0 to 5 inches—very dark grayish brown gravelly loam

5 to 25 inches—dark brown loam

25 to 32 inches—dark brown clay loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 4 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Millicoma soil but

have bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Svensen, Millicoma, and Reedsport soils that

have slopes of less than 35 percent or more than

75 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Svensen, Millicoma, and Reedsport

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Millicoma

• High amount of rock fragments in the soil

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Reedsport

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 375

• Roadcuts on the Millicoma soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Millicoma and Reedsport soils

commonly are subject to windthrow during periods

when the soils are excessively wet and winds are

strong.

239E—Sweetbriar silty clay loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Sweetbriar soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray,

whipplevine, common snowberry, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown clay

18 to 38 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

38 to 60 inches—yellowish brown and dark yellowish

brown silty clay loam and clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Soils that are similar to this Sweetbriar soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments or have bedrock

at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Sweetbriar soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.
376 Soil Survey of

240F—Sweetbriar silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Sweetbriar soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown clay

18 to 38 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

38 to 60 inches—yellowish brown and dark yellowish

brown silty clay loam and clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Sweetbriar soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments or have bedrock

at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Sweetbriar soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

241F—Sweetbriar silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Sweetbriar soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray,

whipplevine, common snowberry, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown clay
Douglas County Area, Oregon 377

18 to 38 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

38 to 60 inches—yellowish brown and dark yellowish

brown silty clay loam and clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Sweetbriar soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments or have bedrock

at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Rock outcrop in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Sweetbriar soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

242F—Templeton-Millicoma complex,

30 to 50 percent slopes

Composition

Templeton soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Millicoma soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Templeton—concave side

slopes; Millicoma—convex side slopes and

narrow ridges

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

and siltstone

Elevation: 50 to 700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, salmonberry, cascade

Oregongrape, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Templeton Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown silt loam

11 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

20 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 14 inches

Millicoma Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown and dark brown

gravelly loam

10 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches
378 Soil Survey of

Contrasting Inclusions

• Reedsport soils

• Soils that are similar to the Millicoma soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Templeton and Millicoma soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 50 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Templeton and Millicoma

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

Millicoma

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in

the less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is

safer and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Millicoma soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount

of fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Millicoma soil commonly are subject

to windthrow during periods when the soil is

excessively wet and winds are strong.

242G—Templeton-Millicoma complex,

50 to 75 percent slopes

Composition

Templeton soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Millicoma soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Templeton—concave side

slopes; Millicoma—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 50 to 700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, salmonberry, cascade

Oregongrape, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Templeton Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown silt loam

11 to 20 inches—dark yellowish brown silt loam

20 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown silty clay

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 14 inches

Millicoma Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark brown and dark brown

gravelly loam

10 to 30 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Reedsport soils
Douglas County Area, Oregon 379

• Soils that are similar to the Millicoma soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Templeton and Millicoma soils that have slopes of

less than 50 percent or more than 70 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Templeton and Millicoma

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Millicoma

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Millicoma soil do not respond well

to seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Trees on the Millicoma soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

243G—Tethrick-Siskiyou complex, 60 to

90 percent north slopes

Composition

Tethrick soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Siskiyou soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Tethrick—concave side slopes;

Siskiyou—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from granodiorite

Elevation: 700 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, cascade

Oregongrape, common snowberry, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Tethrick Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

5 to 46 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

46 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Siskiyou Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown sandy loam

4 to 32 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

sandy loam

32 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wolfpeak soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Tethrick and Siskiyou
380 Soil Survey of

soils but have more than 35 percent rock fragments,

have a gravelly or cobbly surface layer, and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Tethrick soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

• Siskiyou soils that have slopes of more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tethrick and Siskiyou

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of fire damage

Siskiyou

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Siskiyou soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

244G—Tethrick-Siskiyou complex, 60 to

90 percent south slopes

Composition

Tethrick soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Siskiyou soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Tethrick—concave side slopes;

Siskiyou—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from granodiorite

Elevation: 700 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and sugar pine with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, tall

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and California

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Tethrick Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark brown sandy loam

5 to 46 inches—yellowish brown sandy loam

46 to 60 inches—light yellowish brown sandy loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Siskiyou Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown sandy loam

4 to 32 inches—brown and dark yellowish brown

sandy loam

32 inches—soft bedrock
Douglas County Area, Oregon 381

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Wolfpeak soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Tethrick and Siskiyou

soils but have more than 35 percent rock fragments,

have a gravelly or cobbly surface layer, and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Tethrick soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

• Siskiyou soils that have slopes of more than 90

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tethrick and Siskiyou

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

Siskiyou

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Leaving some of the larger trees to provide shade,

planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area, and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees on the Siskiyou soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

245E—Thistleburn clay loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Thistleburn soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic tuff

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,400 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 70 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Typical Profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark gray clay loam

10 to 40 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

40 to 49 inches—yellowish brown clay

49 to 70 inches—strong brown silty clay and silty clay

loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained
382 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Illahee soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to this Thistleburn soil but

have more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Telemon soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Thistleburn soils that have slopes of more than

30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Air drainage may be restricted on this unit;

therefore, timber harvesting methods should be

designed to reduce the effect of frost on

regeneration.

246E—Thistleburn-Illahee-Telemon

complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Thistleburn soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Telemon soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Thistleburn and Illahee—convex

side slopes and ridges; Telemon—swales and

concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,400 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 70 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Thistleburn Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark gray clay loam

10 to 40 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

40 to 49 inches—yellowish brown clay

49 to 70 inches—strong brown silty clay and silty clay

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 383

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Telemon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay loam

8 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown clay

12 to 37 inches—pale olive and light olive brown clay

37 to 60 inches—pale olive and olive yellow clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in November

through May

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Thistleburn soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Thistleburn, Illahee, and Telemon soils that have

slopes of more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Thistleburn, Illahee, and Telemon

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Hazard of slope failure

• Steepness of slope

Thistleburn

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Illahee

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Telemon

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Telemon soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Illahee soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Air drainage may be restricted on this unit;

therefore, timber harvesting methods should be

designed to reduce the effect of frost on regeneration.

• Trees on the Telemon soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

246F—Thistleburn-Illahee-Telemon

complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes

Composition

Thistleburn soil and similar inclusions—35 percent
384 Soil Survey of

Illahee soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Telemon soil and similar inclusions—15 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Thistleburn and Illahee—convex

side slopes; Telemon—concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from volcanic rock

Elevation: 3,000 to 4,400 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, vine maple, Pacific

rhododendron, and cascade Oregongrape

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 70 inches

Mean annual air temperature—40 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—50 to 100 days

Thistleburn Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark gray clay loam

10 to 40 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

40 to 49 inches—yellowish brown clay

49 to 70 inches—strong brown silty clay and silty clay

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Illahee Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—black very gravelly loam

10 to 47 inches—very dark brown to dark brown very

gravelly loam

47 to 60 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 6 inches

Telemon Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

loam

8 to 12 inches—dark reddish brown clay

12 to 37 inches—pale olive and light olive brown

clay

37 to 60 inches—pale olive and olive yellow clay

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Depth to water table: 12 to 36 inches in November

through May

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Scaredman soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Soils that are similar to the Thistleburn soil but have

more than 35 percent rock fragments and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Thistleburn, Illahee, and Telemon soils that have

slopes of less than 30 percent

• Thistleburn and Illahee soils that have slopes of

more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Thistleburn, Illahee, and Telemon

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• Plant competition

• Hazard of slope failure

Thistleburn

• Hazard of compaction

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Illahee

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Seedling mortality

Telemon

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow
Douglas County Area, Oregon 385

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Telemon soil is unsuited to traffic when

wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Illahee soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Telemon soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

247F—Threeforks loam, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes

Composition

Threeforks soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

mica schist

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, Pacific rhododendron,

cascade Oregongrape, and red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 170 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

11 to 33 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

33 to 49 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

49 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Threeforks soil but are

less than 40 inches deep to bedrock and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Threeforks soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.
386 Soil Survey of

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

247G—Threeforks loam, 60 to 90 percent

north slopes

Composition

Threeforks soil and similar inclusions—90 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from mica schist

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock

with an understory of salal, Pacific

rhododendron, cascade Oregongrape, and

red huckleberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—46 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 170 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

11 to 33 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

33 to 49 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

49 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Beal soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Threeforks soil but are

less than 40 inches deep to bedrock

• Threeforks soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce
Douglas County Area, Oregon 387

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

248G—Threeforks loam, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes

Composition

Threeforks soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from mica schist

Elevation: 1,800 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, whipplevine, cascade

Oregongrape, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 170 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

11 to 33 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

33 to 49 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

49 to 60 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring and Kanid soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Beal soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Threeforks soil but are

less than 40 inches deep to bedrock

• Threeforks soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soil is

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

249E—Tishar-Jory complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—50 percent

Jory soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent
388 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Slump blocks

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,650 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 220 days

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Jory Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Yoncalla soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Ritner soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Tishar and Jory soils that have slopes of more than

30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tishar and Jory

• Hazard of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Steepness of slope

Tishar

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

Jory

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Tishar soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

249F—Tishar-Jory complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—55 percent

Jory soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 389

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Slump blocks

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 1,600 to 2,650 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 50 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 220 days

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

Jory Soil

Typical profile

0 to 16 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay loam

16 to 24 inches—dark reddish brown silty clay

24 to 60 inches—dark red silty clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Yoncalla soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Ritner soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Tishar and Jory soils that have slopes of less than

30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tishar and Jory

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

Tishar

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Seedling mortality

Jory

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on the Tishar soil do not respond well to

seeding or mulching because of the large amount of

exposed rock fragments.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

250E—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

McGinnis soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent
390 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 54

degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 220 days

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty

clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

McGinnis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

4 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

10 to 28 inches—reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dumont soils in concave positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Tishar and McGinnis soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tishar and McGinnis

• Hazard of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soils

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

McGinnis

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the McGinnis soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 391

251F—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

McGinnis soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Tishar—concave side slopes;

McGinnis—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 220 days

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

McGinnis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

4 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

10 to 28 inches—reddish brown very gravelly silty

clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils

• Atring and Vermisa soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dumont and Zing soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Tishar and McGinnis soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tishar and McGinnis

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

McGinnis

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted
392 Soil Survey of

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the McGinnis soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

251G—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 60 to 80

percent north slopes

Composition

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

McGinnis soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Tishar—concave side slopes;

McGinnis—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone,

siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

western swordfern, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 220 days

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

McGinnis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

4 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

10 to 28 inches—reddish brown very gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils

• Atring, Kanid, and Vermisa soils and Rock outcrop

in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Tishar and McGinnis soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 80 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tishar and McGinnis

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

McGinnis

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial
Douglas County Area, Oregon 393

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the McGinnis soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

252F—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

McGinnis soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Tishar—concave side slopes;

McGinnis—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, tall

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 220 days

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

McGinnis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

4 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

10 to 28 inches—reddish brown very gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils

• Atring and Vermisa soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dumont and Zing soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Tishar and McGinnis soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tishar and McGinnis

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

McGinnis

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.
394 Soil Survey of

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the McGinnis soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soils are

excessively wet and winds are strong.

252G—Tishar-McGinnis complex, 60 to 80

percent south slopes

Composition

Tishar soil and similar inclusions—40 percent

McGinnis soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Tishar—concave side slopes;

McGinnis—convex side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone,

siltstone, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 600 to 3,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with

an understory of creambush oceanspray, tall

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and mountain brome

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 54 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 220 days

Tishar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 13 inches—dark brown gravelly silty clay loam

13 to 22 inches—yellowish red very gravelly silty clay

22 to 52 inches—yellowish red very gravelly clay

52 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5.5 inches

McGinnis Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly clay loam

4 to 10 inches—dark brown gravelly clay loam

10 to 28 inches—reddish brown very gravelly silty clay

28 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 3 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils

• Atring, Kanid, and Vermisa soils and Rock outcrop

in convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Tishar and McGinnis soils that have slopes of less

than 60 percent or more than 80 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Tishar and McGinnis

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

McGinnis

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 395

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems and harvest timber when the soils are

least susceptible to compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the McGinnis soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

253F—Umpcoos-Rock outcropDamewood complex, 30 to 60 percent

slopes

Composition

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—30 percent

Damewood soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Umpcoos and Damewood—

side slopes and ridges; Rock outcrop—side

slopes

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Umpcoos—Douglas fir and Pacific

madrone with an understory of cascade

Oregongrape, common beargrass, whipplevine,

and Alaska oniongrass; Damewood—Douglas fir

and western hemlock with an understory of salal,

cascade Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and

vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Damewood Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

11 to 29 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon soils

• Preacher soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Damewood soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Damewood soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

• Umpcoos soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Umpcoos and Damewood

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Depth to rock

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition
396 Soil Survey of

Umpcoos

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by installing

water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Umpcoos soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

253G—Umpcoos-Rock outcropDamewood complex, 60 to 90 percent

slopes

Composition

Umpcoos soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Rock outcrop—30 percent

Damewood soil and similar inclusions—20 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

Elevation: 200 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Damewood—Douglas fir and western

hemlock with an understory of salal, cascade

Oregongrape, Pacific rhododendron, and vine

maple; Umpcoos—Douglas fir and Pacific

madrone with an understory of cascade

Oregongrape, common beargrass, whipplevine,

and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 110 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Umpcoos Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

4 to 17 inches—dark brown very gravelly sandy loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 1 inch

Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Damewood Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark brown very gravelly loam

11 to 29 inches—dark brown extremely gravelly loam

29 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bohannon soils

• Preacher soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to the Damewood soil but have

bedrock at a depth of more than 40 inches

• Damewood and Umpcoos soils that have slopes of

less than 60 percent or more than 90 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Map unit

• Areas of Rock outcrop

Umpcoos and Damewood

• Steepness of slope
Douglas County Area, Oregon 397

• Hazard of erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and

in the soil

• Depth to rock

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

Umpcoos

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Trees on the Umpcoos soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

254G—Vena-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to

100 percent slopes

Composition

Vena soil and similar inclusions—65 percent

Rock outcrop—10 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: South-facing side slopes and

headwalls (fig. 13)

Parent material: Colluvium derived from welded tuff

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and Pacific madrone with an

understory of creambush oceanspray,

whipplevine, cascade Oregongrape, and western

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—50 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—46 to 50 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 160 days

Vena Soil

Typical profile

0 to 5 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

5 to 21 inches—dark yellowish brown extremely

gravelly loam

21 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 2.5 inches

Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kilchis soils in convex positions and in more steeply

sloping positions

• Areas of talus below Rock outcrop

• Chamate soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Vena soils that have slopes of less than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of fire damage
398 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• When the soil is dry, landings can be ripped to

improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the larger

trees to provide shade, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

255C—Veneta loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Veneta soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Figure 13.—Area of Vena-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to 100 percent slopes, in background. Chamate extremely gravelly loam, 3 to

30 percent slopes, in foreground.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 399

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans and terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 100 to 1,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir, Pacific madrone, and

Oregon white oak with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, common snowberry, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown loam

9 to 18 inches—strong brown loam

18 to 30 inches—brown and strong brown clay loam

30 to 63 inches—mottled, strong brown and grayish

brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils

• Bateman, Pollard, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Veneta soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Slow permeability

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Because the soil is unsuited to traffic when wet, use

equipment only during dry periods.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.
400 Soil Survey of

255D—Veneta loam, 12 to 20 percent

slopes

Composition

Veneta soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Alluvial fans and footslopes

Parent material: Mixed alluvium and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 100 to 1,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir, Pacific madrone, and

Oregon white oak with an understory of Pacific

poison oak, common snowberry, and blue

wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 9 inches—dark brown loam

9 to 18 inches—strong brown loam

18 to 30 inches—brown and strong brown clay loam

30 to 63 inches—mottled, strong brown and grayish

brown clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Veneta soils

• Bateman, Pollard, Rosehaven, and Windygap silt

loams in convex positions

• Nonpareil soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Oakland and Speaker soils in convex positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Veneta soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 20 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, woodland, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Woodland

• Because the soil is unsuited to traffic when wet, use

equipment only during dry periods.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 401

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

256G—Vermisa-Rock outcrop complex,

60 to 100 percent south slopes

Composition

Vermisa soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Rock outcrop—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and headwalls

Parent material: Colluvium derived from sandstone

and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 400 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of hairy

honeysuckle, Pacific poison oak, canyon live oak,

and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 200 days

Vermisa Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark yellowish brown very gravelly

loam

4 to 17 inches—yellowish brown extremely gravelly

loam

17 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 10 to 20 inches

Drainage class: Somewhat excessively drained

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 2 inches

Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Atring soils

• Kanid soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Reston soils near areas of Rock outcrop

• Areas of talus below Rock outcrop

• Vermisa soils that have slopes of less than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Hazard of erosion

• High amount of rock fragments on the surface and in

the soil

• Hazard of slope failure

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Highlead or other cable logging systems are best

suited to this unit.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadfills, and landings and by installing water bars.

• Roadcuts on this unit do not respond well to seeding

or mulching because of the large amount of exposed,

fractured bedrock.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.
402 Soil Survey of

• End hauling of waste material minimizes damage to

vegetation downslope and reduces the potential for

sedimentation.

• Avoiding areas with a high amount of Rock outcrop

will minimize breakage of timber and increase the

efficiency of yarding operations.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Headwall areas should be avoided when

constructing roads.

• Providing artificial shade, leaving some of the

larger trees to provide shade, planting larger

trees or a higher number of trees in a specified

area, and selecting climatically adapted seedlings

help to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

257A—Waldo silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Waldo soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Intermediate flood plains

Parent material: Clayey alluvium

Elevation: 100 to 1,500 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Oregon ash with

an understory of common snowberry, Pacific

poison oak, rose, and blue wildrye

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 60 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

11 to 24 inches—very dark grayish brown clay

24 to 60 inches—gray clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 6

inches below the surface in November through

May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Conser and Redbell soils on terraces

• Malabon and Coburg soils on higher flood plains

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and wetland management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Furrow, border, corrugation, and sprinkler irrigation

systems are suited to this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Leveling is needed in sloping areas.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 403

258C—Waldport fine sand, 0 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Waldport soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Recently stabilized sand dunes

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 10 to 500 feet

Native plants: Sitka spruce and shore pine with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry, red

huckleberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand

3 to 62 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Netarts soils

• Duneland

• Heceta soils in concave positions

• Waldport soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Recreation, wildlife habitat, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Very rapid permeability

• Coarse texture

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Recreation and homesite development

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining plant

cover, revegetating disturbed areas as soon as

possible, surfacing paths, and controlling traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• In summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses,

shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental trees.

258E—Waldport fine sand, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Waldport soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Recently stabilized sand dunes

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 10 to 500 feet

Native plants: Sitka spruce and shore pine with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry, red

huckleberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand

3 to 62 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Netarts soils

• Duneland

• Heceta soils in concave positions

• Waldport soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Recreation, wildlife habitat, and homesite

development
404 Soil Survey of

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Very rapid permeability

• Coarse texture

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Recreation and homesite development

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining plant

cover, revegetating disturbed areas as soon as

possible, surfacing paths, and controlling traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• In summer, irrigation is needed for lawn grasses,

shrubs, vines, shade trees, and ornamental trees.

258F—Waldport fine sand, 30 to 70

percent slopes

Composition

Waldport soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Recently stabilized sand dunes

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 10 to 500 feet

Native plants: Sitka spruce and shore pine with an

understory of salal, evergreen huckleberry, red

huckleberry, and Pacific rhododendron

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 3 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand

3 to 62 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Netarts soils

• Duneland

• Waldport soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent

Major Uses

Recreation and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Very rapid permeability

• Coarse texture

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Recreation

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining plant

cover, revegetating disturbed areas as soon as

possible, surfacing paths, and controlling traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

259E—Waldport fine sand, thin surface,

0 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Waldport soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Dunes

Landscape position: Recently stabilized sand dunes

on narrow, sharply undulating, low foredunes

adjacent to the beach

Parent material: Eolian sand

Elevation: 5 to 50 feet

Native plants: European beachgrass (fig. 14) and

scattered shore pine
Douglas County Area, Oregon 405

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 80 inches

Mean annual air temperature—51 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—200 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 2 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sand

2 to 63 inches—dark grayish brown fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Excessively drained

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: About 3.5 inches

Hazard of wind erosion: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Netarts soils

• Duneland

• Heceta soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Waldport soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Recreation and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of wind erosion

• Steepness of slope

• Very rapid permeability

• Coarse texture

• Droughtiness

Use and Management

Recreation

• Reduce the risk of wind erosion by maintaining plant

cover, revegetating disturbed areas as soon as

possible, surfacing paths, and controlling traffic.

• Establish and maintain plant cover by fertilizing,

seeding, and mulching and by shaping the slopes.

• Construct special retainer walls in shallow

excavations to prevent cutbanks from caving in.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

Figure 14.—European beachgrass in an area of Waldport fine sand, thin surface, 0 to 30 percent slopes, in foreground. Beaches is

in center, and the Pacific Ocean is in background.
406 Soil Survey of

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

260A—Wasson loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

Composition

Wasson soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Swales on intermediate flood

plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 20 to 200 feet

Native plants: Oregon ash and red alder with an

understory of western swordfern, salmonberry,

rushes, and sedges

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown loam

8 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown very fine

sandy loam

12 to 60 inches—stratified, very dark gray loamy fine

sand and fine sandy loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: At the surface to a depth of 24

inches below the surface in November through

May

Permeability: Moderate

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Frequency of flooding: Occasional in December

through March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Quosatana soils

• Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on higher flood plains

• Meda soils on terraces

Major Uses

Wildlife habitat and wetland management

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Coarse texture

261A—Willanch fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Willanch soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Swales on low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 10 to 40 feet

Native plants: Red alder and cascara with an

understory of rushes, sedges, bentgrass, and

willow

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 11 inches—very dark grayish brown fine sandy

loam

11 to 35 inches—dark brown and dark grayish brown

fine sandy loam

35 to 60 inches—gray loamy fine sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 inches above the surface to

a depth of 24 inches below the surface in

November through March

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 7 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

March

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bragton and Coquille soils

• Nestucca and Yachats soils on higher flood plains

• Lint soils on terraces

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, wildlife habitat, and wetland

management
Douglas County Area, Oregon 407

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Wetness

• Hazard of compaction

• Coarse texture

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

262C—Windygap silt loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills of the Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Toeslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam

7 to 55 inches—dark red silty clay

55 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bellpine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Windygap soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.
408 Soil Survey of

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

262E—Windygap silt loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills of the Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam

7 to 55 inches—dark red silty clay

55 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bellpine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Windygap soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Hazard of slope failure

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 409

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop

residue to the soil and using a cropping system

that includes grasses, legumes, or grass-legume

mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping areas and by using properly

designed road drainage systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

262F—Windygap silt loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam

7 to 55 inches—dark red silty clay

55 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Kanid soils

• Bellpine soils in convex positions

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dupee and Sutherlin soils in concave, less sloping

positions

• Windygap soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Uses

Woodland and pasture

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength
410 Soil Survey of

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

263C—Windygap clay loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills of the Klamath Mountains

Landscape position: Toeslopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 2,700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay loam

4 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

7 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay

16 to 58 inches—red silty clay

58 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils that are in convex positions

and are derived from sandstone

• Chimneyrock soils derived from conglomerate

• Bellpine soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dicecreek soils in convex positions

• McNab soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Windygap soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 411

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early and conservation tillage is used. Waterways

should be shaped and seeded to perennial grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

263E—Windygap clay loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Klamath Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 2,700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay loam

4 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

7 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay

16 to 58 inches—red silty clay

58 inches—soft bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils that are in convex positions

and are derived from sandstone

• Chimneyrock soils derived from conglomerate

• Bellpine and Dicecreek soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• McNab soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Windygap soils that have slopes of less than 12

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope
412 Soil Survey of

• Plant competition

• Hazard of slope failure

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping areas and by using properly

designed road drainage systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

264E—Windygap-Bellpine complex, 12 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills of the Interior Mountains

Landscape position: Windygap—concave side slopes

and broad ridges; Bellpine—convex side slopes

and broad ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 250 to 2,600 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, western swordfern, cascade

Oregongrape, and whipplevine
Douglas County Area, Oregon 413

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55

degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Windygap Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown silt loam

7 to 55 inches—dark red silty clay

55 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Bellpine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 11 inches—dark brown and dark reddish brown

silt loam

11 to 30 inches—yellowish red silty clay

30 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 4.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Dupee, Pengra, and Sutherlin soils in concave

positions and near drainageways

• Windygap and Bellpine soils that have slopes of

less than 12 percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, cropland, pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

Windygap and Bellpine

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

• Moderately slow permeability

Windygap

• Hazard of slope failure

Bellpine

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings on south- and westfacing slopes helps to reduce competition from

undesirable understory plants and helps to retain

moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Bellpine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.
414 Soil Survey of

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Septic tank absorption fields can be installed in

areas of this unit that are deeper to bedrock. Onsite

investigation is needed to locate these areas.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the limited

ability of the soils to support a load.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping areas and by using properly

designed road drainage systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

265F—Windygap-Bellpine complex, 30 to

60 percent north slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Klamath Mountains

Landscape position: Windygap—concave side slopes;

Bellpine—convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 2,700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of salal, golden chinkapin, cascade

Oregongrape, and Alaska oniongrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Windygap Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay loam

4 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

7 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay

16 to 58 inches—red silty clay

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Bellpine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark brown clay loam

3 to 18 inches—brown clay loam

18 to 25 inches—strong brown clay

25 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils that are in convex positions

and are derived from sandstone

• Chimneyrock soils derived from conglomerate

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dicecreek soils in convex positions

• McNab soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Windygap and Bellpine soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Windygap and Bellpine

• Steepness of slope
Douglas County Area, Oregon 415

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

• Moderately slow permeability

Windygap

• Hazard of slope failure

Bellpine

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain

productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Bellpine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

266F—Windygap-Bellpine complex, 30 to

60 percent south slopes

Composition

Windygap soil and similar inclusions—45 percent

Bellpine soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Klamath Mountains

Landscape position: Windygap—concave side slopes;

Bellpine—convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 700 to 2,700 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and grand fir with an

understory of tall Oregongrape, hairy

honeysuckle, Pacific poison oak, and California

fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 200 days

Windygap Soil

Typical profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown clay loam

4 to 7 inches—reddish brown clay loam

7 to 16 inches—yellowish red clay

16 to 58 inches—red silty clay

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Bellpine Soil

Typical profile

0 to 3 inches—dark brown clay loam

3 to 18 inches—brown clay loam

18 to 25 inches—strong brown clay

25 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils that are in convex positions

and are derived from sandstone

• Chimneyrock soils derived from conglomerate

• Atring soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Dicecreek soils in convex positions
416 Soil Survey of

• McNab soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Windygap and Bellpine soils that have slopes of

less than 30 percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Windygap and Bellpine

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Low soil strength

• Moderately slow permeability

Windygap

• Hazard of slope failure

Bellpine

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars and culverts.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas or in areas of more suitable soils

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Bellpine soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

267C—Wintley silt loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes

Composition

Wintley soil and similar inclusions—80 percent

Contrasting inclusions—20 percent

Setting

Landform: Terraces

Landscape position: High terraces

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 80 to 800 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—60 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 4 inches—very dark grayish brown silt loam

4 to 19 inches—dark yellowish brown and dark brown

silty clay loam

19 to 60 inches—strong brown silty clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Bickford soils

• Kirkendall and Nekoma soils on flood plains

• Meda soils on alluvial fans

• Wintley soils that have slopes of more than 12

percent

Major Use

Woodland
Douglas County Area, Oregon 417

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Use conventional equipment in harvesting, but limit

its use when the soil is wet.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

268E—Wolfpeak sandy loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Wolfpeak soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 700 to 2,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and sugar pine with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, tall

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown sandy loam

8 to 18 inches—strong brown sandy loam

18 to 48 inches—strong brown loam

48 to 60 inches—strong brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Pollard, and Dumont soils derived from

metamorphic rock

• Tethrick soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Siskiyou soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Wolfpeak soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars (fig. 15).

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial
418 Soil Survey of

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

Figure 15.—Severe erosion on a roadcut in an area of Wolfpeak sandy loam, 3 to 30 percent slopes. Soils that formed in

granodiorite are very erosive.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 419

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the

contour or in adjacent areas that are more nearly

level.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

269F—Wolfpeak sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent north slopes

Composition

Wolfpeak soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 700 to 2,200 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and incense cedar with an

understory of creambush oceanspray, cascade

Oregongrape, and western fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown sandy loam

8 to 18 inches—strong brown sandy loam

18 to 48 inches—strong brown loam

48 to 60 inches—strong brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Pollard, and Dumont soils derived from

metamorphic rock

• Tethrick soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Siskiyou soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Wolfpeak soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

270F—Wolfpeak sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes

Composition

Wolfpeak soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 700 to 2,200 feet
420 Soil Survey of

Native plants: Douglas fir and sugar pine with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, tall

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown sandy loam

8 to 18 inches—strong brown sandy loam

18 to 48 inches—strong brown loam

48 to 60 inches—strong brown clay loam

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Josephine, Pollard, and Dumont soils derived from

metamorphic rock

• Tethrick soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Siskiyou soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing soils in concave, less sloping positions

• Wolfpeak soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Seedling mortality

• Plant competition

• Hazard of fire damage

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Planting larger trees or a higher number of trees in a

specified area and selecting climatically adapted

seedlings help to ensure the establishment and

survival of seedlings.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• An increased risk of erosion, loss of nutrients, and

water repellency are likely to result from fires of

moderate intensity.

271E—Wolfpeak-Beal-Zing complex, 3 to

30 percent slopes

Composition

Wolfpeak soil and similar inclusions—35 percent

Beal soil and similar inclusions—30 percent

Zing soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Wolfpeak—footslopes and

convex side slopes; Beal and Zing—footslopes

and concave side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from granodiorite

Elevation: 800 to 2,100 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and sugar pine with an

understory of Pacific poison oak, tall

Oregongrape, whipplevine, and California fescue

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—35 to 40 inches

Mean annual air temperature—49 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 200 days

Wolfpeak Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown sandy loam

8 to 18 inches—strong brown sandy loam

18 to 48 inches—strong brown loam

48 to 60 inches—strong brown clay loam
Douglas County Area, Oregon 421

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Beal Soil

Typical profile

0 to 10 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown loam

10 to 18 inches—dark yellowish brown loam

18 to 39 inches—dark yellowish brown clay loam

39 to 60 inches—olive clay loam and clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 45 inches—gray clay

45 to 62 inches—light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Tethrick soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Siskiyou soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Wolfpeak and Beal soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

Wolfpeak, Beal, and Zing

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of fire damage

Wolfpeak

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

Beal

• Wetness

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

Zing

• Wetness

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Beal and Zing soils are unsuited to

traffic when wet, use equipment only during dry

periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.
422 Soil Survey of

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires of moderate

intensity.

• Trees on the Beal and Zing soils commonly are

subject to windthrow during periods when the soils are

excessively wet and winds are strong.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• In areas of the Beal and Zing soils, select plants that

can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this unit. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• For the steeper areas of this unit, install septic tank

absorption lines on the contour or in adjacent areas

that are more nearly level.

• Roads on the Zing soil should be designed to offset

the effects of shrinking and swelling and the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• On the Zing soil, prevent structural damage that

results from shrinking and swelling by backfilling with

material that has low shrink-swell potential, properly

designing foundations and footings, and diverting

runoff away from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soils to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

272E—Xanadu gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Xanadu soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Broad ridges and side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 15 inches—dark reddish brown clay loam

15 to 60 inches—reddish brown and dark red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils

• Bohannon and Digger soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Xanadu soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Xanadu soil but are
Douglas County Area, Oregon 423

poorly drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Xanadu soils that have slopes of more than 30

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

272F—Xanadu gravelly loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Xanadu soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Side slopes and ridges

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone

Elevation: 200 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and western hemlock with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and vine maple

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—55 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 53 degrees F

Frost-free period—145 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 15 inches—dark reddish brown clay loam

15 to 60 inches—reddish brown and dark red clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 9.5 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Fernhaven and Preacher soils

• Bohannon soils in convex positions

• Soils that are similar to this Xanadu soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex positions

• Damewood and Digger soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Xanadu soils that have slopes of less than 30

percent or more than 60 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Moderately slow permeability

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.
424 Soil Survey of

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants prevent natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

273G—Xerorthents-Rock outcrop

complex, 30 to 80 percent slopes

Composition

Xerorthents and similar inclusions—60 percent

Rock outcrop—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Side slopes

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived

from mixed sources

Elevation: 400 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Dominantly scattered Oregon

white oak and Pacific madrone with an

understory of grasses, shrubs, and forbs;

Douglas fir and grand fir at the higher

elevations

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 45 inches

Mean annual air temperature—48 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—150 to 235 days

Xerorthents

Representative profile

0 to 4 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

4 to 14 inches—dark yellowish brown very cobbly

clay loam

14 inches—hard bedrock

Soil properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 4 to 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Very rapid

Available water capacity: Variable

Rock outcrop

Description: Areas of exposed bedrock

Contrasting Inclusions

• Oakland, Sutherlin, and Bateman soils

• Sweetbriar and Zing soils in concave positions at

the higher elevations

Major Uses

Livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and woodland

Major Management Limitations

• Areas of Rock outcrop

• Steepness of slope

• Depth to rock

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

Use and Management

Livestock grazing

• Using a grazing system that controls the timing and

duration of grazing and includes a periodic rotation

during the season of use helps to maintain plant vigor

and allow for seed production.

• Maintaining proper livestock grazing rates and

implementing a grazing management system will

leave adequate plant residue for protection of the soils

and plant roots.

• Brush management and seeding reduce competition

from woody plants and improve degraded areas.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

• Trails or walkways can be constructed to encourage

livestock to graze in areas where access is limited.

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping areas and by using properly designed

road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 425

274A—Yachats fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes

Composition

Yachats soil and similar inclusions—75 percent

Contrasting inclusions—25 percent

Setting

Landform: Flood plains

Landscape position: Low flood plains

Parent material: Mixed alluvium

Elevation: 10 to 50 feet

Native plants: Sitka spruce, red alder, and bigleaf

maple with an understory of vine maple, western

swordfern, and salmonberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—70 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 53

degrees F

Frost-free period—180 to 240 days

Typical Profile

0 to 12 inches—very dark grayish brown and dark

brown fine sandy loam

12 to 55 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam

55 to 60 inches—dark brown sand

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Depth to water table: 48 to 72 inches in November

through April

Permeability: Moderately rapid

Available water capacity: About 7.5 inches

Frequency of flooding: Frequent in December through

April

Contrasting Inclusions

• Nestucca soils

• Coquille and Willanch soils on lower flood plains

• Lint soils on terraces

Major Uses

Hay and pasture, and wildlife habitat

Major Management Limitations

• Hazard of flooding

• Hazard of compaction

• Coarse texture

Use and Management

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler irrigation is the most suitable method of

applying water. Use of this method permits the even,

controlled application of water.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to control

runoff and erosion.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by providing structures

along streambanks to control the flow of water and by

planting cover crops.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by growing green manure

crops, returning crop residue to the soil, and using a

cropping system that includes grasses, legumes, or

grass-legume mixtures.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

275D—Yoncalla silty clay loam, 2 to 20

percent slopes

Composition

Yoncalla soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Toeslopes, footslopes, and

alluvial fans

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 350 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, rose,

blue wildrye, and California oatgrass

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

8 to 15 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

15 to 49 inches—brown clay

49 to 60 inches—brown gravelly clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 30 inches in December

through April
426 Soil Survey of

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Darby, Dixonville, and Jory soils in convex positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Yoncalla soils that have slopes of more than 20

percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Steepness of slope

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

this unit. The method used generally is governed by

the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• For the steeper areas of this unit, install septic tank

absorption lines on the contour or in adjacent areas

that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

275E—Yoncalla silty clay loam, 20 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Yoncalla soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Hills

Landscape position: Footslopes and alluvial fans

Parent material: Colluvium derived from basalt

Elevation: 350 to 2,000 feet

Native plants: Oregon white oak and Pacific madrone

with an understory of Pacific poison oak, rose,

blue wildrye, and California oatgrass
Douglas County Area, Oregon 427

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—30 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—50 to 55 degrees F

Frost-free period—160 to 235 days

Typical Profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay loam

8 to 15 inches—dark brown silty clay loam

15 to 49 inches—brown clay

49 to 60 inches—brown gravelly clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 6 to 30 inches in December

through April

Permeability: Very slow

Available water capacity: About 10 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Darby, Dixonville, and Jory soils in convex, more

steeply sloping positions

• Panther soils in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Yoncalla soils that have slopes of less than 20

percent or more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Cropland, pasture, and homesite development

Major Management Limitations

• Steepness of slope

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• High shrink-swell potential

• Very slow permeability

• Hazard of slope failure

• Low soil strength

Use and Management

Cropland

• Erosion can be minimized if fall grain is seeded

early, conservation tillage is used, and tillage and

seeding are on the contour or across the slope.

Waterways should be shaped and seeded to perennial

grass.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

Pasture

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• Install septic tank absorption lines on the contour or

in adjacent areas that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

276E—Zalea-Pyrady complex, 15 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Zalea soil and similar inclusions—60 percent

Pyrady soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent
428 Soil Survey of

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Ridges

Parent material: Colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock

Elevation: 3,400 to 4,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir and golden chinkapin with

an understory of salal, cascade Oregongrape,

Pacific rhododendron, and western swordfern

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—85 to 90 inches

Mean annual air temperature—42 to 45 degrees F

Frost-free period—60 to 100 days

Zalea Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

8 to 16 inches—dark yellowish brown gravelly clay

loam

16 to 34 inches—light olive brown gravelly clay loam

34 inches—hard bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to hard bedrock: 20 to 40 inches

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 5 inches

Pyrady Soil

Typical profile

0 to 6 inches—dark brown clay loam

6 to 21 inches—dark brown and olive brown gravelly

clay loam

21 to 43 inches—olive and dark gray gravelly silty

clay

43 to 60 inches—olive gray gravelly clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Moderately well drained

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 8.5 inches

Depth to water table: 24 to 60 inches in November

through May

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker soils, high elevation

• Atring soils, high elevation, in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Zalea and Pyrady soils that have slopes of less than

15 percent or more than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Zalea and Pyrady

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Plant competition

Zalea

• Moderately slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Depth to rock

Pyrady

• Slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Zalea soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

277E—Zing loam, 0 to 30 percent slopes

Composition

Zing soil and similar inclusions—85 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent
Douglas County Area, Oregon 429

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Footslopes and concave side

slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite, volcanic rock, and metamorphic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of salal,

cascade Oregongrape, western swordfern, and

common snowberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Typical Profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 60 inches—gray and light olive gray clay

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker and Norling soils in convex, more steeply

sloping positions

• Dumont, Lettia, and Sweetbriar soils in convex,

more steeply sloping positions

• Soils that are similar to this Zing soil but are poorly

drained and are in concave positions and near

drainageways

• Zing soils that have slopes of more than 30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

• Wetness

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• High shrink-swell potential

• Slow permeability

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the soil in this unit is unsuited to traffic

when wet, use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soil less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soil and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soil is least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soil is dry, landings and skid trails can be

ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soil.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires of moderate

intensity.

• Trees commonly are subject to windthrow during

periods when the soil is excessively wet and winds

are strong.

Hay and pasture

• Sprinkler and trickle irrigation systems are suited to

the less sloping areas of this unit. The method used

generally is governed by the crop grown.

• Apply enough water to wet the root zone but not so

much that it leaches plant nutrients.

• Regulate the application of irrigation water to

prevent a rise in the level of the water table and to

control runoff and erosion.

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to
430 Soil Survey of

the soil and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• Select plants that can tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around

construction sites as soon as possible helps to

control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this soil. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• If a suitable outlet is available, tile drains can be

used to divert subsurface water away from the

absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• For the steeper areas of this unit, install septic tank

absorption lines on the contour or in adjacent areas

that are more nearly level.

• Roads should be designed to offset the effects of

shrinking and swelling and the limited ability of the soil

to support a load.

• Prevent structural damage that results from

shrinking and swelling by backfilling with material that

has low shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soil to the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

278E—Zing-Lettia complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Zing soil and similar inclusions—60 percent

Lettia soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Zing—footslopes and concave

side slopes; Lettia—footslopes and convex side

slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

granodiorite

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,500 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of salal,

cascade Oregongrape, western swordfern, and

common snowberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—40 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—45 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—100 to 180 days

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 45 inches—gray clay

45 to 62 inches—light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Lettia Soil

Typical profile

0 to 12 inches—dark brown gravelly loam

12 to 16 inches—strong brown loam

16 to 58 inches—strong brown clay loam

58 inches—soft bedrock

Properties and qualities

Depth to soft bedrock: 40 to 60 inches

Drainage class: Well drained
Douglas County Area, Oregon 431

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 8 inches

Contrasting Inclusions

• Acker, Dumont, and Norling soils underlain by

metamorphic rock

• Sharpshooter and Threeforks soils underlain by

mica schist

• Dompier soils in concave positions

• Steinmetz soils in more steeply sloping positions

• Sitkum soils in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Zing and Lettia soils that have slopes of more than

30 percent

Major Uses

Woodland, hay and pasture, and homesite

development

Major Management Limitations

Zing and Lettia

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of fire damage

Zing

• Wetness

• Slow permeability

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

• Hazard of windthrow

Lettia

• Seedling mortality

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Zing soil is unsuited to traffic when wet,

use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads

in the less sloping or more well drained areas

and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees or a

higher number of trees in a specified area, and

selecting climatically adapted seedlings help to

ensure the establishment and survival of seedlings.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires of moderate

intensity.

• Trees on the Zing soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

Hay and pasture

• Maintain fertility and tilth by returning crop residue to

the soils and using a cropping system that includes

grasses, legumes, or grass-legume mixtures.

• In areas of the Zing soil, select plants that can

tolerate wetness.

• Reduce the risks of compaction of the surface layer

and erosion by planning grazing systems, using

proper stocking rates, and limiting grazing and field

operations to drier periods.

• Tillage and seeding should be done on the contour

or across the slope where practical.

• Chisel or subsoil to break up compacted layers.

• Cross-fencing, water developments, and placement

of salt improve livestock distribution.

Homesite development

• Revegetating disturbed areas around construction

sites as soon as possible helps to control erosion.

• In the steeper areas, reduce the risk of erosion by

disturbing only the construction site.

• Stockpile topsoil for use in reclaiming areas

disturbed during construction.
432 Soil Survey of

• Alternative waste disposal systems may function

properly on this unit. Areas of included soils may be

suitable for standard waste disposal systems;

however, onsite investigation is needed to locate

these areas.

• Interceptor ditches can be used to divert subsurface

water away from the absorption field.

• Increase the size of the septic tank absorption field

to compensate for the restricted permeability.

• For the steeper areas of this unit, install septic tank

absorption lines on the contour or in adjacent areas

that are more nearly level.

• Roads on the Zing soil should be designed to offset

the effects of shrinking and swelling and the limited

ability of the soil to support a load.

• On the Zing soil, prevent structural damage

that results from shrinking and swelling by

backfilling with material that has low

shrink-swell potential, properly designing

foundations and footings, and diverting runoff away

from buildings.

• Reduce wetness by installing drain tile around

footings and providing drainage around buildings with

basements and crawl spaces.

• Slumping can be minimized by restricting the

construction of roads and other activities that disturb

the soils to the less sloping or more well drained

areas and by using properly designed road drainage

systems.

• Build roads in the less sloping areas of the unit to

minimize cuts and fills.

• Seed cuts and fills to permanent vegetation.

279E—Zing-Sweetbriar complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes

Composition

Zing soil and similar inclusions—65 percent

Sweetbriar soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—10 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Zing—concave side slopes;

Sweetbriar—ridges and convex side slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock

Elevation: 800 to 2,400 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of salal,

cascade Oregongrape, western swordfern, and

common snowberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52 degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 60 inches—gray and light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Sweetbriar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown clay

18 to 38 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

38 to 60 inches—yellowish brown and dark yellowish

brown silty clay loam and clay loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Sweetbriar soil but have

bedrock at a depth of less than 40 inches and are in

convex, more steeply sloping positions

• Zing and Sweetbriar soils that have slopes of more

than 30 percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Zing and Sweetbriar

• Hazards of compaction and erosion

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• Steepness of slope

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength
Douglas County Area, Oregon 433

Zing

• Wetness

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

• Hazard of fire damage

Sweetbriar

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Zing soil is unsuited to traffic when wet,

use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used, but

cable yarding generally is safer in the more steeply

sloping areas and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and

care in the placement of culverts help to control

erosion.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Increased erosion, loss of nutrients, and water

repellency are likely to result from fires of moderate

intensity.

• Avoiding very wet areas, planting larger trees

or a higher number of trees in a specified area,

and selecting climatically adapted seedlings help

to ensure the establishment and survival of

seedlings.

• Trees on the Zing soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.

279F—Zing-Sweetbriar complex, 30 to 60

percent slopes

Composition

Zing soil and similar inclusions—60 percent

Sweetbriar soil and similar inclusions—25 percent

Contrasting inclusions—15 percent

Setting

Landform: Mountains

Landscape position: Zing—concave side slopes of

less than 45 percent; Sweetbriar—convex side

slopes

Parent material: Residuum and colluvium derived

from volcanic rock

Elevation: 1,000 to 3,000 feet

Native plants: Douglas fir with an understory of salal,

cascade Oregongrape, western swordfern, and

common snowberry

Climatic factors:

Mean annual precipitation—45 to 55 inches

Mean annual air temperature—47 to 52

degrees F

Frost-free period—120 to 160 days

Zing Soil

Typical profile

0 to 7 inches—dark brown loam

7 to 10 inches—dark brown clay loam

10 to 17 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

17 to 60 inches—gray and light olive gray clay

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more

Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained

Depth to water table: 24 to 36 inches in November

through May

Permeability: Slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Sweetbriar Soil

Typical profile

0 to 8 inches—very dark grayish brown silty clay

loam

8 to 18 inches—dark brown clay

18 to 38 inches—dark yellowish brown clay

38 to 60 inches—yellowish brown and dark

yellowish brown silty clay loam and clay

loam

Properties and qualities

Depth to bedrock: 60 inches or more
434

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Available water capacity: About 10.5 inches

Shrink-swell potential: High

Contrasting Inclusions

• Soils that are similar to the Sweetbriar soil

but have more than 35 percent rock fragments

or have bedrock at a depth of less than 40

inches and are in convex, more steeply sloping

positions

• Rock outcrop in convex positions

• Zing and Sweetbriar soils that have slopes of less

than 30 percent

• Sweetbriar soils that have slopes of more than 60

percent

Major Use

Woodland

Major Management Limitations

Zing and Sweetbriar

• Hazards of erosion and compaction

• Steepness of slope

• Hazard of slope failure

• Plant competition

• High shrink-swell potential

• Low soil strength

Zing

• Wetness

• Slow permeability

• Hazard of windthrow

Sweetbriar

• Moderately slow permeability

Use and Management

Woodland

• Because the Zing soil is unsuited to traffic when wet,

use equipment only during dry periods.

• Wheeled and tracked equipment can be used in the

less sloping areas, but cable yarding generally is safer

and disturbs the soils less.

• Using low-pressure ground equipment minimizes

damage to the soils and helps to maintain productivity.

• Reduce the risk of erosion by seeding roads,

roadcuts, roadfills, skid trails, and landings and by

installing water bars.

• Proper design of road drainage systems and care in

the placement of culverts help to control erosion.

• To reduce the risk of compaction, use suitable

logging systems, lay out skid trails in advance, and

harvest timber when the soils are least susceptible to

compaction.

• When the soils are dry, landings and skid trails can

be ripped to improve plant growth.

• This unit is susceptible to slope failure; therefore,

onsite investigation may be needed before disturbing

the soils.

• Slumping can be minimized by locating roads in the

less sloping or more well drained areas and by using

properly designed road drainage systems.

• Undesirable plants limit natural or artificial

reforestation unless intensive site preparation and

maintenance are used.

• Mulching around seedlings helps to reduce

competition from undesirable understory plants and

helps to retain moisture in summer.

• Trees on the Zing soil commonly are subject to

windthrow during periods when the soil is excessively

wet and winds are strong.
435

This soil survey is an inventory and evaluation of

the soils in the survey area. It can be used to adjust

land uses to the limitations and potentials of natural

resources and the environment. Also, it can help to

prevent soil-related failures in land uses.

In preparing a soil survey, soil scientists,

conservationists, engineers, and others collect

extensive field data about the nature and behavioral

characteristics of the soils. They collect data on

erosion, droughtiness, flooding, and other factors that

affect various soil uses and management. Field

experience and collected data on soil properties and

performance are used as a basis in predicting soil

behavior.

Information in this section can be used to plan the

use and management of soils for crops and pasture;

as rangeland and woodland; as sites for buildings,

sanitary facilities, highways and other transportation

systems, and parks and other recreational facilities;

and for wildlife habitat. It can be used to identify the

potentials and limitations of each soil for specific land

uses and to help prevent construction failures caused

by unfavorable soil properties.

Planners and others using soil survey information

can evaluate the effect of specific land uses on

productivity and on the environment in all or part of the

survey area. The survey can help planners to maintain

or create a land use pattern in harmony with the

natural soil.

Contractors can use this survey to locate sources

of sand and gravel, roadfill, and topsoil. They can use

it to identify areas where bedrock, wetness, or very

firm soil layers can cause difficulty in excavation.

Health officials, highway officials, engineers, and

others may also find this survey useful. The survey

can help them plan the safe disposal of wastes and

locate sites for pavements, sidewalks, campgrounds,

playgrounds, lawns, and trees and shrubs.

Crops and Pasture

Rodney McCoy, Douglas County extension agent, Oregon State

University, helped to prepare this section.

General management needed for crops and

pasture is suggested in this section. The estimated

yields of the main crops and pasture plants are listed,

the system of land capability classification used by the

Natural Resources Conservation Service is explained,

and prime farmland is described.

Planners of management systems for individual

fields or farms should consider the detailed

information given in the description of each soil under

the heading “Detailed Soil Map Units.” Specific

information can be obtained from the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service or the

Cooperative Extension Service.

Douglas County has a total area of 3,240,320

acres, of which 2,259,471 acres are included in the

survey area. According to the 1987 Census of

Agriculture, farms comprise 438,087 acres

(USDC, 1987). Of this, 38,654 acres are harvested

and 13,760 acres are irrigated. The 1991 National

Resource Inventory determined that there were

218,551 acres of pasture on upland hills.

The soils and climate of the flood plains and

terraces are well suited to the production of alfalfa,

grass-legume hay, and row crops. On the uplands,

however, the soils and the limited availability of

irrigation water restrict production to hay and

permanent pasture.

The soils and climate of the survey area are

excellent for growing forage crops. The growing

season is long, and the cool, wet spring is ideal for

clover and ryegrass pasture. In summer, however, this

pastureland may not receive sufficient moisture.

Rainfall in July and August is less than 0.5 inch per

month, which limits forage production.

Hayland and pastureland in the survey area can be

divided into three types based on management and

physiography of the soils. They are the well drained or

moderately well drained flood plains and terraces that

are irrigated or subirrigated; the somewhat poorly

drained or poorly drained terraces, footslopes, or

alluvial fans; and the upland pastures.

The acreage of the bottomland soils in the survey

area is small, but the soils are suited to a wide variety

of crops. Examples of productive, deep, well drained

or moderately well drained bottomland soils are those

of the Malabon, Coburg, Roseburg, and Foehlin

series. If irrigated, these soils produce high yields of

Use and Management of the Soils
436 Soil Survey of

alfalfa and improved pasture. They can also be used

to grow alternative crops such as vegetables. In some

parts of the survey area, grapes are grown on the

bottomland soils. These soils produce very large,

dense canopies of grapes that must be managed with

appropriate trellises and pruning methods to produce

top-quality fruit.

The somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained

soils produce lower yields of sub-clover and ryegrass

hay and pasture. These soils stay wet well into spring,

and as a result, much of the harvested hay is

overmature. Grazing early in spring and harvesting

grass-legume hay early in summer improve the quality

of the hay and pasture but reduce the quantity.

Examples of these soils are those of the Conser,

Pengra, and Waldo series.

The upland pastures are very productive and

extensive. The grass-legume pastures support a

productive livestock enterprise in the survey area.

Examples of upland soils used for pasture are those

of the Oakland, Dixonville, and Philomath series.

Although these soils are moderately deep or shallow,

they are fertile. They are on gentle and moderate

slopes as well as slopes that are too steep for

mechanical harvesting. Some of the south-facing

upland pastures are being converted to vineyards.

Most of the soils used for hay and pasture are

strongly acid or very strongly acid unless lime is

applied. Some of the well drained bottomland soils are

slightly acid. Applications of lime are needed for these

soils to produce optimum yields of alfalfa and pasture.

Because most of the soils have insufficient

phosphorous and sulfur for adequate production,

these elements should also be applied.

Additions of lime and fertilizer should be based on

the results of soil tests and on the needs of the crop

grown. The Cooperative Extension Service can assist

in determining the proper kind and amount of fertilizer

and lime to apply. The latest information on adapted

varieties and seeding recommendations can be

obtained from the local office of the Cooperative

Extension Service or the Natural Resources

Conservation Service. Information on proper design of

drainage and irrigation systems for each kind of soil is

available at the local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

Yields per Acre

The average yields per acre that can be expected

of the principal crops under a high level of

management are shown in table 5. In any given year,

yields may be higher or lower than those indicated in

the table because of variations in rainfall and other

climatic factors. The land capability classification of

map units in the survey area also is shown in the

table.

The yields are based mainly on the experience and

records of farmers, conservationists, and extension

agents. Available yield data from nearby counties and

results of field trials and demonstrations also are

considered.

The management needed to obtain the indicated

yields of the various crops depends on the kind of soil

and the crop. Management can include drainage,

erosion control, and protection from flooding; the

proper planting and seeding rates; suitable highyielding crop varieties; appropriate and timely tillage;

control of weeds, plant diseases, and harmful insects;

favorable soil reaction and optimum levels of nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium, and trace elements for each

crop; effective use of crop residue, barnyard manure,

and green manure crops; and harvesting that ensures

the smallest possible loss.

For yields of irrigated crops, it is assumed that the

irrigation system is adapted to the soils and to the

crops grown, that good-quality irrigation water is

uniformly applied as needed, and that tillage is kept to

a minimum.

The estimated yields reflect the productive capacity

of each soil for each of the principal crops. Yields are

likely to increase as new production technology is

developed. The productivity of a given soil compared

with that of other soils, however, is not likely to

change.

Yields for wine grapes were based on present

grape production. It may be feasible to grow grapes in

areas of soils that are similar to those presently used

for grape production, but yields are not available.

Yields in table 5 are for nonirrigated Pinot Noir and

Chardonnay varieties.

Crops other than those shown in table 5 are grown

in the survey area, but estimated yields are not listed

because the acreage of such crops is small. Prunes

and apples are examples of crops that contribute to

the agricultural economy of the survey area but are

grown on only a few soils; therefore, they are not

included in the table. Both are high-value crops, and

they generally are grown only on the better drained

soils such as those of the Chapman, Evans, Newberg,

and Roseburg series. Christmas trees are grown on

the gentler slopes in areas of nearly all of the soils

that are suited to the production of timber. The short

growing season of the cold soils at high elevations in

the Western Cascade Mountains (general soil map

unit 25) limits the use of these soils for Christmas tree

production. The local office of the Natural Resources

Conservation Service or of the Cooperative Extension

Service can provide information about the
Douglas County Area, Oregon 437

management and productivity of the soils for crops not

shown in the table.

Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification shows, in a general

way, the suitability of soils for most kinds of field crops

(USDA, 1961). Crops that require special

management are excluded. The soils are grouped

according to their limitations for field crops, the risk of

damage if they are used for crops, and the way they

respond to management. The criteria used in grouping

the soils do not include major and generally expensive

landforming that would change slope, depth, or other

characteristics of the soils, nor do they include

possible but unlikely major reclamation projects.

Capability classification is not a substitute for

interpretations designed to show suitability and

limitations of groups of soils for rangeland, for

woodland, or for engineering purposes.

In the capability system, soils are generally

grouped at three levels—capability class, subclass,

and unit. Only class and subclass are used in this

survey.

Capability classes, the broadest groups, are

designated by numerals I through VIII. The numerals

indicate progressively greater limitations and narrower

choices for practical use. The classes are defined as

follows:

Class I soils have few limitations that restrict their

use.

Class II soils have moderate limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require moderate

conservation practices.

Class III soils have severe limitations that reduce

the choice of plants or that require special

conservation practices, or both.

Class IV soils have very severe limitations that

reduce the choice of plants or that require very careful

management, or both.

Class V soils are not likely to erode but have other

limitations, impractical to remove, that limit their use.

Class VI soils have severe limitations that make

them generally unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VII soils have very severe limitations that

make them unsuitable for cultivation.

Class VIII soils and miscellaneous areas have

limitations that nearly preclude their use for

commercial crop production.

Capability subclasses are soil groups within one

class. They are designated by adding a small letter,

e, w, s, or c, to the class numeral, for example, IIe.

The letter e shows that the main hazard is the risk of

erosion unless close-growing plant cover is

maintained; w shows that water in or on the soil

interferes with plant growth or cultivation (in some

soils the wetness can be partly corrected by artificial

drainage); s shows that the soil is limited mainly

because it is shallow, droughty, or stony; and c, used

in only some parts of the United States, shows that

the chief limitation is climate that is very cold or very

dry.

In class I there are no subclasses because the soils

of this class have few limitations. Class V contains

only the subclasses indicated by w, s, or c because

the soils in class V are subject to little or no erosion.

They have other limitations that restrict their use to

pasture, rangeland, woodland, wildlife habitat, or

recreation.

All of the soils in the survey area have been

assigned a capability classification for nonirrigated

uses, but only the soils that typically are irrigated have

been assigned a capability classification for irrigated

uses. The capability classification is given in table 6.

Prime Farmland

Prime farmland is one of several kinds of important

farmland defined by the U.S. Department of

Agriculture. It is of major importance in meeting the

Nation’s short- and long-range needs for food and

fiber. Because the supply of high-quality farmland is

limited, the U.S. Department of Agriculture recognizes

that responsible levels of government, as well as

individuals, should encourage and facilitate the wise

use of our Nation’s prime farmland.

Prime farmland, as defined by the U.S. Department

of Agriculture, is land that has the best combination of

physical and chemical characteristics for producing

food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is

available for these uses. It could be cultivated land,

pastureland, forest land, or other land, but it is not

urban or built-up land or water areas. The soil

qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are

those needed for the soil to economically produce

sustained high yields of crops when proper

management, including water management, and

acceptable farming methods are applied. In general,

prime farmland has an adequate and dependable

supply of moisture from precipitation or irrigation, a

favorable temperature and growing season,

acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable salt and

sodium content, and few or no rocks. It is permeable

to water and air. It is not excessively erodible or

saturated with water for long periods, and it either is

not frequently flooded during the growing season or is

protected from flooding. Slope ranges mainly from 0 to

6 percent. More detailed information about the criteria

for prime farmland is available at the local office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service.
438 Soil Survey of

A recent trend in land use in some parts of the

survey area has been the loss of some prime

farmland to industrial and urban uses. The loss of

prime farmland to other uses puts pressure on

marginal lands, which generally are more erodible,

droughty, and less productive and cannot be easily

cultivated.

About 88,716 acres, or nearly 4 percent of the

survey area, meet the requirements for prime

farmland. The map units in the survey area that are

considered prime farmland are listed in this section.

This list does not constitute a recommendation for a

particular land use. On some soils included in the list,

measures that overcome a hazard or limitation, such

as wetness and droughtiness, are needed. Onsite

evaluation is needed to determine whether or not the

hazard or limitation has been overcome by corrective

measures. The extent of each listed map unit is

shown in table 4. The location is shown on the

detailed soil maps. The soil qualities that affect use

and management are described under the heading

“Detailed Soil Map Units.” The map units that meet the

requirements for prime farmland are:

1C Abegg very gravelly sandy loam, 2 to 12

percent slopes (if irrigated)

14A Banning loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

14C Banning loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

21C Bellpine silt loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

22C Bellpine clay loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

35A Central Point loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

37A Chapman-Chehalis complex, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

42B Coburg silty clay loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

43A Coburg silty clay loam, flooded, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

69C Dumont gravelly loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes

78A Evans loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

81A Foehlin gravelly loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

81C Foehlin gravelly loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

83A Glide fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

(if irrigated)

112A Jimbo-Haflinger complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes

113C Jory silty clay loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes

115C Josephine gravelly loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes

144A Malabon silty clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

145A Malabon silty clay loam, flooded, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

151A McNab clay loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

154B Medford clay loam, 0 to 7 percent slopes

159C Nekia silty clay loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes

164A Newberg fine sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes (if irrigated)

165A Newberg loamy sand, 0 to 3 percent slopes

(if irrigated)

183B Packard gravelly loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

184A Packard gravelly loam, flooded, 0 to 3 percent

slopes

202B Redbell silt loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

(if drained)

214A Roseburg loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes

215C Rosehaven loam, 3 to 12 percent slopes

224B Sibold fine sandy loam, 0 to 5 percent slopes

255C Veneta loam, 0 to 12 percent slopes

262C Windygap silt loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes

263C Windygap clay loam, 2 to 12 percent slopes

Forest Management

By Craig Kintop, district silviculturalist, Bureau of Land

Management, and Craig Ziegler, forester, Natural Resources

Conservation Service.

The survey area is one of the primary timberproducing regions in Oregon. The city of Roseburg is

recognized as the center for the forest products

industry in the survey area. The local sawmills

produce lumber, plywood, veneer, and wood chips for

pulp and laminated plywood. The major managers of

the forestland are the Bureau of Land Management,

private companies, and individual landowners. Fire

protection for the private land is provided by the

Oregon State Department of Forestry and local fire

districts. The Bureau of Land Management and the

Forest Service provide fire protection for land that is

administered by these agencies.

The silvicultural systems used by the individual

landowners differ according to the management

objectives. Silvicultural systems define the sequence

of management practices that take place over the

entire life of a forest stand. A silvicultural system

consists of three phases—harvesting, regeneration

(reforestation), and management of the stand.

Because of the wide

variety of forest types and site conditions in the

survey area, actual practices used in each phase

on a specific unit also vary. The value and quality of

wood products should be considered in the design of

silvicultural systems, which include proper rotation

periods, regulation of stand density, and tree pruning.

Reforestation is the most critical part of any

silvicultural system. All silvicultural practices are

regulated under various statutes, one of which is

the Oregon Forest Practices Act (State of Oregon,

1991).

Currently, even-aged management silvicultural

systems are used by landowners that manage the

largest acreages. Some landowners use uneven-aged
Douglas County Area, Oregon 439

systems on all or part of their land. The even-aged

systems commonly used in the survey area most

closely resemble the classic silvicultural systems that

apply the clearcut and shelterwood methods of

harvesting (Smith, 1962).

Harvesting of stands under even-aged systems can

occur at any time after the stand reaches a specified

minimum age that has been set up to meet land use

objectives and economic goals and has been

determined is suitable for logging. On the best sites,

harvesting can occur as early as when the stand is

30 years old, but it generally occurs later. Some

owners harvest when the stand is near the

culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

CMAI is affected by the quality of the site, the

kinds of silvicultural practices used, and the timing of

these practices. In areas where even-aged systems

are used, CMAI can vary considerably but it generally

is 75 to 110 years of age for merchantable trees

(Curtis, 1992). Under even-aged systems, the entire

stand generally is harvested except for a low number

of designated green trees and snags that are retained

to meet the requirements of the Oregon Forest

Practices Act. Harvesting equipment commonly used

includes crawler tractors and various cable yarding

systems. Harvest units undergoing regeneration cuts

can be as large as 120 acres in size. Stands

managed under even-aged systems generally are

reforested after harvest by planting conifer tree

species suited to the specific site. The site

commonly is prepared for planting by use of

prescribed burning or other treatment to reduce

logging debris and residual brush cover. Some large

industrial and public landowners maintain genetic

tree improvement programs and reforest with

improved species that are expected to have superior

growth qualities that result in increased timber

yields. Retaining green trees in the harvest unit and

adjacent timber stands can result in natural

regeneration.

During the regeneration period, generally the

first 5 years after harvest and reforestation, stand

maintenance practices and thinning may be

needed to ensure the survival and growth of the

trees. These practices include control of competing

vegetation and protection from animal damage.

Vegetation can be controlled by a variety of

methods including use of aerial- and ground-applied

herbicides, mulching with various materials, and

hand cutting of competing species. Animal damage

can be minimized by placing rigid plastic tubes over

the seedlings to protect individual trees from

browsing animals and by hunting and trapping the

animals.

After the regeneration phase, even-aged stands are

treated primarily to produce higher timber yields.

These treatments include control of species

composition and stand density. Precommercial

thinning ensures that growth is concentrated in

selected trees, and it increases the opportunity for

early commercial thinning harvests. Precommercial

thinning generally is done when the regenerated stand

is 10 to 20 years old. Commercial thinning removes

trees that would otherwise die and decay before the

final harvest. Commercial thinning is conducted at

various ages depending on the productivity of the site,

but generally it occurs when the stand is 30 to 70

years old. Fertilization can be used to temporarily

increase stand growth. Fertilizer commonly is applied

in conjunction with precommercial or commercial

thinnings. Pruning can be used to increase the quality

of the wood by encouraging the production of clear

and even-grained logs (Fight and others, 1988).

In response to concerns about the protection of

endangered species (USDI, FWS, 1992) and other

environmental issues, some landowners are

considering other silvicultural systems for managing

forestland (Franklin, 1990; USDI, BLM, 1992).

These systems are modifications of the more

traditional systems. In these systems the main

emphasis of management is shifted from timber

production toward retention or re-creation of

ecosystems that more closely resemble the natural

ecosystems in composition, structure, and function.

Retaining live trees, snags, and large-sized downed

woody debris provides the initial structure and

composition needed for development of the natural

ecosystem.

Forest stands that result from the application of

structural retention systems commonly are

multiple-canopied and multiple-aged stands.

These systems would most closely resemble the

classic silvicultural systems that apply the irregular

shelterwood and group selection methods of

harvesting (Smith, 1962).

Table 7 summarizes the forestry information given

in the detailed soil map unit descriptions and serves

as a quick reference for forestland interpretations. The

soils are rated for a number of factors to be

considered in forest management. Slight, moderate,

and severe indicate the degree of the major soil

limitations. If a soil has a rating of moderate or severe,

more information is given in the section “Detailed Soil

Map Units.” Of the factors listed, soil erosion, seedling

mortality, plant competition, compaction, and

equipment limitations are of the greatest concern. A

discussion of the factors to be considered in forest

management follows.
440 Soil Survey of

Sheet and rill erosion

Sheet and rill erosion ratings indicate the risk of

off-road soil loss following fire, grazing, or forest

management activities that expose the soil. A rating of

slight indicates that no particular erosion control

measures are needed under ordinary conditions,

moderate indicates that some erosion control

measures are needed, and severe indicates that

special precautions are needed to control erosion.

Practices such as use of special harvesting systems

or alternative site preparation techniques and timing

may be needed.

The hazard of sheet and rill erosion is based on the

amount and intensity of rainfall, plant cover recovery

rate, soil erodibility (K factor), soil loss tolerance

(T factor), and percent slope. Soil loss tolerance is the

maximum annual rate of soil erosion that can occur

without affecting plant growth.

Cut and fill slope erosion

The majority of the soil in the survey area is on

slopes of more than 30 percent. Because of the

steepness of slope, construction and maintenance of

roads is needed for forestland management. Cut and

fill slope erosion ratings indicate the risk of soil loss

from road cuts and fills. Dry ravel is not considered in

the ratings. All cut and fill slopes should be seeded.

Practices other than seeding that may be needed to

reduce the risk of slope erosion include the use of

mulch and sediment traps. A rating of slight indicates

that no other preventative measures are needed

under ordinary conditions, moderate indicates that

other erosion control measures are needed only under

certain conditions, and severe indicates that other

erosion control practices are needed under most

conditions.

The hazard of cut and fill slope erosion is based

on the amount and intensity of rainfall, soil erodibility

(K factor) of the exposed horizons, and the angle and

length of the slope. The hazard increases in severity

as the cut and fill slopes increase in length and as the

weighted K factor value increases.

Equipment limitation

Equipment limitation ratings indicate the difficulty of

off-road use of wheeled or tracked, ground-based

equipment as a result of soil, topographic, or climatic

characteristics.

A rating of slight indicates that equipment use may

be restricted by soil wetness for a period of as long as

3 months in a normal year. Normally, the kind of

equipment and the season of use are not restricted by

site features. A rating of moderate indicates that

equipment use is limited by one or more site features.

Use is restricted by slope, stones, soil wetness, soil

instability, or soil texture (clayey or sandy), or by a

combination of two or more of these features. In areas

where soil wetness is a factor, equipment use is

restricted for a period of 3 to 6 months in a normal

year. A rating of severe indicates that the kind of

equipment that can be used or the season of use is

severely restricted by one or more site features. In

areas where soil wetness is a factor, equipment use is

restricted for a period of more than 6 months in a

normal year. Selection of the proper equipment and

proper timing of operations are needed to minimize

seasonal limitations.

Trafficability, soil-related physical limitations,

steepness of slope, and soil wetness are the main

factors that limit the use of equipment. As slope

gradient and length increase, wheeled equipment is

more difficult to use; tracked equipment should be

used on the steeper slopes. Use of both wheeled and

tracked equipment is impractical on the steepest

slopes. Soil wetness, especially in areas of finetextured soils, can severely limit the use of equipment

and make harvesting practical only when the soil is

dry or frozen. Extreme soil textures commonly affect

the use of equipment; organic material, clay, and

loose sand can all affect trafficability. Boulders and

stones may also limit the use of equipment.

Soil compaction

Soil compaction reduces the growth of trees and

roots by limiting the infiltration of water and air into the

soil. Compaction ratings indicate the risk that damage

to the soil structure will occur as a result of the use of

equipment during periods when the soil is wet or

moist. A rating of slight indicates that no special

equipment is needed and the season of use generally

is not restricted; moderate indicates that there may be

some seasonal restrictions to the use of ground

equipment and the use of cable yarding may be

advisable; and severe indicates the need for extreme

caution in the use of equipment and some restorative

practices, such as ripping or disking, may be needed

after harvesting.

The risk of compaction should always be

considered during silvicultural activities. Use of

designated skid trails and protection of the duff layer

help to minimize damage to the soil. A rating of

moderate or severe indicates the need to select the

proper equipment and the proper season of use.

Surface texture, coarse fragment content, and

plasticity are soil characteristics considered in the

compaction hazard rating. The rating assumes that

the soil is wet or moist. Soil compaction decreases air
Douglas County Area, Oregon 441

spaces in the soil, reducing the movement of air and

water, and thus restricting root growth and increasing

the risk of surface erosion.

Soil displacement

Soil displacement ratings indicate the risk of

gouging, scraping, or pushing the soil from its natural

position by the use of equipment. Displacement is

most often associated with mechanical slash disposal,

tractor yarding operations, and site preparation.

A rating of slight indicates that the use of

equipment is not restricted. Special precautions

generally are not needed. Moderate indicates that the

use of specialized equipment, such as a brush rake, is

recommended for mechanical slash disposal, site

preparation, and other activities that disturb the soil.

Severe indicates that extreme caution is advised

when the soil is disturbed.

If soil displacement is a risk, soil-disturbing

activities such as mechanical slash disposal and site

preparation should be closely monitored or alternative

methods should be used. In areas where excessive

soil displacement has occurred, plant recovery rates

may be impaired. Prolonged exposure of barren soil

may result in an increased risk of erosion and further

deterioration of the site.

The surface texture of the soil and the amount of

rock fragments in the upper 12 inches influence how

readily the soil will hold together when pushed by

ground machinery or skidding logs. Slope is also a

factor because more maneuvering of machinery is

needed as the slopes become steeper. Soil moisture

is assumed to be at field capacity or drier.

Seedling mortality

Seedling mortality ratings indicate that the risk of

death of natural or planted tree seedlings as a result

of soil or topographic characteristics. Plant

competition and damage by animals are not

considered in the rating. The rating applies to naturally

occurring seedlings and to healthy, dormant bare-root

or containerized seedlings from good stock that are

properly planted during a period of sufficient moisture.

A rating of slight indicates that mortality is not a

concern under normal conditions; moderate indicates

that some mortality can be expected and extra

precautions are advised; and severe indicates that the

rate of mortality will be high and extra precautions are

essential for successful reforestation. If seedling

mortality is a concern, it may be necessary to use

larger than normal planting stock, special site

preparation, surface drainage, or reinforcement

plantings.

Seedling mortality is affected by soil chemistry, soil

drainage, the available water capacity of the soil, the

temperature and moisture regimes, and the

steepness and aspect of the slope. Soil chemistry

influences the amount and kind of nutrients available

to plants and affects the availability of soil water. Soil

drainage affects the degree, frequency, and duration

of soil wetness. The amount of water in the soil that

is available for plant use is determined by the

available water capacity of the soil and the effective

rooting depth. The amount of water held in the upper

20 inches, or the effective rooting depth, is an

indicator of droughtiness. Seedlings can survive in

areas of soils that have a low available water capacity

if the frequency and duration of precipitation is

favorable. On the steep, south-facing slopes of the

Interior and Klamath Mountains, the high

temperatures and rate of evaporation significantly

increase seedling mortality.

Windthrow

Windthrow ratings indicate the risk of trees being

tipped over and partially or fully uprooted by strong

winds during periods when the soil is moist or wet. A

rating of slight indicates that trees normally are not

blown down by wind; moderate indicates that an

occasional tree may be blown down during periods

when the soil is wet and winds are moderate or

strong; and severe indicates that many trees may be

blown down during periods when the soil is wet and

winds are moderate or strong. If the windthrow rating

is moderate or severe, care in harvesting and thinning

of forest stands is needed. Use of seed tree systems

or regeneration with isolated single trees or groups of

trees is not practical. Periodic salvage of windblown

trees may be needed. An adequate road and trail

system to allow for salvage operations should be

maintained.

Considered in the rating are soil characteristics that

affect the development of tree roots and the ability of

the soil to hold trees firmly. Rooting depth may be

restricted as a result of a high water table, underlying

bedrock, or an impervious layer. Loose soil may result

in poor anchoring of roots.

Plant competition

Plant competition ratings indicate the likelihood of

the invasion of plants to a level sufficient to delay or

prevent establishment of adapted tree seedlings. A

rating of slight indicates that plants have little or no

effect on the establishment and development of

seedlings, moderate indicates that uncontrolled

competition from understory vegetation may retard

natural or planted reforestation but will not prevent the

eventual development of a fully stocked stand; and
442 Soil Survey of

severe indicates that competition from understory

vegetation can be expected to prevent natural or

planted reforestation. A rating of moderate or severe

indicates the need for careful and thorough site

preparation and the potential need for mechanical or

chemical treatment to retard growth of competing

vegetation. Reforestation should be completed as

soon as possible after harvesting.

Climate and soil characteristics affect plant

competition. In many areas, plant competition

concerns can be predicted by determining the quantity

and proximity of seed sources of undesirable plants or

the quantity of unwanted brush rootstock that will

resprout after harvesting. The most common

competitors are tanoak, red alder, Pacific madrone,

Oregon white oak, salal, rhododendron, Pacific poison

oak, and huckleberry.

Fire damage

Fire damage ratings indicate the risk that a fire of

moderate fireline intensity (116 to 520 btu/sec/ft),

which is likely to occur in a clearcut slash burn, will

have a negative affect on soil nutrients and on the

physical and biotic characteristics of the soil. A rating

of slight indicates that negative impacts to soil

characteristics are not expected from fires of

moderate fireline intensity; moderate indicates that

negative impacts, such as hydrophobicity and

excessive erosion, may occur and extra caution is

advised in planning prescribed fires; and severe

indicates that negative impacts are likely to occur and

extreme caution is advised in planning prescribed

fires.

Combustion of organic matter volatilizes nutrients,

reduces soil organic matter, and in some soils,

increases water repellency. Populations of some soil

organisms are at least temporarily reduced by the

initial high soil temperatures and by subsequent

changes in the chemical and physical properties of the

soil. It may be necessary to burn in winter, use

alternate lighting techniques, monitor fuel moisture

content, yard unmerchantable material (YUM),

eliminate prescribed burns, or apply erosion control

measures following burning.

Fire damage ratings are based on the thickness of

the surface mineral horizon, slope, soil texture and

content of coarse fragments, and content of organic

matter. Soils that have a shallow surface layer may

lack the capacity to absorb the effects of fire. The

recovery rate of these soils may be slower. Soils on

steeper slopes are more likely to erode if the

protective layer of duff is burned off. Texture affects

the erodibility of the soil, the plant recovery rate, and

the productivity of the soil. Coarse-textured soils

transmit heat to a greater depth in a shorter period of

time and are more prone to becoming water repellent.

Soils that have a high content of gravel or stones

respond to fire in much the same way as coarsetextured soils. Medium-textured soils inherently

have a higher available water capacity, are likely

to be cooler, and have a higher potential productivity.

Soils that have less than 2 percent organic matter

content usually recover at a slow rate. Soils that are

high in organic matter content generally are more

resistant to sheet and rill erosion. Also, these soils

have a higher available water capacity and are

more likely to be cooler for longer periods during the

year.

Forest Productivity

Soil surveys are important to forestland managers

as they seek ways to increase productivity. During the

survey, foresters made numerous site index

measurements. Plots were selected to determine

productivity by detailed soil map unit and soil type. For

some map units and soil types, adequate plots for

measuring site index were not observed or could not

be located. For these map units and soil types, site

index and productivity values were estimated based

on soil characteristics and associated measurements

of similar soils in the survey area. The values that

were estimated are identified in table 8 under the

headings “Site index (50-year)” and “Site index

(100-year).”

Table 8 summarizes the potential productivity of

common trees on a soil. Potential productivity is

based on site index. Site index is determined by

measuring the height and age of selected trees within

stands of a given species. The procedure used is

given in the site index publications for ponderosa pine

(Meyer, 1961), grand fir and white fir (Schumacher,

1926), Douglas-fir (King, 1966; McArdle and others,

1961), western hemlock (Barnes, 1962; Wiley, 1970),

Sitka spruce (Meyer, 1937), and Pacific silver fir

(Hoyer and Herman, 1989). The site index is based on

fully stocked, even-aged stands. The highest timber

yields can be expected from map units that have the

highest site index. Site index values are converted to

estimated yields at various ages by carefully using the

appropriate yield tables.

Common trees are listed in the table in the order of

abundance as observed on the map unit. Species

preferred for wood production are planted for

reforestation or are allowed to regenerate naturally.

The recommended trees to plant for reforestation are

identified in table 8 under the heading “Common

trees.” Commercial value, topographic position,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 443

survival and growth potential, and natural plant

community relationships are some of the factors that

can influence the choice of adapted species for

reforestation.

Recreation

Jeff Powers, Douglas County parks director, helped to prepare

this section.

From the rugged Pacific Ocean coastline to the

snow-capped Cascade Mountains, the survey area

offers compeling scenery and diverse recreation

opportunities (fig. 16). The Oregon Coast offers

offshore sports, such as deep-sea fishing, boating,

and windsurfing at Salmon Harbor, and there are

numerous campgrounds, fishing streams, and

hiking trails along the coastline. In addition

to these activities, the Oregon Dunes National

Recreation Area provides opportunities for riding

dune buggies and all-terrain vehicles. Five miles

east of Reedsport, the Bureau of Land

Management has erected the Dean Creek

Interpretive Center for viewing indigenous herds of

Roosevelt elk.

The interior valleys of the survey area offer

excellent opportunities for fishing for steelhead and

other trout, salmon, and bass along the streams and

for hunting of small game and waterfowl, and they

provide numerous swimming and picnic areas.

Within the interior valleys are two large reservoirs

that are stocked with fish and offer opportunities for

water-skiing.

The mountainous areas of the survey area,

including the Klamath Mountains, Coast Range

Mountains, and Western Cascade Mountains, provide

opportunities for hunting of big game and upland birds

and for camping and hiking.

Public land available for recreation activities

includes the Elliott State Forest, Siuslaw National

Forest, and Umpqua National Forest. Upon request,

major timber companies in the survey area may

permit access to their land for hunting, fishing, and

camping. The highest elevations of the Western

Cascade Mountains offer opportunities for winter

sports such as cross-country skiing, snowmobiling,

and fishing in the high lakes.

The soils of the survey area are rated in table 9

according to limitations that affect their suitability for

recreation. The ratings are based on restrictive soil

features, such as wetness, slope, and texture of the

surface layer. Susceptibility to flooding is considered.

Not considered in the ratings, but important in

evaluating a site, are the location and accessibility

of the area, the size and shape of the area and its

scenic quality, vegetation, access to water,

potential water impoundment sites, and access to

public sewer lines. The capacity of the soil to

absorb septic tank effluent and the ability of the soil

to support vegetation also are important. Soils that

are subject to flooding are limited for recreational

uses by the duration and intensity of flooding and

the season when flooding occurs. In planning

recreational facilities, onsite assessment of the

height, duration, intensity, and frequency of flooding

is essential.

In table 9, the degree of soil limitation is expressed

as slight, moderate, or severe. Slight means that soil

properties are generally favorable and that limitations

are minor and easily overcome. Moderate means that

limitations can be overcome or alleviated by planning,

design, or special maintenance. Severe means that

soil properties are unfavorable and that limitations can

be offset only by costly soil reclamation, special

design, intensive maintenance, limited use, or a

combination of these.

The information in table 9 can be supplemented by

other information in this survey, for example,

interpretations for septic tank absorption fields in

table 11 and interpretations for dwellings without

basements and for local roads and streets in

table 10.

Camp areas require site preparation, such as

shaping and leveling the tent and parking areas,

stabilizing roads and intensively used areas, and

installing sanitary facilities and utility lines. Camp

areas are subject to heavy foot traffic and some

vehicular traffic. The best soils have mild slopes and

are not wet or subject to flooding during the period of

use. The surface has few or no stones or boulders,

absorbs rainfall readily but remains firm, and is not

dusty when dry. Strong slopes and stones or boulders

can greatly increase the cost of constructing

campsites.

Picnic areas are subject to heavy foot traffic. Most

vehicular traffic is confined to access roads and

parking areas. The best soils for picnic areas are firm

when wet, are not dusty when dry, are not subject to

flooding during the period of use, and do not have

slopes or stones or boulders that increase the cost of

shaping sites or of building access roads and parking

areas.

Playgrounds require soils that can withstand

intensive foot traffic. The best soils are almost level

and are not wet or subject to flooding during the

season of use. The surface is free of stones and

boulders, is firm after rains, and is not dusty when dry.

If grading is needed, the depth of the soil over bedrock

or a hardpan should be considered.
444 Soil Survey of

Paths and trails for hiking and horseback riding

should require little or no cutting and filling. The best

soils are not wet, are firm after rains, are not dusty

when dry, and are not subject to flooding more than

once a year during the period of use. They have

moderate slopes and few or no stones or boulders on

the surface.

Golf fairways are subject to heavy foot traffic and

some light vehicular traffic. Cutting or filling may be

required. The best soils for use as golf fairways are

firm when wet, are not dusty when dry, and are not

subject to prolonged flooding during the period of use.

They have moderate slopes and no stones or

boulders on the surface. The suitability of the soil for

tees or greens is not considered in rating the soils.

Wildlife Habitat

Steven Denney and Dave Loomis, biologists, Oregon

Department of Fish and Wildlife, helped to prepare this section.

The soils and waterways of the survey area provide

habitat for many fish and wildlife species. Diverse

climatic conditions, plant communities, topography

and landforms, rocks and minerals, and land uses

across three converging physiographic provinces

provide a wide variety of wildlife habitat (Franklin and

Dyrness, 1973). These physical and biological factors

can be used to separate and group habitat that

supports unique communities of fish and wildlife.

With the general soil map as a reference, the

wildlife habitat in the survey area has been separated

Figure 16.—Boating on Loon Lake in the Coast Range Mountains.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 445

into geographic groups. In the following paragraphs,

information on the habitat in each group is provided

and the threatened and endangered fish and wildlife

species in each group are listed. Wildlife habitat

throughout the survey area generally can be improved

by use of agricultural and herbaceous plantings and

by proper management of existing vegetation.

Group 1—Barren and stabilized dunes and eolian

sand (general soil map unit 1). This group consists of

barren shifting dunes, stabilized vegetated dunes,

interdunal swales, and deflation basins along the

Pacific Ocean. The native vegetation is characterized

by shore pine, Sitka spruce, salal, evergreen

huckleberry, coast willow, waxmyrtle, strawberry,

eveningprimrose, and introduced European

beachgrass.

In areas where suitable cover exists, the major

wildlife species include black-tailed deer, raccoon,

gophers, moles, striped skunk, and coyote. Bird

species are abundant, especially migratory and

resident shore birds, migratory waterfowl, songbirds,

and raptors. Waterfowl and shore birds use the

ponded deflation basins as resting and feeding areas.

Fish species include cutthroat trout and warmwater

species. Productivity is relatively low, however,

because of the lack of cover and warm water.

Threatened and endangered species in this group

include bald eagle, brown pelican, western snowy

plover, and Aleutian Canada goose. Sensitive areas

include great blue heron rookeries and bald eagle and

osprey nesting sites.

Group 2—Soils near perennial streams, rivers, and

lakes (general soil map units 2, 4, and 5). This group

consists of dominantly alluvial soils on flood plains,

marine terraces, stream terraces, alluvial fans, and

toeslopes. The very poorly drained to somewhat

poorly drained soils generally support hydrophytic

plants, and the moderately well drained to excessively

drained soils generally support various grasses and

hardwoods. The riparian vegetation along the streams

and rivers should be protected from excessive

disturbance to maintain or improve the quality of the

water.

Major wildlife species in this group include blacktailed deer, beaver, river otter, mink, raccoon, bobcat,

and coyote. This group provides important breeding

habitat and travel corridors for waterfowl such as

Canada geese, wood ducks, mallards, and

mergansers; raptors such as bald eagle, osprey, and

red-tailed hawk; amphibians such as salamanders

and frogs; and reptiles such as western pond turtle.

Fish species include Chinook salmon, coho

salmon, steelhead trout, cutthroat trout, smallmouth

bass, Umpqua squawfish, coarsescale sucker,

lamprey, dace, sturgeon, striped bass, shad, and

Umpqua chub, which is classified as a sensitive

species. The aquatic habitat associated with the soils

in this group is very important for the natural

production of fish species. The plant cover stabilizes

the banks of streams and rivers, reduces water

temperatures, and minimizes the deposition of

sediment in streams and rivers.

Threatened and endangered species include bald

eagle, which use areas in this group for feeding and

nesting. Sensitive areas include osprey and bald

eagle nesting sites and great blue heron rookeries.

Group 3—Soils on hills that support grassy oak

woodland (general soil map units 6, 7, and 11). This

group consists of soils on hills in the interior Umpqua

Valley. These soils support relatively open areas of

grassy oak woodland. The native vegetation is

characterized by Oregon white oak, California black

oak, Pacific madrone, Pacific poison oak, wedgeleaf

ceanothus, wild rose, hairy honeysuckle, bedstraw,

and various grasses.

Major wildlife species in this group include blacktailed deer, scattered Roosevelt elk, cougar, coyote,

gray fox, red fox, bobcat, ringtail cat, gray squirrel,

California ground squirrel, raccoon, striped skunk,

opossum, black-tailed jackrabbit, and a variety of

small mammals and rodents. Bird species include wild

turkey, mountain quail, valley quail, ring-necked

pheasant, band-tailed pigeon, acorn woodpecker,

red-tailed hawk, turkey vulture, American kestrel, and

a number of owl, jay, woodpecker, and songbird

species. Several species of reptiles, including Pacific

rattlesnake, western kingsnake, California kingsnake,

bullsnake, western fence lizard, and alligator lizard,

use the habitat in this group.

Fish species in this group are similar to those in

group 2, except that marine species such as striped

bass, shad, and sturgeon are not present in this

group. The stream habitat in this group is very

important for salmonoids.

Columbian white-tailed deer, a Federal endangered

species, inhabits areas of this group. Most of the

population is within a triangle made up of the towns of

Roseburg, Sutherlin, and Glide.

Group 4—Soils of the Coast, Interior, Klamath, and

Western Cascade Mountains (general soil map units

3, 8 through 10, and 12 through 24). This group

consists of soils in mountainous, forested areas in the

northwestern, northern, and southern parts of the

survey area. These areas encompass some of the

most diverse and productive wildlife habitat in the

survey area. A variety of conifer species dominate the

forests, including Douglas fir, western hemlock, and

western redcedar in the Coast and Western Cascade
446 Soil Survey of

Mountains; Douglas fir, grand fir, and incense cedar in

the Interior Mountains; and Douglas fir, ponderosa

pine, and incense cedar in the Klamath Mountains.

Common hardwood species are Pacific madrone,

bigleaf maple, and golden chinkapin.

Major wildlife species in this group include big

game species such as Roosevelt elk, black-tailed

deer, cougar, and black bear; furbearers such as

raccoon, bobcat, coyote, ringtail cat, red fox, gray fox,

and weasel; striped and spotted skunk; opossum;

brush and black-tailed jackrabbit; and a variety of

squirrels and rodents. Game birds include blue

grouse, ruffed grouse, mountain quail, California quail,

wild turkey, and band-tailed pigeon. A variety of

woodpeckers, songbirds, and raptors also inhabit this

group. Included among the raptor species are bald

eagle, golden eagle, turkey vulture, peregrine falcon,

red-tailed hawk, sharp-skinned hawk, Cooper’s hawk,

goshawk, American kestrel, and a number of owls,

including pygmy, screech, long-eared, spotted, and

great horned owl. The most common reptiles are

garter snakes, Pacific rattlesnake, common

kingsnake, California kingsnake, rubber boa,

bullsnake, western fence lizard, alligator lizard, and

sagebrush lizard.

Fish species in this group are generally the same

as those listed for group 2. Marine fish species,

including striped bass, shad, and sturgeon, are in the

Coast Mountains (general soil map units 3, 19, 20, 21,

and 22), where habitat is very important to natural

production. The Western Cascade Mountains (general

soil map units 23 and 24) provide a major production

area for fisheries.

Threatened and endangered species include bald

eagle, peregrine falcon, and northern spotted owl.

Group 5—Cold, high-elevation soils of the Western

Cascade Mountains (general soil map unit 25). This

group consists of soils in the colder, higher elevation

areas of the Western Cascade Mountains. The native

vegetation is characterized by Douglas fir, western

white pine, western hemlock, Pacific rhododendron,

salal, cascade Oregongrape, western swordfern,

Oregon oxalis, and beargrass. Pacific silver fir is in

the coldest areas.

Many of the same wildlife species, including elk,

black-tailed deer, cougar, bobcat, coyote, and weasel,

that inhabit the lower elevation areas of the Western

Cascade Mountains are also present in this areas.

The higher elevation areas also provide habitat for

mule deer, Cascade fox, pine marten, fisher, and

wolverine. Snowshoe hares and pikas are numerous

in areas of talus.

Game bird species are limited to ruffed grouse and

blue grouse. A variety of owl species are at the higher

elevations, including great horned owl, great gray owl,

and boreal owl. Several woodpecker species inhabit

these areas, including black-backed woodpecker,

which is unique to these areas. A variety of small birds

such as nuthatches, finches, and jays are also in

these areas.

Though the specific productivity of fisheries in the

higher elevation areas generally is less than that of

downstream areas, overall productivity of fisheries in

the Umpqua Basin is dependent on the temperature

and flow of water from the higher elevation areas.

Non-marine species in the higher elevation areas

include brown trout, brook trout, and kokanee.

Engineering

This section provides information for planning land

uses related to urban development and to water

management. Soils are rated for various uses, and the

most limiting features are identified. Ratings are given

for building site development, sanitary facilities,

construction materials, and water management. The

ratings are based on observed performance of the

soils and on the estimated data and test data in the

“Soil Properties” section.

Information in this section is intended for land use

planning, for evaluating land use alternatives, and for

planning site investigations prior to design and

construction. The information, however, has

limitations. For example, estimates and other data

generally apply only to that part of the soil within a

depth of 5 or 6 feet. Because of the map scale, small

areas of different soils may be included within the

mapped areas of a specific soil.

The information is not site specific and does not

eliminate the need for onsite investigation of the soils

or for testing and analysis by personnel experienced

in the design and construction of engineering works.

Government ordinances and regulations that

restrict certain land uses or impose specific design

criteria were not considered in preparing the

information in this section. Local ordinances and

regulations should be considered in planning, in site

selection, and in design.

Soil properties, site features, and observed

performance were considered in determining the

ratings in this section. During the fieldwork for this soil

survey, determinations were made about grain-size

distribution, liquid limit, plasticity index, soil reaction,

depth to bedrock, hardness of bedrock within 5 or 6

feet of the surface, soil wetness, depth to a seasonal

high water table, slope, likelihood of flooding, natural

soil structure aggregation, and soil density. Data were

collected about kinds of clay minerals, mineralogy of
Douglas County Area, Oregon 447

the sand and silt fractions, and the kinds of adsorbed

cations. Estimates were made for erodibility,

permeability, corrosivity, shrink-swell potential,

available water capacity, and other behavioral

characteristics affecting engineering uses.

This information can be used to evaluate the

potential of areas for residential, commercial,

industrial, and recreational uses; make preliminary

estimates of construction conditions; evaluate

alternative routes for roads, streets, highways,

pipelines, and underground cables; evaluate

alternative sites for sanitary landfills, septic tank

absorption fields, and sewage lagoons; plan detailed

onsite investigations of soils and geology; locate

potential sources of gravel, sand, earthfill, and topsoil;

plan drainage systems, irrigation systems, ponds,

terraces, and other structures for soil and water

conservation; and predict performance of proposed

small structures and pavements by comparing the

performance of existing similar structures on the same

or similar soils.

The information in the tables, along with the soil

maps, the soil descriptions, and other data provided in

this survey, can be used to make additional

interpretations.

Some of the terms used in this soil survey have a

special meaning in soil science and are defined in the

Glossary.

Building Site Development

Table 10 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect shallow excavations, dwellings

with and without basements, small commercial

buildings, local roads and streets, and lawns and

landscaping. The limitations are considered slight if

soil properties and site features are generally

favorable for the indicated use and limitations are

minor and easily overcome; moderate if soil properties

or site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations; and

severe if soil properties or site features are so

unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that special

design, significant increases in construction costs,

and possibly increased maintenance are required.

Special feasibility studies may be required where the

soil limitations are severe.

Shallow excavations are trenches or holes dug to a

maximum depth of 5 or 6 feet for basements, graves,

utility lines, open ditches, or other purposes. The

ratings are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. The ease of

digging, filling, and compacting is affected by the

depth to bedrock, a cemented pan, or a very firm

dense layer; stone content; soil texture; and slope.

The time of the year that excavations can be made is

affected by the depth to a seasonal high water table

and the susceptibility of the soil to flooding. The

resistance of the excavation walls or banks to

sloughing or caving is affected by soil texture and

depth to the water table.

Dwellings and small commercial buildings are

structures built on shallow foundations on undisturbed

soil. The load limit is the same as that for single-family

dwellings no higher than three stories. Ratings are

made for small commercial buildings without

basements, for dwellings with basements, and for

dwellings without basements. The ratings are based

on soil properties, site features, and observed

performance of the soils. A high water table, flooding,

shrinking and swelling, and organic layers can cause

the movement of footings. A high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, large stones, slope,

and flooding affect the ease of excavation and

construction. Landscaping and grading that require

cuts and fills of more than 5 or 6 feet are not

considered.

Local roads and streets have an all-weather

surface and carry automobile and light truck traffic all

year. They have a subgrade of cut or fill soil material;

a base of gravel, crushed rock, or stabilized soil

material; and a flexible or rigid surface. Cuts and fills

are generally limited to less than 6 feet. The ratings

are based on soil properties, site features, and

observed performance of the soils. Depth to bedrock

or to a cemented pan, a high water table, flooding,

large stones, and slope affect the ease of excavating

and grading. Soil strength (as inferred from the

engineering classification of the soil), shrink-swell

potential, frost action potential, and depth to a high

water table affect the traffic-supporting capacity.

Lawns and landscaping require soils on which turf

and ornamental trees and shrubs can be established

and maintained. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Soil reaction, a high water table, depth to

bedrock or to a cemented pan, the available water

capacity in the upper 40 inches, and the content of

salts, sodium, and sulfidic materials affect plant

growth. Flooding, wetness, slope, stoniness, and the

amount of sand, clay, or organic matter in the surface

layer affect trafficability after vegetation is established.

Sanitary Facilities

Table 11 shows the degree and kind of soil

limitations that affect septic tank absorption fields,

sewage lagoons, and sanitary landfills. The limitations

are considered slight if soil properties and site
448 Soil Survey of

features are generally favorable for the indicated use

and limitations are minor and easily overcome;

moderate if soil properties or site features are not

favorable for the indicated use and special planning,

design, or maintenance is needed to overcome or

minimize the limitations; and severe if soil properties

or site features are so unfavorable or so difficult to

overcome that special design, significant increases in

construction costs, and possibly increased

maintenance are required.

The table also shows the suitability of the soils for

use as daily cover for landfill. A rating of good

indicates that soil properties and site features are

favorable for the use and good performance and low

maintenance can be expected; fair indicates that soil

properties and site features are moderately favorable

for the use and one or more soil properties or site

features make the soil less desirable than the soils

rated good; and poor indicates that one or more soil

properties or site features are unfavorable for the use

and overcoming the unfavorable properties requires

special design, extra maintenance, or costly alteration.

Septic tank absorption fields are areas in which

effluent from a septic tank is distributed into the soil

through subsurface tiles or perforated pipe. Only that

part of the soil between depths of 24 and 72 inches is

evaluated. The ratings are based on soil properties,

site features, and observed performance of the soils.

Permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or

to a cemented pan, and flooding affect absorption of

the effluent. Large stones and bedrock or a cemented

pan interfere with installation.

Unsatisfactory performance of septic tank

absorption fields, including excessively slow

absorption of effluent, surfacing of effluent, and

hillside seepage, can affect public health. Ground

water can be polluted if highly permeable sand and

gravel or fractured bedrock is less than 4 feet below

the base of the absorption field, if slope is excessive,

or if the water table is near the surface. There must be

unsaturated soil material beneath the absorption field

to filter the effluent effectively. Many local ordinances

require that this material be of a certain thickness.

Sewage lagoons are shallow ponds constructed to

hold sewage while aerobic bacteria decompose the

solid and liquid wastes. Lagoons should have a nearly

level floor surrounded by cut slopes or embankments

of compacted soil. Lagoons generally are designed to

hold the sewage within a depth of 2 to 5 feet. Nearly

impervious soil material for the lagoon floor and sides

is required to minimize seepage and contamination of

ground water.

The table gives ratings for the natural soil that

makes up the lagoon floor. The surface layer and,

generally, 1 or 2 feet of soil material below the surface

layer are excavated to provide material for the

embankments. The ratings are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Considered in the ratings are slope,

permeability, a high water table, depth to bedrock or to

a cemented pan, flooding, large stones, and content of

organic matter.

Excessive seepage resulting from rapid

permeability in the soil or a water table that is high

enough to raise the level of sewage in the lagoon

causes a lagoon to function unsatisfactorily. Pollution

results if seepage is excessive or if floodwater

overtops the lagoon. A high content of organic matter

is detrimental to proper functioning of the lagoon

because it inhibits aerobic activity. Slope, bedrock,

and cemented pans can cause construction problems,

and large stones can hinder compaction of the lagoon

floor.

Sanitary landfills are areas where solid waste is

disposed of by burying it in soil. There are two types

of landfill—trench and area. In a trench landfill, the

waste is placed in a trench. It is spread, compacted,

and covered daily with a thin layer of soil excavated at

the site. In an area landfill, the waste is placed in

successive layers on the surface of the soil. The

waste is spread, compacted, and covered daily with a

thin layer of soil from a source away from the site.

Both types of landfill must be able to bear heavy

vehicular traffic. Both types involve a risk of groundwater pollution. Ease of excavation and revegetation

should be considered.

The ratings in the table are based on soil

properties, site features, and observed performance of

the soils. Permeability, depth to bedrock or to a

cemented pan, a high water table, slope, and flooding

affect both types of landfill. Texture, stones and

boulders, highly organic layers, soil reaction, and

content of salts and sodium affect trench landfills.

Unless otherwise stated, the ratings apply only to that

part of the soil within a depth of about 6 feet. For

deeper trenches, a limitation rated slight or moderate

may not be valid. Onsite investigation is needed.

Daily cover for landfill is the soil material that is

used to cover compacted solid waste in an area

sanitary landfill. The soil material is obtained offsite,

transported to the landfill, and spread over the waste.

Soil texture, wetness, coarse fragments, and slope

affect the ease of removing and spreading the

material during wet and dry periods. Loamy or silty

soils that are free of large stones or excess gravel are

the best cover for a landfill. Clayey soils are sticky or

cloddy and are difficult to spread; sandy soils are

subject to wind erosion.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 449

After soil material has been removed, the soil

material remaining in the borrow area must be thick

enough over bedrock, a cemented pan, or the water

table to permit revegetation. The soil material used as

the final cover for a landfill should be suitable for

plants. The surface layer generally has the best

workability, more organic matter, and the best

potential for plants. Material from the surface layer

should be stockpiled for use as the final cover.

Construction Materials

Table 12 gives information about the soils as a

source of roadfill, sand, gravel, and topsoil. The soils

are rated good, fair, or poor as a source of roadfill and

topsoil. They are rated as a probable or improbable

source of sand and gravel. The ratings are based on

soil properties and site features that affect the removal

of the soil and its use as construction material. Normal

compaction, minor processing, and other standard

construction practices are assumed. Each soil is

evaluated to a depth of 5 or 6 feet.

Roadfill is soil material that is excavated in one

place and used in road embankments in another

place. In this table, the soils are rated as a source of

roadfill for low embankments, generally less than 6

feet high and less exacting in design than higher

embankments.

The ratings are for the soil material below the

surface layer to a depth of 5 or 6 feet. It is assumed

that soil layers will be mixed during excavating and

spreading. Many soils have layers of contrasting

suitability within their profile. The table showing

engineering index properties provides detailed

information about each soil layer. This information can

help to determine the suitability of each layer for use

as roadfill. The performance of soil after it is stabilized

with lime or cement is not considered in the ratings.

The ratings are based on soil properties, site

features, and observed performance of the soils. The

thickness of suitable material is a major consideration.

The ease of excavation is affected by large stones, a

high water table, and slope. How well the soil

performs in place after it has been compacted and

drained is determined by its strength (as inferred from

the engineering classification of the soil) and shrinkswell potential.

Soils rated good contain significant amounts of

sand or gravel or both. They have at least 5 feet of

suitable material, a low shrink-swell potential, few

cobbles and stones, and slopes of 15 percent or less.

Depth to the water table is more than 3 feet. Soils

rated fair are more than 35 percent silt- and clay-sized

particles and have a plasticity index of less than 10.

They have a moderate shrink-swell potential, slopes

of 15 to 25 percent, or many stones. Depth to the

water table is 1 to 3 feet. Soils rated poor have a

plasticity index of more than 10, a high shrink-swell

potential, many stones, or slopes of more than 25

percent. They are wet and have a water table at a

depth of less than 1 foot. They may have layers of

suitable material, but the material is less than 3 feet

thick.

Sand and gravel are natural aggregates suitable for

commercial use with a minimum of processing. They

are used in many kinds of construction. Specifications

for each use vary widely. In table 12, only the

probability of finding material in suitable quantity is

evaluated. The suitability of the material for specific

purposes is not evaluated, nor are factors that affect

excavation of the material.

The properties used to evaluate the soil as a

source of sand or gravel are gradation of grain sizes

(as indicated by the engineering classification of the

soil), the thickness of suitable material, and the

content of rock fragments. Kinds of rock, acidity, and

stratification are given in the soil series descriptions.

Gradation of grain sizes is given in the table on

engineering index properties.

A soil rated as a probable source has a layer of

clean sand or gravel or a layer of sand or gravel that

is up to 12 percent silty fines. This material must be at

least 3 feet thick and less than 50 percent, by weight,

large stones. All other soils are rated as an

improbable source. Coarse fragments of soft bedrock,

such as shale and siltstone, are not considered to be

sand and gravel.

Topsoil is used to cover an area so that vegetation

can be established and maintained. The upper 40

inches of a soil is evaluated for use as topsoil. Also

evaluated is the reclamation potential of the borrow

area.

Plant growth is affected by toxic material and by

such properties as soil reaction, available water

capacity, and fertility. The ease of excavating, loading,

and spreading is affected by rock fragments, slope, a

water table, soil texture, and thickness of suitable

material. Reclamation of the borrow area is affected

by slope, a water table, rock fragments, bedrock, and

toxic material.

Soils rated good have friable, loamy material to a

depth of at least 40 inches. They are free of stones

and cobbles, have little or no gravel, and have slopes

of less than 8 percent. They are low in content of

soluble salts, are naturally fertile or respond well to

fertilizer, and are not so wet that excavation is difficult.

Soils rated fair are sandy soils, loamy soils that

have a relatively high content of clay, soils that have

only 20 to 40 inches of suitable material, soils that
450 Soil Survey of

have an appreciable amount of gravel, stones, or

soluble salts, or soils that have slopes of 8 to 15

percent. The soils are not so wet that excavation is

difficult.

Soils rated poor are very sandy or clayey, have

less than 20 inches of suitable material, have a large

amount of gravel, stones, or soluble salts, have slopes

of more than 15 percent, or have a seasonal high

water table at or near the surface.

The surface layer of most soils is generally

preferred for topsoil because of its organic matter

content. Organic matter greatly increases the

absorption and retention of moisture and nutrients for

plant growth.

Water Management

Table 13 gives information on the soil properties

and site features that affect water management. The

degree and kind of soil limitations are given for pond

reservoir areas and embankments, dikes, and

levees. The limitations are considered slight if soil

properties and site features are generally favorable

for the indicated use and limitations are minor and

are easily overcome; moderate if soil properties or

site features are not favorable for the indicated use

and special planning, design, or maintenance is

needed to overcome or minimize the limitations;

and severe if soil properties or site features are

so unfavorable or so difficult to overcome that

special design, significant increase in construction

costs, and possibly increased maintenance are

required.

This table also gives for each soil the restrictive

features that affect drainage, irrigation, terraces and

diversions, and grassed waterways.

Pond reservoir areas hold water behind a dam or

embankment. Soils best suited to this use have low

seepage potential in the upper 60 inches. The

seepage potential is determined by the permeability of

the soil and the depth to fractured bedrock or other

permeable material. Excessive slope can affect the

storage capacity of the reservoir area.

Embankments, dikes, and levees are raised

structures of soil material, generally less than 20 feet

high, constructed to impound water or to protect land

against overflow. In this table, the soils are rated as a

source of material for embankment fill. The ratings

apply to the soil material below the surface layer to a

depth of about 5 feet. It is assumed that soil layers will

be uniformly mixed and compacted during

construction.

The ratings do not indicate the ability of the natural

soil to support an embankment. Soil properties to a

depth even greater than the height of the embankment

can affect performance and safety of the

embankment. Generally, deeper onsite investigation is

needed to determine these properties.

Soil material in embankments must be resistant to

seepage, piping, and erosion and have favorable

compaction characteristics. Unfavorable features

include less than 5 feet of suitable material and a high

content of stones or boulders, organic matter, or salts

or sodium. A high water table affects the amount of

usable material. It also affects trafficability.

Drainage is the removal of excess surface and

subsurface water from the soil. How easily and

effectively the soil is drained depends on the depth to

bedrock, to a cemented pan, or to other layers that

affect the rate of water movement; permeability;

depth to a high water table or depth of standing

water if the soil is subject to ponding; slope;

susceptibility to flooding; subsidence of organic

layers; and the potential for frost action. Excavating

and grading and the stability of ditchbanks are

affected by depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan,

large stones, slope, and the hazard of cutbanks

caving. The productivity of the soil after drainage is

adversely affected by extreme acidity or by toxic

substances in the root zone, such as salts, sodium,

and sulfur. Availability of drainage outlets is not

considered in the ratings.

Irrigation is the controlled application of water to

supplement rainfall and support plant growth. The

design and management of an irrigation system are

affected by depth to the water table, the need for

drainage, flooding, available water capacity, intake

rate, permeability, erosion hazard, and slope. The

construction of a system is affected by large stones

and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan. The

performance of a system is affected by the depth of

the root zone, the amount of salts or sodium, and soil

reaction.

Terraces and diversions are embankments or a

combination of channels and ridges constructed

across a slope to control erosion and conserve

moisture by intercepting runoff. Slope, wetness, large

stones, and depth to bedrock or to a cemented pan

affect the construction of terraces and diversions. A

restricted rooting depth, a severe hazard of wind

erosion or water erosion, an excessively coarse

texture, and restricted permeability adversely affect

maintenance.

Grassed waterways are natural or constructed

channels, generally broad and shallow, that conduct

surface water to outlets at a nonerosive velocity.

Large stones, wetness, slope, and depth to bedrock or

to a cemented pan affect the construction of grassed

waterways. A hazard of wind erosion, low available
Douglas County Area, Oregon 451

water capacity, restricted rooting depth, toxic

substances such as salts and sodium, and restricted

permeability adversely affect the growth and

maintenance of the grass after construction.

453

Data relating to soil properties are collected during

the course of the soil survey. The data and the

estimates of soil and water features, listed in tables,

are explained on the following pages.

Soil properties are determined by field examination

of the soils and by laboratory index testing of some

benchmark soils. Established standard procedures

are followed. During the survey, many shallow

borings are made and examined to identify and

classify the soils and to delineate them on the soil

maps.

Estimates of soil properties are based on field

examinations, on laboratory tests of samples from the

survey area, and on laboratory tests of samples of

similar soils in nearby areas. Tests verify field

observations, verify properties that cannot be

estimated accurately by field observation, and help to

characterize key soils.

The estimates of soil properties shown in the tables

include the range of grain-size distribution and

Atterberg limits, the engineering classification, and the

physical and chemical properties of the major layers

of each soil. Pertinent soil and water features also are

given.

Engineering Index Properties

Table 14 gives estimates of the engineering

classification and of the range of index properties for

the major layers of each soil in the survey area. Most

soils have layers of contrasting properties within the

upper 5 or 6 feet.

Depth to the upper and lower boundaries of each

layer is indicated. The range in depth and information

on other properties of each layer are given for each

soil series under the heading “Soil Series and Their

Morphology.”

Texture is given in the standard terms used by the

U.S. Department of Agriculture. These terms are

defined according to percentages of sand, silt, and

clay in the fraction of the soil that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. “Loam,” for example, is soil

that is 7 to 27 percent clay, 28 to 50 percent silt, and

less than 52 percent sand. If the content of particles

coarser than sand is as much as about 15 percent, an

appropriate modifier is added, for example, “gravelly.”

Textural terms are defined in the Glossary.

Classification of the soils is determined according

to the Unified soil classification system (ASTM, 2001;

PCA, 1973) and the system adopted by the American

Association of State Highway and Transportation

Officials (AASHTO, 2000; PCA, 1973). Another

reference used is the National Engineering

Handbook (Available at the State office of the

Natural Resources Conservation Service, Portland,

Oregon).

The Unified system classifies soils according to

properties that affect their use as construction

material. Soils are classified according to grain-size

distribution of the fraction less than 3 inches in

diameter and according to plasticity index, liquid limit,

and organic matter content. Sandy and gravelly soils

are identified as GW, GP, GM, GC, SW, SP, SM, and

SC; silty and clayey soils as ML, CL, OL, MH, CH, and

OH; and highly organic soils as PT. Soils exhibiting

engineering properties of two groups can have a dual

classification, for example, CL-ML.

The AASHTO system classifies soils according to

those properties that affect roadway construction and

maintenance. In this system, the fraction of a mineral

soil that is less than 3 inches in diameter is classified

in one of seven groups from A-1 through A-7 on the

basis of grain-size distribution, liquid limit, and

plasticity index. Soils in group A-1 are coarse grained

and low in content of fines (silt and clay). At the other

extreme, soils in group A-7 are fine grained. Highly

organic soils are classified in group A-8 on the basis

of visual inspection.

Rock fragments 3 to 10 inches in diameter are

indicated as a percentage of the total soil on a dryweight basis. The percentages are estimates

determined mainly by converting volume percentage

in the field to weight percentage.

Percentage (of soil particles) passing designated

sieves is the percentage of the soil fraction less than

3 inches in diameter based on an ovendry weight.

The sieves, numbers 4, 10, 40, and 200 (USA

Standard Series), have openings of 4.76, 2.00, 0.420,

and 0.074 millimeters, respectively. Estimates are

based on laboratory tests of soils sampled in the

Soil Properties
454 Soil Survey of

survey area and in nearby areas and on estimates

made in the field.

Liquid limit and plasticity index (Atterberg limits)

indicate the plasticity characteristics of a soil. The

estimates are based on test data from the survey area

or from nearby areas and on field examination.

The estimates of grain-size distribution, liquid limit,

and plasticity index are generally rounded to the

nearest 5 percent. Thus, if the ranges of gradation and

Atterberg limits extend a marginal amount (1 or 2

percentage points) across classification boundaries,

the classification in the marginal zone is omitted in the

table.

Physical and Chemical Properties

Table 15 shows estimates of some characteristics

and features that affect soil behavior. These estimates

are given for the major layers of each soil in the

survey area. The estimates are based on field

observations and on test data for these and similar

soils.

Clay as a soil separate consists of mineral soil

particles that are less than 0.002 millimeter in

diameter. In this table, the estimated clay content of

each major soil layer is given as a percentage, by

weight, of the soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter.

The amount and kind of clay greatly affect the

fertility and physical condition of the soil. They

determine the ability of the soil to adsorb cations and

to retain moisture. They influence shrink-swell

potential, permeability, plasticity, the ease of soil

dispersion, and other soil properties. The amount and

kind of clay in a soil also affect tillage and

earthmoving operations.

Moist bulk density is the weight of soil (ovendry)

per unit volume. Volume is measured when the soil is

at field moisture capacity, that is, the moisture

content at 1/3-bar moisture tension. Weight is

determined after drying the soil at 105 degrees C. In

this table, the estimated moist bulk density of each

major soil horizon is expressed in grams per cubic

centimeter of soil material that is less than 2

millimeters in diameter. Bulk density data are used to

compute shrink-swell potential, available water

capacity, total pore space, and other soil properties.

The moist bulk density of a soil indicates the pore

space available for water and roots. A bulk density of

more than 1.6 can restrict water storage and root

penetration. Moist bulk density is influenced by

texture, kind of clay, content of organic matter, and

soil structure.

Permeability refers to the ability of a soil to transmit

water or air. The estimates indicate the rate of

downward movement of water when the soil is

saturated. They are based on soil characteristics

observed in the field, particularly structure, porosity,

and texture. Permeability is considered in the design

of soil drainage systems and septic tank absorption

fields.

Available water capacity refers to the quantity of

water that the soil is capable of storing for use by

plants. The capacity for water storage is given in

inches of water per inch of soil for each major soil

layer. The capacity varies, depending on soil

properties that affect the retention of water and the

depth of the root zone. The most important properties

are the content of organic matter, soil texture, bulk

density, and soil structure. Available water capacity is

an important factor in the choice of plants or crops to

be grown and in the design and management of

irrigation systems. Available water capacity is not an

estimate of the quantity of water actually available to

plants at any given time.

Soil reaction is a measure of acidity or alkalinity

and is expressed as a range in pH values. The range

in pH of each major horizon is based on many field

tests. For many soils, values have been verified by

laboratory analyses. Soil reaction is important in

selecting crops and other plants, in evaluating soil

amendments for fertility and stabilization, and in

determining the risk of corrosion.

Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume

change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture.

Volume change occurs mainly because of the

interaction of clay minerals with water and varies

with the amount and type of clay minerals in the soil.

The size of the load on the soil and the magnitude of

the change in soil moisture content influence the

amount of swelling of soils in place. Laboratory

measurements of swelling of undisturbed clods were

made for many soils. For others, swelling was

estimated on the basis of the kind and amount of clay

minerals in the soil and on the basis of measurements

of similar soils.

If the shrink-swell potential is rated moderate to

very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage

to buildings, roads, and other structures. Special

design is often needed.

Shrink-swell potential classes are based on the

change in length of an unconfined clod as moisture

content is increased from air-dry to field capacity. The

classes are low, a change of less than 3 percent;

moderate, 3 to 6 percent; high, more than 6 percent;

and very high, greater than 9 percent.

Erosion factor K indicates the susceptibility of a

soil to sheet and rill erosion by water. Factor K is
Douglas County Area, Oregon—Part I 455

one of six factors used in the Universal Soil Loss

Equation (USLE) to predict the average annual rate of

soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in tons per acre per

year. The estimates are based primarily on

percentage of silt, sand, and organic matter (up to

4 percent) and on soil structure and permeability.

Values of K range from 0.02 to 0.64. Other factors

being equal, the higher the value, the more

susceptible the soil is to sheet and rill erosion by

water.

Erosion factor T is an estimate of the maximum

average annual rate of soil erosion by wind or water

that can occur without affecting crop productivity over

a sustained period. The rate is in tons per acre per

year.

Wind erodibility groups are made up of soils

that have similar properties affecting their resistance

to wind erosion in cultivated areas. The groups

indicate the susceptibility of soil to wind erosion.

The soils assigned to group 1 are the most

susceptible to wind erosion, and those assigned to

group 8 are the least susceptible. The groups are as

follows:

1. Coarse sands, sands, fine sands, and very fine

sands.

2. Loamy coarse sands, loamy sands, loamy fine

sands, loamy very fine sands, ash material, and sapric

soil material.

3. Coarse sandy loams, sandy loams, fine sandy

loams, and very fine sandy loams.

4L. Calcareous loams, silt loams, clay loams, and

silty clay loams.

4. Clays, silty clays, noncalcareous clay loams,

and silty clay loams that are more than 35 percent

clay.

5. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

less than 20 percent clay and sandy clay loams,

sandy clays, and hemic soil material.

6. Noncalcareous loams and silt loams that are

more than 20 percent clay and noncalcareous clay

loams that are less than 35 percent clay.

7. Silts, noncalcareous silty clay loams that are

less than 35 percent clay, and fibric soil material.

8. Soils that are not subject to wind erosion

because of coarse fragments on the surface or

because of surface wetness.

Organic matter is the plant and animal residue in

the soil at various stages of decomposition. In the

table, the estimated content of organic matter is

expressed as a percentage, by weight, of the soil

material that is less than 2 millimeters in diameter.

The content of organic matter in a soil can be

maintained or increased by returning crop residue

to the soil. Organic matter affects the available

water capacity, infiltration rate, and tilth. It is a source

of nitrogen and other nutrients for crops.

Soil and Water Features

Table 16 gives estimates of various soil and water

features. The estimates are used in land use planning

that involves engineering considerations.

Hydrologic soil groups are based on estimates of

runoff potential. Soils are assigned to one of four

groups according to the rate of water infiltration when

the soils are not protected by vegetation, are

thoroughly wet, and receive precipitation from longduration storms.

The four hydrologic soil groups are:

Group A. Soils having a high infiltration rate (low

runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These consist

mainly of deep, well drained to excessively drained

sands or gravelly sands. These soils have a high rate

of water transmission.

Group B. Soils having a moderate infiltration rate

when thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of

moderately deep or deep, moderately well drained or

well drained soils that have moderately fine texture to

moderately coarse texture. These soils have a

moderate rate of water transmission.

Group C. Soils having a slow infiltration rate when

thoroughly wet. These consist chiefly of soils having a

layer that impedes the downward movement of water

or soils of moderately fine texture or fine texture.

These soils have a slow rate of water transmission.

Group D. Soils having a very slow infiltration rate

(high runoff potential) when thoroughly wet. These

consist chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell

potential, soils that have a high water table, soils that

have a claypan or clay layer at or near the surface,

and soils that are shallow over nearly impervious

material. These soils have a very slow rate of water

transmission.

Flooding, the temporary inundation of an area, is

caused by overflowing streams, by runoff from

adjacent slopes, or by tides. Water standing for short

periods after rainfall or snowmelt is not considered

flooding, and water standing in swamps and marshes

is considered ponding rather than flooding.

The table gives the frequency and duration of

flooding and the time of year when flooding is most

likely.

Frequency, duration, and probable dates of

occurrence are estimated. Frequency is expressed as

none, rare, occasional, and frequent. None means

that flooding is not probable; rare that it is unlikely but

possible under unusual weather conditions (the

chance of flooding is nearly 0 percent to 5 percent in
456

any year); occasional that it occurs, on the average,

once or less in 2 years (the chance of flooding is 5 to

50 percent in any year); and frequent that it occurs, on

the average, more than once in 2 years (the chance of

flooding is more than 50 percent in any year).

Common is used when the occasional and frequent

classes are grouped for certain purposes. Duration is

expressed as very brief if less than 2 days, brief if 2 to

7 days, long if 7 days to 1 month, and very long if

more than 1 month. Probable dates are expressed in

months. About two-thirds to three-fourths of all

flooding occurs during the stated period.

The information is based on evidence in the soil

profile, namely thin strata of gravel, sand, silt, or clay

deposited by floodwater; irregular decrease in organic

matter content with increasing depth; and little or no

horizon development.

Also considered are local information about the

extent and levels of flooding and the relation of each

soil on the landscape to historic floods. Information on

the extent of flooding based on soil data is less

specific than that provided by detailed engineering

surveys that delineate flood-prone areas at specific

flood frequency levels.

High water table (seasonal) is the highest level of a

saturated zone in the soil in most years. The

estimates are based mainly on observations of the

water table at selected sites and on the evidence of a

saturated zone, namely grayish colors or mottles

(redoximorphic features) in the soil. Indicated in the

table are the depth to the seasonal high water table;

the kind of water table—that is, perched, apparent, or

artesian; and the months of the year that the water

table commonly is high. A water table that is

seasonally high for less than 1 month is not indicated

in the table.

An apparent water table is a thick zone of free

water in the soil. It is indicated by the level at which

water stands in an uncased borehole after adequate

time is allowed for adjustment in the surrounding soil.

A perched water table is water standing above an

unsaturated zone. In places an upper, or perched,

water table is separated from a lower one by a dry

zone. An artesian water table is under hydrostatic

head, generally below an impermeable layer. When

this layer is penetrated, the water level rises in an

uncased borehole.

Two numbers in the column showing depth to the

water table indicate the normal range in depth to a

saturated zone. Depth is given to the nearest half foot.

The first numeral in the range indicates the highest

water level. A plus sign preceding the range in depth

indicates that the water table is above the surface of

the soil. “More than 6.0” indicates that the water table

is below a depth of 6 feet or that it is within a depth of

6 feet for less than a month.

Depth to bedrock is given if bedrock is within a

depth of 5 feet. The depth is based on many soil

borings and on observations during soil mapping. The

rock is either soft or hard. If the rock is soft or

fractured, excavations can be made with trenching

machines, backhoes, or small rippers. If the rock is

hard or massive, blasting or special equipment

generally is needed for excavation.

Potential frost action is the likelihood of upward or

lateral expansion of the soil caused by the formation

of segregated ice lenses (frost heave) and the

subsequent collapse of the soil and loss of strength on

thawing. Frost action occurs when moisture moves

into the freezing zone of the soil. Temperature,

texture, density, permeability, content of organic

matter, and depth to the water table are the most

important factors considered in evaluating the

potential for frost action. It is assumed that the soil is

not insulated by vegetation or snow and is not

artificially drained. Silty and highly structured, clayey

soils that have a high water table in winter are the

most susceptible to frost action. Well drained, very

gravelly, or very sandy soils are the least susceptible.

Frost heave and low soil strength during thawing

cause damage mainly to pavements and other rigid

structures.

Risk of corrosion pertains to potential soil-induced

electrochemical or chemical action that dissolves or

weakens uncoated steel or concrete. The rate of

corrosion of uncoated steel is related to such factors

as soil moisture, particle-size distribution, acidity, and

electrical conductivity of the soil. The rate of corrosion

of concrete is based mainly on the sulfate and sodium

content, texture, moisture content, and acidity of the

soil. Special site examination and design may be

needed if the combination of factors results in a

severe hazard of corrosion. The steel in installations

that intersect soil boundaries or soil layers is more

susceptible to corrosion than steel in installations that

are entirely within one kind of soil or within one soil

layer.

For uncoated steel, the risk of corrosion, expressed

as low, moderate, or high, is based on soil drainage

class, total acidity, electrical resistivity near field

capacity, and electrical conductivity of the saturation

extract.

For concrete, the risk of corrosion is also

expressed as low, moderate, or high. It is based on

soil texture, acidity, and amount of sulfates in the

saturation extract.
457

The system of soil classification used by the

National Cooperative Soil Survey has six categories

(USDA, 1975 and 1992). Beginning with the broadest,

these categories are the order, suborder, great group,

subgroup, family, and series. Classification is based

on soil properties observed in the field or inferred from

those observations or from laboratory measurements.

Table 17 shows the classification of the soils in the

survey area. The categories are defined in the

following paragraphs.

ORDER. Eleven soil orders are recognized. The

differences among orders reflect the dominant soilforming processes and the degree of soil formation.

Each order is identified by a word ending in sol. An

example is Ultisol.

SUBORDER. Each order is divided into

suborders primarily on the basis of properties that

influence soil genesis and are important to plant

growth or properties that reflect the most important

variables within the orders. The last syllable in the

name of a suborder indicates the order. An example is

Xerult (Xer, meaning dry, plus ult, from Ultisol).

GREAT GROUP. Each suborder is divided into

great groups on the basis of close similarities in kind,

arrangement, and degree of development of

pedogenic horizons; soil moisture and temperature

regimes; type of saturation; and base status. Each

great group is identified by the name of a suborder

and by a prefix that indicates a property of the soil. An

example is Haploxerults (Haplo, meaning minimal

horizonation, plus xerult, the suborder of the Ultisols

that has a xeric moisture regime).

SUBGROUP. Each great group has a typic

subgroup. Other subgroups are intergrades or

extragrades. The typic subgroup is the central concept

of the great group; it is not necessarily the most

extensive. Intergrades are transitions to other orders,

suborders, or great groups. Extragrades have some

properties that are not representative of the great

group but do not indicate transitions to any other

taxonomic class. Each subgroup is identified by one

or more adjectives preceding the name of the great

group. The adjective Typic identifies the subgroup that

typifies the great group. An example is Typic

Haploxerults.

FAMILY. Families are established within a

subgroup on the basis of physical and chemical

properties and other characteristics that affect

management. Generally, the properties are those of

horizons below plow depth where there is much

biological activity. Among the properties and

characteristics considered are particle size, mineral

content, soil temperature regime, soil depth, and

reaction. A family name consists of the name of a

subgroup preceded by terms that indicate soil

properties. An example is fine-loamy, mixed, mesic

Ultic Haploxerults.

SERIES. The series consists of soils within a

family that have horizons similar in color, texture,

structure, reaction, consistence, mineral and

chemical composition, and arrangement in the

profile.

Soil Series and Their Morphology

In this section, each soil series recognized in the

survey area is described. Characteristics of the soil

and the material in which it formed are identified for

each series. A pedon, a small three-dimensional

area of soil, that is typical of the series in the survey

area is described. The detailed description of each

soil horizon follows standards in the “Soil Survey

Manual” (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993). Many of

the technical terms used in the descriptions are

defined in “Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1975) and in

“Keys to Soil Taxonomy” (USDA, 1992). Unless

otherwise indicated, colors in the descriptions are for

moist soil. Following the pedon description is the

range of important characteristics of the soils in the

series.

The map units of each soil series are described in

the section “Detailed Soil Map Units.”

Abegg Series

The Abegg series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on terraces and alluvial fans. These

soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 2 to 30

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

Classification of the Soils
458 Soil Survey of

45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Abegg very gravelly sandy loam,

2 to 12 percent slopes; 2,400 feet west and 600 feet

north of the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 27 S.,

R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and

fine continuous interstitial and tubular pores;

45 percent sandstone gravel; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; many

very fine continuous tubular pores; 45 percent

sandstone gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—9 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR

7/4) dry; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine and medium roots; many

very fine and fine continuous tubular pores;

common faint very fine coatings of sand on

faces of peds and rock fragments and in pores;

50 percent sandstone gravel and 20 percent

cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt—21 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

extremely cobbly clay loam, very pale brown

(10YR 7/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky

and slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots;

many fine and medium continuous tubular pores;

common faint very fine coatings of sand on faces

of peds and in pores; common distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and rock

fragments and in pores; 40 percent sandstone

gravel and 30 percent cobbles; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

BCt—35 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

extremely cobbly sandy loam, light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots;

common fine and medium continuous tubular

pores; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

35 percent gravel and 40 percent cobbles;

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 3 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The

lower part of the horizon is very gravelly loam or very

gravelly clay loam. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent

rock fragments.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, extremely gravelly clay loam, or

extremely cobbly clay loam and is 45 to 80 percent

rock fragments.

The BCt and C horizons have value of 3 to 5 moist

and 4 to 7 dry, and they have chroma of 4 to 6 moist

or dry. They are extremely cobbly sandy loam,

extremely gravelly loamy sand, or very gravelly sandy

loam and are 40 to 85 percent rock fragments.

Absaquil Series

The Absaquil series consists of deep, well drained

soils on broad ridges and side slopes. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of an Absaquil silt loam in an area of

McDuff-Absaquil-Blachly complex, 30 to 60 percent

slopes; 2,060 feet north and 850 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 24 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves,

twigs, and needles.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong very fine and fine

granular structure; very soft, very friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine,

and medium roots and common coarse roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; 10

percent hard gravel and 10 percent soft siltstone

gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very soft, friable, sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots and common

medium and coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 5 percent hard gravel and 5

percent soft siltstone gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay

loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common fine
Douglas County Area, Oregon 459

and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and

medium irregular and tubular pores; common

prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay films in

pores; 5 percent hard siltstone gravel and

5 percent soft siltstone gravel; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—16 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty

clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

fine and medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; many prominent yellowish red

(5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 5 percent hard gravel and 10 percent soft

siltstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt3—26 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty

clay, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; common

fine and medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; many prominent yellowish red

(5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds, in pores,

and coating rock fragments; 10 percent hard

gravel and 10 percent soft siltstone gravel;

extremely acid; clear smooth boundary.

BCt—32 to 45 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

gravelly silty clay, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; few

very fine and fine roots; few fine tubular pores;

many prominent yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay films

on faces of peds, in pores, and coating rock

fragments; 20 percent hard gravel and 40 percent

soft siltstone gravel; extremely acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Crt—45 inches; highly weathered and fractured

siltstone; many distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

clay films along rock fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 3 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay,

silty clay, or silty clay loam.

The BCt horizon, where present, has value of 4 to 6

moist and 5 to 7 dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 8 moist

or dry. It is clay or gravelly silty clay.

Acker Series

The Acker series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on footslopes and side slopes. These

soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 12 to 60 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Acker gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes, 800 feet south and 300 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 32 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine and

medium granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many

very fine irregular pores; 15 percent gravel;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

AB—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate very

fine and fine subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

BA—10 to 19 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—19 to 32 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay

loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; common

prominent clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—32 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; few very fine

tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; common

prominent clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The BA horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 moist

or dry. The horizon is loam, clay loam, gravelly clay

loam, or gravelly loam.
460 Soil Survey of

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 3 to 8 moist

or dry. The horizon is gravelly clay loam or clay loam.

The BCt horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR,

7.5YR, or 5YR, value of 4 to 7 moist and 5 to 8 dry,

and chroma of 4 to 8 moist. The horizon is very

gravelly clay loam, gravelly loam, or gravelly clay

loam.

Atring Series

The Atring series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium derived from sandstone and

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 12 to 90 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Atring gravelly loam in an area of

Atring-Larmine complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes;

2,000 feet east and 1,800 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 1, T. 25 S., R. 7 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

cones, bark, and lichens.

A—0 to 9 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

gravelly loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—9 to 20 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very

fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; 50 percent

gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—20 to 35 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

very gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; 50 percent coarse gravel and cobbles;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—35 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

gravelly loam or very gravelly loam and is 15 to 55

percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, very gravelly clay loam, or very gravelly

silt loam and is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

Banning Series

The Banning series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on alluvial fans and

terraces. These soils formed in mixed alluvium.

Slopes are 0 to 20 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Banning loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes; 3,800 feet north and 1,900 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 23, T. 30 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate

very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

14 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A2—2 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; strong

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

14 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt—15 to 35 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

many medium distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few faint clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

BC—35 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; 5 percent gravel;

slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 to 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 moist

or dry. The horizon is clay loam or gravelly clay loam.

It is mottled as a result of wetness.

Bashaw Series

The Bashaw series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on terraces. These soils formed in
Douglas County Area, Oregon 461

clayey alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bashaw clay, 0 to 1 percent

slopes; 1,720 feet south and 200 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 27 S., R. 6 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very dark

gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong fine and medium

granular structure; hard, very firm, very sticky and

very plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

AB—5 to 14 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very dark

gray (10YR 3/1) dry; massive when wet, weak

very coarse prismatic structure parting to medium

and coarse subangular blocky when moist or dry;

very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine discontinuous tubular

pores; common pressure faces; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bss1—14 to 47 inches; very dark gray (2.5Y 3/0) clay,

dark gray (2.5Y 4/0) dry; massive when wet,

strong very coarse prismatic structure and very

coarse angular blocky when moist or dry;

extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and

very plastic; common very fine and fine roots

concentrated along faces of peds; few fine

discontinuous tubular pores; many intersecting

slickensides; many pressure faces; few basalt

fragments 1 to 3 centimeters in diameter;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bss2—47 to 63 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; massive;

extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few very fine roots concentrated

along faces of peds; few very fine discontinuous

tubular pores; common intersecting slickensides;

many pressure faces; few basalt fragments 1 to 3

centimeters in diameter; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The soil has

cracks that are open for 60 consecutive days or more

in summer and closed for 60 consecutive days or

more in winter. The profile has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of 0

to 2 moist or dry.

Bateman Series

The Bateman series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes,

and ridges. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bateman silt loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes; 2,190 feet west and 2,190 feet south

of the northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 24 S., R. 7 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, twigs,

leaves, and mosses.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine,

fine, and medium irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

BA—7 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few coarse roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; very few faint clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt1—15 to 32 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty

clay loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very

fine to coarse roots; few very fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt2—32 to 50 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silty

clay loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

extremely hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

common fine and few coarse roots; few very fine

tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BCt—50 to 63 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly

silty clay loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine and few coarse roots; few

very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 20 percent gravel;

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 to 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

and 3 to 6 dry.
462 Soil Survey of

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of

4 to 6 moist and 5 to 8 dry. The horizon is silty clay

loam or silty clay.

The BC horizon, where present, is gravelly silty

clay loam or gravelly clay loam.

Beal Series

The Beal series consists of very deep, moderately

well drained soils on footslopes and side slopes.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from granodiorite and mica schist. Slopes are 3 to 60

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Beal loam in an area of

Lettia-Beal-Zing complex, 30 to 60 percent south

slopes; 475 feet east and 160 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 30 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak

fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine roots and common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BA—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, pale

brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw—10 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

weak fine, medium, and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; common very fine, fine,

and medium tubular pores; 5 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt—18 to 39 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/6)

clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

25 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) mottles,

light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry, and 10 percent dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) mottles, yellowish

brown (10YR 5/6) dry; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,

very firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine

and fine roots and few medium roots; many very

fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg1—39 to 49 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay loam,

light gray (5Y 7/2) dry; 25 percent strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) and (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine roots in peds and few fine and medium roots

on faces of peds; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Btg2—49 to 56 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

clay, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; 20 percent olive

(5Y 5/3) mottles, light gray (5Y 7/1) dry, and

15 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

mottles, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry;

moderate coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

Btg3—56 to 60 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) clay, light gray

(5Y 7/2) dry; moderate coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

plastic; few very fine roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel;

neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to

mottles, which are a result of wetness, is 15 to 25

inches.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 2

to 4 moist and 3 to 6 dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 moist

and 2 to 4 dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 3

to 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 moist

or dry. The horizon is loam or clay loam.

The matrix of the Btg horizon has hue of 5Y or

2.5Y, value of 4 to 6 moist and 6 to 8 dry, and chroma

of 2 to 4 moist and 1 to 3 dry. The horizon is clay loam

or clay.

Beekman Series

The Beekman series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed

in colluvium derived from sandstone and metamorphic

rock. Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean annual
Douglas County Area, Oregon 463

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Beekman gravelly loam in an

area of Beekman-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes; 1,100 feet west and 800 feet south of

the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 32 S., R. 7 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate

very fine, fine, and medium granular structure;

soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

25 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—5 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; moderate very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

roots, common fine and medium roots, and few

coarse roots; many very fine and fine and few

medium and coarse irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

gradual irregular boundary.

Bw2—18 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) very gravelly clay loam, yellow (10YR 7/6)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common medium and few coarse

roots; common very fine and fine and few coarse

irregular pores; 35 percent gravel and 10 percent

cobbles; moderately acid; abrupt irregular

boundary.

R—26 inches; sedimentary rock.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

and 3 or 4 dry. The horizon is 15 to 35 percent rock

fragments.

The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of

3 to 6 moist or dry. The horizon is very gravelly loam,

extremely gravelly loam, or very gravelly clay loam

and is 35 to 70 percent rock fragments.

Bellpine Series

The Bellpine series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and ridges. These soils formed in colluvium

and residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bellpine silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes; 2,385 feet east and 900 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 12, T. 24 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (5YR 3/4) silt loam,

reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and

medium and very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and plastic;

many very fine and fine roots; many very fine and

fine continuous tubular pores; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 11 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt

loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine continuous tubular

pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—11 to 24 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty

clay, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) crushed and dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and very

plastic; common fine and medium roots; common

very fine and fine continuous tubular pores; many

distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 5 percent highly weathered

siltstone gravel 2 to 5 millimeters in diameter; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—24 to 30 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silty

clay, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) crushed and dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine

and medium roots; few very fine and fine

continuous tubular pores; common faint and

distinct dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 45 percent highly weathered

siltstone gravel 2 to 30 millimeters in diameter;

very strongly acid.

Crt—30 inches; fractured and highly weathered

siltstone; faint and distinct dark red (2.5YR 3/6)

clay films in fractures; many fine and medium

coatings of manganese.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4

moist and 3 or 4 dry. The horizon is silt loam or clay

loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6

moist or dry. The horizon is silty clay or clay. It is

0 to 35 percent soft, weathered rock fragments,

the percentage of which increases as depth

increases.
464 Soil Survey of

Bickford Series

The Bickford series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on toeslopes. These

soils formed in silty colluvium over older clayey

alluvium. Slopes are 3 to 12 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bickford silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes; 1,980 feet west and 1,860 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 24 S., R. 9 W.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; strong fine

and medium granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium roots; many

fine irregular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—5 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine, fine, and medium roots; many fine

irregular pores; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw—12 to 16 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silt

loam, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; few fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

firm, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine,

fine, and medium roots; many fine irregular pores;

moderately acid; abrupt broken boundary.

2BCg—16 to 42 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay, light gray

(5Y 6/1) dry; many medium and coarse prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) irregularly shaped

mottles; strong very coarse prismatic structure;

extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; common

prominent stress surfaces on polyhedral faces;

very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2Cg—42 to 60 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silty

clay, light gray (5Y 7/2) dry; many medium and

coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

irregularly shaped mottles; massive; very hard,

very firm, very sticky and very plastic; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to the

2BCg horizon is 12 to 20 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2

or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

5 or 6 moist and 7 or 8 dry, and chroma of 2 moist or

dry. The horizon has distinct or prominent mottles that

have high chroma. It is silt loam or silty clay loam.

The 2BCg and 2Cg horizons have hue of 2.5Y to

5Y, value of 5 or 6 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma

of 1 or 2 moist or dry. The horizons are clay or silty

clay.

Bigdutch Series

The Bigdutch series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These

soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees

Typical pedon of Bigdutch gravelly loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes; 1,000 feet north and 2,200 feet east of

the southwest corner of sec. 8, T. 31 S., R. 8 W.,

W.M.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

granular structure; slightly hard, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and

common fine, medium, and coarse roots; many

very fine irregular pores; 30 percent gravel and

4 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 20 percent gravel

and 5 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Bw2—17 to 21 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

cobbly clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores;

30 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—21 inches; sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is very
Douglas County Area, Oregon 465

cobbly clay loam, extremely cobbly loam, or extremely

cobbly clay loam. In some pedons the upper part of

the Bw horizon is gravelly or very gravelly clay loam.

The horizon is 35 to 80 percent rock fragments.

Blachly Series

The Blachly series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 3 to 70 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 90 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about 49

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Blachly silty clay loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 660 feet west and 50 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 23 S., R. 10 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

twigs, and mosses.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silty

clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine granular structure; soft, friable,

sticky and plastic; many fine and medium roots

and few very fine roots; many very fine and fine

and few medium irregular pores; 15 percent

weathered siltstone gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silty

clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; soft, friable,

sticky and plastic; common fine and medium roots

and few very fine roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 5 percent weathered siltstone

gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—10 to 21 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; weak fine and medium roots;

many very fine and fine continuous tubular pores;

few faint coatings of silt on faces of peds; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—21 to 30 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/6) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common very

fine and fine continuous tubular and irregular

pores; few faint coatings of silt on peds; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—30 to 44 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/8) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few fine roots; common very fine

and fine and few medium continuous tubular

pores; few faint coatings of silt on peds; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—44 to 54 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 5/8) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; common

very fine and fine and few medium continuous

tubular pores; few faint coatings of silt on peds;

10 percent weathered siltstone gravel; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw4—54 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 5/8) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; 20 percent weathered

siltstone gravel; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The content

of weathered rock fragments ranges from 0 to 20

percent in the upper part, and it can be as much as

20 to 50 percent below a depth of 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of

2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 6 moist

and 4 to 8 dry. The horizon is silty clay or clay.

Bohannon Series

The Bohannon series consists of moderately

deep, well drained soils on ridges and side slopes.

These soils formed in colluvium and residuum

derived from sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are

3 to 90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 85 inches, and the mean annual air

temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bohannon gravelly loam in an

area of Bohannon-Preacher-Damewood complex,

60 to 90 percent slopes; 2,050 feet east and 1,600

feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 15, T. 20 S.,

R. 9 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, twigs, and mosses.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure parting to fine and medium granular;
466 Soil Survey of

soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine and medium roots and few coarse

roots; many very fine and fine continuous tubular

and irregular pores; 15 percent gravel; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—12 to 26 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

soft, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine and

medium roots; many very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; few faint coatings of very fine sand

and silt on faces of peds; 15 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—26 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine

roots; common very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; few faint coatings of very fine sand

and silt in pores; 25 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cr—32 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

gravelly loam, cobbly loam, or cobbly clay loam.

Brader Series

The Brader series consists of shallow, well drained

soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. These soils formed in colluvium and residuum

derived from sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 2 to

60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

35 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Brader loam in an area of

Debenger-Brader complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes;

1,800 feet north and 1,800 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 33, T. 30 S., R. 6 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine and fine

granular structure; slightly hard, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 1 percent gravel;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw—2 to 12 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale

brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; common very fine roots; many

very fine tubular pores; 1 percent gravel;

moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Cr—12 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam, clay loam, or gravelly loam.

Bragton Series

The Bragton series consists of very deep, very

poorly drained, organic soils in low tidal basins and on

flood plains. These soils formed in decomposed,

fibrous organic material over sandy or silty alluvium.

Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Bragton muck, 0 to 1 percent

slopes, in the NW1/4NE1/4 of sec. 31, T. 18 S.,

R. 11 W.

Oe1—0 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) muck,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; prominent reddish

brown (5YR 4/4) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

stains along root channels; about 60 percent

identifiable plant parts or fibers, 20 percent

rubbed; nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and

common very fine roots; spongy and porous;

moderately acid; strong odor of sulfur dioxide;

gradual wavy boundary.

Oe2—13 to 25 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

muck, gray (10YR 5/2) dry; about 50 percent

identifiable plant parts or fibers, 15 percent

rubbed; visible flecks of mica; nonsticky and

nonplastic; common fine and medium roots;

spongy and porous; neutral; odor of sulfur dioxide;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Oe3—25 to 38 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) and

very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) muck, gray

(10YR 5/1) dry; visible flecks of mica; nonsticky

and nonplastic; common fine and few medium

roots; neutral; odor of sulfur dioxide; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2C—38 to 60 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) silt loam;

highly micaceous; massive; very hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Thickness

of the organic material is 16 to 50 inches. These soils

are saturated with water throughout the year, and they

are inundated daily by brackish tidewater.

The surface tier has chroma of 1 to 3.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 467

The 2C horizon is stratified silt loam or fine sandy

loam.

Brand Series

The Brand series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on terraces. These soils formed in

clayey alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Brand silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 1,350 feet north and 1,475 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 36, T. 25 S., R. 7 W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty

clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; few

fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles;

weak medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic;

many very fine roots; many very fine and fine

tubular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A—8 to 15 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty

clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

mottles; weak medium and fine subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common

very fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—15 to 26 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty

clay, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many

fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles;

moderate medium prismatic structure parting to

weak fine subangular blocky; very hard, firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots; many

very fine tubular pores; many large black stains

on faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BCt—26 to 50 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many fine

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; weak coarse

prismatic structure and weak very coarse

subangular blocky; very hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; common faint

clay films in pores; many large black stains on

faces of peds; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—50 to 60 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) and light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; massive; very

hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; slightly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry. It is silty clay or clay.

The BC and C horizons have colors similar to those

of the Bw horizon. These horizons are stratified with

coarser material in some pedons.

Buckeye Series

The Buckeye series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. These soils formed in colluvium and residuum

derived from metamorphic rock. Slopes are 2 to 60

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 40

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

53 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Buckeye loam, 20 to 30 percent

slopes; 2,000 feet south and 2,000 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 28 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very

fine continuous irregular and tubular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate very fine, fine, and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine continuous irregular and

tubular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

AB—6 to 13 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

continuous tubular pores; many very fine coatings

of sand and silt on faces of peds; 10 percent

greenstone gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BA—13 to 25 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate fine, medium, and coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

few very fine and fine roots; few very fine and fine

continuous tubular pores; 10 percent greenstone

gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
468 Soil Survey of

Bt—25 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine roots; common very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; common faint very dark grayish

brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 25 percent greenstone gravel; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—35 inches; greenstone; few prominent clay films in

fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

loam, clay loam, or gravelly clay loam.

Buckshot Series

The Buckshot series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

granodiorite. Slopes are 3 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 55 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Buckshot sandy loam in an area

of Buckshot-Stinger complex, 60 to 90 percent north

slopes; 1,600 feet west and 300 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 27 S., R. 3 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) sandy loam,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate very

fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine roots and common

fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 14 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 11 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate very

fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very

fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—11 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine roots and few

fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt—30 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay

loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse angular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common very fine tubular pores; many distinct

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 1 percent

gravel; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is loam

or sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay

loam, sandy clay loam, or loam.

Camas Series

The Camas series consists of very deep,

excessively drained soils on flood plains. These soils

formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about 52

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Camas very gravelly sandy loam

in an area of Camas-Newberg complex, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 125 feet north and 1,750 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 18, T. 30 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) very gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine roots and common

fine and medium roots; many fine irregular pores;

35 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A2—2 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

massive; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and common fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many fine irregular

pores; 50 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.

AC—12 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) very gravelly sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 469

medium, and coarse roots; many fine irregular

pores; 45 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.

C—17 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

very gravelly loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 45 percent gravel and 10 percent

cobbles; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loamy sand, very gravelly sand, or extremely

gravelly coarse sand and is 45 to 85 percent rock

fragments.

Cedargrove Series

The Cedargrove series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from granodiorite. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Cedargrove silt loam in an area of

Greengulch-Cedargrove complex, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes; 2,100 feet south and 650 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 29 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed grasses, twigs,

bark, and leaves.

A1—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate very fine

subangular blocky structure parting to moderate

very fine and fine granular; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine, fine, and medium roots; many fine and

common medium pores; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—7 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silt loam,

light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure parting to

moderate very fine and fine granular; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine roots, common fine and medium roots, and

few coarse roots; many very fine, fine, and

medium irregular pores; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—14 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silty

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very hard, firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine roots, common fine

and medium roots, and few coarse roots; many

very fine and fine, common medium, and few

coarse irregular pores; very few faint clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—18 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silty

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; few

medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

variegations; strong medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common very

fine and fine irregular pores; common prominent

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—30 to 46 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay,

light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) dry; few medium faint

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) variegations; strong

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

extremely hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine

and medium roots; common very fine irregular

pores; common prominent clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; moderately acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt4—46 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay,

light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) dry; few medium faint

strong brown (7.5YR 5/4) variegations; moderate

fine, medium, and coarse subangular blocky

structure; extremely hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

few fine roots; common very fine irregular pores;

few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

and 3 or 4 dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of

3 to 6 moist or dry. It is silty clay loam, silty clay, or

clay.

Central Point Series

The Central Point series consists of very deep,

well drained soils on terraces. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 40 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Central Point loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 3,000 feet south and 1,000 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 32 S., R. 4 W.
470 Soil Survey of

A1—0 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine, common fine, and

few medium roots; many very fine irregular pores;

1 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—10 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate

fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine and few fine roots; many very fine

tubular pores; 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw—20 to 35 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine

and fine roots; common very fine tubular pores;

5 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

C—35 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; massive;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

few very fine roots; common very fine tubular

pores; 20 percent gravel; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 dry and chroma

of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The C horizon has value of 4 or 5 dry and chroma

of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is gravelly sandy loam or

gravelly loamy sand.

Chamate Series

The Chamate series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on footslopes and side slopes. These

soils formed in colluvium derived from welded tuff.

Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 55 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Chamate extremely gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent slopes (fig. 17, p. 554); 1,600 feet

west and 500 feet south of the northeast corner of

sec. 13, T. 27 S., R. 3 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

cones, mosses, and lichens.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

extremely gravelly loam, light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) dry; single grain; loose, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; 80 percent gravel; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

AB—7 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

gravelly loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; moderate

medium granular structure; soft, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 45 percent

gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—15 to 33 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure parting to weak

medium granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

medium roots; many very fine, fine, and medium

tubular pores; 45 percent gravel; neutral; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bw2—33 to 56 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very gravelly

loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slight hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few fine roots; many very fine and fine

tubular pores; 55 percent gravel; neutral; clear

wavy boundary.

C—56 to 65 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) extremely

gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

65 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist and 2 or 3 dry.

It is 60 to 80 percent gravel and 0 to 20 percent

cobbles.

The Bw and C horizons have hue of 10YR or

7.5YR, value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 to 8 dry, and

chroma or 3 or 4 moist and 2 or 3 dry. The horizons

are very gravelly loam, very gravelly sandy loam,

extremely gravelly loam, or extremely gravelly sandy

loam. They are 40 to 65 percent gravel and 0 to 20

percent cobbles.

Chapman Series

The Chapman series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Chapman loam in an area of

Chapman-Chehalis complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes;

500 feet west and 330 feet north of the southeast

corner of sec. 20, T. 28 S., R. 6 W.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 471

Ap—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure

and very fine granular; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium roots; many very

fine irregular pores; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A1—8 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; common faint very dark brown

(10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds

and in pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—16 to 25 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots;

many very fine and fine and common medium

continuous tubular pores; many faint very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of

peds and in pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—25 to 40 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common very

fine and fine and few medium continuous

tubular pores; common faint very dark brown

(10YR 2/2) organic coatings on faces of peds

and in pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—40 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few

very fine and fine continuous tubular pores; few

faint very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic

coatings on faces of peds and in pores; slightly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Layers of gravelly or very

gravelly sandy loam are below a depth of 40 inches in

some areas.

The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 dry and chroma

of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is loam

or clay loam.

Chehalis Series

The Chehalis series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Chehalis silt loam in an area of

Chapman-Chehalis complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes;

2,475 feet east and 330 feet south of the northwest

corner of sec. 28, T. 28 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure and very fine and fine

subangular blocky; soft, very friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots

and common medium roots; many very fine and

fine and few medium irregular pores; moderately

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

A2—8 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine continuous tubular

and irregular pores; common faint very fine

coatings of sand and silt on faces of peds;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw1—16 to 26 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

soft, friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; common faint very fine coatings of

sand and silt on faces of peds; slightly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—26 to 47 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine

and medium roots; many very fine and fine

continuous tubular pores; common faint very fine

coatings of sand and silt on faces of peds; slightly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw3—47 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty

clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, sticky and plastic; few fine roots; common

very fine and fine continuous tubular and irregular

pores; slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.
472 Soil Survey of

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 10YR

or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and

chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. The lower part has hue

of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 to 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry,

and chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. The Bw horizon is

silt loam or silty clay loam.

The C horizon, where present, is below a depth of

40 inches. It has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 7.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. The horizon is dominantly silty clay loam,

but silty clay, silt loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, or

sand is in some pedons.

Chimneyrock Series

The Chimneyrock series consists of deep, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived from conglomerate.

Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Chimneyrock very gravelly loam,

30 to 60 percent south slopes; 1,600 feet east and

1,750 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 15,

T. 29 S., R. 7 W., W.M.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, twigs,

and leaves.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure parting to weak medium and coarse

granular; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many medium roots, common very

fine and fine roots, and few coarse roots; many

very fine irregular pores; 30 percent gravel and

15 percent cobbles; slightly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt1—6 to 15 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common very fine tubular pores; few

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

25 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—15 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly clay

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse

roots; common very fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

25 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—24 to 47 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

extremely cobbly clay loam, light brown (7.5YR

6/4) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common medium roots; few very

fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent gravel and

50 percent cobbles; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

R—47 inches; Bushnell conglomerate.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

and 2 to 4 dry. It is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry. The upper part is gravelly clay loam, very

gravelly clay loam, or cobbly clay loam, and the lower

part is very cobbly clay loam, extremely gravelly clay

loam, or extremely cobbly clay loam. The horizon is

20 to 80 percent rock fragments.

Clevescove Series

The Clevescove series consists of deep, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium and residuum derived from sandstone.

Slopes are 30 to 70 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Clevescove loam in an area of

Clevescove-Salander complex, 30 to 70 percent

slopes; 2,500 feet west and 1,000 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 34, T. 20 S., R. 12 W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed bark, needles,

and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) loam, dark gray

(10YR 4/1) dry; strong fine and medium granular

structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

nonplastic; many fine and medium roots and

common coarse roots; many very fine and fine

tubular and irregular pores; 10 percent sandstone

gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate very fine and fine

granular and subangular blocky structure; soft,

very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine and medium roots; many very fine,

fine, and medium tubular and irregular pores;
Douglas County Area, Oregon 473

14 percent sandstone gravel; very strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

AB—15 to 31 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots;

many very fine and fine and common medium

tubular pores; 20 percent sandstone gravel; very

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw—31 to 50 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) gravelly loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft,

very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine and medium roots; many very fine

and fine irregular pores; 15 percent hard

sandstone gravel and 10 percent soft fragments;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Cr—50 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist and 1 to 3 dry.

The AB horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

gravelly loam or loam.

The Bw horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

gravelly loam, gravelly sandy loam, or sandy loam.

Climax Series

The Climax series consists of moderately deep,

moderately well drained soils on footslopes and side

slopes (fig. 18, p. 554). These soils formed in

colluvium derived from basalt. Slopes are 12 to 60

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 45

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Climax clay, 12 to 30 percent

slopes; 2,280 feet east and 2,280 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 26 S., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very dark

gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong very fine granular

structure and moderate fine subangular blocky;

very hard, very firm, very sticky and very

plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine

irregular pores; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bss1—4 to 20 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate fine and

medium angular blocky structure; few wedgeshaped aggregates; extremely hard, extremely

firm, very sticky and very plastic; many very fine

roots; common very fine tubular pores; common

pressure faces; few slickensides; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bss2—20 to 36 inches; black (N 2/0) clay, black

(10YR 2/1) dry; massive with distinct wedgeshaped aggregates; extremely hard, extremely

firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very

fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; many

intersecting slickensides; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

Bss3—36 to 39 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) clay,

light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) dry; massive; very

hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine roots; common very fine tubular

pores; many intersecting slickensides; 60 percent

soft weathered gravel; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

2Crt—39 inches; weathered sandstone; many

prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) and

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay films and many black

stains in fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

cracks that are open for 60 consecutive days or more

in summer. It has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR.

The A horizon and the upper part of the Bss

horizon have value of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry, and

they have chroma of 1 or less moist or dry.

The lower part of the Bss horizon has value of 3 or

4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3

moist or dry.

Coburg Series

The Coburg series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on flood plains and

terraces. These soils formed in mixed alluvium.

Slopes are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Coburg silty clay loam, 0 to 5

percent slopes; 1,800 feet west and 700 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 28, T. 26 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular and

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots;

common very fine and fine discontinuous tubular

pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common
474 Soil Survey of

fine and medium roots; few very fine and fine

discontinuous tubular pores; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 27 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

weak coarse and very coarse prismatic structure

parting to moderate coarse and medium

subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

common fine and medium roots; few very fine and

fine discontinuous tubular pores; common faint

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common

colloidal stains on mineral grains; common

organic stains; 7 percent gravel 2 to 10

millimeters in diameter; slightly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt2—27 to 41 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty

clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; common fine and

medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak coarse

and very coarse prismatic structure parting to

moderate coarse and medium subangular blocky;

hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; few fine and

medium roots; many very fine and fine

discontinuous tubular pores; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; few medium

distinct black (10YR 2/1) manganese stains;

5 percent gravel 2 to 4 millimeters in diameter;

common prominent organic stains; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

2BCt—41 to 63 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; many fine and

medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few

fine and medium roots; many very fine and fine

discontinuous tubular pores; common distinct clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Mottles that are a result of

wetness are at a depth of more than 20 inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam or silty clay.

The 2BCt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to

6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is fine

sandy loam, loam, or clay loam.

Conser Series

The Conser series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on terraces (fig. 19, p. 555). These soils

formed in clayey alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about 52

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Conser silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 500 feet west and 50 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 25 S., R. 6 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; common medium and fine distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) and light gray (10YR 7/2)

mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; many fine and very fine roots; many very

fine irregular pores; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw—4 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

and gray (10YR 6/1) mottles; strong medium and

fine subangular blocky structure; very hard, very

firm, very sticky and very plastic; many fine and

medium roots and few coarse roots; many fine

and very fine tubular pores; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bg—11 to 33 inches; dark gray (N 4/0) clay, gray

(N 5/0) dry; many medium prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6), light gray (10YR 7/2), and very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) mottles; strong very coarse

prismatic structure parting to moderate coarse

and very coarse subangular blocky; extremely

hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common medium roots concentrated along

vertical faces of peds; common fine and very fine

tubular pores; few prominent black (10YR 2/1)

manganese stains; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BCg—33 to 40 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay, gray (N 6/0)

dry; many medium and coarse prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles and many medium faint

very dark gray (N 3/0) mottles; moderate coarse

and very coarse subangular blocky structure;

extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few fine roots concentrated along

vertical faces of peds; common fine and very fine

irregular and tubular pores; common prominent

black (10YR 2/1) manganese stains; moderately

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Cg—40 to 63 inches; gray (N 5/0) clay, gray (N 6/0)

dry; many coarse prominent yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) mottles and many medium faint dark

gray (N 4/0) mottles; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few
Douglas County Area, Oregon 475

fine roots concentrated along vertical faces of

peds; common fine irregular pores; common

prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese stains;

moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry.

The Bg and Cg horizons have hue of 2.5Y or 10YR

or they are neutral. They have value of 3 to 5 moist

and 4 to 6 dry and chroma of 0 to 2 moist or dry. The

horizons are clay or silty clay.

Coquille Series

The Coquille series consists of very deep, very

poorly drained soils on flood plains and stream deltas

that are subject to tidal fluctuations. These soils

formed in mixed alluvium over marine sediment.

Slopes are 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 80 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Coquille silt loam, protected,

0 to 1 percent slopes; 660 feet east and 660 feet north

of the southwest corner of sec. 32, T. 21 S., R. 11 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed rush and reed

plant material.

A1—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt

loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; many fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure and fine and medium granular; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; extremely acid; gradual smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 13 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) silt

loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; many fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—13 to 36 inches; dark gray (2.5Y 4/0) silt loam,

light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; many fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles;

massive; soft, friable, sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many very fine,

fine, and medium irregular pores; extremely acid;

clear smooth boundary.

2Cg2—36 to 48 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) silt

loam, gray (5Y 6/1) dry; few fine faint strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; massive; slightly hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; common fragments of

undecomposed and partially decomposed organic

material; extremely acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Cg3—48 to 60 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) silty

clay loam, gray (5Y 6/1) dry; massive; slightly

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to

stratified marine sediment ranges from 30 to 40

inches. Mottles that are a result of wetness are

throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The 2Cg horizon has hue of 5Y or 2.5Y, value of

3 or 4 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 1 or less

moist and 2 or less dry. The horizon is dominantly silt

loam or silty clay loam, but it ranges to silty clay in the

lower part. In some pedons, the horizon has lenses of

fibrous peat that are less than 4 inches thick or it has

thin lenses of sand.

The soils in Coquille silt loam, protected, 0 to 1

percent slopes, are a taxadjunct to the Coquille series

because they are classified as acid.

Crater Lake Series

The Crater Lake series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and terraces. These

soils formed in volcanic ash. Slopes are 3 to 60

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Crater Lake sandy loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 830 feet south and 210 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 30 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots, common

medium roots, and few coarse roots; many very

fine irregular pores; 5 percent pumice gravel;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—3 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry;

weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots

and common coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 5 percent pumice gravel; slightly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C1—24 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)
476 Soil Survey of

sandy loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots and

few coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

C2—45 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine roots; common very fine

tubular pores; slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The soil has

moist bulk density of less than 1.00 gram per cubic

centimeter.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 to 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6

moist and 3 or 4 dry. The horizon is sandy loam, fine

sandy loam, or very fine sandy loam.

The C horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 4 to 6 moist and 6 to 8 dry, and chroma of

3 to 6 moist and 2 to 4 dry. The horizon is sandy loam,

fine sandy loam, or gravelly sandy loam.

Curtin Series

The Curtin series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils on alluvial fans and footslopes.

These soils formed in clayey alluvium and colluvium

derived from basalt. Slopes are 3 to 20 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Curtin clay, 3 to 12 percent

slopes; 500 feet south and 500 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 27 S., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very dark

gray (10YR 3/1) dry; strong very fine granular

structure and moderate fine subangular blocky;

very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic;

many very fine roots; many very fine irregular

pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bss1—5 to 21 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak coarse prismatic

structure and moderate fine and very fine

subangular blocky; extremely hard, extremely

firm, very sticky and very plastic; common very

fine roots; common very fine tubular pores;

common pressure faces; few slickensides;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bss2—21 to 37 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

mottles; common black (10YR 2/1) tongues; weak

coarse prismatic structure; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

fine roots; common very fine pores; many

intersecting slickensides; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bss3—37 to 60 inches; very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

mottles; massive; extremely hard, extremely firm,

very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; many

intersecting slickensides; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has cracks that are open for 60 consecutive days or

more in summer. Mottles that are a result of wetness

are at a depth of more than 20 inches.

The A and Bss1 horizons have hue of 2.5Y or

10YR, value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and

chroma of 1 or less moist or dry.

The Bss2 horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of

2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bss3 horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value

of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4

moist or dry. Some pedons are stratified below a

depth of 40 inches.

Damewood Series

The Damewood series consists of moderately

deep, well drained soils on side slopes and ridges.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

sandstone. Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 90 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Damewood very gravelly loam in

an area of Damewood-Bohannon-Umpcoos complex,

60 to 90 percent slopes; 100 feet west and 400 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 27, T. 20 S.,

R. 9 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and common medium roots;

many continuous irregular pores; 40 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate
Douglas County Area, Oregon 477

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure

parting to granular; soft, friable, sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very

fine and fine continuous irregular and tubular

pores; 30 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—11 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine and medium roots; many

very fine and fine continuous irregular and tubular

pores; 50 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—29 inches; sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The part of the Bw horizon to a depth of 20 inches

has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5 dry, and it has

chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. The part of the Bw

horizon below a depth of 20 inches has value of 2 to 4

moist and 4 or 5 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. The Bw horizon is very gravelly loam,

extremely gravelly loam, or very gravelly sandy loam

and is 45 to 80 percent rock fragments.

Darby Series

The Darby series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on footslopes and side slopes. These

soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt. Slopes are 12 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Darby silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes; 2,300 feet north and 450 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 27, T. 25 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed fern leaves and

fir needles and twigs.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) silty

clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; many very fine, fine, and

medium irregular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth

boundary.

BA—5 to 10 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2) silty

clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots; many very fine irregular

pores and few fine tubular pores; slightly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—10 to 19 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2)

silty clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong

medium angular and subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common fine and medium roots; many very fine

irregular pores and few fine tubular pores;

common faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—19 to 30 inches; very dark brown (7.5YR 2/2)

silty clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong

medium angular and subangular blocky structure;

extremely hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine and fine roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt3—30 to 44 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

silty clay, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry, dark

yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) dry and crushed;

strong angular blocky structure; very hard, firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common fine and

medium roots; many very fine irregular pores;

many prominent clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 15 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

BCt—44 to 61 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine roots; many very fine pores; few distinct clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent

gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Cr—61 inches; weathered basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has value of 2 or 3

moist and 3 or 4 dry, and the lower part has value of

2 to 4 moist and 3 to 5 dry. The horizon has chroma of

1 to 3 moist or dry. It is clay or silty clay.

The BCt horizon is clay loam, loam, or silty clay

loam.

Debenger Series

The Debenger series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and ridges. These soils formed in colluvium

and residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 2 to 60 percent. The mean annual
478 Soil Survey of

precipitation is about 35 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Debenger loam in an area of

Debenger-Brader complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes;

2,400 feet north and 2,000 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 33, T. 30 S., R. 6 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard,

very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine roots and few fine and medium

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 3 percent

gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BA—2 to 11 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine tubular pores; 2 percent

gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw—11 to 26 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine roots and few fine, medium,

and coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

2 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Cr—26 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 to 6 dry and chroma

of 3 to 6 dry. It is clay loam or loam.

Dicecreek Series

The Dicecreek series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium and residuum derived from sandstone and

siltstone. Slopes are 30 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dicecreek loam in an area of

Dicecreek-Bellpine-Windygap complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes; 1,600 feet west and 650 feet

north of the southeast corner of sec. 23, T. 29 S.,

R. 8 W., W.M.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate very

fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine roots

and few fine, medium, and coarse roots; many

very fine irregular pores; 13 percent gravel;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—3 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly

silty clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very

fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—12 inches; highly fractured, interbedded siltstone

and sandstone; common faint clay films in

fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay

loam, gravelly clay loam, or gravelly silty clay loam.

Dickerson Series

The Dickerson series consists of very shallow, well

drained soils on ridges, side slopes, and headwalls.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone, siltstone, and conglomerate. Slopes

are 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dickerson loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes; 1,470 feet west of the southeast corner of

sec. 13, T. 27 S., R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; strong very

fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

continuous tubular pores; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate very

fine and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many very fine

and fine continuous tubular pores; common faint

very fine coatings of sand and silt on faces of

peds and in pores; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

R—5 inches; sandstone; few faint coatings of clean
Douglas County Area, Oregon 479

very fine sand and silt grains on surfaces of

fractures; very fine and fine roots penetrate

fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 5 to 10 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry.

Digger Series

The Digger series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These

soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 3 to 90 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Digger very gravelly loam in an

area of Fernhaven-Digger complex, 30 to 60 percent

slopes; 1,520 feet north and 660 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 35, T. 20 S., R. 6 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

twigs, leaves, ferns, and mosses.

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) very gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure;

soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; 60 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure parting to fine granular; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and few medium roots; many very

fine and fine continuous tubular and irregular

pores; 50 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine continuous tubular and irregular

pores; few faint coatings of very fine sand and silt

on faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent gravel

and 10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—19 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, sticky and slightly plastic;

few fine roots; many very fine and fine

continuous irregular and tubular pores; few

faint very fine sand and silt coatings on faces

of peds and in pores; 45 percent gravel and

10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Cr—28 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 40 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, very cobbly loam, or very gravelly silt

loam and is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

Dixonville Series

The Dixonville series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and ridges. These soils formed in colluvium

and residuum derived from basalt. Slopes are 3 to 60

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dixonville silty clay loam in an

area of Philomath-Dixonville complex, 3 to 30 percent

slopes; 2,500 feet west and 900 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 20, T. 26 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay

loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; many very fine discontinuous tubular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay

loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; many very fine discontinuous tubular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 16 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay,

brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky

and very plastic; common fine and very fine roots;

many very fine and fine discontinuous tubular

pores; few thin clay films and common thin

organic coatings on faces of peds and in pores;

slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—16 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay,

brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium and
480 Soil Survey of

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots;

few very fine and fine discontinuous tubular pores;

few distinct clay films and common faint organic

coatings on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent

basalt gravel 2 to 4 millimeters in diameter;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Crt—31 inches; weathered basalt; common prominent

very dark brown (10YR 2/2) coatings in fractures;

many large manganese stains; few very fine roots

in fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is clay, silty clay, or cobbly clay.

Dompier Series

The Dompier series consists of soils that are

moderately deep to a fragipan and more than 60

inches deep to bedrock. These soils are somewhat

poorly drained and are on side slopes. They formed in

residuum and colluvium derived from mica schist.

Slopes are 30 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dompier silt loam in an area of

Dompier-Zing-Beal complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes;

1,200 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 8,

T. 31 S., R. 3 W., W.M.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine,

and medium roots; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

AB—6 to 16 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots; few medium irregular pores; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt—16 to 24 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; common fine

faint brown (10YR 5/3) mottles, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and few medium

irregular pores; few faint clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Btg—24 to 32 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay loam,

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; many medium

distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) mottles,

light gray (10YR 6/1) and yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) dry; strong medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and

plastic; common very fine and fine roots along

faces of peds; many very fine irregular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Btx—32 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/6) silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; 45 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

mottles, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry, and 15 percent

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) mottles,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; strong very

coarse prismatic structure; extremely hard,

extremely firm, brittle, sticky and plastic; very few

very fine roots along faces of peds in upper 6

inches; many fine irregular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

neutral.

Depth to the fragipan is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to

bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles as a result of

wetness are below a depth of 20 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 2

to 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 moist

or dry. The horizon is silt loam or silty clay loam.

The matrix of the Btx horizon has hue of 2.5Y or

10YR, value of 3 to 5 moist and 6 to 8 dry, and

chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. The horizon is loam or

silt loam.

Dubakella Series

The Dubakella series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on ridges and side slopes (fig. 20,

p. 555). These soils formed in colluvium and residuum

derived from serpentinite and peridotite. Slopes are

5 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 50 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dubakella very stony clay loam

in an area of Pearsoll-Dubakella complex, 30 to 70

percent south slopes; 2,600 feet south and 1,200 feet

west of the northeast corner of sec. 20, T. 30 S.,

R. 6 W.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 481

A—0 to 3 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) very

stony clay loam, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

dry; moderate very fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; many very fine, common fine,

and few medium and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 10 percent gravel, 10 percent

cobbles, and 15 percent stones; neutral; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt1—3 to 19 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4)

very cobbly clay, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

dry; strong very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

and coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

many distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 10 percent gravel, 35 percent cobbles,

and 15 percent stones; neutral; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bt2—19 to 33 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4)

very cobbly clay, dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

dry; strong very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

continuous distinct clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 10 percent gravel, 35 percent cobbles,

and 15 percent stones; neutral; abrupt irregular

boundary.

R—33 inches; serpentinitic bedrock.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is 35 to

50 percent rock fragments. As much as 15 percent of

the surface is covered with stones.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly clay loam, very gravelly clay, or very cobbly

clay and is 35 to 75 percent rock fragments.

Dumont Series

The Dumont series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes,

and ridges. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from granodiorite and

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 2 to 60 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dumont gravelly loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes; 1,200 feet west and 200 feet south of

the northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 31 S., R. 7 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine granular

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots

and few coarse roots; many fine irregular pores;

20 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw—8 to 16 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

loam, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) dry; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine

roots, common medium roots, and few coarse

roots; many fine irregular and tubular pores; 10

percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—16 to 40 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky

and plastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; many very fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 10 percent gravel; few prominent

manganese stains; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BCt—40 to 70 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay loam, red

(2.5YR 5/8) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky

and plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

10 percent gravel; few prominent manganese

stains; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5 dry in the upper part

and 5 or 6 moist or dry in the lower part, and chroma

of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR,

value of 3 or 4 moist and 3 to 6 dry, and chroma of

4 to 6 moist and 4 to 7 dry. The horizon is clay or silty

clay.

Dupee Series

The Dupee series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, and side

slopes and in swales. These soils formed in residuum

and colluvium derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 3 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Dupee silty clay loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes; 2,150 feet east and 2,450 feet
482 Soil Survey of

north of the southwest corner of sec. 23, T. 24 S.,

R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; few fine

faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) mottles;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to fine and medium subangular

blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine continuous tubular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common fine and

medium roots; many very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; common faint organic coatings on

faces of peds and in pores; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BAt—9 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure

parting to fine and medium subangular blocky;

hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; common very fine and

fine continuous tubular pores; common thin

organic stains; very few faint clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—19 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty

clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; common

fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles, and few

fine faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) mottles in

root channels; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; few very fine and fine

roots; common very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; many distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—30 to 50 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry, dark yellowish

brown (10YR 4/4) crushed; many fine and

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) and

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles, and few fine

distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and gray

(N 5/0) mottles concentrated in root channels and

pores; weak coarse and very coarse prismatic

structure parting to medium and coarse angular

blocky; extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few very fine roots concentrated

along faces of peds; few very fine discontinuous

tubular pores; many distinct dark brown (7.5YR

4/4) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; very

dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese stains; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

3BCt—50 to 63 inches; mottled, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6), strong brown (7.5YR 4/6), and

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay; many fine distinct

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and gray (N 5/0)

mottles concentrated along root channels; weak

coarse and very coarse prismatic structure

parting to medium and coarse angular blocky;

extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few very fine roots concentrated

along faces of peds; few very fine discontinuous

tubular pores; many distinct dark brown (7.5YR

4/4) clay films; 25 percent soft siltstone gravel;

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese stains;

very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Mottles that are a result of

wetness are within 30 inches of the surface.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam, silty clay, or clay. The lower part of the

horizon is 0 to 50 percent soft rock fragments.

Edenbower Series

The Edenbower series consists of very shallow,

well drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These

soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

basalt. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Edenbower clay, 3 to 30 percent

slopes; 1,400 feet east and 700 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 26 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay,

very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate

very fine and fine granular structure and fine

subangular blocky; hard, firm, very sticky and very

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common

fine discontinuous irregular pores; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay,

very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to

strong very fine and fine granular and fine

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common very fine

and fine roots; common fine discontinuous

irregular pores; 5 percent basalt gravel; common
Douglas County Area, Oregon 483

wormcasts; common pressure faces; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

R—8 inches; basalt; common distinct to prominent

very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay films in fractures;

common fine roots in fractures to a depth of

31 inches.

Depth to bedrock is 4 to 10 inches. The soils have

cracks that are open for 60 consecutive days or more

in summer. The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry.

Eightlar Series

The Eightlar series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on alluvial fans. These soils formed in

alluvium derived from serpentinitic rock. Slopes are

5 to 20 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 35 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 53 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Eightlar very gravelly silty clay

loam, 5 to 20 percent slopes; 4,200 feet south and

400 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 32,

T. 29 S., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown

(10YR 3/2) dry; moderate medium and coarse

granular structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 35 percent gravel;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—3 to 12 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

dry; strong fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many

very fine and common fine roots; many very fine

tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 40 percent gravel; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—12 to 35 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

very gravelly clay, very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) dry; strong fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

common very fine and few fine roots; common

very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 40 percent gravel;

slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Bt3—35 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) very cobbly sandy clay, dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, sticky and plastic; few very fine and fine

roots; common very fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

30 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; neutral;

clear wavy boundary.

2Bt4—42 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) very cobbly sandy clay, dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine and medium granular

structure; slightly hard, very friable, sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common very

fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent gravel and

25 percent cobbles; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

and 3 or 4 dry. The horizon is 35 to 55 percent rock

fragments.

The Bt horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to

6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

very cobbly sandy clay, extremely stony clay, or

extremely cobbly clay and is 45 to 75 percent rock

fragments.

The Eightlar soils in this survey area are a

taxadjunct to the Eightlar series because they have a

mollic epipedon and an argillic horizon. They are

classified as Ultic Argixerolls.

Evans Series

The Evans series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Evans loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 1,300 feet east and 2,100 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 4, T. 27 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very

fine and fine discontinuous and continuous

irregular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

A2—10 to 27 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many very fine

and fine discontinuous irregular pores; slightly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

AC—27 to 43 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR
484 Soil Survey of

3/2) very fine sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3)

dry; weak medium, coarse, and very coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; common very fine and fine

discontinuous irregular pores; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

C—43 to 63 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very fine

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; massive; soft,

very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many fine

discontinuous irregular pores; slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

The AC and C horizons have value of 3 or 4 moist

and 4 to 6 dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3 moist

and 2 to 4 dry. They are loam, silt loam, or very fine

sandy loam.

Fernhaven Series

The Fernhaven series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 3 to 75 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

50 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Fernhaven gravelly loam, 30 to

50 percent slopes; 2,100 feet east and 1,750 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 3, T. 21 S.,

R. 6 W.

Oi—4 inches to 0; slightly decomposed twigs,

needles, leaves, and roots.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine,

fine, and medium roots; many very fine irregular

pores; 15 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 12 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure and fine granular; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; 15 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BAt—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; many fine and medium continuous

tubular pores; few faint strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—21 to 31 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

roots; many very fine and fine continuous tubular

pores; common distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

10 percent soft gravel and 10 percent hard

gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—31 to 50 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine

roots; common very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; many distinct strong brown (7.5YR

4/6) clay films on faces of peds, in pores, and on

surfaces of coarse fragments; 15 percent soft

gravel and 10 percent hard gravel; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt3—50 to 63 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; very few

very fine roots; common fine continuous tubular

pores; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent

gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BCt—63 to 72 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry;

massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few prominent clay films on

surfaces of weathered gravel; 10 percent gravel;

very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is

gravelly loam, loam, or clay loam.

The BCt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to

7 dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is

loam or gravelly loam.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 485

Foehlin Series

The Foehlin series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on alluvial fans and terraces. These soils

formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Foehlin gravelly loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 3,300 feet north and 1,200 west of the

southeast corner of sec. 25, T. 30 S., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate very fine granular structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and few fine roots; many very

fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

AB—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine roots and few fine and

medium roots; many very fine irregular pores;

15 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—12 to 22 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) dry; strong fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine roots and

few fine and medium roots; many very fine

tubular pores; common faint clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel;

slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—22 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; 30 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

C—35 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; few very fine tubular pores;

30 percent gravel; slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt and C horizons have value of 3 or 4 moist

and 5 or 6 dry, and they have chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry. They are clay loam or gravelly clay loam.

Fordice Series

The Fordice series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on terraces. These soils formed in mixed

alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Fordice very cobbly loam, 0 to 12

percent slopes; 1,000 feet west and 660 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 14, T. 26 S., R. 4 W.

A1—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine

and medium granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and fine continuous irregular and tubular

pores; 25 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium granular and subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine continuous

irregular and tubular pores; 20 percent gravel and

30 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BAt—13 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

extremely cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many very fine

and fine continuous irregular and tubular pores;

few distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 40 percent gravel and

20 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—19 to 35 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly clay loam, strong brown

(7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very

fine and fine continuous tubular pores; many

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on

faces of peds, in pores, and on rock fragments;

common medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) stains

on faces of peds; 50 percent gravel and 20

percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—35 to 56 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

extremely cobbly clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR
486 Soil Survey of

5/6) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; many fine and medium

continuous tubular pores; many distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds, in

pores, and on rock fragments; many medium

distinct black (10YR 2/1) stains on faces of peds

and on rock fragments; 40 percent gravel and

35 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BCt—56 to 63 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

extremely cobbly loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many fine and

medium continuous tubular pores; many distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds, in pores, and on rock fragments; many

medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) stains on faces

of peds and on rock fragments; 40 percent gravel

and 30 percent cobbles; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 40 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is

extremely cobbly loam, extremely cobbly clay loam, or

extremely gravelly clay loam and is 40 to 80 percent

rock fragments.

Gardiner Series

The Gardiner series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Gardiner fine sandy loam in an

area of Nekoma-Gardiner complex, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 525 feet west and 1,890 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 20 S., R. 10 W.

Ap—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; specks of grayish

brown and light brownish gray uncoated sand

grains; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

nonplastic; many fine roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

C—8 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

loamy fine sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

many specks of grayish brown, light brownish

gray, and light gray uncoated sand grains; single

grain; loose; common roots in upper part of

horizon, decreasing markedly with depth; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 dry and chroma

of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loamy fine sand or loamy sand. Thin lenses of finer

textured material are in some pedons. The horizon is

fine sand to gravelly or very gravelly sand below a

depth of 40 inches in some pedons.

Glide Series

The Glide series consists of very deep, well drained

soils on flood plains. These soils formed in ashy

alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Glide fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 1,300 feet north and 400 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 26 S., R. 4 W.

A1—0 to 5 inches; black (10YR 2/1) fine sandy loam,

very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate

very fine granular structure; very soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine continuous

interstitial and tubular pores; 10 percent

weathered pumice fragments 2 to 20 millimeters

in diameter; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—5 to 12 inches; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly sandy

loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure

parting to very fine and fine granular; very soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

continuous interstitial and tubular pores; 20

percent weathered pumice fragments 2 to 20

millimeters in diameter; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

AC—12 to 22 inches; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly loamy

sand, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

fine and medium interstitial pores; 25 percent

pumice fragments 2 to 20 millimeters in diameter;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C1—22 to 36 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly loamy sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;
Douglas County Area, Oregon 487

single grain; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots; many

fine and medium interstitial pores; 25 percent

pumice fragments 2 to 20 millimeters in diameter;

slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

C2—36 to 59 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

sand, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; many fine and

medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles;

single grain; loose; common very fine and fine

roots; many fine and medium interstitial pores;

30 percent pumice fragments 2 to 20 millimeters

in diameter; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C3—59 to 63 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly loamy sand; many fine and medium

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles and few fine

faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) mottles; single

grain; loose; few very fine roots; many fine and

medium interstitial pores; 15 percent pumice

fragments 2 to 10 millimeters in diameter; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Thickness

of the mollic epipedon is 20 to 40 inches. The moist

bulk density is 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry.

The AC horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is

gravelly sandy loam or gravelly loamy sand.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 to 4 moist and 3 to 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is gravelly loamy sand or gravelly

sand.

Gravecreek Series

The Gravecreek series consists of moderately

deep, well drained soils on side slopes and ridges.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

serpentinitic rock. Slopes are 12 to 80 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Gravecreek gravelly loam, 30 to

60 percent south slopes; 500 feet east and 800 feet

south of the northwest corner of sec. 25, T. 32 S.,

R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, twigs,

moss, and roots.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate very

fine and fine subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and

medium roots and common coarse roots;

moderately acid; 15 percent gravel; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Bw1—7 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

gravelly loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;

moderate very fine, fine, and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and plastic; common fine and medium

roots and few coarse roots; 15 percent gravel and

5 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—15 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

very gravelly clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few

fine and medium roots; 30 percent gravel and

5 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw3—21 to 30 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

very gravelly clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few

fine and medium roots; 45 percent gravel and

10 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw4—30 to 37 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

very gravelly clay loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few fine and medium roots; 50 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

R—37 inches; serpentinitic rock.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 to 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 moist

and 2 to 4 dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of

3 or 4 moist or dry. The horizon is very cobbly clay

loam or very gravelly clay loam and is 35 to 60

percent rock fragments.

Greengulch Series

The Greengulch series consist of moderately deep,

well drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium

derived from granodiorite. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Greengulch silt loam in an

area of Greengulch-Cedargrove complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes; 3,250 feet north and 2,000 feet

west of the southeast corner of sec. 4, T. 30 S.,

R. 4 W.
488 Soil Survey of

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; partially decomposed grasses,

twigs, bark, and leaves.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) silt

loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry;

moderate fine, medium, and coarse granular

structure and moderate very fine and fine

subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots

and common fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common very fine and fine irregular pores; slightly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

AB—3 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) silty clay

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine roots and few fine, medium,

and coarse roots; common very fine and few fine

and medium irregular pores; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bt1—10 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay,

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine and

few fine irregular pores; common faint dark brown

(7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—14 to 20 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay,

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; few fine

prominent pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) variegations;

strong medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; common very fine and few fine

irregular pores; common distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—20 to 30 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay,

dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; few fine

prominent pinkish white (7.5YR 8/2) variegations;

strong medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few

very fine roots; common very fine irregular pores;

many distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; moderately acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

Crt—30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) highly

weathered granodiorite, dark yellowish brown

(10YR 4/4) dry; common fine prominent pinkish

white (7.5YR 8/2) variegations and few fine

prominent light reddish brown (5YR 6/4)

variegations; many faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2)

clay films along fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A and AB horizons have value of 4 or 5 dry

and chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. They are silt loam

in the upper part and silty clay loam in the lower part.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is silty

clay or clay.

Gustin Series

The Gustin series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils on footslopes and side slopes.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from ashflow volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 45

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 65

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Gustin clay loam in an area of

Orford-Gustin complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes;

420 feet west and 1,735 feet north of the southeast

corner of sec. 25, T. 27 S., R. 3 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry;

moderate very fine, fine, and medium granular

structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine and common fine roots; many very

fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent soft tuff

gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

A2—3 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay loam,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky

and plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—7 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; organic coatings

that are dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) when

moist; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 5 percent soft tuff gravel; very strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Btg1—16 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; common fine

prominent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and plastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common very fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

10 percent soft tuff gravel; extremely acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Btg2—24 to 36 inches; mottled, yellowish red (5YR

5/8) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, strong
Douglas County Area, Oregon 489

brown (7.5YR 5/8) and light brownish gray (2.5Y

6/2) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very

sticky and plastic; common very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; many prominent

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

15 percent soft tuff gravel; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Btg3—36 to 40 inches; mottled, yellowish red (5YR

5/8) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) and light brownish gray (2.5Y

6/2) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, very

sticky and plastic; common very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; common

prominent clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 20 percent soft tuff gravel; extremely acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

Btg4—40 to 46 inches; mottled, yellowish red (5YR

5/8) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay, strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) and light brownish gray (2.5Y

6/2) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and plastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

25 percent soft tuff gravel; extremely acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Btg5—46 to 60 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay,

light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; common fine

prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and plastic;

few very fine roots; common very fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 15 percent soft tuff gravel;

extremely acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles

that are a result of wetness are below a depth of

10 inches.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 moist or dry.

The redoximorphic concentrations in the Btg

horizon dominantly have hue of 5YR or 7.5Y and the

redoximorphic depletions have hue of 2.5Y or 5Y. The

horizon has value of 4 to 6 moist and 4 to 8 dry, and it

has chroma of 1 to 4 moist or dry. It is clay or silty

clay.

Haflinger Series

The Haflinger series consists of very deep,

excessively drained soils on flood plains. These soils

formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 60 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Haflinger cobbly sandy loam in

an area of Jimbo-Haflinger complex, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 2,200 feet south and 200 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 16, T. 25 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) cobbly sandy loam, dark grayish brown

(10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine and medium granular

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

15 percent cobbles; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) cobbly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

15 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) cobbly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many

very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel and

10 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C—10 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely

cobbly sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common fine irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel and 40 percent cobbles; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The C horizon has value of 5 or 6 dry and chroma

of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is loamy sand or sand and is

50 to 80 percent rock fragments.

Harrington Series

The Harrington series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These

soils formed in colluvium derived from volcanic rock.
490 Soil Survey of

Slopes are 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 65 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Harrington very gravelly loam in

an area of Klickitat-Harrington complex, 60 to 90

percent south slopes; 1,300 feet north and 1,350 feet

east of the southwest corner of sec. 9, T. 25 S.,

R. 2 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, twigs,

leaves, and mosses.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) very

gravelly loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine and fine roots and few coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—5 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

very gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few

coarse roots; common very fine irregular pores;

50 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—12 to 28 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

very gravelly clay loam, yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and

15 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BC—28 to 34 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; common fine

and medium irregular pores; 50 percent gravel

and 20 percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

R—34 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of

2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry. The horizon is 35 to 60

percent rock fragments.

The Bw and BC horizons have hue of 7.5YR,

5YR, or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry,

and chroma of 2 to 6 moist or dry. The horizons are

very gravelly clay loam, extremely gravelly loam, or

very cobbly loam and are 35 to 80 percent rock

fragments.

Harslow Series

The Harslow series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed

in colluvium derived from basalt. Slopes are 60 to 90

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 85

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Harslow very gravelly loam in an

area of Kilchis-Harslow-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to

100 percent south slopes; 650 feet west and 100 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 19 S.,

R. 10 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; moderate

very fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots,

common fine and medium roots, and few coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw—10 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) very

gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate

fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse

roots; many very fine tubular pores; 40 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

BC—15 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly loam, light brown

(7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine

roots and few fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine tubular pores; 45 percent gravel

and 20 percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

R—25 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 7.5YR or 5YR. Moist bulk density is less than

1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

35 to 50 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and

5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist and

4 to 6 dry. The horizon is very gravelly loam or

very cobbly loam and is 40 to 60 percent rock

fragments.

The BC horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and
Douglas County Area, Oregon 491

5 or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry. The horizon is extremely gravelly loam or

extremely cobbly loam and is 60 to 80 percent rock

fragments.

Heceta Series

The Heceta series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils in interdunal swales and depressions.

These soils formed in eolian sand. Slopes are 0 to 2

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 75

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Heceta fine sand in an area of

Heceta-Waldport complex, 0 to 12 percent slopes;

1,500 feet north and 125 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 24, T. 21 S., R. 13 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common

medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles

concentrated along root channels; single grain;

loose; many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C1—2 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; few

fine faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles

concentrated along root channels; single grain;

loose; few fine and medium roots; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

C2—16 to 60 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

fine sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; single grain;

loose; few medium roots; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of

2 to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 1 to 3

moist or dry.

The C horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR, value

of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 1 to 3

moist or dry. The horizon is sand, fine sand, or loamy

sand.

Hemcross Series

The Hemcross series consists of very deep,

well drained soils on broad ridges and side slopes.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 90 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Hemcross silt loam in an area of

Hemcross-Klistan complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;

1,475 feet west and 990 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 23, T. 19 S., R. 10 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong very fine and fine

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots,

common medium roots, and few coarse roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores;

10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—4 to 11 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

silt loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 29 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) silt

loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots; many

fine and medium tubular and irregular pores;

5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—29 to 44 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silt

loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and

medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular

and tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—44 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

gravelly loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few fine and medium roots; common

very fine, fine, and medium tubular and

irregular pores; 30 percent gravel; very strongly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Moist bulk

density is less than 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The profile has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is

loam, silt loam, or gravelly loam.
492 Soil Survey of

Hilltish Series

The Hilltish series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

conglomerate. Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and

the mean annual air temperature is about 52

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Hilltish very gravelly sandy loam,

60 to 90 percent south slopes; 1,500 feet south and

1,750 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 3,

T. 30 S., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very gravelly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine roots; many

medium irregular pores; 30 percent gravel and

5 percent cobbles; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

AB—2 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak

fine and medium granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium

roots; many medium irregular pores; 40 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 9 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) very gravelly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many fine and medium roots; common medium

vesicular and tubular pores; 35 percent gravel

and 5 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—9 to 14 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/3) very gravelly

sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

many medium and few coarse roots; common fine

vesicular and tubular pores; 30 percent gravel and

5 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BC—14 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/3) extremely

cobbly sandy loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many fine and common medium roots; many

medium vesicular and tubular pores; 35 percent

gravel and 30 percent cobbles; moderately acid

(pH 5.8); gradual wavy boundary.

C—18 to 27 inches; reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6)

extremely cobbly sandy loam, pink (7.5YR 7/4)

dry; massive; hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few medium roots; few medium

irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and 30 percent

cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear smooth

boundary.

R—27 inches; conglomerate.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A and AB horizons have value of 3 to 5 moist

and 4 to 6 dry, and they have chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. They are 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 4 to 6 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 3 to 6

moist or dry. The horizon is very gravelly sandy loam,

extremely gravelly sandy loam, or very gravelly

coarse sandy loam and is 35 to 70 percent rock

fragments.

The BC and C horizons have hue of 10YR or

7.5YR, value of 4 to 6 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and

chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. The horizons are very

gravelly sandy loam, very gravelly sandy clay loam,

or extremely cobbly sandy loam and are 35 to 75

percent rock fragments.

Honeygrove Series

The Honeygrove series consists of very deep,

well drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and

broad ridges. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from sandstone, siltstone, and

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Honeygrove gravelly clay loam,

3 to 30 percent slopes; 850 feet west and 200 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 21 S.,

R. 6 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots

and few coarse roots; many fine irregular pores;

25 percent rounded fine gravel; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse granular structure;

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots

and few coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular and tubular pores; 15 percent rounded
Douglas County Area, Oregon 493

fine gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BAt—12 to 20 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; common fine and medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

common faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 10 percent rounded gravel; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—20 to 30 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4)

clay, reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine

and medium roots; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt2—30 to 48 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure parting to fine and

medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few fine and medium roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; many prominent clay films

on faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—48 to 58 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few medium roots; few very fine tubular

pores; common prominent clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 5 percent soft siltstone gravel;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

BCt—58 to 63 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 4/6) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few very fine tubular pores;

common prominent clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; 10 percent soft siltstone gravel;

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 moist

or dry. The horizon is silty clay, clay, or gravelly clay.

Hummington Series

The Hummington series consists of moderately

deep, well drained soils on side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium derived from volcanic rock.

Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 42 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Hummington very gravelly loam,

60 to 90 percent north slopes; 1,700 feet north and

1,700 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 6,

T. 24 S., R. 1 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

roots, and twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

dry; strong very fine granular structure; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

roots and common fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 45 percent

gravel and 15 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

AB—6 to 16 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong

very fine subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic;

common very fine roots and few fine, medium,

and coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

25 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw—16 to 22 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) extremely cobbly loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

strong very fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic;

few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 25 percent gravel

and 40 percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

R—22 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5Y. Moist bulk density is less than

1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, very cobbly loam, or extremely cobbly

loam and is 35 to 70 percent rock fragments.

Illahee Series

The Illahee series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Illahee very gravelly loam in an
494 Soil Survey of

area of Lempira-Illahee complex, 30 to 60 percent

north slopes; 1,155 feet east and 945 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 35, T. 25 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

twigs, and fern fronds.

A1—0 to 10 inches; black (10YR 2/1) very gravelly

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine,

fine, and medium roots and common coarse roots;

common very fine irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

A2—10 to 15 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

very gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine, fine, and medium roots and

common coarse roots; common very fine irregular

pores; 40 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw1—15 to 38 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) very gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3)

dry; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine irregular pores;

45 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—38 to 47 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common fine irregular pores; 40 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

BC—47 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) very cobbly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4)

dry; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, and

medium roots; common fine irregular pores;

30 percent gravel and 25 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist and 2 or 3 dry.

It is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 6 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

It is very gravelly loam, very cobbly loam, or extremely

gravelly loam and is 35 to 70 percent rock fragments.

Jayar Series

The Jayar series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium derived from metamorphic rock.

Slopes are 12 to 70 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 55 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Jayar very gravelly loam, 30 to 70

percent north slopes; 100 feet north and 2,500 feet

west of the southeast corner of sec. 24, T. 32 S.,

R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, twigs,

and roots.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong very

fine and fine granular structure; loose, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots and few coarse roots; many

very fine irregular pores; 50 percent gravel and

5 percent cobbles; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw1—3 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) very

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; strong

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

loose, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine tubular pores; 50 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—15 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; common medium and coarse

roots; common very fine tubular pores; 45 percent

gravel and 15 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

R—26 inches; metagabbro.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The B horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, very gravelly clay loam, or very cobbly

loam and is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

Jimbo Series

The Jimbo series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean
Douglas County Area, Oregon 495

annual precipitation is about 60 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Jimbo fine sandy loam in an area

of Jimbo-Haflinger complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes;

1,800 feet east and 1,200 feet south of the northwest

corner of sec. 15, T. 25 S., R. 2 W.

A1—0 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine

sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent

gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—10 to 18 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—18 to 35 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) fine sandy

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and

medium roots; common very fine tubular pores;

5 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2C—35 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly sand,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; single grain;

loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine

roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores;

10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry.

The 2C horizon has value of 5 or 6 dry and chroma

of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is very cobbly sand or gravelly

sand and is 15 to 70 percent rock fragments.

Jory Series

The Jory series consists of very deep, well drained

soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium

derived from basalt. Slopes are 2 to 90 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Jory silty clay loam, 30 to 60

percent slopes; 1,900 feet north and 1,900 feet

west of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 23 S.,

R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silty

clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky and granular

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many

very fine and fine tubular and irregular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—8 to 16 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

silty clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; many very fine, common

fine, and few medium tubular pores; few faint

organic coatings on faces of peds and in pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BAt—16 to 24 inches; dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4)

silty clay, dark red (2.5YR 3/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and few

medium tubular pores; common faint clay films in

pores; few faint organic coatings on faces of peds

and in pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—24 to 33 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay,

red (2.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, very

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

common faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—33 to 48 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay,

red (2.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, very

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

many faint and distinct clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BCt—48 to 60 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay,

red (2.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

very sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; many distinct and prominent clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent

soft basalt gravel; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 2

or 3 moist and 3 to 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

and 3 to 6 dry.
496 Soil Survey of

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR and

chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay or silty clay.

Josephine Series

The Josephine series consists of deep, well

drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes,

and ridges. These soils formed in colluvium and

residuum derived from sandstone, siltstone, and

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Josephine gravelly loam in an

area of Josephine-Speaker complex, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes; about 1,990 feet north and 400 feet west

of the southeast corner of sec. 34, T. 28 S., R. 6 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure and very fine and fine

subangular blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine and

fine discontinuous irregular and tubular pores;

20 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bw—5 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly

loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) dry; moderate very

fine and fine subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine discontinuous and

continuous tubular pores; 30 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—22 to 38 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly

clay loam, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky

and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; common fine and medium discontinuous

irregular and tubular pores; few faint clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent gravel;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt2—38 to 56 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly

clay loam, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many fine and

medium discontinuous irregular and tubular pores;

common distinct dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay films

on faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BCt—56 to 59 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) gravelly

clay loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many fine and

medium discontinuous irregular and tubular pores;

few faint dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 34 percent gravel; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—59 inches; weathered metasedimentary rock.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 2 to 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2

to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 5 to 8 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 moist

or dry. The horizon is clay loam or gravelly clay loam.

Kanid Series

The Kanid series consists of deep, well drained

soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These

soils formed in colluvium derived from sandstone and

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 12 to 90 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kanid very gravelly loam in an

area of Kanid-Atring complex, 60 to 90 percent south

slopes; 2,000 feet north and 1,300 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 11, T. 31 S., R. 8 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

very gravelly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

dry; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

45 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly

acid; clear irregular boundary.

BA—6 to 19 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) extremely

gravelly loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine roots and few fine and medium roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores and many

fine tubular pores; 70 percent fine gravel; neutral;

gradual wavy boundary.

Bw1—19 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) very gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine, fine, and medium irregular pores

and many very fine tubular pores; 45 percent

gravel; neutral; gradual irregular boundary.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 497

Bw2—37 to 48 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) very

gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine roots; common very

fine irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and 20

percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cr—48 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of

3 to 6 moist or dry. The horizon is extremely

gravelly loam, very gravelly loam, or very gravelly clay

loam and is 45 to 75 percent rock fragments.

Keel Series

The Keel series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on broad ridges. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived from volcanic rock.

Slopes are 3 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 42 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Keel gravelly silt loam in an area

of Oneonta-Keel complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;

2,100 feet north and 900 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 35, T. 23 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

twigs, and roots.

A—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) gravelly

silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots

and common fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 15 percent gravel;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—6 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common

very fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine irregular and tubular pores;

15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—17 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) cobbly

loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 15 percent gravel

and 15 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

R—22 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Moist bulk density is less than

1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

gravelly loam, cobbly loam, or clay loam.

Kilchis Series

The Kilchis series consists of shallow, well drained

soils on side slopes and headwalls. These soils

formed in colluvium derived from volcanic rock.

Slopes are 60 to 100 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 85 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kilchis very cobbly loam in an

area of Kilchis-Harslow-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to

100 percent south slopes; 650 feet west and 100 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 23, T. 19 S.,

R. 10 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; strong very

fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and

medium roots and few coarse roots; many very

fine and fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel

and 25 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very

cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine and medium roots and few coarse

roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores;

35 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—10 to 18 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very cobbly

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

fine and medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel and 35

percent cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

R—18 inches; basalt.
498 Soil Survey of

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 7.5YR or 5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

It is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and

3 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It

is very cobbly loam, very stony loam, or extremely

gravelly silt loam and is 35 to 80 percent rock

fragments.

Kinney Series

The Kinney series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 65 inches, and

the mean annual air temperature is about 48

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kinney gravelly loam in an area

of Klickitat-Kinney complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes;

50 feet east and 1,940 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 36, T. 25 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

twigs, and leaves.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

very fine and fine granular structure; friable,

slightly hard, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine roots and common fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 30 percent

gravel 2 to 45 millimeters in diameter; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—5 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure; friable,

slightly hard, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 15 percent

gravel 2 to 45 millimeters in diameter; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—14 to 32 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

firm, hard, sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 10 percent gravel 2 to 45

millimeters in diameter; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw3—32 to 44 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; firm, hard, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few coarse roots;

many fine irregular pores; 14 percent gravel 2 to

45 millimeters in diameter; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw4—44 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium subangular

blocky structure; firm, hard, sticky and plastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few coarse

roots; common fine and medium irregular pores;

20 percent gravel 2 to 45 millimeters in diameter;

very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 3

to 6 moist or dry. The horizon is loam, gravelly loam,

gravelly clay loam, or clay loam.

Kirkendall Series

The Kirkendall series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Kirkendall silt loam in an area of

Kirkendall-Nekoma complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes;

770 feet west and 700 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 31, T. 20 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, twigs, and mosses.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium granular structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium roots; many

very fine and fine tubular and irregular pores;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure parting

to fine and medium granular; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium roots; many

very fine and fine tubular and irregular pores;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

AB—10 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium
Douglas County Area, Oregon 499

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots

and common fine and medium roots; many very

fine and common fine tubular pores; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—19 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and few fine roots; common very fine

and fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—26 to 37 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; few very fine

and fine tubular pores; few faint coatings of silt

in pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C1—37 to 42 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; common fine and medium faint brown

(10YR 5/3) and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

mottles; massive; soft, friable, sticky and plastic;

few very fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C2—42 to 54 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam, light yellowish (10YR 6/4) dry; common

fine and medium faint brown (10YR 5/3) and

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; massive; soft,

very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

C3—54 to 63 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

common fine and medium faint brown (10YR 5/3)

and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; massive;

soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very

fine irregular pores; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silt

loam or silty clay loam.

The C horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam, silt loam, or loam. Lenses of loamy very

fine sand and very fine sandy loam are in some

pedons.

Klickitat Series

The Klickitat series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 90 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 65 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Klickitat extremely gravelly loam

in an area of Klickitat-Harrington complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes; 4,200 feet north and 3,045 feet

east of the southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 25 S.,

R. 2 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed twigs,

needles, and fern fronds.

A—0 to 11 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

extremely gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine roots and common fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many fine irregular

pores; 50 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine, fine, and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine roots and common fine, medium,

and coarse roots; common very fine irregular

pores; 30 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—22 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very

gravelly loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common very fine irregular pores;

35 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—38 to 51 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

gravelly loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; common very fine irregular pores;

40 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw4—51 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very

gravelly loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine roots; common very fine irregular pores;
500 Soil Survey of

35 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry. It

is 60 to 75 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist and 4 to 6 dry. It

is very gravelly loam or very cobbly loam and is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

Klistan Series

The Klistan series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on broad ridges and side slopes. These

soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

basalt. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 90 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Klistan gravelly loam in an area of

Hemcross-Klistan complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;

1,975 feet west and 990 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 23, T. 19 S., R. 10 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

twigs, and leaves.

A1—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly

loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; strong fine and

medium granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine and medium

roots and few coarse roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; 20 percent gravel and 10

percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—7 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse granular structure; soft,

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine

and medium roots and few coarse roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; 25 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—17 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

gravelly loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine roots and few medium

and coarse roots; common very fine and fine

tubular and irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and

10 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—25 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very

gravelly loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic;

few fine roots; common very fine and fine irregular

pores; 40 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles;

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR. Moist bulk density is less

than 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. The

horizon is gravelly loam in the upper part and gravelly

loam or very gravelly loam in the lower part. It is 20 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam or extremely gravelly loam and is 40 to

70 percent rock fragments.

Laderly Series

The Laderly series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed

in colluvium derived from basalt. Slopes are 30 to 90

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 105

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

44 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Laderly very gravelly loam, 30 to

60 percent north slopes; 2,075 feet east and 250 feet

south of the northwest corner of sec. 23, T. 19 S.,

R. 9 W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong

very fine and fine granular structure; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very

fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 40 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure;

soft, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic;

weakly smeary; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots and common coarse roots; many fine

irregular pores; 45 percent gravel and 10 percent

cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—13 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) extremely cobbly loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; moderately smeary; many very
Douglas County Area, Oregon 501

fine and fine roots and common medium roots;

many fine irregular pores; 25 percent gravel and

45 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BC—21 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) extremely cobbly loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

nonplastic; moderately smeary; common fine and

medium roots and few coarse roots; many fine

irregular and tubular pores; 40 percent gravel and

35 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

R—32 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Moist bulk density is less than

1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 dry. It is

35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The B horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry.

It is extremely gravelly loam or extremely cobbly loam

and is 60 to 85 percent rock fragments.

Larmine Series

The Larmine series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on side slopes, ridges, and headwalls.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

sandstone. Slopes are 12 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Larmine gravelly loam in an area

of Atring-Larmine complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes;

2,625 feet north and 560 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 25, T. 24 S., R. 7 W.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

gravelly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; slightly hard,

very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; many very fine tubular and irregular pores;

30 percent fine gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw1—3 to 12 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very

gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots;

many very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores;

45 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—12 to 19 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

extremely gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR

7/4) dry; weak medium granular structure; hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine, medium, and coarse roots; common

very fine, fine, and medium irregular pores;

50 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

neutral; gradual wavy boundary.

R—19 inches; sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches.

The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 3 to 6

moist or dry. The horizon is very gravelly loam,

extremely gravelly silt loam, or extremely gravelly

loam and is 35 to 75 percent rock fragments.

Lempira Series

The Lempira series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Lempira gravelly loam in an area

of Lempira-Illahee complex, 30 to 60 percent north

slopes; 2,700 feet north and 300 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 24 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaves,

needles, and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate fine granular structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots and common medium and

coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

15 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 14 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and common medium and

coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

15 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

A3—14 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine
502 Soil Survey of

tubular pores; 15 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—29 to 46 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; moderate very fine and fine subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine tubular pores;

15 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—46 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common

very fine tubular pores; 30 percent gravel; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Moist bulk

density is less than 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4

moist or dry. The horizon is gravelly loam, cobbly

loam, or clay loam.

Leopold Series

The Leopold series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes and broad ridges.

These soils formed in colluvium and residuum

derived from sandstone. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 105 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

44 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Leopold clay loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes; 2,475 feet west and 500 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 19 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, twigs,

and leaves.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay loam,

brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots and few coarse roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—5 to 20 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly silty

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

common fine and medium roots and few coarse

roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores;

15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—20 to 24 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) very

gravelly silty clay loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few fine and medium roots; common fine

irregular and tubular pores; 30 percent gravel and

10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

R—24 inches; sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. The

upper part of the horizon is gravelly silty clay loam or

gravelly clay loam, and the lower part, where present,

is very gravelly silty clay loam. The lower part of the

horizon is 35 to 50 percent rock fragments.

Lettia Series

The Lettia series consists of deep, well drained

soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges. These

soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

granodiorite. Slopes are 3 to 70 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Lettia gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 2,150 feet north and 875 feet east of

the southwest corner of sec. 27, T. 28 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, twigs,

leaves, and grass.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine

granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 15 percent

gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

AB—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly

loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—12 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam,

light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine, fine,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 503

and medium irregular pores; few distinct reddish

brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt2—16 to 26 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; strong

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine,

fine, and medium roots; common very fine, fine,

and medium irregular pores; common distinct

reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—26 to 46 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay

loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; extremely

hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; very few fine

roots; many very fine irregular pores; many

distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt4—46 to 58 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) clay

loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; strong

medium angular blocky structure; extremely hard,

firm, sticky and very plastic; few fine irregular

pores; many distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent

gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Crt—58 inches; granodiorite; many prominent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay films along fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 to 5 moist and 4 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR,

value of 4 to 6 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 4

to 8 moist or dry. The horizon is loam, sandy clay

loam, or clay loam.

Limpy Series

The Limpy series consists of shallow, somewhat

excessively drained soils on side slopes and

headwalls. These soils formed in colluvium derived

from volcanic rock. Slopes are 60 to 100 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 70 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Limpy extremely cobbly loam in

an area of Scaredman-Limpy-Rock outcrop complex,

60 to 100 percent south slopes; 700 feet north and

1,200 feet east of the southwest corner of sec. 27,

T. 24 S., R. 1 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) extremely

cobbly loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; weak fine

and medium granular structure; soft, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many fine, medium,

and coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

35 percent gravel, 45 percent cobbles, and

3 percent stones; strongly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw—6 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely

cobbly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common medium roots

and few fine and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 25 percent gravel, 50 percent

cobbles, and 3 percent stones; strongly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

R—19 inches; welded tuff.

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. It is 65 to 85 percent rock

fragments.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

extremely cobbly loam or extremely cobbly sandy

loam.

Lint Series

The Lint series consists of very deep, well drained

soils on marine terraces. These soils formed in mixed

alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 20 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 80 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Lint silt loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes; 1,075 feet east and 180 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 13, T. 21 S., R. 12 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed spruce

needles, leaves, twigs, and roots.

A1—0 to 10 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak

very fine and fine granular structure; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many fine

and medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 5 percent rounded gravel; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—10 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure parting to

fine and medium granular; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and
504 Soil Survey of

medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—19 to 39 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine

and medium roots; common very fine, fine, and

medium irregular and tubular pores; common faint

coatings of silt on faces of peds and in pores; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—39 to 52 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; common faint coatings of silt on faces of

peds and in pores; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BC—52 to 62 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Moist bulk density is less

than 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silt

loam or silty clay loam.

The BC horizon has value of 4 to 6 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silt

loam or silty clay loam.

Littlesand Series

The Littlesand series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed

in colluvium derived from sandstone. Slopes are 60 to

90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 48

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Littlesand gravelly loam in an area

of Littlesand-Rosehaven-Atring complex, 60 to 90

percent slopes; 1,050 feet south and 400 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 21 S., R. 5 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

twigs, and cones.

A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

strong medium and coarse granular structure;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots and common

coarse roots; 15 percent gravel; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bw—8 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; strong very fine and fine subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and slightly plastic; many very fine roots and

common fine, medium, and coarse roots;

15 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BC—18 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

cobbly clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; 10 percent gravel,

20 percent cobbles, and 20 percent soft

sandstone fragments; very strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

C—29 to 39 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

cobbly clay loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; massive;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; 5 percent gravel, 10 percent cobbles,

and 50 percent soft sandstone fragments; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cr—39 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6

moist. The horizon is clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or

gravelly loam.

The BC horizon, where present, has value of 4 or 5

moist and 6 or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6

moist. It is cobbly clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or

cobbly loam.

The C horizon, where present, has value of 4 or 5

moist and 6 or 7 dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 8

moist. It is cobbly clay loam, gravelly clay loam, or

cobbly loam.

Malabon Series

The Malabon series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains and terraces. These

soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 505

Typical pedon of Malabon silty clay loam, flooded,

0 to 3 percent slopes; 1,000 feet east and 350 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 30, T. 25 S.,

R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—7 to 13 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

many very fine and fine roots; many fine irregular

pores; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BAt—13 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine roots; common very fine and fine

irregular and tubular pores; common faint very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—20 to 33 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to fine and medium subangular

blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—33 to 43 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; neutral;

clear smooth boundary.

BCt—43 to 63 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty

clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; very few

faint clay films in pores; neutral.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

Value of 3 moist is at a depth of less than 20 inches.

The horizon is silty clay or silty clay loam.

The BCt horizon is clay loam or silty clay loam.

McComas Series

The McComas series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on slump blocks.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from basalt.

Slopes are 3 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of McComas very gravelly loam, 3 to

30 percent slopes; 2,640 feet west and 610 feet north

of the southeast corner of sec. 32, T. 25 S., R. 3 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

gravelly loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots;

many very fine and fine irregular and tubular

pores; 35 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—5 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

cobbly silty clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; few

fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many

very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct

dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of

peds and lining pores; common wormcasts;

15 percent gravel and 40 percent rounded and

subangular basalt and tuffaceous sandstone

cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt2—13 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

very cobbly clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

many medium and coarse distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) mottles; weak coarse and very coarse

angular blocky structure; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common fine and medium roots along vertical

faces of peds; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

clay films on faces of peds; 30 percent cobbles

and 15 percent stones; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

2C1—27 to 38 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

very cobbly clay, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry;

many medium and coarse prominent gray (N 5/0)

mottles and many fine and medium and common
506 Soil Survey of

coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles;

massive; extremely hard, extremely firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots; very

few very fine tubular pores; 25 percent cobbles

and 10 percent stones; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

2C2—38 to 63 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

extremely stony clay, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

dry; many medium and coarse prominent gray

(N 5/0) mottles and many fine and medium and

common coarse distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

mottles; massive; extremely hard, extremely firm,

very sticky and very plastic; very few very fine

tubular pores; 10 percent cobbles and 70 percent

stones; strongly acid.

Depth to the 2Bt horizon is 13 to 25 inches. Depth

to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Stones and cobbles

are scattered over the surface in varying amounts.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

and 3 or 4 dry. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent rock

fragments.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is very cobbly silty clay loam or

very cobbly clay loam and is 35 to 60 percent rock

fragments.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The 2C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is very cobbly clay, extremely

cobbly clay, or extremely stony clay and is 50 to 80

percent rock fragments.

McDuff Series

The McDuff series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These

soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of McDuff silty clay loam in an area

of McDuff-Absaquil-Blachly complex, 30 to 60 percent

slopes; 3,875 feet west and 2,060 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 18, T. 24 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, twigs, and mosses.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; common fine and medium roots

and few coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BA—7 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; common fine and medium

roots and few coarse roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; few faint clay films in pores;

10 percent soft siltstone gravel; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 21 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard,

very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common

fine and medium roots; common fine and medium

tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent soft siltstone

gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—21 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, very

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine and

medium roots; common fine and medium tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 15 percent soft siltstone

gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BCt—24 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry;

massive; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine

and medium roots; few fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on rock fragments;

10 percent hard gravel and 40 percent soft

siltstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Cr—32 inches; weathered siltstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. The

horizon is silty clay or clay and is 0 to 50 percent soft

fragments.

McGinnis Series

The McGinnis series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These

soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived from
Douglas County Area, Oregon 507

sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock. Slopes

are 3 to 80 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of McGinnis very gravelly clay loam

in an area of Tishar-McGinnis complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 2,000 feet west and 300 feet north of

southeast corner of sec. 7, T. 28 S., R. 7 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

gravelly clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very

fine roots and common fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly

clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

many very fine roots, common fine and medium

roots, and few coarse roots; many very fine

tubular pores; 20 percent gravel; slightly acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt1—10 to 18 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

gravelly silty clay, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common very fine

roots and few fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine tubular pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 25

percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 28 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very

gravelly silty clay, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common

very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 35 percent gravel and

15 percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cr—28 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4

moist and 4 to 6 dry.

The BA horizon, where present, has hue of

7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry,

and chroma of 4 to 8 moist or dry. The horizon is

gravelly clay, gravelly clay loam, or very gravelly clay

loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 4 to 8

moist or dry. The horizon is very gravelly clay, very

gravelly silty clay, or very gravelly clay loam.

McMullin Series

The McMullin series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 3 to 75 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of McMullin loam in an area of

McMullin-Reston complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;

2,410 feet south and 75 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 28, T. 28 S., R. 6 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine and fine

granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many very fine

and fine irregular and tubular pores; few faint

coatings of very fine sand and silt on faces of

peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel; strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—10 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; many very fine

and fine irregular and tubular pores; few faint clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; few faint

coatings of clean very fine sand and silt on faces

of peds; 15 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

R—19 inches; greenstone.

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and

4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It

is gravelly loam, gravelly clay loam, or cobbly clay

loam.
508 Soil Survey of

McNab Series

The McNab series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils in swales. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 0 to 20 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of McNab clay loam in an area of

McNab-Windygap complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;

600 feet north and 1,900 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 17, T. 30 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine

granular structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

1 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 17 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 1 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—17 to 42 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) dry; many

medium distinct brown (10YR 5/3), strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8), and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles;

moderate medium angular blocky structure; hard,

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine

roots; common very fine tubular pores; common

prominent clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 1 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bt3—42 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) silty

clay, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; many

coarse prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) and grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) mottles;

moderate medium angular blocky structure; hard,

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine

roots; common very fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

1 percent gravel; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y,

value of 4 to 6 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2

to 8 moist or dry. The horizon is clay loam, silty clay,

or clay.

Meda Series

The Meda series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on alluvial fans and terraces. These

soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 2 to 20

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

75 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Meda loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes; 3,460 feet south and 1,375 feet west of the

northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 23 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong very

fine and fine granular structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

fine and medium roots and common very fine

and coarse roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—4 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky

and plastic; many fine and medium roots and

common very fine and coarse roots; common very

fine and fine tubular and irregular pores; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—11 to 22 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate very fine,

fine, and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine, common fine, and few medium

tubular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw2—22 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; moderate very fine, fine, and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few fine roots; many very fine

and fine and common medium tubular pores;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2C1—31 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) very gravelly sandy loam, brownish yellow

(10YR 6/6) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine, fine, and medium irregular and tubular pores;
Douglas County Area, Oregon 509

50 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

2C2—40 to 51 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

gravelly sandy loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)

dry; massive; soft, loose, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine irregular

pores; 30 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

3C3—51 to 60 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silt

loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry; few fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;

massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky

and nonplastic; few very fine and fine irregular

pores; 10 percent gravel; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. In some

pedons, the part of the profile below a depth of 30

inches is extremely variable in texture and rock

fragment content.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5

or 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist and 2 to 4

dry. It is loam or clay loam.

The 2C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is

gravelly sandy loam or very gravelly sandy loam and

is 20 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The 3C horizon has colors similar to those of the

2C horizon.

Medford Series

The Medford series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on terraces and alluvial

fans. These soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes

are 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 40 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Medford clay loam, 0 to 7 percent

slopes; 700 feet east and 2,050 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 20, T. 29 S., R. 3 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular and

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots

and common medium roots; many very fine and

fine irregular pores; neutral; clear smooth

boundary.

BA—4 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; many

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine, fine, and medium irregular pores;

many prominent organic coatings on faces of

peds; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 17 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; moderate

coarse prismatic structure parting to medium and

coarse subangular blocky; hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; common fine, and few

medium roots; common fine and medium tubular

pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; many prominent organic coatings on

faces of peds; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt2—17 to 37 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate

coarse prismatic structure parting to medium and

coarse subangular blocky; hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; common fine and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine and few

medium tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; common distinct

organic coatings on faces of peds; moderately

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—37 to 53 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; many fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak coarse

prismatic structure parting to coarse subangular

blocky; hard, very firm, very sticky and very

plastic; few fine roots; common fine and medium

and few coarse tubular pores; many prominent

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt4—53 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; many fine and medium

distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and brownish

yellow (10YR 6/6) mottles; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky

and very plastic; common fine and medium and

few coarse tubular pores; many prominent clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; moderately

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is clay,

silty clay loam, or clay loam.

Mellowmoon Series

The Mellowmoon series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils
510 Soil Survey of

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Mellowmoon gravelly loam

in an area of Mellowmoon-Illahee complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 1,050 feet east and 1,840 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 1, T. 24 S.,

R. 2 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, twigs, cones, and wood fragments.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine

and fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable,

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—8 to 13 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw3—20 to 39 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium and

coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw4—39 to 52 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) gravelly clay loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular pores;

15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—52 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6)

gravelly loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine roots; many very fine tubular pores; 15

percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

The Bw and C horizons have value of 3 or 4 moist

and 4 to 7 dry, and they have chroma of 3 to 6 moist

and 4 or 6 dry. They are clay loam, gravelly clay loam,

gravelly loam, or loam.

Millicoma Series

The Millicoma series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These

soils formed in colluvium derived from sandstone.

Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 80 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Millicoma gravelly loam in an area

of Millicoma-Reedsport complex, 60 to 90 percent

slopes; 1,700 feet west and 1,000 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 24, T. 22 S., R. 12 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many

very fine roots and common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; 15 percent gravel; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many

very fine roots and common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many fine and very fine tubular

pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—10 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; common very fine roots and few

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

and fine tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and

10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—18 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine roots and few fine,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 511

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; 30 percent gravel and 10

percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Cr—30 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, very gravelly sandy loam, or extremely

gravelly loam and is 35 to 70 percent rock fragments.

Natal Series

The Natal series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on terraces. These soils formed in

clayey alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Natal clay loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 1,500 feet west and 200 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 24 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed leaves,

needles, and twigs.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay

loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; few fine distinct brown

(7.5YR 4/4) mottles; strong very fine and fine

granular structure; hard, friable, sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many fine irregular pores; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Ag—5 to 11 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay

loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; common fine distinct

brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate fine and

medium granular and subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, very sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and fine roots, common medium roots,

and few coarse roots; many fine irregular pores;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bcg—11 to 17 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay,

light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; common fine distinct

brown (7.5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

very sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and

medium roots and few coarse roots; common fine

irregular pores; very few manganese stains on

faces of peds; 5 percent rounded manganese

nodules; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Btcg1—17 to 26 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

clay, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; common medium

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) mottles; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky

and slightly plastic; common fine and medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

few faint clay films in pores; 5 percent rounded

manganese nodules; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Btcg2—26 to 33 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

clay, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; common medium

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) mottles; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very

sticky and slightly plastic; few fine and medium

roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; few

faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

5 percent rounded manganese nodules; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Btcg3—33 to 45 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2)

clay, light gray (10YR 7/1) dry; common medium

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and brownish yellow

(10YR 6/8) mottles; weak medium prismatic

structure parting to weak medium subangular

blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and slightly

plastic; few fine roots; few very fine tubular pores;

common faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; few manganese stains on faces of peds;

5 percent rounded manganese nodules; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Btg—45 to 60 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/1) clay, light gray

(2.5Y 7/1) dry; common medium yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;

weak medium and coarse prismatic structure

parting to weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and slightly

plastic; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y. Mottles that are a result of

wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is clay

or silty clay.

The Natal soils in this survey area are a taxadjunct

to the Natal series because they are classified as

Mollic Endoaqualfs.

Natroy Series

The Natroy series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on terraces and alluvial fans. These soils

formed in clayey alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent.
512 Soil Survey of

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Natroy clay, 0 to 2 percent slopes

(fig. 21, p. 556); 660 feet south and 350 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 3, T. 27 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

and gray (10YR 5/1) mottles; strong very fine and

fine subangular blocky and granular structure;

extremely hard, extremely firm, very sticky and

very plastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—4 to 18 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay,

dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; many fine and

medium yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles;

strong coarse prismatic structure parting to

medium and coarse subangular blocky; extremely

hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

many very fine and fine roots; few very fine

tubular pores; many pressure faces; 5 percent

basalt gravel; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bss—18 to 40 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

mottles; strong very coarse prismatic structure

parting to coarse angular blocky; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

common very fine roots concentrated along faces

of peds; few very fine tubular pores; many

pressure faces; common fine and coarse

intersecting slickensides; 5 percent basalt gravel;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2Bt—40 to 53 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; common fine and

medium faint light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

mottles; weak medium and coarse angular blocky

structure; extremely hard, extremely firm, very

sticky and very plastic; common very fine and fine

roots along faces of peds; few very fine tubular

pores; few pressure faces; many distinct dark

brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 10 percent basalt gravel; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

2BCt—53 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) gravelly clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

common fine and medium faint light yellowish

brown (10YR 6/4) mottles; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots;

few very fine tubular pores; many distinct dark

yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 30 percent basalt gravel;

slightly alkaline.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has cracks that are open for 60 consecutive days or

more in summer and are closed for 60 consecutive

days or more in winter. Mottles that are a result of

wetness are throughout the profile. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4

dry. The upper part to a depth of 12 inches commonly

has chroma of 2, but it has chroma of 1 in some

pedons. The lower part has chroma of 1 to 3 moist

and 2 or 3 dry.

The Bss horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or

4 dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist and 2 or 3 dry.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is clay,

gravelly clay, or sandy clay.

Nekia Series

The Nekia series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes,

and ridges. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from basalt. Slopes are 2 to 60

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 45

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Nekia silty clay loam in an area of

Nekia-Jory complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes; 1,700

feet east and 300 feet south of the northwest corner of

sec. 25, T. 22 S., R. 6 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed coniferous

and deciduous litter.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silty

clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; strong

fine and medium granular structure; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and plastic; many very fine,

fine, and medium roots and common coarse roots;

many very fine irregular pores; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 19 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

silty clay, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse granular structure; soft, very

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; common very

fine tubular pores; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—19 to 29 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

gravelly clay, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) dry; strong

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;
Douglas County Area, Oregon 513

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common

very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse

roots; common very fine tubular pores; 20 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

abrupt irregular boundary.

R—29 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 2

or 3 moist, and chroma of 2 or 3.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 2

or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

and 4 to 6 dry. The horizon is silty clay, clay, or

gravelly clay.

Nekoma Series

The Nekoma series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Nekoma silt loam in an area of

Kirkendall-Nekoma complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes;

1,865 feet east and 620 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 28, T. 20 S., R. 7 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A1—0 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt

loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; moderate very

fine and fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—8 to 14 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular and granular structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots and common medium roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw—14 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine and medium roots and few

coarse roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—27 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) very fine sandy loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, sticky

and slightly plastic; few fine roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

C1—32 to 45 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few

very fine irregular pores; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

C2—45 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

fine sand, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

massive; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few

very fine irregular pores; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is silt

loam, loam, or fine sandy loam.

The C horizon has value of 3 to 6 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is

stratified very fine sandy loam to loamy fine sand.

Nestucca Series

The Nestucca series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on flood plains. These

soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 80

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Nestucca silt loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 1,500 feet north and 10 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 6, T. 22 S., R. 10 W.

A1—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate very fine granular structure; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and few fine roots; many very fine

irregular pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—10 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine roots; many very fine irregular pores; very

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bg1—15 to 30 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

silty clay loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry;

many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) mottles; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic;

few very fine roots; common very fine tubular

pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
514 Soil Survey of

Bg2—30 to 60 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) silty clay

loam, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; many medium

prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles;

weak medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine

roots; common very fine tubular pores; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry.

The Bg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 4

or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 moist

or dry. The horizon is silt loam or silty clay loam.

Netarts Series

The Netarts series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on stabilized sand dunes (fig. 22,

p. 556). These soils formed in eolian sand. Slopes are

2 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 75 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Netarts fine sand, 2 to 12 percent

slopes; 200 feet west and 100 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 25, T. 22 S., R. 13 W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

leaves.

E—0 to 5 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine

sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; single

grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine and fine roots, common medium roots, and

few coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

extremely acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bs1—5 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) and dark

brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sand, light brownish gray

(2.5Y 6/2) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) dry;

single grain; loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few

slightly hard, firm lenses and nodules that have

dark brown stains; common fine and medium

roots and few coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bs2—13 to 21 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y

6/4), olive brown (2.5Y 4/4), and dark brown

(10YR 4/3) fine sand, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) and

olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) dry; massive; common

weakly cemented and few strongly cemented

fragments and nodules; firm and very firm; few

fine and medium roots; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BCs—21 to 30 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and

olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) fine sand, light yellowish

brown (2.5Y 6/4) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

dry; massive; common weakly cemented

fragments and nodules; few medium roots;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

C1—30 to 45 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine

sand, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; single grain; loose,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few weakly cemented

fragments; few medium roots; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

C2—45 to 63 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine

sand, light gray (2.5Y 7/2) dry; single grain; loose,

nonsticky and nonplastic; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

Some pedons have an A horizon that has value of

2 or 3 dry and chroma of 1 or 2 moist and 2 or 3 dry.

The E horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 4

to 6 moist, and chroma of 1 or 2.

The Bs horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 3 to 6 moist and 4 to 8 dry, and chroma of 2

to 6 moist or dry. The horizon has few or many weakly

cemented to strongly cemented iron nodules and

fragments. It has few to common thin to moderately

thick lenses or stratified layers that are weakly

cemented or moderately cemented. The Bs horizon is

loamy fine sand, fine sand, or sand.

The C horizon has value of 4 to 7 moist, and it has

chroma of 2 to 4 moist.

Newberg Series

The Newberg series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on flood plains.

These soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to

3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 45

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Newberg fine sandy loam in an

area of Camas-Newberg complex, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 400 feet east and 600 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 3, T. 33 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many

very fine and common fine roots; many very fine

irregular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—4 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine roots; common very fine tubular pores;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C1—19 to 35 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)
Douglas County Area, Oregon 515

fine sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

massive; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine roots; common very

fine tubular pores; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

C2—35 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) loamy fine sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; massive; soft, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; few very fine roots; common very

fine tubular pores; 13 percent gravel; slightly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

It is fine sandy loam or loamy sand.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is fine

sandy loam, sandy loam, loamy sand, loamy fine

sand, or fine sand. Very gravelly substrata commonly

are below a depth of 40 inches.

Nonpareil Series

The Nonpareil series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on toeslopes, side slopes, ridges, and

headwalls. These soils formed in colluvium and

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Nonpareil loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes; 1,900 feet east and 700 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 12, T. 25 S., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale brown

(10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine roots; many very fine

tubular pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—4 to 14 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loam, pale

brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium prismatic

structure parting to moderate fine subangular

blocky; hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common

very fine roots; many very fine tubular pores;

10 percent soft gravel; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw2—14 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine roots;

many very fine tubular pores; 15 percent soft

gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Crt—17 inches; weathered sandstone; common black

(10YR 2/1) stains and thick reddish brown (5YR

4/5) clay films in fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam, silt loam, or clay loam.

Norling Series

The Norling series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed

in colluvium and residuum derived from metamorphic

rock. Slopes are 30 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Norling gravelly loam in an area of

Acker-Norling complex, 30 to 60 percent south slopes;

1,200 feet west and 400 feet south of the northeast

corner of sec. 33, T. 31 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 6 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam,

light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; strong fine and

medium granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 25 percent

gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 10 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly loam,

light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine,

fine, medium, and coarse roots; 15 percent gravel;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 16 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

gravelly clay loam, pink (7.5YR 7/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

very fine and fine roots; few faint yellowish red

(5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt2—16 to 23 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) very

gravelly clay loam, pink (7.5YR 7/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

very fine and fine roots; many distinct strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 35 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—23 inches; metavolcanic rock.
516 Soil Survey of

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. The

upper part is gravelly clay loam, clay loam, or

gravelly loam, and the lower part is very gravelly

loam, very gravelly clay loam, or very cobbly clay

loam. The lower part is as much as 50 percent rock

fragments.

Oakland Series

The Oakland series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side

slopes, and ridges. These soils formed in colluvium

and residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Oakland silt loam in an area of

Nonpareil-Oakland complex, 3 to 12 percent slopes;

2,550 feet north and 900 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 22, T. 25 S., R. 6 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure and very fine

and fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots; common very fine and fine

irregular pores; few faint very pale brown

(10YR 7/3) coatings of silt on vertical faces of

peds and in pores; moderately acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BA—5 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; weak coarse prismatic structure and

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky;

hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; common fine

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct very pale brown (10YR 7/3)

coatings of silt on vertical faces of peds and in

pores; 5 percent soft sandstone gravel;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; moderate coarse and very coarse

subangular blocky structure parting to medium

and coarse subangular blocky; hard, firm, very

sticky and very plastic; common fine roots;

common very fine and fine irregular and tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; many faint to distinct light gray

(10YR 7/2) coatings of silt on vertical faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent soft sandstone

gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—20 to 24 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; many

fine and medium irregular and tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; many prominent very pale brown (10YR

7/5) coatings of silt on vertical faces of peds;

15 percent soft sandstone gravel; strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

BCt—24 to 28 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3)

gravelly silty clay, dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) dry; mixed brownish yellow (10YR 6/8) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) variegations; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

firm, very sticky and very plastic; common fine

roots; common fine irregular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds; many

prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese stains;

40 percent soft sandstone gravel and 15 percent

hard gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Crt—28 inches; weathered sandstone; many

prominent very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

manganese stains and brownish yellow (10YR

6/6) clay films; few prominent clay films; common

fine roots in fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The BCt horizon, where present, has value of 3 or 4

moist and 4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist

or dry. It is gravelly silty clay or silty clay.

Oneonta Series

The Oneonta series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Oneonta gravelly loam in an area

of Oneonta-Keel complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;
Douglas County Area, Oregon 517

2,000 feet north and 100 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 35, T. 23 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves and

twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2)

gravelly loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; strong

very fine granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and medium roots and common fine and

coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

10 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

A2—5 to 11 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong fine and medium

granular structure; slightly hard, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 3 percent gravel

and 2 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

AB—11 to 18 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loam,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate very fine and

fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine roots and few fine, medium,

and coarse roots; common very fine tubular

pores; 3 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw1—18 to 34 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate very

fine and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly hard and slightly plastic; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; common very

fine tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—34 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

weak medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few very fine roots; common very fine

tubular pores; 35 percent soft gravel; very strongly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Moist bulk

density is less than 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. The

upper part is gravelly loam, and the lower part is loam

or gravelly loam.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam, gravelly loam, or clay loam. The lower part is as

much as 50 percent soft rock fragments.

Orford Series

The Orford series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone, siltstone, and volcanic rock. Slopes

are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 80 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Orford gravelly silt loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 2,110 feet south and 790 feet west of

the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 21 S., R. 6 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves, twigs,

and needles.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) gravelly silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; 25 percent gravel 2 to 10 millimeters in

diameter; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly

silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure parting to fine and medium granular;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; 20 percent

gravel 2 to 10 millimeters in diameter; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—12 to 22 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silty

clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots

and few coarse roots; common very fine, fine,

and medium irregular and tubular pores;

10 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt1—22 to 32 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, brown

(7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few medium roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—32 to 52 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay, strong

brown (7.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;
518 Soil Survey of

5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

BCt—52 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty

clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine tubular

pores; many distinct clay films on faces of peds,

in pores, and as coatings on rock fragments;

30 percent soft siltstone gravel; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 3 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

gravelly loam or gravelly silt loam.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay,

silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay loam.

The BC horizon and the C horizon, where present,

have value of 4 to 6 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and they

have chroma of 4 to 8 moist or dry. They are clay

loam, clay, silty clay loam, silty clay, gravelly silty

clay, or gravelly clay loam. They are as much as 60

percent soft rock fragments in some pedons.

Packard Series

The Packard series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on terraces and flood plains (fig. 23,

p. 557). These soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes

are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Packard gravelly loam, 0 to 5

percent slopes; 1,730 feet west and 1,400 feet south

of the northeast corner of sec. 7, R. 25 S., R. 4 W.

Ap—0 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) gravelly loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate very fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine roots; many very

fine irregular pores; 25 percent fine gravel; slightly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw1—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate

very fine subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 25 percent

fine gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—21 to 32 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) very

gravelly clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate very fine subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine roots; many very fine irregular and

tubular pores; 25 percent gravel and 15 percent

cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

C—32 to 60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly clay loam, reddish brown

(5YR 5/4) dry; massive; hard, friable, sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 45 percent gravel and 20 percent

cobbles; slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3

moist and 3 or 4 dry. Value of 4 moist is below a depth

of 20 inches. The horizon is very gravelly clay loam,

gravelly clay loam, or very gravelly loam and is 20 to

50 percent rock fragments.

The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3

or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is very gravelly clay loam,

extremely gravelly clay loam, or extremely gravelly

loam and is 45 to 75 percent rock fragments.

Panther Series

The Panther series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils in swales. These soils formed in

colluvium and residuum derived from sandstone,

siltstone, and basalt. Slopes are 4 to 20 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Panther silty clay loam, 4 to 20

percent slopes; 1,100 feet north and 250 feet west of

the southeast corner of sec. 31, T. 25 S., R. 3 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

many fine distinct gray (10YR 5/1) mottles;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A2—3 to 11 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very dark

gray (10YR 3/1) dry; many fine and medium

distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak fine prismatic

structure parting to fine and medium subangular

blocky; hard, very firm, very sticky and very

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine tubular pores; many distinct

organic coatings on faces of peds and in pores;
Douglas County Area, Oregon 519

few fine shot fragments; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bg1—11 to 18 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay, gray

(10YR 6/1) dry; many fine and medium prominent

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; moderate

medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to

fine and medium subangular blocky; very hard,

very firm, very sticky and very plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

tubular pores; few fine shot fragments; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg2—18 to 34 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay, gray

(10YR 5/1) dry; many fine and medium and few

coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

mottles; massive; very hard, very firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few fine roots; many very fine

and fine tubular pores; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Cg—34 to 63 inches; gray (10YR 5/1) clay, gray

(10YR 6/1) dry; massive; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; few

very fine tubular pores; 5 percent weathered tuff

gravel; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 moist

or dry.

The Bg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 3

to 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 moist

or dry.

The Cg horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 4 to 6 moist or dry, and chroma of 1 or 2

moist or dry.

Pearsoll Series

The Pearsoll series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

serpentinite or peridotite. Slopes are 5 to 70 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about 50

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Pearsoll extremely stony clay

loam in an area of Pearsoll-Dubakella complex, 30 to

70 percent south slopes; 2,460 feet east and 1,375

feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 35, T. 29 S.,

R. 6 W.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

extremely stony clay loam, reddish brown (5YR

4/3) dry; moderate very fine and fine granular

structure; soft, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and common medium roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; stones

cover 10 percent of surface; 25 percent gravel

and 35 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw—6 to 14 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

extremely cobbly clay, reddish brown (5YR 5/4)

dry; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; soft, firm, sticky and very plastic;

common very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

5 percent gravel, 60 percent cobbles, and

15 percent stones; neutral; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—14 inches; serpentinitic rock.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile is

35 to 70 percent rock fragments. Stones cover 3 to 15

percent of the surface.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3

or 4 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR,

value of 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry.

The horizon is very cobbly clay or extremely cobbly

clay.

Peavine Series

The Peavine series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These

soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone, siltstone, and volcanic rock. Slopes are 3

to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

75 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Peavine silty clay loam in an area

of Honeygrove-Peavine complex, 3 to 30 percent

slopes; 1,700 feet west and 700 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 1, T. 23 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silty

clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; strong fine

granular structure; slightly hard, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

roots, common fine roots, and few medium and

coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

AB—5 to 13 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; hard,

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine roots

and few fine, medium, and coarse roots; many

very fine tubular pores; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.
520 Soil Survey of

Bt—13 to 31 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

clay, reddish brown (5YR 4/4) dry; moderate

medium and coarse angular blocky structure; very

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

tubular pores; many prominent clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; very strongly acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Cr—31 inches; weathered basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2

to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 3

or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 4 to 8 moist

or dry. The horizon is silty clay or clay.

Peel Series

The Peel series consists of moderately deep,

moderately well drained soils on footslopes. These

soils formed in colluvium derived from serpentinite

and peridotite. Slopes are 3 to 30 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Peel clay loam, 3 to 30 percent

slopes; 300 feet north and 1,900 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 18, T. 29 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate very fine granular structure and

moderate fine subangular blocky; hard, friable,

sticky and plastic; many very fine and medium

roots; many very fine tubular pores; 10 percent

gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many

very fine and medium roots; many very fine

tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; neutral; clear

smooth boundary.

Bt—9 to 24 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly

clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and very plastic; common fine and

coarse roots; many fine and few medium tubular

pores; 25 percent gravel; common distinct clay

films in pores; common pressure faces; neutral;

clear wavy boundary.

BC—24 to 29 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

gravelly silty clay, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry;

massive; very hard, firm, very sticky and very

plastic; common medium and coarse roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 25 percent

gravel; many pressure faces; neutral; abrupt wavy

boundary.

C—29 to 38 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) silty clay, light

olive gray (5Y 6/2) dry; massive; very hard, firm,

sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent soft

gravel; common pressure faces; neutral; abrupt

irregular boundary.

Cr—38 inches; weathered serpentinitic rock.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of

1 or 2 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 2 to 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of

1 or 2 moist or dry. The horizon is gravelly clay or

gravelly silty clay.

The BC and C horizons have hue of 5Y or 2.5Y,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 1

or 2 moist or dry.

Pengra Series

The Pengra series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on toeslopes,

footslopes, and alluvial fans. These soils formed in

alluvium and colluvium over residuum derived from

siltstone and sandstone. Slopes are 2 to 30 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Pengra silt loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes; 750 feet south and 1,650 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 15, T. 28 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; many

fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles;

strong very fine and fine granular structure and

very fine and fine subangular blocky; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine

and fine tubular pores; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; many

fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and

strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine and

few medium tubular pores; few faint coatings of
Douglas County Area, Oregon 521

silt on faces of peds and in pores; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—7 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; many

fine and medium distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

mottles; moderately fine, medium, and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky

and plastic; common very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine and few medium tubular

pores; faint coatings of clean silt and sand grains

on faces of peds; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Bt1—16 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

clay, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; many fine

faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles;

moderate very coarse prismatic structure

parting to medium and coarse subangular

blocky; extremely hard, extremely firm, very

sticky and very plastic; common very fine and

fine roots along vertical faces of peds; many very

fine tubular pores; common pressure faces;

5 percent soft gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—27 to 36 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay, olive

gray (5Y 5/2) dry; many fine faint olive yellow

(2.5Y 6/6) mottles; weak coarse and very coarse

prismatic structure parting to medium and coarse

subangular blocky; extremely hard, extremely

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine

and fine roots along vertical faces of peds;

common very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct dark olive gray (5Y 3/2) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; many

pressure faces; 10 percent soft gravel; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt3—36 to 60 inches; olive gray (5Y 4/2) clay, olive

gray (5Y 5/2) dry; many fine faint olive yellow

(2.5Y 6/6) mottles; moderate coarse and very

coarse prismatic structure parting to medium and

coarse angular and subangular blocky; extremely

hard, extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic;

few very fine and fine roots along vertical faces of

peds; common fine and medium tubular pores;

many distinct and prominent dark grayish brown

(2.5Y 4/2) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; common pressure faces; 10 percent soft

gravel; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to the

2Bt horizon is 14 to 30 inches. Mottles that are a

result of wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 2

or 3 moist or dry.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR,

value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 1

to 4 moist or dry.

Philomath Series

The Philomath series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges.

These soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived

from basalt. Slopes are 3 to 70 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Philomath silty clay in an area of

Philomath-Dixonville complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;

1,720 feet north and 800 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 19, T. 26 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; black (10YR 2/1) silty clay, very

dark brown (10YR 2/2) dry; moderate coarse

prismatic structure and strong fine and medium

subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

many very fine and fine roots; common very fine

and fine irregular pores; slightly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 12 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) dry; moderate coarse prismatic

structure and moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky; hard, firm, very sticky and very

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common

very fine and fine irregular pores; few fine shot

fragments; many pressure faces; neutral; gradual

smooth boundary.

A3—12 to 16 inches; black (10YR 2/1) clay, very

dark brown (10YR 2/2) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

very sticky and very plastic; many very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine irregular

pores; 10 percent weathered basalt gravel;

many pressure faces; neutral; clear wavy

boundary.

2Crt—16 inches; weathered basalt; many very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains and reddish

brown (5YR 4/4) clay films in fractures; many fine

and very fine roots in fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 12 to 20 inches. The profile has

cracks that are open for more than 60 consecutive

days in summer. The profile has hue of 10YR or

7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 dry and chroma

of 1 or 2 moist or dry. The lower part of the A horizon

is clay, cobbly silty clay, or cobbly clay.
522 Soil Survey of

Pollard Series

The Pollard series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges.

These soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived

from sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic rock.

Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Pollard gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 2,050 feet west and 50 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 31 S., R. 7 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; strong fine

granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and plastic; many fine and medium roots

and few coarse roots; many fine irregular pores;

20 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

AB—6 to 16 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay

loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry; strong

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many fine roots,

common medium roots, and few coarse roots;

many very fine irregular and tubular pores;

10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—16 to 35 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky

and plastic; common fine and few medium roots;

many very fine tubular pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

10 percent gravel; few prominent manganese

stains; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BCt—35 to 60 inches; red (2.5YR 4/6) clay, red

(2.5YR 5/6) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky

and plastic; many very fine tubular pores; few

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

10 percent gravel; few prominent manganese

stains; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR,

value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 3

or 4 moist and 3 to 6 dry.

The Bt and BCt horizons have hue of 5YR or

2.5YR, value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and

chroma of 4 to 6 moist and 5 to 7 dry. They are clay,

silty clay, or clay loam.

Preacher Series

The Preacher series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 0 to 90 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 85 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Preacher loam, 0 to 30 percent

slopes; 2,510 feet east and 2,380 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 22, T. 20 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves,

stems, cones, and needles.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine and medium

granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine

roots and few medium roots; many very fine

and fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; strong fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; common very

fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—10 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—19 to 34 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; 15 percent soft gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—34 to 57 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

soft, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

35 percent soft gravel and cobbles; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—57 to 60 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay loam, light

yellowish brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; massive; soft,

firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine

tubular pores; 50 percent soft gravel; very strongly

acid.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 523

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 3 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is loam

or clay loam.

The C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7

dry. The horizon is clay loam, loam, or sandy loam

and is 10 to 80 percent soft rock fragments.

Pyrady Series

The Pyrady series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 15 to 30 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 90 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Pyrady clay loam in an area of

Zalea-Pyrady complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes;

500 feet north and 330 feet east of the southwest

corner of sec. 36, T. 37 S., R. 121/2 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

twigs, and woody material.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores; 10 percent

gravel and 2 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—6 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—12 to 21 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) gravelly

clay loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; common very fine

and fine roots and few medium roots; many fine

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel and

5 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

2Bt3—21 to 34 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) gravelly silty

clay, pale olive (5Y 6/3) dry; common fine distinct

olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) mottles; strong fine and

medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few fine and medium roots;

common fine tubular pores; many distinct clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

2Btg—34 to 43 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) gravelly

silty clay, gray (5Y 6/1) dry; many medium

prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) mottles; strong

fine and medium angular blocky structure; hard,

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine and

medium roots; few fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

15 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2C—43 to 66 inches; olive gray (5Y 5/2) gravelly clay,

light gray (5Y 7/1) dry; many distinct medium olive

brown (2.5Y 4/4) mottles and common coarse

prominent olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) mottles;

massive; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very

plastic; few fine and medium roots; few fine

tubular pores; 15 percent gravel, 5 percent

cobbles, and 35 percent manganese concretions

2 to 5 millimeters in diameter; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to

mottles that are a result of wetness and depth to the

2Bt horizon are 20 to 30 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

and 4 to 6 dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4

or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

and 4 to 6 dry. The horizon is gravelly clay loam, clay

loam, or gravelly clay.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4

to 6 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is gravelly silty clay loam, gravelly

silty clay, or gravelly clay.

The 2C horizon has value of 5 to 7 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 1 or 2 moist or dry. It is

gravelly clay or gravelly silty clay.

Quosatana Series

The Quosatana series consists of very deep,

poorly drained soils in swales on flood plains. These

soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

75 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Quosatana silt loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 2,225 feet east and 1,700 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 6, T. 21 S.,

R. 10 W.
524 Soil Survey of

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed grasses,

sedges, and rushes.

A1—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry;

common fine and medium distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 3/4) mottles; moderate fine and medium

granular and subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots; many fine

irregular pores; strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

A2—7 to 16 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y

3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry;

common fine and medium distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 3/4) and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots;

common fine tubular pores; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bg1—16 to 27 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

silt loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry;

common fine and medium distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 3/4) and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots;

common fine and medium tubular pores; many

prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

manganese stains on faces of peds and in pores;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bg2—27 to 34 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2)

silt loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry;

common fine and medium distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 3/4) and dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

mottles; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine and medium tubular pores; common

fine and medium prominent dark reddish brown

(5YR 3/2) manganese stains on faces of peds and

in pores; many small pockets of organic matter;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—34 to 55 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay

loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry; few fine

and medium dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) and dark

reddish brown (5YR 3/4) mottles; massive; soft,

friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common

medium and coarse tubular pores; many

prominent dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

manganese stains in pores and old root channels;

few pockets of organic matter; very strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Cg2—55 to 63 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay,

grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; massive; soft,

friable, sticky and plastic; many pockets of

decomposed organic matter; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 2

or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 1 to 3 moist

or dry.

The Bg horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 1

or 2 moist or dry. The horizon is silt loam or silty clay

loam.

The Cg horizon is stratified silty clay, silty clay

loam, or loam. Colors are similar to those of the Bg

horizon.

The Quosatana soils in this survey area are a

taxadjunct to the series because they are classified as

acid.

Redbell Series

The Redbell series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on terraces and alluvial

fans. These soils formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes

are 0 to 5 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Redbell silt loam, 0 to 5 percent

slopes; 2,000 feet east and 400 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 27 S., R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure

parting to fine and medium granular; hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine,

fine, and medium roots; common very fine

irregular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—3 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure

parting to fine and medium subangular blocky;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine and fine roots and few medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

common faint very fine coatings of sand and silt

on faces of peds and in pores; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 18 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) mottles and common fine and medium

faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; moderate medium and
Douglas County Area, Oregon 525

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine roots

and few medium roots; many very fine and fine

and few medium tubular pores; common faint clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; common faint

organic stains on faces of peds and in pores;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—18 to 34 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6) mottles and common fine and medium

faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,

firm, very sticky and plastic; many very fine and

fine roots and few medium roots; many very fine

and fine and few medium tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

common distinct organic stains on faces of peds

and in pores; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt3—34 to 42 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; many fine and

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and

gray (10YR 6/1) mottles; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

very sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine and few medium

tubular pores; common distinct very dark grayish

brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; 5 percent soft gravel; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt4—42 to 50 inches; mottled, yellowish brown (10YR

5/6), gray (10YR 5/1), and light gray (10YR 6/1)

silty clay loam; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky

and plastic; few fine and medium roots; many very

fine and fine tubular pores; common distinct dark

grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; common manganese shot

fragments and prominent manganese stains on

faces of peds; 10 percent soft gravel; moderately

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

BCt—50 to 62 inches; mottled, strong brown (7.5YR

5/8), grayish brown (10YR 5/2), and light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) loam; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine

and fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; many distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

manganese stains on faces of peds; 10 percent

soft gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

2C—62 to 70 inches; multicolored extremely gravelly

sand; single grain; loose, nonsticky and

nonplastic.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Mottles that are a result

of wetness are within a depth of 30 inches of the

surface.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam, gravelly silty clay, or silty clay.

The BCt horizon has colors similar to those of the

Bt horizon.

The 2C horizon is sand and is 60 to 80 percent

rock fragments. It generally is at depth of more than

60 inches, but in some pedons it is at a depth

45 inches or more.

Reedsport Series

The Reedsport series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These

soils formed in colluvium derived from sandstone.

Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 80 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Reedsport gravelly loam in an

area of Svensen-Millicoma-Reedsport complex, 35 to

75 percent slopes; 2,500 feet west and 1,000 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 6, T. 22 S.,

R. 11 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

and medium roots and few coarse roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; 15 percent hard

gravel and 5 percent soft gravel; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and

medium roots and few coarse roots; many fine

and medium tubular pores; 10 percent hard gravel

and 20 percent soft cobbles; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—12 to 25 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and

medium roots; common very fine and fine tubular
526 Soil Survey of

pores; 10 percent hard gravel and 20 percent soft

cobbles; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—25 to 32 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

and medium roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; 10 percent hard gravel and 20

percent soft cobbles; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

Cr—32 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 to 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3

moist and 3 or 4 dry. The horizon is loam, clay loam,

or gravelly loam.

Remote Series

The Remote series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium derived from metamorphic rock. Slopes are

60 to 90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 65 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Remote very gravelly loam in an

area of Remote-Digger complex, 60 to 90 percent

slopes; 800 feet north and 400 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 4, T. 32 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many

very fine and fine roots, common medium roots,

and few coarse roots; many very fine irregular

pores; 55 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 26 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) very gravelly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and slightly plastic; many very fine roots

and common fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine tubular pores; 55 percent gravel;

very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bw2—26 to 41 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

extremely gravelly loam, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium and coarse roots; many very fine

tubular pores; 60 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw3—41 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) extremely gravelly loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 65 percent gravel

and 5 percent cobbles; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value

or 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 3 to 6

moist or dry. The horizon is very gravelly loam, very

gravelly clay loam, or extremely gravelly loam and is

35 to 70 percent rock fragments.

Reston Series

The Reston series consists of very shallow, well

drained soils on ridges and side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

metamorphic rock. Slopes are 3 to 75 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Reston loam in an area of

McMullin-Reston complex, 3 to 30 percent slopes;

300 feet north and 300 feet west of the southeast

corner of sec. 16, T. 28 S., R. 5 W.

A—0 to 2 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate

very fine and fine granular structure and moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

irregular pores; 5 percent soft greenstone gravel;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt—2 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

irregular and tubular pores; common faint very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on

|faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent soft

greenstone gravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

R—7 inches; greenstone; few fine roots in fractures.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 527

Depth to bedrock is 5 to 10 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is loam

or gravelly loam.

Ritner Series

The Ritner series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from basalt.

Slopes are 12 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Ritner gravelly silty clay loam,

30 to 60 percent north slopes; 2,130 feet east and

1,000 feet north of the southwest corner of sec. 23,

T. 25 S., R. 4 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2)

gravelly silty clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/2)

dry; moderate very fine and fine granular

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine roots; many very fine irregular pores;

many distinct organic coatings; 30 percent fine

gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 9 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

gravelly silty clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

dry; moderate very fine and fine granular

structure and very fine subangular blocky; hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine

roots and common medium roots; many very fine

and fine irregular pores; many faint organic

coatings; 25 percent gravel and 5 percent

cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt—9 to 23 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very

gravelly silty clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

very plastic; common fine and medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; few

faint clay films on rock fragments and in pores;

40 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BCt—23 to 34 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

very cobbly silty clay, dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

very plastic; common fine and medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on rock fragments and

few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

30 percent gravel and 30 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—34 inches; basalt; few roots in fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry, and chroma of 2

to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt and BCt horizons have hue of 7.5YR, 5YR,

or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and

chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. The horizons are very

gravelly silty clay, very cobbly silty clay, very cobbly

silty clay loam, or extremely cobbly silty clay loam and

are 35 to 70 percent rock fragments.

Romanose Series

The Romanose series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium derived from basalt. Slopes are 60 to 90

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 105

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

44 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Romanose very gravelly sandy

loam in an area of Romanose-Laderly complex, 60 to

90 percent south slopes; 400 feet north and 400 feet

east of the southwest corner of sec. 13, T. 19 S.,

R. 9 W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry;

strong very fine and fine granular structure; soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very

fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

40 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

AC—4 to 12 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; weak

very fine and fine granular structure; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very

fine, fine, and medium roots and common coarse

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

40 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—12 to 18 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

extremely cobbly sandy loam, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/4) dry; massive; soft, very friable, slightly

sticky and nonplastic; common fine and medium

roots; many very fine, fine, and medium irregular

pores; 25 percent gravel and 50 percent cobbles;

very strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—18 inches; sandstone overlying basalt.
528 Soil Survey of

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. Moist bulk

density is less than 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The profile has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A and AC horizons have value of 2 or 3 moist

and 3 or 4 dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3 moist

and dry. They are 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The C horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 4 or 5 moist or dry. It is very

cobbly sandy loam or extremely cobbly sandy loam.

It is 35 to 80 percent rock fragments.

Roseburg Series

The Roseburg series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Roseburg loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 1,050 feet south and 1,100 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 32, T. 26 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

fine granular structure and weak fine subangular

blocky; hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many fine roots; many fine irregular pores;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine roots; common very fine tubular pores;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BAt—10 to 15 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

very fine roots; many very fine and common fine

and medium tubular pores; few faint very dark

brown (10YR 2/2) clay films on vertical faces of

peds and in pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—15 to 32 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/2) dry; weak medium

prismatic structure parting to moderate medium

subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

few fine roots; many very fine and common fine

and medium tubular pores; common distinct very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—32 to 41 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak fine prismatic

structure parting to moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

few fine roots; many very fine and common fine

and medium tubular pores; common distinct very

dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BCt—41 to 50 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky

and slightly plastic; few fine roots; many very fine

and few fine and medium tubular pores; common

distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay

films on faces of peds and in pores; slightly acid;

gradual wavy boundary.

C—50 to 64 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; massive; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist to a depth

of 20 inches and 3 or 4 moist below a depth of 20

inches, and it has value of 4 or 5 dry. The horizon has

chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is loam, clay loam, or

sandy clay loam.

The lower part of the solum and the C horizon are

stratified in some pedons.

Rosehaven Series

The Rosehaven series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes,

and ridges. These soils formed in colluvium and

residuum derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Rosehaven loam, 12 to 30 percent

slopes; 2,850 feet west and 400 feet north of the

southeast corner of sec. 29, T. 25 S., R. 5 W.

A1—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very

pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few coarse roots;

many very fine and fine irregular and tubular

pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam, very

pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky structure and weak

medium platy structure; slightly hard, friable,
Douglas County Area, Oregon 529

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

and medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—12 to 25 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine and medium roots; common

fine and medium irregular and tubular pores; few

faint clay films in pores; common distinct coatings

of white (10YR 8/2) clean very fine sand grains on

faces of peds; slightly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt2—25 to 45 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic;

common fine and medium roots; common fine

irregular pores; common distinct yellowish red

(5YR 5/6) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; common distinct coatings of white

(10YR 8/2) clean very fine sand grains on faces

of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt3—45 to 63 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots;

many very fine tubular pores; many distinct

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; many faint colloidal stains on

mineral sand grains; 5 percent fine gravel;

moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay

loam or sandy clay loam.

Sahaptin Series

The Sahaptin series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium derived from basalt. Slopes are 30 to 90

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 45

inches, and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Sahaptin very cobbly silty clay

loam in an area of Ritner-Sahaptin complex, 30 to 60

percent south slopes; 2,000 feet east and 1,980 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 35, T. 25 S.,

R. 4 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

cobbly silty clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

strong very fine and fine granular structure; hard,

firm, sticky and plastic; many very fine and fine

roots and common medium roots; many very fine

irregular pores; many organic coatings; 25 percent

gravel and 15 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 8 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very

cobbly silty clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure and

very fine subangular blocky; hard, firm, sticky and

very plastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium roots; common very fine

continuous tubular pores; many organic coatings;

30 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—8 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) extremely

cobbly silty clay, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, sticky and very

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; common

very fine continuous tubular pores; common

organic coatings; 45 percent gravel and 35

percent cobbles; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

R—17 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

It is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is

extremely cobbly silty clay, very cobbly silty clay loam,

or very gravelly silty clay and is 45 to 85 percent rock

fragments.

Salander Series

The Salander series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 12 to 70 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Salander silt loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes; 1,980 feet south and 1,760 feet east of

the northwest corner of sec. 30, T. 22 S., R. 12 W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves, twigs,

and needles.

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt
530 Soil Survey of

loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong fine and

medium granular structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and

fine roots and common medium roots; common

very fine and fine irregular and tubular pores;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 17 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) silt

loam, dark brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium granular structure and very fine and

fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

and medium roots; many very fine and fine

irregular and tubular pores; 5 percent fine shot

fragments; strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

BA—17 to 28 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure parting to

fine and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

and medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; 5 percent fine shot fragments; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—28 to 40 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

and medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; few faint clay films and coatings of silt on

faces of peds and in pores; very strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—40 to 53 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint

clay films and coatings of silt on faces of peds and

in pores; very strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bt3—53 to 61 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty

clay loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine roots;

many very fine and fine tubular pores; common

faint clay films and coatings of silt on faces of

peds and in pores; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Moist bulk

density is less than 1.00 gram per cubic centimeter.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 1

or 2 moist and 2 or 3 dry.

The BA and Bt horizons have hue of 7.5YR or 5YR,

value of 2 to 4 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 3

or 4 moist or dry. Value of 4 moist and chroma of 4

are below a depth of 20 inches. The horizon is silt

loam, loam, or silty clay loam.

Scaredman Series

The Scaredman series consists of moderately

deep, well drained soils on side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 70 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Scaredman extremely gravelly

loam in an area of Illahee-Scaredman complex, 60 to

90 percent north slopes; 1,680 feet west and 1,995

feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 33, T. 23 S.,

R. 2 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

twigs, and leaves.

A—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) extremely gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3)

dry; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard,

very friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots and common

coarse roots; common very fine irregular pores;

55 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 17 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very

fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots and common

coarse roots; common fine irregular pores;

45 percent gravel and 5 percent cobbles; strongly

acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—17 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) very gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots and common coarse roots; common fine

irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and 15 percent

cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

R—29 inches; igneous rock.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to

75 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The

horizon is very gravelly loam or very cobbly loam and

is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 531

Sharpshooter Series

The Sharpshooter series consists of deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in colluvium and residuum derived from mica

schist. Slopes are 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Sharpshooter loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes; 945 feet west and 1,155 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 29, T. 30 S.,

R. 2 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium granular

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine, fine, medium,

and coarse roots; few very fine tubular and

irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

AB—5 to 10 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; few very fine

tubular and irregular pores; 10 percent gravel;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—10 to 19 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) loam,

yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak coarse

subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine

and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard,

friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common

very fine and fine tubular and irregular pores; 10

percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—19 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common very fine and fine tubular and

irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—31 to 45 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) gravelly loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common

very fine and fine tubular and irregular pores;

30 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cr—45 inches; weathered quartz mica schist.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A and AB horizons have chroma of 2 or 3

moist or dry.

The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y,

10YR, or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry,

and chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The upper part is

loam, clay loam, or gravelly loam.

The lower part of the Bw horizon and the BC

horizon, where present, have hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or

7.5YR, value of 3 to 6 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and

chroma of 2 to 4 moist and 3 to 6 dry. The horizons

are gravelly clay loam, gravelly loam, or very gravelly

clay loam and are 20 to 50 percent rock fragments.

Shivigny Series

The Shivigny series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on slumps and side slopes. These soils

formed in colluvium derived from volcanic rock.

Slopes are 3 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 65 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Shivigny very gravelly loam in an

area of Honeygrove-Shivigny complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 925 feet east and 50 feet north of the

southwest corner of sec. 19, T. 27 S., R. 2 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) very

gravelly loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

roots; many very fine tubular pores; 50 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; moderately acid;

clear wavy boundary.

AB—5 to 10 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

very gravelly loam, light reddish brown (5YR 6/4)

dry; strong medium granular structure; slightly

hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine, fine, and medium roots;

many very fine tubular pores; 35 percent gravel;

moderately acid; irregular wavy boundary.

BA—10 to 21 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

stony clay loam, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure

parting to strong medium granular; hard, friable,

sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

tubular pores and many fine and medium irregular

pores; 25 percent stones, 15 percent cobbles, and

10 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt1—21 to 33 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

stony clay, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; strong

medium angular and subangular blocky structure;
532 Soil Survey of

very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common very fine tubular pores and many fine

and medium irregular pores; few distinct clay films

on faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent stones,

20 percent cobbles, and 5 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary.

Bt2—33 to 47 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/8) very

stony clay, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; strong

medium angular and subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; few very fine

tubular pores and common fine and medium

irregular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 25 percent stones,

15 percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; very

strongly acid; gradual irregular boundary.

BCt—47 to 64 inches; mixed yellowish red (5YR 4/8)

and reddish brown (5YR 4/4) very stony clay,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots; few

very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; common distinct black

coatings on faces of peds; 30 percent stones,

15 percent cobbles, and 10 percent gravel; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3

or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry. The horizon is 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

The Bt and BCt horizons have hue of 7.5YR, 5YR,

or 2.5YR, value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and

chroma of 6 to 8 moist and 4 to 6 dry. The horizons

are very stony clay, very stony silty clay, or very stony

clay loam and are 35 to 60 percent rock fragments.

Sibold Series

The Sibold series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils on flood plains. These soils

formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 5 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Sibold fine sandy loam, 0 to 5

percent slopes; 2,100 feet west and 500 feet south of

the northeast corner of sec. 3, T. 28 S., R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; many fine distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure parting

to moderate very fine and fine granular; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many

very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

discontinuous tubular pores; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

A2—6 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; many fine and medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to fine and medium subangular

blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very

fine and fine and few medium continuous tubular

pores; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw—12 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

many fine and medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

mottles; few fine and medium very dark gray

(10YR 3/1) manganese stains; weak medium

prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and

medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine and few

medium continuous tubular pores; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt1—19 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

many fine and medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

mottles; few fine and medium very dark gray

(10YR 3/1) manganese stains; weak coarse

prismatic structure parting to moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots;

many very fine, fine, and medium continuous

tubular pores; many distinct and few prominent

dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of

peds, lining pores, and bridging sand grains;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—40 to 49 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; many

fine and medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; few

fine and medium very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

manganese stains; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine and few

medium continuous tubular pores; common

distinct and few prominent dark brown (7.5YR 4/4)

clay films on faces of peds, lining pores, and

bridging sand grains; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

2Bt3—49 to 63 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6)
Douglas County Area, Oregon 533

silty clay, yellow (10YR 7/6) dry; many medium

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) mottles; common fine

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese stains;

weak coarse and very coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

very plastic; few very fine roots; many fine,

medium, and coarse continuous tubular pores;

common prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay films lining pores and common faint

yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the profile.

Depth to the 2Bt horizon is 40 to 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 3 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is loam

or clay loam.

The 2Bt3 horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR

or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and

chroma of 5 to 7 moist or dry. The is silty clay or clay.

Siskiyou Series

The Siskiyou series consists of moderately deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on side slopes.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

granodiorite. Slopes are 60 to 90 percent. The mean

annual air temperature is about 35 inches, and the

mean annual precipitation is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Siskiyou sandy loam in an area of

Tethrick-Siskiyou complex, 60 to 90 percent north

slopes; 1,000 feet west and 2,400 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 30, T. 29 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam,

grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium

granular structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and common fine

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent

gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—4 to 13 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine, fine,

and medium roots; common very fine tubular

pores; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—13 to 28 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) sandy loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

few very fine, fine, and medium roots; common

very fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BC—28 to 32 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and

medium roots; common very fine tubular pores;

10 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Cr—32 inches; weathered granodiorite.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 7.5YR, or 10YR,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2

to 4 moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam, gravelly

sandy loam, or gravelly coarse sandy loam.

Sitkum Series

The Sitkum series consists of moderately deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on side slopes.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

granodiorite. Slopes are 60 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Sitkum sandy loam in an area of

Steinmetz-Sitkum complex, 60 to 90 percent north

slopes; 850 feet north and 600 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 25, T. 28 S, R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) sandy

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots,

common fine and medium roots, and few coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 12 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate very fine

and fine granular structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel;

neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—12 to 24 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

sandy loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;
534 Soil Survey of

common very fine roots and few fine, medium,

and coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores;

10 percent gravel; slightly acid; gradual wavy

boundary.

Bw2—24 to 38 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

sandy loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent

gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Cr—38 inches; weathered granodiorite.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam, loam, or gravelly sandy loam.

Speaker Series

The Speaker series consists of moderately deep,

well drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. These soils formed in colluvium and residuum

derived from sandstone, siltstone, and metamorphic

rock. Slopes are 2 to 75 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Speaker loam, 2 to 20 percent

slopes; 660 feet north and 350 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 25, T. 26 S., R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate very fine

and fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine

roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BAt—10 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

many very fine irregular and tubular pores;

common faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films

on faces of peds and in pores; common distinct

very fine coatings of sand in root channels and

pores; few fine shot fragments; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt—15 to 25 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; extremely

hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; few fine

and medium roots; common fine and medium

irregular and tubular pores; common distinct

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; few

prominent black (10YR 2/1) manganese stains;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BCt—25 to 31 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

gravelly clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; extremely hard, firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few fine and medium roots;

common fine and medium irregular and tubular

pores; common distinct yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

20 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Cr—31 inches; weathered sandstone; few very fine

roots penetrating sandstone material; coatings of

clean sand and silt on faces of fractures.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 moist

or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5 moist and 4 to 7 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 moist

or dry. The horizon is clay loam, loam, or gravelly clay

loam.

Stackyards Series

The Stackyards series consists of deep, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium derived from metamorphic rock. Slopes are

60 to 90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 90 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Stackyards extremely gravelly

loam, 60 to 90 percent north slopes; 1,650 feet north

and 1,650 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 2,

T. 37 S., R. 13 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A—0 to 10 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) extremely gravelly loam, grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) dry; moderate very fine and fine

subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine

granular; soft, very friable, nonsticky and
Douglas County Area, Oregon 535

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium and coarse roots; common very fine

irregular pores; 50 percent gravel and 15 percent

cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—10 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3)

extremely cobbly clay loam, pale brown (10YR

6/3) dry; moderate very fine and fine subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common fine and

medium roots and few coarse roots; many

very fine tubular pores; 40 percent gravel and

25 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—15 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) extremely cobbly loam, pale brown (10YR

6/3) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common fine and medium roots

and few coarse roots; many very fine tubular

pores; 25 percent gravel and 40 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw3—23 to 44 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) extremely cobbly clay loam, pale brown

(10YR 6/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few medium

and coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

25 percent gravel and 40 percent cobbles;

moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—44 inches; metamorphic rock.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry. It is 60 to

75 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

extremely cobbly loam, extremely cobbly clay loam, or

extremely gravelly clay loam and is 60 to 75 percent

rock fragments.

Steinmetz Series

The Steinmetz series consists of very deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on side slopes.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

granodiorite. Slopes are 60 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Steinmetz gravelly sandy loam in

an area of Steinmetz-Sitkum complex, 60 to 90

percent north slopes; 1,650 feet east and 850 feet

north of the southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 28 S.,

R. 3 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A1—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very

fine granular structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky

and nonplastic; many very fine roots and common

fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; 15 percent gravel; slightly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 15 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) sandy

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots and few coarse roots; many very fine tubular

pores; 10 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw1—15 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; firm, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots

and few coarse roots; many very fine tubular

pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; gradual

wavy boundary.

Bw2—30 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6)

sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; firm, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; few very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common very fine tubular pores; 10 percent

gravel; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. The

upper part of the horizon is gravelly sandy loam, and

the lower part is sandy loam.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 to 8

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or gravelly sandy loam.

Stinger Series

The Stinger series consists of moderately deep,

somewhat excessively drained soils on side slopes.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

granodiorite. Slopes are 60 to 90 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 55 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Stinger loam in an area of

Buckshot-Stinger complex, 60 to 90 percent north

slopes; 2,500 feet north and 1,600 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 21, T. 27 S., R. 3 W.
536 Soil Survey of

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, light

olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) dry; moderate very fine and

fine granular structure; slightly hard, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots

and common fine, medium, and coarse roots;

5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—3 to 17 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

sandy loam, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) dry; weak fine

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; 5 percent

gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bw2—17 to 30 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

sandy loam, pale yellow (2.5Y 7/3) dry; weak fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse

roots; 5 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt

wavy boundary.

Cr—30 inches; weathered granodiorite.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 3

or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3 or 4 moist

or dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 3

to 6 moist or dry. The horizon is sandy loam or loam.

Stockel Series

The Stockel series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on toeslopes and

alluvial fans. These soils formed in mixed alluvium

and colluvium derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 3 to 12 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Stockel fine sandy loam, 3 to 12

percent slopes; 1,300 feet west and 600 feet south of

the northeast corner of sec. 13, T. 27 S., R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; many fine and

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

mottles; moderate very fine and fine granular

structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots and

common medium roots; few very fine irregular

pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 9 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; many fine and

medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8)

mottles; moderate very fine and fine granular and

subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—9 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; many fine and

medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and

yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; many very fine and fine roots; many very

fine and fine tubular pores; few distinct dark brown

(7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—15 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

many fine and medium distinct grayish brown

(10YR 5/2) and brownish yellow (10YR 6/8)

mottles; moderate fine and medium subangular

blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; common very fine roots; many

very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; few

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; common medium

prominent very dark gray (10YR 3/1)

manganese stains; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt3—23 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) gravelly loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; many fine and medium distinct light

brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) mottles; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine

roots; many very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; few distinct dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay

films on faces of peds, in pores, and bridging

some sand grains; many fine and medium

prominent very dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese

stains; 20 percent fine sandstone gravel; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

BCt—31 to 43 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) gravelly sandy loam, light yellowish brown

(10YR 6/4) dry; many fine and medium distinct

light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and strong brown

(7.5YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots; many

very fine, fine, and medium tubular pores; few

faint dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films in pores

and bridging some sand grains; many fine and

medium prominent very dark gray (10YR 3/1)
Douglas County Area, Oregon 537

manganese stains; 25 percent sandstone gravel;

strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2Bt—43 to 63 inches; mottled, grayish brown (10YR

5/2) and strong brown (10YR 5/8) clay; weak very

coarse prismatic structure parting to coarse and

very coarse subangular blocky; very hard, very

firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine

roots; few very fine tubular pores; common distinct

clay films on faces of peds; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to the

2Bt horizon is 40 to 60 inches or more. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR. Mottles that are a result of

wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is

loam, gravelly loam, or gravelly sandy loam.

The 2Bt horizon has value of 5 or 6 moist or dry,

and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 7 or 8 dry.

Sutherlin Series

The Sutherlin series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on toeslopes,

footslopes, side slopes, and alluvial fans (fig. 24,

p. 557). These soils formed in alluvium and colluvium

derived from sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are

3 to 50 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Sutherlin silt loam, 3 to 12 percent

slopes; 900 feet north and 1,260 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 16, T. 27 S., R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 2 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common fine distinct

yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and light brownish

gray (10YR 6/2) mottles concentrated in root

channels; moderate fine and medium granular

structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

common very fine irregular and tubular pores;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

A2—2 to 8 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine tubular pores; moderately acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

BA—8 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

silt loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine and few medium tubular

pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—16 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR

5/8) mottles; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; common fine and medium

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; few

faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; many very fine and fine

prominent very dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese

stains; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt2—21 to 30 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) silty clay loam, light yellowish brown (10YR

6/4) dry; many medium distinct strong brown

(7.5YR 5/8 and 7.5YR 4/6) and yellowish brown

(10YR 5/8) mottles; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; many very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; many very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; many

very fine and fine prominent very dark gray (10YR

3/1) manganese stains; moderately acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

2BC—30 to 34 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) silty clay, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry;

many medium and coarse prominent grayish

brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

mottles; weak medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few fine and medium roots

concentrated along faces of peds; few fine tubular

pores; many fine prominent very dark gray (10YR

3/1) manganese stains; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

2C1—34 to 43 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

silty clay, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; many

medium and coarse distinct light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) and yellowish red (5YR 4/6) mottles;

massive; extremely hard, extremely firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; very few

very fine tubular pores; many medium prominent

very dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese stains;

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2C2—43 to 51 inches; mottled, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6 and 5/8) and light brownish gray

(10YR 6/2) silty clay; massive; extremely hard,

extremely firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; common

coarse prominent very dark gray (10YR 3/1)
538 Soil Survey of

manganese stains; 5 percent soft siltstone gravel;

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

2C3—51 to 60 inches; mottled, yellowish brown

(10YR 5/6 and 5/8) and light brownish gray (10YR

6/2) silty clay; massive; extremely hard, extremely

firm, very sticky and very plastic; many coarse

prominent very dark gray (10YR 3/1) manganese

stains; 15 percent soft siltstone gravel; strongly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to the

2BC horizon is 24 to 36 inches. The solum has hue of

10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR. Mottles that are a result of

wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam or clay loam.

The 2BC and 2C horizons have hue of 2.5Y or

10YR, value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and

chroma of 3 to 6 moist and 4 to 6 dry. The horizons

are clay or silty clay.

Svensen Series

The Svensen series consists of deep, well drained

soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils formed in

colluvium and residuum derived from sandstone.

Slopes are 3 to 75 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 80 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Svensen loam in an area of

Svensen-Millicoma-Reedsport complex, 35 to 75

percent slopes; 1,050 feet east and 1,320 feet north of

the southwest corner of sec. 5, T. 22 S., R. 12 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed spruce

needles, twigs, stems, and leaves.

A1—0 to 6 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) loam,

dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; strong very fine and

fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky

and slightly plastic; common fine and medium

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

10 percent soft gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—6 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium subangular blocky structure

parting to fine and medium granular; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine

and medium roots; many fine irregular pores;

10 percent soft gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

BA—12 to 21 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, sticky

and slightly plastic; few fine roots; many fine

tubular and irregular pores; 15 percent soft

sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw1—21 to 29 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; soft, friable, sticky

and plastic; few fine roots; many very fine and fine

tubular and irregular pores; 15 percent soft

sandstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bw2—29 to 41 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) clay

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; weak

coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots;

many very fine and fine tubular and irregular

pores; 10 percent soft sandstone gravel; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—41 to 52 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; massive;

soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine and fine tubular pores;

40 percent soft sandstone gravel and cobbles;

very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Cr—52 inches; weathered sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 5 moist or dry. It is loam

or clay loam.

The C horizon has variegated colors. It is loam, fine

sandy loam, or sandy loam and is 15 to 50 percent

soft rock fragments.

Sweetbriar Series

The Sweetbriar series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic rock. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 50 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Sweetbriar silty clay loam in an

area of Zing-Sweetbriar complex, 30 to 60 percent

slopes; 2,260 feet south and 735 feet east of the

northwest corner of sec. 14, T. 30 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—1.5 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR
Douglas County Area, Oregon 539

3/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2) dry; moderate fine and medium granular

structure and moderate very fine subangular

blocky; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine roots and common fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—3 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2) dry; moderate very fine and fine subangular

blocky structure; very hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; many very fine roots and common fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine and

fine irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—8 to 18 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay,

brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine and

fine tubular pores; common faint clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2—18 to 23 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear wavy boundary.

Bt3—23 to 29 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine and fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt4—29 to 38 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt5—38 to 53 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty

clay loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt6—53 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/4) clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic;

common very fine, fine, medium, and coarse

roots; common very fine and fine irregular pores;

few distinct clay films on faces of peds; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist and 2 to 4 dry.

The upper part of the Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5

moist and 4 to 6 dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist

or dry. It is silty clay or clay. The lower part of the

Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry,

and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay loam

or silty clay loam.

Telemon Series

The Telemon series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on side slopes and in

swales. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from volcanic tuff. Slopes are 3 to

60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

65 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Telemon gravelly clay loam in an

area of Thistleburn-Illahee-Telemon complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 2,730 feet east and 2,890 feet north of

the southwest corner of sec. 32, T. 28 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 8 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

gravelly clay loam, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine roots and common fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 20 percent

gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BAt—8 to 12 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3)

clay, reddish brown (5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine

and medium subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, very sticky and plastic; common

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; many very fine and fine irregular pores;
540 Soil Survey of

5 percent gravel; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Btg1—12 to 16 inches; mottled, strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay, reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) and light gray (5Y 7/1) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots

and few coarse roots; common very fine and fine

tubular pores; common slickensides; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Btg2—16 to 22 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/3) clay, light

olive gray (5Y 6/2) dry; many fine prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish yellow

(7.5YR 6/8) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, very firm,

very sticky and plastic; common very fine and fine

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

few slickensides; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Btg3—22 to 28 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4) clay, pale

olive (5Y 6/3) dry; many fine prominent strong

brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish yellow (7.5YR

6/8) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and plastic;

common very fine and fine roots; common very

fine tubular pores; common distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

2Btg4—28 to 37 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

clay, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; common

fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles,

reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; few very fine

roots; common very fine tubular pores; common

distinct and few prominent clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Btg5—37 to 48 inches; pale olive (5Y 6/4) clay loam,

light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; common fine

distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles, reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/8) dry; moderate medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few very fine roots; few very fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Btg6—48 to 60 inches; olive yellow (5Y 6/6) clay

loam, pale olive (5Y 6/4) dry; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky and

plastic; few very fine tubular pores; few distinct

clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 10

percent gravel; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the 2Btg

horizon.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 4

or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist.

The matrix of the 2Btg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or

5Y, value of 5 or 6 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma

of 2 to 4 moist and 1 to 4 dry. The upper part of the

horizon is clay or silty clay, and the lower part is clay

loam.

Templeton Series

The Templeton series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium derived from sandstone and siltstone.

Slopes are 30 to 75 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Templeton silt loam in an area of

Templeton-Millicoma complex, 30 to 50 percent

slopes; 715 feet east and 1,785 feet south of the

northwest corner of sec. 27, T. 22 S., R. 12 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A1—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silt loam,

dark brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; moderate fine

granular structure; soft, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many fine and medium roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; 10

percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—6 to 11 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silt loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure parting to fine

granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine and fine irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—11 to 20 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

weak fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; soft, friable, sticky and slightly plastic;

few fine and medium roots; many fine and

medium tubular pores; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bw1—20 to 32 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few

medium roots; common fine and medium tubular
Douglas County Area, Oregon 541

pores; 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Bw2—32 to 52 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; weak coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; few fine

roots; few fine and medium tubular pores; very

strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

BC—52 to 60 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, sticky and

plastic; few fine tubular pores; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The B horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 8 moist and 4 to 6 dry.

It is silty clay loam or silt loam.

Tethrick Series

The Tethrick series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium derived from granodiorite. Slopes are 60 to

90 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

35 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Tethrick sandy loam in an area of

Tethrick-Siskiyou complex, 60 to 90 percent north

slopes; 1,100 feet west and 2,400 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 30, T. 29 S., R. 4 W.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) sandy loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine granular

structure; soft, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

many very fine roots and few fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine irregular pores;

10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bw1—5 to 18 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very hard,

firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine

and fine roots and few medium and coarse roots;

many very fine tubular pores; 10 percent gravel;

moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bw2—18 to 29 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very hard,

firm, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common very

fine and fine roots and few medium and coarse

roots; many very fine tubular pores; 10 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw3—29 to 46 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

sandy loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; very hard,

firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common

very fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

BC—46 to 60 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

sandy loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/4) dry;

weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; common

very fine tubular pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly

acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 to 6 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The B horizon has value of 4 to 7 moist and 5 to 8

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 6 moist or dry. It is

sandy loam or coarse sandy loam.

Thistleburn Series

The Thistleburn series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils

formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

volcanic tuff. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 65 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Thistleburn clay loam in an area

of Thistleburn-Illahee-Telemon complex, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 715 feet west and 1,785 feet south of

the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 29 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A—0 to 10 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay

loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry;

moderate very fine, fine, and medium granular

structure; hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; many

very fine roots and common fine and medium

roots; many very fine irregular pores; very strongly

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

Bt1—10 to 19 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very

plastic; common very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; many very fine irregular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

Bt2—19 to 31 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

3/4) clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;
542 Soil Survey of

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, firm, very sticky and very

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

many prominent clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt3—31 to 40 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

very plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

many prominent clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

Bt4—40 to 49 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/8)

clay, yellow (10YR 7/8) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine and medium roots; common fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt5—49 to 55 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty

clay, reddish yellow (10YR 7/8) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine, fine, and medium roots; common fine

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

BCt—55 to 70 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) silty

clay loam, reddish yellow (10YR 7/8) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; few very fine

and fine roots; common fine tubular pores; few

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 3 moist and 2 or 3 dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 8 moist or dry. It is silty

clay or clay.

Threeforks Series

The Threeforks series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on side slopes. These soils formed in

colluvium and residuum derived from mica schist.

Slopes are 30 to 90 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 55 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Threeforks loam, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes; 1,365 feet west and 2,100 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 30 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine

and medium granular structure; slightly hard, firm,

sticky and slightly plastic, common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; few very fine tubular

and irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear smooth boundary.

BA—3 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine,

fine, and medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; few

very fine tubular and irregular pores; 5 percent

gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw1—11 to 20 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine and

fine tubular and irregular pores; 5 percent gravel;

moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bw2—20 to 33 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, sticky

and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine

roots and few medium and coarse roots;

common very fine and fine tubular and irregular

pores; 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bw3—33 to 49 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; hard,

firm, sticky and plastic, few very fine and fine

roots; common very fine and fine tubular and

irregular pores; few distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 30 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

BC—49 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) very

gravelly clay loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few very fine and

fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

and irregular pores; few distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 45 percent gravel

and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 543

The A and BA horizons have value of 2 or 3 moist

and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 1 to 3 moist

and 2 or 3 dry.

The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2

to 4 moist or dry. The horizon is loam, gravelly loam,

or gravelly clay loam.

The BC horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 3

or 4 moist or dry. The horizon is gravelly clay loam,

gravelly loam, or very gravelly clay loam and is 20 to

55 percent rock fragments.

Tishar Series

The Tishar series consists of deep, well drained

soils on side slopes and ridges. These soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived from sandstone,

siltstone, volcanic rock, and metamorphic rock.

Slopes are 3 to 80 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 45 inches, and mean annual air

temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Tishar gravelly silty clay loam in

an area of Tishar-McGinnis complex, 30 to 60 percent

south slopes; 1,000 feet north and 350 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 5, T. 31 S., R. 8 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 6 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly silty

clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; weak fine

granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine, fine,

and medium roots; many very fine and medium

irregular pores; 20 percent gravel; moderately

acid; clear wavy boundary.

AB—6 to 13 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly

silty clay loam, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry;

moderate fine subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and plastic; many very

fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine, fine,

and medium tubular pores; 20 percent gravel;

strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

BAt—13 to 22 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

gravelly silty clay, pink (7.5YR 7/4) dry; moderate

medium subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; common fine, medium, and

coarse roots; few very fine tubular pores; common

faint clay films on faces of peds; 40 percent gravel

and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid; gradual

smooth boundary.

Bt1—22 to 40 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

gravelly clay, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine and

medium roots; few very fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds; 40 percent

gravel and 10 percent cobbles; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—40 to 52 inches; yellowish red (5YR 4/6) very

gravelly clay, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few fine roots;

few very fine tubular pores; many distinct clay

films on faces of peds; 40 percent gravel and

10 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Cr—52 inches; weathered siltstone.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 3

to 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 6

to 8 moist or dry. The horizon is very gravelly clay or

very gravelly silty clay.

Umpcoos Series

The Umpcoos series consists of shallow, well

drained soils on side slopes, ridges, and headwalls.

These soils formed in colluvium derived from

sandstone. Slopes are 30 to 110 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 85 inches, and

the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Umpcoos very gravelly sandy

loam in an area of Umpcoos-Rock outcropDamewood complex, 60 to 90 percent slopes;

2,100 feet south and 50 feet west of the northeast

corner of sec. 7, T. 21 S., R. 9 W.

Oi—4 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves,

needles, and twigs.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) dry;

moderate very fine and fine granular structure;

soft, friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many

very fine, fine, and medium roots and few coarse

roots; many very fine irregular pores; 35 percent

gravel and 5 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bw—4 to 17 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) very

gravelly sandy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; weak

fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and nonplastic; many fine and

medium roots and common coarse roots; many

very fine tubular and irregular pores; 30 percent
544 Soil Survey of

gravel and 15 percent cobbles; very strongly acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

R—17 inches; sandstone.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is

extremely gravelly loam, very gravelly sandy loam, or

very cobbly loam and is 35 to 75 percent rock

fragments.

Vena Series

The Vena series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on side slopes and headwalls. These

soils formed in colluvium derived from welded tuff.

Slopes are 60 to 100 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 55 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Vena very gravelly loam in an

area of Vena-Rock outcrop complex, 60 to 100

percent slopes; 1,100 feet west and 2,700 feet south

of the northeast corner of sec. 10, T. 26 S., R. 2 W.

Oi—0.5 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

twigs.

A—0 to 5 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry;

moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine roots,

common fine roots, and few medium roots;

many very fine and common fine irregular pores;

45 percent gravel and 15 percent cobbles; slightly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw—5 to 21 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

extremely gravelly loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3)

dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots and

few medium roots; common very fine tubular

pores; 55 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—21 inches; tuff.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 2 to 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 to 8

dry, and it has chroma of 1 to 4 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, very cobbly loam, or extremely gravelly

loam and is 35 to 80 percent rock fragments.

Veneta Series

The Veneta series consists of very deep,

moderately well drained soils on old terraces, alluvial

fans, and footslopes. These soils formed in mixed

alluvium and colluvium derived from sandstone and

siltstone. Slopes are 0 to 20 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Veneta loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes; 2,640 feet north and 1,400 feet west of the

southeast corner of sec. 1, T. 27 S., R. 7 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky

and nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular and tubular

pores; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) loam, light

brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and nonplastic; many very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

few faint coatings of clean very fine sand and silt

on faces of peds and in pores; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

BA—9 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loam,

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, very

friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common

very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

and few medium tubular pores; few faint coatings

of clean very fine sand and silt on faces of peds

and in pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BAt—18 to 23 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine, medium,

and coarse subangular blocky structure, soft,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots; many very fine and fine

tubular pores; few faint clay films on faces of

peds; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—23 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; few fine reddish

yellow (7.5YR 6/6) and yellowish red (5YR 5/6)

mottles; moderate medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, sticky and

plastic; few very fine and fine roots; many very

fine and fine irregular and tubular pores; common

distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces
Douglas County Area, Oregon 545

of peds and in pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—30 to 38 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay,

light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; common fine

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very

fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

many fine and medium prominent very dark gray

(10YR 3/1) manganese stains; few fine shot

fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt—38 to 48 inches; mottled, strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few

very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

many fine and medium prominent very dark gray

(10YR 3/1) manganese stains; few fine shot

fragments; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

2BCt—48 to 63 inches; mottled, strong brown (7.5YR

5/8) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) clay;

weak medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; few

very fine roots; few very fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

many fine and medium prominent very dark gray

(10YR 3/1) manganese stains; 5 percent fine shot

fragments; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Depth to the

2Bt horizon is 24 to 40 inches. The profile has hue of

10YR or 7.5YR. Mottles that are a result of wetness

are below a depth of 20 inches.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is clay

loam, silty clay, or clay.

The 2Bt horizon is mottled clay with 55 to 65

percent clay.

Vermisa Series

The Vermisa series consists of shallow, somewhat

excessively drained soils on side slopes and

headwalls. These soils formed in colluvium derived

from sandstone and metamorphic rock. Slopes are 30

to 100 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 50 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 48 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Vermisa very gravelly loam in an

area of Beekman-Vermisa complex, 60 to 90 percent

south slopes; 1,980 feet west and 1,350 feet south of

the northeast corner of sec. 15, T. 31 S., R. 8 W.

A—0 to 4 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR 7/3)

dry; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard,

very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots; many

very fine irregular pores; 40 percent gravel and

15 percent cobbles; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bw—4 to 17 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4)

extremely gravelly loam, very pale brown (10YR

7/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine, fine, and medium roots;

common very fine, fine, and medium tubular

pores; 55 percent gravel and 20 percent cobbles;

slightly acid; clear wavy boundary.

R—17 inches; graywacke.

Depth to bedrock is 10 to 20 inches. The profile has

hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry. It is 35 to

60 percent rock fragments.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7

dry, and it has chroma of 3 to 6 moist or dry. It is very

gravelly loam, very gravelly silt loam, or extremely

gravelly loam and is 35 to 80 percent rock fragments.

Waldo Series

The Waldo series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

clayey alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 45 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Waldo silty clay loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 3,000 feet west and 2,500 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 13, T. 25 S., R. 6 W.

Ap—0 to 7 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2) dry; moderate very fine granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and common fine roots; many very fine

irregular pores; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

A—7 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silty clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR

4/2) dry; strong very fine granular structure;

slightly hard, friable, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and common fine roots; many very fine

irregular pores; moderately acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.
546 Soil Survey of

Bg1—11 to 24 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; common

medium distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) and

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; strong coarse

prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bg2—24 to 60 inches; gray (2.5Y N 5/0) clay, light

gray (2.5Y N 6/0) dry; common medium prominent

strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; strong coarse

prismatic structure; very hard, very firm, very

sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 moist

or dry.

The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y or is

neutral. It has value of 3 to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and

it has chroma of 0 to 2 moist or dry. It is silty clay or

clay.

Waldport Series

The Waldport series consists of very deep,

excessively drained soils on recently stabilized sand

dunes. These soils formed in eolian sand. Slopes are

0 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 75 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Waldport fine sand, 30 to 70

percent slopes; 1,635 feet west and 440 feet south of

the northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 22 S., R. 13 W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles and

leaves.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; single

grain; loose; many very fine, fine, and medium

roots; many very fine irregular pores; few faint iron

stains in root channels; very strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

AC—3 to 14 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

fine sand, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry;

single grain; loose; common very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

common faint iron stains in root channels; strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

C—14 to 62 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) fine

sand, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) dry; single

grain; loose; few very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; few faint iron

stains in root channels; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2

to 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 1 or 2 moist

or dry.

The AC horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of

3 to 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 2 to 4 moist

or dry.

The C horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y, value

of 3 to 6 moist and 4 to 7 dry, and chroma of 1 to 4

moist or dry.

Wasson Series

The Wasson series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils in swales on flood plains. These soils

formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about 52

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Wasson loam, 0 to 3 percent

slopes; 2,175 feet north and 625 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 4, T. 21 S., R. 10 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed leaves.

A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2)

loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; common fine

and medium distinct dark brown (7.5YR 3/4)

mottles; moderate fine and medium granular and

subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine roots and many fine and medium roots; many

fine irregular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

AC—8 to 12 inches; very dark grayish brown (2.5Y

3/2) very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (2.5Y

5/2) dry; many medium and coarse distinct dark

brown (7.5YR 3/4) mottles; weak fine and medium

subangular blocky structure parting to granular;

soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic;

common very fine roots and many fine and

medium roots; many fine tubular pores;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg1—12 to 23 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) loamy

fine sand, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry;

common medium and coarse prominent dark

brown (7.5YR 3/4) mottles; massive; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few fine and

common medium roots; few fine and common

medium irregular pores; strongly acid; clear

smooth boundary.

Cg2—23 to 43 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) fine

sandy loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) dry;

few fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

mottles; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky
Douglas County Area, Oregon 547

and nonplastic; common very fine and fine

irregular pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Cg3—43 to 52 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) loamy

fine sand, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry; massive;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic;

common very fine and fine irregular pores; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Cg4—52 to 60 inches; very dark gray (5Y 3/1) fine

sandy loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) dry;

massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

nonplastic; common very fine irregular pores; very

strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 2

or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The AC horizon, where present, has colors similar

to those of the A horizon.

The Cg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3

to 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 1 moist and

1 or 2 dry. The horizon is stratified very fine sandy

loam to loamy fine sand.

Willanch Series

The Willanch series consists of very deep, poorly

drained soils in swales on flood plains. These soils

formed in mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 80 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about 52

degrees F.

Typical pedon of Willanch fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 2,500 feet west and 10 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 1, T. 22 S., R. 12 W.

A—0 to 11 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) fine sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry;

common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR

5/6) mottles; weak fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and few fine roots;

many very fine tubular pores; moderately acid;

abrupt smooth boundary.

AC—11 to 20 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common

medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6)

mottles; weak medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine roots; many very

fine tubular pores; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

C—20 to 35 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2)

fine sandy loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2)

dry; many medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR

5/6) mottles; massive; slightly hard, friable,

nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine roots;

common very fine tubular pores; moderately acid;

abrupt wavy boundary.

Cg—35 to 60 inches; gray (2.5Y 5/0) loamy fine sand,

light gray (2.5Y 6/0) dry; many medium distinct

strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; single grain;

loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

moderately acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are throughout the profile.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The AC and C horizons have hue of 10YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry. The horizons are sandy loam or fine sandy

loam.

The Cg horizon has hue of 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5

moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 0 or 1 moist or

dry. The horizon is loamy fine sand or loamy sand.

Windygap Series

The Windygap series consists of deep, well drained

soils on toeslopes, footslopes, side slopes, and

ridges. These soils formed in colluvium and residuum

derived from sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 2 to

60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Windygap silt loam, 12 to 30

percent slopes; 1,215 feet west and 660 feet north of

the southeast corner of sec. 12, T. 24 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 3 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silt loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

granular structure; hard, firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many very fine and fine roots;

many very fine and fine irregular and tubular

pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—3 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silt loam,

brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and medium

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine

roots; many very fine and fine irregular and

tubular pores; strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt1—7 to 17 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay,

red (2.5YR 4/6) crushed, yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; common

fine and medium roots; many very fine and fine
548 Soil Survey of

irregular and tubular pores; few faint dark red

(2.5YR 3/6) clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt2—17 to 43 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay,

red (2.5YR 4/6) crushed, yellowish red (5YR 4/6)

dry; strong medium and coarse subangular

blocky structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few very fine, fine, and medium

roots; common very fine and fine tubular pores;

many distinct dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent soft

siltstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Bt3—43 to 55 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) silty clay,

red (2.5YR 4/6) crushed and dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

very hard, very firm, sticky and plastic; few very

fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores;

many distinct dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; 10 percent soft

siltstone gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

Crt—55 inches; highly weathered siltstone; many

prominent dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay films on rock

fragments; few very fine roots penetrating

fissures.

Depth to bedrock is 40 to 60 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR moist and

10YR or 7.5YR dry, value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 7

dry, and chroma of 2 to 6 moist or dry. The horizon is

silt loam or clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 5YR, or 2.5YR,

value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 7 dry, and chroma of 4

to 6 moist and 4 to 8 dry. The horizon is silty clay

loam, silty clay, or clay. In some pedons, the lower

part is as much as 50 percent soft, weathered rock

fragments.

Wintley Series

The Wintley series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on terraces. These soils formed in mixed

alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 75 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Wintley silt loam, 0 to 12 percent

slopes; 1,550 feet north and 85 feet east of the

southwest corner of sec. 6, T. 21 S., R. 7 W.

Oi—2 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, twigs, mosses, and lichens.

A1—0 to 4 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium granular structure;

soft, friable, sticky and plastic; many fine and

medium roots and few coarse roots; many fine

irregular pores; 10 percent gravel; very strongly

acid; clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 10 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4)

silty clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky and

granular structure; soft, friable, sticky and plastic;

many fine and medium roots and few coarse

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear smooth

boundary.

BA—10 to 19 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) silty clay

loam, strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few medium

roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores; very

strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—19 to 35 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty

clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few

fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—35 to 45 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty

clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few

fine roots; many very fine and fine tubular pores;

few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3—45 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) silty

clay loam, strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) dry; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many very

fine and fine tubular pores; few faint clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; very strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. The profile

has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR.

The A horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 to 4 moist and 3 or 4 dry.

The BA horizon has value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 4 to 6

dry, and it has chroma of 4 to 6 moist or dry. It is silty

clay loam, silty clay, or clay.

The 2C horizon, where present, has colors similar

to those of the Bt horizon. It is very gravelly loam,

gravelly loam, or very gravelly sandy loam and is 25

to 45 percent rock fragments.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 549

Wolfpeak Series

The Wolfpeak series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on footslopes, side slopes, and ridges.

These soils formed in colluvium and residuum derived

from granodiorite. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent. The

mean annual precipitation is about 35 inches, and the

mean annual air temperature is about 51 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Wolfpeak sandy loam, 30 to 60

percent south slopes; 2,200 feet north and 2,300 west

of the southeast corner of sec. 17, T. 29 S., R. 4 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 3 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

sandy loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; moderate

fine and medium granular structure; soft, very

friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine

roots and few fine, medium, and coarse roots;

many very fine irregular pores; 5 percent gravel;

slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

AB—3 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate very fine and fine subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and

nonplastic; common very fine roots and few fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine tubular

pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt

smooth boundary.

Bw—8 to 18 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate medium subangular blocky structure;

hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine roots and few fine, medium, and coarse

roots; many very fine tubular pores; 5 percent

gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bt1—18 to 25 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam,

pink (7.5YR 7/4) dry; moderate coarse subangular

blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; few very fine, fine, medium, and

coarse roots; common very fine tubular pores; few

faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—25 to 48 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam,

reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) dry; moderate coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; common very fine

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly

acid; gradual wavy boundary.

Bt3—48 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) clay

loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate

coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine

and fine roots; few very fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A and AB horizons have hue of 10YR or

7.5YR, value of 3 to 5 moist and 4 to 7 dry, and

chroma of 2 to 4 moist or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 4 to 6 moist and 5 to 7 dry, and chroma of 4

to 8 moist or dry. The horizon is loam, clay loam, or

gravelly clay loam.

Xanadu Series

The Xanadu series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on broad ridges and side slopes. These

soils formed in residuum and colluvium derived from

sandstone and siltstone. Slopes are 3 to 60 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 75 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Xanadu gravelly loam, 3 to 30

percent slopes; 2,460 feet south and 2,050 feet west

of the northeast corner of sec. 1, T. 21 S., R. 6 W.

Oi—3 inches to 0; slightly decomposed needles,

leaves, and twigs.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate very fine

and fine granular structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and

fine roots and common medium roots; many fine

and medium irregular pores; common faint

organic coatings on faces of peds and in pores;

30 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth

boundary.

A2—4 to 8 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) gravelly

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; soft, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine

roots and common medium roots; many fine and

medium irregular pores; few faint organic coatings

on faces of peds and in pores; 30 percent gravel;

moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

BAt—8 to 15 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4)

clay loam, yellowish red (5YR 5/6) dry; moderate

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly

plastic; common very fine and fine roots and few

medium roots; common very fine and fine and few

medium tubular pores; few faint clay films in
550 Soil Survey of

pores; few faint organic coatings in pores and on

faces of peds; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

Bt1—15 to 28 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay,

yellowish red (5YR 5/6) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; soft,

friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common

very fine and fine roots and few medium roots;

common very fine and fine and few medium

tubular pores; common faint clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2—28 to 45 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay,

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly

hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few

very fine and fine roots; few very fine tubular

pores; common faint clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid;

gradual smooth boundary.

BCt—45 to 60 inches; dark red (2.5YR 3/6) clay,

yellowish red (5YR 5/8) dry; weak medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; soft, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine

and fine roots; common very fine and fine tubular

pores; few faint clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 2

or 3 moist and 3 to 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

and 3 to 5 dry.

The BAt horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 3 to 6 moist

or dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5YR or 2.5YR, value of 3

or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 4 to 6 moist

and 4 to 8 dry.

Xerorthents

Xerorthents consists of well drained soils on side

slopes. These soils formed in residuum and colluvium

derived from a variety of parent material. Slopes are

30 to 80 percent. The mean annual precipitation is

about 45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature

is about 52 degrees F.

Reference pedon of Xerorthents in an area of

Xerorthents-Rock outcrop complex, 30 to 80 percent

slopes; 1,000 feet west and 150 feet south of the

northeast corner of sec. 25, T. 26 S., R. 6 W.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and

medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots; many very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; 25 percent gravel; moderately acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—4 to 14 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

very cobbly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR

5/4) dry; weak very fine and fine subangular

blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly

sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and

fine roots; many very fine and fine continuous

tubular pores; 40 percent cobbles; moderately

acid; abrupt smooth boundary.

R—14 inches; basalt.

Depth to bedrock is 4 to 60 inches or more. These

soils are clay loam to sandy loam and are 0 to 75

percent rock fragments.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 5YR,

value of 2 to 5 moist or dry, and chroma of 2 to 6

moist or dry.

Yachats Series

The Yachats series consists of very deep, well

drained soils on flood plains. These soils formed in

mixed alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean

annual precipitation is about 80 inches, and the mean

annual air temperature is about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Yachats fine sandy loam, 0 to 3

percent slopes; 1,000 feet east and 100 feet south of

the northwest corner of sec. 10, T. 21 S., R. 11 W.

A1—0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR

3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2)

dry; moderate very fine and fine granular

structure; very soft, very friable, slightly sticky and

nonplastic; many very fine and fine roots; many

very fine and fine irregular pores; strongly acid;

clear smooth boundary.

A2—5 to 12 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate very fine

and fine granular structure; very soft, very friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine

and fine roots; many very fine and fine irregular

pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw1—12 to 32 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure; very soft,

very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common

very fine and fine roots; many very fine tubular

pores; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.

Bw2—32 to 55 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) fine

sandy loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure; very soft,

very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; few
Douglas County Area, Oregon 551

very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

C—55 to 60 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sand, light

yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry; single grain;

loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine and

medium irregular pores; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more.

The A horizon has value of 2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5

dry, and it has chroma of 2 or 3 moist or dry.

The Bw horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and

chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is loam or fine sandy

loam.

The C horizon has value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6

dry, and it has chroma of 3 or 4 moist or dry. It is sand

or loamy fine sand.

Yoncalla Series

The Yoncalla series consists of very deep,

somewhat poorly drained soils on toeslopes,

footslopes, and alluvial fans. These soils formed in

colluvium derived from basalt. Slopes are 2 to 30

percent. The mean annual precipitation is about

45 inches, and the mean annual air temperature is

about 52 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Yoncalla silty clay loam, 2 to

20 percent slopes; 1,400 feet west and 1,815 feet

south of the northeast corner of sec. 22, T. 23 S.,

R. 5 W.

A—0 to 8 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2)

silty clay loam, dark brown (10YR 4/3) dry;

moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky

structure parting to moderate medium and coarse

granular; very hard, firm, sticky and plastic; many

very fine and fine roots and common medium

roots; many very fine and fine irregular pores;

5 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

Bw—8 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay

loam, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate medium

and coarse subangular blocky structure; very

hard, firm, sticky and very plastic; many very

fine and fine roots and few medium roots; many

very fine and fine irregular and tubular pores;

5 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Bt1—15 to 31 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay, brown

(10YR 5/3) dry; common fine distinct gray (10YR

5/1) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles;

moderate coarse angular blocky structure;

extremely hard, very firm, very sticky and very

plastic; few fine roots; few very fine and fine

tubular pores; common distinct clay films on faces

of peds and in pores; 10 percent gravel; 5 percent

manganese concretions 1 to 2 millimeters in

diameter; moderately acid; gradual smooth

boundary.

2Bt2—31 to 49 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) clay,

brown (10YR 5/3) dry; common fine faint gray

(10YR 5/1) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/6)

mottles; moderate coarse angular blocky

structure; extremely hard, very firm, very sticky

and very plastic; few very fine and fine tubular

pores; many prominent clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; 10 percent hard gravel and

5 percent soft gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth

boundary.

2Bt3—49 to 60 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; few fine distinct dark

gray (10YR 4/1) mottles and few faint strong

brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium

subangular blocky structure; extremely hard, firm,

sticky and plastic; few very fine tubular pores;

common distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 30 percent hard gravel and 15 percent soft

gravel; slightly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Thickness

of the mollic epipedon and depth to the 2Bt horizon

are 12 to 20 inches.

The A and Bw horizons have value of 2 or 3 moist

and 4 or 5 dry, and they have chroma of 2 or 3 dry.

The 2Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of

4 or 5 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 1 to 4 moist

or dry. The lower part of the horizon is clay or gravelly

clay.

Zalea Series

The Zalea series consists of moderately deep, well

drained soils on ridges. These soils formed in

colluvium and residuum derived from metamorphic

rock. Slopes are 15 to 30 percent. The mean annual

precipitation is about 90 inches, and the mean annual

air temperature is about 43 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Zalea gravelly loam in an area of

Zalea-Pyrady complex, 15 to 30 percent slopes;

2,200 feet south and 1,800 feet east of the northwest

corner of sec. 13, T. 37 S., R. 13 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

twigs, and woody material.

A1—0 to 4 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; moderate

very fine and fine subangular blocky structure;

soft, very friable, nonsticky and slightly plastic;

many very fine and fine roots and common

medium roots; many fine tubular pores;
552 Soil Survey of

15 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

A2—4 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly

loam, light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) dry;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many fine roots, common medium

roots, and few coarse roots; many fine tubular

pores; 15 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear

wavy boundary.

Bt1—8 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4)

gravelly clay loam, yellowish brown (10YR 6/4)

dry; moderate medium subangular blocky

structure; slightly hard, firm, slightly sticky and

slightly plastic; many fine and medium roots and

few coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores;

few distinct clay films on faces of peds and in

pores; 20 percent gravel and 15 percent soft rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt2—16 to 31 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y

6/4) dry; moderate medium angular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few coarse

roots; many very fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

20 percent gravel and 25 percent soft rock

fragments; very strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

Bt3—31 to 34 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4)

gravelly clay loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y

6/4) dry; moderate coarse angular blocky

structure; hard, firm, sticky and plastic; few

coarse roots; many very fine tubular pores; many

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

20 percent gravel, 3 percent cobbles, and

30 percent soft rock fragments; very strongly

acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

R—34 inches; siltstone.

Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

3 or 4 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

and 4 to 6 dry.

The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 4 or 5 moist and 5 or 6 dry, and chroma of

4 to 6 moist or dry.

Zing Series

The Zing series consists of very deep, somewhat

poorly drained soils on footslopes and side slopes

and in swales. These soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from granodiorite, volcanic rock,

and metamorphic rock. Slopes are 0 to 45 percent.

The mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches,

and the mean annual air temperature is about

49 degrees F.

Typical pedon of Zing loam in an area of

Zing-Sweetbriar complex, 30 to 60 percent slopes;

80 feet east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest

corner of sec. 36, T. 28 S., R. 3 W.

Oi—1 inch to 0; slightly decomposed needles, leaves,

and twigs.

A—0 to 7 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loam, brown

(7.5YR 4/2) dry; strong very fine, fine, and

medium granular structure; slightly hard, friable,

slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very

fine, fine, medium, and coarse roots; many very

fine irregular pores; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

BA—7 to 10 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay

loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; moderate very fine

and fine subangular blocky structure; hard, firm,

very sticky and plastic; common very fine, fine,

medium, and coarse roots; many very fine

irregular pores; strongly acid; clear wavy

boundary.

2Bt—10 to 17 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR

4/6) clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) dry; few

fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles;

moderate fine and medium subangular blocky

structure; very hard, very firm, very sticky and

plastic; common very fine, fine, and medium

roots; many very fine tubular pores; common

distinct clay films on faces of peds and in pores;

strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary.

2Btg1—17 to 24 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) clay, gray (5Y

6/1) dry; common medium yellowish red (5YR 4/6

and 5YR 5/8) mottles; moderate medium and

coarse subangular blocky structure; very hard,

firm, very sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots; many very fine tubular

pores; common distinct clay films on faces of

peds and in pores; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2Btg2—24 to 36 inches; gray (5Y 5/1) clay, light

gray (5Y 6/1) dry; common medium prominent

yellowish red (5YR 4/6) mottles, yellowish red

(5YR 5/8) dry; moderate medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; very hard, firm,

very sticky and plastic; common very fine,

fine, and medium roots; many very fine tubular

pores; few distinct clay films on faces of peds

and in pores; strongly acid; abrupt wavy

boundary.

2BCt1—36 to 45 inches; gray (5Y 6/1) clay, light gray
Douglas County Area, Oregon 553

(5Y 6/1) dry; many medium yellowish red (5YR

4/6) and strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) mottles; weak

medium and coarse subangular blocky structure;

hard, firm, very sticky and plastic; common very

fine and fine roots; common very fine tubular

pores; few distinct clay films on faces of peds and

in pores; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

2BCt2—45 to 62 inches; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) clay,

light gray (5Y 7/1) dry; many medium yellowish

red (5YR 4/6) mottles; weak medium and coarse

subangular blocky structure; hard, firm, very

sticky and plastic; few very fine roots; common

very fine tubular pores; few distinct clay films on

faces of peds and in pores; strongly acid.

Depth to bedrock is 60 inches or more. Mottles that

are a result of wetness are at a depth of 10 to 30

inches.

The A horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of

2 or 3 moist and 4 or 5 dry, and chroma of 2 or 3 moist

or dry.

The BA horizon has hue of 2.5Y, 10YR, or 7.5YR,

value of 3 or 4 moist and 4 to 6 dry, and chroma of 2

to 4 moist or dry. The horizon is loam, clay loam, or

silty clay loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR, value

of 4 or 5 moist and 6 or 7 dry, and chroma of 1 to 4

moist or dry. The horizon is clay loam, silty clay loam,

or clay.
554 Soil Survey of

Figure 17.—Typical profile of Chamate extremely gravelly

loam, 30 to 60 percent slopes.

Figure 18.—Profile of a Climax soil. A lithic contact is at a

depth of about 24 inches.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 555

Figure 19.—Profile of a Conser soil. The water table is at a

depth of 60 inches. The A horizon extends from the

surface to a depth of 7 inches. The B horizon is at a depth

of 7 inches and extends to a depth of 20 inches.

Figure 20.—Profile of a Dubakella soil. A lithic contact is at a

depth of about 24 inches.
556 Soil Survey of

Figure 21.—Typical profile of Natroy clay, 0 to 2 percent

slopes. The lithologic discontinuity is at a depth of 40

inches (1 meter). Tape is marked at 10-centimeter

increments.

Figure 22.—Profile of a Netarts soil. The E horizon extends

from the surface to a depth of 10 inches. The Bs horizon

is at a depth of 10 inches and extends to a depth of 36

inches.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 557

Figure 23.—Profile of a Packard soil. The dark-colored mollic

epipedon extends from the surface to a depth of about 24

inches.

Figure 24.—Profile of a Sutherlin soil. The A horizon extends

from the surface to a depth of 10 inches. The Bt horizon

is at a depth of 10 inches and is underlain by the 2C

horizon at a depth of 40 inches.

559

Frank F. Reckendorf, sedimentation geologist, Natural

Resources Conservation Service, helped to prepare this section.

In this section, the factors that influence the

formation of soil are defined and soil development

within the six geographic areas in the survey area is

discussed. The geographic areas are the Coastal

Lowlands and Mountains, Interior Valley Lowlands,

Interior Mountains, Klamath Mountains, Coast Range

Mountains, and Western Cascade Mountains (see

figure 1, page 22).

Factors of Soil Formation

Soil is the earth’s outermost layer. It is a collection

of natural bodies that supports or is capable of

supporting plants. Soils form when climatic and

biological forces physically and chemically alter

parent material. Parent material can be organic

accumulations or geologic material such as granite,

volcanic ash, peat, dunes, or alluvium. Relief and

time influence the rate of soil formation. Climate,

biological activity, parent material, relief, and time

are known by soil scientists as the five soil-forming

factors.

Climate

Climate is a very important soil-forming factor.

Temperature and precipitation constantly alter the

physical and chemical makeup of parent material to

form soil. Temperature affects the rate of weathering

of parent material—ice wedges fracture rock, cold

temperatures inhibit biological activity, and warm

temperatures enhance oxidation, reduction, and

hydrolysis. Precipitation results in translocation of

clay and minerals within soil, leaching of carbonates

and bases from soil, weathering of parent material,

and deposition of alluvium. Precipitation is required

for chemical reactions such as oxidation, reduction,

and hydrolysis (Buol and others, 1980).

Climate in the survey area is highly variable.

Rainfall ranges from 60 to 90 inches in the udic

moisture regime along the Pacific Coast to 35 to 60

inches in the xeric moisture regime of the interior

valleys. Temperature ranges from the isomesic

temperature regime along the coast to the frigid and

cryic temperature regimes of the high-elevation

mountains. Most of the soils in the survey area,

except the late Holocene alluvial deposits along

streams, are leached of bases and carbonates.

Biological Activity

Biological activity that affects soil formation in

the survey area can be grouped into two vegetative

areas—the forested regions and the interior

valleys of Western Oregon (Franklin and Dyrness,

1973).

The forested regions in the survey area support

dominantly conifer species. The soils in these regions

typically are acidic and low in bases and carbonates,

and they have a layer of duff on the surface. Soil

microbes contribute to the acidic conditions; fungal

mats beneath the layer of duff and mycorrhiza

associated with many plant roots liberate nutrients

for forest plants, creating acids as a by-product.

Bacteria oxidize minerals, transform heavy metals,

and convert organic carbon to humus. Acids, which

benefit forest plants, are also a by-product of these

processes. Arthropods convert organic carbon to

humus, which helps to create soil structure. Natural

activity, such as plant roots fracturing and loosening

bedrock, trees falling, burrowing animals mixing the

layer of duff with the mineral soil material, and

animals trampling the soil surface, draws humus

down into the soil, improving soil aeration and

structure. Earthworms, which are limited by the

acidic conditions, contribute to a lesser degree

to the formation of soils in coniferous forests by

mixing organic matter with mineral matter (Pritchett,

1979). Most of the forested soils are Alfisols, Ultisols,

Inceptisols, and Andisols.

The interior valleys, consisting of flood plains, river

terraces, footslopes, and low-elevation hill slopes,

support dominantly grassland and oak savannah

vegetation with scattered conifer forests (fig. 25). Soil

formation processes in areas of grassland consist

Formation of the Soils
560 Soil Survey of

dominantly of organic matter accumulating at the soil

surface as a result of the annual cycling of dying

grass roots. The resulting dark color and high base

status extends down into the soil as a result of the

reworking of the soil and organic matter by

earthworms, ants, and moles and other rodents

(Buol and others, 1980). Most of the grassland soils

are Mollisols. Biological activity in areas of oak

woodland is similar to that in areas of conifer forests,

but the soils that support deciduous forests have

more bases because the litter from the deciduous

leaves provides bases that are cycled into the soil

annually (Pritchett, 1979).

Parent Material

Parent material consists of consolidated and

unconsolidated material derived from rocks and

organic matter accumulations. The chemical and

mineralogical characteristics of soils are inherited

from the parent material. The section “General Nature

of the Survey Area” provides more information on the

geology of the survey area.

The soils in the survey area formed in coastal

eolian dunes, deep organic accumulations, old

alluvium on marine terraces and river terraces, recent

alluvium on flood plains, residuum and colluvium

Figure 25.—Typical vegetation of the interior valleys. Oakland soils support oak savannah, and Nonpareil soils support grassland.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 561

derived from granodiorite, serpentine, schist, basalt,

volcanic breccia, flow tuff, sandstone, siltstone, and

conglomerate (Ramp, 1972). Examples of soil orders

and suborders on various kinds of parent material are

Psamments that formed in vegetated, stabilized

coastal dunes deposited by offshore winds; Histosols

that formed in deep organic accumulations along the

coast, in interdunal areas; Spodosols that formed on

the sandy lower marine terraces; and Andisols and

Ultisols that formed on the loamy higher marine

terraces. Soils that formed in residuum in the

mountains vary according to the parent material, but

most are Inceptisols, Alfisols, and Ultisols. An

exception is Andisols that formed in residuum and

colluvium at the high elevations. Most of the alluvial

soils in the survey areas are Mollisols derived from

mixed sources. Exceptions are a small acreage of

Andisols derived from ash originating from the

prehistoric eruption of Mt. Mazama in the Cascades,

serpentinitic Mollisols originating from serpentine

uplands, and Vertisols originating from volcanic

uplands.

Relief

Relief, consisting of the aspect, shape, and grade

of a slope, can enhance or inhibit the rate of soil

formation by affecting evaporation, erosion,

temperature, and internal soil drainage.

The aspect of a slope affects soil-forming factors

such as biological activity and climate. On south- and

southwest-facing slopes, intense solar radiation

increases evaporation and soil temperature, but on

north-facing slopes, the soils remain moist into

summer. Commonly, soils on south-facing slopes are

shallower than those on adjacent north-facing slopes

(particularly in the Interior Lowlands and Klamath

Mountains). Most shallow soils that support grassland

are on south-facing slopes, and soils on north-facing

slopes commonly have a thicker layer of duff on the

forest floor.

The shape of a slope also affects soil formation. In

concave positions, such as swales, a perched water

table results in cool temperatures and anaerobic

conditions, slowing down biological activity and

inhibiting soil formation. In nearly level and convex

areas, however, the soils are well drained and soil

formation is unimpeded.

Finally, the grade of a slope affects soil formation.

The very steep and steep slopes of the mountains,

hills, headwalls, and escarpments are called active

and metastable slopes. On these slopes, events such

as rockfalls, sloughing, slumping, and raveling

continually remove and mix parent material and soil

material and restrict soil development. Soils on these

slopes develop only a cambic horizon and are only

partially leached of bases and carbonates. The

moderate, gentle, and nearly level slopes on broad

ridges and plateaus are called stable slopes (Parsons,

1978). The soils on these slopes stay in place long

enough to develop an argillic horizon and an umbric or

mollic epipedon, and they are partially or nearly

completely leached of bases and carbonates.

Time

Time is needed for weathering of parent material

and development of diagnostic soil characteristics.

The longer period of time a landform is stationary, the

greater the opportunity for a soil on the landform to

develop characteristics that exhibit the effects of the

other soil-forming factors. The effect of time on the

development of an argillic horizon is illustrated by

comparing landforms of differing ages. The Ingram

geomorphic surface, a low flood plain, is estimated to

be about 555 years old (plus or minus 100 years) to

3,290 years old (plus or minus 120 years) (Balster and

Parsons, 1966). The Newberg soils (Haploxerolls) on

the Ingram surface do not have diagnostic subsoil

horizons. The Winkle geomorphic surface, an

abandoned flood plain, is about 5,250 years old (plus

or minus 270 years) (Reckendorf and Parsons, 1966).

The Coburg soils (Argixerolls) on the Winkle surface

have an argillic horizon. The Eola geomorphic

surface, a stable pediment remnant, is estimated to be

at least 9,570 years old (Balster and Parsons, 1966).

The Jory soils (Palehumults) on the Eola surface have

strong argillic development.

The effect of time on soil formation is also exhibited

by the base saturation. The base saturation level of

the soils in the Willamette Valley decreases as the

age of the landform increases, indicating leaching in

the older soils (Parsons and others, 1970).

Soil Development

The principles of geomorphology were used by field

soil scientists during this survey. Some

reconnaissance studies have been done on the

relationship of the soils in the survey area to

geomorphic surfaces (Reckendorf, 1987). Correlations

have been made between landforms in the survey

area and geomorphic surfaces in the survey areas

immediately surrounding it. These include studies of

the Willamette Valley (Balster and Parsons, 1968;

Reckendorf, 1992; Parsons, 1978; Parsons and

others, 1973), the coast of southern Oregon

(Nettleton and others, 1982), the entire Oregon coast
562 Soil Survey of

(Reckendorf, 1975), the Pioneer surface along the

Oregon coast (Patching, 1984), and the Upper Rogue

Valley (Parsons and Herriman, 1976).

In the following paragraphs, soil development in the

six geographic areas in the survey area is discussed.

The characteristics of the major soils in each of the

geographic areas are summarized in the chart at the

end of this section.

Coastal Lowlands and Mountains

This area encompasses the westernmost part of

the survey area. Along the Pacific Ocean, parent

material has the strongest influence on soil formation,

with Psamments forming in the eolian sand dunes.

Climate is the most important soil-forming factor

inland because of the presence of moist marine air

year round. The inland soils are leached of bases,

support upland coniferous forests that produce a thick

layer of duff, and have sufficient organic matter to

form Humitropepts. Fulvudands form in areas where

the rock is of volcanic origin. Geomorphic surfaces

recognized along the ocean are the Horseshoe,

Ingram, Whiskey Run, and Pioneer surfaces

(Nettleton and others, 1982), and those of the

adjacent inland areas are the Horseshoe, Ingram,

Winkle, and Dolph surfaces. The mountains in this

geographic area are in the Looney geomorphic unit,

which is a composite of stable, metastable, and active

slopes too small to be mapped individually (Balster

and Parsons, 1968).

Interior Valley Lowlands

This area includes the flood plains, terraces,

alluvial fans, and hills in the central part of the survey

area. The native vegetation is grassland and oak

savannah with some conifer trees. The summers are

hot and dry, and the winters are cool and wet. As a

result, all of the soils in this area are partially leached

of bases, most of the soils have had some

translocation of clay, and many of the soils have a

mollic epipedon. Haploxerolls formed on the alluvial

flood plains, Argixerolls formed on the terraces and

on the hills derived from metamorphic basalt,

Haploxeralfs formed on the hills and alluvial fans

derived from sedimentary rock, very shallow

Xerorthents and shallow Xerochrepts formed on the

south-facing hills derived from sedimentary rock,

and Haploxererts formed on the alluvial fans

derived from basalt. In this part of the survey area,

the south-facing slopes are droughty and the soils

on these slopes commonly are shallower than those

on the adjacent north-facing slopes. Geomorphic

surfaces in this area are the Horseshoe, Ingram,

Luckiamute, Winkle, Senecal, Camp, Dolph, and

Eola surfaces (fig. 26). The Camp surface, which

has been identified near Days Creek, was

Figure 26.—Cross section of the South Umpqua Valley showing the relationship of the soils to the geomorphic surfaces.

Beekman

Acker

Dumont

Dumont

Sutherlin

Sutherlin

Fordice

Roseburg 

Evans

River Holocene alluvium

Dolph 

surface

Camp 

surface Winkle 

surface Ingram 

 surface

Horseshoe surface

Looney

 unit

Metamorphic rock

Pleistocene alluvium

 Eola

surface

Camas
Douglas County Area, Oregon 563

recognized as unique to the survey area (fig. 27)

(Reckendorf, 1987).

Coast Range Mountains

This area encompasses the western part of the

survey area. The soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from sedimentary and igneous rock.

Climate is the dominant soil-forming factor in this area

because of the presence of moist marine air year

round. The soils are leached of bases, support upland

coniferous forests that produce a thick layer of duff,

and have sufficient organic matter to form Humults on

the gentle and moderate slopes and Haplumbrepts

and Dystrochrepts on the steep and very steep

slopes. Hapludands form at the high elevations in

areas where the bedrock is of volcanic origin. The

Coast Range Mountains are in the Looney

geomorphic unit. Extensive areas of stable surfaces in

this geographic area are on the Eola geomorphic

surface.

Interior Mountains

This area encompasses the mountains in the

central part of the survey area. The soils formed in

residuum and colluvium derived from sedimentary and

igneous rock. The natural vegetation is coniferous

forests, but some areas have been converted to

pasture and hay, cropland, or tree farms. The

summers are hot and dry, and the winters are cool

and wet. All of the soils in this area are partially

leached of bases. On the stable landforms, such as

the broad ridges and plateaus, translocation of clay

has taken place in the soils, the coniferous forests

have produced a thick layer of duff, and the soils have

Figure 27.—Coburg soils on the Winkle surface in foreground, Pengra soils on the Camp surface in center, and Josephine soils on

the Looney unit in background.
564 Soil Survey of

sufficient organic matter to form Humults. Haploxeralfs

have formed on the metastable mountainsides, and

Dystric Xerochrepts have formed on the active

mountainsides. The Interior Mountains are in the

Looney geomorphic unit. Extensive areas of stable

surfaces in this geographic area are included in the

Eola geomorphic surface.

Klamath Mountains

This area encompasses the southern part of the

survey area. The soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from metamorphic sedimentary and

igneous rock, granite, and serpentine. The summers

are hot and dry, and the winters are cool and wet. All

of the soils are partially leached of bases. The natural

vegetation is coniferous forests with some native

grassland on south-facing slopes. Palexerults and

Haploxeralfs formed in the forested areas on the

stable landforms, such as broad ridges and plateaus,

and on metastable side slopes. Xerochrepts formed

on the active hillsides and mountainsides and on

south-facing side slopes. The soils on the south-facing

slopes are shallow and are underlain by sedimentary

rock. Haploxerolls formed in areas of native grassland

and in areas of dark-colored parent material, such as

metamorphic basalt and schist. In this part of the

survey area, relief greatly influences soil formation.

Soils on south-facing slopes commonly are shallower

than those on adjacent north-facing slopes, and most

shallow soils that support grassland are on southfacing slopes. The Klamath Mountains are in the

Looney geomorphic unit.

Western Cascade Mountains

This area encompasses the eastern part of the

survey area. The soils formed in residuum and

colluvium derived from basalt, andesite, andesitic

agglomerate, welded tuff, and ashflow tuff. The area is

dominated by a relatively cool, moist montane climate.

The soils are leached of bases, support upland

coniferous forests that produce a thick layer of duff,

and have sufficient organic matter to form Humults on

the gentle and moderate slopes and Umbrepts on the

steep and very steep slopes. Udands and Cryands

form at the high elevations. The Western Cascade

Mountains are in the Looney geomorphic unit.

Extensive areas of stable surfaces in this geographic

area are on the Eola geomorphic surface.
Douglas County Area, Oregon 565 			
  																																																																																																							 								
								
											
								
																			 		
																																																																																  
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edition. Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula, Montana.

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Standard specifications for highway materials and methods of sampling and

testing. 20th edition, 2 volumes.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2001. Standard classification of

soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Stand. D 2487-00.

Baldwin, Ewart M. 1981. Geology of Oregon. 3rd edition. Kendall/Hunt Publishing

Company, Dubuque, Iowa; Toronto, Ontario.

Balster, C.A., and R.B. Parsons. 1966. A soil-geomorphic study in the Oregon Coast

Range. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 89, Oregon

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Balster, C.A., and R.B. Parsons. 1968. Geomorphology and soils, Willamette Valley,

Oregon. Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station Special Report 265, Oregon

State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

Barnes, G.H. 1962. Yield of even-aged stands of western hemlock. U.S. Department of

Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1273.

Beckham, Stephen Dow. 1977. The Indians of western Oregon. Arago Books, Coos

Bay, Oregon.

Beckham, Stephen Dow. 1986. The land of the Umpqua. Douglas County

Commissioners, Roseburg, Oregon.

Buol, S.W., F.D. Hole, and R.J. McCracken. 1980. Soil genesis and classification.

1980. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.

Chandler, Stephen L. 1981. Cow Creek Valley; from Mi-wa-leta to New Odessa. The

Drain Enterprise, Drain, Oregon.

Cornutt, J.M. 1971. Cow Creek Valley memories: The early settlers of Riddle, Oregon.

Industrial Publishers Company, Eugene, Oregon.

Cubic, Keith L., and Robert Tribble. 1989. The timber dependent economy of Douglas

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Curtis, Robert O. 1992. A new look at an old question—Douglas-fir culmination age.

Western Journal of Applied Forestry, 7 (4).

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575

ABC soil. A soil having an A, a B, and a C horizon.

AC soil. A soil having only an A and a C horizon.

Commonly, such soil formed in recent alluvium or

on steep, rocky slopes.

Aeration, soil. The exchange of air in soil with air

from the atmosphere. The air in a well aerated soil

is similar to that in the atmosphere; the air in a

poorly aerated soil is considerably higher in

carbon dioxide and lower in oxygen.

Aggregate, soil. Many fine particles held in a single

mass or cluster. Natural soil aggregates, such

as granules, blocks, or prisms, are called peds.

Clods are aggregates produced by tillage or

logging.

Alluvial fan. The fanlike deposit of a stream where

it issues from a gorge upon a plain or of a

tributary stream near or at its junction with its

main stream.

Alluvium. Material, such as sand, silt, or clay,

deposited on land by streams.

Animal unit month (AUM). The amount of forage

required by one mature cow of approximately

1,000 pounds weight, with or without a calf, for

1 month.

Aquic conditions. Current soil wetness characterized

by saturation, reduction, and redoximorphic

features.

Area reclaim (in tables). An area difficult to reclaim

after the removal of soil for construction and other

uses. Revegetation and erosion control are

extremely difficult.

Argillic horizon. A subsoil horizon characterized by

an accumulation of illuvial clay.

Aspect. The direction in which a slope faces.

Association, soil. A group of soils or miscellaneous

areas geographically associated in a

characteristic repeating pattern and defined and

delineated as a single map unit.

Available water capacity (available moisture

capacity). The capacity of soils to hold water

available for use by most plants. It is commonly

defined as the difference between the amount of

soil water at field moisture capacity and the

amount at wilting point. It is commonly expressed

as inches of water per inch of soil. The capacity,

in inches, in a 60-inch profile or to a limiting layer

is expressed as:

Very low ........................................................... 0 to 3

Low ................................................................... 3 to 6

Moderate .......................................................... 6 to 9

High ................................................................ 9 to 12

Very high .............................................. more than 12

Backslope. The position that forms the steepest and

generally linear, middle portion of a hillslope. In

profile, backslopes are commonly bounded by a

convex shoulder above and a concave footslope

below.

Basal area. The area of a cross section of a tree,

generally referring to the section at breast height

and measured outside the bark. It is a measure of

stand density, commonly expressed in square

feet.

Basal till. Compact glacial till deposited beneath the

ice.

Base saturation. The degree to which material

having cation-exchange properties is saturated

with exchangeable bases (sum of Ca, Mg, Na,

and K), expressed as a percentage of the total

cation-exchange capacity.

Base slope. A geomorphic component of hills

consisting of the concave to linear (perpendicular

to the contour) slope that, regardless of the lateral

shape, forms an apron or wedge at the bottom of

a hillside dominated by colluvium and slope-wash

sediments (for example, slope alluvium).

Bedding planes. Fine strata, less than 5 millimeters

thick, in unconsolidated alluvial, eolian, lacustrine,

or marine sediment.

Bedrock. The solid rock that underlies the soil and

other unconsolidated material or that is exposed

at the surface.

Bedrock-controlled topography. A landscape where

the configuration and relief of the landforms are

determined or strongly influenced by the

underlying bedrock.

Bisequum. Two sequences of soil horizons, each of

which consists of an illuvial horizon and the

overlying eluvial horizons.

Blowout. A shallow depression from which all or most

Glossary
576 Soil Survey of

of the soil material has been removed by the wind.

A blowout has a flat or irregular floor formed by a

resistant layer or by an accumulation of pebbles

or cobbles. In some blowouts the water table is

exposed.

Bottom land. The normal flood plain of a stream,

subject to flooding.

Boulders. Rock fragments larger than 2 feet (60

centimeters) in diameter.

Breast height. An average height of 4.5 feet above

the ground surface; the point on a tree where

diameter measurements are ordinarily taken.

Brush management. Use of mechanical, chemical, or

biological methods to make conditions favorable

for reseeding or to reduce or eliminate competition

from woody vegetation and thus allow understory

grasses and forbs to recover. Brush management

increases forage production and thus reduces the

hazard of erosion. It can improve the habitat for

some species of wildlife.

Butte. An isolated small mountain or hill with steep

or precipitous sides and a top variously flat,

rounded, or pointed that may be a residual

mass isolated by erosion or an exposed volcanic

neck.

Cable yarding. A method of moving felled trees to a

nearby central area for transport to a processing

facility. Most cable yarding systems involve use of

a drum, a pole, and wire cables in an arrangement

similar to that of a rod and reel used for fishing. To

reduce friction and soil disturbance, felled trees

generally are reeled in while one end is lifted or

the entire log is suspended.

Canopy. The leafy crown of trees or shrubs. (See

Crown.)

Canyon. A long, deep, narrow, very steep sided

valley with high, precipitous walls in an area of

high local relief.

Capillary water. Water held as a film around soil

particles and in tiny spaces between particles.

Surface tension is the adhesive force that holds

capillary water in the soil.

Catena. A sequence, or “chain,” of soils on a

landscape that formed in similar kinds of parent

material but have different characteristics as a

result of differences in relief and drainage.

Cation. An ion carrying a positive charge of electricity.

The common soil cations are calcium, potassium,

magnesium, sodium, and hydrogen.

Cation-exchange capacity. The total amount of

exchangeable cations that can be held by the soil,

expressed in terms of milliequivalents per 100

grams of soil at neutrality (pH 7.0) or at some

other stated pH value. The term, as applied to

soils, is synonymous with base-exchange

capacity but is more precise in meaning.

Chemical treatment. Control of unwanted vegetation

through the use of chemicals.

Chiseling. Tillage with an implement having one or

more soil-penetrating points that shatter or loosen

hard, compacted layers to a depth below normal

plow depth.

Clay. As a soil separate, the mineral soil particles less

than 0.002 millimeter in diameter. As a soil

textural class, soil material that is 40 percent or

more clay, less than 45 percent sand, and less

than 40 percent silt.

Clay depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron, manganese, and clay because of

the chemical reduction of iron and manganese

and the removal of iron, manganese, and clay. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Clay film. A thin coating of oriented clay on the

surface of a soil aggregate or lining pores or root

channels. Synonyms: clay coating, clay skin.

Claypan. A slowly permeable soil horizon that

contains much more clay than the horizons above

it. A claypan is commonly hard when dry and

plastic or stiff when wet.

Climax plant community. The stabilized plant

community on a particular site. The plant cover

reproduces itself and does not change so long as

the environment remains the same.

Coarse textured soil. Sand or loamy sand.

Cobble (or cobblestone). A rounded or partly

rounded fragment of rock 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter.

Cobbly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or partially rounded

rock fragments 3 to 10 inches (7.6 to 25

centimeters) in diameter. Very cobbly soil material

has 35 to 60 percent of these rock fragments, and

extremely cobbly soil material has more than 60

percent.

Colluvium. Soil material or rock fragments, or both,

moved by creep, slide, or local wash and

deposited at the base of steep slopes.

Complex slope. Irregular or variable slope. Planning

or establishing terraces, diversions, and other

water-control structures on a complex slope is

difficult.

Complex, soil. A map unit of two or more kinds of soil

or miscellaneous areas in such an intricate

pattern or so small in area that it is not practical to

map them separately at the selected scale of

mapping. The pattern and proportion of the soils

or miscellaneous areas are somewhat similar in

all areas.
Douglas County Area, Oregon—Part I 577

Compressible (in tables). Excessive decrease in

volume of soft soil under load.

Concretions. Cemented bodies with crude internal

symmetry organized around a point, a line, or a

plane. They typically take the form of concentric

layers visible to the naked eye. Calcium

carbonate, iron oxide, and manganese oxide are

common compounds making up concretions. If

formed in place, concretions of iron oxide or

manganese oxide are generally considered a type

of redoximorphic concentration.

Conglomerate. A coarse grained, clastic rock

composed of rounded or subangular rock

fragments more than 2 millimeters in diameter. It

commonly has a matrix of sand and finer textured

material. Conglomerate is the consolidated

equivalent of gravel.

Conservation cropping system. Growing crops in

combination with needed cultural and

management practices. In a good conservation

cropping system, the soil-improving crops and

practices more than offset the effects of the soildepleting crops and practices. Cropping systems

are needed on all tilled soils. Soil-improving

practices in a conservation cropping system

include the use of rotations that contain grasses

and legumes and the return of crop residue to the

soil. Other practices include the use of green

manure crops of grasses and legumes, proper

tillage, adequate fertilization, and weed and pest

control.

Conservation tillage. A tillage system that does not

invert the soil and that leaves a protective amount

of crop residue on the surface throughout the

year.

Consistence, soil. Refers to the degree of cohesion

and adhesion of soil material and its resistance to

deformation when ruptured. Consistence includes

resistance of soil material to rupture and to

penetration; plasticity, toughness, and stickiness

of puddled soil material; and the manner in which

the soil material behaves when subject to

compression. Terms describing consistence are

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.”

Contour stripcropping. Growing crops in strips that

follow the contour. Strips of grass or closegrowing crops are alternated with strips of cleantilled crops or summer fallow.

Control section. The part of the soil on which

classification is based. The thickness varies

among different kinds of soil, but for many it is that

part of the soil profile between depths of 10 inches

and 40 or 80 inches.

Corrosion. Soil-induced electrochemical or chemical

action that dissolves or weakens concrete or

uncoated steel.

Cover crop. A close-growing crop grown primarily to

improve and protect the soil between periods of

regular crop production, or a crop grown between

trees and vines in orchards and vineyards.

Cropping system. Growing crops according to a

planned system of rotation and management

practices.

Crop residue management. Returning crop residue

to the soil, which helps to maintain soil structure,

organic matter content, and fertility and helps to

control erosion.

Cross-slope farming. Deliberately conducting

farming operations on sloping farmland in such a

way that tillage is across the general slope.

Crown. The upper part of a tree or shrub, including

the living branches and their foliage.

Culmination of the mean annual increment (CMAI).

The average annual increase per acre in the

volume of a stand. Computed by dividing the total

volume of the stand by its age. As the stand

increases in age, the mean annual increment

continues to increase until mortality begins to

reduce the rate of increase. The point where the

stand reaches its maximum annual rate of growth

is called the culmination of the mean annual

increment.

Cutbanks cave (in tables). The walls of excavations

tend to cave in or slough.

Decreasers. The most heavily grazed climax range

plants. Because they are the most palatable, they

are the first to be destroyed by overgrazing.

Deferred grazing. Postponing grazing or resting

grazing land for a prescribed period.

Deflation plain. The broad interdune area that is

scoured by wind to the level of the water table in

summer.

Delta. A body of alluvium having a surface that is

nearly flat and fan shaped; deposited at or near

the mouth of a river or stream where it enters a

body of relatively quiet water, generally a sea or

lake.

Dense layer (in tables). A very firm, massive layer

that has a bulk density of more than 1.8 grams per

cubic centimeter. Such a layer affects the ease of

digging and can affect filling and compacting.

Depth, soil. Generally, the thickness of the soil over

bedrock. Very deep soils are more than 60 inches

deep over bedrock; deep soils, 40 to 60 inches;

moderately deep, 20 to 40 inches; shallow, 10 to

20 inches; and very shallow, less than 10 inches.

Depth to rock (in tables). Bedrock is too near the

surface for the specified use.
578 Soil Survey of

Dip slope. A slope of the land surface, roughly

determined by and approximately conforming to

the dip of the underlying bedrock.

Diversion (or diversion terrace). A ridge of earth,

generally a terrace, built to protect downslope

areas by diverting runoff from its natural course.

Drainage class (natural). Refers to the frequency

and duration of wet periods under conditions

similar to those under which the soil formed.

Alterations of the water regime by human

activities, either through drainage or irrigation,

are not a consideration unless they have

significantly changed the morphology of the soil.

Seven classes of natural soil drainage are

recognized—excessively drained, somewhat

excessively drained, well drained, moderately

well drained, somewhat poorly drained, poorly

drained, and very poorly drained. These

classes are defined in the “Soil Survey

Manual.”

Drainage, surface. Runoff, or surface flow of water,

from an area.

Duff. A generally firm organic layer on the surface of

mineral soils. It consists of fallen plant material

that is in the process of decomposition and

includes everything from the litter on the surface

to underlying pure humus.

Dune, stabilized. A sand hill or ridge that currently is

not affected by wind erosion. It supports a

significant amount of plant cover.

Eluviation. The movement of material in true solution

or colloidal suspension from one place to another

within the soil. Soil horizons that have lost

material through eluviation are eluvial; those that

have received material are illuvial.

Embayment. The formation of a bay along a coast.

Also, the bay itself.

Endosaturation. A type of saturation of the soil in

which all horizons between the upper boundary of

saturation and a depth of 2 meters are saturated.

Eolian soil material. Earthy parent material

accumulated through wind action; commonly

refers to sandy material in dunes or to loess in

blankets on the surface.

Ephemeral stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows only in direct response to precipitation.

It receives no long-continued supply from melting

snow or other source, and its channel is above the

water table at all times.

Episaturation. A type of saturation indicating a

perched water table in a soil in which saturated

layers are underlain by one or more unsaturated

layers within 2 meters of the surface.

Erosion. The wearing away of the land surface by

water, wind, ice, or other geologic agents and by

such processes as gravitational creep.

Erosion (geologic). Erosion caused by geologic

processes acting over long geologic periods and

resulting in the wearing away of mountains and

the building up of such landscape features as

flood plains and coastal plains. Synonym: natural

erosion.

Erosion (accelerated). Erosion much more rapid

than geologic erosion, mainly as a result of human

or animal activities or of a catastrophe in nature,

such as a fire, that exposes the surface.

Escarpment. A relatively continuous and steep slope

or cliff breaking the general continuity of more

gently sloping land surfaces and resulting from

erosion or faulting. Synonym: scarp.

Excess fines (in tables). Excess silt and clay in the

soil. The soil does not provide a source of gravel

or sand for construction purposes.

Extrusive rock. Igneous rock derived from deepseated molten matter (magma) emplaced on the

earth’s surface.

Fallow. Cropland left idle in order to restore

productivity through accumulation of moisture.

Summer fallow is common in regions of limited

rainfall where cereal grain is grown. The soil is

tilled for at least one growing season for weed

control and decomposition of plant residue.

Fan terrace. A relict alluvial fan, no longer a site of

active deposition, incised by younger and lower

alluvial surfaces.

Fast intake (in tables). The rapid movement of water

into the soil.

Fertility, soil. The quality that enables a soil to

provide plant nutrients, in adequate amounts and

in proper balance, for the growth of specified

plants when light, moisture, temperature, tilth, and

other growth factors are favorable.

Fibric soil material (peat). The least decomposed of

all organic soil material. Peat contains a large

amount of well preserved fiber that is readily

identifiable according to botanical origin. Peat has

the lowest bulk density and the highest water

content at saturation of all organic soil material.

Field moisture capacity. The moisture content of a

soil, expressed as a percentage of the ovendry

weight, after the gravitational, or free, water has

drained away; the field moisture content 2 or 3

days after a soaking rain; also called normal field

capacity, normal moisture capacity, or capillary

capacity.

Fill slope. A sloping surface consisting of excavated

soil material from a road cut. It commonly is on

the downhill side of the road.
Douglas County Area, Oregon—Part I 579

Fine textured soil. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay.

Firebreak. Area cleared of flammable material to stop

or help control creeping or running fires. It also

serves as a line from which to work and to

facilitate the movement of firefighters and

equipment. Designated roads also serve as

firebreaks.

Flood plain. A nearly level alluvial plain that borders a

stream and is subject to flooding unless protected

artificially.

Fluvial. Of or pertaining to rivers; produced by river

action, as a fluvial plain.

Foothill. A steeply sloping upland that has relief of as

much as 1,000 feet (300 meters) and fringes a

mountain range or high-plateau escarpment.

Footslope. The position that forms the inner, gently

inclined surface at the base of a hillslope. In

profile, footslopes are commonly concave. A

footslope is a transition zone between upslope

sites of erosion and transport sites (shoulders

and backslopes) and downslope sites of

deposition (toeslopes).

Forb. Any herbaceous plant not a grass or a sedge.

Foredune. A coastal sand hill or ridge oriented

parallel to the shoreline and stabilized by

vegetation. It is at the landward margin of the

beach, along the shoreward face of a beach ridge,

or at the landward limit of the highest tide.

Foredune, active. An unstable barrier ridge of sand

paralleling the beach and subject to wind erosion,

water erosion, and new deposits of sand. It may

support areas of beachgrass. An active foredune

can be in sand pits and at the mouth of a river as

well as in other places.

Forest cover. All trees and other woody plants

(underbrush) covering the ground in a forest.

Forest type. A stand of trees similar in composition

and development because of given physical and

biological factors by which it may be differentiated

from other stands.

Fragipan. A loamy, brittle subsurface horizon low

in porosity and content of organic matter and

low or moderate in clay but high in silt or very

fine sand. A fragipan appears cemented and

restricts roots. When dry, it is hard or very hard

and has a higher bulk density than the horizon or

horizons above. When moist, it tends to rupture

suddenly under pressure rather than to deform

slowly.

Frost action (in tables). Freezing and thawing of soil

moisture. Frost action can damage roads,

buildings and other structures, and plant roots.

Genesis, soil. The mode of origin of the soil. Refers

especially to the processes or soil-forming factors

responsible for the formation of the solum, or true

soil, from the unconsolidated parent material.

Glacial outwash. Gravel, sand, and silt, commonly

stratified, deposited by glacial meltwater.

Glacial till. Unsorted, nonstratified glacial drift

consisting of clay, silt, sand, and boulders

transported and deposited by glacial ice.

Gleyed soil. Soil that formed under poor drainage,

resulting in the reduction of iron and other

elements in the profile and in gray colors.

Grassed waterway. A natural or constructed

waterway, typically broad and shallow, seeded to

grass as protection against erosion. Conducts

surface water away from cropland.

Gravel. Rounded or angular fragments of rock as

much as 3 inches (2 millimeters to 7.6

centimeters) in diameter. An individual piece is a

pebble.

Gravelly soil material. Material that has 15 to 35

percent, by volume, rounded or angular rock

fragments, not prominently flattened, as much as

3 inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter.

Green manure crop (agronomy). A soil-improving

crop grown to be plowed under in an early stage

of maturity or soon after maturity.

Ground water. Water filling all the unblocked pores of

the material below the water table.

Gully. A miniature valley with steep sides cut by

running water and through which water ordinarily

runs only after rainfall. The distinction between a

gully and a rill is one of depth. A gully generally is

an obstacle to farm machinery and is too deep to

be obliterated by ordinary tillage; a rill is of lesser

depth and can be smoothed over by ordinary

tillage.

Hard bedrock. Bedrock that cannot be excavated

except by blasting or by the use of special

equipment that is not commonly used in

construction.

Hardpan. A hardened or cemented soil horizon, or

layer. The soil material is sandy, loamy, or clayey

and is cemented by iron oxide, silica, calcium

carbonate, or other substance.

Headwall. A steep slope near the top of a side slope.

Hemic soil material (mucky peat). Organic soil

material intermediate in degree of decomposition

between the less decomposed fibric

material and the more decomposed sapric

material.

Hill. A natural elevation of the land surface, rising as

much as 1,000 feet above surrounding lowlands,

commonly of limited summit area and having a

well defined outline; hillsides generally have

slopes of more than 15 percent. The distinction
580 Soil Survey of

between a hill and a mountain is arbitrary and is

dependent on local usage.

Horizon, soil. A layer of soil, approximately parallel

to the surface, having distinct characteristics

produced by soil-forming processes. In the

identification of soil horizons, an uppercase

letter represents the major horizons. Numbers

or lowercase letters that follow represent

subdivisions of the major horizons. An

explanation of the subdivisions is given in the

“Soil Survey Manual.” The major horizons of

mineral soil are as follows:

O horizon.—An organic layer of fresh and

decaying plant residue.

A horizon.—The mineral horizon at or near the

surface in which an accumulation of humified

organic matter is mixed with the mineral

material. Also, a plowed surface horizon,

most of which was originally part of a

B horizon.

E horizon.—The mineral horizon in which the

main feature is loss of silicate clay, iron,

aluminum, or some combination of these.

B horizon.—The mineral horizon below an A

horizon. The B horizon is in part a layer of

transition from the overlying A to the underlying

C horizon. The B horizon also has distinctive

characteristics, such as (1) accumulation of clay,

sesquioxides, humus, or a combination of these;

(2) prismatic or blocky structure; (3) redder or

browner colors than those in the A horizon; or

(4) a combination of these.

C horizon.—The mineral horizon or layer,

excluding indurated bedrock, that is little affected

by soil-forming processes and does not have the

properties typical of the overlying soil material.

The material of a C horizon may be either like or

unlike that in which the solum formed. If the

material is known to differ from that in the solum,

an Arabic numeral, commonly a 2, precedes the

letter C.

Cr horizon.—Soft, consolidated bedrock beneath

the soil.

R layer.—Consolidated bedrock beneath the

soil. The bedrock commonly underlies a

C horizon, but it can be directly below an A or a B

horizon.

Humus. The well decomposed, more or less stable

part of the organic matter in mineral soils.

Hydrologic soil groups. Refers to soils grouped

according to their runoff potential. The soil

properties that influence this potential are those

that affect the minimum rate of water infiltration on

a bare soil during periods after prolonged wetting

when the soil is not frozen. These properties are

depth to a seasonal high water table, the

infiltration rate and permeability after prolonged

wetting, and depth to a very slowly permeable

layer. The slope and the kind of plant cover are

not considered but are separate factors in

predicting runoff.

Igneous rock. Rock formed by solidification from a

molten or partially molten state. Major varieties

include plutonic and volcanic rock. Examples are

andesite, basalt, and granite.

Illuviation. The movement of soil material from one

horizon to another in the soil profile. Generally,

material is removed from an upper horizon and

deposited in a lower horizon.

Impervious soil. A soil through which water, air, or

roots penetrate slowly or not at all. No soil is

absolutely impervious to air and water all the

time.

Increasers. Species in the climax vegetation that

increase in amount as the more desirable plants

are reduced by close grazing. Increasers

commonly are the shorter plants and the less

palatable to livestock.

Infiltration. The downward entry of water into the

immediate surface of soil or other material,

as contrasted with percolation, which is

movement of water through soil layers or

material.

Infiltration capacity. The maximum rate at which

water can infiltrate into a soil under a given set of

conditions.

Infiltration rate. The rate at which water penetrates

the surface of the soil at any given instant,

usually expressed in inches per hour. The rate

can be limited by the infiltration capacity of the

soil or the rate at which water is applied at the

surface.

Intake rate. The average rate of water entering the

soil under irrigation. Most soils have a fast initial

rate; the rate decreases with application time.

Therefore, intake rate for design purposes is not a

constant but is a variable depending on the net

irrigation application. The rate of water intake, in

inches per hour, is expressed as follows:

Less than 0.2 ............................................... very low

0.2 to 0.4 .............................................................. low

0.4 to 0.75 ......................................... moderately low

0.75 to 1.25 ................................................ moderate

1.25 to 1.75 ..................................... moderately high

1.75 to 2.5 .......................................................... high

More than 2.5 ............................................. very high

Interfluve. The relatively undissected upland or ridge
Douglas County Area, Oregon—Part I 581

between two adjacent valleys that have streams

flowing in the same direction.

Intermittent stream. A stream, or reach of a stream,

that flows for prolonged periods only when it

receives ground-water discharge or long,

continued contributions from melting snow or

other surface and shallow subsurface sources.

Invaders. On range, plants that encroach into an area

and grow after the climax vegetation has been

reduced by grazing. Generally, plants invade

following disturbance of the surface.

Iron depletions. Low-chroma zones having a low

content of iron and manganese oxide because of

chemical reduction and removal, but having a clay

content similar to that of the adjacent matrix. A

type of redoximorphic depletion.

Irrigation. Application of water to soils to assist in

production of crops. Methods of irrigation are:

Basin.—Water is applied rapidly to nearly level

plains surrounded by levees or dikes.

Border.—Water is applied at the upper end of a

strip in which the lateral flow of water is controlled

by small earth ridges called border dikes, or

borders.

Controlled flooding.—Water is released at

intervals from closely spaced field ditches and

distributed uniformly over the field.

Corrugation.—Water is applied to small, closely

spaced furrows or ditches in fields of closegrowing crops or in orchards so that it flows in

only one direction.

Drip (or trickle).—Water is applied slowly and

under low pressure to the surface of the soil or

into the soil through such applicators as emitters,

porous tubing, or perforated pipe.

Furrow.—Water is applied in small ditches made

by cultivation implements. Furrows are used for

tree and row crops.

Sprinkler.—Water is sprayed over the soil

surface through pipes or nozzles from a pressure

system.

Subirrigation.—Water is applied in open ditches or

tile lines until the water table is raised enough to

wet the soil.

Wild flooding.—Water, released at high points, is

allowed to flow onto an area without controlled

distribution.

Knoll. A small, low, rounded hill rising above adjacent

landforms.

Lacustrine deposit. Material deposited in lake water

and exposed when the water level is lowered or

the elevation of the land is raised.

Landslide. The rapid downhill movement of a mass of

soil and loose rock, generally when wet or

saturated. The speed and distance of movement,

as well as the amount of soil and rock material,

vary greatly.

Large stones (in tables). Rock fragments 3 inches

(7.6 centimeters) or more across. Large stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Leaching. The removal of soluble material from soil

or other material by percolating water.

Liquid limit. The moisture content at which the soil

passes from a plastic to a liquid state.

Loam. Soil material that is 7 to 27 percent clay

particles, 28 to 50 percent silt particles, and less

than 52 percent sand particles.

Loess. Fine grained material, dominantly of silt-sized

particles, deposited by wind.

Low-residue crops. Such crops as corn used for

silage, peas, beans, and potatoes. Residue from

these crops is not adequate to control erosion

until the next crop in the rotation is established.

These crops return little organic matter to the soil.

Low strength. The soil is not strong enough to

support loads.

Masses. Concentrations of substances in the soil

matrix that do not have a clearly defined boundary

with the surrounding soil material and cannot be

removed as a discrete unit. Common compounds

making up masses are calcium carbonate,

gypsum or other soluble salts, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide. Masses consisting of iron

oxide or manganese oxide generally are

considered a type of redoximorphic concentration.

Mechanical treatment. Use of mechanical equipment

for seeding, brush management, and other

management practices.

Medium textured soil. Very fine sandy loam, loam,

silt loam, or silt.

Metamorphic rock. Rock of any origin altered in

mineralogical composition, chemical composition,

or structure by heat, pressure, and movement.

Nearly all such rocks are crystalline.

Mineral soil. Soil that is mainly mineral material and

low in organic material. Its bulk density is more

than that of organic soil.

Minimum tillage. Only the tillage essential to crop

production and prevention of soil damage.

Miscellaneous area. An area that has little or

no natural soil and supports little or no

vegetation.

Moderately coarse textured soil. Coarse sandy

loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.

Moderately fine textured soil. Clay loam, sandy clay

loam, or silty clay loam.

Mollic epipedon. A thick, dark, humus-rich

surface horizon (or horizons) that has high
582 Soil Survey of

base saturation and pedogenic soil structure. It

may include the upper part of the subsoil.

Morphology, soil. The physical makeup of the soil,

including the texture, structure, porosity,

consistence, color, and other physical, mineral,

and biological properties of the various horizons,

and the thickness and arrangement of those

horizons in the soil profile.

Mottling, soil. Irregular spots of different colors that

vary in number and size. Descriptive terms are as

follows: abundance—few, common, and many;

size—fine, medium, and coarse; and contrast—

faint, distinct, and prominent. The size

measurements are of the diameter along the

greatest dimension. Fine indicates less than

5 millimeters (about 0.2 inch); medium, from

5 to 15 millimeters (about 0.2 to 0.6 inch); and

coarse, more than 15 millimeters (about 0.6 inch).

Mountain. A natural elevation of the land surface,

rising more than 1,000 feet above surrounding

lowlands, commonly of restricted summit area

(relative to a plateau) and generally having

steep sides. A mountain can occur as a single,

isolated mass or in a group forming a chain or

range.

Muck. Dark, finely divided, well decomposed organic

soil material. (See Sapric soil material.)

Mudstone. Sedimentary rock formed by induration

of silt and clay in approximately equal

amounts.

Munsell notation. A designation of color by degrees

of three simple variables—hue, value, and

chroma. For example, a notation of 10YR 6/4 is

a color with hue of 10YR, value of 6, and chroma

of 4.

Natric horizon. A special kind of argillic horizon that

contains enough exchangeable sodium to have

an adverse effect on the physical condition of the

subsoil.

Neutral soil. A soil having a pH value of 6.6 to 7.3.

(See Reaction, soil.)

Nodules. Cemented bodies lacking visible internal

structure. Calcium carbonate, iron oxide, and

manganese oxide are common compounds

making up nodules. If formed in place, nodules of

iron oxide or manganese oxide are considered

types of redoximorphic concentrations.

Nutrient, plant. Any element taken in by a plant

essential to its growth. Plant nutrients are mainly

nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,

magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, copper,

boron, and zinc obtained from the soil and carbon,

hydrogen, and oxygen obtained from the air and

water.

Organic matter. Plant and animal residue in the soil

in various stages of decomposition. The content of

organic matter in the surface layer is described as

follows:

Very low .................................. less than 0.5 percent

Low ................................................ 0.5 to 1.0 percent

Moderately low .............................. 1.0 to 2.0 percent

Moderate ....................................... 2.0 to 4.0 percent

High ............................................... 4.0 to 8.0 percent

Very high ............................... more than 8.0 percent

Pan. A compact, dense layer in a soil that impedes

the movement of water and the growth of roots.

For example, hardpan, fragipan, claypan,

plowpan, and traffic pan.

Parent material. The unconsolidated organic and

mineral material in which soil forms.

Peat. Unconsolidated material, largely

undecomposed organic matter, that has

accumulated under excess moisture. (See Fibric

soil material.)

Ped. An individual natural soil aggregate, such as a

granule, a prism, or a block.

Pedon. The smallest volume that can be called “a

soil.” A pedon is three dimensional and large

enough to permit study of all horizons. Its area

ranges from about 10 to 100 square feet (1 square

meter to 10 square meters), depending on the

variability of the soil.

Percolation. The movement of water through the soil.

Percs slowly (in tables). The slow movement of water

through the soil adversely affects the specified

use.

Permeability. The quality of the soil that enables

water or air to move downward through the

profile. The rate at which a saturated soil

transmits water is accepted as a measure of this

quality. In soil physics, the rate is referred to as

“saturated hydraulic conductivity,” which is

defined in the “Soil Survey Manual.” In line with

conventional usage in the engineering profession

and with traditional usage in published soil

surveys, this rate of flow continues to be

expressed as “permeability.” Terms describing

permeability, measured in inches per hour, are as

follows:

Extremely slow ................................. 0.0 to 0.01 inch

Very slow ........................................ 0.01 to 0.06 inch

Slow.................................................. 0.06 to 0.2 inch

Moderately slow ................................. 0.2 to 0.6 inch

Moderate ................................. 0.6 inch to 2.0 inches

Moderately rapid ............................ 2.0 to 6.0 inches

Rapid ............................................... 6.0 to 20 inches

Very rapid ................................. more than 20 inches
Douglas County Area, Oregon—Part I 583

Phase, soil. A subdivision of a soil series based on

features that affect its use and management, such

as slope, stoniness, and flooding.

pH value. A numerical designation of acidity and

alkalinity in soil. (See Reaction, soil.)

Piping (in tables). Formation of subsurface tunnels

or pipelike cavities by water moving through the

soil.

Plasticity index. The numerical difference between

the liquid limit and the plastic limit; the range of

moisture content within which the soil remains

plastic.

Plastic limit. The moisture content at which a soil

changes from semisolid to plastic.

Plateau. An extensive upland mass with relatively flat

summit area that is considerably elevated (more

than 100 meters) above adjacent lowlands and

separated from them on one or more sides by

escarpments.

Plowpan. A compacted layer formed in the soil

directly below the plowed layer.

Ponding. Standing water on soils in closed

depressions. Unless the soils are artificially

drained, the water can be removed only by

percolation or evapotranspiration.

Poor filter (in tables). Because of rapid or very

rapid permeability, the soil may not

adequately filter effluent from a waste disposal

system.

Poorly graded. Refers to a coarse grained soil or soil

material consisting mainly of particles of nearly

the same size. Because there is little difference in

size of the particles, density can be increased

only slightly by compaction.

Poor outlets (in tables). Refers to areas where

surface or subsurface drainage outlets are difficult

or expensive to install.

Potential native plant community. See Climax plant

community.

Potential rooting depth (effective rooting depth).

Depth to which roots could penetrate if the

content of moisture in the soil were adequate. The

soil has no properties restricting the penetration of

roots to this depth.

Prescribed burning. Deliberately burning an area for

specific management purposes, under the

appropriate conditions of weather and soil

moisture and at the proper time of day.

Productivity, soil. The capability of a soil for

producing a specified plant or sequence of plants

under specific management.

Profile, soil. A vertical section of the soil extending

through all its horizons and into the parent

material.

Proper grazing use. Grazing at an intensity that

maintains enough cover to protect the soil and

maintain or improve the quantity and quality

of the desirable vegetation. This practice

increases the vigor and reproduction capacity of

the key plants and promotes the accumulation of

litter and mulch necessary to conserve soil and

water.

Range condition. The present composition of the

plant community on a range site in relation to the

potential natural plant community for that site.

Range condition is expressed as excellent,

good, fair, or poor on the basis of how much the

present plant community has departed from the

potential.

Rangeland. Land on which the potential natural

vegetation is predominantly grasses, grasslike

plants, forbs, or shrubs suitable for grazing or

browsing. It includes natural grasslands,

savannas, many wetlands, some deserts, tundras,

and areas that support certain forb and shrub

communities.

Range site. An area of rangeland where climate,

soil, and relief are sufficiently uniform to

produce a distinct natural plant community.

A range site is the product of all the

environmental factors responsible for its

development. It is typified by an association of

species that differ from those on other range

sites in kind or proportion of species or total

production.

Reaction, soil. A measure of acidity or alkalinity of a

soil, expressed in pH values. A soil that tests to

pH 7.0 is described as precisely neutral in

reaction because it is neither acid nor alkaline.

The degrees of acidity or alkalinity, expressed as

pH values, are:

Ultra acid ...............................................less than 3.5

Extremely acid ............................................ 3.5 to 4.4

Very strongly acid ...................................... 4.5 to 5.0

Strongly acid .............................................. 5.1 to 5.5

Moderately acid .......................................... 5.6 to 6.0

Slightly acid ................................................ 6.1 to 6.5

Neutral ........................................................ 6.6 to 7.3

Slightly alkaline .......................................... 7.4 to 7.8

Moderately alkaline .................................... 7.9 to 8.4

Strongly alkaline ......................................... 8.5 to 9.0

Very strongly alkaline ......................... 9.1 and higher

Redoximorphic concentrations. Nodules,

concretions, soft masses, pore linings, and other

features resulting from the accumulation of iron or

manganese oxide. An indication of chemical

reduction and oxidation resulting from saturation.
584 Soil Survey of

Redoximorphic depletions. Low-chroma zones from

which iron and manganese oxide or a combination

of iron and manganese oxide and clay has been

removed. These zones are indications of the

chemical reduction of iron resulting from

saturation.

Redoximorphic features. Redoximorphic

concentrations, redoximorphic depletions,

reduced matrices, a positive reaction to

alpha,alpha-dipyridyl, and other features

indicating the chemical reduction and oxidation of

iron and manganese compounds resulting from

saturation.

Reduced matrix. A soil matrix that has low chroma in

situ because of chemically reduced iron (Fe II).

The chemical reduction results from nearly

continuous wetness. The matrix undergoes a

change in hue or chroma within 30 minutes after

exposure to air as the iron is oxidized (Fe III). A

type of redoximorphic feature.

Regolith. The unconsolidated mantle of weathered

rock and soil material on the earth’s surface; the

loose earth material above the solid rock.

Relief. The elevations or inequalities of a land

surface, considered collectively.

Residuum (residual soil material). Unconsolidated,

weathered or partly weathered mineral material

that accumulated as consolidated rock

disintegrated in place.

Rill. A steep-sided channel resulting from accelerated

erosion. A rill generally is a few inches deep and

not wide enough to be an obstacle to farm

machinery.

Road cut. A sloping surface produced by mechanical

means during road construction. It is commonly

on the uphill side of the road.

Rock fragments. Rock or mineral fragments having a

diameter of 2 millimeters or more; for example,

pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders.

Rooting depth (in tables). Shallow root zone. The soil

is shallow over a layer that greatly restricts roots.

Root zone. The part of the soil that can be penetrated

by plant roots.

Runoff. The precipitation discharged into stream

channels from an area. The water that flows off

the surface of the land without sinking into the soil

is called surface runoff. Water that enters the soil

before reaching surface streams is called groundwater runoff or seepage flow from ground water.

Sand. As a soil separate, individual rock or mineral

fragments from 0.05 millimeter to 2.0 millimeters

in diameter. Most sand grains consist of quartz.

As a soil textural class, a soil that is 85 percent or

more sand and not more than 10 percent clay.

Sandstone. Sedimentary rock containing dominantly

sand-sized particles.

Sapric soil material (muck). The most highly

decomposed of all organic soil material. Muck has

the least amount of plant fiber, the highest bulk

density, and the lowest water content at saturation

of all organic soil material.

Saprolite. Unconsolidated residual material

underlying the soil and grading to hard bedrock

below.

Saturation. Wetness characterized by zero or

positive pressure of the soil water. Under

conditions of saturation, the water will flow from

the soil matrix into an unlined auger hole.

Scarification. The act of abrading, scratching,

loosening, crushing, or modifying the surface to

increase water absorption or to provide a more

tillable soil.

Second bottom. The first terrace above the normal

flood plain (or first bottom) of a river.

Sedimentary rock. Rock made up of particles

deposited from suspension in water. The chief

kinds of sedimentary rock are conglomerate,

formed from gravel; sandstone, formed from sand;

shale, formed from clay; and limestone, formed

from soft masses of calcium carbonate. There are

many intermediate types. Some wind-deposited

sand is consolidated into sandstone.

Seepage (in tables). The movement of water through

the soil. Seepage adversely affects the specified

use.

Sequum. A sequence consisting of an illuvial horizon

and the overlying eluvial horizon. (See Eluviation.)

Series, soil. A group of soils that have profiles that

are almost alike, except for differences in texture

of the surface layer. All the soils of a series have

horizons that are similar in composition,

thickness, and arrangement.

Shale. Sedimentary rock formed by the hardening of a

clay deposit.

Sheet erosion. The removal of a fairly uniform layer

of soil material from the land surface by the action

of rainfall and surface runoff.

Shrink-swell (in tables). The shrinking of soil when

dry and the swelling when wet. Shrinking and

swelling can damage roads, dams, building

foundations, and other structures. It can also

damage plant roots.

Side slope. The slope between a drainageway and

the adjacent interfluve.

Silica. A combination of silicon and oxygen. The

mineral form is called quartz.

Silica-sesquioxide ratio. The ratio of the number of

molecules of silica to the number of molecules of
Douglas County Area, Oregon—Part I 585

alumina and iron oxide. The more highly

weathered soils or their clay fractions in warmtemperate, humid regions, and especially those

in the tropics, generally have a low ratio.

Silt. As a soil separate, individual mineral particles

that range in diameter from the upper limit of clay

(0.002 millimeter) to the lower limit of very fine

sand (0.05 millimeter). As a soil textural class,

soil that is 80 percent or more silt and less than

12 percent clay.

Siltstone. Sedimentary rock made up of dominantly

silt-sized particles.

Similar soils. Soils that share limits of diagnostic

criteria, behave and perform in a similar manner,

and have similar conservation needs or

management requirements for the major land

uses in the survey area.

Site index. A designation of the quality of a forest

site based on the height of the dominant stand

at an arbitrarily chosen age. For example, if

the average height attained by dominant and

codominant trees in a fully stocked stand at

the age of 50 years is 75 feet, the site index

is 75.

Slickensides. Polished and grooved surfaces

produced by one mass sliding past another. In

soils, slickensides may occur at the bases of slip

surfaces on the steeper slopes; on faces of

blocks, prisms, and columns; and in swelling

clayey soils, where there is marked change in

moisture content.

Slippage (in tables). Soil mass susceptible to

movement downslope when loaded, excavated, or

wet.

Slope. The inclination of the land surface from the

horizontal. Percentage of slope is the vertical

distance divided by horizontal distance, then

multiplied by 100. Thus, a slope of 20 percent is a

drop of 20 feet in 100 feet of horizontal distance.

In this survey, classes for simple slopes are as

follows:

Nearly level ......................................... 0 to 3 percent

Gently sloping ................................... 3 to 12 percent

Moderately sloping .......................... 12 to 30 percent

Steep ............................................... 30 to 60 percent

Very steep .............................. 60 percent and higher

Slope (in tables). Slope is great enough that special

practices are required to ensure satisfactory

performance of the soil for a specific use.

Slow intake (in tables). The slow movement of water

into the soil.

Slow refill (in tables). The slow filling of ponds,

resulting from restricted permeability in the soil.

Slump block. The mass of material torn away as a

coherent unit during slumping.

Small stones (in tables). Rock fragments less than 3

inches (7.6 centimeters) in diameter. Small stones

adversely affect the specified use of the soil.

Soft bedrock. Bedrock that can be excavated with

trenching machines, backhoes, small rippers, and

other equipment commonly used in construction.

Soil. A natural, three-dimensional body at the earth’s

surface. It is capable of supporting plants and has

properties resulting from the integrated effect of

climate and living matter acting on earthy parent

material, as conditioned by relief and by the

passage of time.

Soil blowing (in tables). The wearing away of the

land surface by wind.

Soil separates. Mineral particles less than 2

millimeters in equivalent diameter and ranging

between specified size limits. The names and

sizes, in millimeters, of separates recognized in

the United States are as follows:

Very coarse sand ....................................... 2.0 to 1.0

Coarse sand ............................................... 1.0 to 0.5

Medium sand............................................ 0.5 to 0.25

Fine sand ............................................... 0.25 to 0.10

Very fine sand ........................................ 0.10 to 0.05

Silt ........................................................ 0.05 to 0.002

Clay .................................................. less than 0.002

Solum. The upper part of a soil profile, above the C

horizon, in which the processes of soil formation

are active. The solum in soil consists of the A, E,

and B horizons. Generally, the characteristics of

the material in these horizons are unlike those of

the material below the solum. The living roots and

plant and animal activities are largely confined to

the solum.

Stone line. A concentration of coarse fragments in a

soil. Generally, it is indicative of an old weathered

surface. In a cross section, the line may be one

fragment or more thick. It generally overlies

material that weathered in place and is overlain by

recent sediment of variable thickness.

Stones. Rock fragments 10 to 24 inches (25 to 60

centimeters) in diameter if rounded or 15 to 24

inches (38 to 60 centimeters) in length if flat.

Stony. Refers to a soil containing stones in numbers

that interfere with or prevent tillage.

Stripcropping. Growing crops in a systematic

arrangement of strips or bands that provide

vegetative barriers to wind erosion and water

erosion.

Structure, soil. The arrangement of primary soil

particles into compound particles or aggregates.
586 Soil Survey of

The principal forms of soil structure are—platy

(laminated), prismatic (vertical axis of

aggregates longer than horizontal), columnar

(prisms with rounded tops), blocky (angular or

subangular), and granular. Structureless soils are

either single grained (each grain by itself, as in

dune sand) or massive (the particles adhering

without any regular cleavage, as in many

hardpans).

Stubble mulch. Stubble or other crop residue left on

the soil or partly worked into the soil. It protects

the soil from wind erosion and water erosion after

harvest, during preparation of a seedbed for the

next crop, and during the early growing period of

the new crop.

Subsoil. Technically, the B horizon; roughly, the part

of the solum below plow depth.

Subsoiling. Tilling a soil below normal plow depth,

ordinarily to shatter a hardpan or claypan.

Substratum. The part of the soil below the solum.

Subsurface layer. Any surface soil horizon (A, E, AB,

or EB) below the surface layer.

Surface layer. The soil ordinarily moved in tillage, or

its equivalent in uncultivated soil, ranging in depth

from 4 to 10 inches (10 to 25 centimeters).

Frequently designated as the “plow layer,” or the

“Ap horizon.”

Surface soil. The A, E, AB, and EB horizons,

considered collectively. It includes all subdivisions

of these horizons.

Talus. Fragments of rock and other soil material

accumulated by gravity at the foot of cliffs or steep

slopes.

Taxadjuncts. Soils that cannot be classified in a

series recognized in the classification system.

Such soils are named for a series they strongly

resemble and are designated as taxadjuncts to

that series because they differ in ways too small

to be of consequence in interpreting their use and

behavior. Soils are recognized as taxadjuncts only

when one or more of their characteristics are

slightly outside the range defined for the family of

the series for which the soils are named.

Terrace. An embankment, or ridge, constructed

across sloping soils on the contour or at a slight

angle to the contour. The terrace intercepts

surface runoff so that water soaks into the soil or

flows slowly to a prepared outlet. A terrace in a

field generally is built so that the field can be

farmed. A terrace intended mainly for drainage

has a deep channel that is maintained in

permanent sod.

Terrace (geologic). An old alluvial plain, ordinarily flat

or undulating, bordering a river, a lake, or the sea.

Texture, soil. The relative proportions of sand, silt,

and clay particles in a mass of soil. The basic

textural classes, in order of increasing proportion

of fine particles, are sand, loamy sand, sandy

loam, loam, silt loam, silt, sandy clay loam, clay

loam, silty clay loam, sandy clay, silty clay, and

clay. The sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam

classes may be further divided by specifying

“coarse,” “fine,” or “very fine.”

Thin layer (in tables). Otherwise suitable soil

material that is too thin for the specified use.

Tilth, soil. The physical condition of the soil as

related to tillage, seedbed preparation, seedling

emergence, and root penetration.

Toeslope. The position that forms the gently inclined

surface at the base of a hillslope. Toeslopes in

profile are commonly gentle and linear and are

constructional surfaces forming the lower part

of a hillslope continuum that grades to valley or

closed-depression floors.

Topsoil. The upper part of the soil, which is the

most favorable material for plant growth. It is

ordinarily rich in organic matter and is used to

topdress roadbanks, lawns, and land affected by

mining.

Toxicity (in tables). Excessive amount of toxic

substances, such as sodium or sulfur, that

severely hinder establishment of vegetation or

severely restrict plant growth.

Trace elements. Chemical elements, for example,

zinc, cobalt, manganese, copper, and iron, in soils

in extremely small amounts. They are essential to

plant growth.

Tuff. A compacted deposit that is 50 percent or more

volcanic ash and dust.

Ultramafic rock. An igneous rock composed

dominantly of mafic minerals such as

hypersthene, augite, and olivine.

Unstable fill (in tables). Risk of caving or sloughing

on banks of fill material.

Upland. Land at a higher elevation, in general, than

the alluvial plain or stream terrace; land above the

lowlands along streams.

Valley fill. In glaciated regions, material deposited in

stream valleys by glacial meltwater. In

nonglaciated regions, alluvium deposited by

heavily loaded streams.

Variegation. Refers to patterns of contrasting

colors assumed to be inherited from the parent

material rather than to be the result of poor

drainage.

Volcanic rock. Rock that is ejected explosively or is

extruded as lava as a result of volcanic action at

or near the earth’s surface.
Douglas County Area, Oregon—Part I 587

Water bars. Smooth, shallow ditches or depressional

areas that are excavated at an angle across a

sloping road. They are used to reduce the

downward velocity of water and divert it off and

away from the road surface. Water bars can easily

be driven over if constructed properly.

Weathering. All physical and chemical changes

produced in rocks or other deposits at or near the

earth’s surface by atmospheric agents. These

changes result in disintegration and

decomposition of the material.

Well graded. Refers to soil material consisting of

coarse grained particles that are well distributed

over a wide range in size or diameter. Such soil

normally can be easily increased in density and

bearing properties by compaction. Contrasts with

poorly graded soil.

Wilting point (or permanent wilting point). The

moisture content of soil, on an ovendry basis, at

which a plant (specifically a sunflower) wilts so

much that it does not recover when placed in a

humid, dark chamber.

Windthrow. The uprooting and tipping over of trees

by the wind.

589

Tables

The tables in this survey give the properties and interpretations for the major

components, which are given in the detailed soil map unit names. The properties and

interpretations for the minor components, which are listed in the detailed soil map

units, will be available in the National Soil Information System (NASIS) database for

the survey area when the data fields for this information are populated.