MCWP 3-35.7

MAGTF Meteorology and 

Oceanography (METOC) Support

U.S. Marine Corps 

PCN 143 000041 00 
DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Headquarters United States Marine Corps

Washington, DC 20380-1775

30 June 1998

FOREWORD

1. PURPOSE AND SCOPE

Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3-35.7, MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support, provides the information needed by Marines to understand, plan, and conduct

Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) operations.

The focus of MCWP 3-35.7 is METOC effects on operations and missions. It addresses METOC

planning requirements, command relationships, METOC support capabilities, and external support

requirements. Detailed information is provided on:

METOC support organization and structure 

Sample METOC support products 

Weather and oceanographic effects on MAGTF operations

Meteorological critical values 

Sample Annex H (METOC Services) for operation orders and plans.

2. SUPERSESSION

MCWP 3-35.7 is a new publication.

3. CERTIFICATION

Reviewed and approved this date.

BY DIRECTION OF THE COMMANDANT OFTHE MARINE CORPS

JOHN E. RHODES

 Lieutenant General, U.S. Marine Corps

Commanding General

Marine Corps Combat Development Command

DISTRIBUTION: 143 000041 00
Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine or feminine gender is used, 

both men and women are included.

To Our Readers

Changes: Readers of this publication are encouraged to submit suggestions and changes that

will improve it. Recommendations may be sent directly to Commanding General, Doctrine

Division (C 42), Marine Corps Combat Development Command, 3300 Russell Road, Suite

318A, Quantico, VA 22134-5021 or by fax to 703-784-2917 (DSN 278-2917) or by E-mail to

smb@doctrine div@mccdc. Recommendations should include the following information:

Location of change

Publication number and title

Current page number

Paragraph number (if applicable)

Line number

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Nature of change

Add, delete

Proposed new text, preferably doublespaced and typewritten

Justification and/or source of change

Additional copies: A printed copy of this publication may be obtained from Marine Corps

Logistics Base, Albany, GA 31704-5001, by following the instructions in MCBul 5600, Marine

Corps Doctrinal Publications Status. An electronic copy may be obtained from the Doctrine

Division, MCCDC, world wide web home page which is found at the following universal

reference locator: http://ismo-www1.quantico.usmc.mil/ docdiv.
Page

Chapter 1. Introduction

1001 General 1-1

1002 Mission 1-1

1003 Historical Perspective 1-1

1004 General Principles 1-1

1005 Planning Considerations 1-3

1006 Conclusions 1-4

Chapter 2. METOC Support Systems and Functions

2001 METOC Support Network 2-1

2002 Capabilities and Limitations 2-1

2003 Naval METOC Support System 2-1

2004 Marine Corps METOC Support System 2-2

2005 Marine Corps Staff METOC Personnel 2-2

2006 MAGTF METOC Personnel 2-3

Chapter 3. METOC Support to the MAGTF

3001 MAGTF METOC Support Concept of Operations 3-1

3002 METOC Support Principles 3-1

3003 METOC Support Requirements 3-1

3004 Tasks and Responsibilities 3-2

3005 METOC Support Capabilities 3-4

3006 METOC Communications and Information Systems

Requirements 3-5

Appendices

A Glossary A-1

 B References and Related Publications B-1

C METOC Support Organization and Structure

C-1

D Support Products and Services D-1

iii

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support

Table of Contents
E Weather Effects on MAGTF Operations E-1

F Meteorological Critical Values F-1

G Sample Annex H (METOC Services) G-1

H METOC Centers H-1

I Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace I-1

MCWP 3-35.7

iv
1001. General

Weather and oceanographic conditions are factors

over which commanders have no control but that

have the potential to affect every combatant, piece

of equipment, and operation. Weather becomes

more significant to success in the modern battlespace as advanced technological weapons and

support systems are fielded because of their vulnerability to adverse weather. Effective oceanographic information and support is especially

critical to Marine expeditionary forces (MEFs) as

they seek broader and bolder operational opportunities to project combat power from the sea.

Many battles and campaigns have been won or

lost as a result of the impact of weather. Although

commanders have no control over these factors,

they can take advantage of weather and oceanographic conditions or minimize their effects

through planning and training. To do so, commanders and planners need support from meteorological and oceanographic (METOC) elements

operating from the tactical to the national and international levels. 

1002. Mission

The mission of the Marine Corps METOC Service is to provide meteorological, oceanographic,

and space environmental information, products,

and services that are required to support Marine

Corps operations and other military operations as

may be directed.

1003. Historical Perspective

Weather and oceanographic support is critical to

tactical operations and operational-level planning.

History is replete with examples of the weather’s

and oceanography’s effects on the timing, as well

as the success or failure, of military operations on

a variety of battlefields. Some examples are the

Spanish Armada, the Battle of Trenton, Hitler’s

attempt to take Moscow, the Battle of Stalingrad,

Tarawa, Operation Overlord, the Battle of the

Bulge, the Chosin Reservoir, and the Inchon

Landing. The battlespace of tomorrow will provide examples of victories and defeats that are attributable to the skillful integration, or lack of

integration, of weather in military planning and

the execution of combat operations.

1004. General Principles

The following principles comprise the cornerstone

of METOC support in all operations. By applying

these principles, METOC support is better prepared to enhance and sustain operations. These

principles include:

Accuracy of data and information

Timeliness of data and information

Relevance to the operational user

Unity of effort

Readiness

Evaluation of effectiveness.

Chapter 1

Introduction

“Know the enemy, know yourself;

Your victory will never be endangered.

Know the ground, know the weather;

Your victory will then be total.”

— Sun Tzu, The Art of War
a. Accuracy of Data and Information

Commanders depend on accurate weather and

oceanographic information to plan and direct their

operations. Inaccurate information can cost lives,

undermine the successful execution of an operation or mission, waste resources, and impair

readiness. This is true anytime—whether at peace

or at war. The complexity of the mission and

amount of detail required; the capability to collect

data and model and forecast the weather, sea, and

coast conditions; the perishable nature of such

data; and human error all affect accuracy. Therefore, METOC information will never be totally

free of inaccuracies. These factors must be explained and quantified to decisionmakers so that

they may place an appropriate weight and level of

confidence on them when making decisions.

b. Timeliness of Data and Information

Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) METOC

support is effective when a commander receives

accurate weather and oceanographic information

in time to consider its impact on the decision to be

made. METOC information that could influence

an operation is worthless when the commander

receives it after an opportunity has passed, an irreversible decision has been made, or an operation

is complete. Communication links are vital to support and sustain the timely dissemination of METOC information and are key to the overall

capability and success of MAGTF METOC

operations.

c. Relevance to the Operational User

METOC support provides commanders and planners with an understanding of the weather, sea,

and coastal situations and the impact of these on

threat operations. It bears on each echelon’s current, planned, and alternate courses of action

(COAs). METOC personnel and those supporting

METOC operations must tailor the information

for specific applications and missions so that the

user can quickly identify and apply relevant information without additional analysis or manipulation. Attaining this goal requires METOC

personnel to understand operational user needs

and implies a user’s responsibility to identify

specific METOC information requirements for

content, form, medium, presentation, timeliness,

and frequency of delivery.

d. Unity of Effort

Weather information that influences a commander’s decision usually cannot be derived from

data obtained from a single source. Instead, METOC data from many sources must be assembled

into a database. That database contains a complete and integrated summary of weather and

oceanographic conditions over an extended region

and time that affect the area that is of interest to

the commander. To accomplish this task, METOC organizations at all levels must have clearly

defined functions that eliminate duplication, maximize sharing of information, and are mutually

supportive of the overall METOC support concept. The responsibilities of each organization

must be clear, explicit, and understood by all.

e. Readiness

METOC units, databases, products, and equipment must be responsive to the requirements of

commanders and their forces. All METOC resources must be maintained in a degree of readiness that ensures employment capability

commensurate with the unit’s mission.

f. Evaluation of Effectiveness

The overall effectiveness of METOC support is

based on the successful and effective accomplishment of specific military missions. Each METOC or supporting unit must evaluate effectiveness on the basis of the principles stated above.

This requires METOC organizations at all levels

to be fully integrated into all unit planning and operations. Such interaction leads to mutual understanding and trust throughout the warfighting

team.

g. Methods of Providing Weather

Support

1-2 MCWP 3-35.7
(1) Direct Support. Direct weather support occurs when a MAGTF METOC unit is organized

under the operational control of the supported

commander. Traditionally, most MAGTF METOC support has been located within the aviation

combat element (ACE) and focused on providing

meteorological support. Other MAGTF units requiring METOC support for tactical operations

would request support through the chain of command to the MAGTF command element (CE). If

directed, METOC forces would be provided on

the basis of mission priorities, or other support arrangements would be established.

(2)General Support. At units without organic

or direct support METOC elements, METOC

support is provided via general support. Units will

verify and relay METOC information requirements to higher headquarters (HQ). Some organic

support may still come from observations that

may be taken by the unit intelligence officer,

ground reconnaissance units, or artillery regimental HQ meteorological personnel. However, the

preponderance of METOC information to such

units will be provided via general support by external organizations. Communications capabilities

are improvements on the usefulness of METOC

general support. The current capability of using

message text formats to satisfy weather customer

needs will evolve to include graphics exchange.

Editable graphics are constructed from file transfers of the databases. When this capability matures, commanders and planners will be able to

query the METOC database when desired, construct graphics from the query, and tailor the results for their planning and decisionmaking needs.

1005. Planning Considerations

METOC information is as much a part of intelligence as enemy and terrain data. It is often as significant as enemy intentions and trafficability. It

affects enemy actions and the decisions of both

forces. Adverse weather and oceanographic conditions affect mobility; decrease the ability to see

and attack deep; degrade electro-optical systems;

increase the requirement for thoroughly integrated

air, ground, logistic, and command and control

operations; and slow the movement of supplies

and reinforcements. Therefore, commanders must

be aware of and prepare for general and specific

effects of the weather and oceanographic conditions on enemy and friendly major weapons systems and operations. This includes evaluating

plans to minimize adverse METOC effects on

friendly forces and to maximize the effects on the

enemy. Timely and accurate METOC estimates

enable commanders to effectively plan and execute the operations.

a. Combat Power

Combat power is the total destructive force that

we can bring to bear on our enemy at a given

time. It is made up of many components, each

with its own unique weather and oceanographic

sensitivities. To employ these component forces

for maximal effect in the battlespace, commanders

must be knowledgeable of weather and oceanographic conditions and their effects on the different aspects of combat power.

b. Concentration and Speed

If commanders are knowledgeable of METOC effects on the enemy and friendly forces, then timely

and accurate METOC estimates and support will

enable them to consolidate their forces and respond more rapidly than the enemy.

c. Surprise and Boldness

Changing METOC conditions provide both sides

with windows of opportunity and vulnerability.

Defenders use these windows to set the terms of

battle, defeat the enemy attack, and seize the initiative. Attackers use these windows to enhance

the attack and carry the battle to the enemy

through bold but calculated offensive operations.

d. Exploiting Vulnerability and

Opportunity

Vulnerability is often uncertain, and opportunity is

fleeting. As the depth of the battlefield is extended

in space and time, it becomes more likely that

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support 1-3
weather and oceanographic conditions will vary,

opening and closing windows of opportunity and

vulnerability. 

1006. Conclusions

The weather and oceanographic conditions affect

military operations. Each has different effects on

various types of forces and, in some cases, dictates the types of forces that can be employed effectively. METOC data is part of the intelligence

required by MAGTF commanders and staffs to

plan and execute operations. That intelligence results from analyzing weather data, identifying

weather effects, and assessing the impact of

weather on Marine Corps systems, tactics, and

operations to provide vital information for

commanders to optimally employ their forces. As

such, the requirement for on-scene dedicated METOC support cannot be overstated. Weather and

changing oceanographic processes can affect all

types of Marine Corps operations, including operational maneuver across the range of military

operations. Each element of a MAGTF, as well as

each echelon of command, has a wide range of

functions and responsibilities with many unique

METOC information and support requirements.

MAGTF METOC operations, products, and services must support them all.

1-4 MCWP 3-35.7
2001. METOC Support Network

The global crisis response capability of the

MAGTF requires an extensive network of

weather observers, analysts, and forecasters. The

network consists of the weather and oceanographic services of each friendly country, the U.S.

Department of Commerce’s National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Department of Defense (DOD) METOC units within

theArmy,Navy,AirForce, andMarine Corps.

2002. Capabilities and

Limitations

METOC services provide observation network

and related facilities. Peacetime cooperation

among nations for weather services provides

global and hemispheric analyses in support of

military operations anywhere in the world. During

wartime, METOC control and other security restrictions may drastically limit the availability of

other national and indigenous METOC information. U.S. military METOC services and units are

specialized organizations with worldwide capabilities that are structured to satisfy unique military

requirements. They exchange METOC data with

national weather services and have access to national and international weather and oceanographic databases. Characteristics of the military

METOC services are mobility, responsiveness to

command, and combat readiness. 

2003. Naval METOC Support

System

The Naval METOC Support System includes all

Navy and Marine Corps units that contribute

oceanographic, meteorological, and hydrographic

observations or services; the activities assigned to

the Naval METOC Command (NAVMETOCCOM); and a very limited number of other meteorology- or oceanography-oriented activities,

such as the Naval Oceanographic and Atmospheric Research Laboratory and its atmospheric

directorate.

a. Naval METOC Command

The NAVMETOCCOM, located at Stennis Space

Center, Mississippi, is organized to collectively

provide global METOC support to the fleet

through its regional centers, which include: 

The Naval Atlantic METOC Center

(NAVLANTMETOCCEN), which is

located in Norfolk, Virginia

The Naval Pacific METOC Center

(NAVPACMETOCCEN), which is located

at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

The Naval Pacific METOC Center West

(NAVPACMETOCCENWEST), which is

located in Guam

The Naval European METOC Center

(NAVEURMETOCCEN), which is located

in Rota, Spain.

These regional centers have subordinate facilities

and detachments throughout their geographical

areas of responsibility. The regional centers are

the primary sources of METOC support for

forces afloat.

b. Fleet Numerical METOC Center

The Fleet Numerical METOC Center (FNMOC),

located in Monterey, California, is the master

computer center for the Naval METOC Support

System and the hub of the Naval Environmental

Data Network. It is linked with the data collection

and distribution networks of the Air Force,

NOAA, and the World Meteorological

Chapter 2

METOC Support Systems and Functions 
Organization (WMO). It is responsible for generating and distributing basic and applied numerical

(computer) METOC products for use by regional

centers and other users throughout the fleet and

the DOD. The Navy Oceanographic Data Distribution Expansion System (NODDES) is the primary means of distributing the center’s products.

c. Naval Oceanographic Office

The Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVOCEANO), located at Stennis Space Center,

plans, organizes, and executes multidisciplinary

ocean surveys and geospatial information and

services (GI&S) programs in support of DOD and

Department of the Navy (DON) operational requirements and other assigned technical programs

by using assigned ships, aircraft, and other platforms, including spacecraft. It is the primary

oceanographic production center for the Navy

and is responsible for receiving and processing

satellite data in support of fleet operations. The

NAVOCEANO also provides near-real-time

oceanographic products, including detailed front

and eddy analysis, and guidance to naval regional

METOC centers and command centers worldwide

in support of fleet operations.

2004. Marine Corps METOC

Support System

The Marine Corps METOC Support System is

designed to readily deploy and operate in an austere expeditionary environment. It is intended to

provide comprehensive METOC support to all

elements of a MAGTF, as well as to the bases and

stations of the supporting establishment. This system is designed to interconnect and maximize the

support available from naval, joint, and other METOC sources. The system will be augmented by

data that is observed, collected, modeled, and reported by organic Marine Corps METOC assets

and other Marine Corps assets, such as the topographic platoons, MAGTF all-source fusion center (MAFC), and ground and aviation

reconnaissance units. The primary function of the

Marine Corps METOC Support System is to

provide accurate, timely, and comprehensive METOC support that enhances MAGTF mission accomplishment through tactical exploitation of the

environment.

2005. Marine Corps Staff

METOC Personnel

a. Commandant of the Marine Corps,

Deputy Chief of Staff, Aviation,

Aviation Logistics Support Branch

This position is staffed by the senior weather service officer in the Marine Corps. This special staff

officer acts as the 6800 occupation field specialist

and action officer. This is the cognizant officer for

Marine Corps METOC support requirements. 

b. Space and Naval Warfare Systems

Command

This external billet is responsible for ensuring that

validated U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) METOC

requirements are satisfied. This officer also provides technical assistance regarding USMC operations to other METOC project officers within and

external to the METOC Systems Office. The METOC Systems Office plans and manages the design, development, procurement, and life-cycle

support of hardware and software systems that

measure, transmit, distribute, and process METOC data.

c. Marine Liaison, Commander, Naval

METOC Command

This special staff officer acts as the liaison for

METOC programs and policies between the Navy

and the Marine Corps. This officer is responsible

for advising the commander on issues that affect

littoral and expeditionary warfare operations; the

Marine Corps’ METOC support requirements for

the CE, ACE, ground combat element (GCE),

and combat service support element (CSSE); and

interaction with joint command staffs. This billet

is located within the joint operations division of

the operations directorate (N-3). 

2-2 MCWP 3-35.7
d. Marine Liaison, Naval

Oceanographic Office

The responsibilities of the Marine staffing this billet include the development, management, and

maintenance of Commander, Naval METOC

Command (CNMOC) METOC equipment support programs; assistance in identifying and developing training materials; participation in matters

concerning the Office of the Federal Coordinator

of Meteorology (OFCM); evaluation and testing

of new hardware and software; participation as a

member of mobile training teams for newly procured CNMOC-provided METOC equipment;

and performance of other Marine Corpsassociated duties as may be assigned.

2006. MAGTF METOC Personnel

MAGTF METOC personnel provide information

on the past, present, and future states of the METOC environment within which aircraft, weapons

systems, and Marines operate. Resident within the

MEF CE’s intelligence section and Marine wing

support squadrons (MWSSs), they are an integral

part of the MAGTF. The Marine Corps weather

organization consists of two operational chains of

command—one for the Fleet Marine Force (FMF)

and the other for the Marine Corps air station

(MCAS) and Marine Corps air facility (MCAF).

(See Appendix C.)

a. Marine Forces Pacific/Marine

Forces Atlantic METOC Officer

The Marine Corps Forces, Pacific (MARFORPAC) and Marine Corps Forces, Atlantic (MARFORLANT) METOC officer billet is currently an

additional duty for the senior weather service officer closest to these HQ. The MARFORPAC/

MARFORLANT METOC officer performs the

following functions:

(1) Advises and assists the commanding general in

the execution and management of METOC resources by planning, coordinating, and validating

the collection, evaluation, interpretation, and dissemination of METOC data. 

(2) Maintains liaison with other-Service counterparts and represents the commanding general at

joint Service METOC meetings.

(3) Maintains staff cognizance and management

coordination for weather-related matters.

(4) Serves as the Marine Corps senior METOC

officer when the HQ deploys.

(5) Conducts staff studies directly related to improving MAGTF warfighting capabilities.

(6) Prepares and presents staff- and commandlevel briefings.

(7) Provides staff support in planning for the employment and utilization of organic METOC assets, equipment, and capabilities.

(8) Provides climatological, meteorological, tidal,

astronomical, and other METOC data for

planning.

(9) Develops and prepares the METOC annex

(Annex H) for operation plans/orders and provides input into the communications and information systems annex (Annex K), the intelligence

annex (Annex B), and other annexes, as necessary, regarding METOC issues.

b. MEF METOC Officer

The staff weather officer (SWO) serves within the

G-2 section under the cognizance of the intelligence operations officer. As such, he serves as a

technical expert for the MEF commander on all

METOC-related matters. The MEF METOC officer performs the following functions:

(1) Advises and assists the commanding general

in the execution and management of METOC resources by planning, coordinating, and validating

the collection, evaluation, interpretation, and dissemination of METOC data.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support 2-3
(2) Coordinates with the MARFORPAC/MARFORLANT METOC officer on METOC-related

matters.

(3) Maintains liaison with other-Service counterparts and represents the commanding general at

joint Service METOC meetings.

(4) Maintains staff cognizance and management

coordination for METOC-related matters.

(5) Provides METOC support to intelligence

and staff studies directly related to improving

MAGTF warfighting capabilities. 

(6) Provides staff support in planning for the

employment and utilization of organic METOC

assets, equipment, and capabilities. 

(7) Provides climatological, meteorological,

tidal, astronomical, and other METOC data for

planning.

(8) Develops, prepares, and updates the METOC annex (Annex H) for operation plans/orders

and provides input into the communications and

information systems annex (Annex K), the intelligence annex (Annex B), and other annexes, as

necessary, regarding METOC issues.

(9) Serves as the joint METOC officer (JMO)

during joint operations/exercises when the MEF

CE is assigned the role and responsibilities of joint

task force (JTF) HQ.

c. Marine Wing Support Group

METOC Officer

The Marine wing support group (MWSG) METOC officer:

(1) Coordinates all METOC assets that reside in

the ACE.

(2) Provides METOC briefings to ACE commanders and their staffs to support current and future operations.

(3) Provides METOC effects information with

particular attention to critical weather threshold

values that limit systems, operations, or tactics.

(4) Advises commanders of METOC support

capabilities and limitations and coordinates effective methods of providing support to plan and

carry out MAGTF operations.

(5) Prepares METOC annexes to operation

plans and orders and reviews METOC annexes of

senior and subordinate commands to ensure that

stated responsibilities are coordinated and met.

(6) Prepares climatological studies and analyses

in support of planned exercises, operations, and

commitments.

(7) Provides METOC support to elements of

the MAGTF other than the ACE as directed. 

(8) Assists in determining METOC support data

requirements.

(9) Coordinates METOC training.

d. Marine Wing Support Squadron

METOC Officer

This officer is responsible for training and carrying out the plans and missions as prepared by

higher HQ. Responsibilities include:

(1) Receiving, monitoring, and analyzing METOC data to produce tailored, value-added information for supported units.

(2) Operating all METOC equipment, including

satellite receivers, radar, or other available

weather display equipment used as the basis for

weather forecasting and observing.

(3) Preparing and disseminating forecasts. Forecast services include providing:

2-4 MCWP 3-35.7
Forecasts focused on specific missions,

locations, and weather parameters critical to

current operations and for future planning

Forecasts of upper-air winds

Forecasts of temperature and precipitation

amounts to support terrain team hydrographic and trafficability predictions

Data for chemical downwind messages

Tailored forecasts for dissemination to

supported MEF weather support teams

Forecasts and observations to air traffic

control (ATC)

Weather products for intelligence

preparation of the battlespace (IPB)

Weather warnings for mission areas and

deployed locations

Aviation flight weather briefings in support

of ACE missions.

(4) Ensuring the combat readiness and mission capability of METOC personnel and

equipment.

e. MEF Weather Support Team METOC

Officer

MEF weather support teams are sourced from the

MWSS. When a MEF weather support team is attached to or placed in direct support of another

MAGTF element, its officer in charge is responsible for weather support, including:

(1) Advising and assisting the CE, GCE, CSSE,

or Marine expeditionary unit (MEU) commander

and staff on METOC matters relative to their

operations.

(2) Establishing and implementing policies governing METOC support services provided by the

MEF weather support team.

(3) Coordinating with higher METOC echelons as

appropriate to meet operational requirements of

the supported MAGTF element.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support 2-5

(reverse blank)
3001. MAGTF METOC Support

Concept of Operations

Upon the employment of a MAGTF, tactical METOC support will transition from garrison-based

to on-scene METOC support. Naval METOC

centers will retain responsibility for the provision

of weather facsimile support; METOC gridded

field data; wind, sea, and tropical cyclone warnings and advisories; and area oceanographic support. Tailored on-scene METOC support is

available from METOC assets organic to the

MAGTF CE and ACE. MEF weather support

teams from the MWSSs are task organized to

provide direct support to commanders and staffs

of MAGTF elements other than the ACE, that is,

the CE, the GCE, the MEU, and the CSSE.

MAGTF elements should forward unique tactical

METOC requirements via the chain of command

to the ACE instead of requesting personnel and

equipment directly. The MWSS, equipped with a

meteorological mobile facility (METMF) complex, is normally deployed to a forward operating

base (FOB) in direct support of that airfield. 

3002. METOC Support

Principles

METOC support for MAGTF tactical operations

is based on the following principles:

Weather and oceanographic effects must be

considered by commanders and planners

during all operational phases to determine

the best COA to accomplish the mission and

METOC effects on estimated threat

operations.

Accuracy of weather forecasts depends on

the density and timeliness of weather

observations. Because of continuously

changing atmospheric conditions, weather

information is highly perishable. Weather

forecasts must be monitored and updated

continually. All weather observations,

surface and aloft, particularly those taken

beyond forward units, must have high

priority and be rapidly disseminated to all

MAGTF elements. 

The accuracy of oceanographic, particularly

surf zone, estimates must be confirmed

shortly before any surface assault (e.g., by

ground reconnaissance, sea-air-land (SEAL)

teams, or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)

forces).

Timely, reliable communication is critical to

effective METOC support.

During joint and combined operations,

warfighters must be presented with a

common tactical picture of the environment

and its effects on operations. Close

coordination between METOC support

providers throughout and supporting the

JTF is required.

3003. METOC Support

Requirements

Requirements for METOC support vary between

the operational and tactical level and between the

CE, GCE, ACE, and CSSE.

a. The Command Element

The MEF HQ requires forecasts of critical METOC elements (such as flying and surf conditions,

current and tide conditions, and warnings of extreme and dangerous weather conditions) at least

72 - 96 hours before an operation, as well as periodic updates throughout execution.

b. The Ground Combat Element

Chapter 3

METOC Support to the MAGTF
The GCE requires METOC support in the form of

estimates and graphic products that can be used

for planning and decisionmaking. There is also a

requirement for general weather forecasts that

cover the following 24 - 48 hours and are focused

on ground combat-related weather elements and

coastal and sea data such as:

Tidal, current, and surf data

Beach slope, water depth, surf zone, and

surf breaker description

Severe weather warnings

Horizontal visibility and obstructions to

vision

Astronomical data (sunrise, sunset,

beginning of morning nautical twilight

(BMNT), end of evening nautical twilight

(EENT), moonrise, moonset, lunar

illumination)

Precipitation rate and type

Ambient air temperature and humidity

Extreme heat or cold

Surface wind speed and direction

Cloud cover

Freeze/thaw depth

Ice/snow depth

Wet bulb globe temperature index

(WBGTI)—an index used to determine heat

stress conditions

Windchill index

Barometric tendencies

Upper-air refractivity indices (used in

providing tactical decision aids (TDAs) for

detection ranges and radars)

Upper-air temperatures, winds, and heights.

c. The Aviation Combat Element

The ACE requires precise current weather information for every aircraft flight and forecasts for

the following 72 - 96 hours for the entire area of

operations. Aviation units are concerned with

weather conditions at widely dispersed departure

airfields, weather conditions en route to destinations and targets, and conditions at the arrival airfield or over the target areas. In addition to the

weather elements required by the GCE, the ACE

requires precise aviation-related weather elements

such as:

Altimeter settings

Ceiling height

Pressure altitude (PA) and density altitude

(DA)

Cloud base/cloud top height

Upper-air temperatures, winds, and heights

In-flight icing and turbulence conditions

Severe weather briefings.

d. The Combat Service Support

Element 

The CSSE’s operations are heavily influenced by

extreme weather conditions. Both extreme heat

and cold can put added stress and strain on

MAGTF equipment and create additional requirements for maintenance and spare parts. Heavy

precipitation can make outside storage difficult.

Severe weather can degrade the existing road system, thereby affecting trafficability, mobility, and

construction efforts and, in the case of heavy icing

or snow buildup, making it impassable. Unfavorable sea state conditions can make landing support and logistics over the shore operations much

more difficult. Generally, the CSSE’s specific

weather and oceanographic information requirements are the same as those of the GCE.

3004. Tasks and

Responsibilities

a. The Command Element

The CE has no organic METOC data collection

assets or forecasting capability. It depends on the

ACE or external units for operational METOC

support. Such support will be coordinated and obtained by the SWO within the MEF intelligence

section. The MAGTF commander’s responsibilities are to:

Coordinate with the ACE commander to

ensure that the ACE’s METOC support

requirements are met

3-2 MCWP 3-35.7
Provide logistical and communications

support to the attached MEF weather

support team

Integrate weather analysis into future

planning and current operations

Provide critical or threshold values for

determining and assessing the weather

effects on threat weapons systems, tactics,

capabilities, and estimated COAs

Integrate climatological, meteorological,

and oceanographic estimates into IPB and

analyze resulting intelligence products.

Marine ground reconnaissance forces may conduct special missions to gather meteorological,

geographic, and hydrographic reconnaissance in

support of specific aerospace, land, or maritime

operations (beach gradients, obstacles (natural

and manmade), tide and surf, depths of water,

contour of the sea bottom, routes of exit from the

beaches, and soil trafficability). 

b. The Ground Combat Element

The GCE provides limited but vital METOC support in the form of upper-air data from its artillery

forces and surface weather observations from all

GCE forces (particularly ground reconnaissance

and combat engineer forces). However, it depends

on the ACE for specialized METOC support. The

GCE commander’s responsibilities are to:

Identify METOC requirements to the

MAGTF CE and coordinate with the ACE

to ensure that tactical METOC support

requirements are known and satisfied

Provide logistical and communications

support to the attached MEF weather

support team

Provide surface observations and all

upper-air observations beyond forward

troops and relay the data to the ACE and

MAGTF CE

Provide critical or threshold values for

determining the weather effects on GCE

weapons systems, tactics, and operations

Assess the impact of weather effects on

GCE weapons systems, tactics, and

operations

Integrate weather and oceanographic

analysis into future planning

Provide trafficability and hydrographic

forecasts.

c. The Aviation Combat Element

The ACE provides the majority of METOC support required by the MAGTF. To do so effectively, it requires numerical products from the

FNMOC, regional center support, satellite data,

and access to both surface and upper-air data

from the Air Force, Navy, and allied meteorological services, as well as data furnished by MAGTF

sources. The ACE commander’s responsibilities

are to:

Plan and coordinate tactical METOC

support requirements for the ACE and, as

directed, elements of the MAGTF in

accordance with the MAGTF commander’s

priorities

Provide MEF weather support teams to

support each element, as required

Provide METOC personnel with the

technical training and skills necessary to

support MAGTF operations

Integrate weather analysis and estimates

into future planning and current operations

Assess the general effect of weather on

weapons systems, tactics, and operations on

the basis of critical values identified by each

element

Provide weather and oceanographic

observations, forecasts, staff support, and

timely advisories or warnings of expected

weather that may adversely affect MAGTF

operations or that could be a hazard to

personnel or materiel

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support 3-3
Ensure rapid dissemination of METOC

products and services 

Provide weather support products for use in

soil trafficability and hydrographical

predictions

Provide climatological support for tactical

missions, IPB, and tactical decisionmaking

aids

Provide light and tidal data

Provide atmospheric and astronomical

information affecting radar, communications, and electro-optical weapons

systems

Conduct liaison with naval METOC centers

and other external METOC elements for

special tactical support requirements

beyond inherent capabilities

Collect and disseminate METOC data

obtained from mission reports and in-flight

reports by using the target weather

information (TARWI) code.

d. The Combat Service Support

Element

The CSSE provides limited but vital METOC

support in the form of surface weather and trafficability reports. However, it depends on external

units for most METOC support. The CSSE commander’s responsibilities are to:

Coordinate with the MAGTF CE and ACE

to ensure that its METOC support

requirements are identified and satisfied

Provide logistical and communications

support to the attached MEF weather

support team

Integrate METOC analysis and estimates

into future planning and current operations

Provide critical or threshold values for

determining the weather effects on CSSE

systems and operations

Assess the impact of weather effects on

CSSE systems and operations and

MAGTF-wide combat service support

(CSS).

3005. METOC Support

Capabilities

The METOC section within the MEF intelligence

section and the MWSS weather section in the

ACE are organized and structured to support a

variety of MAGTF- and ACE-specific operations/

deployments. These organizations are manned and

equipped to be used in a variety of ways, contingent on the size, scope, and mission of the

MAGTF. Dedicated METOC support is available

for all MAGTF elements from within the ACE.

However, a greater level of METOC support is

normally required by, and therefore dedicated to,

ACE operations. 

a. Meteorological Mobile Facility 

The highest level of METOC support to the

MAGTF is the deployment of the METMF. The

METMF provides a METOC support capability

similar to that found in garrison METOC facilities, is normally deployed as part of an entire

MWSS, and is the only realistic option for largescale MAGTF operations. Once established

ashore, the MWSS may use a MEF weather support team to forward base personnel and equipment in support of ACE units that are separated

from the main airbase. This redeployment also

provides the METMF with a forward data collection capability that significantly enhances overall

support efforts to the entire MAGTF.

b. MEF Weather Support Team

Part of the MWSS table of organization (T/O) is

dedicated to the formation of MEF weather support teams. These MEF weather support teams

are task organized to provide a limited level of

METOC support. Consisting of a weather officer,

two forecasters, and two observers, these teams

are directly attached to the elements that they are

tasked to support and rely on those elements for

logistical and communications support. MEF

weather support teams do not have a standalone

3-4 MCWP 3-35.7
METOC capability. Instead, during operations

they get METOC products from the nearest deployed METMF or other METOC support organizations to satisfy the supported units’

METOC information requirements.

3006. METOC Communications

and Information Systems

Requirements

An area of METOC operations that is currently

undergoing substantial change is METOC communications and information systems architectures. The efforts of METOC personnel depend

heavily on a secure, reliable, and fast communications and information systems architecture to exchange METOC information with the joint

METOC forecast unit (JMFU), other component

METOC units, METOC regional and production

centers, and MAGTF elements. Integration of

METOC communications and information systems requirements into MAGTF communications

planning will provide the conduit for reliable exchange of situational and forecast information and

ensure that time-perishable METOC information

may be obtained, processed, and disseminated

when needed. Each mission and situation is

unique and, therefore, requires some modifications to the supporting communications and information systems architecture. Detailed planning

and close coordination between the SWO, the

MAGTF G-2/S-2, and the G-6/S-6 are critical for

establishing a reliable and effective METOC communications and information systems architecture.

Specific systems and technical architectures

(equipment, frequencies, communications nets, local area networks/wide area networks, and systems) are addressed in Marine Corps Warfighting

Publication (MCWP) 6-22, Communications and

Information Systems.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support 3-5

(reverse blank)
Note: Acronyms change over time in response to

new operational concepts, capabilities, doctrinal

changes, and other similar developments. The following publications are the sole authoritative

sources for official military acronyms:

1. Joint Pub 1-02, DOD Dictionary of Military

and Associated Terms.

2. Fleet Marine Force Reference Publication

(FMFRP) 0-14, Marine Corps Supplement to the

DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated

Terms. (This publication is being updated and will

be published during fiscal year 1998 with the new

designator of Marine Corps Reference Publication

(MCRP) 5-12C.)

55SXS .......... 55th Space Weather Squadron

AAV ................ assault amphibious vehicle

AAVC .................. AAV, command model

AAVP ................... AAV, personnel model

AAVR ................... AAV, recovery model

ACCI .................... Air Combat Command

instruction

ACCM .......... Air Combat Command manual

ACE ................... aviation combat element

AFCAT ...................... Air Force catalog

AFCCC ......... Air Force Combat Climatology

Center

AFDIGS ..... Air Force Digital Graphics System

AFDIS ...... Air Force Global Weather Central

Dial-In Subsystem

AFI ........................ Air Force instruction

AFJI .................. Air Force joint instruction

AFP ...................... Air Force publication

AFTTP ... Air Force tactical training publication

AFWA .............. Air Force Weather Agency

AMCI ...... Air Mobility Command instruction

AOAFCST . . amphibious objective area forecast

AR ............................ Army regulation

ARTYMET ............ artillery meteorological

ASLTFCST .................... assault forecast

ATC ........................... air traffic control

AUTODIN ......... Automatic Digital Network

AVWX ......... aviation route weather forecast

AWDS ........ Automated Weather Distribution

System

AWN ............. Automated Weather Network

AWS ...................... Air Weather Service

BDA ................. battle damage assessment

BKN .................................... broken

BMCT ...... beginning of morning civil twilight

BMNT ... beginning of morning nautical twilight

BSSG ........... brigade service support group

CAT ........................ clear air turbulence

CE .......................... command element

CJCSI ..... Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

instruction

CJCSM .... Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

manual

CLF .................. commander, landing force

CLR ....................................... clear

CNMOC .......... Commander, Naval METOC

Command

COA ........................... course of action

COMNAVSURFLANT ..... Commander, Naval

Surface Force Atlantic

COMNAVSURFPAC ...... Commander, Naval

Surface Force Pacific

CONOPS ................. concept of operations

COVER .............. IREPS coverage diagram

CRRC ...... combat rubber reconnaissance craft

CSS .................... combat service support

Appendix A

Glossary

Section I. Acronyms
CSSE .......... combat service support element

DA ............................. density altitude

DAS .......................... direct air support

DEFCON ........... defense readiness condition

DMS ................. Defense Message System

DMSP ......... Defense Meteorological Satellite

Program

DOD ................... Department of Defense

DON .................. Department of the Navy

DSN ............... Defense Switched Network

EECT .............. end of evening civil twilight

EENT .......... end of evening nautical twilight

EM ............................. electromagnetic

EMCON ...................... emission control

EMP ..................... electromagnetic pulse

EOTDA . . Electro-Optical Tactical Decision Aid

ES ................... electronic warfare support

ESM ............... electronic support measure

ESP .............. environmental support packet

FAA ............ Federal Aviation Administration

FALOP ....... Forward Area Limited Observing

Program

FARP ....... forward arming and refueling point

FLIR .................. forward looking infrared

FLTNUMMETOCCENINST ... Fleet Numerical

METOC Center instruction

FLTNUMMETOC DET ........ Fleet Numerical

METOC Detachment

FM .................... U.S. Army field manual

FMF ......................... Fleet Marine Force

FMFRP ............ Fleet Marine Force reference

publication

FNMOC ....... Fleet Numerical METOC Center

FOB ..................... forward operating base

FTS ................. Federal Telephone System

GCE ................... ground combat element

GI&S ........ geospatial information and services

HMH ......... Marine heavy helicopter squadron

HMLA ........... Marine light attack helicopter

squadron

HMM ...... Marine medium helicopter squadron

HQ ................................ headquarters

IFR ....................... instrument flight rules

IPB ............... intelligence preparation of the

battlespace

IREPS ............. Integrated Refractive Effects

Prediction System

JMFU ............... joint METOC forecast unit

JMO ....................... joint METOC officer

JOTS ......... Joint Operational Tactical System

JTF .............................. joint task force

LCAC .................. landing craft air cushion

LCM ................. landing craft, mechanized

LCU ........................ landing craft, utility

LCVP .......... landing craft, vehicle, personnel

MACG ................ Marine air control group

MAFC ......... MAGTF all-source fusion center

MAG ..................... Marine aircraft group

MAGTF ........... Marine air-ground task force

MARFORLANT ......... Marine Corps Forces,

Atlantic

MARFORPAC ........... Marine Corps Forces,

Pacific

MCAF ................. Marine Corps air facility

MCAS ................ Marine Corps air station

MCRP ...... Marine Corps reference publication

MCWP ... Marine Corps warfighting publication

MEF ................ Marine expeditionary force

MEF(FWD) ................... MEF (forward)

METMF .......... meteorological mobile facility

METOC ..... meteorological and oceanographic

METSAT .............. meteorological satellite

MEU ................. Marine expeditionary unit

MOPP ...... mission-oriented protective posture

MRS ................. Mini-Rawinsonde System

MSI ........................ modified surf index

MST .................. Mountain Standard Time

MWSG ............. Marine wing support group

MWSS .......... Marine wing support squadron

A-2 MCWP 3-35.7
NAI ...................... named area of interest

NATO ...... North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NAVEURMETOCCEN ....... Naval European

METOC Center

NAVLANTMETOCCEN ........ Naval Atlantic

METOC Center

NAVMETOCCOM . . Naval METOC Command

NAVMETOCCOMINST ....... Naval METOC

Command instruction

NAVOCEANO .... Naval Oceanographic Office

NAVPACMETOCCEN ........... Naval Pacific

METOC Center

NAVPACMETOCCENWEST .... Naval Pacific

METOC Center West

NBC .......... nuclear, biological, and chemical

NESDIS ....... National Environmental Satellite

Data and Information Service

NFOV ................... narrow focus of vision

NOAA ................... National Oceanic and

Atmospheric Administration

NODDES ........... Navy Oceanographic Data

Distribution Expansion System

NODDS ............. Navy Oceanographic Data

Distribution System

NOGAPS ............. Navy Operational Global

Atmospheric Prediction System

NORAPS ........... Navy Operational Regional

Atmospheric Prediction System

NOSC TD ........ Naval Oceanography Systems

Command technical document

NWS ................. National Weather Service

OAAW ................ offensive antiair warfare

OFCM .... Office of the Federal Coordinator of

Meteorology

OPORD ........................ operation order

OPTASK ...................... operational task

OVC .................................. overcast

PA ............................ pressure altitude

PCS ........... propagation conditions summary

PSYOP ................. psychological operation

PV ...................... Platform Vulnerability

RGR .................... rapid ground refueling

RP ....................... reference publication

SAM ..................... surface-to-air missile

SCT .................................. scattered

SEAD ........suppression of enemy air defenses

SEAL .............................. sea-air-land

SPOT ... satellite pour l’observation de la terre

STRKFCST ..................... strike forecast

STU-III ............... secure telephone unit III

SWO ...................... staff weather officer

T/O ....................... table of organization

TAF ............... terminal aerodrome forecast

TAMPS .... Tactical Aviation Mission Planning

System

TARWI ............. target weather information

TAS .............. tactical atmospheric summary

TC ............................ technical catalog

TDA ....................... tactical decision aid

TN .............................. technical note

TOW ..... tube launched, optically tracked, wire

command link guided missile

UAV .................. unmanned aerial vehicle

UGDF ............... uniform gridded data field

USAFETAC ..... U.S. Air Force Environmental

Technical Applications Center

USMC ..................... U.S. Marine Corps

UTC .............. Coordinated Universal Time

VFR .......................... visual flight rules

VMA ................... Marine attack squadron

VMAQ ....... Marine tactical electronic warfare

squadron

VMFA .......... Marine fighter attack squadron

VMGR .......... Marine aerial refueler transport

squadron

WBGTI ...... wet bulb globe temperature index

WEAX ......... daily weather forecast (USMC)

WFOV ..................... wide focus of vision

WMO ...... World Meteorological Organization

WSR ............... Weather Service regulation

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support A-3
Note: Definitions of military terms change over

time in response to new operational concepts, capabilities, doctrinal changes, and other similar developments. The majority of METOC terms are

not defined in Joint Pub 1-02. Accordingly, the

following publications are the authoritative

sources for official definitions of METOC terms

used within this publication:

1. Joint Pub 3-59, Joint Doctrine for Meteorological and Oceanographic Support.

2. COMNAVSURFPAC/COMNAVSURFLANT

3840.1B, Joint Surf Manual.

A

absolute humidity—The mass of water vapor in

a given volume of air. It represents the density of

water vapor in the air. 

aerosols—Tiny suspended solid particles (dust,

smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil

fuels. 

air pressure (atmospheric pressure)—The pressure exerted by the weight of air above a given

point, usually expressed in millibars or inches of

mercury. 

atmosphere—The air surrounding the Earth.

(Joint Pub 1-02)

B

bar—A submerged or emerged embankment of

sand, gravel, or mud built on the sea floor in shallow water by waves and current. May also be

composed of mollusk shells. (Joint Surf Manual)

berm—The nearly horizontal portion of a beach

or backshore having an abrupt fall and formed by

deposition of material by wave action. Marks the

limit of ordinary high tides. (Joint Surf Manual)

breaker—A wave tripped by shoaling water.

Categorized as spilling, plunging, or surging.

(Joint Surf Manual)

breaker angle—The angle at which a breaker

makes the beach. (Joint Surf Manual)

C

ceiling—The height of the lowest layer of clouds

when the weather reports describe the sky as broken or overcast.

clear air turbulence (CAT)—Turbulence encountered by aircraft flying through cloudless

skies. Thermals, wind shear, and jet streams can

be factors in producing CAT. 

climatological forecast—A weather forecast,

usually a month or more in the future, that is

based on the climate of a region rather than on

current weather conditions. 

contrail (condensation trail)—A cloud-like

streamer frequently seen forming behind aircraft

flying in clear, cold, humid air.

D

deep water—Where water depth is greater than

one-half the length of the wave. Deep water conditions are said to exist when the surface waves

are not affected by bottom topography. (Joint

Surf Manual)

density—The ratio of the mass of a substance to

the volume occupied by it. 

A-4 MCWP 3-35.7

Section II. Definitions
dew—Water that has condensed onto objects

near the ground when their temperatures have

fallen below the dewpoint of the surface air. 

dewpoint temperature—The temperature to

which air must be cooled (at constant pressure

and constant water vapor content) for saturation

to occur.

diffraction—The bending of light around objects,

such as a cloud of fog droplets, producing fringes

of light and dark or colored bands. 

E

environmental services—The various combi- nations of scientific, technical, and advisory activities (including modification processes, i.e., the

influence of manmade and natural factors) required to acquire, produce, and supply information on the past, present, and future states of

space, atmospheric, oceanographic, and terrestrial

surroundings for use in military planning and decisionmaking processes, or to modify those surroundings to enhance military operations. (Joint

Pub 1-02)

F

fetch—The area over which ocean waves are

generated by a wind with a constant direction and

speed. (Joint Surf Manual)

G

gradient—The rate of inclination to horizontal

expressed as a ratio, such as 1:25 indicating one

unit of rise to 25 units of horizontal distance.

Used to describe beach slope. (Joint Surf Manual)

I

infrared radiation—Electromagnetic radiation

with wavelengths between about 0.7 and 1,000

mm. This radiation is longer than visible radiation

but shorter than microwave radiation.

inversion—An increase in air temperature with

height.

isobar—A line connecting points of equal

pressure. 

isotach—A line connecting points of equal wind

speed. 

isotherm—A line connecting points of equal

temperature.

. 

J

joint meteorological and oceanographic forecast unit—A flexible, transportable, jointly supported collective of METOC personnel and

equipment formed to provide the JTF and joint

force METOC officer with full METOC services.

Also called JMFU. (Joint Surf Manual)

joint meteorological and oceanographic officer—Officer designated to provide direct METOC support to the JTF commander. Also called

JMO. (Joint Surf Manual)

K

knot—A unit of speed equal to one nautical mile

per hour. One knot equals 1.15 miles per hour.

L

littoral current—Current moving generally parallel to and adjacent to the shoreline. (Joint Surf

Manual)

longshore bar—A ridge that runs generally parallel to the shore and is submerged by high tides.

(Joint Surf Manual)

M

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support A-5
meteorological and oceanographic forecast

center—Shore-based METOC production activity. (Joint Surf Manual)

meteorological data—Meteorological facts pertaining to the atmosphere, such as wind, temperature, air density, and other phenomena, that affect

military operations. (Joint Surf Manual)

modified surf index (MSI)—A single dimensionless number that provides a relative measure of

the conditions likely to be encountered in the surf

zone. The MSI is a calculated value based on

breaker type, period and height, speed of any littoral current, relative wind speed, and secondary

wave height. (Joint Surf Manual)

modified surf limit—The maximum modified

surf index at which routine operations should be

attempted. Exceeding the limit is not feasible

without increasing the casualty rate. (Joint Surf

Manual)

O

offshore bar—A bar built principally by wave action on sand or gravel at a distance from shore

and separated by a lagoon. Also known as a barrier bar. (Joint Surf Manual)

P

plunging breaker—A breaking wave that expends its energy suddenly. Characterized by a

wave peaking into an advancing vertical wall of

water. The crest curls far over and descends violently into the preceding trough. Easily identified

by its explosive sound. (Joint Surf Manual)

precipitation—Any form of water particle, liquid

or solid, that falls from the atmosphere and

reaches the ground. 

R

refraction—The deflection of a wave moving in

shallow water at an angle to the depth contours

that causes the advancing wave to bend toward

alignment with the depth contours (as opposed to

facing the shoreline directly). (Joint Surf Manual)

rip current—Narrow rips of water that flow out

from the shore through the breaker line. Consists

of feeder currents that flow parallel to the shore

inside the breaker; a “neck,” which is the narrow

stream that flows outward; and a head, where the

current widens and dissipates. Speeds of up to

two knots occur within the rip current. (Joint Surf

Manual)

S

space environment—The region beginning at the

lower boundary of the Earth’s ionosphere (approximately 50 km) and extending outward that

contains solid particles (asteroids and meteoroids), energetic charged particles (ions, protons,

electrons, etc.), and electromagnetic and ionizing

radiation. (Joint Surf Manual)

space weather—Describes the environment and

other natural phenomena above a 50-km altitude.

(Joint Surf Manual)

swash—The rush of water up onto the beach following the breaking of a wave. Also known as

uprush. (Joint Surf Manual)

swell—Ocean waves that have traveled out of

their fetch. Swell characteristically exhibits a more

regular and longer period with flatter crests than

sea waves. (Joint Surf Manual)

W

wave crest—The highest part of a wave. (Joint

Surf Manual)

wave height—The vertical distance between a

wave trough and a wave crest. (Joint Surf

Manual)

A-6 MCWP 3-35.7
wavelength—The horizontal distance between

successive wave crests measured perpendicular to

the wave crests. (Joint Surf Manual)

wave period—The time required for a wave crest

to traverse a distance equal to one wavelength.

(Joint Surf Manual)

wave steepness—The ratio of wave height to

wave length. (Joint Surf Manual)

wave trough—The lowest part of a wave between successive wave crests. (Joint Surf

Manual)

wave velocity—The speed at which a wave form

advances, usually expressed in knots. (Joint Surf

Manual)

weather—The condition of the atmosphere at any

particular time and place.

weather elements—The elements of air temperature, air pressure, humidity, clouds, precipitation,

visibility, and wind that determine the present

state of the atmosphere (the weather).

wind wave—A wave resulting from the action of

wind on a water surface. While the wind is acting

on it, it is a sea wave; thereafter, it is a swell.

(Joint Surf Manual)

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support A-7

(reverse blank)
Appendix B

References and Related Publications

Joint Publications

Joint Pub 3-0 Doctrine for Joint Operations

Joint Pub 3-59 Joint Doctrine for Meteorological and Oceanographic 

Support

Joint Pub 5-03.1 Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Vol. I, Planning

Policies and Procedures

Joint Pub 6-05.3 Employment of Joint Tactical Communications Systems

(draft)

Joint Meteorology and Oceanography (METOC) Training 

Handbook

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction (CJCSI)

CJCSI 3810.01 Meteorological and Oceanographic Operations

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Manual (CJCSM)

CJCSM 3122.03 Joint Operation Planning and Execution System Vol. II,

Planning Formats and Guidance

Marine Corps Publications

Marine Corps Warfighting Publications (MCWPs)

MCWP 2-1 Intelligence Operations

MCWP 3-1 Ground Combat Operations

MCWP 3-2 Aviation Operations

MCWP 4-1 Logistic Operations

MCWP 5-1 Marine Corps Planning

Navy Publications

CNMOC METOC Concept of Operations (CONOPS)

CNMOC METOC CONOPS Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command ltr 3140 ser

3/255 of 22 Oct 96
NAVMETOCCOM Instructions (NAVMETOCCOMINSTs)

NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K United States Navy Meteorological & Oceanographic 

Support System Manual

NAVMETOCCOMINST Policies Concerning the Provision of Meteorology and 

3140.17A Oceanography Products and Services 

Fleet Numerical METOC Center Instruction (FLTNUMMETOCCENINST)

FLTNUMMETOCCENINST Navy Oceanographic Data Distribution System Products 

3147.1 Manual

Fleet Numerical METOC Detachment (FLTNUMMETOC DET) Asheville Notice

FLTNUMMETOC DET Guide to Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command

Asheville Notice 3146 Atmospheric Climatic Summaries, Products, and Services

Commander, Naval Surface Force Pacific (COMNAVSURFPAC)/Commander, Naval

Surface Force Atlantic (COMNAVSURFLANT) Manual

COMNAVSURFPAC/ Joint Surf Manual

COMNAVSURFLANT 3840.1B

Reference Publications (RPs)

RP 1 Environmental Effects on Naval Weapons Systems and 

Naval Warfare (Unclassified)

RP 33 Fleet Oceanographic and Acoustic Reference Manual

RP 50 Catalog of Classified Naval Oceanographic Office Publications

RP 51 Catalog of Naval Oceanographic Office Unclassified Publications

Naval Oceanographic Office Catalog

NAVOCEANO N03140 METOC Products Available from Warfighting Support 

Center Classified Services Branch

Army Publications

U.S. Army Field Manuals (FMs)

FM 1-230 Meteorology for Army Aviators

FM 6-15 Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Field Artillery

Meteorology

FM 34-81 Weather Support for Army Tactical Operations

FM 34-81-1 Battlefield Weather Effects

FM 34-130 Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield

B-2 MCWP 3-35.7
FM 100-5 Operations

Army Regulation (AR)/Air Force Joint Instruction (AFJI)

AR 115-10/AFJI 15-157 Meteorological Support for the U.S. Army

Air Force Publications

Air Force Instruction (AFI)

AFI 15-118 Requesting Specialized Weather Support

Air Force Catalog (AFCAT)

AFCAT 15-152 Space Environmental Products

Air Force Publication (AFP)

AFP 105-34 JFACC

U.S. Air Force Environmental Technical Applications Center (USAFETAC) Technical

Catalog (TC)

USAFETAC/TC-95/001 Catalogue of Air Force Weather Technical Publications (1992 -

1995)

Air Weather Service (AWS) Technical Catalog

AWS/TC-91/001 Catalogue of AWS Technical Documents (1941-1991)

Air Force Combat Climatology Center (AFCCC) Technical Note (TN)

AFCCC/TN-95/005 Capabilities, Products and Services of Air Force Combat 

Climatology Command

Air Combat Command Instruction (ACCI)

ACCI 15-150 Air Combat Command Weather Operations

Air Combat Command Manual (ACCM)

ACCM 15-151 Air Combat Command Weather Readiness

Air Mobility Command Instructions (AMCIs)

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support B-3
AMCI 10-404 Air Mobility Element/Tanker Task Force/Tanker Airlift

Control Element

AMCI 10-406 Tanker Task Force/Tanker Airlift Control Element

Weather Service Regulations (WSRs)

617 WSR 16-1 Weather Support

617 WSR 16-X Weather Communications

B-4 MCWP 3-35.7
Figure C-1. MARFORPAC METOC Organization.

Appendix C

METOC Support Organization and Structure
Figure C-2. MARFORLANT METOC Organization.

C-2 MCWP 3-35.7
Several METOC products and services are available to aid MAGTF commanders and planners.

Tailored products can be provided upon request

to accommodate many missions and situations. A

brief discussion of some of the more common

products and services follows.

Solar/Lunar Almanac

This almanac provides monthly or daily summaries of ephemeral data for the sun and moon for

locations worldwide. These summaries include

times for sunrise/sunset and moonrise/moonset,

beginning/ending times of nautical and civil twilight, total daylight in percent illumination, phases

of the moon in percent illumination, time and altitude of sun/moon meridian passage, night vision

goggle illumination data, and 24-hour solar/lunar

positions (altitude and azimuth). This can be produced in tabular or graphical format.

Weather Effects Matrix

Weather elements and their associated impact on

operations are the primary focus of the weather

effects matrix. It is part of the IPB process and

will assist commanders and planners in making

go/no go and other tactical decisions. The impact

of weather on specific mission areas will be defined as favorable, marginal, or unfavorable. This

product can be tailored or adapted to meet specific operational criteria or mission parameters. A

weather effects matrix is developed by intelligence

personnel by using meteorological parameters

provided by METOC personnel. See figure D-1

(page D-2) for an example of the weather effects

matrix. 

MAGTF Standard Tactical

METOC Support Plan

This plan provides a common baseline of standardized products and services to be provided at a

minimum during MAGTF operations. These tactical support products are tailored or modified as

necessary by on-scene METOC forces to meet

specific operational requirements and tactical

situations. The METOC support plan is based on

the Navy’s Operational Task (OPTASK) METOC, which uses North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) APP-4 standards to provide a

standard for the coordination of tactical METOC

services and reporting responsibilities within a

MAGTF. Support consists of the following three

areas:

OPTASK METOC

This involves operational tasks and uses NATO

APP-4 standards to provide a standard message

for the coordination of tactical METOC services

and reporting responsibilities within a MAGTF.

This is the Navy’s equivalent to the MAGTF Annex H. 

Standard Tactical Summaries

These summaries are designed to provide METOC information and support to MAGTF elements during routine operations. They include the

MAGTF daily weather forecast (WEAX) and tactical atmospheric summary (TAS). These support

products are normally transmitted daily or as

required.

Daily Weather Forecast. The WEAX provides a plain-language meteorological situation, a 

Appendix D

Support Products and Services

Section I: Sample METOC Support Products and Services
24-hour forecast, and a 48-hour outlook for each

METOC or operational zone of interest. Astronomical data is included, and a radiological forecast is appended as required. See Appendix G for

an example of a WEAX.

Tactical Atmospheric Summary. This summary provides an atmospheric refractive summary, a tactical assessment, electromagnetic 

(EM) sensor performance predictions, infrared

sensor detection range predictions, and communication range predictions. See Appendix G for an

example of a TAS.

Special Tactical Summaries

These summaries are designed to provide METOC information and support for specific

MAGTF operations and/or functions. They

D-2 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-1. Weather Effects Matrix.
include the amphibious objective area forecast

(AOAFCST), strike forecast (STRKFCST), and

assault forecast (ASLTFCST).

Amphibious Objective Area Forecast. The

AOAFCST is designed to provide support for amphibious rehearsals and landings. It includes a

plain-language meteorological situation, a

24-hour forecast for the amphibious objective/

landing area, surf forecasts for target beaches, a

tactical assessment, an abbreviated atmospheric

summary, and astronomical data. A radiological

and chemical fallout forecast is appended as the

tactical situation dictates.

Strike Forecast. The STRKFCST is designed

to provide a coordinated forecast whenever multiple ACE strike (offensive antiair warfare

(OAAW)/suppression of enemy air defenses

(SEAD)/direct air support (DAS)) platforms

(Marine attack squadron (VMA)/Marine fighter

attack squadron (VMFA)/Marine tactical electronic warfare squadron (VMAQ)) are operating

as an integrated force under one tactical commander. It includes a plain-language meteorological situation, a 24-hour forecast of en route and

target weather, an outlook to 48 hours, a tactical

assessment, and electro-optical sensor performance predictions. See Appendix G for an example

of a STRKFCST.

Assault Forecast. The ASLTFCST is designed

to provide a coordinated forecast whenever multiple assault support platforms (Marine aerial refueler transport squadron (VMGR)/Marine heavy

helicopter squadron (HMH)/Marine medium helicopter squadron (HMM)/ Marine light attack helicopter squadron (HMLA)) are operating as an

integrated force under one tactical commander. It

includes a plain-language meteorological situation, a 24-hour forecast of en route forward arming and refueling point (FARP)/rapid ground

refueling (RGR) and landing zone weather, an

outlook to 48 hours, a tactical assessment, and

electro-optical sensor performance predictions.

See Appendix G for an example of an

ASLTFCST.

Electro-Optical Tactical Decision

Aid

The effects of weather on the sensor performance

of various weapons systems and platforms are

complex. Although new technology continues to

offer advantages that increase performance of

“smart” weapons, an unavoidable and intangible

factor is the weather and its impact on them.

Electro-Optical Tactical Decision Aid (EOTDA)

is a software model that predicts the performance

of air-to-ground weapons systems and direct-view

optics on the basis of environmental and tactical

information. Performance is expressed primarily in

terms of maximum detection or lock-on range.

EOTDA supports three regions of the spectrum:

infrared, visible, and laser. Most MAGTF aviation

platforms, weapons, and systems are supported by

the database contained in the program. Systems

not supported can be defined by the user to work

with the EOTDA program. Figure D-2 (page

D-4) provides examples of EOTDA products.

Integrated Refractive Effects

Prediction System

The Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System (IREPS) software was developed to provide

a rapid-response, on-scene environmental data

processing, prediction, and display capability for

the comprehensive assessment of refractive effects

on surveillance, communications, electronic warfare, and weapon guidance systems. Locally collected meteorological information is used to

prepare analyses of present atmospheric and EM

propagation conditions. Common applications/products include the following.

The IREPS Coverage Diagram

The IREPS coverage diagram (COVER) has

many tactical uses. The most important task of air

defense is to develop an air picture through

surface-based and airborne surveillance platforms.

COVER provides a display of radar detection or

communication in the vertical plane. The output

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-3
diagram will alert units to potential “shadow

zones” in their radar coverage against attacking

aircraft or missiles. When used for threat surfaceto-air missiles (SAMs), the COVER diagram will

show the threat radar’s area of coverage on a

curved earth and will plot range versus height.

COVER incorporates the effects of the atmosphere on a threat system and therefore compliments the Tactical Aviation Mission Planning

System (TAMPS) data. Figure D-3 provides a

sample COVER display.

Another tactical use of COVER is for attack aircraft positioning. Knowledge of the existence and

the height of a surface-based duct would enable

the mission planner to select the optimum altitude

for penetration. By flying below a duct, attack aircraft can maximize the element of surprise and remain undetected by enemy radar. In a similar

situation, electronic attack aircraft can adjust their

position to maximize the effectiveness of onboard

jammers by using the coverage display. Figure

D-4 (page D-6) provides examples of tactical

uses/applications of the COVER diagram.

Path Loss

This IREPS product shows one-way path loss in

decibels versus range due to spreading, diffraction, scattering, and anomalous propagation. It

can be used for long-range air-search radar (surface based or airborne), for surface search radar

when employed against low-flying targets, and to

determine the intercept range of radar or communications systems by an electronic warfare support

(ES) receiver. In fact, once an altitude is specified

for the path-loss curve, it is simply a slice of the

COVER display at the specified altitude. Figure

D-5 (page D-7) provides a sample path-loss

display.

Platform Vulnerability

D-4 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-2. Sample EOTDA Products.
Platform Vulnerability (PV) is useful in evaluating

electronic emission control posture. This IREPS

product assesses the relative vulnerability of various emitters within the Marine air control group

(MACG) versus their value in surveillance or

communication. A bar graph shows the maximum

range at which a specified receiver can detect

these emitters under given atmospheric conditions. From this display, it is immediately obvious

which emitter within the MACG is most vulnerable to interception. By selectively silencing various emitters, the command, control, and

communications mission planner can customize an

emission control (EMCON) plan to a particular

mission. PV is normally employed against aircraft

flying at altitudes higher than 10,000 feet. Figure

D-6 (page D-7) provides a sample PV display.

METOC Briefings

A number of METOC briefings can be conducted

to support MAGTF requirements. A variety of

media can be used in preparing these briefs,

ranging from overhead transparencies to computer/ electronic presentations. Prior planning and

coordination with the G-2/S-2 and G-3/S-3 are

recommended to ensure consistency, continuity,

and appropriateness of the type of brief to be conducted. Two common METOC briefings are discussed below.

Climatology Briefs

These briefs can be conducted for any geographical area or location of interest for any time of

year. They are normally conducted as part of predeployment workups to normal operations, exercises, or actual contingencies. Climatological

briefs should be requested before initial planning

sessions to allow all planners time to consider the

historical environmental effects.

Historical and statistical METOC information/

data are used exclusively and should not be confused with actual or real-time METOC events.

There are several elements that are normally covered, but the brief is not limited to them; they include general geography and terrain,

oceanography, general climate, historical EM

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-5

Figure D-3. Sample COVER Diagram.
D-6 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-4. Tactical Uses of the COVER Diagram.
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-7

Figure D-5. Sample Path-Loss Display.

Figure D-6. Sample PV Display.
propagation, electro-optical climatology (infrared

band only), astronomical information, specific

weather elements, and assessment/impact on

planned operations. A sample brief is provided as

figure D-7 on pages D-9 through D-17.

METOC Operational Briefs

This type of brief is normally conducted twice

daily (morning/evening) or as necessary to support actual combat operations and exercises. METOC support objectives and information

requirements are established for this type of brief

based on the combat element being supported, the

level of command, and the mission to be accomplished. This brief will normally cover, but is not

limited to, an analysis of the current METOC

situation, forecast conditions out to 96 hours, astronomical data, and an impact assessment of

planned COAs/operations. Figure D-8 on pages

D-18 through D-23 gives an example of a typical

brief that may be provided to the ACE commander and staff planners during a MEF-sized

operation. 

Radiological Fallout

Forecast patterns of radiological fallout may be

used to determine unit maneuvering in the event

of a nuclear burst. The output diagram reflects

variable levels of radiation during a user-defined

time period. The levels of radiation may also be

set by the user.

Vapor Liquid Substance Tracking

Program

This program assists in forecasting patterns of

chemical fallout, which may be used to determine

unit maneuvering in the event of chemical

warfare.

Tactical Decision Aids

TDAs are software programs run on communications and information systems that use criticalvalue information. TDAs allow the operator to

enter system information, terrain data, and

weather conditions, either manually or automatically. TDAs describe the exact impacts expected

and the resulting estimated performance degradation. When such an analysis is done for both

friendly and threat systems, the commander can

determine the tactical advantage. TDAs have the

potential to give the commander another tactical

advantage by comparing systems before a battle,

thus allowing additional reaction time to make adjustments before the enemy is engaged in battle.

Application steps include:

The specific weather and environmental

elements causing a potential impact on the

system platform, its subsystems, operations,

and logistics 

The critical values or ranges of each of

these weather elements

The resultant effects of correlating each of

these critical values or ranges with the

observed or forecasted weather conditions

that are occurring, or expected to occur, in

the area of operations

The critical values or ranges that cause a

marginal or unsatisfactory capability

The impact of weather, the exact cause, and

the duration that the event is forecasted to

continue

The effects of weather on threat systems

(using the same process)

The tactical advantages presented to both

sides by weather conditions.

In addition to tactical tailoring, the commander

can simulate outcomes by using a range of optimistic and pessimistic forecast values to show the

tactical advantages of each set of conditions.

D-8 MCWP 3-35.7
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-9

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief.
D- 10 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-11

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued). 
D- 12 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-13

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued).
D- 14 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-15

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued).
D- 16 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-17

Figure D-7. Sample Climatology Brief (Continued).
D- 18 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-8. Sample METOC Operational Brief.
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-19

Figure D-8. Sample METOC Operational Brief (Continued).
D- 20 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-8. Sample METOC Operational Brief (Continued).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-21

Figure D-8. Sample METOC Operational Brief (Continued).
D- 22 MCWP 3-35.7

Figure D-8. Sample METOC Operational Brief (Continued).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-23

Figure D-8. Sample METOC Operational Brief (Continued).
Several oceanographic products and services are

available to aid MAGTF commanders and planners. Tailored products can be provided on request to accommodate many missions and

situations. Some of the more common products

and services are listed below.

Tides

This product provides a summary of tidal range,

heights, and times of high and low tides. Exact

site location is required for accurate output. Output is available in tabular or graphical format.

Annotated Imagery of Littoral

Areas 

Images obtained from land satellite, the French

satellite pour l’observation de la terre (SPOT),

or other national technical means are analyzed to

extract oceanographic parameters. Detected obstructions, reefs, shoals, nearshore currents, water

clarity, and sea surface temperatures are typically

annotated.

Special Tactical Oceanographic

Information Chart

This is a 1:25,000-scale special-purpose chart depicting nearshore hydrographic conditions, with

data appropriate for mine warfare, amphibious

operations, or special operations displayed along

the chart border. These products are produced by

the NAVOCEANO Warfighting Support Center.

Requests will be coordinated by the MAGTF

SWO to avoid duplication of requirements.

Environmental Support Packet

The environmental support packet (ESP) describes nearshore oceanographic conditions by

providing evaluated data on nearshore hydrography, tides, currents, marine life, water clarity, and

so on. It normally includes an oceanographic

executive summary to highlight significant

features.

Sea Surface Conditions

Surface conditions in the operating area can affect

both divers and other reconnaissance personnel.

These conditions are influenced by time of year,

wind, waves, tides, current, cloud cover, temperature, visibility, and the presence of other ships.

A significant factor is the sea state. Wave action

can affect everything from the stability of the

moor to the vulnerability of the crew to seasickness or injury. Unless properly moored, a ship or

boat drifts or swings around an anchor, fouling

lines and dragging divers. In addition, surface

waves may become a problem when the diver enters or leaves the water and during decompression

stops near the surface. Table D-1 provides a sample sea state chart. 

Hydrographic Survey

The purpose of a hydrographic survey is to systematically collect information about the foreshore and nearshore sea approaches to a

designated landing beach. This information will be

transferred to a hydrographic sketch, which may

be used by the commander, landing force (CLF),

to plan landing(s). The survey normally encompasses the nearshore area from the three-fathom

line to the water’s edge; the foreshore, backshore,

and hinterland for about 100 yards; and the length

of the beach as designated by CLF. The hydrographic survey and beach survey overlap in that

they both cover the foreshore.

D- 24 MCWP 3-35.7

Section II: Oceanographic Products
Table D-1. Sea State Chart.

Sea

State Description

Wind

Force

(Beaufort)

Wind

Description

Wind

Range

(kt)

Wind

Velocity

(kt)

Average

Wave

Height (ft)

0 The sea is like a mirror.

Ripples with the appearance of scales are

formed, but without foam crests.

0

1

Calm

Light air

< 1

1 - 3

0

2

0

0.05

1 Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced,

form; crests have a glassy appearance but do

not break.

2 Light breeze 4 - 6 5 0.18

2 Large wavelets form; crests begin to break.

Foam of a glassy appearance forms; there may

be scattered whitecaps.

3 Gentle

breeze

7 - 10 8.5

10

0.6

0.88

3 Small waves form, becoming longer; whitecaps

are fairly frequent.

4 Moderate

breeze

11 - 16 12

13.5

14

16

1.4

1.8

2.0

2.9

4 Moderate waves appear, taking a more

pronounced form; there are many whitecaps

and a chance of some spray.

5 Fresh

breeze

17 - 21 18

19

20

3.8

4.3

5.0

5 Large waves begin to form; white foam crests

are more extensive everywhere. There is some

spray.

6 Strong

breeze

22 - 27 22

24

24.5

26

6.4

7.9

8.2

9.6

6 The sea heaps up and white foam from

breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks

along the direction of the wind. Spindrift begins.

7 Moderate

gale

28 - 33 28

30

30.5

32

11

14

14

16

7 Moderately high waves of greater length form;

edges of crests break into spindrift. The foam is

blown in well-marked streaks along the direction

of the wind. Spray affects visibility.

8 Fresh gale 34 - 40 34

36

37

38

40

19

21

23

25

28

8 High waves form. Dense streaks of foam

appear along the direction of the wind. The sea

begins to roll. Visibility is affected.

9 Strong gale 41 - 47 42

44

46

31

36

40

Table D-1. Sea State Chart (Continued).

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support D-25
Sea

State Description

Wind

Force

(Beaufort)

Wind

Description

Wind

Range

(kt)

Wind

Velocity

(kt)

Average

Wave

Height (ft)

9 Very high waves with long overhanging crests

form. Foam is in great patches and is blown in

dense white streaks along the direction of the

wind. The surface of the sea takes on a white

appearance. The rolling of the sea becomes

heavy and shock-like. Visibility is affected.

Exceptionally high waves appear. The sea is

completely covered with long white patches of

foam along the direction of the wind.

Everywhere the edges of the wave crests are

blown into froth. Visibility is seriously affected.

The air is filled with foam and spray. The sea is

completely white with driving spray. Visibility is

very seriously affected.

10

11

12

Whole gale

Storm

Hurricane

48 - 55

56 - 63

64 - 71

48

50

51.5

52

54

56

59.5

> 64

44

49

52

54

59

64

73

> 80

D-26 MCWP 3-35.7
This appendix describes common weather elements and weather effects on specific types of

units and selected operations.

Common Effects

Although environmental elements tend to have

different effects on different types of units and operations, many can be identified as having similar

effects on a majority of combat elements and

operations.

Many of the common effects can be derived for

planning purposes from the climate of the theater

of operations. Special attention must be given to

those elements of weather that may limit operations or preclude them altogether. For instance,

operations in the tropics must be planned to consider the recurring cycle of the monsoon season.

In continental Europe, strategies must consider

severe winters and the annual autumn freezes and

spring thaws, which affect trafficability and crosscountry movement.

Very early in the planning process, planners must

relate the possible COAs to weather expectancies

derived from climatological studies. There must

be an acceptable likelihood that the weather conditions required for any proposed COA will occur. It is imperative for an operation to be

meteorologically feasible at the operational level

of warfare and for planning for seasonal weather

changes to be considered early in the planning

process.

When considering the effects of environmental

conditions, the impact that weather and terrain

have on each other must be considered. Weather

and terrain are so interrelated that they must be

considered together when planning ground and air

operations. Weather elements can drastically alter

terrain features and trafficability. Conversely, terrain features may exert considerable influence on

local weather. The relationship between weather

and terrain must be carefully correlated in terrain

studies to produce accurate terrain intelligence.

This planning is an integral part of the IPB

process.

Weather Elements

Terrain features affect weather, climate, and

weather elements such as:

Visibility

Temperature

Humidity

Precipitation

Wind

Clouds.

Specific elements vary with the geographical area,

time, and season. A description of the climate of a

large area considers terrain influences only in general terms, whereas a description of a small area

such as a single valley can be specific. It is important that commanders and staffs understand and

consider weather in their tactical planning. They

must recognize the tactical significance of weather

effects on intended operations and the risks or opportunities that they present. The effects of

weather are integrated with enemy and terrain

analysis through IPB. Factors that must be considered include:

Visibility

Wind

Precipitation

Clouds

Temperature and humidity

Appendix E

Weather Effects on MAGTF Operations
Severe weather

Illumination and obstructions to vision.

Visibility

Low visibility is beneficial to offensive and retrograde operations and detrimental to defensive operations. In the offense, it conceals the

concentration of maneuver of friendly forces, thus

enhancing the possibility of achieving surprise.

Low visibility hinders the defense because cohesion and control become difficult to maintain, reconnaissance and surveillance are impeded, and

target acquisition is less accurate.

These disadvantages may be offset partially by extensive use of illuminants, radar, sound detection,

and thermal and infrared devices; however, infrared devices are degraded in range by any moisture

source, precipitation, or moisture-absorbing

smoke. Smoke and obscurant aerosols can be expected on medium-intensity to high-intensity battlefields and may be used locally to reduce

visibility. In all operations, obscurants limit the

use of aircraft and aerial optical and infrared surveillance devices.

Wind

Wind speed and direction, both on the surface and

aloft, usually favor the upwind force in the use of

nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons.

Winds of sufficient speed can reduce the combat

effectiveness of a force downwind by blowing

dust, smoke, sand, rain, or snow on personnel and

equipment. The force located upwind has better

visibility and can, therefore, advance and maneuver faster. Strong winds limit airborne, air assault,

and aviation operations.

Strong surface winds and gusts can:

Injure personnel

Damage material and structures

Give anomalous radar returns

Restrict visibility by blowing sand, dust, and

other material.

Generally, winds above 20 nautical miles per hour

create such effects. Smoke operations are usually

ineffective at wind speeds greater than seven nautical miles per hour. As surface wind speed increases, either naturally or enhanced by vehicle

movement, the windchill becomes a critical factor.

The windchill factor adversely affects improperly

clothed personnel and impedes activity in unsheltered areas. Wind speed also affects the distance

that sound will travel. Wind may prove beneficial

by aiding in drying soil. A windchill index chart

developed by the U.S. Army Research Institute of

Environmental Medicine is shown as figure E-1.

Trench foot and immersion foot may occur at any

point on the chart.

Precipitation

The primary significance of precipitation is its effect on soil; visibility; personnel effectiveness; and

the functioning of ground maneuver units, aviation, CSS operations, and electro-optical and infrared systems. The state of the ground affects

trafficability; heavy rain can make some unsurfaced roads and off-road areas impassable. Rain

and snow can greatly reduce:

Personnel effectiveness by limiting visibility,

increasing fatigue, and causing discomfort

and other physical and psychological

problems

The persistence of chemical agents (or can

create NBC hot spots)

The range of lasers, night vision devices,

and thermal tank sights

The effectiveness of aircraft.

Precipitation also degrades the quality of supplies

in storage. Snow accumulation of greater than

one inch degrades trafficability and reduces the

impact of mines and the blast effects of point munitions. Generally, precipitation in excess of 0.10

inches per hour or two inches in a 12-hour period

is considered critical for tactical operations.

Snowfall exceeding 18 inches reduces tracked vehicle speed; movement on foot is very difficult

without snowshoes or skis.

E-2 MCWP 3-35.7
Clouds

The type and amount of cloud cover, as well as

the height of cloud bases and tops, influence

friendly and enemy aviation operations. Extensive

cloud cover reduces the effectiveness of air support. This effect becomes more pronounced as

cloud cover increases, cloud bases lower, and

conditions associated with clouds (such as icing,

turbulence, and poor visibility aloft) increase. In a

relatively unstable air mass, clouds are associated

with strong vertical currents, turbulence, and restricted visibility aloft. Generally, close air support

missions and aerial resupply missions require a

ceiling of at least 1,000 feet.

Clouds affect ground operations by limiting illumination and the solar heating of targets for infrared systems. Clouds limit the use of

infrared-guided artillery by decreasing the envelope in which it can seek and lock on to laserdesignated targets. Cloud-free line of sight is required for delivery of precision-guided munitions

from aircraft.

Temperature and Humidity

Temperature and humidity affect air density. Air

density decreases as the temperature or humidity

increases; thus, the efficiency of aircraft propulsion is reduced in areas of high temperature or

high humidity. Although temperature and humidity may not directly affect a particular tactical operation, extremes will reduce personnel and

equipment capabilities and may necessitate a reduction of aircraft payloads (for example, fuel,

weapons, and personnel).

Tactics that are effective in one climate may be ineffective when applied in another. The high temperatures and humidity in the tropics are

conducive to the growth of dense foliage, which

greatly affects tactical operations. Desert climates

can range from extremely hot in the daytime to

very cold at night, requiring added protective

measures. In arctic climates, cold weather periods

create an almost constant need for heated shelters;

cause difficulty in constructing fortifications; increase the dependence on logistical support; and

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-3
necessitate special clothing, equipment, and survival training.

Windchill factors are produced by a combination

of temperature and wind speed. A windchill factor

of -26 °F (-32 °C) is considered to be the critical

value for equipment and personnel operating in

cold weather. The opposite extreme, 120 °F (49

°C), is the critical value for personnel operating in

hot weather. The critical WBGTI value for personnel operating in hot weather is 90 °F. Similar

restrictions occur in desert terrain, where the temperature from day to night may vary as much as

100 °F (37 °C). Personnel operating in warm temperatures are more susceptible to becoming heat

casualties when in mission-oriented protective

posture (MOPP) gear.

Temperatures of targets and objects on the battlefield at night are important for the use of thermal

sights and forward looking infrared (FLIR) devices. A difference in temperature or thermal contrast is required for these devices to see a target.

Normally, the target and background heat and

cool at different rates. Twice a day, in the morning and evening, targets without internal heating

come to relatively the same temperature as the

background. At this point, thermal crossover occurs and the thermal device does not have the capability to see the target. The duration of thermal

crossover may be only a few seconds when the

morning sun strikes a target or several minutes on

cloudy, adverse-weather days; this depends on the

threshold temperature contrast required by the

thermal device. TDAs can be used to predict these

temperature differences for planners and to estimate lengths of thermal crossover periods.

Severe Weather

Severe weather affects most operations by presenting a threat of injury to personnel, damaging

equipment and structures, limiting ground and air

mobility and air operations, and threatening troop

morale. Electrical storms often accompany severe

weather conditions and add the hazard of lightning strikes at munitions storage areas and fueling

points. Lightning may also interrupt land- line

communications and both communication and

noncommunication use of the EM spectrum.

Illumination and Obstructions to

Vision

Illumination and obstructions to vision affect the

visibility required for various operations and affect the overall planning for security, concealment, and target acquisition by visual, electronic,

or electro-optical means.

Meteorological Products

Meteorological products are categorized as either

primary products or tactical weather products.

Primary products are used by the weather service

officer in preparing tactical weather products.

They are usually received in the form of weather

observations, forecasts, gridded data, and climatological studies. Primary products are received

from indigenous sources, other Marine Corps

weather units, the Navy, the Air Force, and inflight aircraft in wartime and from the National

Weather Service (NWS) and Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA) in peacetime. Although

some primary weather products are passed directly to MAGTF users, many need to be modified or updated to reflect local observation, local

terrain, and mission requirements.

Weather observations contain information on existing weather conditions and specific weather elements at specific locations and times. The basic

types of observations are surface and upper air.

Surface Observations

Surface observations are taken hourly or as required by the Marine Corps Weather Service. Observations include:

Surface winds

Precipitation type and intensity

Prevailing visibility

Obstructions to vision

Clouds/ceiling

Temperature

E-4 MCWP 3-35.7
Dewpoint temperature

Surface atmospheric pressure

Remarks

Altimeter setting

Humidity.

Additional elements may include:

Snow depth 

Precipitation amounts

State of the ground

Maximum and minimum temperatures.

Other information such as windchill, PA, and DA

can be derived from the surface observation. The

wet bulb globe temperature is obtained from

weather units and provides information on heat

casualty potential. Freeze-thaw depth, ice thickness, current water depth, river stages, and trafficability are obtained from engineer units. 

Upper-Air Observations

Upper-air observations are taken by METMFs

and artillery meteorological (ARTYMET) sections at established time intervals. They measure

temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and wind

speed and direction. From these observations, fallout wind estimates, ballistics information, and

computer meteorological messages are prepared.

Weather Planning Factors

This paragraph describes weather planning factors

that are unique to specific units or selected

operations.

Effects of Weather on Amphibious

Operations

Weather effects on amphibious operations may be

beneficial or detrimental. Certain weather conditions may help to conceal landing operations.

Other conditions may hinder beaching and

unloading, task force movement, and essential air

support operations. Figure E-2 (pages E-7 and

E-8) shows effects of weather on amphibious operations. Table E-1 (page E-8) shows 50%

survival rate times for personnel in water of various temperatures.

Effects of Weather on Ground

Maneuver Operations

Armor and infantry operations are influenced primarily by those weather elements that degrade

trafficability and visibility. Figure E-3 (page E-9)

shows the effects of weather on armor in infantry

operations.

Effects of Weather on Artillery

Operations

Artillery operations are heavily weather dependent. Artillery not only must contend with those

weather effects that are common to all units, but

also may compensate for a number of special effects pertinent to their operations. Figure E-4

(page E-10) shows the effects of weather on artillery operations.

Effects of Weather on Aviation

Operations

Marine aviation is involved in multifaceted operations over the length and breadth of the battlefield. These operations include aerial weapons,

reconnaissance and surveillance, and routine logistic support. Missions are varied and require the

operation of both fixed-wing and rotary-wing

aviation assets in a variety of flight modes and altitudes. Figure E-5 (pages E-11 and E-12) shows

the effects of weather on aviation operations.

Effects of Weather on

Communications and Information

Systems Operations

Communications and information systems operations are affected by a number of weather elements. Virtually all of the special weather

conditions that apply to communications and information systems operations affect EM propagation. Figure E-6 (page E-13) shows the effects of

weather on communications and information systems operations.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-5
Effects of Weather on Air Defense

Operations

Air defense operations require environmental information for both deployment and employment.

Deployment requires climatological data, trafficability, and severe weather forecasts. Environmental elements affecting employment vary

according to the type of weapons systems used.

When missile systems require radar surveillance,

elements such as refractive index and precipitation

must be known. Other systems require visual target acquisition. Figure E-7 (page E-14) shows the

effects of weather on air defense operations.

Effects of Weather on Engineer

Operations

Engineer operations are influenced by current environmental conditions, forecasted conditions, and

climatology. Figure E-8 (page E-15) shows the

effects of weather on engineer operations.

Effects of Weather on Intelligence

Operations

Many intelligence operations such as collection

and dissemination may be hindered by certain

weather conditions. All-source intelligence processing requires evaluation of all weather conditions, current and forecasted, as they affect enemy

and friendly operations. Figure E-9 (page E-16)

shows the effects of weather on intelligence

operations.

Effects of Weather on Logistic

Operations

Logistical operations include the supply, maintenance, and transportation required to support the

MAGTF. Numerous weather factors affect the

planning and activities required for each operation. Those weather factors that influence logistic

operations subsequently affect the supported

combat force. If logistic units are prevented from

supporting forward combat elements, the success

of the combat mission may be jeopardized. Figure

E-10 (page E-17) shows the effects of weather on

logistical operations.

Effects of Weather on Medical Support

Operations

Air medical evacuation requires the same weather

support as other aviation elements. Besides aviation operations, weather influences are considered

in establishing field hospitals and anticipating prestockage and workloads. The requirements for

weather support for ground evacuation of casualties are the same as for land transportation, including considering patient comfort under

extreme weather conditions. Figure E-11 (page

E-18) shows the effects of weather on medical

support operations.

Effects of Weather on Military Police

Operations

Military police are involved in weather-sensitive

operations such as:

Route and area reconnaissance

Security

Traffic and movement control

Rear area protection

Refugee control

Enemy prisoner of war control

Civil disturbance control operations.

Acoustical propagation can significantly affect the

use of loudspeakers in civil disturbance control

operations. Acoustical propagation is a function

of attenuation and refraction, which in turn are influenced by temperature gradient, density, wind,

and sky cover. Figure E-12 (page E-18) shows

the effects of weather on military police

operations.

Effects of Weather on NBC Operations

NBC operations are extremely sensitive to environmental conditions that affect the movement

and diffusion of chemical or biological fallout.

Figure E-13 (page E-19) shows the effects of

weather on NBC operations.

Effects of Weather on Psychological

Operations

Tactical psychological operations (PSYOPs) are

influenced primarily by those weather elements

E-6 MCWP 3-35.7
that degrade the audibility of loudspeaker broadcasts and affect the distribution of leaflets. Figure

E-14 (page E-20) shows the effects of weather on

PSYOPs.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-7

Severe Weather

Severe weather hampers debarkation and landing craft operations, creates unacceptable surf conditions,

may preclude landing, and interferes with construction support.

Wind (Surface)

Surface wind may cause postponement of landings. It affects the state of the sea and handling of landing

craft.

Windchill

Windchill may cause a requirement for special equipment and rigging for landing and for special supplies and

equipment to support operations afloat and ashore.

Temperature (Surface)

Extreme surface temperatures may cause a requirement for special equipment and rigging for landing and

for special supplies and equipment to support operations afloat and ashore.

Tide

Tide conditions may cause postponement of landings and may conceal beach obstacles.

Ceiling—Cloud and Sky Cover

Cloud and sky cover may hamper air support operations and landing craft navigation and may offer concealment from air reconnaissance. 

Fog

Fog reduces visibility and increases landing craft navigation problems and water and terrain hazards. It may

provide concealment.

Illumination

Illumination may dictate the time of landing and support operations.

Lunar Phase

The lunar phase affects tidal conditions.

Figure E-2. Effects of Weather on Amphibious Operations.
E-8 MCWP 3-35.7

Freeze or Thaw Depth

Freeze or thaw depth may hamper movement over the beach and construction support.

State of the Sea

State of the sea may preclude landing or resupply of landing forces and may cause debarkation to be canceled. It may endanger the use of landing craft. Severe conditions can degrade naval gunfire support.

Temperature (Water)

Cold temperatures decrease survivability of personnel in the water. Survival in sea water temperatures in excess of 70 °F depends more on fatigue factors than on hypothermia.

Figure E-2. Effects of Weather on Amphibious Operations (Continued).

Sea Water Temperature (°F) 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Without Immersion Suit 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9

With Immersion Suit 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.3

Sea Water Temperature (°F) 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49

Without Immersion Suit 2 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.6 2.8 2.9 3 3.2 3.3

With Immersion Suit 3.5 4 4.4 4.8 5.3 5.8 6.2 6.7 7.1 7.6

Sea Water Temperature (°F) 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59

Without Immersion Suit 3.5 4.3 5.2 6.1 6.9 7.8 8.6 9.4 10.3 11.1

With Immersion Suit 8 9.2 10.4 11.6 12.8 14 15.2 16.4 17.6 18.8

Sea Water Temperature (°F) 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69

Without Immersion Suit 12 12.9 13.7 14.6 15.4 16.3 17.1 18 18.8 19.6

With Immersion Suit 20 21.2 22.4 23.6 24.8 26 27.2 28.4 29.6 30.8

Table E-1. 50% Survival Rate Times (hours).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-9

Visibility

Visibility may affect visual acquisition and may degrade laser range finding and target designation. Poor visibility increases the survivability of light infantry.

Precipitation

Precipitation degrades trafficability and the effectiveness of target acquisition and weapon control systems

and limits visibility. 

Wind (Surface)

High crosswinds cause degradation of trajectory data and first-round hit capability and cause smoke to disperse quickly.

Windchill

Windchill influences the type of lubricants to be used, determines engine warm-up periods, and affects the

sustained rate of fire for weapons as well as personnel effectiveness and safety.

Temperature (Surface)

Extreme temperatures decrease the habitability of vehicles and reduce personnel effectiveness. Low temperatures degrade the ballistics of main guns and require frequent starting of vehicles.

Humidity

When coupled with high temperatures, humidity decreases the effectiveness of crews in closed vehicles and

the stamina of unmounted Marines.

Barometric Pressure

Barometric pressure affects M1 gunnery computations.

Figure E-3. Effects of Weather on Ground Maneuver Operations.
E-10 MCWP 3-35.7

Ceiling—Cloud and Sky Cover

Cloud and sky cover affect target acquisition and terminally guided munitions.

Visibility

Visibility affects target acquisition and fire adjustment as well as electro-optical target designation.

Electrical Storms and Thunder

Electrical storms and thunder restrict munitions handling.

Refractive Index

Refraction affects radar, laser, and infrared distance measuring techniques.

Wind (Surface)

Surface wind affects the accuracy of rocket fires.

Wind (Aloft)

Wind profiles are used to calculate ballistic wind correction.

Altimeter Setting and Atmospheric Pressure

Altimeter setting and atmospheric pressure are important factors in ensuring altitude accuracy, in barofuzing,

and in making fire control calculations.

Density Profile

The density profile affects fire control computations.

Pressure Profile

The pressure profile is used for baroarming and barofuzing techniques and for calculating densities.

Temperature (Surface)

Surface temperature information is used in making fire control surface density determinations and in

estimating ballistic atmosphere pressure and densities aloft.

Temperature Profile

The temperature profile is used to calculate ballistic temperature and air density.

Moisture Profile

The moisture profile is used to determine virtual temperature and atmosphere ducting conditions. It affects

electro-optical target designation.

Figure E-4. Effects of Weather on Artillery Operations.
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-11

Ceiling—Cloud and Sky Cover

Cloud and sky cover limit operations in which aircraft are required to operate clear of clouds, may preclude

landings or increase danger in takeoffs, and may preclude close air support missions.

Visibility

Visibility affects landing and takeoff capabilities, reconnaissance and target acquisition, electro-optical target

designation, and terminally guided munitions. Low visibility increases flight hazards.

Electrical Storms and Thunder

Electrical storms are hazardous to in-flight operations, refueling operations, and rearming operations.

Precipitation

Precipitation affects visibility, flight safety, and density altitude. Powdery snow may preclude hover

operations.

Snow Depth

Snow affects ground handling.

Refractive Index

Refraction affects optical, radar, laser, and infrared range finding techniques.

State of the Ground

The state of the ground influences the effectiveness of air-delivered munitions.

Turbulence

Turbulence affects reconnaissance and surveillance; shear affects systems performance. Turbulence may

cause aircraft structural damage and affect aircraft control. Severe turbulence may cause cancellation of

operations. 

Wind (Surface)

Surface wind affects aircraft control near the ground. It affects landing and takeoff as well as ground speed

for low-level flights.

Blowing Dust and Sand

Blowing dust and sand may affect hydraulic systems and windscreens.

Wind (Aloft)

Wind aloft affects navigation and ground speed at higher flight altitudes.

Figure E-5. Effects of Weather on Aviation Operations.
E-12 MCWP 3-35.7

Density Altitude

DA affects lift capabilities and reciprocating engine performance. It also limits fuel and weapons load.

Pressure Altitude

PA affects reciprocating engine performance.

Pressure Profile

Pressure affects terrain avoidance.

Temperature (Surface)

High temperatures reduce lift capabilities. Cold temperatures increase maintenance requirements and

time to perform. Temperature extremes can also reduce the number of personnel carried because of

weight and bulk of protection gear.

Dewpoint

Dewpoint affects engine efficiency calculations and serves as a warning of possible fog formation or icing

conditions.

Illumination

Illumination affects operations using night vision devices.

Figure E-5. Effects of Weather on Aviation Operations (Continued).
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-13

Dust

Dust affects EM propagation.

Electrical Storms and Thunder

Electrical storms interfere with radio and wire communications and may disrupt synchronization for data

communications.

Fog

Fog affects EM propagation.

Precipitation

Precipitation affects EM propagation.

Blowing Snow

Blowing snow builds static discharge, which may affect EM propagation.

Ionospheric Disturbance

Ionospheric disturbance affects the reliability of radio communications systems.

Refractive Index

Refraction affects EM propagation characteristics of the atmosphere.

Icing

Icing may damage cable lines and antennas; it decreases the efficiency of microwave systems.

Wind (Surface)

Surface wind may damage antennas and transmission lines, may cause cable blowdown, and interferes with

antenna installation.

Temperature (Surface)

High temperatures adversely affect electronic circuits and may increase maintenance requirements. Extreme cold may snap cable lines. Cold decreases the life of battery-operated equipment.

Humidity

Humidity may cause fungal growth within circuits; this can result in premature system failure.

Figure E-6. Effects of Weather on Communications and Information Systems Operations.
E-14 MCWP 3-35.7

Refractive Index

Refraction degrades target acquisition and radar tracking performance, especially during superrefraction.

Fog

Fog degrades visual acquisition and tracking.

Cloud Cover and Ceiling

Cloud cover may degrade visual acquisition and tracking.

Precipitation

Precipitation degrades or prevents visual acquisition and tracking and infrared homing. It may weaken radar signals. 

Surface Pressure

Surface pressure affects calibration of equipment.

Electrical Storms

Electrical storms degrade the effectiveness of electronic systems.

Light Data

Light affects visual acquisition and tracking.

Temperature

High temperatures degrade the effectiveness of electronic systems. Very low temperatures may affect

mechanical devices. Extreme cold can produce detectable ice-fog exhaust trails from certain weapons

systems and vehicles.

Humidity

Humidity affects refraction and may degrade radar effectiveness.

Figure E-7. Effects of Weather on Air Defense Operations.
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-15

Visibility

Visibility affects survey operations.

Precipitation

Precipitation influences river current, water depth, and bridge construction; complicates construction and

maintenance operations; and affects flooding, river crossing operations, and soil bearing strength.

Snow Depth

Snow depth affects site selection and construction, flood prediction, and mobility and countermobility

operations.

Freeze or Thaw Depth

Freeze or thaw depth affects site selection and construction and complicates excavation.

Temperature (Water)

Water temperature affects the survivability of troops in the water during port construction, river crossings,

and beach operations.

Tide

The tide affects site selection and port and beach operations, including the timing of beach operations.

Wind (Surface)

Surface wind affects river crossings, port and watercraft operations, smoke operations, and structural

strength requirements. It also hinders certain construction operations.

Humidity

Humidity affects the handling, storage, and use of building materials.

Temperature (Surface)

Surface temperature affects trafficability, flood potential, ice thickness, and river crossing capabilities. It may

affect the use of certain construction materials. 

Figure E-8. Effects of Weather on Engineer Operations.
E-16 MCWP 3-35.7

Ceiling—Cloud and Sky Cover

Cloud and sky cover may affect aerial infrared and photographic collections systems, restrict use of UAVs,

and increase the effectiveness of illumination devices.

Visibility

Visibility may affect visual, photographic, infrared, and electronic data collection systems.

Electrical Storms and Thunder

Electrical storms affect the efficiency of electronic systems and dissemination through radio and wire communications systems.

Precipitation

Precipitation obstructs vision, degrades photographic and infrared collection systems, and may degrade radar collection systems.

Severe Weather

Severe weather may prevent employment of aerial collection systems and may damage or prevent installation of collection system antennas.

Ionospheric Disturbances

Ionospheric disturbances may degrade electronic collection and communications and radar collection

systems.

Light Data

Light data is required for planning collection operations and for long-range planning.

Icing

Ice may degrade the performance of aerial collection systems if permitted to coat antennas.

Wind (Surface)

Surface wind may affect the employment of aerial collection systems and may damage or prevent the installation of electronic collection system antennas.

Temperature (Surface)

Surface temperature may affect collection system reliability.

Inversion

Inversion may provide false indications to certain electronic collection systems.

Figure E-9. Effects of Weather on Intelligence Operations.
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-17

Visibility

Reduced visibility may slow ground movement of munitions and supplies forward, may preclude aerial resupply operations, and may conceal ground transportation operations.

Electrical Storms and Thunder

Electrical storms endanger storage, handling, and transportation of munitions and fuels; may interrupt computerized inventory operations; and can damage storage facilities and stored material.

Precipitation

Precipitation may affect storage of munitions and supplies and may preclude ground transportation over unpaved surfaces.

Snow Depth

Snow depth affects the ability to move supplies forward and affects the forward deployment of maintenance

teams.

Freezing Precipitation

Freezing precipitation has a severe impact on logistical and maintenance support (air and surface).

Surf and Tide Conditions

Surf and tide conditions affect the movement of supplies ashore and amphibious operations.

Temperature (Surface)

Cold may affect vehicle starting and warm-up periods and may increase maintenance requirements (as a

result of temperature-induced failures). It creates ice, which may preclude the use of waterways for transportation. Temperature affects the storage of perishable supplies; affects snow melting, which can cause

flooding, reduce trafficability, and hinder ground transportation; and affects freeze or thaw depth, which

may determine the use of supply routes. Temperature information is required for calibration of artillery

systems.

Humidity

Humidity affects the storage of munitions and other supplies and may increase equipment failure rates and

affect maintenance operations.

Figure E-10. Effects of Weather on Logistic Operations.
E-18 MCWP 3-35.7

Precipitation

Precipitation affects available water supply, influences hospital site selection, and may damage unprotected

supplies.

Severe Weather

Severe weather may produce an increased nonbattle casualty load.

Temperature (Surface)

Extreme temperatures may require special protection of medical supplies, increase patient load because of

heat and cold injuries, and affect seasonal diseases.

Humidity

Humidity may affect storage of medical supplies.

Figure E-11. Effects of Weather on Medical Support Operations.

Precipitation

Precipitation may require additional protection for enemy prisoners of war.

Severe Weather

Severe weather may affect security operations and refugee control.

Wind (Surface)

Wind affects the use of riot control agents.

Inversion

Inversion may affect the use of riot control agents.

Figure E-12. Effects of Weather on Military Police Operations.
MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support E-19

Ceiling—Cloud and Sky Cover

Information on cloud and ground albedo, sky cover, and visibility are required to estimate thermal levels resulting from nuclear bursts.

Precipitation

Precipitation affects the persistence of chemical agents. Snow may cover and render ineffective certain liquid

agents. Precipitation may produce radioactive rainout and hot spots.

Sunlight

Sunlight shortens the life span of biological agents.

State of the Ground

The state of the ground influences the effectiveness of chemical agents and affects fallout concentration levels. Wet soil degrades the effectiveness of smoke munitions. 

Turbulence

Turbulence affects the length of time that chemical agents and smoke will remain in the target area.

Wind (Surface)

Wind measurements from the surface to 98,424 ft (50,000 m) or higher are needed for fallout pattern prediction (nuclear weapons). Wind affects chemical/biological agent dispersion and may decrease chemical agent

persistence.

Wind (Aloft)

Wind aloft affects the aerial delivery of chemical/biological agents and may degrade the effectiveness of

smoke operations.

Humidity

A high level of humidity increases the effectiveness of smoke and some chemical agents. Combined with high

temperatures, it reduces the time in which troops in protective gear are effective. High humidity levels destroy

some chemical agents. Humidity affects biological agents; the effect varies depending on humidity level and

the type of agent.

Inversion

Inversion affects aerosol dispersion and the persistence of chemical/biological agents.

Figure E-13. Effects of Weather on NBC Operations.
E-20 MCWP 3-35.7

Ceiling—Cloud and Sky Cover

Cloud and sky cover may affect aerial loudspeakers and leaflet delivery by restricting visibility and access to

the target.

Visibility

The delivery of leaflets by aircraft may be hampered when the pilot cannot see the target.

Electrical Storms and Thunder

Electrical storms and thunder reduce the audibility of loudspeakers and interfere with radio broadcasts.

Precipitation

Precipitation may force the target audience under cover, where they are not receptive to leaflet drops or loudspeaker broadcasts. It reduces the audibility of loudspeakers and destroys leaflets.

Snow

Snow reduces the effectiveness of leaflet dissemination and durability.

Wind (Surface)

High winds will reduce the audibility of loudspeakers. Wind speed and direction will affect the distribution of

leaflets by air or artillery.

Humidity

Humidity affects the distance that sound will travel.

Figure E-14. Effects of Weather on PSYOPs.
Meteorological critical values are those values

that significantly reduce the effectiveness of operations, equipment, and weapons systems. Significant variations above or below critical values

can prevent the successful completion of a mission. Therefore, the MAGTF SWO must be included in the planning stages of all operations.

Commanders must be aware of meteorological

critical values and consider them in all planning.

This appendix provides tables of critical values for

specific operations. It does not, however, provide

absolute values for every operation or weapons

system in the battlespace. Critical values must be

weighed against the tactical situation and the mission. Although weather personnel forecast and

call attention to critical factors, only commanders

decide which values are critical for each operation. Additional input from NAVOCEANO, terrain analysis teams, and other sources and the

criticality of the mission are weighed by the commander in reaching a decision. Tables within this

appendix show some meteorological critical values for specific and branch operations.

Weather information is frequently color coded to

help the decisionmaker quickly assess the impact

of weather on impending operations and decisions. This person normally is the tactical unit

commander to whom the weather service personnel provide support. The following color code is

suggested for consistency within the operational

commands:

Green (favorable)—there are no weather

restrictions.

Amber (marginal)—weather degrades or

limits.

Red (unfavorable)—weather significantly

affects or prohibits.

The following tables provide meteorological critical values for a variety of military operations and

functions.

Appendix F

Meteorological Critical Values
Table F-1. Amphibious Operations.

Amphibious Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 1,000 ft Concealment; close air support

planning

Visibility (surface) [ 1 mi Target acquisition

Wind (surface) m 7 kt Personnel landing and smoke

operations

m 35 kt Wave and surf limits

Temperature (surface) > 90 °F Personnel and equipment support

< 32 °F Planning and logistic support,

fuels, and expendable supplies

Windchill [ -25 °F 1-min exposure

[ -74 °F 1-sec exposure

Troop safety

Precipitation > 0.1 in/h liquid Shore trafficability

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lux (lx) Planning for night landing

operations and concealment

Littoral current Any underlying current or riptide

> 3 kt

Mission planning

Tides Variable threshold of watercraft Type of watercraft required;

timing of mission

Temperature (water) > 86 °F Personnel safety

State of the sea > 3-ft waves Mission planning

Surf breaker description Surging surf > 4-ft breakers Mission planning

Surf zone Area covered by surf Mission planning

F-2 MCWP 3-35.7
Table F-2. Intelligence Operations.

Intelligence Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 200 ft Engagement range

[ 1,000 ft Aerial observation

Surface visibility at the following

wavelengths: 1.06 m, 3 - 5 m, 

8 - 12 m

< 1 mi Determination of enemy’s ability

to conceal actions; location and

identification of targets

Wind (surface) > 60 kt Equipment damage

Precipitation > 0.1 in/h liquid Audio sensors and radar

effectiveness

> 0.5 in/h liquid Speed of personnel and

equipment movement

> 2 in within a 12-h period Speed of personnel and

equipment movement;

trafficability and storage of

equipment

Snow depth and cover > 6 in Trafficability

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 3 mi Troop and equipment safety;

false alarms and false readings

Temperature (surface) >122 °F

< -58 °F

Emplacement site selection

Temperature (ground) < 32 °F Trafficability assessment

Wet bulb globe temperature > 85 °F Troop safety

EM propagation Subrefraction and superrefraction Ducting of radar transmission and

returns

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lx Target acquisition

River stage and current strength > 6-ft depth Enemy’s ability to cross rivers or

streams

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support F-3
Table F-3. Ground Maneuver Operations.

Ground Maneuver Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 1,000 ft Concealment and cover from

threat surveillance; tactical air

and aerial supply support;

background contact for target

acquisition or using thermal

devices

Surface visibility at the following

wavelengths: 1.06 m, 3 - 5 m, 

8 - 12 m

Dragon < 800 ft

Tube launched, optically tracked,

wire command link guided missile

(TOW) < 1,600 m

Target acquisition; system

selection

Wind (surface) > 7 kt Smoke operations; background

radar noise

> 20 kt Visibility restriction in blowing

sand and snow; soil drying speed;

aerial resupply; windchill effect on

equipment and personnel

> 30 kt Accuracy of antitank missiles

> 75 kt Antenna failure

> 125 kt Equipment (van) failure

Precipitation > 0.1 in/h liquid

> 2 in within a 12-h period

Soil type (affected by

temperature and moisture);

vehicle movement; site location;

river levels; runoff; flooding;

delays in resupply; demolitions;

river crossing; visibility; target

acquisition; radar effectiveness

Snow depth and cover > 2 in within a 12-h period

> 6 in

> 24 in

Effectiveness of mines; choice of

construction materials;

trafficability

Freeze and thaw depth < 6 in Off-road employment of wheeled

and tracked vehicles

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 3 mi Munitions safety; personnel

communications equipment

safety

Temperature (surface) m 122 °F Thermal sights

> 90 °F Lubricants, personnel, and

infrared sensors

> 32 °F River crossing sites and off-road

movements (affected by melting

snow and ice)

< 32 °F Drying of soil; freeze or thaw

depth

Any change of 50 °F Munitions trajectories

Windchill [ -25 °F 1-min exposure

[ -75 °F 1-sec exposure

Time before exposed flesh will

suffer frostbite

F-4 MCWP 3-35.7
Table F-3. Ground Maneuver Operations (Continued).

Ground Maneuver Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lx Use of night vision devices

Sea/shore conditions Current and tide > 5 kt Beach and port sea-to-shore

loading and offloading operations

Waves > 3 ft

Swell > 3 ft

Surf > 5 - 6 ft

Landing operations

Table F-4. Field Artillery Operations.

Field Artillery Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 600 ft Target acquisition; Copperhead

performance

Visibility—slant range at the

following wavelengths: 1.06 m,

3 - 5 m, 8 - 12 m

[ 1 mi Target acquisition

Wind—vertical profile > 5-kt change/3,280 ft UAV operations; nuclear fallout

prediction

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 3 mi Safety and storage of munitions

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lx Mission planning for night artillery

operations

Table F-5. Aviation and Air Assault Operations.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support F-5
Aviation and Air Assault Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 300 ft (90 m) Nap-of-the-earth planning and

acquisition—rotary wing

[ 300 ft (90 m) flat terrain Daylight target acquisition—fixed

wing

[ 500 ft (150 m) mountain terrain Daylight target acquisition—fixed

wing

[ 500 ft (150 m) flat terrain Night target acquisition—fixed

wing

[ 1,000 ft mountain terrain Night target acquisition—fixed

wing

Visibility (surface) [ 0.25 mi (400 m) Navigation and target

acquisition—rotary wing

[ 1 mi (1,600 m) Landing and takeoff minimums

for mission planning

[ 3 mi (4,800 m) Landing and takeoff minimums

for mission planning

Visibility (slant range) [ 0.25 mi (400 m) Navigation and target

acquisition—rotary wing

[ 3mi (4,800 m) mountain terrain Navigation and target

acquisition—rotary wing

Wind (surface) > 30 kt

> 15-kt gust spread

Mission planning; aircraft safety

Wind (aloft) > 30 kt Mission planning—duration

Precipitation Any freezing Rotorblade icing; aircraft

survivability and damage

> 0.5 in/h liquid Target acquisition

Hail m 0.25-in diameter Aircraft damage

Snow depth and cover > l in (2.54 cm) powder Location of landing zone and

drop zone; vertigo

Icing m Light (clear/rime) Mission planning and safety;

ordnance delivery

restrictions—rotary wing

Turbulence Moderate Mission planning; aircraft

survivability

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 3 mi of site Refueling and rearming

operations

DA: variable with aircraft, weight,

power, and temperature

> 6,900 ft Flight control, runway limits,

takeoff, and landing

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lx Mission planning for night

operations

F-6 MCWP 3-35.7
Table F-6. Air Defense Operations.

Air Defense Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 500 ft Selection of weapons systems

and positioning for convoy

[ 5,000 ft Aircraft detection and

identification

Visibility (surface) < 2 mi Aircraft detection and

identification for short-range air

defense systems

< 3 mi Weapons system selection and

placement for the Stinger system

Wind (surface) > 30 kt Communications and radar

antenna 

> 50 kt 

> 57-kt gusts

Weapons system selection and

planning 

Wind (aloft) > 50 kt Aiming and tracking

Precipitation > 0.5 in/h liquid All radar m 10 GHz (degraded); all

infrared sensors

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 2 mi of site Communications, radar, and

storage and protection of missile

systems

Temperature (surface) > 120 °F

< -45 °F

Mission planning for use of a

man-portable air defense system

Windchill [ -25 °F 1-min exposure Personnel protection; planning

gear and equipment needs

[ -74 °F 1-sec exposure Personnel protection; planning

gear and equipment needs

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lx Target acquisition of aircraft

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support F-7
Table F-7. Engineer Operations.

Engineer Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 500 ft Area of operations and location of

facilities; personnel safety; aerial

reconnaissance; camouflage

needs

Visibility (surface) [ 0.25 mi Mission planning; concealment

and cover

Wind (surface) m 13 kt Construction and stability of

bridges and structures

Precipitation > 0.5 in/h liquid Need for mines (reduced);

loading and offloading operations

Snow depth and cover > 2 in within a 12-h period Some areas of operations and

locations of facilities; stability of

bridge structures; types of

demolitions to be used and size

and charge; blast from trigger

mechanisms (may render mines

ineffective)

Freeze and thaw depth < 6 in Trafficability determination

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 1 mi of site Equipment and personnel safety;

munitions protection

Temperature (ground) < -32 °F Freeze or thaw depth

determination; construction

material; operations, personnel,

and structures (threatened as a

result of precipitation at or below

32 °F)

Humidity > 35% Comfort, equipment operations,

and site selection planning

F-8 MCWP 3-35.7
Table F-8. Airborne Operations.

Airborne Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 300 ft (90 m) flat terrain Mission planning (day)—jump

altitude, aircraft penetration

[ 500 ft (150 m) flat terrain Mission planning (night)—jump

altitude, aircraft penetration

[ 500 ft (150 m) mountain terrain Target acquisition (day)

[ 1,000ft(300m)mountain terrain Target acquisition (night)

[ 10,000 ft mountain terrain Mission planning for landing zone

or drop zone

Surface visibility at the following

visible wavelengths: 1.06 m, 3 - 5

m, 8 - 12 m

[ 0.25 mi (400 m) Mission planning—infrared

sensors; navigation and target

acquisition—rotary wing

[ 1 mi (1,600 m) Day mission planning—minimum

takeoff or landing, minimum fixed

wing

[ 3 mi (4,800 m) Night mission planning—

minimum takeoff or landing,

minimum fixed wing

Wind (surface) m 13 kt Troop safety for paradrop

operations; limiting value for

operations during training

m 15 kt (m 21 kt for C-12 and

U-21)

Mission planning and aircraft

safety and recovery

m 25 kt (OV-1)

m 30 kt and/or gust speeds

Mission planning and aircraft

safety and recovery

Wind (aloft) m 40 kt Jump point; planning for flight

route and duration

Precipitation Any intensity or type Rate of troop fall and target

acquisition

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence Aircraft performance; aircraft

refueling; reliability of

communications systems;

predetonation of certain

munitions

Temperature (surface) [ 32 °F (0 °C) Ground conditions

PA < 100 ft Parachute opening altitude

DA: variable with aircraft, weight,

power, and temperature

> 6,900 ft Planning; cargo limits

> 4,000 ft Weight limits for attack and

OH-58s

> 2,000 ft OH-58 troop configuration

(limited)

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lx Planning of night missions;

navigation safety

Table F-9. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Operations.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support F-9
NBC Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Ceiling—cloud and sky cover [ 5,000 ft Aerial deployment agents;

thermal effects (enhanced if burst

is below clouds); thermal and

electromagnetic pulse (EMP)

effects (reduced if burst is above

clouds)

Wind > 3 kt but < 7 kt NBC operations (favorable)

> 10 kt NBC operations (unfavorable)

> 15 kt First-round munitions accuracy

Precipitation Any intensity or type Washing of agents and smoke

out of the atmosphere; nuclear

hot spot creation

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 3 mi Troop and munitions storage

safety

Temperature (surface) > 95 °F Rate of evaporation of liquid

chemical agents; dispersion of

aerosols (high risk of injury in

MOPP IV)

> 68 °F Risk of heat illness in persons in

MOPP IV (moderate)

< 32 °F Type of shelter (determined by

climate extremes); troop

vulnerability to nuclear radiation

(indirectly affected); thermal

radiation effect (indirect) due to

type of troop clothing

Temperature (vertical gradient

profile)

Reversal from stable to unstable Time agents or smoke will remain

in an area (reduced)

Reversal from unstable to stable Time agents or smoke will remain

in an area (increased)

Humidity > 60% Agent effectiveness and

dispersion for blister agents (very

effective in hot, humid weather)

Effective illumination < 0.0011 lx Night operation of NBC

equipment

F-10 MCWP 3-35.7
Table F-10. Logistic Operations.

Logistic Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Snow depth and cover > 2 in Trafficability

Freeze and thaw depth < 6 in Site and equipment selection;

mobility

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 3 mi Equipment, personnel, and

munitions safety

Temperature (surface) > 122 °F

< -25 °F

Storage and required temperature

control for movement of

medicines; munitions storage

Humidity > 70% Storage of selected supplies and

munitions

Table F-11. Communications and Information Systems Operations.

Communications and Information Systems Operations

Element Critical Value Impact

Wind (surface) > 7 kt Radar background noise

> 25 kt Safety and stability for installing

line of sight and troposcatter

antennas

> 69 kt Wind damage to main

communications antenna—linear

pole

> 78 kt Safety and stability of single

channel radio and short-range,

wideband radio antennas

Precipitation Any occurrence of freezing Damage to equipment and

antennas; wind tolerances of

antennas; troop safety

> 0.5 in/h liquid Blocking of troposcatter

transmission; radar range

(decreased); signal for single

channel radio, short-range

wideband radio, and line of sight

communications (attenuated by

precipitation)

Thunderstorms and lightning Any occurrence within 3 mi Damage to equipment;

interference with radio signals,

especially high frequency signals

Temperature (vertical gradient or

profile)

All significant inversions Fading during use of troposcatter

equipment

Ionospheric disturbances Not applicable Dictation of most usable

frequencies for communications

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support F-11
Table F-12. Waterborne Surface Assault (General) Critical Values.

Element: Sea State (As Defined in Appendix A)

Platform Favorable Marginal Unfavorable

Combat rubber reconnaissance craft (CRRC) 1 2 > 2

Landing craft, mechanized (LCM)8 2 3 > 3

Landing craft, utility (LCU) 2 3 > 3

Landing craft air cushion (LCAC) 3 4 > 4

Element: Maximum Surf

Platform Favorable Marginal Unfavorable

CRRC < 2 ft 2 - 3 ft > 3 ft

LCM8 < 6 ft 6 - 7 ft > 7 ft

LCU < 6 ft 6 - 7 ft > 7 ft

LCAC < 7 ft 7 - 8 ft > 8 ft

Element: MSI

Platform Favorable Marginal Unfavorable

LCM8 < 7 7 - 8 > 8

LCU < 11 11 - 12 > 12

Landing craft, vehicle, personnel (LCVP) < 4 4 - 5 > 5

Element: Littoral Current

Platform Favorable Marginal Unfavorable

LCU < 1 kt 1 - 2 kt > 2 kt

Element: Miscellaneous 

Platform Favorable Marginal Unfavorable

LCAC

 - Significant breaker height 0 - 4 ft 4 - 8 ft 8 - 12 ft

 - Significant breaker type Spilling Surging Plunging (steep)

 - Allowable load size 75 tons 60 tons 45 tons

F-12 MCWP 3-35.7
Table F-13. Critical Values for the Assault Amphibious Vehicle (AAV).

Load Maximum Surf Height Wave Interval (Not Less Than)

100% Plunging Surf:

Combat load 6 ft 9 sec

Troop load 6 ft 9 sec

Combat equipped 6 ft 13 sec

50% Plunging Surf, 50% Spilling Surf:

Combat load 6 ft 8 sec

Troop load 6 ft 8 sec

Combat equipped 6 ft 10 sec

100% Spilling Surf:

Combat load 6 ft 5 sec

Troop load 6 ft 5 sec

Combat equipped 6 ft 7 sec

Note: Criteria are applicable to the AAV, personnel model (AAVP)-7A1; AAV, command model (AAVC)-7A1;

and AAV, recovery model (AAVR)-7A1. Criteria are based on the following three load conditions: combat

load—10,000 lb; troop load—5,600 lb; combat equipped—no load.

Planning for combat operations should be predicated on the AAVP-7A1’s demonstrated capability of negotiating

10-ft plunging waves in combat-load and troop-load conditions and 8-foot plunging waves in combat-equipped

conditions.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support F-13

(reverse blank)
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE 

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Annex H (METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation Backup) (U)

REFERENCES:

(a) (U) CJCSI 3810.01, Meteorological and Oceanographic Operations

(b) (U) Joint Pub 3-59, Joint Doctrine for Meteorological and Oceanographic Support

(c) (U) Joint Pub 3-59.1, JTTP for Meteorological and Oceanographic Support

(d) (U) NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K, United States Navy Meteorological & Oceanographic

Support System Manual

(e) (U) MCWP 3-35.7, MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support

(f) (U) JTF X Operation Order (OPORD), Annex H

Time Zone: T

1. (U) SITUATION

a. (U) Concept of METOC Support. METOC support under this annex includes collection, processing, derivation, and dissemination of information describing past, present, and future atmospheric,

oceanographic, and terrestrial conditions. USMC METOC personnel who are organic to the ACE will

provide METOC support to forward-deployed elements/units of I MEF/Blue Force. A JMFU, composed of USMC and Blue Force METOC personnel, will be established to support the JTF HQ, I

MEF, Marine Aircraft Group (MAG)-39, 1st Marine Division, and Brigade Service Support Group

(BSSG)-5. The JMFU will be under the direction of the JMO.

b. (U) Assumptions

(1) (U) Indigenous weather facilities and services are available.

(2) (U) Meteorological satellites will be available to provide imagery and data to forces in and out

of the theater of operations.

Appendix G

Sample Annex H (METOC Services)
(3) (U) METOC observations from all areas under military and political control of the enemy will

be denied.

(4) (U) METOC data of all types may continue to be made available by friendly and neutral countries under WMO agreements.

c. (U) Planning Factors. In March, the Pacific Ridge begins to move northward and gradually intensify

as a thermal trough (heat low) begins to form over northwestern Mexico, western Arizona, and southeastern California. Due to the influx of warm air, resulting from the migration and development of these

pressure systems, the high-pressure center located over the northwestern U.S. has weakened and almost disappeared, allowing Nevada low-pressure systems to affect the local area. A “Nevada low” is a

local name given to the surface reflection of an upper-level closed low or deep trough over Nevada.

The Nevada low is typically a “cold” low that develops during the February-to-April period, producing

strong pressure gradients over western Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and southern California. The primary

concern with a Nevada low is the strong winds associated with the pressure system. With a welldeveloped Nevada low over southern Nevada, Yuma can expect southwesterly winds in advance of the

associated cold front and westerly to northwesterly winds sustained at 15 - 20 knots with gusts of 30 -

40 knots following frontal passage. As with any lower desert region, blowing sand and dust can be a

significant problem for flight operations. The sand dunes, located west-northwest of Yuma, become a

factor with a sustained surface wind of 22 knots or greater from the west through northwest. Reduced

visibility to less than 3 miles in blowing dust or sand will result. (See Appendix 1.)

2. (U) MISSION. Provide METOC services for I MEF and other designated units

supporting/participating in operations under all situations of the basic order.

3. (U) EXECUTION

a. (U) Concept of Operations. The METOC support organization will be directed by the JTF commander, with recommendations and advice from the JMO. The HQ Air Force Weather Agency

(AFWA) and the FNMOC, which comprise the two primary METOC production centers, will provide

routine centralized METOC support as required or special METOC support as tasked for the area of

operations. In addition, the AFWA and FNMOC will provide initial METOC support until METOC

communications are established and the JMFU is operational. Once established, the JMFU will be the

primary METOC forecast agency for military forces in BLUELAND and will provide tailored theaterlevel products for the area of operations. (See Appendix 2.) METOC personnel at all echelons will further tailor these products, as necessary, to support their customers.

b. (U) Tasks and Responsibilities

(1) (U) The I MEF SWO is responsible for providing/arranging METOC support to HQ, I MEF

(Forward) (MEF(FWD)), and for coordinating and directing overall METOC support for operations in BLUELAND.

(2) (U) The SWO is responsible for providing METOC support to all forces in theater, as outlined

by references (a) - (d). The JMO will develop the MEF METOC plan and will coordinate METOC

support during implementation of the OPORD.

G-2 MCWP 3-35.7
(3) (U) When directed by the commanding general of I MEF, MWSS 372 and Blue Force METOC

personnel will combine to form the JMFU.

(a) (U) The JMFU will be established at Yuma, BLUELAND.

(b) (U) MWSS 372’s METMF, forward deployed to Auxiliary II, BLUELAND, will be the alternate JMFU. The alternate JMFU is responsible for producing and disseminating JMFU

products:

(1) When directed by the JMO.

(2) If connectivity with the primary JMFU is lost for a period of six hours.

(4) (U) MWSS 372 will provide METOC support to all forward-deployed units located in the vicinity of Auxiliary II, BLUELAND.

(5) (U) When directed by the JMO, MWSS 372 will provide a fully equipped MEF weather support team, capable of rapid redeployment, to accompany operational commanders and to provide

on-scene METOC services.

(6) (U) The HQ AFWA and the NAVMETOCCOM will, through their centralized facilities, provide centralized products.

(7) (U) The 55th Space Weather Squadron (55SXS) will provide specialized space METOC

products.

(8) (U) Units at all echelons will follow the steps below to determine and fill METOC support requirements. Higher echelon units receiving shortfalls will look within their resources for the required capability.

(a) (U) Determine METOC service support requirements.

(b) (U) To the extent possible, provide resources from organic organizations to satisfy their

requirements.

(c) (U) When unable to satisfy their requirements, notify the next highest echelon of the

shortfall.

(9) (U) Intelligence units at all echelons of command will ensure that all TARWI and Forward Area

Limited Observing Program (FALOP) inputs are passed to the JMFU in a timely manner.

(10) (U) Pilot reports received by METOC/ATC personnel will be forwarded to the JMFU in a

timely manner.

(11) (U) METOC reports include the following.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-3
(a) (U) All METOC units with forecast requirements will issue a METOC terminal aerodrome

forecast (TAF) every six hours or as directed by the JMFU.

(b) (U) All METOC units will take and disseminate surface observations every hour and upperair soundings every 12 hours or as directed by the JMFU.

c. (U) Coordinating Instructions

 

(1) Direct coordination is authorized and encouraged between all echelon SWOs. SWOs will coordinate special METOC support requirements with the JMO.

(2) The I MEF(FWD) WEAX is the official forecast for the area of operations. (See Appendix 2,

Tab A.) METOC units may tailor the I MEF(FWD) WEAX to meet specific operational requirements. Coordinate significant deviations from the I MEF(FWD) WEAX with the JMFU officer in

charge, except to satisfy an immediate operational need or under conditions affecting the safety of

personnel or equipment. In these cases, coordinate with the JMFU officer in charge after the fact.

4. (U) ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS. Logistics of METOC equipment and supplies will be

conducted as outlined in unit standing operating procedures and Annex D. METOC units are expected to

deploy with enough materials to last until resupply can be reasonably expected. Report problems with logistic support for METOC units through the operational chain of command.

5. (U) COMMAND AND CONTROL. Use theater and tactical nets in addition to established METOC

circuits to pass data and forecast guidance. (See Annex K.)

a. (U) METOC command and control includes normal METOC services augmented with tailored forecasts to support the operational and tactical commanders. Regional METOC data streams provide observations, general forecasts, and special products as requested. Exploit all other data sources,

including U.S. and foreign satellite, teletype, and facsimile broadcasts.

b. (U) Loss of METOC communications circuits will critically degrade the control of METOC services.

Copy joint Service, allied, or other nations’ data sources to continue accurate and consistent support.

Supplement data with local observations taken by tactical units in theater. 

c. (U) METOC services are available to echelons where special circuits are not available. Commercial

telephone lines, unclassified weather broadcasts sent in the blind, and computer bulletin boards will be

used to provide information. MEF weather support teams are available to accompany operational commanders to provide on-scene METOC support.

d. (U) Dissemination of METOC data will be in accordance with applicable operations security instructions. (See Annex C.)

 

G. GLAD

BGen, U.S. Marine Corps

Commanding

Appendices:

G-4 MCWP 3-35.7
1 - Astronomical and Climatological Data

2 - MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan

OFFICIAL:

D. L. WHO

COL USMC

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-5
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE 

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Appendix 1 (Astronomical and Climatological Data) to Annex H (METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation Backup) (U)

Astronomical and Climatological Data (U)

1. All times are listed as local times or Mountain Standard Time (MST). Local time (Tango) is -7 hours

from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) (Zulu). BLUELAND remains in MST throughout the year.

Terms and definitions include:

a. Sunrise/Moonrise. The instant when the upper edge of the sun/moon appears on the sea-level

horizon.

b. Sunset/Moonset. The instant when the upper edge of the sun/moon disappears below the sea-level

horizon.

c. Nautical Twilight. When the center of the sun’s disk is 12 degrees below the sea-level horizon.

BMNT = beginning of morning nautical twilight. EENT = end of evening nautical twilight.

d. Civil Twilight. When the center of the sun’s disk is 6 degrees below the sea-level horizon. BMCT =

beginning of morning civil twilight. EECT = end of evening civil twilight.

e. Lunar Illumination (% LUM). Given in percentage of the “actual” lunar disk visible at midnight of

each given day.

2. Astronomical data for Yuma, BLUELAND, (32°39’N, 114°37’W) is as follows:

a. Astronomical Data for March 19xx:

Sun Moon %

Date BMNT BMCT Rise Set EECT EENT Rise Set LUM

Mar 1 0612 0641 0706 1836 1901 1929 1536 0435 89

Mar 2 0611 0640 0704 1837 1902 1930 1630 0513 94

Mar 3 0610 0639 0703 1838 1902 1931 1725 0550 98

Mar 4 0609 0637 0702 1838 1903 1932 1820 0625 98

Mar 5 0608 0636 0701 1839 1904 1932 1916 0700 100

Mar 6 0606 0635 0700 1840 1905 1933 2013 0734 99

Mar 7 0605 0634 0658 1841 1905 1934 2112 0810 97

Mar 8 0604 0632 0657 1842 1906 1935 2211 0848 92

Mar 9 0603 0631 0656 1842 1907 1935 2312 0929 85

Mar 10 0601 0630 0655 1843 1908 1936 —— 1014 75

Mar 11 0600 0629 0653 1844 1908 1937 0012 1103 66

Mar 12 0559 0627 0652 1845 1909 1938 0112 1158 55

G-6 MCWP 3-35.7
Mar 13 0558 0626 0651 1845 1910 1938 0211 1257 43

Mar 14 0556 0625 0649 1846 1911 1939 0305 1400 32

Mar 15 0555 0624 0648 1847 1911 1940 0356 1506 21

Mar 16 0554 0622 0647 1847 1912 1941 0443 1612 12

Mar 17 0552 0621 0646 1848 1913 1941 0526 1718 05

Mar 18 0551 0620 0644 1849 1913 1942 0607 1822 01

Mar 19 0550 0618 0643 1850 1914 1943 0647 1926 00

Mar 20 0548 0617 0642 1850 1915 1944 0726 2028 02

Mar 21 0547 0616 0640 1851 1916 1944 0805 2128 06

Mar 22 0546 0614 0639 1852 1916 1945 0846 2226 12

Mar 23 0544 0613 0638 1852 1917 1946 0928 2321 19

Mar 24 0543 0612 0636 1853 1918 1947 1012 —— 26

Mar 25 0542 0610 0635 1854 1919 1947 1058 0013 37

Mar 26 0540 0609 0634 1855 1919 1948 1146 0102 47

Mar 27 0539 0608 0632 1855 1920 1949 1236 0148 57

Mar 28 0538 0607 0631 1856 1921 1950 1328 0230 66

Mar 29 0536 0605 0630 1857 1921 1950 1421 0310 75

Mar 30 0535 0604 0629 1857 1922 1951 1514 0347 83

Mar 31 0534 0603 0627 1858 1923 1952 1609 0423 90

b. Astronomical Data for April 19xx:

Sun Moon %

Date BMNT BMCT Rise Set EECT EENT Rise Set LUM

Apr 1 0532 0601 0626 1859 1924 1953 1706 0458 95

Apr 2 0531 0600 0625 1900 1924 1954 1803 0533 99

Apr 3 0529 0559 0623 1900 1925 1954 1902 0609 99

Apr 4 0528 0557 0622 1901 1926 1955 2002 0646 100

Apr 5 0527 0556 0621 1902 1927 1956 2104 0727 99

Apr 6 0525 0555 0620 1902 1927 1957 2206 0811 95

Apr 7 0524 0553 0618 1903 1928 1958 2307 0900 88

Apr 8 0523 0552 0617 1904 1929 1958 —— 0954 78

Apr 9 0521 0551 0616 1904 1930 1959 0006 1051 70

Apr 10 0520 0550 0615 1905 1930 2000 0101 1153 58

Apr 11 0519 0548 0613 1906 1931 2001 0152 1256 46

Apr 12 0517 0547 0612 1907 1932 2002 0239 1400 35

Apr 13 0516 0546 0611 1907 1933 2002 0322 1504 24

Apr 14 0515 0544 0610 1908 1933 2003 0403 1608 15

Apr 15 0513 0543 0609 1909 1934 2004 0442 1710 07

Apr 16 0512 0542 0607 1909 1935 2005 0520 1812 03

Apr 17 0511 0541 0606 1910 1936 2006 0559 1912 00

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-7
Apr 18 0509 0540 0605 1911 1936 2007 0639 2011 00

Apr 19 0508 0538 0604 1912 1937 2008 0720 2108 03

Apr 20 0507 0537 0603 1912 1938 2008 0804 2203 08

Apr 21 0506 0536 0602 1913 1939 2009 0850 2254 14

Apr 22 0504 0535 0601 1914 1940 2010 0938 2341 22

Apr 23 0503 0534 0559 1915 1940 2011 1028 —— 28

Apr 24 0502 0533 0558 1915 1941 2012 1119 0025 39

Apr 25 0501 0531 0557 1916 1942 2013 1211 0106 49

Apr 26 0459 0530 0556 1917 1943 2014 1304 0144 59

Apr 27 0458 0529 0555 1917 1943 2015 1357 0220 68

Apr 28 0457 0528 0554 1918 1944 2015 1452 0255 78

Apr 29 0456 0527 0553 1919 1945 2016 1549 0329 86

Apr 30 0455 0526 0552 1920 1946 2017 1647 0404 92

3. All climatological data is based on observations from 1948 through 1994. Terms and definitions

include:

a. Temperatures. Listed in degrees Fahrenheit for conversion to Celsius: (°F - 32)/1.8 = °C.

b. Sky Condition. CLR = clear (absence of clouds or obscuring phenomena). SCT = scattered (1/10 -

5/10 sky coverage). BKN = broken (6/10 - 9/10 sky coverage). OVC = overcast (10/10 sky coverage).

c. Field Condition. VFR = visual flight rules (ceiling 1,000 ft or greater and/or visibility 3 mi or

greater). IFR = instrument flight rules (ceiling below 1,000 ft and visibility below 3 mi).

d. Visibility. The greatest visibility equaled or exceeded throughout at least one-half of the horizon circle (not necessarily continuous).

e. Ceiling. The height ascribed to the lowest broken or overcast layer aloft that is predominately

opaque or the vertical visibility into an obscuring phenomena.

4. Climatological data for March is as follows. (See figure G-1.)

Temperature Humidity Precipitation

Average maximum 79 °F 0500L 48% Absolute maximum 1.8 in

Average minimum 51 °F 1400L 28% Absolute minimum 0.0 in

Absolute maximum 100 °F 1700L 19% Average 0.2 in

Absolute minimum 32 °F Average 34%

Average 65 °F

Sky Condition Field Condition Ceiling/Visibility

CLR 50% VFR 99.0% < 3,000 ft and 3 mi 1.0%

SCT 21% IFR 1.0% < 1,500 ft and 3 mi < 0.5%

G-8 MCWP 3-35.7
BKN 16% < 1,000 ft and 3 mi < 0.5%

OVC 13%

Surface Winds Thunderstorms

0800L NNE 6.0 kt Average number of days 0.7

1400L W 9.5 kt

2000L W 7.8 kt

All hours W 8.4 kt

Maximum NW 2.0 kt

 Figure G-1. Sample Climate Summary for March.

5. Climatological data for April is as follows. (See figure G-2.)

Temperature Humidity Precipitation

Average maximum 87 °F 0500L 44% Absolute maximum 1.2 in

Average minimum 57 °F 1400L 17% Absolute minimum 0.0 in

Absolute maximum 109 °F 1700L 16% Average 0.1 in

Absolute minimum 41 °F Average 29%

Average 72 °F

Sky Condition Field Condition Ceiling/Visibility

CLR 58% VFR 99.0% < 3,000 ft and 3 mi 1.0%

SCT 20% IFR 1.0% < 1,500 ft and 3 mi < 0.5%

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-9
BKN 14% < 1,000 ft and 3 mi < 0.5%

OVC 8%

Surface Winds Thunderstorms

0800L N 6.4 kt Average number of days 0.7

1400L W 9.6 kt

2000L W 8.1 kt

All hours W 8.7 kt

Maximum N 52.0 kt

Figure G-2. Sample Climate Summary for April.

G-10 MCWP 3-35.7
 I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE 

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98 

Appendix 2 (MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan) to Annex H (METOC Services)

to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation Backup) (U)

MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan (U)

1. Upon the employment of a MAGTF (MEU/MEF(FWD)/MEF) as part of a larger naval, joint, or combined force, responsibility for the provision of tactical METOC support will transition from garrisonbased to on-scene METOC support assets under the direction and control of the ACE commander. Naval

METOC centers will retain responsibility for the provision of weather facsimile support; METOC field

data; wind, sea, and tropical cyclone warnings/advisories; area oceanographic support; and detailed local

forecasts/tactical support products for naval units operating independently.

2. Tailored on-scene METOC support is available from METOC assets organic to the ACE. The

MWSSs, equipped with a METMF complex, are normally deployed to a FOB in direct support of that

airfield. MEF weather support teams from the MWSSs are assigned to provide direct support to

commanders/staffs of MAGTF elements other than the ACE, that is, the CE, GCE, and CSSE. MAGTF

elements should forward unique tactical METOC support requirements via the chain of command to the

ACE instead of requesting personnel and equipment directly.

3. The MAGTF ACE commander shall coordinate all tactical METOC support requirements for each element; designate MWSSs to provide MEF weather support teams; provide for the timely dissemination of

local warnings/advisories, observations/forecasts, and tactical support summaries/products; and maintain

liaison with naval METOC centers for special tactical support requirements. To provide a common baseline within each MAGTF, tailored tactical METOC support should be developed in accordance with this

appendix.

4. The MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan consists of the following:

a. OPTASK METOC (Meteorology/Oceanography). OPTASKs are developed by using NATO

APP-4 standards to provide a standard message for coordination of tactical METOC services and reporting responsibilities within a MAGTF. A standing Marine Corps-wide OPTASK METOC has yet to

be promulgated by the FMF Pacific/Atlantic commanders. Once published, MAGTF commanders will

issue serialized OPTASK METOC supplements detailing specific requirements for all operations and

exercises.

b. Standard Tactical Summaries. These summaries are designed to provide minimum levels of tactical

METOC support to MAGTF elements during routine operations. They include the WEAX and TAS.

These support products are normally transmitted daily or as required.

(1) The I MEF WEAX is based on the standard NAVMETOCCOM WEAX/aviation route weather

forecast (AVWX) format and shall include a meteorological situation, 24-hour forecast, and outlook to 48 hours for each METOC zone of interest. Astronomical data and a radiological fallout

forecast should be appended as required. (See Enclosure (1) to Tab A of this appendix for METOC

zones.)

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-11
(2) The TAS shall include an atmospheric refractive summary, a tactical assessment, EM sensor

performance predictions, infrared sensor detection range predictions, communication range predictions, and an M-unit summary. Radiosonde calibration data should be appended when air-capable

units are operating in proximity.

c. Special Tactical Summaries. These summaries are designed to provide minimum levels of tactical

METOC support for specific operations and/or functions of Marine aviation. They include the

AOAFCST, STRKFCST, and ASLTFCST.

(1) The AOAFCST is designed to provide support for exercise/real-world amphibious landings and

rehearsals. It shall include a meteorological situation, a 24-hour forecast for the amphibious objective area/landing area, a surf forecast for target beaches, a tactical assessment, an abbreviated atmospheric summary, and astronomical data. A radiological and chemical fallout forecast should be

appended as the tactical situation dictates. The initial forecast should be issued at least 24 hours before the beginning of amphibious operations.

(2) The STRKFCST is designed to provide a coordinated forecast whenever multiple strike

(OAAW/SEAD/DAS) platforms (VMFA/VMA/VMAQ) are operating as an integrated force under

one tactical commander. It shall include a meteorological situation, a 24-hour forecast of en route

and target weather, an outlook to 48 hours, a tactical assessment, and electro-optical sensor performance predictions.

(3) The ASLTFCST is designed to provide a coordinated forecast whenever multiple assault support platforms (VMGR/HMH/HMM/HMLA) are operating as an integrated force under one tactical commander. It shall include a meteorological situation, a 24-hour forecast of en route

FARP/RGR and landing zone weather, an outlook to 48 hours, a tactical assessment, and electrooptical sensor performance predictions.

5. Tabs A through E of this appendix include drafting guides for each of the tactical summaries discussed

in this plan. They provide METOC forecasters with a baseline for development of tailored tactical support summaries that meet minimum support requirements. On-scene tactical support products should be

modified as required to meet specific operational requirements and tactical situations. Additionally, METOC forecasters should strive to maintain a balance between full-spectrum support to MAGTF elements

and communications efficiency. Under normal conditions, tactical summaries should not exceed 2 - 3

pages in length.

G-12 MCWP 3-35.7
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Tab A (WEAX) to Appendix 2 (MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan) to Annex H

(METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation Backup) (U)

I MEF WEAX (U)

(PASS TO (CE/ACE/GCE/CSSE))

MSGID/GENADMIN/UNIT/SERIAL/MON/YR//

SUBJ/I MEF WEAX//

RMKS/

1. ( ) METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION AT Z (Note: Include the location/movement/development of

synoptic high- and low-pressure centers and associated fronts referenced to common geographical points,

areas, or established METOC zones. When in doubt, use latitude/longitude.)

2. ( ) 24-HOUR FORECAST COMMENCING Z (ALONG TRACK FROM N(S)/ E(W) TO 

 N(S)/ E(W)) OR VICINITY OF N(S)/ E(W) (Note: Area of operations should be omitted if

the Marine Forces commander prefers an unclassified forecast.

a. Sky/Weather (Plain-Language Format)

b. Visibility (NM)

c. Surface Winds (kt)

d. Maximum/Minimum Temperatures (°F/°C)

e. Relative Humidity (%)

f. Absolute Humidity (g/m3)

g. WBGTI/Flag Condition

h. Aviation Parameters

(1) Cloud/Ceilings (ft) (Note: TAF format is recommended.)

(2) Winds/Temperatures Aloft (Flight Level/Direction/Speed (kt)/Temperatures (°C))

(3) Turbulence (Note: Include discussion of all known CAT.)

(4) Minimum Freezing Level (ft)

(5) Icing

(6) Contrails (ft)

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-13
(7) Minimum Altimeter Setting (inches of Mercury)

(8) Maximum PA/DA

3. ( ) OUTLOOK TO 48 HOURS

4. ( ) ASTRONOMICAL DATA (UTC OR LOCAL)

a. Sunrise/Sunset/Sunrise

b. BMNT/BMCT/EECT/EENT

c. Moonrise/Moonset/Illumination (%)

5. ( ) 24-HOUR RADIOLOGICAL FALLOUT FORECAST FOR (AIR BURST/SURFACE BURST)

Weapon Yield (Kilotons)

 

a. Effective Downwind Direction (True (T))/Speed (kt) __ /__ __/__ __/__ 

b. Sector Angle/Distance to Zone 1 (NM) __/__ __/__ __/__

 

(Note: Radiological fallout forecast should be included for actual/exercise defense readiness condition

(DEFCON) 3 or MOPP level 2; otherwise at senior forecaster’s discretion.)

6. ( ) RELEASED BY (Note: Include when MINIMIZE imposed.)//

DECL/ // (As required.)

G-14 MCWP 3-35.7
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE 

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Enclosure 1 (METOC Zones) to Tab A (WEAX) to Appendix 2 (MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan) to Annex H (METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation

Backup) (U)

METOC Zones (U)

Figure G-3. METOC Zones.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-15
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE 

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Tab B (Tactical Atmospheric Summary) to Appendix 2 (MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC

Support Plan) to Annex H (METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation

Backup) (U)

Tactical Atmospheric Summary (U)

(PASS TO (MAG/TACC/DASC/MATC/TAOC/SAAWC))

MSGID/GENADMIN/UNIT/SERIAL/MON/YR//

SUBJ/TACTICAL ATMOSPHERIC SUMMARY//

RMKS/

1. ( ) ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTIVE SUMMARY: BASED ON Z UPPER-AIR SOUNDING

TAKEN AT N/ W

a. Surface-Based Duct Height (ft)

b. Elevated Ducts (Bottom-Top) (ft)

2. ( ) TACTICAL ASSESSMENT (Note: 1. Expand on the guidance contained in the propagation conditions summary (PCS) module. Specifically, discuss the atmospheric impact on MAGTF EM systems with

respect to sensor-target-duct geometry (i.e., aircraft positioning; optimum altitudes for jamming, attack,

EM surveillance, etc.). Highlight those sensors that are significantly degraded/enhanced. Focus on tactical

guidance that will enable the tactical air coordinator, sector antiair warfare coordinator, and combat mission planners to effectively exploit a given atmospheric environment. 2. As feasible, include an

analysis/forecast of atmospheric refractivity conditions in the projected operating area.)

3. ( ) EM SENSOR PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS

a. Air Search Radar Ranges (NM) for (Missile)/(Fighter Bomber) Square Meter Targets at Various

Altitudes, Based on 90% Probability of Detection

Altitude (100 ft2) (005) (010) (050) (100) (200) (300)

Radar

AN/TPS-59 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/TPS-63 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/TPS-73 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/MPQ-50 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/MPQ-62 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/UPS-3 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/MPQ-53 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/APS-138 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

AN/APY-1/2 __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ __/__ 

G-16 MCWP 3-35.7
(Note: Radar cross sections should be tailored to the expected threat. Naval Oceanography Systems

Command Technical Document (NOSC TD) 1195, Selected Electromagnetic System Parameters for Use

in the Tactical Environmental Support System/Air Force Tactical Training Publication (AFTTP) 3-1,

Threat Manual, provide representative values of typical U.S./threat platforms. Include all air-search radars organic to or in support of the MAGTF.

b. Electronic Support Measure (ESM) Intercept Ranges (NM) for Various Emitters

ESM Receiver

Emitter (AN/ALQ-99 - ft)

 

_____ (surface) __________

_____ (airborne) __________

_____ (missile) __________

 

(Note: A representative set of emitters tailored to the expected threat is preferable to listing every emitter

available.)

c. ES Counterdetection Ranges (NM) for Various Threat ES Receivers:

U.S. Emitter ES Receiver

(Surface) (Airborne)

_______ _______ _______

_______ _______ _______

 

(Note: A representative list of U.S. emitters and threat ES receivers is recommended.)

4. ( ) FLIR DETECTION RANGE PREDICTIONS WIDE FOCUS OF VISION (WFOV)/NARROW

FOCUS OF VISION (NFOV) (NM) FOR TARGET AT VARIOUS ALTITUDES, BASED ON

50% PROBABILITY OF DETECTION, VISIBILITY NM, WIND SPEED kt, ABSOLUTE

HUMIDITY g/m3

Altitude (100 ft2) (005) (010) (050) (100) (200) (300)

Sensor

AN/AAR-51 /NA /NA /NA NA/NA NA/NA NA/NA

AN/AAS-38A / / / / / / 

AN/AWS-1 / / NA/NA NA/NA NA/NA NA/ 

(Note: Include FLIR sensors available within the MAGTF. Target types should be tailored to expected

threat. Flight levels should be consistent with platforms supported.)

5. ( ) COMMUNICATION RANGE PREDICTIONS

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-17
a. Ultrahigh Frequency Communication Range (Normal/Extended/Greatly Extended)

b. High Frequency Radio Propagation Condition/Forecast

(1) High Frequency Propagation Condition/Forecast

(2) 10.7-cm Flux

6. ( ) M-UNIT SUMMARY (PROVIDED FOR INPUT INTO IREPS)

Height (ft) M-Unit Type (Subrefractive/Normal/Superrefractive/Trapping)

_______ _____ _____

_______ _____ _____

_______ _____ _____

_______ _____ _____

(Note: Include enough significant levels to enable MEF weather support teams to generate representative

coverage diagrams using IREPS.)

7. ( ) MINI-RAWINSONDE SYSTEM (MRS) CALIBRATION DATA (Note: Include this section only

if MRS-capable units are operating in proximity.)

8. ( ) RELEASED BY (Note: Include when MINIMIZE imposed.)//

DECL/ //

G-18 MCWP 3-35.7
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Tab C (Strike Forecast) to Appendix 2 (MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan) to Annex H (METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation Backup) (U)

Strike Forecast (U)

(PASS TO (MAG/TACC/DASC/FSCC/MATC/TAOC/SAAWC))

MSGID/GENADMIN/UNIT/SERIAL/MON/YR//

SUBJ/STRIKE FORECAST (STRKFCST)//

RMKS/

1. ( ) METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION AT Z

2. ( ) 24-HOUR FORECAST COMMENCING Z

a. En Route Weather to to 

(1) Sky/Weather

(2) Visibility/Slant Range Visibility (NM)

(3) Sea Surface Temperature (°F)/In-Water Survival Time

(4) Cloud Tops/Ceilings (ft)

(5) En-route Winds/Temperatures Aloft (Location/Flight Level/Direction/Speed (kt)/ Temperatures

(°C))

(6) Turbulence

(7) Minimum Freezing Level (ft)

(8) Icing

(9) Minimum Altimeter Setting (inches of Mercury)

(10) Contrail Formation

(11) Ditch Headings (Degrees T)

b. Target Area Weather (Note: Repeat for each target area.)

(1) Sky/Weather

(2) Visibility/Slant Range Visibility (NM)

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-19
(3) Surface Winds (kt)

(4) Maximum/Minimum Temperatures (°F)

(5) Cloud Tops/Ceilings (ft)

(6) Winds/Temperatures Aloft (Flight Level/Direction/Speed (kt)/Temperatures (°C))

(7) Turbulence

(8) Freezing Level (ft)

(9) Icing

(10) Minimum Altimeter Setting (inches of Mercury)

(11) D-Values

(12) Contrail Formation

(13) Astronomical Data (UTC) at Z:

Sunrise/Sunset/Sun Angles (Elevation/Azimuth):

 BMNT/BMCT/EECT/EENT:

 Moonrise/Moonset/Percent Illumination/Moon Angles (Elevation/Azimuth)/Lux Values:

3. ( ) OUTLOOK TO 48 HOURS

4. ( ) TACTICAL ASSESSMENT (Note: Correlate the current/forecasted weather to major concerns

such as aerial refueling track cloud layers and ceilings, severe weather, target ceilings and visibilities, battle damage assessment (BDA), impact on electro-optical systems/weapons, IFR conditions, etc.)

5. ( ) ELECTRO-OPTICAL SENSOR PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS (Note: Include representative

electro-optical sensor performance predictions for strike sensors/weapons systems and key METOC

assumptions.)

6. ( ) RELEASED BY (Note: Include when MINIMIZE imposed.)//

DECL/ // 

G-20 MCWP 3-35.7
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Tab D (Assault Forecast) to Appendix 2 (MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC Support Plan) to

Annex H (METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation Backup) (U)

Assault Forecast (U)

(PASS TO (MAG/TACC/DASC/FSCC/MATC/TAOC/SAAWC))

MSGID/GENADMIN/UNIT/SERIAL/MON/YR//

SUBJ/ASSAULT FORECAST (ASLTFCST)//

RMKS/

1. ( ) METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION AT Z

2. ( ) 24-HOUR FORECAST COMMENCING Z

a. En Route Weather to to 

(1) Sky/Weather

(2) Visibility/Slant Range Visibility (NM)

(3) Sea Surface Temperature (°F)/In-Water Survival Time

(4) Cloud Tops/Ceilings (ft)

(5) En-route Winds/Temperatures Aloft (Location/Flight Level/Direction/Speed (kt)/ Temperatures

(°C))

(6) Turbulence

(7) Minimum Freezing Level (ft)

(8) Icing

(9) Minimum Altimeter Setting (inches of Mercury)

(10) Contrail Formation

(11) Ditch Headings (Degrees T)

b. FARP/RGR Weather (As required, include for return leg if necessary.)

(1) Sky/Weather

(2) Visibility/Slant Range Visibility (NM)

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-21
(3) Surface Winds (kt)

(4) Cloud Tops/Ceilings (ft)

(5) Maximum/Minimum Temperatures (°F)

(6) Minimum Altimeter Setting (inches of Mercury)

(7) Maximum PA/DA

c. Assault Landing Zone Weather (Note: Repeat for each assault landing zone.)

(1) Sky/Weather

(2) Visibility/Slant Range Visibility (NM)

(3) Surface Winds (kt)

(4) Maximum/Minimum Temperatures (°F)

(5) Maximum PA/DA

(6) Cloud Tops/Ceilings (ft)

(7) Winds/Temperatures Aloft (Flight Level/Direction/Speed (kt)/Temperatures (°C))

(8) Turbulence

(9) Freezing Level (ft)

(10) Icing

(11) Minimum Altimeter Setting (inches of Mercury)

(12) D-Values

(13) Contrail Formation

(14) Astronomical Data (UTC) at Z:

 Sunrise/Sunset/Sun Angles (Elevation/Azimuth):

BMNT/BMCT/EECT/EENT:

Moonrise/Moonset/Percent Illumination/Moon Angles (Elevation/Azimuth)/Lux Values:

3. ( ) OUTLOOK TO 48 HOURS

G-22 MCWP 3-35.7
4. ( ) TACTICAL ASSESSMENT (Note: Correlate the current/forecasted weather to major concerns

such as FARP/RGR ceilings and visibilities, severe weather, landing zone ceilings and visibilities, BDA,

impact on electro-optical systems/weapons, IFR conditions, etc.)

5. ( ) ELECTRO-OPTICAL SENSOR PERFORMANCE PREDICTIONS (Note: Include representative

electro-optical sensor performance predictions for associated assault platforms and key METOC

assumptions.)

6. ( ) RELEASED BY (Note: Include when MINIMIZE imposed.)//

DECL/ // 

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-23
I MARINE EXPEDITIONARY FORCE

CAMP PENDLETON BLUELAND

012200T MAR 98

Tab E (Amphibious Objective Area Forecast) to Appendix 2 (MAGTF Standard Tactical METOC

Support Plan) to Annex H (METOC Services) to I MEF Operation Order 2-98 (Operation

Backup) (U)

Amphibious Objective Area Forecast (U)

(PASS TO (CATF/CLF/MEF WEATHER SUPPORT TEAM/ACE))

MSGID/GENADMIN/UNIT/SERIAL/MON/YR//

SUBJ/AMPHIBIOUS OBJECTIVE AREA FORECAST (AOAFCST)//

RMKS/

1. ( ) METEOROLOGICAL SITUATION AT Z

2. ( ) 24-HOUR FORECAST COMMENCING Z FOR AMPHIBIOUS OBJECTIVE AREA (Note:

Include separate forecast for landing area if significantly different from amphibious objective area

weather.)

a. Sky/Weather

b. Visibility (NM)

c. Surface Winds (kt)

d. Maximum/Minimum Temperatures (°F) (Note: include windchill factor if applicable.)

e. Sea Surface Temperature (°F)

f. Combined Seas (ft)

g. In-Water Survival Time (h)

h. Aviation Parameters

(1) Clouds/Ceilings (ft)

(2) Winds/Temperatures Aloft (Flight Level/Direction/Speed (kt)/Temperatures (°C))

(3) Turbulence

(4) Freezing Level (ft)

(5) Icing

(6) Minimum Altimeter Setting (inches of Mercury)

G-24 MCWP 3-35.7
(7) Maximum PA/DA

(8) Contrail Formation

(9) Slant Range Visibility (NM)

3. ( ) SURF FORECAST FOR (RED)/(BLUE) BEACH (Note: Output format included in Mobile Oceanography Support System surf module.)

a. ALPHA. Significant Breaker Height (ft).

b. BRAVO. Maximum Breaker Height (ft).

c. CHARLIE. Dominant Breaker Period(s).

d. DELTA. Dominant Breaker Type (% Spilling, Plunging, Surging).

e. ECHO. Breaker Angle (°).

f. FOXTROT. Littoral Current (kt).

g. GOLF1. Number of Surf Lines.

 GOLF2. Surf Zone Width (ft).

h. MSI

i. High/Low Tides (UTC or Local)

j. Beach Conditions (Note: Provide summary of hydrographic reconnaissance data, including bottom

type, beach slope/type/trafficability, and significant obstacles (locations) ashore and in shallows. Marine

METOC personnel will be unable to provide without external assistance from reconnaissance units or

NAVOCEANO.)

4. ( ) TACTICAL ASSESSMENT (Note: See COMNAVSURFPAC/COMNAVSURFLANT 3840.1B

for a discussion of modified surf limits for various landing craft types. Discuss no-go criteria, LCAC limitations, etc.)

5. ( ) ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTIVE SUMMARY

a. Evaporative Duct Height (ft)

b. Surface-Based Duct Height (ft)

c. Elevated Duct Heights (Bottom-Top) (ft)

d. Radar PCS

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support G-25
(1) Surface-to-Surface Radar Ranges (Note: Expand on the guidance contained in EM PCS

module.)

(2) Surface-to-Air Radar Ranges

(3) Air-to-Air Radar Ranges

(4) Air-to-Surface Radar Ranges

e. Communication Range Predictions

(1) Ultrahigh Frequency Communication Range (Normal/Extended/Greatly Extended)

(2) High Frequency Radio Propagation Summary

6. ( ) ASTRONOMICAL DATA (UTC OR LOCAL)

a. Sunrise/Sunset

b. BMNT/BMCT/EECT/EENT

c. Moonrise/Moonset/Percent Illumination

d. Night Vision Effectiveness (Lumens)

7. ( ) 24-HOUR RADIOLOGICAL FALLOUT/CHEMICAL FALLOUT FORECAST (Note: Include as

tactical situation dictates.)

a. Effective Downwind Direction (T)/Speed (kt)

b. Distance (NM)

8. ( ) RELEASED BY (Note: Include when MINIMIZE imposed.)//

DECL/ //

G-26 MCWP 3-35.7
Introduction

METOC centers are Air Force and Navy centralized production sites and climatology centers.

METOC centers are broken down into two categories—strategic forecast and climatology centers

and theater, regional, and component forecast

centers. See Joint Pub 3-59 for more information.

Strategic Forecast and

Climatology Centers

Headquarters, Air Force Weather

Agency

The HQ AFWA is located at Offutt Air Force

Base, Nebraska.

Primary Mission. The primary mission of the

HQ AFWA is to focus on weather support worldwide to theater JTF land and air operations. To

do this, the AFWA ingests atmospheric and satellite observations to build an accurate, worldwide

weather database to produce gridded analysis and

forecast fields of parameters that feed specific application programs for the warfighter. The AFWA

also provides tailored support products. See AFI

15-118, Requesting Specialized Weather Support,

for procedures to request support and AFCAT

15-152, Space Environmental Products, Volumes

1, 2, and 3, for a detailed product and station

listing.

Capabilities. Weather reports from meteorological sources throughout the world are gathered

and relayed to the HQ AFWA. These reports are

combined with information that is available from

military and civilian meteorological satellites

(METSATs) to construct a near-real-time integrated environmental database. The AFWA is the

DOD center for defense METSAT data processing and the only U.S. agency that provides automated worldwide cloud depictions and forecasts.

Computer programs model the resident atmospheric database and project changes. These models form building blocks for worldwide tailored

weather support to warfighters.

Communications Connectivity. Access to

numerical weather prediction METOC fields is

gained through landline connectivity with the

FNMOC. The AFWA data acquisition is chiefly

through the Automated Weather Network

(AWN); observations, forecasts, and advisories

are relayed through high-speed circuitry. Satellite

data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite

Program (DMSP) and the National Environmental

Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS)

polar orbiting and geostationary satellites is relayed to the HQ AFWA through communications

satellite or direct readout. Foreign geostationary

satellite imagery is relayed over landlines.

Worldwide data and product dissemination is

through the Air Force Digital Graphics System

(AFDIGS) for facsimile graphics, through the

AWN for alphanumeric data, and through the

Automated Weather Distribution System

(AWDS) for both graphics and alphanumerics.

The automated Defense Switched Network

(DSN) delivers HQ AFWA computer flight plans,

mission-tailored products, and other alphanumeric

products to users in the field. The Air Force

Global Weather Central Dial-In Subsystem (AFDIS) provides worldwide access to the AFWA

products through phone lines. The AFWA graphics products to which the AFDIS provides access,

through computer modem link, include highresolution analysis and forecast fields, observations, bulletins, and satellite imagery.

Appendix H

METOC Centers
General Product Types. Cloud depiction,

forecast products, and military operation support

products (electro-optical TDA and soil moisture)

are generated at the HQ AFWA. The basic output

is data in the format of the uniform gridded data

field (UGDF). This format provides the basis for

AFWA support to JTF operations. This support

product achieves consistency through the use of

common numerical weather prediction data fields

from the FNMOC.

55th Space Weather Squadron

The 55SXS is located at Falcon Air Force Base,

Colorado.

Primary Mission. The primary mission of the

55SXS is to collect, maintain, analyze, and forecast space environmental conditions that can affect any location worldwide in support of DOD

forces.

Capabilities. 55SXS support includes event notifications and warnings; routine observations;

analyses; and forecasts for the ionosphere, the

Earth’s geomagnetic field, the magnetosphere,

and the sun. Additionally, the Air Force Space

Forecast Center provides assessments of space

environmental conditions with respect to satellite,

communications, and radar anomalies. See AFI

15-118 on procedures to request support and AFCAT 15-152, Volume 5, for a detailed product

listing. General product types include:

Alert notification of events (solar flares,

radio bursts, geomagnetic storms, and

proton events) 

Tailored support to exercises and

contingencies, as required (radio

propagation forecasts, solar and

geomagnetic forecasts, and corrections for

ionospheric refraction)

Routine observation, analysis, and

prediction of the space environment

(planetary geomagnetic indices, solar flux,

and radio propagation)

Anomaly assessments (communications and

satellite operations).

Fleet Numerical METOC Center

The FNMOC is located in Monterey, California.

Primary Mission. The primary mission of the

FNMOC is to provide numerical weather prediction METOC data fields to other production centers and operating forces worldwide. The data

fields include global and higher resolution regional

atmospheric and oceanographic analyses and forecasts. The FNMOC is the DOD’s center for

worldwide numerical weather prediction and is

the center of expertise for microwave satellite

data. Consistency among all DOD forecast products is provided through the common baseline numerical weather prediction dataset generated by

the FNMOC. Submit requests for support in accordance with NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K.

For the latest Navy Oceanographic Data Distribution System (NODDS) product listings, see

FLTNUMMETOCCENINST 3147.1, Navy

Oceanographic Data Distribution System Products Manual.

Capabilities. The FNMOC’s primary numerical

forecast model is the Navy Operational Global

Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS), an

82-km-resolution spectral wave model. The highresolution regional numerical forecast model is

the Navy Operational Regional Atmospheric Prediction System (NORAPS), which provides atmospheric data at 45-km resolution. Higher

resolution nested regions can be located to cover

contingency regions worldwide on short notice.

The NODDS provides worldwide dial-in access to

FNMOC products through various computer modem links. Products available from the FNMOC

include unclassified analysis and numerical forecast fields of the Earth’s geomagnetic field, the

magnetosphere, and the sun. Additionally, the

55SXS provides assessments of space environmental conditions with respect to satellite, communications, and radar anomalies. See AFI

15-118 on procedures to request support and

H-2 MCWP 3-35.7
AFCAT 15-152, Volume 5, for a detailed product

listing. General product types include:

Alert notification of events (solar flares,

radio bursts, geomagnetic storms, and

proton events)

Tailored support to exercises and

contingencies, as required (radio propagation forecasts, solar and geomagnetic

forecasts, and corrections for ionospheric

refraction)

Routine observation, analysis, and

prediction of the space environment

(planetary geomagnetic indices, solar flux,

and radio propagation)

Anomaly assessments (communications and

satellite operations).

Communications Connectivity. Access to

the worldwide METOC database is gained

through connectivity to the FNMOC. Data and

product dissemination are provided through a landline to the FNMOC; Automatic Digital Network

(AUTODIN) to users, as required; standard Navy

command, control, communications, computers,

and intelligence (C4I) systems; the Joint Operational Tactical System (JOTS); and dial-in computer access through modem. Database

summaries are available on CD-ROM.

General Product Types. General product

types include:

Three-dimensional oceanographic analyses

Ocean front and eddy analyses

Bathymetric profiles and databases

Enclosed ocean basin circulation analyses

and forecasts

Mine drift predictions

Oil spill dispersion predictions

Tactical oceanographic summaries

Specialized exercises and mission support

Specialized oceanographic publications.

Air Force Combat Climatology Center

The AFCCC is located at Scott Air Force Base,

Illinois.

Primary Mission. The primary mission of the

AFCCC is to collect and store global environmental observations in its climatic database. It

analyzes and applies information from the database, the HQ AFWA technical library, and other

sources to prepare tailored environmental studies

and analyses for DOD forces worldwide.

Capabilities. The AFCCC can prepare tailored

environmental studies on almost any facet of meteorology affecting military operations from the

Earth’s surface through 400,000 feet above mean

sea level. All studies and analyses are tailored to

user requests. See AFI 15-118 to request support.

Special product request procedures are provided

in Chapter 2 and Appendix A of

USAFETAC/TC-95/001, Catalogue of Air Force

Weather Technical Publications (1992 - 1995).

Contingency support needed before JMFU activation should be requested from the AFCCC director of operations. After normal duty hours,

contact the command post. Air Force and Army

requests for Navy METOC support will be coordinated between the AFCCC and the FLTNUMMETOC DET. Responses are provided through

the AFCCC in accordance with the AWS and the

CNMOC memorandum of agreement. See AFCAT 15-152, Volume 4, for a detailed product

listing. Additionally, a complete listing is published periodically as an AFCCC technical

catalog.

Communications Connectivity. Communications connectivity includes DSN and commercial phone (both secure telephone unit III (STUIII) and nonsecure), nonsecure and secure facsimile, and the Defense Message System (DMS)

through Scott Air Force Base.

General Product Types. General product

types include:

Airfield summary packages

Surface observation climatic summaries

Climatic briefs

Specialized precipitation and temperature

studies

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support H-3
Descriptive (narrative) climatology studies

Engineering design and construction studies

Environmental simulation studies

Low-level route climatologies

Mission success indicators

Wind duration studies.

Fleet Numerical METOC Detachment

The FLTNUMMETOC DET is located in

Asheville, North Carolina.

Primary Mission. The primary mission of the

FLTNUMMETOC DET is to provide METOC

climatological services. To request support, see

NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K or FLTNUMMETOC DET Asheville Notice 3146, Guide to

Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Atmospheric Climatic Summaries, Products, and Services, or coordinate directly by

phone. Support requests requiring AFCCC climatological input will be coordinated. See

FLTNUMMETOC DET Asheville Notice 3146

for a detailed product listing.

Communications Connectivity. Communications connectivity is through commercial phone

lines and the Federal Telephone System (FTS).

Real-time DMS message receipt and transmission

is through a personal computer-based

GATEGUARD system.

Operational, Theater, and

Regional Component Forecast

Centers

Operational, theater, and regional component

forecast centers, shown below, include Air Force

theater METOC centers and Navy METOC

centers.

Combined METOC Operations Center,

Yongsan Army Installation, Seoul, Republic

of Korea

Alaskan Weather Operations Center,

Elemendorf Air Force Base, Alaska

European Command Forecast Unit,

Traben-Trarbach, Germany

Latin American Weather Operations Center,

Howard Air Force Base, Panama

Tanker Airlift Control Center, Scott Air

Force Base, Illinois

United States Naval Atlantic Meteorology

Station Norfolk, Virginia

United States Naval European Meteorology

and Oceanography Center, Rota, Spain

United States Naval Pacific Meteorology

and Oceanography Center, Pearl Harbor,

Hawaii

United States Naval Pacific Meteorology

and Oceanography Center West/Joint

Typhoon Warning Center, Guam

U.S. Air Forces, U.S. Central Command

Weather Support Center, Shaw Air Force

Base, South Carolina

Air Combat Command Weather Support

Unit, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia.

Air Force Theater METOC Centers

Primary Mission. The primary mission of Air

Force theater METOC centers is to function as

the Air Force, Army, and special operations

forces component hubs for disseminating tailored

METOC information to Air Force and Army

component forces within their areas of responsibility. The mission also includes joint forces upon

request or tasking from the commander in chief’s

senior METOC officer or JMO supporting the

JTF.

Capabilities. Air Force component METOC

centers produce tailored analysis and forecast

guidance products that focus on the individual

component’s air-land areas. Products are based on

numerical weather prediction guidance from HQ

AFWA and other agencies. These centers routinely produce: 

Weather advisories and warnings

Analyses and forecasts for particular

operations and other tailored METOC data

Products and services to support peacetime

training

H-4 MCWP 3-35.7
Support to exercise and contingency

operations.

Information on how to obtain specific support and

detailed product descriptions can be obtained by

calling the individual center directly.

Product Descriptions. These centers produce

alphanumeric and graphic products such as cloud

and visibility forecasts; drop zone forecasts; hazard forecasts; air refueling forecasts; and various

other tailored METOC data, products, and services. These centers are the Army point of contact

for Army weather support requirements, including

sea state information.

Navy Theater METOC Centers

Primary Mission. The primary mission of Navy

theater METOC centers is to function as the Navy

theater component hub for dissemination of METOC data and to provide full support services to

naval component forces and joint forces on request. These METOC centers administer Navy

METOC operations within their assigned area of

responsibility.

Capabilities. Theater METOC centers provide

tailored analyses and forecast guidance products

focused on an individual component’s maritime

and littoral areas of responsibility. These centers

routinely produce:

Significant weather and sea advisories and

warnings and individual ship route forecasts

Aviation weather forecasts

Optimum track ship routing

Weather across your track services.

Navy METOC centers provide deployable mobile

environmental team services; ocean frontal

position analyses; acoustic prediction services;

and tailored METOC data, products, and services

to support exercise and contingency operations.

Theater METOC centers function as the primary

communications node for transmitting data to

fleet users through Navy C4I systems. Support

may be requested in accordance with NAVMETOCCOMINST 3140.1K or by contacting the

supporting theater center directly to request

services.

Primary METOC Production

Center Integration

The two primary METOC production centers

supporting joint operations are the FNMOC and

HQ AFWA. In combination, these two centers

provide most of the central site data and products

needed to support in-theater requirements. Operationally, they produce an integrated product set

for the theater and are available for transmission

to supported components through existing component communications and information systems.

Consistency within the integrated product set is

achieved through use of common numerical

weather prediction data fields from the FNMOC

in the generation of all application products.

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support H-5

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Introduction

The commander uses IPB to understand the battlespace and to integrate information on the enemy, weather, and terrain as well as the options

presented to friendly and threat forces. IPB is the

primary responsibility of the J-2, G-2, and S-2;

however, the IPB process is not limited to the intelligence section and units. All commanders and

staff officers participate in the IPB process and

use its products for planning and decisionmaking.

(See FM 34-130, Intelligence Preparation of the

Battlefield, for a complete discussion of IPB.)

What Is IPB?

IPB is a systematic, continuous process of analyzing the threat and environment in a specific geographic area. It is designed to support staff

estimates and military decisionmaking. Applying

the IPB process helps the commander to selectively apply and maximize his combat power at

critical points in time and space on the battlefield

by:

Determining the threat’s likely COAs

Describing the environment within which

the unit is operating and the effects of the

environment on the unit’s operations.

IPB consists of four steps:

Define the battlespace environment.

Describe the battlespace’s effects.

Evaluate the threat.

Determine the threat’s COAs.

The IPB process is continuous. IPB is not just

conducted before and during the command’s initial planning for an operation, but is continued

and further refined during the conduct of the operation. Each function in the process is performed

continually to ensure that:

The products of the IPB remain complete

and valid

The support provided to the commander

remains relevant to direct the intelligence

system throughout the current mission and

into preparation for the next.

An overview of each function is presented below.

Step 1: Define the Battlespace

Environment

In step 1 of the IPB process, the G-2/S-2:

Establishes the limits of the area of interest

in four dimensions: depth, width, height,

and EM spectrum

Identifies characteristics of the battlespace

that will influence friendly and threat

operations

Identifies gaps in current intelligence

holdings.

This focuses the command’s initial intelligence

operation efforts and the remaining steps of the

IPB process. To further focus the remainder of

the IPB process, the G-2/S-2 identifies characteristics of the battlespace that require in-depth

evaluation of their effects on friendly and threat

operations, such as terrain, weather, logistical infrastructure, and demographics. Generally, these

are analyzed in more detail for areas within the

command’s area of operations and battlespace

than for other areas in the area of interest. By

convention, intelligence collection includes sensing or obtaining data other than weather. Weather

data collection is not considered to be a part of

the intelligence collection process. IPB uses

Appendix I

Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace 
climatology and oceanographic information to

determine maneuver and trafficability estimates

and other effects on MAGTF and threat

operations. 

The G-2/S-2 establishes the limits of the area of

interest to focus intelligence collection efforts on

the geographic areas of significance to the command’s specific mission. The limits of the area of

interest are based on the amount of time estimated to complete the unit’s mission and the location and nature of the characteristics of the

battlespace that will influence the operation. If

the command has not been assigned an area of

operations, the G-2/S-2 coordinates with the

G-3/S-3 to develop a joint recommendation on its

limits for the commander’s approval. Similarly,

the G-2/S-2 confers with the G-3/S-3 on recommendations for the command’s battlespace during

the development of friendly COAs. The area requiring monitoring by the MAGTF METOC units

is considerably larger than the area defined by the

G-2/S-2. Weather systems and their associated effects will continue to influence and cross the battlespace regardless of the military situation.

Weather systems that are perhaps thousands of

miles upstream of the area of interest may affect

the area of interest in time.

Defining the significant characteristics of the battlespace environment also aids in identifying gaps

in current intelligence holdings and the specific

intelligence required to fill them. The MAGTF

SWO’s inputs on METOC information requirements and resulting shortfalls in meteorological

sensing strategy are part of this definition and

identification process. Similarly, the G-2/S-2

identifies gaps in the command’s knowledge of

the threat and the current threat situation.

Once approved by the commander, the specific

intelligence that is required to fill gaps in the

command’s knowledge of the battlespace environment and threat situation becomes the command’s initial intelligence requirement.

Step 2: Describe the Battlespace’s

Effects

Step 2 evaluates the effects of the environment on

friendly and threat operations. The G-2/S-2 identifies the limitations and opportunities that the environment offers for the potential operations of

friendly and threat forces. This evaluation focuses

on the general capabilities of each force until

COAs are developed in later steps of the IPB

process.

This assessment of the environment always includes an examination of terrain, including

oceanographic conditions and weather. This part

of the IPB process provides the basis on which

concepts of operations are built and plans are

made. Discussions of the characteristics of geography and infrastructure and their effects on

friendly and threat operations may also be

included.

The characteristics of geography include general

characteristics of the terrain and weather such as

climate, elevation, soil, vegetation, wind, moisture, and temperature. An area’s infrastructure

consists of the facilities, equipment, and framework needed for the functioning of systems, cities, or regions. Products developed in this step

might include, but are not limited to:

Population status overlay

Overlays that depict the military aspects

and effects of terrain

Weather analysis

Hydrographic and beach studies

Integrated products such as modified

combined obstacle overlays.

The weather analysis may include weather analysis overlays of specific parameters or meteorological conditions as well as graphic displays

correlating weather events. In addition, weather

effects matrices are provided based on climatology and expected conditions. These may include

TDAs for electro-optical systems affecting the

performance of threat and friendly forces. The

SWO plays a key role in recommending what

I-2 MCWP 3-35.7
products are to be included depending on the mission, geographical region, climate, and influence

that the potential weather conditions could have

on the planning and execution of the mission. Regardless of the subject or means of presentation,

the G-2/S-2 ensures that these products focus on

the effects of the battlespace environment.

Step 3: Evaluate the Threat

In step 3, the G-2/S-2 and staff analyze the command’s intelligence holdings to determine how

the threat normally organizes for combat and conducts operations under similar circumstances.

When facing a well-known threat, the G-2/S-2

can rely on historical databases and welldeveloped threat models. When operating against

a new or less well-known threat, the G-2/S-2 may

need to develop the intelligence databases and

threat models concurrently.

The G-2/S-2’s evaluation is portrayed in a threat

model that includes doctrinal templates that depict how the threat operates when unconstrained

by the effects of the battlespace environment. Although these usually emphasize graphic depictions (doctrinal templates), threat models

sometimes emphasize matrices or simple narratives. The SWO provides the expected range of

METOC parameters to allow the G-2/S-2 staff to

evaluate limitations of threat capabilities and potential threat actions. It is important for the SWO

to be an integral part of the G-2/S-2 staff and

know as much as possible about threat and

friendly forces, capabilities, and systems and how

weather and oceanographic conditions affect

these systems.

Step 4: Determine Threat COAs

Step 4 integrates the results of steps 1 through 3

into intelligence estimates and supporting products. Given what the threat normally prefers to do

and the effects of the specific operating environment, the threat’s likely objectives and available

COAs are analyzed. In step 4, the G-2/S-2 develops COA models that depict these threat COAs

and prepares event templates and matrices in an

effort to identify or estimate indicators that will

reveal the threat COA being executed. This permits focusing intelligence collection and production efforts on those areas/events defined as

named areas of interest (NAIs). Weather events,

both actual and anticipated, are critical in determining the location of these NAIs and in estimating their effectiveness and reliability.

The enemy COA models developed in step 4 are

the products that the staff uses in the planning

and decisionmaking processes to enhance effectiveness. The G-2/S-2 cannot produce these models and accurately predict the threat COAs

without having:

Adequately defined and analyzed the

friendly mission throughout the estimated

duration of the operation; clearly identified

the physical limits of the area of operations

and the area of interest; and identified every

characteristic of the battlespace environment that might affect the operation (These

characteristics are also quantified by

objective means, when possible, or by

subjective means if qualitative assessments

are not available (step 2).)

Identified the opportunities and constraints

that the battlespace environment offers to

adversaries and friendly forces (Again, such

information is also quantified by objective

means, when possible, or by subjective

means if qualitative assessments are not

available (step 2).)

Thoroughly considered what the threat is

capable of and prefers to do in similar

situations if unconstrained by the

battlespace environment (step 3).

In short, the enemy COA models that drive the

decisionmaking process are valid only if the

G-2/S-2 establishes a good foundation during the

first three steps of the IPB process.

IPB identifies facts and assumptions about the

battlespace environment and the threat. It is imperative that these facts and assumptions are presented as separate entities. This permits objective

MAGTF Meteorological and Oceanographic Support I-3
decisions to be made regarding facts and identifies where subjective decisions need to be made

regarding assumptions. The SWO helps the

G-2/S-2 define weather conditions and uses

TDAs, either manual or electronic, to show potential effects of the weather and oceanographic

conditions and how these could affect the COAs

of both threat and friendly forces. IPB is the basis

for synchronization. Weather and oceanographic

conditions affect the timing of operations and are

an essential part of the overall battle synchronization. The G-2/S-2 completes the initial intelligence estimate, and other staff members build

their estimates based on this information.

Weather information integrated into the intelligence estimate is provided to other staff users, either in the same format or in another format

designed for more effective use by that functional

area. The information provided for the initial intelligence estimate is only the starting point and

may require extensive efforts for application to

other users.

The intelligence estimate includes five standard

paragraphs defining the mission, areas of operation, enemy situation, enemy capabilities, and

conclusions. The results and products of IPB,

conveyed in the intelligence estimate, are essential elements of the Marine Corps Planning Process. Accordingly, the major IPB effort occurs

before and during the six steps of the planning

process. The steps are:

Mission analysis

COA development

COA analysis

COA comparison/decision

Orders development

Transition.

Consideration of weather is part of each of the

above steps and requires SWO support. The information that is necessary to execute operations

is provided to users via a number of means. The

SWO must know this process completely, including each type of unit’s or staff section’s unique

METOC information requirements, and must

work to integrate METOC support into all supporting and follow-on steps and procedures

throughout the command. For example, the fire

support and communications and information

systems plans can be greatly affected by METOC

conditions. The SWO should ensure that weather

products in the IPB process meet all of the command’s requirements.

Although a standard analysis process is used to

conduct a METOC analysis for the step describing battlespace effects, it is adapted to the specific tactical situation. Weather and

oceanographic condition analysis cannot be

viewed as a single step within the IPB process;

rather, it is included at many steps throughout this

iterative process. The SWO must understand the

IPB process to provide effective support to the

command’s METOC information requirements.

The initial METOC analysis plays a large part in

describing effects anticipated in the battlespace.

The terrain influences on the battlespace also help

to shape the forecast. Weather and terrain must be

considered when analyzing the battlespace because they complement each other and enhance

the IPB process. 

I-4 MCWP 3-35.7