[Cite as State v. Smith, 2015-Ohio-3305.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

TRUMBULL COUNTY, OHIO 

STATE OF OHIO, : O P I N I O N 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, :

CASE NO. 2015-T-0001

 - vs - :

CHRISTOPHER SMITH, :

 Defendant-Appellant. :

Criminal Appeal from the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2014 CR 

00267. 

Judgment: Affirmed. 

Dennis Watkins, Trumbull County Prosecutor, and LuWayne Annos, Assistant 

Prosecutor, Administration Building, Fourth Floor, 160 High Street, N.W., Warren, OH 

44481 (For Plaintiff-Appellee). 

Michael A. Partlow, 112 South Water Street, Suite C, Kent, OH 44240 (For DefendantAppellant). 

COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J. 

{¶1} Appellant, Christopher Smith, appeals from the December 10, 2014 

judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas, sentencing him for 

harassment with a bodily substance following a jury trial. Appellant, an indigent 

defendant, waived his right to counsel and proceeded pro se at his jury trial. On appeal, 
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appellant asserts the trial court erred by not assigning stand-by counsel to assist him. 

The assignment of stand-by counsel may be a best practice and has a strong potential 

to eliminate potential reversible or plain error when a defendant elects to proceed pro 

se. However, based on the facts presented in this case and for the reasons stated, we 

affirm. 

{¶2} On April 3, 2014, appellant was indicted by the Trumbull County Grand 

Jury on one count of harassment with a bodily substance, a felony of the fifth degree, in 

violation of R.C. 2921.38(A) and (D). Appellant was represented by David T. Rouzzo, 

an attorney with the Trumbull County Branch Office of the Ohio Public Defender’s 

Commission. Appellant entered a not guilty plea at his arraignment. 

{¶3} On November 12, 2014, appellant appeared in open court and filed a 

written “Waiver of Counsel” pursuant to Crim.R. 44. The trial court advised appellant of 

the nature of the charge against him as well as advised him of his rights and of those 

with which he was waiving. The court was satisfied that appellant understood the 

foregoing and accepted his waiver of counsel. 

{¶4} Appellant represented himself pro se at his jury trial which commenced on 

November 17, 2014. Corrections Officer Olivia Jennings testified for the state. She 

indicated that on December 27, 2013, while appellant was incarcerated on another 

matter, he was disruptive and deliberately spit on her when she ordered him, more than 

three times, back to his cell. Appellant’s position, however, was that he merely sneezed 

on Corrections Officer Jennings while another officer was attempting to escort him to 

solitary confinement. 
 3

{¶5} Following trial, the jury returned a verdict finding appellant guilty of 

harassment with a bodily substance, as charged in the indictment. On November 19, 

2014, the trial court entered judgment on the verdict. On December 10, 2014, the court 

sentenced appellant to 12 months incarceration. Appellant filed a timely notice of 

appeal and asserts the following assignment of error:1

 

{¶6} “The trial court erred, as a matter of law, by refusing to permit the 

appellant to have stand-by counsel.” 

{¶7} At the outset, we note again that appellant waived his right to counsel and 

proceeded pro se at his jury trial after assuring the trial court that his decision was 

voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. On appeal, appellant now argues the trial court 

abused its discretion by not providing him with stand-by counsel during his pro se 

representation. Although the assignment of stand-by counsel may be a best practice, 

the record establishes, however, that appellant did not request “stand-by counsel” or 

object to proceeding without “stand-by counsel.” Therefore, we consider this matter 

under a plain-error analysis. 

{¶8} “It is well established that ‘the failure to object [at the trial court level] 

constitutes a waiver of any claim of error relative thereto, unless, but for the error, the 

outcome of the trial clearly would have been otherwise.’ (Emphasis added.) State v. 

Underwood (1983), 3 Ohio St.3d 12, * * *, syllabus, citing State v. Long (1978), 53 Ohio 

St.2d 91, * * *; Crim.R. 52(B). Furthermore, ‘“notice of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is 

to be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to 

prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.”’ State v. Gordon (Mar. 22, 1996), 11th Dist. 

 

1. The trial court appointed Attorney Michael A. Partlow to represent appellant on appeal. 
 4

No. 92-A-1696, 1996 Ohio App. LEXIS 1078, at 3-4, quoting Long, supra, paragraph 

three of the syllabus.” (Parallel citations omitted.) State v. Schlee, 11th Dist. Lake No. 

2004-L-070, 2005-Ohio-5117, ¶28. 

{¶9} Criminal defendants have many guaranteed rights under the United States 

Constitution, including the following rights under the Sixth Amendment: 

{¶10} Rights of the accused. 

{¶11} “In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy 

and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have 

been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be 

informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses 

against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to 

have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.” 

{¶12} At issue in this case is the right to counsel. However, the waiver of one 

right, i.e., the waiver of the right to counsel, does not exist in a vacuum. Stated 

differently, when a defendant waives his right to counsel, does he waive all of his rights? 

The answer is simply “no.” Thus, even though a defendant waives one right, a 

cascading set of rights still follow. 

{¶13} The trial court, as an impartial arbiter, must ensure that all rights are 

guaranteed so that a defendant has a fair trial. See State v. Kelly, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

Nos. 91875 and 91876, 2010-Ohio-432, ¶17, citing State v. Byrd, 63 Ohio St.2d 288, 

292 (1980). The trial judge, as the impartial arbiter, cannot allow all of the other 

constitutional rights to be compromised simply because a defendant waives his right to 

counsel. When the right to counsel is waived this puts an added pressure or burden on 
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the trial court to ensure all of the other rights independently granted to the defendant 

have not been waived or forfeited due to the defendant’s self-representation. As most 

pro se defendants do not have the technical savvy and/or legal expertise in knowing 

which rights to raise, they must be provided an adequate platform. 

{¶14} Regarding the right to counsel, the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments 

under the United States Constitution guarantee that a person brought to trial in any 

state or federal court must be afforded the right to the assistance of counsel before he 

can be validly convicted and punished by imprisonment. See, e.g., Powell v. Alabama, 

287 U.S. 45 (1932). 

{¶15} The United States Supreme Court later held in Faretta v. California, 422 

U.S. 806 (1975), that a criminal defendant also has a constitutional right to proceed 

without counsel at trial, where the defendant voluntarily and intelligently elects to do so. 

See also State v. Schleiger, 141 Ohio St.3d 67, 2014-Ohio-3970, ¶18, citing Faretta, 

supra.2

 

{¶16} “To establish an effective waiver of the right to counsel, the trial court must 

make a sufficient inquiry to determine whether the defendant fully understands and 

intelligently relinquishes that right. State v. Gibson, 45 Ohio St.2d 366, * * * (1976), 

paragraph two of the syllabus. Crim.R. 44(A) also provides that a defendant is entitled 

to counsel ‘unless the defendant, after being fully advised of his right to assigned 

counsel, knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waives his right to counsel.’ The United 

 

2. As an aside, we note, however, that unlike the right to proceed without counsel at trial, there is no 

“constitutional right to self-representation on direct appeal from a criminal conviction.” Martinez v. 

California, 528 U.S. 152 (2000) (denying the appellant’s pro se motion to represent himself and to waive 

the appointment of counsel on appeal). See also State v. Ferguson, 108 Ohio St.3d 451, 2006-Ohio1502, ¶97, citing Martinez, supra (holding that the appellant had no constitutional right to represent 

himself on appeal and no right to a “hybrid” form of representation in which he would be represented by 

counsel while also acting simultaneously as his own counsel). 

 
 6

States Supreme Court, however, has not prescribed a precise formula or script that 

must be read to defendants who indicate that they desire to proceed without counsel. 

State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6404, * * * ¶101. Instead, to be valid, 

a waiver of the right to counsel ‘must be made with an apprehension of the nature of the 

charges, the statutory offenses included within them, the range of allowable 

punishments thereunder, possible defenses to the charges and circumstances in 

mitigation thereof, and all other facts essential to a broad understanding of the whole 

matter.’ State v. Martin, 103 Ohio St.3d 385, 2004-Ohio-5471, * * *, ¶40.” (Parallel 

citations omitted.) State v. Thigpen, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99841, 2014-Ohio-207, 

¶28. 

{¶17} “[A] State may – even over objection by the accused – appoint a ‘standby 

counsel’ to aid the accused if and when the accused requests help, and to be available 

to represent the accused in the event that termination of the defendant’s selfrepresentation is necessary.” Faretta, supra, at 834, citing United States v. Dougherty, 

473 F.2d 1113, 1124-1126 (1972). Thus, the appointment of stand-by counsel is 

discretionary, not mandatory. Id.; see also State v. Watson, 132 Ohio App.3d 57, 65 

(8th Dist.1998) (holding “[a] trial court may – but is not required to – appoint stand-by 

counsel.” 

{¶18} In this matter, appellant asserts he was not seeking “hybrid 

representation” but rather contemplated a situation where counsel would be available at 

the trial table to assist him with any evidentiary concerns. Appellant claims the 

appointment of stand-by counsel is mandatory and that he was prejudiced due to the 

trial court’s misunderstanding of the law. 
 7

{¶19} In support of his claim, appellant cites to a single case from 2004, State v. 

Martin, 103 Ohio St.3d 385, 2004-Ohio-5471, for the proposition that criminal 

defendants have the right to stand-by counsel even if they waived legal representation. 

Specifically, appellant relies on paragraph one of the syllabus in Martin which states: “In 

Ohio, a criminal defendant has the right to representation by counsel or to proceed pro 

se with the assistance of standby counsel. However, these two rights are independent 

of each other and may not be asserted simultaneously.”3

 Upon review of Martin and of 

the facts presented in the case at bar, we determine appellant’s reliance on Martin is 

misplaced. 

{¶20} Unlike appellant in the case sub judice, the Court in Martin found that the 

appellant never actually waived his right to representation but rather wanted to act as 

co-counsel and to be part of the defense team. Martin, supra, at ¶30, 42. Also, unlike 

appellant in the instant case, the appellant in Martin never signed a Crim.R. 44 written 

waiver of counsel and was never made aware of the “dangers and disadvantages” of 

self-representation. Id. at ¶18, 44. 

{¶21} Relying only on paragraph one of the Martin syllabus, appellant asserts a 

mandate exists regarding a right to stand-by counsel. However, as stated, the 

appointment of stand-by counsel is discretionary, not mandatory. Faretta, supra, at 

834; Watson, supra, at 65. “Once a defendant chooses to represent himself, ‘(a) trial 

court may – but is not required to – appoint stand-by counsel to aid a defendant if and 

when the defendant requests assistance (* * *).’” Watson at 65. Contrary to appellant’s 

 

3. We note again that Martin was decided in 2004 and has since been distinguished by several cases: 

See State v. Johnson, 112 Ohio St.3d 210, 2006-Ohio-6404; State v. Griffin, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 

10AP-902, 2011-Ohio-4250; State v. Julian, 6th Dist. Williams No. WM-06-009, 2007-Ohio-3568; State v. 

Pruitt, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-03-1153, 2004-Ohio-7176; Capers v. Bradshaw, N.D.Ohio No. 1:11CV2496, 

2013 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 143355 (Oct. 3, 2013). 
 8

suggestion, “Martin does not create a right to stand-by counsel, but rather recognizes 

that stand-by counsel may be appointed by the court at its discretion to assist a pro se 

defendant, ‘even over objection by the accused.’” State v. Colon, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga 

No. 87499, 2006-Ohio-5335, ¶13, reversed on other grounds, State v. Colon, 118 Ohio 

St.3d 26, 2008-Ohio-1624, citing Martin at ¶28, quoting Faretta at 834. 

{¶22} Paragraph one of the Martin syllabus must be analyzed in the context of 

the rest of that opinion. See State v. Bloodworth, 9th Dist. Summit No. 26346, 2013-

Ohio-248, ¶5 (regarding the appellant’s suggestion that the appointment of stand-by 

counsel is mandatory renders the Martin Court’s opinion internally inconsistent.) 

{¶23} “In paragraph 28, the Court wrote that ‘(o)nce the right to counsel is 

properly waived, trial courts are permitted to appoint standby counsel to assist the 

otherwise pro se defendant.’ Martin * * * at ¶28 * * *. If a court is required to appoint 

standby counsel whenever a defendant waives his right to counsel, it would make no 

sense for the Court to write that a trial court is ‘permitted’ to appoint standby counsel in 

such instances. Id. * * * ‘[A] pro se defendant does not enjoy an absolute right to 

standby counsel.’ State v. Gatewood, 2d Dist. No. 2008 CA 64, 2009-Ohio-5610, ¶46; 

State v. Washington, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 96565, 96568, 2012-Ohio-1531, ¶9-10.” 

(Emphasis added.) Bloodworth, supra, at ¶5. 

{¶24} The defendant raises issues of stand-by counsel and hybrid counsel. In 

order to determine the existence of error in allowing defendant to proceed without 

counsel, we must discuss the difference between the two. 
 9

{¶25} In 2010, the Fifth District, in State v. Spung, 5th Dist. Delaware Nos. 

09CAC060059 and 09CAC060060, 2010-Ohio-3294, ¶17-22, addressed the distinction 

between stand-by counsel and hybrid counsel: 

{¶26} “In State v. Martin, [supra], ¶24, 31-34, * * *, the Supreme Court of Ohio 

discussed the distinction between standby counsel and hybrid counsel as follows: 

{¶27} “‘This court, too, has concluded that “a defendant in a state criminal trial 

has an independent constitutional right of self-representation and (***) may proceed to 

defend himself without counsel when he voluntarily, and knowingly and intelligently 

elects to do so.” State v. Gibson, [supra], * * * paragraph one of the syllabus, citing 

Faretta. 

{¶28} “‘This court has held that “(n)either the United States Constitution, the 

Ohio Constitution nor case law mandates (***) hybrid representation. See McKaskle v. 

Wiggins (1984), 465 U.S. 168 * * *. Although appellant has the right either to appear 

pro se or to have counsel, he has no corresponding right to act as cocounsel on his own 

behalf.” State v. Thompson (1987), 33 Ohio St.3d 1, 6-7, * * *. 

{¶29} “‘Today we reaffirm and hold that in Ohio, a criminal defendant has the 

right to representation by counsel or to proceed pro se with the assistance of standby 

counsel. However, these two rights are independent of each other and may not be 

asserted simultaneously. Parren v. State (1987), 309 Md. 260, 269, * * *. 

{¶30} “‘Hybrid representation raises several troubling issues. First, situations 

may arise in a hybrid representation environment where the accused and his “cocounsel” disagree on strategy, which witnesses to call, and other key trial issues. Who 

is the ultimate decision maker? Hybrid representation poses difficult ethical issues for 
 10

counsel and management issues for the trial judge when the defendant and his counsel 

disagree as to how the trial should proceed. 

{¶31} “‘Even more troubling is the issue of waiver. As the Maryland high court 

stated in Parren v. State: “The problems arising from such a concept of hybrid 

representation are apparent. It could not be ascertained by anyone, including the trial 

court itself, until after the trial whether the defendant had enjoyed representation by 

counsel, self-representation or hybrid representation, for ‘(t)he question is one of 

degree.’ (Bright v. State (1986), 68 Md.App. 41) at 47, * * *. Neither the court, nor the 

defendant, nor counsel, nor the prosecutor would know until the record of the trial was 

examined who was actually responsible for the conduct of the defense and in control of 

deciding questions and resolving problems as they arose.”’” (Parallel citations omitted.) 

{¶32} Here, appellant does not dispute that he waived his right to counsel in 

open court and in writing, pursuant to Crim.R. 44, on November 12, 2014. Also, 

appellant does not dispute that he was thoroughly advised of his right to counsel and 

that he voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently waived that right. 

{¶33} The record establishes appellant did not accept the state’s plea offer. 

Although appellant was represented by Attorney Rouzzo, appellant advised the court he 

wanted to represent himself. Appellant informed the court that he had represented 

himself in other criminal matters in the past. 

{¶34} At the November 12, 2014 hearing, an exchange took place between the 

trial judge and appellant regarding the waiver of counsel. Appellant acknowledged that 

he would be required to comply with the Rules of Criminal Procedure, indicated he knew 

the Rules of Evidence, and said he knew how to lay a proper foundation. The trial judge 
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told appellant he would not be allowed a “hybrid representation” and that Attorney 

Rouzzo would not be able to assist him “in any fashion.” 

{¶35} It appears appellant contemplated a situation where counsel would be 

available at the trial table to assist him. However, appellant did not use the words 

“stand-by counsel,” did not request “stand-by counsel,” and did not object to the solo 

arrangement. Appellant represented himself pro se at his jury trial which commenced 

on November 17, 2014. 

{¶36} Although appellant told the trial judge at the November 12, 2014 hearing 

that he had knowledge of the Rules of Criminal Procedure, the Rules of Evidence, and 

that he was perfectly capable of admitting his own documents, he now asserts on 

appeal that he made procedural missteps. Specifically, appellant alleges he was 

prejudiced because he did not have the assistance of counsel, even though he waived 

it, which caused the trial court to disallow the admission of three exhibits, Defense 

Exhibits A, B, and C. 

{¶37} As stated, the trial court, as an impartial arbiter, must ensure that all rights 

are guaranteed so that a defendant has a fair trial. We find it worth repeating that the 

trial judge, as the impartial arbiter, cannot allow all of the other constitutional rights to be 

compromised simply because a defendant waives his right to counsel. Particularly 

disturbing in this case is that counsel was required to stand in the back of the courtroom 

and not participate during the whole trial. In waiving one’s right to counsel, this puts an 

added pressure or burden on the trial court to ensure all of the other rights and that a 

defendant is not precluded from raising them. As most pro se defendants do not have 
 12

the technical savvy and/or legal expertise in knowing which rights to raise, they must be 

provided an adequate platform. This was readily available through stand-by counsel. 

{¶38} We note again that the assignment of stand-by counsel may be a best 

practice and has a strong potential to eliminate potential reversible or plain error when a 

defendant elects to proceed pro se. However, in this instance, we are forced to analyze 

the record in light of the trial court’s exclusion of the pro se defense exhibits. We are 

called upon to determine whether the exhibits would have been admissible if appellant 

had counsel and, if so, whether they would have changed the outcome, thus calling for 

reversal. 

{¶39} Defense Exhibit A is a “Conduct” report from Corrections Officer Jennings. 

Corrections Officer Jennings is quoted about the spitting incident. The “Conduct” report 

is wholly consistent with her trial testimony that appellant was disruptive and spit on her. 

Its impeachment value was minimal and, if admitted, it would not have changed the 

outcome of this case. 

{¶40} Exhibit B is a “Use of Force” report from Dennis Lemon, Use of Force 

Chairperson of the Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction, to Christopher 

LaRose, Warden. The “Use of Force” report details in an overview how appellant 

became disruptive and spit on Corrections Officer Jennings. Neither Mr. Lemon nor Mr. 

LaRose testified at trial. Therefore, the admissibility of the “Use of Force” report is 

highly improbable. 

{¶41} Exhibit C is an “Investigative” report from Trooper Seth Howard. Trooper 

Howard testified at trial regarding the spitting incident. In the “Investigative” report, 

Trooper Howard quotes Corrections Officer Griffin, who cuffed appellant and walked 
 13

him by Corrections Officer Jennings when appellant spit on her. Corrections Officer 

Griffin did not testify at trial. Therefore, his statements contained in the “Investigative” 

report constitute objectionable hearsay. We note that the state did not object when 

appellant cross-examined Trooper Howard about Corrections Officer Griffin’s statement. 

Thus, even without the admission of the “Investigative” report, the jury heard 

Corrections Officer Griffin’s recollection of the spitting incident. 

{¶42} Upon review, as stated, the trial court, as an impartial arbiter, must ensure 

that all rights are guaranteed so that a defendant has a fair trial. Again, although the 

assignment of stand-by counsel may be a best practice and has a strong potential to 

eliminate potential reversible or plain error when a defendant elects to proceed pro se, 

in this case, appellant, who waived counsel, suffered no prejudice. Even if appellant 

had stand-by counsel and even if the foregoing documents were admitted, we fail to see 

how the outcome would have been different. Thus, any “error” in not assigning stand-by 

counsel in this case was harmless, and did not result in reversible error. 

{¶43} For the foregoing reasons, appellant’s sole assignment of error is not welltaken. The judgment of the Trumbull County Court of Common Pleas is affirmed. 

CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., 

THOMAS R. WRIGHT, J., 

concur in judgment only.