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                                                                                                                   | NCEH Kids                                                
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     | Employment                                               
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
|Searchable 
            Index | Strategic 
            Plan | 2002 
            Fact Book                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             
|NCEH Fact 
            Sheets | NCEH 
            Brochures                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      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|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |                                                          
|**Chapter 11: Human Relations Aspects 
            of a Housing Inspection****Table of 
            Contents**I. General 
            ConsiderationsII. Human Relations and 
            Attainment of Housing Goals**I. General Considerations**
            The term "housing 
            inspection" is generally understood to mean a close-up observation 
            of actual conditions that exist in a dwelling and on its premises. 
            It is conducted by a trained, qualified, and competent appointed 
            official to determine whether the observed conditions meet the 
            minimum requirements specified by the local housing ordinance. In 
            cases where the minimum requirements are not met, the inspection 
            procedure offers an opportunity to begin the necessary action to 
            bring the existing conditions up to a level that will be acceptable 
            under provisions of the ordinance.A Purposes of 
            the Housing InspectionFor the occupant of 
            the dwelling unit, the inspection should be an opportunity to 
            compare the conditions in which he lives with those considered to be 
            minimal to protect his health and safety. In addition it provides a 
            check on the quality of maintenance given to the facilities of his 
            dwelling unit since the last inspection.**For the 
            code enforcement or housing irnprovement agency, the inspection 
            procedure provides a means for:**1  
              Gathering data that can be combined with other, similar data to 
              develop a comprehensive picture of housing conditions in the 
              community as an aid to measure improvement progress.
              2  Executing 
              its responsibility for protecting the health and safety of 
              individual citizens as well as the public generally.The main 
            focus of the housing agency's activities should be primarily related 
            to the improvement of the housing quality of the community rather 
            than to the mere enforcement of a housing ordinance.
            B  The 
            Housing Inspection as a Technique for Improving Housing 
            QualityThe inspection 
            procedure should be considered a technique, which used in concert 
            with other techniques, is intended to improve continually the 
            housing quality throughout the community. The inspection procedure, 
            if properly used, is an effective tool in achieving code 
            compliance.1  It 
              provides a reasonably accurate measurement of actual dwelling and 
              premises conditions to indicate improvement or slippage in housing 
              quality when compared with previously collected data.
              2  It 
              provides a convenient opportunity for consultation to take place 
              between the occupant and the inspector regarding conditions that 
              do not meet code requirements.3  It 
              provides a means of measuring the effectiveness of techniques, 
              such as use of press, radio, TV, and neighborhood improvement 
              projects, which may also be employed to help improve community 
              housing quality.4  It 
              provides information that can be later used if some form of legal 
              action becomes necessary to bring about code compliance.Legal action, 
            as a form of persuasiveness, is often considered to be the least 
            desirable. It can cause adverse publicity for the agency that can 
            hinder its future work. It is costly. Legal action can cause a false 
            impression to be formed by the public regarding the purposes of the 
            agency and the functions of its personnel. It is a last-resort 
            effort that is in a sense an admission of failure at being able to 
            teach housing hygiene principles and persuade their acceptance 
            . 
            **C The 
            Community Housing Improvement Program**The success of a 
            community housing improvement program generally depends upon several 
            basic factors.1  
              Adoption, by municipal officials, of a housing ordinance with 
              realistic code provisions that will help maintain the quality of 
              "good" housing and substantially improve the quality of "poor" 
              housing conditions.
              2  The code 
              administration compliance program must be well planned and 
              conducted in a systematic fashion.3  The 
              program must have sufficient financial support for an adequate 
              number of personnel and other administrative needs.4  Legal 
              counsel and direct legal aid must be readily available to the 
              program staff when needed.5  Housing 
              inspectors must be adequately trained and supervised so that they 
              can conduct their work competently.6  The 
              general acceptance, support, and participation of the public in 
              the housing improvement efforts of the program must be 
              secured.In the end, this last item will largely determine the measure 
            of success or failure of the Program.
            The housing agency, 
            as all other governmental units, is a tax-supported public agency 
            that belongs to the people it serves. In the final analysis its 
            future existence to continue serving the needs of the people will 
            depend upon the people's wish to maintain it. This in turn depends 
            upon their understanding of and satisfaction with the services of 
            the agency and the performance of its personnel. Modern thinking is 
            along the line of doing "with" people rather than "for or to" them. 
            When applied to a housing agency and the public it serves, the word 
            "with" implies everything that contributes to good human 
            relations.**II. Human Relations and Attainment of Housing 
            Goals**
            The term "human 
            relations" as used here actually refers to two types of 
            relationships between people: The personal one-to-one or 
            person-to-person relationship and the relationship that exists 
            between the agency and the general public.They are 
            interrelated. The public is composed of individuals with attitudes 
            and feelings that when taken jointly make up the public sentiment. 
            This sentiment forms the basis for the relationship that develops 
            between the housing agency and the general public.**A   
            The Housing Inspector and Public Relations**The housing 
            inspector is more concerned with the one-to-one or person-to-person 
            relationships than with the relationship between the agency and the 
            public. The latter is more a responsibility of the supervisory or 
            executive levels of the agency; the housing inspector, however, 
            meets individual members of the public personally on a daily basis. 
            What he does and how he does it, even what he does not do but should 
            do, help to shape the individual's attitudes about the inspector as 
            well as about the agency he represents. Individual attitudes added 
            together form the basis of the public's opinion of the agency and 
            are important in determining whether the public will or will not 
            cooperate with the housing improvement efforts.The effects of the 
            housing inspector's contacts with the public can have even deeper 
            implications. Since the only contact many members of the public may 
            have with the municipal government is through the housing inspector, 
            he may, to them, represent the municipal administration. This is 
            especially true for the inner-city poverty area resident to whom the 
            housing inspector may well be the municipal government. The housing 
            inspector has more personal contact with members of the public than 
            any other municipal employee, even the mayor. To a large degree, the 
            success of his relationships may well determine the success or 
            failure of many municipal programs other than the housing 
            improvement program.**B  
            Anatomy of the Person-To-Person Communication 
            Interaction**Since the 
            person-to-person relationships of the housing inspector have such 
            far-reaching effects, it is important for him to have some idea of 
            what takes place when two persons confront each other in an attempt 
            to communicate.When two persons 
            meet and attempt to communicate with each other, their reactions to 
            what is said by the other are dependent upon many factors. The 
            behavior of an individual (John) in the presence of another person 
            (Frank) is, at the same time, both a response and a stimulus to the 
            actions of Frank. Because John knows that Frank will react to the 
            manner in which John conducts himself, he (John) is likely to temper 
            his behavior. John may, knowingly or unknowingly to himself, behave 
            in such a way as to bring about certain responses from Frank. John's 
            subsequent behavior thence depends upon whether or not he brings 
            about the desired responses from Frank.Of course this is 
            an oversimplified explanation of a very complex matter explained in 
            terms of stimulus and response, action and reaction. Under ordinary 
            circumstances, the behavior of persons in interaction flows quite 
            smoothly. This occurs if each party to the interaction has learned 
            to anticipate the response that an action on his part will elicit, 
            as well as to anticipate the responses he will make toward the 
            actions of the other party. Such interactions flow smoothly, 
            however, only when both parties share the same definitions of 
            their-own and each other's acts, as well as an understanding of 
            their relation with each other.On the assumption 
            that the housing inspector understands his job to be that of teacher 
            and in addition to that of code enforcement officer, it is to his 
            advantage to have a workable knowledge of the person-to-person 
            communications technique. Armed with this advantage, his job of 
            making people interested in the things they may not want to be 
            interested in becomes easier.**C  How 
            To Interest People In Things They Don't Want To Know**Every normal human 
            being is interested in many things. Certainly he is interested in 
            himself, his family, and conditions that affect his daily life. To 
            establish an effective communications link the housing inspector 
            must find a way to relate what he wants to say with what the other 
            person is already interested in. If he can do this, the inspector 
            can reach him and teach him what he needs to know to improve his 
            housing conditions. This is a two-step process the inspector 
            must:-get the 
              attention or interest of the subject;
              - then do the 
              teaching.Everyone the inspector tries to reach will have some 
            interest, some need, some desire, to which he can relate himself and 
            his message. At the start. it must be something in which the subject 
            is interested, not something in which the inspector is interested. 
            He must find this need or desire and use it to anchor an emotional 
            or intellectual bridge between himself and his subject. Then he can 
            send his messages across this bridge to his subject.
            1  How To 
            Get The Interest Of The SubjectObviously, until 
            the inspector has figured out what need or desire he can serve in 
            the subject - and until he states convincingly to the subject - he 
            cannot begin to interest the subject in anything. In fact, the 
            person may not even know that he should have a particular need or 
            desire. This may be especially true with dwellers of inner-city 
            poverty areas who have lived in poor housing conditions so long that 
            their sensibilities to react to these conditions have been dulled. 
            In this instance the best starting place might be to reawaken these 
            sensibilities.To recognize the 
            needs and desires of the subject, one must know as much about the 
            subject as the subject knows himself- perhaps even more. To do this 
            effectively, the inspector must first recognize and accept certain 
            basic facts:a  That 
              there is no such thing as "one" or "the" public. All communities - 
              and neighborhoods - have population subgroups based on religion, 
              economic or social status, race, education, nationality, age, sex, 
              and occupation.
              b  Childhood 
              rearing patterns vary in each of these subgroups so that the 
              experiences, attitudes, and behavior of individuals belonging to 
              each of these subgroups will be different. These differences may 
              be evident in their attitude and behavior toward the municipal 
              government, its representatives, and even members of other 
              subgroups. Municipal officials themselves constitute a subgroup 
              that is further broken down by smaller sub groupings formed on the 
              basis of rank, status, or the type of duties performed.c  
              Inner-city dwellers in particular may confuse the housing 
              inspector if he is unfamiliar with their problems.Many of these 
              residents have migrated from remote rural areas that kept them 
              isolated from the mainstream of technological change that has 
              occurred so rapidly in this country. They may have received little 
              or no education or job training. Many came to the city with the 
              sincere hope of improving their condition and becoming a member of 
              the American society. Being unfamiliar with city ways, however, 
              they soon found themselves in difficulty with the law, without a 
              job, and in living conditions that were worse than those they had 
              left in the rural hinterlands.Often many do not 
              recognize an illness, much less know where to get treatment, even 
              though a health clinic may be just down the street. Some have 
              never been trained to perform simple technical functions such as 
              how to use a washing machine. To survive, many fathers have had 
              temporarily to leave their families in search of work in other 
              cities. Some never return, leaving the women to raise the family. 
              Boys and young men grow up with deep rooted feelings of 
              insecurity, never having had the model of their father to guide 
              their development into manhood. Often any municipal employee 
              represents the real or imagined oppression of the government and 
              is a likely target on which to vent pent-up anxieties.d  The 
              housing inspector must realize that he also belongs to one or more 
              population subgroups with attitudes and behavior patterns that are 
              different from those found in other groups. As a housing 
              inspector, he must neutralize the attitudes or behavior patterns 
              that may evoke an undesired response from the subject. He must 
              further make it clear to the person with whom he is trying to 
              establish a communications link that, although there are 
              differences between them, he is unbiased and nonjudgmental in 
              their relationship, and that he expects the same from the subject. 
              These are generally expected characteristics of persons belonging 
              to the subgrouping of municipal officials.e  By using 
              whatever background knowledge he can learn about the people with 
              whom he must work, the inspector, with some tactful probing, 
              should be able to determine their needs and desires and build a 
              communications bridge to them by establishing a genuine interest 
              in them.2  How To Get Your Message Across
            Once the 
            communications bridge has been built, the housing inspector can 
            begin sending messages across.The message he has 
            to tell must be important to the subject, related to some basic need 
            or desire of his, and related in his terms, not the 
            inspector's.Then he can hope to 
            move the subject in the direction he wants him to go, that is, 
            toward improving his housing conditions.Every communication 
            has three elements, each of which determines the value of the other 
            two. There is the content of the message, what it is the inspector 
            wants to say. There is the form of the message, how the content is 
            expressed and transmitted, and this includes both the medium and 
            words used. And there is the subject of the communications, the 
            person to whom it is directed.Obviously until all 
            three of these content, form, and subject are carefully and 
            successfully related to each other, the communication is not likely 
            to have the desired result. The content must be properly and 
            precisely related to the subject. How the message is stated must be 
            properly and precisely related to the content and the subject of the 
            communication. If these three are not effectively related, the 
            intended message will fall short of communicating.Finally, the 
            communicator, that is, the inspector, must not be message oriented. 
            Although his message may be important to the subject, it may also be 
            new and different, and the importance of the message may have no 
            impact on the subject. The inspector must be always conscious of 
            whom he is trying to reach, of how that person thinks and feels; as 
            he directs his efforts, he shapes his message and form of delivery, 
            as best he can, to fit the subject. To do this, he must start with 
            his subject in mind; that is where persuasive person-to-person 
            communication starts.D  
            Interagency RelationsThe housing 
            inspector should realize that the housing improvement program is 
            only one of many programs of municipal administration. During a 
            normal work day, the housing inspector is likely to meet other 
            municipal employees in the same neighborhoods working with the same 
            people.With the 
            multiplicity of community and personal improvement programs in 
            effect today, especially in inner-city poverty areas, the traffic of 
            public employees can become bewildering, if not irritating, to the 
            neighborhood residents. Naturally, all employees feel their work is 
            important, and in their striving to achieve their goals, compete 
            with other employees for the time, interest, and support of 
            community residents. If competition for the attention of 
            neighborhood residents becomes too intense, the result might well be 
            the polarization of individuals around one or a few program 
            activities- those that interest or benefit them most. Or worse, the 
            result might be sheer apathy and loss of support or interest in any 
            program's efforts.Several things can 
            be done to avert this very undesirable situation and make the 
            efforts of all public employees mutually beneficial. They include 
            the following:1  The housing 
            inspector should try to determine which employees have duties 
            related to his or perform similar activities. These will usually be 
            health, building, electrical, fire, and various public works 
            employees. He should then try to learn as much as possible about the 
            other employee's work that relates to his own. Then, if he discovers 
            conditions that should be brought to the attention of other 
            departments, he will know enough to determine whether the condition 
            really does constitute a hazard or a violation of another ordinance. 
            Unnecessary inspections can become costly to the municipal 
            administration, time consuming, and bothersome for the other 
            employees as well as for the resident .A possible result 
            of this type of needless activity can easily result in alienation of 
            both the other city employees and the resident. Eventually the 
            housing inspector will find himself without the participation and 
            support of others in his program efforts.2  The housing 
            inspector should try to develop lines of liaison or channels of 
            communications with employees of other units. Then, through these 
            channels he should attempt either formally or informally to 
            coordinate the planning and execution of his activities. For 
            example, an occupant of a dwelling would rather have the housing and 
            other necessary inspections done at the same time or on the same day 
            rather than arrange separate appointments on different days.3  Exchange 
            information and views about the neighborhood and its residents. Keep 
            it general and related only to topics that will directly help 
            improve communications with the residents or otherwise help achieve 
            the desired objectives. All persons regardless of their station in 
            life have the right of freedom from invasion of privacy. The details 
            of a person's life or living circumstances that the inspector may 
            learn during his work should not be idly discussed.Perhaps the most 
            important fact the inspector should keep in mind, regarding good 
            interagency relations, is that, although his interest is primarily 
            focused on one program area, he is part of a larger team working 
            together to improve the conditions of the total 
          community.Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |                                                           | **Chapter 11: Human Relations Aspects 
            of a Housing Inspection** |                                                                                             | **Table of 
            Contents** |            |         | I. General 
            Considerations |                          |              | II. Human Relations and 
            Attainment of Housing Goals |                                   | **I. General Considerations**
            The term "housing 
            inspection" is generally understood to mean a close-up observation 
            of actual conditions that exist in a dwelling and on its premises. 
            It is conducted by a trained, qualified, and competent appointed 
            official to determine whether the observed conditions meet the 
            minimum requirements specified by the local housing ordinance. In 
            cases where the minimum requirements are not met, the inspection 
            procedure offers an opportunity to begin the necessary action to 
            bring the existing conditions up to a level that will be acceptable 
            under provisions of the ordinance.A Purposes of 
            the Housing InspectionFor the occupant of 
            the dwelling unit, the inspection should be an opportunity to 
            compare the conditions in which he lives with those considered to be 
            minimal to protect his health and safety. In addition it provides a 
            check on the quality of maintenance given to the facilities of his 
            dwelling unit since the last inspection.**For the 
            code enforcement or housing irnprovement agency, the inspection 
            procedure provides a means for:**1  
              Gathering data that can be combined with other, similar data to 
              develop a comprehensive picture of housing conditions in the 
              community as an aid to measure improvement progress.
              2  Executing 
              its responsibility for protecting the health and safety of 
              individual citizens as well as the public generally.The main 
            focus of the housing agency's activities should be primarily related 
            to the improvement of the housing quality of the community rather 
            than to the mere enforcement of a housing ordinance.
            B  The 
            Housing Inspection as a Technique for Improving Housing 
            QualityThe inspection 
            procedure should be considered a technique, which used in concert 
            with other techniques, is intended to improve continually the 
            housing quality throughout the community. The inspection procedure, 
            if properly used, is an effective tool in achieving code 
            compliance.1  It 
              provides a reasonably accurate measurement of actual dwelling and 
              premises conditions to indicate improvement or slippage in housing 
              quality when compared with previously collected data.
              2  It 
              provides a convenient opportunity for consultation to take place 
              between the occupant and the inspector regarding conditions that 
              do not meet code requirements.3  It 
              provides a means of measuring the effectiveness of techniques, 
              such as use of press, radio, TV, and neighborhood improvement 
              projects, which may also be employed to help improve community 
              housing quality.4  It 
              provides information that can be later used if some form of legal 
              action becomes necessary to bring about code compliance.Legal action, 
            as a form of persuasiveness, is often considered to be the least 
            desirable. It can cause adverse publicity for the agency that can 
            hinder its future work. It is costly. Legal action can cause a false 
            impression to be formed by the public regarding the purposes of the 
            agency and the functions of its personnel. It is a last-resort 
            effort that is in a sense an admission of failure at being able to 
            teach housing hygiene principles and persuade their acceptance 
            . 
            **C The 
            Community Housing Improvement Program**The success of a 
            community housing improvement program generally depends upon several 
            basic factors.1  
              Adoption, by municipal officials, of a housing ordinance with 
              realistic code provisions that will help maintain the quality of 
              "good" housing and substantially improve the quality of "poor" 
              housing conditions.
              2  The code 
              administration compliance program must be well planned and 
              conducted in a systematic fashion.3  The 
              program must have sufficient financial support for an adequate 
              number of personnel and other administrative needs.4  Legal 
              counsel and direct legal aid must be readily available to the 
              program staff when needed.5  Housing 
              inspectors must be adequately trained and supervised so that they 
              can conduct their work competently.6  The 
              general acceptance, support, and participation of the public in 
              the housing improvement efforts of the program must be 
              secured.In the end, this last item will largely determine the measure 
            of success or failure of the Program.
            The housing agency, 
            as all other governmental units, is a tax-supported public agency 
            that belongs to the people it serves. In the final analysis its 
            future existence to continue serving the needs of the people will 
            depend upon the people's wish to maintain it. This in turn depends 
            upon their understanding of and satisfaction with the services of 
            the agency and the performance of its personnel. Modern thinking is 
            along the line of doing "with" people rather than "for or to" them. 
            When applied to a housing agency and the public it serves, the word 
            "with" implies everything that contributes to good human 
            relations.**II. Human Relations and Attainment of Housing 
            Goals**
            The term "human 
            relations" as used here actually refers to two types of 
            relationships between people: The personal one-to-one or 
            person-to-person relationship and the relationship that exists 
            between the agency and the general public.They are 
            interrelated. The public is composed of individuals with attitudes 
            and feelings that when taken jointly make up the public sentiment. 
            This sentiment forms the basis for the relationship that develops 
            between the housing agency and the general public.**A   
            The Housing Inspector and Public Relations**The housing 
            inspector is more concerned with the one-to-one or person-to-person 
            relationships than with the relationship between the agency and the 
            public. The latter is more a responsibility of the supervisory or 
            executive levels of the agency; the housing inspector, however, 
            meets individual members of the public personally on a daily basis. 
            What he does and how he does it, even what he does not do but should 
            do, help to shape the individual's attitudes about the inspector as 
            well as about the agency he represents. Individual attitudes added 
            together form the basis of the public's opinion of the agency and 
            are important in determining whether the public will or will not 
            cooperate with the housing improvement efforts.The effects of the 
            housing inspector's contacts with the public can have even deeper 
            implications. Since the only contact many members of the public may 
            have with the municipal government is through the housing inspector, 
            he may, to them, represent the municipal administration. This is 
            especially true for the inner-city poverty area resident to whom the 
            housing inspector may well be the municipal government. The housing 
            inspector has more personal contact with members of the public than 
            any other municipal employee, even the mayor. To a large degree, the 
            success of his relationships may well determine the success or 
            failure of many municipal programs other than the housing 
            improvement program.**B  
            Anatomy of the Person-To-Person Communication 
            Interaction**Since the 
            person-to-person relationships of the housing inspector have such 
            far-reaching effects, it is important for him to have some idea of 
            what takes place when two persons confront each other in an attempt 
            to communicate.When two persons 
            meet and attempt to communicate with each other, their reactions to 
            what is said by the other are dependent upon many factors. The 
            behavior of an individual (John) in the presence of another person 
            (Frank) is, at the same time, both a response and a stimulus to the 
            actions of Frank. Because John knows that Frank will react to the 
            manner in which John conducts himself, he (John) is likely to temper 
            his behavior. John may, knowingly or unknowingly to himself, behave 
            in such a way as to bring about certain responses from Frank. John's 
            subsequent behavior thence depends upon whether or not he brings 
            about the desired responses from Frank.Of course this is 
            an oversimplified explanation of a very complex matter explained in 
            terms of stimulus and response, action and reaction. Under ordinary 
            circumstances, the behavior of persons in interaction flows quite 
            smoothly. This occurs if each party to the interaction has learned 
            to anticipate the response that an action on his part will elicit, 
            as well as to anticipate the responses he will make toward the 
            actions of the other party. Such interactions flow smoothly, 
            however, only when both parties share the same definitions of 
            their-own and each other's acts, as well as an understanding of 
            their relation with each other.On the assumption 
            that the housing inspector understands his job to be that of teacher 
            and in addition to that of code enforcement officer, it is to his 
            advantage to have a workable knowledge of the person-to-person 
            communications technique. Armed with this advantage, his job of 
            making people interested in the things they may not want to be 
            interested in becomes easier.**C  How 
            To Interest People In Things They Don't Want To Know**Every normal human 
            being is interested in many things. Certainly he is interested in 
            himself, his family, and conditions that affect his daily life. To 
            establish an effective communications link the housing inspector 
            must find a way to relate what he wants to say with what the other 
            person is already interested in. If he can do this, the inspector 
            can reach him and teach him what he needs to know to improve his 
            housing conditions. This is a two-step process the inspector 
            must:-get the 
              attention or interest of the subject;
              - then do the 
              teaching.Everyone the inspector tries to reach will have some 
            interest, some need, some desire, to which he can relate himself and 
            his message. At the start. it must be something in which the subject 
            is interested, not something in which the inspector is interested. 
            He must find this need or desire and use it to anchor an emotional 
            or intellectual bridge between himself and his subject. Then he can 
            send his messages across this bridge to his subject.
            1  How To 
            Get The Interest Of The SubjectObviously, until 
            the inspector has figured out what need or desire he can serve in 
            the subject - and until he states convincingly to the subject - he 
            cannot begin to interest the subject in anything. In fact, the 
            person may not even know that he should have a particular need or 
            desire. This may be especially true with dwellers of inner-city 
            poverty areas who have lived in poor housing conditions so long that 
            their sensibilities to react to these conditions have been dulled. 
            In this instance the best starting place might be to reawaken these 
            sensibilities.To recognize the 
            needs and desires of the subject, one must know as much about the 
            subject as the subject knows himself- perhaps even more. To do this 
            effectively, the inspector must first recognize and accept certain 
            basic facts:a  That 
              there is no such thing as "one" or "the" public. All communities - 
              and neighborhoods - have population subgroups based on religion, 
              economic or social status, race, education, nationality, age, sex, 
              and occupation.
              b  Childhood 
              rearing patterns vary in each of these subgroups so that the 
              experiences, attitudes, and behavior of individuals belonging to 
              each of these subgroups will be different. These differences may 
              be evident in their attitude and behavior toward the municipal 
              government, its representatives, and even members of other 
              subgroups. Municipal officials themselves constitute a subgroup 
              that is further broken down by smaller sub groupings formed on the 
              basis of rank, status, or the type of duties performed.c  
              Inner-city dwellers in particular may confuse the housing 
              inspector if he is unfamiliar with their problems.Many of these 
              residents have migrated from remote rural areas that kept them 
              isolated from the mainstream of technological change that has 
              occurred so rapidly in this country. They may have received little 
              or no education or job training. Many came to the city with the 
              sincere hope of improving their condition and becoming a member of 
              the American society. Being unfamiliar with city ways, however, 
              they soon found themselves in difficulty with the law, without a 
              job, and in living conditions that were worse than those they had 
              left in the rural hinterlands.Often many do not 
              recognize an illness, much less know where to get treatment, even 
              though a health clinic may be just down the street. Some have 
              never been trained to perform simple technical functions such as 
              how to use a washing machine. To survive, many fathers have had 
              temporarily to leave their families in search of work in other 
              cities. Some never return, leaving the women to raise the family. 
              Boys and young men grow up with deep rooted feelings of 
              insecurity, never having had the model of their father to guide 
              their development into manhood. Often any municipal employee 
              represents the real or imagined oppression of the government and 
              is a likely target on which to vent pent-up anxieties.d  The 
              housing inspector must realize that he also belongs to one or more 
              population subgroups with attitudes and behavior patterns that are 
              different from those found in other groups. As a housing 
              inspector, he must neutralize the attitudes or behavior patterns 
              that may evoke an undesired response from the subject. He must 
              further make it clear to the person with whom he is trying to 
              establish a communications link that, although there are 
              differences between them, he is unbiased and nonjudgmental in 
              their relationship, and that he expects the same from the subject. 
              These are generally expected characteristics of persons belonging 
              to the subgrouping of municipal officials.e  By using 
              whatever background knowledge he can learn about the people with 
              whom he must work, the inspector, with some tactful probing, 
              should be able to determine their needs and desires and build a 
              communications bridge to them by establishing a genuine interest 
              in them.2  How To Get Your Message Across
            Once the 
            communications bridge has been built, the housing inspector can 
            begin sending messages across.The message he has 
            to tell must be important to the subject, related to some basic need 
            or desire of his, and related in his terms, not the 
            inspector's.Then he can hope to 
            move the subject in the direction he wants him to go, that is, 
            toward improving his housing conditions.Every communication 
            has three elements, each of which determines the value of the other 
            two. There is the content of the message, what it is the inspector 
            wants to say. There is the form of the message, how the content is 
            expressed and transmitted, and this includes both the medium and 
            words used. And there is the subject of the communications, the 
            person to whom it is directed.Obviously until all 
            three of these content, form, and subject are carefully and 
            successfully related to each other, the communication is not likely 
            to have the desired result. The content must be properly and 
            precisely related to the subject. How the message is stated must be 
            properly and precisely related to the content and the subject of the 
            communication. If these three are not effectively related, the 
            intended message will fall short of communicating.Finally, the 
            communicator, that is, the inspector, must not be message oriented. 
            Although his message may be important to the subject, it may also be 
            new and different, and the importance of the message may have no 
            impact on the subject. The inspector must be always conscious of 
            whom he is trying to reach, of how that person thinks and feels; as 
            he directs his efforts, he shapes his message and form of delivery, 
            as best he can, to fit the subject. To do this, he must start with 
            his subject in mind; that is where persuasive person-to-person 
            communication starts.D  
            Interagency RelationsThe housing 
            inspector should realize that the housing improvement program is 
            only one of many programs of municipal administration. During a 
            normal work day, the housing inspector is likely to meet other 
            municipal employees in the same neighborhoods working with the same 
            people.With the 
            multiplicity of community and personal improvement programs in 
            effect today, especially in inner-city poverty areas, the traffic of 
            public employees can become bewildering, if not irritating, to the 
            neighborhood residents. Naturally, all employees feel their work is 
            important, and in their striving to achieve their goals, compete 
            with other employees for the time, interest, and support of 
            community residents. If competition for the attention of 
            neighborhood residents becomes too intense, the result might well be 
            the polarization of individuals around one or a few program 
            activities- those that interest or benefit them most. Or worse, the 
            result might be sheer apathy and loss of support or interest in any 
            program's efforts.Several things can 
            be done to avert this very undesirable situation and make the 
            efforts of all public employees mutually beneficial. They include 
            the following:1  The housing 
            inspector should try to determine which employees have duties 
            related to his or perform similar activities. These will usually be 
            health, building, electrical, fire, and various public works 
            employees. He should then try to learn as much as possible about the 
            other employee's work that relates to his own. Then, if he discovers 
            conditions that should be brought to the attention of other 
            departments, he will know enough to determine whether the condition 
            really does constitute a hazard or a violation of another ordinance. 
            Unnecessary inspections can become costly to the municipal 
            administration, time consuming, and bothersome for the other 
            employees as well as for the resident .A possible result 
            of this type of needless activity can easily result in alienation of 
            both the other city employees and the resident. Eventually the 
            housing inspector will find himself without the participation and 
            support of others in his program efforts.2  The housing 
            inspector should try to develop lines of liaison or channels of 
            communications with employees of other units. Then, through these 
            channels he should attempt either formally or informally to 
            coordinate the planning and execution of his activities. For 
            example, an occupant of a dwelling would rather have the housing and 
            other necessary inspections done at the same time or on the same day 
            rather than arrange separate appointments on different days.3  Exchange 
            information and views about the neighborhood and its residents. Keep 
            it general and related only to topics that will directly help 
            improve communications with the residents or otherwise help achieve 
            the desired objectives. All persons regardless of their station in 
            life have the right of freedom from invasion of privacy. The details 
            of a person's life or living circumstances that the inspector may 
            learn during his work should not be idly discussed.Perhaps the most 
            important fact the inspector should keep in mind, regarding good 
            interagency relations, is that, although his interest is primarily 
            focused on one program area, he is part of a larger team working 
            together to improve the conditions of the total 
          community. |                | Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |  |                                                           | 
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
|**Chapter 11: Human Relations Aspects 
            of a Housing Inspection**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
|**Table of 
            Contents**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |                                                           | I. General 
            Considerations                                      
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |                                                           | II. Human Relations and 
            Attainment of Housing Goals            
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
|**I. General Considerations**
            The term "housing 
            inspection" is generally understood to mean a close-up observation 
            of actual conditions that exist in a dwelling and on its premises. 
            It is conducted by a trained, qualified, and competent appointed 
            official to determine whether the observed conditions meet the 
            minimum requirements specified by the local housing ordinance. In 
            cases where the minimum requirements are not met, the inspection 
            procedure offers an opportunity to begin the necessary action to 
            bring the existing conditions up to a level that will be acceptable 
            under provisions of the ordinance.A Purposes of 
            the Housing InspectionFor the occupant of 
            the dwelling unit, the inspection should be an opportunity to 
            compare the conditions in which he lives with those considered to be 
            minimal to protect his health and safety. In addition it provides a 
            check on the quality of maintenance given to the facilities of his 
            dwelling unit since the last inspection.**For the 
            code enforcement or housing irnprovement agency, the inspection 
            procedure provides a means for:**1  
              Gathering data that can be combined with other, similar data to 
              develop a comprehensive picture of housing conditions in the 
              community as an aid to measure improvement progress.
              2  Executing 
              its responsibility for protecting the health and safety of 
              individual citizens as well as the public generally.The main 
            focus of the housing agency's activities should be primarily related 
            to the improvement of the housing quality of the community rather 
            than to the mere enforcement of a housing ordinance.
            B  The 
            Housing Inspection as a Technique for Improving Housing 
            QualityThe inspection 
            procedure should be considered a technique, which used in concert 
            with other techniques, is intended to improve continually the 
            housing quality throughout the community. The inspection procedure, 
            if properly used, is an effective tool in achieving code 
            compliance.1  It 
              provides a reasonably accurate measurement of actual dwelling and 
              premises conditions to indicate improvement or slippage in housing 
              quality when compared with previously collected data.
              2  It 
              provides a convenient opportunity for consultation to take place 
              between the occupant and the inspector regarding conditions that 
              do not meet code requirements.3  It 
              provides a means of measuring the effectiveness of techniques, 
              such as use of press, radio, TV, and neighborhood improvement 
              projects, which may also be employed to help improve community 
              housing quality.4  It 
              provides information that can be later used if some form of legal 
              action becomes necessary to bring about code compliance.Legal action, 
            as a form of persuasiveness, is often considered to be the least 
            desirable. It can cause adverse publicity for the agency that can 
            hinder its future work. It is costly. Legal action can cause a false 
            impression to be formed by the public regarding the purposes of the 
            agency and the functions of its personnel. It is a last-resort 
            effort that is in a sense an admission of failure at being able to 
            teach housing hygiene principles and persuade their acceptance 
            . 
            **C The 
            Community Housing Improvement Program**The success of a 
            community housing improvement program generally depends upon several 
            basic factors.1  
              Adoption, by municipal officials, of a housing ordinance with 
              realistic code provisions that will help maintain the quality of 
              "good" housing and substantially improve the quality of "poor" 
              housing conditions.
              2  The code 
              administration compliance program must be well planned and 
              conducted in a systematic fashion.3  The 
              program must have sufficient financial support for an adequate 
              number of personnel and other administrative needs.4  Legal 
              counsel and direct legal aid must be readily available to the 
              program staff when needed.5  Housing 
              inspectors must be adequately trained and supervised so that they 
              can conduct their work competently.6  The 
              general acceptance, support, and participation of the public in 
              the housing improvement efforts of the program must be 
              secured.In the end, this last item will largely determine the measure 
            of success or failure of the Program.
            The housing agency, 
            as all other governmental units, is a tax-supported public agency 
            that belongs to the people it serves. In the final analysis its 
            future existence to continue serving the needs of the people will 
            depend upon the people's wish to maintain it. This in turn depends 
            upon their understanding of and satisfaction with the services of 
            the agency and the performance of its personnel. Modern thinking is 
            along the line of doing "with" people rather than "for or to" them. 
            When applied to a housing agency and the public it serves, the word 
            "with" implies everything that contributes to good human 
            relations.**II. Human Relations and Attainment of Housing 
            Goals**
            The term "human 
            relations" as used here actually refers to two types of 
            relationships between people: The personal one-to-one or 
            person-to-person relationship and the relationship that exists 
            between the agency and the general public.They are 
            interrelated. The public is composed of individuals with attitudes 
            and feelings that when taken jointly make up the public sentiment. 
            This sentiment forms the basis for the relationship that develops 
            between the housing agency and the general public.**A   
            The Housing Inspector and Public Relations**The housing 
            inspector is more concerned with the one-to-one or person-to-person 
            relationships than with the relationship between the agency and the 
            public. The latter is more a responsibility of the supervisory or 
            executive levels of the agency; the housing inspector, however, 
            meets individual members of the public personally on a daily basis. 
            What he does and how he does it, even what he does not do but should 
            do, help to shape the individual's attitudes about the inspector as 
            well as about the agency he represents. Individual attitudes added 
            together form the basis of the public's opinion of the agency and 
            are important in determining whether the public will or will not 
            cooperate with the housing improvement efforts.The effects of the 
            housing inspector's contacts with the public can have even deeper 
            implications. Since the only contact many members of the public may 
            have with the municipal government is through the housing inspector, 
            he may, to them, represent the municipal administration. This is 
            especially true for the inner-city poverty area resident to whom the 
            housing inspector may well be the municipal government. The housing 
            inspector has more personal contact with members of the public than 
            any other municipal employee, even the mayor. To a large degree, the 
            success of his relationships may well determine the success or 
            failure of many municipal programs other than the housing 
            improvement program.**B  
            Anatomy of the Person-To-Person Communication 
            Interaction**Since the 
            person-to-person relationships of the housing inspector have such 
            far-reaching effects, it is important for him to have some idea of 
            what takes place when two persons confront each other in an attempt 
            to communicate.When two persons 
            meet and attempt to communicate with each other, their reactions to 
            what is said by the other are dependent upon many factors. The 
            behavior of an individual (John) in the presence of another person 
            (Frank) is, at the same time, both a response and a stimulus to the 
            actions of Frank. Because John knows that Frank will react to the 
            manner in which John conducts himself, he (John) is likely to temper 
            his behavior. John may, knowingly or unknowingly to himself, behave 
            in such a way as to bring about certain responses from Frank. John's 
            subsequent behavior thence depends upon whether or not he brings 
            about the desired responses from Frank.Of course this is 
            an oversimplified explanation of a very complex matter explained in 
            terms of stimulus and response, action and reaction. Under ordinary 
            circumstances, the behavior of persons in interaction flows quite 
            smoothly. This occurs if each party to the interaction has learned 
            to anticipate the response that an action on his part will elicit, 
            as well as to anticipate the responses he will make toward the 
            actions of the other party. Such interactions flow smoothly, 
            however, only when both parties share the same definitions of 
            their-own and each other's acts, as well as an understanding of 
            their relation with each other.On the assumption 
            that the housing inspector understands his job to be that of teacher 
            and in addition to that of code enforcement officer, it is to his 
            advantage to have a workable knowledge of the person-to-person 
            communications technique. Armed with this advantage, his job of 
            making people interested in the things they may not want to be 
            interested in becomes easier.**C  How 
            To Interest People In Things They Don't Want To Know**Every normal human 
            being is interested in many things. Certainly he is interested in 
            himself, his family, and conditions that affect his daily life. To 
            establish an effective communications link the housing inspector 
            must find a way to relate what he wants to say with what the other 
            person is already interested in. If he can do this, the inspector 
            can reach him and teach him what he needs to know to improve his 
            housing conditions. This is a two-step process the inspector 
            must:-get the 
              attention or interest of the subject;
              - then do the 
              teaching.Everyone the inspector tries to reach will have some 
            interest, some need, some desire, to which he can relate himself and 
            his message. At the start. it must be something in which the subject 
            is interested, not something in which the inspector is interested. 
            He must find this need or desire and use it to anchor an emotional 
            or intellectual bridge between himself and his subject. Then he can 
            send his messages across this bridge to his subject.
            1  How To 
            Get The Interest Of The SubjectObviously, until 
            the inspector has figured out what need or desire he can serve in 
            the subject - and until he states convincingly to the subject - he 
            cannot begin to interest the subject in anything. In fact, the 
            person may not even know that he should have a particular need or 
            desire. This may be especially true with dwellers of inner-city 
            poverty areas who have lived in poor housing conditions so long that 
            their sensibilities to react to these conditions have been dulled. 
            In this instance the best starting place might be to reawaken these 
            sensibilities.To recognize the 
            needs and desires of the subject, one must know as much about the 
            subject as the subject knows himself- perhaps even more. To do this 
            effectively, the inspector must first recognize and accept certain 
            basic facts:a  That 
              there is no such thing as "one" or "the" public. All communities - 
              and neighborhoods - have population subgroups based on religion, 
              economic or social status, race, education, nationality, age, sex, 
              and occupation.
              b  Childhood 
              rearing patterns vary in each of these subgroups so that the 
              experiences, attitudes, and behavior of individuals belonging to 
              each of these subgroups will be different. These differences may 
              be evident in their attitude and behavior toward the municipal 
              government, its representatives, and even members of other 
              subgroups. Municipal officials themselves constitute a subgroup 
              that is further broken down by smaller sub groupings formed on the 
              basis of rank, status, or the type of duties performed.c  
              Inner-city dwellers in particular may confuse the housing 
              inspector if he is unfamiliar with their problems.Many of these 
              residents have migrated from remote rural areas that kept them 
              isolated from the mainstream of technological change that has 
              occurred so rapidly in this country. They may have received little 
              or no education or job training. Many came to the city with the 
              sincere hope of improving their condition and becoming a member of 
              the American society. Being unfamiliar with city ways, however, 
              they soon found themselves in difficulty with the law, without a 
              job, and in living conditions that were worse than those they had 
              left in the rural hinterlands.Often many do not 
              recognize an illness, much less know where to get treatment, even 
              though a health clinic may be just down the street. Some have 
              never been trained to perform simple technical functions such as 
              how to use a washing machine. To survive, many fathers have had 
              temporarily to leave their families in search of work in other 
              cities. Some never return, leaving the women to raise the family. 
              Boys and young men grow up with deep rooted feelings of 
              insecurity, never having had the model of their father to guide 
              their development into manhood. Often any municipal employee 
              represents the real or imagined oppression of the government and 
              is a likely target on which to vent pent-up anxieties.d  The 
              housing inspector must realize that he also belongs to one or more 
              population subgroups with attitudes and behavior patterns that are 
              different from those found in other groups. As a housing 
              inspector, he must neutralize the attitudes or behavior patterns 
              that may evoke an undesired response from the subject. He must 
              further make it clear to the person with whom he is trying to 
              establish a communications link that, although there are 
              differences between them, he is unbiased and nonjudgmental in 
              their relationship, and that he expects the same from the subject. 
              These are generally expected characteristics of persons belonging 
              to the subgrouping of municipal officials.e  By using 
              whatever background knowledge he can learn about the people with 
              whom he must work, the inspector, with some tactful probing, 
              should be able to determine their needs and desires and build a 
              communications bridge to them by establishing a genuine interest 
              in them.2  How To Get Your Message Across
            Once the 
            communications bridge has been built, the housing inspector can 
            begin sending messages across.The message he has 
            to tell must be important to the subject, related to some basic need 
            or desire of his, and related in his terms, not the 
            inspector's.Then he can hope to 
            move the subject in the direction he wants him to go, that is, 
            toward improving his housing conditions.Every communication 
            has three elements, each of which determines the value of the other 
            two. There is the content of the message, what it is the inspector 
            wants to say. There is the form of the message, how the content is 
            expressed and transmitted, and this includes both the medium and 
            words used. And there is the subject of the communications, the 
            person to whom it is directed.Obviously until all 
            three of these content, form, and subject are carefully and 
            successfully related to each other, the communication is not likely 
            to have the desired result. The content must be properly and 
            precisely related to the subject. How the message is stated must be 
            properly and precisely related to the content and the subject of the 
            communication. If these three are not effectively related, the 
            intended message will fall short of communicating.Finally, the 
            communicator, that is, the inspector, must not be message oriented. 
            Although his message may be important to the subject, it may also be 
            new and different, and the importance of the message may have no 
            impact on the subject. The inspector must be always conscious of 
            whom he is trying to reach, of how that person thinks and feels; as 
            he directs his efforts, he shapes his message and form of delivery, 
            as best he can, to fit the subject. To do this, he must start with 
            his subject in mind; that is where persuasive person-to-person 
            communication starts.D  
            Interagency RelationsThe housing 
            inspector should realize that the housing improvement program is 
            only one of many programs of municipal administration. During a 
            normal work day, the housing inspector is likely to meet other 
            municipal employees in the same neighborhoods working with the same 
            people.With the 
            multiplicity of community and personal improvement programs in 
            effect today, especially in inner-city poverty areas, the traffic of 
            public employees can become bewildering, if not irritating, to the 
            neighborhood residents. Naturally, all employees feel their work is 
            important, and in their striving to achieve their goals, compete 
            with other employees for the time, interest, and support of 
            community residents. If competition for the attention of 
            neighborhood residents becomes too intense, the result might well be 
            the polarization of individuals around one or a few program 
            activities- those that interest or benefit them most. Or worse, the 
            result might be sheer apathy and loss of support or interest in any 
            program's efforts.Several things can 
            be done to avert this very undesirable situation and make the 
            efforts of all public employees mutually beneficial. They include 
            the following:1  The housing 
            inspector should try to determine which employees have duties 
            related to his or perform similar activities. These will usually be 
            health, building, electrical, fire, and various public works 
            employees. He should then try to learn as much as possible about the 
            other employee's work that relates to his own. Then, if he discovers 
            conditions that should be brought to the attention of other 
            departments, he will know enough to determine whether the condition 
            really does constitute a hazard or a violation of another ordinance. 
            Unnecessary inspections can become costly to the municipal 
            administration, time consuming, and bothersome for the other 
            employees as well as for the resident .A possible result 
            of this type of needless activity can easily result in alienation of 
            both the other city employees and the resident. Eventually the 
            housing inspector will find himself without the participation and 
            support of others in his program efforts.2  The housing 
            inspector should try to develop lines of liaison or channels of 
            communications with employees of other units. Then, through these 
            channels he should attempt either formally or informally to 
            coordinate the planning and execution of his activities. For 
            example, an occupant of a dwelling would rather have the housing and 
            other necessary inspections done at the same time or on the same day 
            rather than arrange separate appointments on different days.3  Exchange 
            information and views about the neighborhood and its residents. Keep 
            it general and related only to topics that will directly help 
            improve communications with the residents or otherwise help achieve 
            the desired objectives. All persons regardless of their station in 
            life have the right of freedom from invasion of privacy. The details 
            of a person's life or living circumstances that the inspector may 
            learn during his work should not be idly discussed.Perhaps the most 
            important fact the inspector should keep in mind, regarding good 
            interagency relations, is that, although his interest is primarily 
            focused on one program area, he is part of a larger team working 
            together to improve the conditions of the total 
          community.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 
|Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         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            Office  |            | Asthma  |                                         | Health 
        Studies |              | Division of Laboratory 
            Sciences                     |                                   | Mold                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      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            Health Services                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |  | Preventing Lead Poisoning in 
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      Ships | 
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | Air Pollution and 
            Respiratory Health        |                                                                               | Global Health 
            Office                                                         
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            | Division of Laboratory 
            Sciences             |                                                                               | Mold                                                                                       
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | Emergency and Environmental 
            Health Services |                                                                               | Preventing Lead Poisoning in 
            Young Children                                  
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          | Environmental Hazards and 
            Health Effects    |                                                                               | Vessel Sanitation - Sanitary 
            Inspection of International Cruise 
      Ships