T.C. Summary Opinion 2015-51

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

JAMES RAMONE TAYLOR, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 22541-11S. Filed August 24, 2015.

James Ramone Taylor, pro se.

Michael R. Connelly, for respondent.

SUMMARY OPINION

CARLUZZO, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the

provisions of section 7463 of the Internal Revenue Code in effect when the

petition was filed. Pursuant to section 7463(b), the decision to be entered is not

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Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the Internal Revenue 1

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reviewable by any other court, and this opinion shall not be treated as precedent

for any other case.

In a notice of deficiency dated September 12, 2011 (notice), respondent

determined a $6,488 deficiency in, and a $1,298 accuracy-related penalty

with respect to, petitioner’s 2009 Federal income tax.

After a concession, the issues for decision are: (1) whether any or all of 2

petitioner’s military retirement pay is excludable from income and (2) whether

petitioner is liable for a section 6662(a) accuracy-related penalty.

Background

Some of the facts have been stipulated and are so found. At the time the

petition was filed, petitioner resided in Oklahoma.

After 26 years of active service in the U.S. Army, petitioner retired as a

lieutenant colonel in 2002. At the time, petitioner qualified for and began to

receive military retirement pay. That same year petitioner was divorced. Pursuant

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Code of 1986, as amended, in effect for 2009. Rule references are to the Tax

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

Petitioner concedes that he failed to report interest income of $1,053 from 2

the Internal Revenue Service in 2009 and that the entire amount is includable in

his income for that year.
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to the divorce, petitioner’s former spouse was awarded a portion of his military

retirement pay. See 10 U.S.C. sec. 1408(c) (2000).

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A Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS) account statement

shows petitioner’s 2009 gross retirement pay as $48,966, which includes: (1)

approximately $2,244.40 attributable to the portion of his military retirement pay

that he was required to waive because of his election to receive VA disability

compensation (VA waiver compensation); and (2) the portion of his military 4

retirement pay awarded to his former spouse. The account statement also shows

On October 1, 2002, petitioner filed a claim for service-connected 3

disability compensation with the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). On

November 8, 2002, the VA determined that he was 70% disabled at the time of his

retirement and was entitled to receive disability compensation of $1,081 a month

from the VA starting on November 1, 2002 (disability compensation). The parties

agree that petitioner’s disability compensation is excludable from his gross income

pursuant to sec. 104(a)(4).

Before 2004 a military retiree was not permitted to receive military 4

retirement pay and VA disability compensation concurrently. See 10 U.S.C. sec.

1413 (2000 & Supp. 2001-03); see also 38 U.S.C. secs. 5304, 5305 (2000 & Supp.

2001-06). In this regard, a retiree was required to waive military retirement pay in

an amount equal to any VA disability compensation received. See S. Rept. No.

108-265, at 39 (2004). In the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year

2004, Pub. L. No. 108-136, sec. 641(a)-(c), 117 Stat. at 1511-1514, Congress

repealed 10 U.S.C. sec. 1413 (2000) and amended 10 U.S.C. sec. 1414 (2000) to

eliminate (over a 10-year period beginning January 1, 2004) the concurrent receipt

restriction outlined above as applied to military retirees with service-connected

disabilities rated by the VA at not less than 50%. See 10 U.S.C. sec. 1414(c)

(2000 & Supp. 2001-2004).
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that petitioner did not elect to participate in the survivor benefit plan then

available.

For 2009 DFAS issued to petitioner a Form 1099-R, Distributions From

Pensions, Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance

Contracts, etc., that shows $28,007 as the “taxable amount” of his military

retirement pay. The VA waiver compensation is not included in the taxable

amount shown on the Form 1099-R. Neither is the portion of petitioner’s

retirement pay awarded to his former spouse.

Before the preparation of his 2009 Federal income tax return, and upon the

recommendation and advice of an acquaintance, petitioner submitted amended

Federal income tax returns for 2006, 2007, and 2008 (amended returns).

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Apparently, on the original return for each of those years petitioner included in

income the amount of the military retirement pay shown as taxable on the Forms

1099-R that DFAS issued to him. On each amended return petitioner claimed a

refund computed by treating the taxable amount as excludable from income. 

Included with each amended return is a statement showing how the amount of the

exclusion was computed. According to petitioner, the computations are based

From what has been submitted, we are reluctant to find that all of the

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amended returns were submitted at once, but it would appear that is what

happened.
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upon examples in section 1.122-1, Income Tax Regs.; specifically, paragraph (c)

and Example 4 of paragraph (d). Petitioner received the refunds claimed on the

amended returns before his 2009 return was filed.

The $28,007 of military retirement pay reported as taxable on the Form

1099-R is shown on petitioner’s self-prepared 2009 Federal income tax return but

not included in the income reported on that return. After petitioner’s 2009 return

was filed, he provided to respondent a computation (2009 computation) showing

how the exclusion was computed. As with the amended returns, the 2009

computation appears to be based upon examples in section 1.122-1, Income Tax

Regs.

In addition to an adjustment now agreed upon, in the notice respondent

increased petitioner’s income by the taxable portion of his military retirement pay

and imposed a section 6662(a) penalty upon the ground that the underpayment of

tax required to be shown on his return is a substantial understatement of income

tax.
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Discussion

I. Military Retirement Pay

Section 61(a) provides that gross income means “all income from whatever

source derived”. Pensions and retirement allowances constitute gross income

unless excluded by law. Sec. 61(a)(11); sec. 1.61-11(a), Income Tax Regs. 

Military retirement pay is pension income within the meaning of section 61(a)(11), 

Wheeler v. Commissioner, 127 T.C. 200, 205 n.11 (2006), aff’d, 521 F.3d 1289

(10th Cir. 2008), that is, in general, not exempt from taxation, see Scarce v.

Commissioner, 17 T.C. 830, 833 (1951); Holt v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1999-348.

According to petitioner, section 122 and its corresponding regulations allow

for the exclusion of his military retirement pay from gross income. Section 122

provides for an exclusion for the amount of any reduction in an individual’s

military retirement pay pursuant to the individual’s survivor’s annuity election. 

See 10 U.S.C. ch. 73. As noted, the taxable portion of petitioner’s military

retirement pay does not include the amount paid to his former spouse pursuant to

their divorce, and he has not made a survivor’s annuity election under title 10. We

fail to see how section 122 and/or its corresponding regulations apply to allow for
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the exclusion that petitioner claims. Accordingly, we agree with respondent that

petitioner is not entitled to exclude $28,007 from his gross income for 2009.

II. Section 6662(a) Accuracy-Related Penalty

Section 6662(a) and (b)(2) imposes a penalty of 20% of the portion of the

underpayment of tax attributable to a substantial understatement of income tax. 

An understatement of income tax is substantial within the meaning of section 6662

if, as relevant here, the understatement exceeds $5,000. See sec. 6662(d); sec.

1.6662-4(b), Income Tax Regs.

Section 6662(d)(1)(A) defines a “substantial understatement of income tax”

as an understatement in an amount exceeding the greater of 10% of the tax

required to be shown on the return or $5,000. The term “understatement” is

defined as the excess of the amount of tax required to be shown on the return over

the amount shown. Sec. 6662(d)(2)(A). Section 6662(d)(2)(B) reduces the

amount of an understatement by the portion of the understatement for which: (1)

there is substantial authority for the taxpayer’s tax treatment of the item or (2)

there is adequate disclosure of the relevant facts affecting the item’s tax treatment

and there is a reasonable basis for the taxpayer’s treatment of the item. 

Petitioner’s position is not supported by any substantial authority, nor did he

adequately disclose on his 2009 return the reason he excluded the taxable portion
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of his military retirement pay. See Sampson v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2013-

212; sec. 1.6662-4(f), Income Tax Regs.; Rev. Proc. 2010-15, 2010-7 I.R.B. 404.

Respondent bears the burden of production with respect to the imposition of

the penalty here in dispute, see sec. 7491(c), and that burden has been satisfied

because the understatement of income tax, which equals the deficiency, exceeds

$5,000, see secs. 6211, 6662(d)(2), 6664(a). That being so, it is petitioner’s

burden to establish that the imposition of the penalty is not appropriate. See

Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 447 (2001); see also Rule 142(a); Welch

v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933).

Section 6664(c)(1) provides that the section 6662(a) accuracy-related

penalty does not apply to any portion of an underpayment if the taxpayer

establishes that there was reasonable cause for, and the taxpayer acted in good

faith with respect to, the underpayment. Sec. 1.6664-4(a), Income Tax Regs. The

determination of whether the taxpayer acted with reasonable cause and in good

faith is made on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the pertinent facts and

circumstances. Id. para. (b)(1).

Petitioner’s reliance upon section 122 and/or his reliance upon the advice

received from an acquaintance would hardly support a finding that he had

reasonable cause for, and acted in good faith with respect to, the exclusion of the
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taxable portion of his military retirement pay, which in turn resulted in a

substantial portion of the underpayment of tax. But petitioner’s good faith and the

apparent reasonableness of his position are supported by the sequence of certain

events that preceded the filing of his 2009 return. Specifically, not once, not

twice, but three times petitioner claimed refunds computed by excluding the

taxable portions of his military retirement pay previously included in income, and

with each refund claim he provided the explanation for the exclusion that he relies

upon here. Not once, not twice, but three times the refund claims were allowed. 

Technically, the apparently erroneous refund claim allowances say nothing about

the merits of petitioner’s position. Nevertheless, the allowances could lead a

reasonable person to believe that the basis for the exclusion had merit. See, e.g.,

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Matthews v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 351, 362-363 (1989), aff’d, 907 F.2d 1173

(D.C. Cir. 1990). Because petitioner’s refund claims were allowed before the 7

We also note that nothing in the record suggests that the United States

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attempted to recover those refunds through a sec. 7405 proceeding. 

In Matthews v. Commissioner, 92 T.C. 351 (1989), aff’d, 907 F.2d 1173 7

(D.C. Cir. 1990), the Court noted that the rejection of the Commissioner’s

imposition of what was then an addition to tax for negligence was limited to the

facts of that case. Similarly, we limit our rejection of the sec. 6662(a) accuracyrelated penalty here in dispute to the facts of this case. Our reasoning with respect

to the rejection of petitioner’s claim that his military retirement pay is excludable

from income, of course, could apply to other years, and we note that he has the

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filing of his 2009 return, and because the position taken on those refund claims is

the same that caused him to exclude the income here in dispute, we find that he

had reasonable cause and acted in good faith with respect to the portion of the

underpayment of tax attributable to the exclusion of the taxable portion of his

2009 military retirement pay. Petitioner is not liable for a section 6662(a) penalty

with respect to that portion.

To reflect the foregoing,

Decision will be entered

under Rule 155.

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same issue pending in Taylor v. Commissioner, T.C. Dkt. No. 7137-13S (filed

Mar. 28, 2013).