URBANORNAMENTAL 

PLANTS: 

SENSITIVITY TO OZONE 

ANDPoTEhrTIAL 

ECONOMIC LOSSES 

off1ce of Air Quality, 

Planning, and Standards 

U. S . Environmental 

Protection Agency 

Research Triangle Park 

July 1995 

Prepared by: 

Abt Associales, Inc. 

Under Contract IO: 

RADIAN Corporation 

Research Triangle Park 

Contract No. 48-03-0033 

Work Assignment No. 6 
Urban Ornamental Plants: 

Sensitivity to Ozone and Potential Economic Losses 

1.0 Overview 

Ozone remains the most prevalent and least tractable air pollution problem in the United 

States. About 150 million people reside in areas that currently are in non-attainment with the 

National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone. 

A substantial amount of analysis has been conducted to ascertain the potential health and 

welfare losses associated with elevated concentrations of ozone. The analysis of welfare effects 

has focused primarily on potential economic losses from materials damage, reductions in yields 

of agricultural crops, and reductions in growth rates of trees of commercial importance. One 

remaining potentially signiikant area of welfkre loss associated with ozone is damage to urban 

ornamental plants. These are plants used in the urban (and suburban) landscape, such as grass, 

flowers, shrubs, and trees. Welfare losses would occur if ozone-induced injury impaired the 

aesthetic (or other) services provided by urban Ornamental plants, reduced their resistance to other 

environmental stresses, reduced their lifespans, or led to the use of more expensive or less 

aesthetically pleasing ozone-resistant plants. 

This report focuses on the economic implications of potential &jury to urban ornamental 

plants from elevated levels of ambient ozone. Section 2 provides a data base of plant species~for 

which experimental work has been conducted to assess sensitivity to ozone, describes criteria for 

establishing plant sensitivities to ozone, assigns temperature zones to plant species, and develops 

a method for determining which plants included in the database are likely to be injured from 

ambient ozone levels in non-attainment areas. Section 3 develops a conceptual framework for 

organizing the types of economic losses that may occur from ozone-induced injury to urban 

ornamental plants. Section 4 summarizes information obtained from conversations with 

knowledgeable individuals regarding the extent of ongoing injury to urban Ornamental plants and 

factors that may have mitigated such injury. 

Assessing economic losses from ozone-induced damage to urban ornamental plants is 

difficult. There an= many types and uses of ornamental plants, sensitivities to ozone vary widely 

across and within plant species, ambient ozone levels vary across non-attainment areas, and the 

value associated with specific types of injury to plants is difficult to monetize. There is no 

comprehensive set of quantitative infomation available on the current extent of injury to plants 

in the urban landscape from ozone. Likewise, there is no information available from published 

sources on either the value peuple assign to changes in the appearance of plants injured by ozone, 

the value lost through substitution of more mistant plants, or the additional expenditures that may 

1 
be incurred to mitigate the effects of ozone-induced injury to plants (e.g., the use of more 

fertilizer or pesticides or the replacement of plants). Consequently, this study has focused on 

framing the issues involved in estimating ozone-induced economic losses to urban ornamental 

plants, rather than on developing quantified measures of damages. 

. Current economic losses from elevated ambient ozone levels have been substantially 

affected by the dynamic response of natural and commercial systems over the lengthy period of 

time that ambient ozone has posed an environmental problem. There is evidence that natural 

systems self-select for ozone tolerant strains and species. Further, the Commercial system for 

developing, growing, and distributing u&an 0-mental plants clearly has been selecting for plant 

species and cultivars that are tolerant to urban stresses, including ozone. Our research suggests 

that selection processes over the past several decades have resulted in an urban landscape 

populated mostly by plants that are resistant to ozone. This;in combination with the downward 

trend in urban ozone levels, probably explains why the bulk of plants in the eastern urban 

landscape do not appear to suffer visible signs of ozone-induced injury, even though ambient: 

ozone ievels remain high enough to cause reduced agricultural yields in areas adjoining the major 

metropolitan non-attainment areas and to affect some sensitive species remaining in the urban 

landscape. 

2.0 Identification of Plant Species Potentially at Risk in Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

This section describes the approach used to develop a data base of plant species for which 

experimental data are available on sensitivity to ozone. It provides criteria for classifying plant 

sensitivity to ozone, assigns plants to temperature zones, and provides a means for identifying 

plant species in the data base that potentially could suffer injury from ambient ozone levels 

typically present in ozone non-attainment areas. 

2.1 Database of Plant Species 

A signifcant amount of research has been conducted over the past three decades to 

investigate the sensitivity of plant species to ozone. We conducted a thorough review of the 

' We contacted individuals knowledgeable regarding ConditioIlS and activities on the East Coast. For the most part, 

we did not have discussions with individuals knowledgeable regarding the effects of the high ambient ozone levels on plants 

in the Los Angeles area. 

2 
literature' and identified about 65 key ~tudies.~ For each of the urban ornamental plant species 

examined or referenced in these studies we extracted data on: measures of exposure to ozone 

(concentration, duration, and frequency), a measure or description of the type and extent of 

injury, and a characterization of the sensitivity to ozone. The resulting data base, provided as 

Appendix A, is organized by species. There are multiple entries for the Same species if more than 

one study examined the species in question, or if the effects of ozone on a species are reported for 

varying levels or durations of exposure. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive set 

of information on plant sensitivities' to ozone yet to be developed. 

An annotated bibliography describing the general nature of the major studies used in 

compiling the database is provided asAppendix B. 

2.2 Plant Sensit5ity to Ozone 

Most of the studies we examined subjected plants to,short-term (1 to 8 hour exposure) to 

ozone, although some studies reported the effects of exposure experienced over longer durations 

(e.g. , 6 hours per day over 4 weeks). Additionally, most of the studies reported visible foliar 

injury to plants as the indicator of injury (although some report effects on growth). The studies 

generally identify the exposure levels at which such effects begin to occur and at which such 

effects become more extensive. 

Physical injury to specific species and cultivars may be represented as a function of: 

8 concentration of ozone (ppm); 

8 duration of exposure (hours); and 

8 frequency of exposure (number of days). 

The National Research Council (NRC) developed a method for classifying plan.ts in three 

categories of sensitivity to ozone - sensitive, intermediate, and resistant -- based on a statistical 

' The online databases used to locate studies on the effects of ozone on plants include: the Boston Library service 

(includes titles from card catalogues and articles ffom journals held by Boston area libraries), AGRICCPLA (National 

Agricultural Library), and the Environmental Bibliography. (Search parameters were: (1) ozone not (UV or stratospher$ 

or deplet$), (2) and not crop, (3) and not forest%, (4) and plant$.) 

We focused on those studies that provided,information on numerous species or that summarized the results of 

prekious studies. A list of studies that assessed the effects of ozone on plants, but that are incorporated in the data base 

because of time and budget mnst~aints is provided as Appendix C. This list is quite extensive, suggesting that examination 

of these studies could expand the database considerably and could yield usel% information regarding the issue of selection 

of ozone resistant species and cultivas. 

3 
analysis of exposure, duration, and injury levels for single-incident exposure^.^ This classification 

scheme is useful for maintaining a similar definition of plant sensitivity across studies. Chart 1.1 

shows the combinations of ozone COnCentratioIlS and durations of exposunz developed by the NRC 

to classify plants when foliar injury is 5% and Chart 1.2 shows such combinations when foliar 

injury is 20%. Chart 1.1 may be viewed as indicating the threshold combinations of ozone 

mncenhations and durations of exposure at which plants with different ozone sensitivities begin 

to have visibly noticeable injury. 

We classified plant species in the data base for sensitivity to ozone based on the following 

procedure. 

e The NRC criteria were used to assign plant sensitivities whenever sufficient data on 

exposures and effects were reported in tk original study. 

* The sensitivity classification assigned in the original study was used if data reported on 

exposure and effects did not enable us to use the NRC criteria. 

e A range of sensitivities was assigned to plant species if information on the same plant 

species from the same study or from multiple studies differed. 

a Sensitivities were not assigned if there was insufficient information on exposures and 

effects and if the original study did not assign ozone sensitivities. 

Tables 1.1 to 1.8 provide a list of the unique species in the database, grouped according 

to geneml plant category and sorted by their ozone sensitivity classification. A summary of the 

number of unique species in the data base, by major plant category, and the number in each ozone 

sensitivity class is provided in Table 2. The major plant categories are grasses and clover, 

flowers, shrubs, deciduous trees, and conifers. (Minor categories are ground covers, desert 

flowers, house plants, weeds, and wild plants.) This data base is the result of an initial effort to 

develop a comprehensive soure of information on plant sensitivities. Further research is needed 

to: (1) assign ozone sensitivities to a number of plant species in the database; (2) resolve 

differences in sensitivity classifications between studies; (3) remove some plant species that are 

not urban ornamental plants; and (4) incorporate in the data base additional plant species from 

studies not yet reviewed, particularly those plants frequently used in the urban landscape. 

There are a number of problems inherent with these data and their interpretation. First, 

there is wide genetic variation within plant species regarding sensitivity to ozone. Differences 

among species can be as large as differences across species. Second, the studies relied on cover ' 

a time span of some twenty years. Commercial and natural selection over time may resuit in 

See, National Research Council, Ozone and other Photochemical Oxidants, 1977, Chapter 1 I. EPA also has 

adopted this classification scheme. (See OAQPS SrafFPaper, 1989, p x-4). 

4 
species (or commercially important strains) becoming more resistant to ozone than such studies 

indi~ate.~ Third, experimental techniques used and the conditions assessed differ among studies, 

making cross-study comparisons of ozone sensitivities difficult. And fourth, the criteria used to 

classify plants' sensitivity to ozone do not necessarily result in consistent classifkations across 

studies. Thus, we urge caution in using the data base in its current form. 

2.3 Temperature Zones 

To develop a general notion of the plant species that could be grown, or may be pment, 

in various ozone non-attainment areas we: 

e obtained information on temperature zones for a limited number of plant species in the 

database, as shown in Tables 1.1 through- 1.8;6 and 

classified ozone non-attainment areas by temperature zone.' 

Map 1 shows the location and classification of areas in non-attainment with ozone 

standards in 1991 % and Map 2 shows an overlay of the temperature zones for the continental U.S. 

on the ozone non-attainment areas.' Non-attainment areas in the Midwest, East, and Southeast 

are in temperature zones 5 through 7; in Texas and Louisiana are in temperature zones 8 and 9; 

and in California are in temperature zones 8 through 10. Maps 3 through 5 show an overlay of 

the temperature zones on ozone non-attainment areas for various sections of the U. S . 

. . ~ In general, plants will not grow in temperature zones below the-zone indicated for that 

species (because they are intolerant to cold winter conditions), but may grow in higher 

temperature zones, generally several or more additional zones. Grasses are classified as either 

cool or warm grasses. Cool weather grasses generally are used in temperature zones 6 and less, 

whereas warm weather grasses are used in temperature zones 7 and higher, though there is some 

overlap. Annuals (flowers) may be grown in a wide range of temperature zones because they are 

grown only during the warm summer season. 

Temperature zone information provides only a crude method of linking specific plant 

species to non-attainment areas. Other factors, such as rainfal, humidity, and soil conditions may 

Indeed, the orientation of me of the experimental studies we reviewed was to foster the use and development 

of ozone resistant species and cultivars. 

Information on temperazure zones for plant species was developed fkom Wyrnan's Encvclomdia of Plants. Due 

to limitations in time and budget, temperature zone information obtained for plant species in the data base is incomplete. 

' Temperature zones are based on information from the USDA's Plant Hardmess Zone Map. 

Tables D 1 and D2 in Appendix D provide temperature me desigpatim for specific ozone non-attainment areas. 

5 
preclude certain species from beiig grown in specific non-attainment areas. Likewise, 

commercial practices and consumer preferences will determine the actual extent of use of plant 

species that are suitable for growing in specific geographic anm. Intensive horticultural practices 

can adjust moisture, drainage, soil conditions, etc., allowing plants to be grown outside their 

traditional range. However, temperature zones do establish a natural limit on species ranges, 

chiefly through winter low temperatures and to a lesser extent from summer maximum 

temperatures. 

2.4 At Risk Plants 

The curves shown in Charts 1 - 1 and 1.2 show that the sensitivity of plants to ozone 

concentrations increases significantly as the duration of exposure increases. For example, for 

sensitive species, the concentration at which threshold injury OCCU-IS for a single eight hour 

exposure is roughly a sixth. of that for a one hour exposure. If there are multiple exposures over 

several days, or if exposure at some average level extends over several weeks or over the growing 

season, threshold damage is likely to occur at lower concentrations for each corresponding 

duration of exposure. This means that the curves would tend to shift downward if there are 

multiple, rather than single exposures. But the extent of the shift is not clear and the data to 

estimate such shifts for specific species are not readily available. 

To determine how this threshold-injury relationship relates to likely patterns of exposure 

to ambient ozone in various ciasses of ozone non-attainment areas, we overlaid the plant sensitivity 

classification scheme on curves showing the expected peak average ozone concentrations over 

several durations (1,4 and 8 hours).’ The results of this exercise are shown in Charts 2.1 through 

4.2. These charts indicate that: 

plants are most likely to be affected by the longer duration exposure incidents expected to 

occur in ozone non-attainment areas; rather than the expected short-term hourly .peaks; 

a sensitive plants probably would suffer minor injury even at exposures typical in areas in 

attainment with ozone standards, and may well experience extensive injury in areas with 

ozone design values near the “moderate” level; 

The curves for the ozone non-attainment areas are based on Table A-4, Appendix A, of the June 1989 OAQPS 

StaBReport on ozone. We used the lnformation in this table to develop a rough relationship between one-hour design values 

and corresponding four-hour and eight-hour design values. The table suggests that a one-hour design value of 0. I2 ppm 

would mespond to an eight-hour design value of about 0.09 ppm. We hen assumed that a four-hour design value would 

be somewhat less than a hear combination of the one-hour and eight-hour design values and assigned it a value of 0.10 ppm. 

All other curves are proportionally constructed based on the one-hour design value for each non-attainment designation. 

The curves were developed to provide a means of idenaing the classes of plants likely to be affected in areas with different 

severity of ozone problems. We emphasize that the curves were developed through exTensive analysis of ozone 

concentration data. 

6 
threshold injury to plants with intermediate sensitivity probably occurs within the range 

of ozone concentrations typically expected in moderate through serious ozone nonattainment areas; 

e plants with intermediate sensitivity would appear to benefit most from reductions inozone 

concentrations, whereas some ozone sensitive plants would appear to continue to suffer 

si@lcant (20%) injury, even in areas just in attainment with ozone standards; and 

e resistant plants are unlikely to show visible signs of injury in moderate through serious 

ozone non-attainment areas. lo 

These charts suggest that a signiiicant number of plant species included in the data base -- 

those identified as sensitive and intermediate -- could suffer injury if exposed to ambient ozone 

levels experienced in ozone non-attainment areas. 

2.5 Damage Functions 

There are several variants of damage functions. Such functions typically relate measures 

of emissions, concentration, or exposure to: 

e the extent of some form of physical injury; 

e changes in some (commercially important) attribute, such as yield, growth rate, surface 

weathering, etc. ; or 

economic losses measured in dollars. 

Although the desired endpoint of economic analysis is the development of a damage function in 

monetary terms, in this project we focus on foliar injury because that is the type of information 

available from literature. (Other measures of injury, such as reduced growth rates, shorter life 

expectancy, reduced height, or reduced canopy generally are not available.), The additional step 

of translating physical measum of injury to economic losses, as'discussed below, is complex and 

data are not now available to support that type of analysis. 

In general, visible signs of foliar injury to plants is an imperfect indicator of the presence 

of economic losses. For example, if there are visible signs of injury to plants that are harvested 

for their c0mmer;Cial value (ag&ultural crops and trees), but no reduction in yield or growth rates, 

economic losses may be minimal. On the other hand, there often are reductions in yields or 

growth rates of commercially important plants due to ambient ozone levels (with consequent 

economic losses) without the manifestation of visible signs of injury. 

lo In Charts 4.1 and 4.2 we designate as "highest" the highest ozone design value (0.25 ppm) of all ozone nonattainment areas, excepting Los Angeles (which has a design value of 0.33 ppm). The threshold curve (5% injury) for 

resistant plants lies above this "design value curve." 
However, visible foliar injury from ozone would seem to be a more suitable indicator of 

the presence of economic losses for urban ornamental plants than for plants harvested for their 

commercial value. This is because economic losses associated with injury to urban ornamental 

plants are directly related to the "aesthetic services" provided by such plants, which would be 

affected by the presence and extent of visible foliar injury. Yet, one should keep in mind that 

studies that focus only on visible plant injury from short term exposures to ozone are unlikely to 

uncover other potentid effects from episodic or continual exposure to ozone, such as whether 

plants would: (1) be more susceptible to other stresses, such as insects or fungus; (2) have reduced 

growth rates or reductions in height or foliage, making them less attractive over their lifetime; or 

(3) have shorter expected life spans. If such effects are signifkant at ambient ozone levels now 

experienced in many urban areas, focusing only on visible injury could lead to an understatement 

of potential economic losses. 

2.6 Example of Plants at Risk in a Specific Geographic Area 

Most of the ozone non-attainment areas along the East Coast, from Virginia northward 

to the New York metropolitan area, are in temperature zones 6 and 7. Plant species assigned 

temperature zones 3,4,5, and 6 probably could grow throughout most of these areas. Although 

our database is not as complete as we would prefer regarding assignments of temperature zones 

and plant sensitivities, for iIlustration purposes we grouped all the species in the major plant 

groups for which we have both temperature zone and ozone sensitivity assignments. The resulting 

list of plant species, shown in Table 3, indicates those sensitive and intermediate plant species that 

pkWblLy could be injured by ozone levels in these non-attainment areas, along with resistant 

plant species. (Note that we have not determined whether the identified plants currently are used 

or are present in the eastern urban landscape. We know that some species, such as sequoia and 

lodgepole pine, are not.) 

Table 4 shows the number of plants species by ozone classification and type of plant. There 

are about 130 Specieslcultivars of woody plants (shrubs and trees) in the data base with complete 

information (ozone and tempemture zone classifications) that could grow in the eastern landscape. 

Of these, about 33 percent are classifred as sensitive, 17 percent are classified as having 

intermediate sensitivity to ozone, and 50 percent are classified as ozone resistant. Based solely 

on these percentages, it might be expected that a sigdhnt fraction of plants in the eastern 

landscape suffer ozone-induced injury. However, ozone-induced injury is unlikely t9 be so 

extensive for the following reasons. 

There are many hundreds of woody plants suitable for the eastern landscape and that are 

in commerce. The wholesale nurseries we contacted each carry fmrn about 250 to 400 

species of woody plants. Though our data base may be a comprehensive listing of plant 

species that have been studied for Sensitivity to zone, it by no means contains the bulk of 

the plants now available for use in the urban landscape. Nor does it indicate the relative 

use in the urban landscape of various specieslcultivars, 

8 
0 Some of the classificanions of ozone sensitivity appear to be questionable. For example, 

many species of bentgrass are listed as being sensitive to ozone. Yet, bentgrass used on 

East Coast golf courses apparently does not exhibit the symptoms associated with injury 

to ozone. Likewise, azaleas are prevalent on the East Coast, yet most do not manifest 

symptoms of ozone injury. The same may be said for the strains of tulip poplars now in 

commerce. 

0 There is wide variation in sensitivity to ozone among species. For example, the eastern 

white pine often is identified as a tree that is highly sensitive to ozone. Yet, it has been 

observed in some settings that about 5 to 10 percent of the trees are highly sensitive 

(exhibiting chlorotic dwarfism), another 10 percent exhibit less sensitivity (tip bum), and 

the remainder are more resistant. The distribution of ozone sensitivity within a species can 

change over time due to natural selection and commercial breeding props. Ozone 

sensitivity classifications based on older studies or on observed injury to "sensitive" 

members of a species can be misleading. 

3.0 Framework for Estimating Economic Losses 

This section provides general estimates of consumer expenditures on urban ornamental 

plants and associated services, develops a conceptual framework for organizing the types of 

economic losses associated with ozone-induced injury to urban ornamental plants, and outlines the 

types of studies and research needed to quantify economic losses. 

3.1 Size of Market Potentially Affected by Ozone 

There is no direct measure available of the total value of the aesthetic and other services 

provided by ur%an ornamental plants. An imperfect indicator of this value is annual expenditures 

on landscaping and related services and materials." A survey conducted for the National 

Gardening Association estimated that household spending on plants, turf, associated pest control 

and maintenance, and landscaping (which includes non-plant items) totalled about $23 billion in 

I' Note that this measure provides a lower bound to the value of aesthetic and other services provided by urban 

ornamental plants -- neither the consumer surplus to property owners, nor the public value, associated with such services 

are incorporated in the measure. Another approach to imputing part of the value of the aesthetic services provided by urban 

ornamental plants is to use the differences in sehg prices between well and poorly landscaped homes. According to 

realtors, landscaping a home typically increases the sales price of dtached, single family homes by 5 to 15%. A measure 

of the annual services provided by a landscape would be the increake in selling price (above an identical house with no, or 

a poor, landscape),~muahed over the expected life of the landscape (which may be difficult to ascertain). In addition, one 

should add the expected maintenance and replacement costs to be incurred over the lifetime of the landscape. 

9 
1992.12 This does not include expenditures for simiiar items by business, municipalities, and golf 

courses. Data developed by the USDA indicates that retail expenditum on environmental 

horticulture (nursery plants, unfinished plant material, turfgrass, bulbs, flower and vegetable 

seeds, and cut Christmas trees) was about $23 biilion in 199 1. l3 

The aggregate size of expenditures on, or related to, urban ornamental plants provides no 

indication of the size of economic losses from ozone induced-injury to such plants. Yet, 

expenditures can provide some indication of the potential value of the resource that is "at stake. " 

If total annual expenditures are relatively small compared to other monetized categories of health 

and welfare damage stemming from ozone, omitting this category of economic loss will not 

materially affect estimates of the benefits associated with reducing ozone levels. On the other 

hand, if expenditures are relativdy large, the= is the possibility that even small amounts of ozone 

damage might result in significant economic losses. For example, if about one percent of the $23 

billion in annual expenditures on landscaping is reiated to ozone damage, the direct cost would 

be in the hundreds of millions of dollars. Lasses from decmsed aesthetic values from damaged 

plants would add to the economic loss. Such a potentidy sizable damage category cannot be 

summarily dismissed as unimportant and may warrant more careful consideration to measure 

losses. 

3.2 Conceptual Framework for Economic Losses 

In economic terms, one may view an urban ornamental plant as providing a stream of 

aesthetic and other services (e.g., shade and habitat) over its lifetime. The value of a plant would 

depend on its characteristics (type, size, appearance, etc.), its use (as a specimen, in hedges, in 

mixed settings, etc.), its replacement cost, and the preferences of the property owner. 

The types of economic losses that potentially can arise from ozone-induced injury are 

illustrated in Chart 5 for a single hypothetical plant that suffers injury from ozone.I4 Such losses 

could include: 

A reduction in aesthetic services over the realized lifetime of a plant. This is depicted as 

shaded area S. It represents the difference in the dollar value of the stream of services 

provided by an uninjured versus an injured plant, over the realized lifetime of the injured 

plant. This perid of aesthetic loss could also coincide with changes in other services that 

the plant provides, such as shade or habitat. 

See, National Gardening Survev. 1992- 1993, National Gardening Association, 1993, p 14. 

l3 See, "Financial Performance of-U.S. Floricuiture and Environmental Horticulture Farm Businesses, 1987-9 1 )(1 

Statistical Bulletin 862, USDA, p. 2. 

l4 To simplify, we do not show the normal replacement of the uninjured plant at the end of its expected lifetime. 

10 
The loss of aesthetic services resulting from the premature death (or early replacement) of 

an injured plant. This is depicted as shaded area A,. It is the difference between the 

aesthetic services that would have been provided by an uninjured plant over its extended 

lifetime (areas A, plus A*), minus the aesthetic services provided by a replacement plant 

,represented by area A,. The loss in aesthetic services over this timespan narrows as the 

replacement plant grows anh matures over time (For illustration purposes we show the 

replacement plant always providing less aesthetic services than the uninjured original and, 

presumably, the preferred plant.) 

0 The cost associated with removing the injured plant and replacing it with a new plant. 

These costs are depicted by shaded areas R and P, 

0 Any additional costs incurred over the lifetime of the injured plant to mitigate the effects 

of ozone-induced injury. (These are not depicted on the chart.) This could include the 

cost of additional fertilizer or pesticides and the costs of using additional professional 

services. 

The first two elements of economic loss are distributed among many citizens, Le., there 

are both private and quasi-public element^.'^ The largest share of these losses would be 

experienced by the owner or tenant of the property served by the plant. Presumably, non-owners 

would each experience much smaller losses, but there could be many affected individuals. The 

last two elements of economic loss (removal and planting, and mitigation costs) would be incurred 

by property owners. 

The present value of economic loss would be the discounted sum of the composite stream 

of aesthetic losses and other costs incuKed over time, as given by the following equation: 

The designated expenses and losses in the above equation would not necessarily be incurred 

for each injured plant. For example, if plants do not experience premature death (or are not so 

badly injured as to be replaced prematurely), no additional removal or replacement costs would 

be incurred. If a plant is replaced, the substitute plant could provide a lesser, equal, or greater 

stream of aesthetic services. (If there are many equally good ozone-resistant substitutes, the only 

loss likely would arise from the difference in aesthetic services provided by a mature and a young 

Is Quasi-public goods are goods that are similar to public goods in the consumption externality that they provide, 

but the beneficial externality is not perfectly available. There typically are congestion problems that limit enjoyment. For 

example. one person's use of a public park does not much detract from the enjoyment of another person's use, but eventuaIly 

crowding either ruins the park or spoils the view. 
plant.) Removal and replacement costs and losses due to differences in services provided by 

young versus mature plants would tend to be higher for long-lived large plants that suffered 

injury, such as trees, rather than shorter-lived small plants, such as flowers or shrubs. 

3.3 Quantifying Economic Losses 

The information currently available from the published literature is not sufficient to 

quanbfy and monetize potential economic losses from ozone-induced injury to urban ornamental 

plants. Additional information would have to be developed in three general areas: 

I?~LUSL Data needs to be developed on the current distribution of plant species in the 

urban lardscape and the distribution of plant species now being sold to urban areas.

IJlrurv. More complete information needs to be developed on the extent and type (foliage, 

growth rates, plant lifetime) of ozone-induced injury to plants in the urban environment. 

_. -. Given that significant ozone-induced injury is present in the urban 

landscape, infomation would need to be developed on: the cost of removing and replacing 

plants; consumer valuations of the aesthetic differences between injured and non-injured 

plants; and valuations of the aesthetic differences (if any) between ozone-sensitive plant 

species and possible substitute, ozone-resistant plants. 

Information in the first area could be developed through surveys of landscapers and 

nurseries regarding plant material now used and whether sales patterns have-changed over time. 

Data also could be develaped though the use of stratifred sampling (urban areas, suburban areas, 

golf courses, commercial properties, etc,) of actual plant use. Such sampling would best be 

directed to long-lived plants that are more likely to be affected by ozone. The distribution of types 

of short-lived plants in the urban landscape would be more directly related to current sales of 

nurseries. 

Information in the second area could be developed through surveys of individuals highly 

knowledgeable about conditions in specific non-attainment areas. Alternatively, monitoring 

programs could be set up to observe a large sample of urban plant species during several summer 

seasons. 

Developing information in the third area would be challenging. Because ozone-induced 

changes in a plant's aesthetic services are not priced directly in the market, contingent ,valuation 

surveys would have to be used to value aesthetic losses from identified plant injury. Such surveys 

could be designed to estimate losses both to private homeowners and to the public at large. At a 

minimum, the contingent valuation surveys would have to define precisely for people the kind of 

injury associated with ozone, the effects on a plant's appearance, the timing and duration of such 

effects, the likely frequency of injury, and the kind of plants that are injured. The surveys should 

12 
be designed to elicit values for ongoing injury to plants and, possibly, for differences in value 

between newly planted and mature plants and differences in value (if any) between plant species 

likely to be replaced and substitute, ozone-resistant plants. Estimates of the costs incurred to 

remove and replace old plants could be developed using information from landscapers, nurseries, 

and homeowners (time and aggravation for replacing plants). 

4.0 Observations Regarding the Extent of Economic Losses 

The kind of studies discussed in the previous section that are necessary to estimate the 

dollar value of economic losses from ozone-induced injury to urban ornamental plants ;are beyond 

the scope of this study. However, we attempted to develop a general notion of whether current 

economic losses are likely to be large or small by contacting a number of experts in horticulture 

and plant pathology and professionals in Commercial businesses related to urban ornamental 

plants. l6 We were specifically interested in their observations and opinions regarding: (1) the 

extent to which ozone damage to urban ornamental plants currently is observed; (2) commercial 

use of resistant species and cultivars and development of ozone-resistant cultivars; and (3) the 

availability of resistant species and cultivars for urban landscaping. 

In general, our research indicates that economic losses from ozone-induced injury to urban 

ornamental plants has been limited significantly by a combination of the following factors. 

There is wide genetic .variability across and within plant species with regard to tolerance 

to ozone. This facilitates both natuml and commercial selection of ozone-resistant plants. 

0 The commercial system self-selects for plants that are resistant o the environmental 

stresses present in the urban landscape, including ozone. Similarly, the commercial system 

develops new strains of plants with the goal of improving their performance in the urban 

landscape. Implicit in this is selection for tolerance to ozone. 

a There are large numbers of ozone-tolerant plant species and cultivars (strains) of grass, 

flowers, shrubs, and trees available for use in the urban landscape. This suggests that 

ozone levels in urban areas have not significantly limited the range of plant material 

available to the urban landscape. l7 

l6 We identified knowledgeable individuals informally by following up on leads fiom various wnversations. We 

did not' use a formal sampling methodology, nor did we attempt to determine whether the individuals and businesses 

contacted were "representative." 

'' When functionally equivalent substitute plants are available, the economic losses associated with the loss, or 

the inability to use, specific ozone-sensitive plants in the urban landscape is si&icantly reduced. In economic terms, when 

there are many substitutes, the demand curve for any on type of plant species or cultivar is likely to be flat, Le., there is little 

consumer surplus associated with any particular plm? species, even though there probably is substantial wnsumer surplus 

associated with the urban landscape in general. 

13 
Ozone levels are on a downward .trend in the major non-attainment areas. Long-lived 

plants remaining in the urban landscape now face less potential stress from ozone than they 

did in the 1970s and 80s. 

The dynamic adjustments made by natural and commercial systems also make it more 

difficult to assess the current extent of injury to plants in the urban landscape and to estimate 

economic losses. A data base of plant sensitivities to ozone compiled using the results of research 

conducted over the past three decades may not be wholly reliable as an indicator of the sensitivities 

of plants currently used for residential, commercial, and golf course landscaping. 

4.1 Extent of Current Injury 

The information we obtained regarding the extent of current injury to urban ornamental 

plants is mixed. People involved in landscaping and nursery businesses were unconcerned about 

ozone damage, though they were generally aware that ozone adversely affected plants. They 

considered other environmental stresses, particularly in the city landscape, such as root 

constriction, soil compaction, soil PH, and lack of adequate moisture, to be of much greater 

importance than ozone. No one (including a commercial tree specialist) identifed any instances 

where ozone damage had occurred to woody plants . Ozone was not considered to be a problem 

for plant species carried by wholesale nurseries either on-location (all of those contacted are 

located in ozone non-attainment areas) or in fmal market areas. Yet, the individuals contacted 

have not been trained to recognize air pollution damage and may not recognize injury to plants 

caused by ozone. 

The plant pathologists and horticulturalists contacted indicated that some woody plants in 

the urban lands6 show signs-of ozone-induced injury, but that it tends to be subtle and dfllcult 

to recognize. White pines generally have been eliminated from the Washington, DC and 

Baltimore area. (In the dntd Virginia aiea every seved years there is substantial ozone damage 

to white pine saplings, though mature trees are largely unaffected). Some varieties of maples and 

birch may have premature leaf drop in the summer due to ozone, though that also can result from 

wet springs followed by dry summers. Sycamore trees appamtly also show subtle signs of ozone 

injury (a fine stipple that looks like damage from spider mites), but because they are fast growing 

the injury has little effect on the aesthetics of the trees. 

Ambient ozone levels clearly are high enough to affect agricultural crops in the East Coast 

non-attainment areas. Ongoing studies on Maryland's eastern shore indicate reductions in yields 

of watermelons and beans due to long-term exposure to ambient ozone, and leaf injury to such 

plants has been observed from short term exposures to high ambient ozone levels. Likewise, 

crops grown in the Beltsville agricultural research station show reduced yields of 10% to' 20%. 

This suggests that ambient ozone levels may be affecting some of the metabolic functions of urban 

ornamental plants, but without causing si@lcant visible signs of injury. 

14 
In 1970, there was a four day ozone incident in the Washington, DC area in which peak 

ozone concentrations ranged from 0.14 to 0.22 ppm. Ozone-induced injury was observed in 31 

me, 15 shrub, and 18 herbaceous species." However, we did not find mention of similar events 

occurring more recently. 

Ambient omne levels in the East Coast non-attainment areas do not appear to be causing 

visible injury to the strains of grass now used on golf courses and lawns. Varieties of grass also 

are available that do well in the high ozone conditions of the Los Angeles area. 

3.2 Commercial Selection of Plants 

The commercial markets for turf, flowers, and woody plants actively develop, te?t and 

select new plant cultivars for use in the urban landscape. Breeders and nurseries select for h&dy 

cultivars that are resistant to the environmental stresses present in the urban landscape. Though 

breeding programs may not select specifically for ozone-resistant strains, they indirectly select for 

ozone-resistance. Many of the breeders and nurseries themselves are located in high ozone areas. 

Plant varieties developed in breeding programs that do not initially do well at the nursery 

generally are discarded. Likewise, plant species that either do poorly at the nursery or in the 

market areas served by the nursery are not carried. Nurseries selling at the wholesale level 

indicated that they are keenly interested in the performance of their plant materid in final markets 

and will visit locations to determine the cause of problems, should they arise. 

New strains of grasses continually are under development by university-based plant 

breeders and commercial seed companies. New seed varieties undergo extensive testing in a wide 

range of locations across the country, including high ozone areas, in USDA sponsored test 

programs." This has led to an increase in varieties of grass available in the market. For 

example, in 1980 there were about 10 varieties of bentgrass available, whereas now there are over 

30. Likewise, there has been a large increase in the availability of other types of "cool" grasses, 

such as ryegrass and bluegrass. 

Most flower nurseries specialize either in perennials, which are grown out doors or in 

unhated green houses year round, or annuals, which are grown in heated green houses primarily 

during the winter and early spring. The flower nursery we contacted grows both perennials and 

annuals, is located in an ozone non-attainment area, and sells primarily to markets in nonSee, National Research Council, op. cit., p. 491. 

l9 USDA turftesting programs began in 1980 and are on five year cycles. Testing programs for ryegrass typically 

would have about a hundred seed types, bentgrass and bluegrass about 80 to 100 seed types, and fescues about 40 to 60 

seed types. The various strains are evaluated for color, texture, density, uniformity, and smoothness. The resutts are 

published and save as the basis for recommRldations regardug the suitability of grass varieties for various geographic areas 

and uses. 

15 
attainment areas. Perennial flowers are not carried if they do poorly at the nursery or in final 

mark-. Likewise, annuals that have not performed well in fmd markets have been phased out 

for business feasofls. Commercial seed companies are the major source of new flower varieties. 

New strains of woody plants are developed by wholesale nurseries and university-based 

breeders and under a program at the National Arboretum .(it focuses on plant species that are not 

as commercially popular and that are less likely to be included in private breeding programs). 

One of the nurseries contacted long has been involved in breeding new varieties of trees. 

(Nurseries with breeding programs tend to focus on shrubs and flowers rather than trees, as it is 

less time consuming and costly.) This nursery is located in an ozone non-attainment area and tests 

new varieties of trees both at its own location and various locations in urban areas, most of which 

also are in ozone non-attainment areas. Clearly, new varieties that are successful in that breeding 

program will be ozone-tolerant. Likewise, the National Arboretum is located in an ozone nonattainment area, and new varieties developed there also would be ozone-tolerant. 

Plant vies that do prly either when raised at the nurseq or when used in final markets 

generally would not be carried for obvious business reasons. Thus, because most East Coast 

nurseries are located in non-attainment areas and sell to markets in non-attainment areas, plant 

materia1 that is ozone-sensitive tends to be screened out. Additionally, there are many 

publications available to landscapers and landscape architects that identify woody plants that do 

well in certain conditions, which leads to the use of hardy plants in the urban landscape and to 

selection away from ozone-sensitive plant species. 

3.3 Availability of Plants €or the Urban Landscape 

The wholesale nurseries we contacted that specialize in woody plants carried from about 

250 to 400 plant species. The wholesale flower nursery we contacted carries about 200 annuals 

and 800 perenniaIs. All individh contacted that deal with the commercial landscaping business 

or the wholesale nursery business indicated that there is a wide palate of plant material available 

that is suitable for use in the urban landscape. The range of trees and shrubs that will survive in 

high density urban areas, such as New York City, is more limited. But this is due primarily to 

factors other than ambient ozone, such as moisture, salt, soil compaction, and root constriction. 

The palate of plant material expands quickly for the suburban locations, which may not have some 

of the environmental stresses associated with high density locations, but probably have ambient 

ozone levels equivalent to those in central city areas. 

16 
\ 

Table 1.1 

Grasses and Clovex 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name Specia Name 

Grasses: 

bentgrass (colonial) 

bentgrass (colonial) 

bentgrass (colonial) 

bentgrass (colonial) 

bentgrass (ueeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (redtop,common) 

Bermudagrass 

Bermudagrass 

Bermudagrass 

Bermudagrass 

Bermudagrass 

bluegrass 

bluegrass (annual) 

bluegrass (Canada) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

Muegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) ' 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

fescue 

fescue ((3harwing) 

fescue (Charwings) 

fescue (creeping red) 

BermUdagraSS 

Huegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegr=(Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

&tis tenuis "Astoria" 

tis tenuis *Dryland" 

tis tenuis "Exeta-" 

tis tenuis Wighland" 

tis palustris "Astoria" 

tis palustris "Cohansey" 

tis palustris "Emerald" 

tis palustris "Highland" ~ ~~ 

tis paluslris "Holfia-" 

tis palustris "Kingstown" 

tis palustris "Penmoss" 

tis paluseis "Seaside" 

odon dactylon (common) 

don dcctylon "Kansas P-16' 

odon doctylon Tufcote" 

odon hyb. "Santa Ana" 

don hyb. Tufgrass" 

a compressa "Canada" 

oa pratensis "A-34" 

oa pratensis "Adelphi" 

oa pratensis "Arista" 

oa pratensis "Baron" 

oa pratensis "Bxks" 

oa pratensis "Cheri" 

oa pratensis "Cougar" 

oa pratensis "Delta" 

oa pratensis "Fyiking" 

oa pratensis "Glads" 

oa pratcnsis "Kenblue" 

oa ptcnsis "Mcrionw 

oa pratensis "Newport" 

oa pratensis "P-142" 

oa pratensis "Park" 

oa pratcnsis Plush" 

oa pratensis Trimo" 

oa ptensis "Skofti" 

oa pratcnsis %Dakota catifid 

oa pratcnsis 'Touchdown" 

oa pramsis "Nugget" 

oaptensis "Pennstar" 

oa pratensis Prato" 

oapratWisVi" 

E 

pratcnsis Wiadsor" 

pratcnsis (oommon) 

eStUCa ruh wr. commutata 

fstm ruh wr. commutata "Jamestown" 

est- rubra "Illahoe" 

1 

- 

Temp. Sensitivity 

to Ozwe 

I 

1 

S 

S 

1 

1 

S 

S 

I 

I 

S 

I 

S-R 

S 

I 

R 

R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

I 

S 

R 

1 

I 

I 

R 

I 

1 

S 

R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

I-R 

R 

1 

I 

I 

R 

1 

S 

R 

I 

I 

R 

I 

I 

R 

R 

R 

S 

I 

I 
Table 1.1 

Grasses and Clover: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name Sha Name 

tuca rub Tennlawn" 

tuca rub "Highlight" 

twa arundinaceae 

tuca arundinacme "Altae 

tuca arundinaceae "Fawn" 

um pratcnse"0ttawa" 

urn pratcasc "Pennscott" 

Sensitivity 

to omc 

s-1 

I 

I 

S 

I 

I-R 

I 

I 

R 

I 

1 

I 

1 

S 

S 

R 

S 

S 

I 

R 

s 

R 

R 

R 

S 

I 

I 

1 

R 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

I 

S 

i 

I 
Table 1.1 

Grasses and <=lover: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name 

Temp. 

SDccies Name Zone 

white clover 

white dover 

white or ladiooclover 

white or ladino clover 

white or ladino dover 

white or ladino dover 

white or ladino clover 

white or ladino clover 

white sweet clover i rifolium repens (ozone resistant done) 

rifolium repcns (ozone sensitive done) 

rifolium repens 

rifolium repens "Alban" 

rifolium repens 'zadino Celifornia" 

rifolium repens "Ladino Sacramento" 

rifolium repens "Milkanova" 

rifolium repens "Sonja" 

eiilotus alba 

- 

Sensitivity 

to Ozone 

I 

I 

I 

I 

S 

S 

R 

R 

I 

- 
Table 12 

Flowers - - Annual and Perennial: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name 1 Sda Name 

aster @gelmann) 

aster (pqk stemmed) 

aster (whorled wood) 

avens (mountain) 

banebegonia 

begonia 

begonia 

begonia 

begonia 

begonia 

lxgonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

black-eyed Susan 

bluebell or lungwort 

carnation (white sim) 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum- - - 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

dnysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

dvyMnthcmum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

dnysanthcmum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

ctuysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

black-eyed SWII 

nthemum sp. "Baby Tears" 

nthemum sp. "BonnieJean" ~ ~ ~ ~- - 

nthemum sp. "Bright Yellow Tuneful" 

nthemum sp. "Cameo" 

um sp. "Goklen Qlshion" 

umsp. "GoIdmPdring" 

urnsp.'YioldenYcUmPriocasAruK 

umsp. "Wi Summcf 

mum sp. a- Williams" 

themum sp. "Mango" 

$emurn 6p. *Minn white" 

themum sp, 'Ut SnM 

themum sp. "Mutcd Sunshine" 

thanumsp. "Mamaid" 

- 

rap. 

Zone 

3 

3-5 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

4 

3-5 

8 

5 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-S, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, IO 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

-5, to 8 

8-5, to 8 

1-5, to 8 

i-5, to 8 

1-5, to 8 

1-5, IO 8 

i-5, to 8 

1-5, to 8 

i-5, to 8 

i-5, to 8 

'-5, to 8 

,-5, to 8 

annual 

- Stncrtmty 

to Omne 

I 

S 

S 

S 

R 

I 

R 

R 

I 

R 

I 

-I 

S 

R 

1 

I 

'S 

I 

I 

S 

R 

I 

S 

R 

R 

S 

R 

I 

R 

I 

R -- 

R 

R 

1 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

1 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

R 

R 

R 

S 

R 

S 

S 

R 
Table 1.2 

Flowers -- Annual and Perennial: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name Species Name 

1 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

coleus 

coleus (common] 

coneflm (cutleaf) 

coreopsis 

croton 

dahlia ~~ . 

geranium 

geranium 

geranium 

geranium (common) 

lily (Easter) 

lily (Sego) 

lupine 

marigold 

marigold 

monkqflower (yellow) 

morning glory 

musMomr 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

themumsp. "Roq Nook" 

nthemum sp. "Ruby Mound" 

nthemumsp. "Silva Shcen" 

nthemumsp. Sleighride" 

nthemumsp. "Spinwheel" 

nthemumsp. 'Tinkerbell" 

nthcmum sp- Touchdown" 

nthemum sp. 'Tranquility 

nthemum sp. 'Tranquiliv 

nthemumsp. Trident" 

nthemum sp. White Grandchild" 

nthemum sp. Tellow Jeanette" 

nthemum sp. "YellowJess Williams" 

nthemum sp. Yellow Moon" 

- 1 

! 

! 

a 

1 

1 

- 

- 

a 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

- 

a 

- 

Temp. 

Zone 

1-5, to E 

1-5, to E 

1-5, to E 

1-5, to E 

1-5, to E 

i-5.10 E 

1-5, to E 

i-5, to E 

i-5, to8 

1-5, to 8 

i-5, to 8 

4 to8 

i-5, to 8 

r-5, to 8 

!-5, to 8 

t-5, to 8 

5-5, to 8 

"5, to 8 

87.5, to 8 

"5, to 8 

"5, to 8 

8-5, to 8 

b-5, to 8 

- 

1-5, IO 8 

t-5, to 8 

annual 

annual 

3 

10 

nnualbi 

2-7 

annual 

3 

annual 

annual 

5 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

allllual 

anoual 

alUIUal 

annual 

annual 

annual 

aanual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

Sensitivity 

to OEwe 

R 

I 

I 

R 

R 

R 

S 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

1 

S 

S 

R 

S 

I 

I 

.- s . 

S 

S 

R 

I 

I 

R 

I 

I 

R 

S 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R. 

R 

I 

I 

i 

I 

R 

I 
Table 1.2 

Flowers -- Annual and Perennial: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

phlox family 

primrose (evening) 

salvia 

snakemot (white) 

snapdragon "Floral Carpet" 

snapdragon "Rocket Mixture" 

sunflower (common) 

sweet pea 

rweet pea 

trumpet creeper 

violet 

violet (hooked spur) 

etunia sp. "chary Blossom" 

unia sp. "Red Magic" 

- 

Temp. 

Zone 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

a-.nual 

annwl 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

4 

3 

4 

annual 

4 

Scnritivily 

- to Ozone 

RJ 

S 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

R 

R 

I 

R 

R 

I 

1 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

S 

R 
Table 13 

Shrubs -- Deciduous, Coniferous, and Broad-leaved Evergreen: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name I Suecia Name 

azalea 

azalea 

azalea 

azalea 

azalea or rhododendron 

azalea or rhododendron 

azalea or rhododendron 

azalea or rhododendron 

azalea (Glenn Dale hybrid) 

azalea (Hinodegiri) 

azalea (Indian hybrid) 

azalea (Indian hytrid) 

azalea (Korean) 

azalea (Kurume hybrid) 

azalea (Kurume hybrid) 

azalea (Kurume hybrid) 

azalea (Pericat hybrid) 

azalea (Satsuki hybrid) 

azalea (wooliy) 

azelea (Delaware white) 

blackberry 

blackbemy (thornless) 

boxelder maple 

boxwood 

cinquefoil (bush) 

catoneaster 

cotoneaster 

cotoneaster (spreading) 

currant (Indian) 

dracaena 

elderberry 

elderberry (American) 

elderberry (black) 

elderberry (Mue) 

euonymous 

euonymus (winged) 

frethorn (scarlet) 

forsythia 

fuchsia 

€w=bary 

highbush blueberry 

holly (Hetz Japanese) 

honeysuckle (Japanese) 

honeysuckle (morrow) 

juniper (Pfitzer) 

junipa(Savin) 

junipa(shore) 

juniper(wstern) 

lilac (Chinese) 

lilac (common) 

mahonia (creeping) 

mock-orange (sweet) 

mountain laurel 

ninebark (dwarf) 

pieris 

ododendron obtusum "Hinodegiri" 

ododendron sp. "Mrs. G.G. Gerbing" 

ododendron sp. "Red Wing" 

ododendron poukhanensis 

ododendron sp. "Hershey Red" 

ododendron sp. "Red Luann" 

ododendron sp. "Snow" 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

7 

6 

6 

3-8 

5 

4 

7 

6 

3 

3 

6 

2 

5 

5 

5 

10 

3 

3-6 

3 

3 

6 

5 

9 

3 

6 

4 

2-5 

5 

3 

4 

5 

2 

6 

Sensitivity 

to Ozone 

R 

I 

R 

S 

S-R 

R 

R 

S 

R 

S 

I 

S 

R 

R 

S 

1 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

I 

S 

S 

R 

R 

R 

I 

I 

I 

S 

R 

R 

S 

S-I 

R 

R 

R 

S 

I' 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

I 

S 

I 

R 

s-I 

R 

S 

R 
Table 13 

Shrubs -- Deciduous, Coniferous, and Broad-leaved Evergreen: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

I Common Name Specks Name I 

privet (AmW 

raspberry (rd) 

rhododendron 

rhododendron (Catawba) 

rose 

rose (multiflora) 

sagebrush (big) 

snowberry 

snaWberry0raxalben-y 

snowberry (white) 

spicebush 

sumac 

sumac (smooth) 

sumac (staghorn) 

sumac (winged) 

viburnum 

viburnum (arrowwood) 

viburnum (linden) 

rose 

sp. - rhododendrun 

burnurn dilatatum 

J viburnum (map~e~eaq iburnum amifolia 

viburnum(tea) 

Yew 

Yew 

~ yew (dense) 

1 yew(Hatfields hglojap) 

i Yew 

Temp. 

Zone 

Sensitivity 

to Omoe 

R 

R 

R 

S 

S 

R 

s-I 

R 

S 

P, 

R 

R 

S 

s-I 

S 

s 

S 

R 

I-R 

R 

I-R 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 
Table 1.4 

Trees -- Deciduous: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

acacia 

alder 

alder (European black) 

ash 

ash (blue) 

ash (European mountain) 

ash (flowering) 

ash (Hase European) 

ash (Oregon) 

ash (white) 

aspen (quaking) 

basswood (white) 

beech 

beech (American) 

beech (European) 

birch 

birch 

birch (black) 

birch (European white) 

birch (river) 

birch eellow) 

birch (yellow) 

blackgum 

buckeye (Ohio) 

buckeye (yellow) 

catalpa 

catalpa (northern) 

cherry (black) 

cheny (Cornelian) 

cherry (Sargent) 

coffee tree (Kentucky) 

cottonaood 

cottonaood (black) 

crabapple 

cucumber tree 

dogwoad (flowering) 

dogwood (red-osier) 

elm 

elm (American) 

elm (Chinese) 

empresstree 

filbat(Turkish) 

ginkgo 

hack- (common) 

hawthorn (cockspur) 

hawthorn (Washington) 

hickory (mockernut) 

hiory(pignut) 

hophornbeam (Eastern) 

hornbeam (European) 

ash (preen) 

birch (grey> 

cherry 

cherry (sweet) 

(pray) 

dogwood (SiW 

hickory (shagbark) 

Common Name Sw5a Name 

pubescens (dings) 

STrmaSa (seediings) 

i - 

Temp. 

- Zone 

9 

2 

4 

3-6 

3 

6 

3 

4 

4 

2 

5 

3 

2 

5 

4 

5 

5 

2-7 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

3-6 

3 

6 

5 

5 

5 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

Sensitivity 

to Ozone 

.R 

S 

R 

S-R 

R 

S 

R 

s-I 

I-R 

S 

s-I 

S 

I 

R 

R 

S 

S 

R 

R 

R ~~ 

R 

I 

I 

R 

S 

S 

R 

s 

~ S,I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

S 

R 

R 

S-R 

R 

I 

I 

R 

R 

S-R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 
Tabie 1.4 

Trees -- Deciduous: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name Species Name 

horse chestnut 

Japan- pagoda wee 

larch (European) 

lard, (European) 

larch (Japanese) 

linden (American) 

linden (bigleaf) 

Linden (Qimean) 

Linden (littleleaf) 

linden (silver) 

locust (black) 

locust (thornless honey) 

mapie(Amur) 

maplt(big-tooth) 

maple (black) 

maple (broadleaf) 

maple (hedge) 

maple (Nonvay) 

maple (red) 

maple (siker) 

maple (sugar) 

maple (sycamare) 

mulberry 

oak 

oak (black) 

oak(&estnut) 

oak(Eng1ih) 

oak (Gambel) 

oak (northem red) 

oak (Oregon white) 

oak (pin) 

oak (scarlet) 

oak (shingle) 

oak (while) 

oak (white) 

oiiw(autumn) 

Osage orange 

peach 

pine (bristlecone) I 

planelrce (London) 

raintree (panicled golden) 

redbud (East=) 

redbud (Eastern) 

sassafras 

PPl= (hYtrid1 

wvicebcc~y (a1da-1ea9 

“I~cghCny) 

saviccbcrry (~OUII~I~ 

Mriceberry(wFstan) 

sartt gum 

sycamore 

sycamore (American) 

syarnore(Calif0rnia) 

tree of heaven 

ualnut (Mack) 

willow 

t&P PoPh 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

4 

4 

3 

4 

4 

3 

4 

5 

4 

6 

4 

5 

5 

5 

4 

3 

3 

3 

5 

4-7 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5-6 

S 

5 

2-5 

5 

6 

4 

5 

5 

5-6 

5 

4-5 

5 

5 

SCllSicivity 

to Ozone 

S-R 

R 

I 

I 

R 

S-R 

S 

S 

R 

i-R 

1-R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

R 

S-R 

I 

R 

S 

S-R 

S-R 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

I 

R 

s-I 

S-R 

I 

1 

S-R 

I 

.R 

R 

s-1 

S 

I 

I 

S 

s-I 

S 

R 

I 
Table 1.4 

Trees -- Deciduous: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Temp. Common Name Species Name Zone to Ozone Sensitivity 

I I yellowurood 

zelkova 
Table 15 

Trees -- Conifers: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Arborvitae (N. white cedar) 

-(I 

(re4 

cedar (Northan white) 

ET 

fu (balsam) 

fr (big cone Douglas) 

ftr (Douglas) 

fE (Douglas) 

fr(F-) 

fir (white) 

hemlock (Eastem) 

holly (American) 

holly(Englih) 

magnolia (umbella) 

pine (Afghanistan) 

pine (Auswian) 

pine (Canary Island) 

pine (Coultex) 

pine (digger) 

pine (Eastern white) 

pine (jack) 

pine (Japanese black) 

pine (Japanese red) 

pine (Japanese white) 

pine (Jeffrey) 

pine (Jeffrey/Cbulter hybrid) 

pine (knobcone) 

Pine (AlepPa) 

Coaunoa Name I Smiia Name 

inus attenuata 

pine (knobconelMonterey inus radiata x Pinus attenuata 

pine (loblolly) 

pine (lodgepole) 

pine (maritime) 

pine (Mexican weeping) 

pine (Montaey) 

pine (Mootauma) 

pine @itchpie) 

pine (pond-) 

pine (ponderosa) 

pine (red) 

pine (shortieaf) 

pine (single leaf pinyon) 

pine(Soutbtm white) 

pine (table mountain) 

Pine toocarpa> 

pine (scotch) 

pine(%=) 

Pmeo 

pine (viirgillia) 

pine (Westan white) 

redwood (Coast) 

sequoia (giant) 

spruce (Black Hills) 

spruce (blue) 

Ecquoia (giant) 

5PN(T(M) 

glauca var. densata 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

2 

6 

2 

2 

3 

4 

6 

4 

6 

7 

4 

7 

3 

5 

4 

4 

5 

6 

7 

7 

8 

9 

3 

7 

6 

3 

3 

Sensitivity 

to Ozone 

R 

R 

R 

I 

R 

S-R 

S 

R 

R 

I -R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

I 

S 

s-I 

R 

S 

S 

I-R 

S 

S 

S 

I 

1 

S 

1 

S 

R 

S 

R 

R 

R 

I-R 

I-R 

S-R 

1 

S 

S 

R 

R 

S 

R 

R 

R 
Table 15 

Trees -- Conifers: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Tap. Sensitivity 

Common Name Soecia Name Zone to Ozone I I I 

3 R 

2 R 

3 R 
Table 1.6 

Ground Covers: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Temp. 

Common Name Species Name Zone to Ozone 

Sensitivity 

I I 

inca minor "Bright Eyes" 

5 

2 

R 

5 R 

R 

3 S 

R 

R 

5 I 

5 t 

5 R 

5 R 

5 R 

4 R 

5 R 

R 

~.~ 
Table 1.7 

Desert Flowers: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name Species Name 

Corsican heron bill 

cream cups 

desert annual 

desert annual 

dsat annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

dsat annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

dam annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert annual 

desert perennial 

desert winter annual 

desert winter annual 

desert winter annual 

desert winter annual 

desert winter annuat 

desert winter annual 

desert winter annual 

desert winter annual 

desert winter annual 

phacelia 

phacelia (harebell) 

Temp. 

- Zone 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

- 

Scasitivity 

to ozone 

I 

I 

R 

I 

I-R 

R 

I 

I 

S 

I 

S 

I 

I 

S 

I 

I 

I 

S 

S 

S 

R. 

R 

I 

I 

I 

R' 

I 

I 

I -R 

I-R 

I-R 

I 

I 

1 

R 

S 

I 
Table 1.8 

Weeds, Wild Plants, Houseplants, and Uncategorized: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name Sda Name 

Wotdr: 

bedstraw or madder 

bladder campion 

CG3bgrasS 

dandelion 

dock (bitter) 

dock (CW) 

gomefoot 

ironweed (New York) 

knotweed (prostrate) 

lambsquarters 

milkweed (common) 

milkweed (tall) 

plantain 

plantain 

plantain 

plantain (common) 

plantain (common) 

plantain (common) 

plantain (English) 

plantain (hoary) 

poison ivy 

ragweed 

ragweed (western) 

ragwort 

ragwort (Rugel's) 

smartweed 

vetch (American) 

vetch (sweet) 

willow weed (hairy) 

yarrow 

Wild: 

angelica 

angelica 

aniseroot 

belladonna 

bittersweet (American) 

chickory (common) 

crownbeard 

dandilion (mountain) 

Dydswoad 

ephiphytic bromeliad 

ephiphFic bromeliad 

cphipfiylic bromeliad 

m 

ephiphytic lxomeiiad 

ginscng(Amaican) 

grape 

hedock (poison) 

hysrop (nettle leafgiant 

marsh pink 

miterwwt 

moss (sphagnum) 

mas (sphagnum) 

illea millefolium 

f - 

Temp. 

- Zone 

3 

3 

3 

5 

annual 

annual 

3 

3 

annual 

3 

3 

3 

2 

6 

2 

3 

5 

la 

la 

la 

1c 

.t 

Sensitivity 

- to ozone 

R 

R 

S 

R 

I 

R 

I 

I 

1 

S 

S 

I 

S 

S 

1 

I 

I 

S 

S 

.R 

I 

R 

R 

R 

~R 

S 

S 

S 

R ~.. ~ ..c&:. ~~ 

R 

I 

1 

R 

I 

s 

R 

I 

S 

S 

S 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

I-R 

s-I 

R 

1 

I 

R 
Table 1.8 

Weeds, Wild Plants, Houseplants, and Uncategorized: 

Temperature Zones and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Common Name I 

moss (sphagnum) 

nettle 

nettle(stinging) 

oniordgarlic? (wild) 

rue (meadow) 

saxifrage 

sorrel (green) 

sorrel (sheep) 

tarweed 

thistle(Canadian) 

tickseed(wood) 

trefoil 

wild buckwheat 

speedwell 

Houseplants: 

fern (Boston) 

gloxinia 

kalanchoe 

philodendron 

poinsetta 

pothcs 

schefflera . 

violet (African) 

U~tegorizcd: 

bidlewreath 

epiphytic orchid 

epiphytic orchid 

ffleraactinophyna 

~. ~ 

Temp. Senaitivirg 

R 

I 

I 

R 

I 

R 

I 

I 

S 

R 

R 

1 

R 

R 

I 

I 

R 

I 

R 

I 

R 

I 

R 

S 

S 

SR 

R 
Table 2 

Summary of Ozone Sensitivity Classifications, by Plant Category 

Ozone Trca 

Sensitivitv Gtuta Urn Flow Shmb 

sensitive' 

No Assignment 3 3 2 4 5' 11 " " 

Resistant 34 3 86 41 53 73 11 6 

intermediate** 47 8 36 l2 24 10 2 

19 3 25 26 34 17 1 

Total I 1 1 I I 1 103 17 149 83 116 61 37 

* Includes plants listed as scnsitivc onfyand as sensitive through inta-mcdiitc or resistant. 

** Includes plants listed as intermediate onlyand as intamcdiite through resistant. 
Table 3 

List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Plant Typcl 

Common Name S&ea Name I 

bentgrass (colonial) 

bentgrass (colonial) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (redtop,common) 

bluegrass 

bluegrass (Kenmcky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (KentucAy) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

fescue (Charwings) 

fescue (creeping red) 

fescue (red) 

fescue (sheep) 

fescue (tall) 

grass (tau oats) 

ryegrass (perennial) 

ryegrass (perennial) 

ryegrass (perennial) - 

ryegrass (perennial) 

ryegrass (perennial) 

ryegrass (perennial) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

fescue (tall) 

bluegrass (Canada) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

biuegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

fcscue 

ryegrass (Italian) 

ryegrass (perennial) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

(Kentucky) 

grass (pepper) 

ryegrass (Fnnial) 

ryegrass (perennial) 

tyegrass (paemial) 

bentgrass (colonial) 

bentgrass (mloniai) 

L 

- 

Smith 

to om 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I-R 

I-R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

S 
Table 3 

List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Plant Typd 

Common Name Spccia Name I 

ktgrass (creeping) 

bentgrass (uecping) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

bluegrass (annual) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

bluegrass (Kentucky) 

fescue (Charwings) 

fescue (tall) 

~nQ==s (creeping) 

gr== (Canary) 

grass (Pepper) fescue (creeping red) 

bentgrass (creeping) 

aows: 

red clover 

red clover 

red clover 

white clover 

white clover 

white or ladino clover 

white or ladino clover 

white sweet clover 

alsike clover 

white or ladino clover 

white or ladino dover 

red dover 

white or ladinoclover 

white or ladino clover 

J30Wel-S: 

banebeny 

begonia 

begonia 

begonia 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Uatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) ' 

begonia (Elatior) 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

~UthUllUIll 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

Auysanthemum 

drysanthemum *themum 

Ehrysanthcmum 

geranium (common) 

marigold 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

tis palustris "Astoria" 

tis palustris Wolficr" 

tis palustris "Cohansey" 

is pa1usu-i~ Seaside" 

folium pratense "Chesapeake" 

lium pratense "Ottawa" 

folium pratense "Pennsmtt" 

x bicmalii "Whisper 0' Pink" 

themumsp. "CaMge Oushion" 

themum rp. "Baby Tears" 

thanum sp. .y=hris Columbus" 

themurn sp. 'Cay Blade" 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

-1 

cool 

COO1 

COO1 

Cool 

Cool 

cool 

ax31 

cool 

annual 

annual 

&XI01 

cool 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3-5 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

"1 

annual 

aonual 

annual 

3-5, tQ 

3-5, to E 

3-5, to E 

3-5, to E 

3-5, tQ 8 

' 3-5, to E 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, td8 

WUal 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 
Table 3 

List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Plant Type( 

Common Name Spccia Name 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

phlox family 

bcgonia 

begonia 

begonia 

begonia (Uatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

bluebell or lungwort 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chqsanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

cfiryMnthanum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysantbemum 

chrysanthemum 

Sqsanthemurn 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

hysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

moleus (common) 

geranium 

monkqtlower (yellow) 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

W(Seg0) 

nthemum morifolium 

nthemum sp. "Ann Ladygo" 

nthemum sp. "Bonnie Jean" 

nthemumsp. "Bright YelIowTuneful" 

nthemumsp. "Cameo" 

nthemumsp. "Dark Yellow Tokyo" 

nthemumsp. "Distinctive" 

nthemumsp. "Dolii-ette" 

nthemum sp. "Flair" 

nthemumsp. "Fuji Jess Williams" 

nthemum sp. "Fuji-Mefo" 

themum sp. "Golden Peking" 

themum sp. "Golden Yellow Princess Annc 

tbemum sp. "Indian Summef 

themumsp. "Jessamine Williams" 

themum sp. "Larry" 

themumsp. "Liptick" 

themum sp. "h4andalay 

nthemumsp."Mermaid"- - =- - ~ 

nthemumsp. "Muted Sunshine" 

themum sp. "Oregon" 

themumsp. Tik Chief" 

themumsp. "Queen's Lace" 

themum sp. "Red Desert" 

themumsp. "Redskin" 

urn sp. "White Grandchild" 

um sp. '7lellowJcancttc" 

umsp. "YelIowJeSs williams" 

etunia grandiflora bicolor "Calypso" 

etunia grandiflora "Blue Jeans" 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

annual 

annual 

annual 

4 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

3-5 

5 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5,10 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

annual 

2-7 

3 

5 

annual 

annual 

annual 

- 

Sensitivity 

to Ozone 

I 

I 

I 

I 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

~~~ R ~ 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 
Table 3 

List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Plant Type/ 

Common Name Species Name 

I 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

perunia 

petunia 

snakeroot (white) 

snapdragon "Floral Carpet" 

sunflower (common) 

trumpet creeper 

aster (purple stemmed) 

%gonia (Etatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

begonia (Elatior) 

black-eyed Susan 

rhqsanthemum 

zhrysanthemum 

%rysanthemum 

-nthemum 

chrysanthemum 

chrysanthemum 

&ysanthcmum 

coleus 

coneflower (cutleaf) 

dahlia 

m-g glory 

petunia 

petunia 

petunia 

cotoneaster 

cotoneaster 

mtoncastcr(spreading) 

tilac (common) 

viburnum (liaden) 

azalea 

azalea or rhododendron 

boxelda maple 

unia grandiflora "Biue Sea" 

unia grandiflora "cherry Blassom" 

ia x hiemali"Schwaben1irnd Red" 

L 

BE 

- 

Tap. 

- Zone 

annual 

SMUal 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annuaJ 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

annual 

3 

4 

annual 

4 

3 

annual 

annual 

annual 

4 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 3 

3-5, to 8 

3-5, to 8 

3-5,to 8 

3-5,to 8 

3-5, to 8 

annu,al 

3 

Uruavbitn 

annual 

aUiNld 

8MWl 

aMWl 

5 

5 

5 

3 

5 

6 

5 

3 

- 

Sensitivity 

to ozone 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

S 

~~ s 

S 

S 

S 

s 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

I 

f 

I 

I 

I-R 

R 

R 

R 
Table 3 

List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone 

boxwood 

euonymous 

euonymus (winged) 

f~rethorn (scarlet) 

highbush Muebeny 

holly (Hetz Japanese) 

mountain laurel 

pieris 

rhododendron 

sagebrush (big) 

spicebush 

viburnum(maple1eaf) 

Yew 

Yew 

yew(Hatfields Anglojap) 

aZalea 

azalea or rhododendron 

azalea (Hincdegiri) 

azalea (woolty) 

elderbeny (American) 

forsythia 

juniper (shore) 

lilac (Chinese) 

rhododenhon (Catawba) 

rose 

sumac (staghorn) 

sumac (winged) 

viburnum 

elderberry (black) ~ 

mock-orange (sweet) 

azalea 

Treer--Dcciduous: 

hawthorn (cockspur) 

larch (European) 

locust (thornless honcy) 

maple (red) 

mulberry 

redbud (Eastem) 

sycamore 

sycamore(Amaican) 

ash (Hesse European) 

linden (silver) 

zdkova 

alder (European bIack) 

ash (flowering) 

(red) 

-(European) 

locust (black) 

-(European) 

birch(Mack) 

bii (river) 

blackgum 

Catalpa 

derry (Sw3ent) 

deny(-t) 

Plant l&c/ 

Common Name 1 Species Name 

odendron sp. - rhododendrun 

mesia tridentata 

kururne”Snog 

catawbieascalbum 

i - 

Temp. 

- Zone 

6 

3 

3 

6 

3 

6 

5 

6 

3 

3-8 

5 

4 

3 

5 

4 

4 

6 

4 

6 

3 

3 

5 

2-5 

5 

5 

2-7 

3 

4 

4 

3-6 

4 

3-8 

4 

3 

4 

5 

3 

4-7 

6 

5-6 

5 

4 

6 

4 

6 

4 

6 

5 

3 

5 

4 

5 

5 

4 

Sensitivity 

to Ozone 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

~ s-? 

S-I 

S-R 

I 

I 

I 

I 

I 

1 

I 

I 

I 

I-R 

I-R 

I-R 

I-R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 
Table 3 

List of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone 

coffeetree(Kcnt~) 

cucumbcrtret 

elm 

elm (Amaign) 

empresswee 

filben (Turkish) 

ginkgo 

hawthorn (Washington) 

hdq (pignut) 

hophornbeam (Eastem) 

hornbeam (European) 

Japanese pagoda tree 

larch (Japanese) 

tinden(tittle1eaf) 

maple (Amur] 

maple (hedge) 

maple(Norway) 

rnaple(sihw) 

maple(sugar) 

maple (sycamore) 

oak (Mack) 

oak (northen, red) 

oak (vhite) 

oak (white) 

Osage orange 

pine (tridewne) 

%miccberry(Mlegheny) 

walnut (black) 

Ish (European mountain) 

xXton\WXd (black) 

linden (bigleaf) 

Gnden (Crimean) 

sweet gum 

Lulip poplar 

uh (white) 

&erg (black) 

plane (London) 

tree of heaven 

%sh 

(gr=n) 

%P-d (Boaering) zlm(chine9c) 

acmaechcstnut 

inden (American) 

mk (English) 

oak(~ct) 

raintrcc (panicled golden) 

SBsSafras 

ycllowaJd 

Trea--Conifen: 

pine (Austrian) 

PWlodgepde) 

fir (white) 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

4 

5 

3-6 

3 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

4 

3 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5-6 

5 

5 

5 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

3 

4 

4 

5 

4-5 

3-6 

5 

6 

4 

3 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

3 

2-1 

4 

6 

6 

f Sensitivity 

to Ozone 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

R 

s 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S 

S-I 

s-1 

S-J 

s-I 

s-I 

S-R 

S-R 

S-R 

S-R 

S-R 

S-R 

S-R 

s-R 

S-R 

S-R 

S-R 

s 

S' 

I 

I 

I-R 

. .. 
Table 3 

List Of Plants for Eastern Ozone Non-Attainment Areas 

by Type and Sensitivity to Ozone 

Plant Type/ 

Common Name Smia Name Zone to Ozone 

Temp. Sensitivity 

pine (Japanese black) 

cedar (incense) 

fir (balsam) 

hemlock (Eastern) 

holly(Arnerican) 

pine (scotch) 

spruce (black) 

spruce (blue) 

spruce (Colorado Hue) 

spruce (white) 

pine (Eastern white) 

pine (Japanese white) 

pine (Jeffrey) 

sequoia (giant) 

fu (Douglas) 

decurrens, Libocedrus dsurrens 

uoiadendron giganteum 

5 

6 S 

5 S 

4 S 

3 S 

3 R 

3 R 

3 R 

3 R 

3 R 

6 R 

4 R 

4 R 

3 R 

6 R 

I-R 
Table 4 

Summary of Ozone Sensitivity Classifjcations for Plants Potentially 

Used in East Coast Urban Landscapes, by Plant Category 

indudes shrubs and wes. 

** Indudes plants listed as sensitiveonlyand as sensitive tkdugh intermediate or resistant. 

*** Indudes plants listed as intermediate only and as intermediak through raistant. 
P 
c 

1 A 

1 I I I 1 I 1 i 

d 
1 
U 

0 

N 

I 

4 

I 

0 
r 

t 
h 

7 

U 

L.c 

*T.) 

W * 

0 

m 

42 

Q 

0 

N 

0. 

0 

0 

h 

Y 

,/ 

9 

3 

I c-( 

d 

1 

t 
u. 

a 

rrg 

a) 

k 

3 

m 

"0 

am 
c 

I 

t 
tn 

I. 

U 
.. . 
. 

3 

CI 

cd 

a, 

Q 

iL 
1 

c 

0 

z 
n 

7 

0 

Q 

0 

.- 
W 

3 
Appendix A 

Data Base of Plants and Sensitivity to Ozone 
c= " 

d 

n: 

d 

c. 

Y .- 

U 

E 

c 

2 

V. 

N 
e 

I 
P) 

C 

C 

s 

4 

0 

v, 

m 

I 
I 

N 

993229 

333333 

LL6"" 

e- - 

I 
0 

E 

0 

c" 

ir 

0 

c) 

c3 

P 

m 

d 

n 

m 

I 

< 

. 


a 

E 

0 

G 

d 

h 

Y 



U 

C 

1 
8 P 

tt t 
v. I 

N 

I 


c) 

G 

0 

s 

4 

c 

L 

c 

i i 

I. 
I 

v. I 

N 



\ 
3 

0 

3 

C 

- - n 

L 

O 

m 
I & 

1 

2 

3 

4 

S 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

l2 

13 

14 

1s 

16 

17 

16 

19 

m 

21 

n 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

3Q 

31 

32 

33 

34 

3s 

35 

37 

38 

39 

40 

41 

42 

a 

44 

4s 

4 

41 

4( 

44 

5E 

51 

52 

S? 

54 

53 

st 

si 

5t 

SJ 

U 

61 

61 

6? 

I 
Appendix A Plant Types 

Code I nw 

1 

la 

lb 

2 

,3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

9 

10 

11 

12 
\ 

Appendix B 

Annotated Bibliography of Selected Sources on Ozone Damage to Ornamentals 
Appendix,B 

Annotated Bibliography of Selected Sources on Ozone Damage to Ornamentals 

1987. Plant Hormone: Key to Ozone Toxicity? Science News. 131: 357-358. Researchers 

found that pea seedlings exposed to between 50 and 150 ppb 0, for seven hours daily for their first 

three weeks of growth showed no visible leaf injury. When seedlings grown in the absence of ozone 

for three weeks were exposed to between 50 and 150 ppb ozone for seven hours on day 21, they 

immediately developed severe leaf-tissue death. It was found the plants' production of the hormone 

ethylene was twice as great in the single-exposure group than the control group. The three-week 

exposure group produced 92 percent less ethylene than the controls. 

1989. Ozone Needles Loblolly Pines ... and Saps Sequoia Seedlings. Science News, 136(12): 

189. Duke University researchers have found that high ievels of ozone diminish long-term 

photosynthesis rates in the loblolly pine. They exposed trees in 54 chambers to five different levels 

of ozone and three of acid rain. At ozone levels triple those normally found in forest air (levels that 

exist in large cities like Atlanta and Houston), the trees experienced an 80 percent decrease in 

photosynthesis compared to those trees exposed to ambient ozone levels. New needles showed an 

unexplained increase in their photosynthetic rate which leveled off as cumulative ozone exposure 

increased. In another study, researchers discovered that loblolly pines, red spruce, and scotch pines 

exposed to high levels of ozone produce more antioxidants to overcome oxygen stress. Experiments 

by the U.S. Forest Service discovered that giant sequoia seedlings exposed to increased ozone levels 

lost carbon, indicating reduced photosynthesis and possible cell damage. Seedlings exposed to ozone 

required more light to retain carbon. "Seedlings on forest floors typically get only about two hours 

of sunlight per day and have a relatively high mortality rate, with only 10 to 15 percent sunriving their 

first year. 

~ ~ .. - ~ ~~ -- -~ -:Becker, K., M. Saurer,-A. Egger and J. Fuhrer. ~ 1989. Sensitivity of White Clcrver~to ambient^ 

Ozone in Switzerland. New Phytologisf. 112: 235-243. Three experiments were done to test the 

sensitivity of five cultivars of white clover (TrrfoZzum repens) to ambient ozone levels in Switzerland: 

1) exposure to ambient air, 2) exposure to increased ozone for eight hours per day for four days, and 

3) exposure to filtered air with ozone added daily. For all experiments, the relative sensitivities of 

the cultivars were: T. repens Ladino Sacramento > T. repens Ladino California >> T. repens Alban 

> T. repens Sonja > T. repens Milkanova. -Injury symptoms were seen when plants were exposed to 

ambient ozone levels. In the most sensitive cultivars, injury occurred after episodes with one hour 

maximum concentrations of above 120 to 140 ug/m3 occurring on several consecutive days. 

Differences in ozone sensitivity were related to differences in stomatal density, and somewhat to the 

length of the stomatal pore. 

Bennet, J., and V.C. Runeckles. 1977. Effects of Low Levels of Ozone on Plant Competition. 

Journal of Applied Ecolou. 14: 877-880. Monocultures and &res of crimson clover (Trifolium 

inearnaturn) and annual ryegrass (LoZium mult@'orum> were exposed to 0.03 ppm and 0.09 ppm 

ozone for eight hours per day for six weeks. Yield and leaf area of ryegrass in mixtures was less 

affected by ozone at 0.09 pprn than was clover, so competed more successhlly than in the lower 

ozone concentrations. Total dry weight, leaf area, leaf area ratio, and tiller number were decreased 
more in monocultures than in mixtures. Exposure to 0.03 ppm ozone reduced yields by less than 10 

percent. Exposure to 0.09 ppm reduced clover leaf area by 50 percent and of ryegrass by 35 percent 

in monocultures, while total mixture leaf area was decreased by only 26 percent. 

Benzing, David H., Joseph Arditti, Leslie Nyman, Patric Temple and James Bennett. 1992. 

Effects of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide on Four Epiphytic Bromeliads. Environmental and 

Erpm*mntal Botany. 32(1): 25-32. This study is similar to that of Nyman, et al. 1990, which was ' 

performed on epiphytic orchids. It was conducted to 1) establish threshold exposures for injury and 

physiological effects from exposure to SO, and O,, and, 2) to determine whether epiphytic bromeliads 

could replace lichens for air quality monitoring in Florida national parks. Plants were exposed to 

similar levels as the prior study: SO, (0.3,0.6, and 1.2 ppm) or 0, (0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 ppm) for six 

hours on four consecutive nights, followed by sequential exposure to 0,, 0, and SO, in combination, 

and SO2 alone for a total of six hours each time. No visible injury was observed, nor 'vas foliar 

conductance or crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) affected. Tolerance to the pollutar,:s was 

probably due to low stomatal conductance, the "insulating indumentum of absorbing foliar hairs," and 

slow metabolism. Epiphytic TiZZandsia species were found to offer advantages over lichens for air 

quality assessments. They exhibit ozone-sensitive, easily measured responses and can be transplanted 

with ease to areas ,where neither they nor lichens appear naturally. 

Berry, CR 1971. Relative Sensitivity of Red, Jack, and White Pine Seedlings to Ozone and 

Sulfur Dioxide. Phytopathology. 61: 231-232. Different age groups (three, five, and seven weeks) 

of red pine (P&Ls reskm), jack pine (P. banhima), and white pine (P. strobus) seedlings were 

exposed to 25 pphm and 50 pphm 0, for two-hour intervals. No difference insensitivity among the 

different age groups was detected. The study concluded that ozone is more injurious to these species 

than sufir dioxide. Jack pine was the most sensitive, while red pine was intermittently more tolerant. 

The article includes a table that compares the relative sensitivities of the three species to both 0, and 

so,. 

Brennan, E., and P.M. Halisky. 1970. Response of Turfgrass Cultivars to Ozone and Sulfur 

Dioxide in the Atmosphere. Phytopathology. 60: 1544-1546. Turfgrasses were exposed for six 

hours to an atmosphere containing ozone (0.23 to 0.30 ppm) of sulfur dioxide (0.75 to 1.80 ppm). 

The article includes a table that lists the degree of ozone injury for eleven turf'grass cultivars (seven 

species) fiom exposure to 0.30 ppm ozone for six hours. The table comparatively ranks the cultivars' 

degree of injury, expressed numerically on a scale of zero (no damage) to nine (severe damage). 

Bytnerowicz, A,, D.M. Olszyk, C.A. Fox, P.J. Dawson, G. Kats, C.L. Morrison, and J. Wolf. 

1988. Responses of Desert Annual Plants to Ozone and Water Stress in an In Situ Experiment. 

JAPCA. 38(9): 1145-1151. Due to spreading urbanization in the Los Angeles area, plant 

communities in the Mojave Desert may be exposed to increasing levels of ozone. To detennine the 

effects of ozone exposure on desert winter annual plants, several species growing inrrigated and 

non-irrigated plots were exposed in situ to ozone fiom an open air exposure system. The species 

used were: Camissonia ciavi$ormis, Camissonia hirtella, Cadanthus cooperi, Chaneactis 

carphociinia, Chaneactis stevioides, Cryptantha anpstifoiia, Clyptan fha pterocarya, Erodium 

B-2 
cicutarium, Festuca octoflora, Lupinus concinnus, Oenothera californica, Plantago insularis, 

Platystemon californica, Salvia columbariae, Thylepodium lasiophyllum, and Thysanocarpus 

curvipes. Plants were exposed intermittently to a gradient of ozone of concentrations ranging 

between 44 and 133 ppb (nL/L) for 35 hours over a total of 216 hours (nine days). Only three 

species were injured by ozone at the highest concentrations: Carnissionia claviformis (two percent 

total foliar injury), Camissonia hirteIla (one percent total foliar injury), and Erodium cicutarium 

(two percent total foliar injury). 

California Air Resource Board. 1991. Crop Loss Assessment Program. (Incomplete 

reference). A literature search was performed to obtain all relevant references to ozone effects on 

ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa) and Jeffery pine (Pinus jegeryi), two species thought to be most 

susceptible to ozone. Literature included specrfc dose-response information. CAR3 also calculated 

seven- and 12-hour average ozone concentrations at monitoring sites near or in forested areas to 

develop ozone isopleths in the forested areas of California. CARB cited Miller et al. (1983) who 

hmigated 1 1 species of western conifer seedlings and two hybrids with 0.36 ppm ozone for 12 hours 

per day for 37 days under natural forest conditions. Ranked in order from most to least sensitive are: 

Pinus jefferyi x P. coulleri hybrid, P. monticola, P. ponderosa, P. jefferyi, Abies concotor, P. 

coulteri, A. magn'lfica, P. radiata x P. attenuata, Calocedrus decurrens, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, 

Pinus lambertiana, P. ponderosa var. scopulorum. Ozone levels in forest ecosystems have been 

observed to be suffkientiy high to alter tree species composition in forest succession. The report 

includes a substantial -summary of results from field studies of ozone damage in California conifer- sppIt also includes seven and 12-hour ozone monitoring data, by month, for various areas in California, 

and maps of coincident ozone and Ponderosa and Jeffery pine distribution 

Colorado State University Experiment Station. n.d. Ozone and Ethylene Effects on Some 

Ornamental Plant Species. General Series 974. While ethylene is not a major pollutant, it is "a 

common and serious problem in the florist industry." Nineteen ornamental plant species, usually at 

100 to 150 ppb ozone combined for two or three weeks. Acute effects were observed on most 

species, with greater damage fiom combined ethylene/ozone exposure. Injury included collapsed 

tissue, black necrosis of leaf tips and margins, glossy and deformed leaflets, epinasty, and other 

conditions. Despite the high dosage of ethylene, typical ethylene effects were not always observed. 

In general, slower growing species such as Boston fern, Croton, Pothos and PhiIodendrm showed 

less damage than Coleus, Fuchsia, Geranium or Schefflera. The bulletin contains extensive 

photographs of damage to species to be used as an aid in diagnosis. 

~ ~ .~~ salea le ab le" size were exposed~to 500 ppb ethylene, l00~to 150 ppb ozone, or 500 ppb ethylene and 

Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Poilutants. 1977. Ozone and 

Uthm Photochemical oxidants Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. Ch. 11. This 

chapter is a critical review of research on the effects in plants and microorganisms of photochemical 

oxidants, including ozone, and includes an extensive bibliography on related work. The text describes 

vegetative injury: visible and subtle, acute and chronic, and symptoms. It discusses physiological and 

.biochemical effects, chemical basis of toxicity, effect on reproduction and life cycles, biomass and 

yields, ambient level field studies and chamber studies, environmental factors affecting plant response, 

B-3 
pollutant interactions, pollutant-pathogen interactions, plant protection through breeding, sprays, and 

cultural (land use) practices, and plants as biological pollutant monitors. The chapter lists tables of 

growth reductions fiom short and long term exposures for selected agricultural, tree, understory, and 

ornamental flower species, sensitive and resistant cultivars for agricultural and ornamental flowers, 

response to ozone as a fbnction of environmental factors for trees and crop species, and foliar and 

growth responses to su&r dioxide and ozone mixtures. It briefly discusses economic assessment of 

ozone injury to plants, but focuses largely on crop plants. It examines dose-response relationships 

in plants and gives tables listing: 1) ozone concentrations for short term exposures that produce five 

percent or 20 percent injury to vegetation grown under sensitive conditions for sensitive, 

intermediate, and resistant plants, 2) concentration, time, response equations for three susceptibility 

groups and for selected plants or plant types with respect to ozone, and 3) rates of ozone uptake by 

selected species. It gives a substantial species list of sensitive, intermediate, and resistent plants 

including reference. 

Cooley, D.R, and-W.J. Manning. 1987. The Impact of Ozone on Assimilate Partitioning in 

Plants: A Review. Environmental Pollution. 47: 95-113. The authors examined experiments 

which compared weights of various plant organs (root, leaves, stems, etc.) fi-om plants grown in 

ozone and control atmospheres. Their goal was to answer the question: "Do plants compensate for 

0, stress by partitioning relatively greater amounts of assimilate to economicaly important sinks?" 

At relatively low levels of ozone (0.05 to 0.10 ppm), plants will generally divert assimilate to leaves 

in favor of roots. Ozone~~exposure reduces the number of flowers, fruits and/or seeds. At higher 

ozone levels (greater than 0.10 ppm), exposure severely reduces photosynthesis, causing dramatic 

growth reductions. 

Costonis, A.C., and W.A. Sinclair. 1969. Relationships of Atmospheric Ozone to Needle Blight 

of Eastern White Pine. Phytopathology, 59: 1566-1574. Studies indicated that needle blight is 

a symptom caused by ozone injury. Sensitive trees developed symptoms of severe injury after 

~ ~ exposure to three pphm ozone for 48 hours or seven pphm for four hours. Polyethylene bags 

(covering selected branches) proved to prevent injury. 

Cox, RM., J. Spavold-Tims and R.N. Hughes. 1989. Acid Fog and Ozone: Their Possible 

Role in Birch Deterioration Around the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 

48: 263-276. Areas of deteriorating white birch stands overlap with the often acidic (pH 3.6 April 

to October) "Fundy Fog." Leaf browning was not signifi&tiy related to ozone levels, but there was 

an inverse relationship between ozone level (up to100 ppb difference) and fog, which warrants more 

study. 

Davis, D.D., and J.M. Skeliy. 1992. Growth Response of Four Species of Eastern Hardwood 

Tree Seedlings Exposed to Ozone, Acidic Precipitation, and Sulfur Dioxide. Journal of the Air 

& Waste Management Assoddom 42(3): 309-311. The goal of this study was to determine if air 

pollutants affect the growth and productivity of black cherry (Prumrs serotina), red maple (her 

rubrum), northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) seedlings. 

Seedlings were treated with either 40 or 80 ppb 0,, combined with acidic precipitation at pH 3 .O or 

B-4 
4.2 and SO2 at zero or 300 ppb. Foliar injury was commonly a dark adaxial stipple on the oldest 

leaves. The most sensitive species was black cherry (61 percent leaf injury). Yellow-poplar exhibited 

an average of 33 percent leaf injury, and red maple had 11 percent. Red oak only averaged five 

percent foliar injury. The article includes a table that lists different response variables based on either 

40 or 80 ppb ozone exposure. 

Davis, D.D., and J.M. Skelly. 1992. Foliar Sensitivity of Eight Eastern Hardwood Tree Species 

to Ozone. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 62: 269-277. Seedlings of black cherry (Prunus 

serotina), red maple (Acer rubrum), red oak (Quercus rubra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styracljlua), 

white ash (Fraxinus americana), white oak (Quercus alba), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), 

and yellow birch (BetuZa allegheniensis) were exposed to zero, 0.075, or 0.15 uL/L 0, for six hours 

per day on two consecutive days for 12 weeks- "Based on percent leaf tissue showing stipple and 

defoliation fo1loW;ng exposure to 0.15 ULL 0,, the most sensitive species to 0, was black cherry, 

followed by sweetgm, yellow-poplar, white ash, red maple, and yellow birch. Red oak and white 

oak foliage did not exhibit stipple." The article contains figures detailing the influence of leaf position 

on injury, and includes a table that lists the influence of ozone on foliar response of the eight 

hardwood species to various exposure levels. 

Davis, D.D., and F.A. Wood. 1973. The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Sensitivity 

of Virginia Pine to Ozone. Phytopathology. 63: 371-376. Virginia pine seedlings and plants were 

ozone sensitivity. Seedlings and three-year old plants were injured more severely during exposure 

to ozone and higher humidity than when exposed to ozone and lower humidity. Plants conditioned 

kept at a lower temperature. Seedlings and plants kept in the dark before exposure to ozone suffered 

injury; those kept in light were not injured. The article contains several figures that illustrate the 

influence of humidity, temperature, and light on the sensitivity of Virginia pine to ozone. 

. .. .~ exposed to 25 pphm 0, for four hours to test for the influence of humidity, temperature, and light on 

~~ or maintained at higher temperatures before or after exposure were more severely injured~than plants 

Davis, D.D., and F.A. Wood. 1973. The Influence of Plant Age on the Sensitivity of Virginia 

Pine to Ozone. Phytopathology. 63: 381-388. Seedlings were exposed to 25 pphm 0, for four 

hours at various stages of growth to determine the influence of plant age on sensitivity to ozone. 

Three-year old dormant plants were exposed to 10 or 25 pphm for 24 or 48 hours, or 50 pphm for 

one, two, or four hours. To establish dose-response curves, seedlings of each leaf type were exposed 

to 25 pphm 0, for one to eight hours. This article includes several figures that show the influence 

of age on the sensitivity of Virginia pine. Influence of tissue age and needle age are also detailed. 

In an early study, the author found Virginia pine tobe the most susceptible of 18 coniferous species 

exposed to ozone. 

Dowse& Salley, Robert Anderson and William Hoffard. 1992. Review of Selected Articles on 

Ozone Sensitivity and Associated Symptoms for Plants Commonly Found in the Forest 

Environment. Atlanta, GA: USDA Forest Service Southern Region, Forest Pest Management. 

Technical Publication RS-TP 18. December. Plant species are used as bio-indicators of ozone 

presence and intensity. This review of 97 articles identifies 201 species that could be used as 

B-5 
indicators, rating them on the basis of high, intermediate or low sensitivity to ozone. Species are 

listed based on visible damage to leaves, not on effects on e.g., shoot growtb root growth, biomass 

production, or photosynthesis. Based on the review, 126 species were classified as tolerant, 56 as 

intermediate and 89 as susceptible to visible damage fiom ozone. Species are presented in tables 

listing common name, scientific name, symptom type, test method, and information source. 

Edwards, Nelson, Gerry Edwards, J. Michael Kelly and George Taylor. 1992. Three-year 

Growth Responses of Pinus taeda L. [loblolly pine] to Simulated Rain Chemistry, Soil 

Magnesium Status, and Ozone. Wuter, Air, and Soil Pollution 63: 105-118. Height, diameter, 

and mass were measured for loblolly pine seedlings exposed to sub-ambient (about 20 nL/L average, 

40 nLL peak), ambient (about 35 nL/L average, 70 nLLL peak), and twice-ambient (about 60 nL/L 

average, 110 nL/L peak) ozone concentrations fiom May to October 1987, 1988, and 1989. Annual 

reductions in biomass accumulation in seedings exposed to the highest to lowest ozone levels were 

14 percent, 1 1.4 percent, and eight percent, respectiveiy. Twice-ambient ozone-exposed seedlings 

had the greatest height growth; sub-ambient ozone-exposed seedlings had the greatest diameter 

growth. Elevated ozone concentrations reduced tissue density. 

Elkiey, T., and D.P. Ormrod. 1981. Sulphur and Nitrogen Nutrition and Misting Effects on 

the Response of Bluegrass to Ozone, Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide or Their Mixture. 

Witer, Air, and Soil PoLLK~~o~L 16: 177-186. "Cheri," "Merion," and "Touchdown" Kentucky 

bluegrass (Poa pvatensis) cultivarswere grown with complete nutrition or with low S or low N. 

Treatments included 1) control; 2) 10 pphm 0, for six hours per day; 3) 15 pphm SO, 24 hours per 

day; 4) 15 pphm NO, 24 hours per day; and; 5) a combination of Z), 3) and 4). Exposures lasted for 

10 days without misting. Treatments were conducted a second time, adding a mist of deionized water 

for five min. periods twice daily. In most cases, severity of injury increased when the plants were 

misted with the deionized water, especially in the relatively insensitive "Touchdown" cultivar. Low 

S or low N usually increased the impact of SO, or NO,, respectively, but not ozone. 

Elkiey, T., and D.P. Onnrod. 1980. Response of Turfgrass Cuitivars to Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, 

Nitrogen Dioxide, or their Mixture. Journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science. 

105(5): 664-668. Eighteen cultivars of six species (Poapratensis, Agrostis alba, A. palustris, 

A. tenuis, Festuca rubra, and Lollium perenne) of cool season turf grass were exposed to 15 pphm 

ozone or a mixture of 15 pphm 0,, 15 pphm su&r dioxide, and 15 pphm sulfbr dioxide for six hours 

daily for ten days. Each variable contained two replicates of two pots each. Most common 

symptoms of injuries on sensitive cultivars were bleaching and necrosis of leaves, with some cultivars 

showing dark brown necrosis and stippling due to 0, exposure. Cultivars varied fiom very sensitive 

to insensitive. Some cultivars showed less leaf area production but no visible injury symptoms; others 

had leaf injury without reduced area of uninjured leaves. Combined exposure caused more leaf injury 

and reduced kaf+area production than exposure to single gases. Studies that test exposure to single 

pollutants could provide inaccurate estimates of sensitivity outdoors where several pollutants may 

occur simultaneously. The article includes a table of species and'cultivars and leaf injury or decreased 

leaf area due to air pollutants. 

~. ~~ ~~ ~ .. . . 

3-6 
Ensing, J., and G. Hofstra. 1982. Impact of the Air Pollutant Ozone on Acetylene Reduction 

and Shoot Growth of Red CEover. Journal of Plant Pathologv. 4: 237-42. Red clover (TrlfZium 

prafense) was exposed to ambient ozone levels (a maximum of 0.8 ppm to 0.12 ppm) and to 0.20 

ppm ozone for six hours per day for four days. In both experiments, plants exposed to ozone showed 

leafbronzing. Bronzing was only observed at 0.12 ppm levels; 0.10 ppm did not produce detectable 

injuries. By seven to ten days following exposure, nitrogen fixation in exposed plants approached 

that of unexposed plants. The authors concluded that ambient levels of ozone in Ontario have the 

potential to injure red clover leaves and reduce growth and nitrogen fixation. 

Evans, Lance, and Michael Leonard. 1991. Histological Determination of Ozone Injury 

Symptoms of Primary Needles of Giant Sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Bucch.). New 

PhytoZogisL 117: 557-64. Giant sequoia seedings were exposed to ambient (100 to 221 ppm per 

hour in 1986, 125 to 215 pprn per hour in 1987) and 1.5 times ambient levels of ozone in Sequoia 

and Kings Canyon National Parks in California in 1986 and 1987. The percentage of plasmolyzed 

primary needle cells did not correlate with ozone levels, but, in 1986 only, the percentage of 

amorphously stained and dead cells .taken together showed a significant response to dose (y = 29.9 

+ 0.260~). In both years, higher ozone levels killed more needle cells; Cell death in the experiments 

ranged from 0.9 to 6.2 percent. Cell death averaged 5.1 percent from all samples taken from the two 

parks. 

~~~ Feder, W.A., and ~F.J. Campbell. 1968. Influence of Low Levels of-Ozone on Flowering of 

Carnations. PlzyfopufhoZugy. 58: 1038-1039. Tip burn appeared 48 hours after carnations were 

exposed to oxidant levels of 0.12 to 0.15 ppm for eight hours. Also, an average of 0.075 ppm for 

approximately 10 days caused damage if the plants were exposed around the time of bud initiation. 

The authors concluded that "carnations grown in the presence of ozone at levels below which visible 

injury usually appears were adversely affected." 

.. ~" ~~ ~ ~ . ~ Feder, W.A., F.L. Fox, W.W. Heck, and F.J.-Carnpbell.-.l969. -Varietal Responses of Petunia ~ ~. 

to Several Air Pollutants. Plant Disease Reporter. 53(7): 506-10. Fifteen varieties of petunia 

were exposed to ozone, sulfur, dioxide, peroxyacetyl nitrate, nitrogen dioxide and irradiated auto 

exhaust (each separately). Varieties resistant to one kind of pollutant are often resistanto the others. 

The most sensitive variety was "White Cascade," while "Red Magic" was "quite sensitive" to four 

individual pollutants. The least sensitive were "Cherry Blossom" and "Blue Danube." 

Findlay, S., and C.G. Jones. 1990. Exposure of Cottonwood Plants to Ozone Alters 

Subsequent Leaf Decomposition. Oecologia. 82: 248-250. The authors investigated the effects 

of acute ozone exposure on subsequent decomposition of leaf litter corn cottonwood (PopuZus 

deltoides), by exposing plants to 200 ppb ozone for five hours. This resulted in early leaf abscission 

and higher nitrogen content in the leaves. Contrary to general predictions, the high nitrogen leaves 

were slower to decompose. 

Flagler, RB., and V.B. Youngner. 1982. Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Effects on Three Tall 

Fescue Cultivars. Journal ofEnvironmentaZ Quality. 2(3): 413-416. This study examines the 

B-7 
effects of ozone on the marketable yields of three cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundznacea), 

"Alta," "Fawn," and "Kentucky 3 1." The cultivars were exposed to zero to 0.40 ppm 0, six hours 

per day, once a week, for seven to nine weeks. Increased ozone exposure significantly decreased the 

yield and weight per tiller of each cultivar. 

Gagnon, Z.E., and D.F. Karnosky. 1992. Physiological Response of Three Species of 

Sphagnum to Ozone Exposure. Journal of BryoL. 17: 81-91. Peatlands have become more 

threatened due to the increasing number of nearby air pollution sources. Very little is known about 

the affects of poflutants on Sphagnum, especialiy ozone. In this study, three species of Sphagnum 

(Sphagtmm magelianicum, Sphprnflexuosum, and Sphagnum rubellurn) were placed in open-top 

chambers. Two chamber treatments (charcoal-filtered and twice ambient [ZX]) and an open, nonchambered plot were used, with the total ozone exposures being 80,40, and 0.4 ppm respectively. 

After ten weeks of exposure, the results clearly indicated that ozone had a significant effect on growth 

in length, photosynthesis, and chiorophyll content. Differences were also recorded among species. 

Glater, RA.B. 1956. Smog Damage to Ferns in the Los Angeles Area. Phytopathology. 46: 

696-698. Smog damage to ferns is distinct from injury caused to other plants. "Damage manifested 

itself as a tan spotting of leaflets, followed by local or general dehydration of the affected areas, 

ending in necrosis of the entire leaf." ApproximateIy 24 hours after smog exposure, injury to ferns 

was evident. Within 48 hours, the leaves become "completely dehydrated, turn brown and brittle, and 

crumble n 

'I .. 

Haagen-Smit, A.J., Ellis Darley, Milton Zaitlin, Herbert Hull and Wilfred Noble. 1952. 

Investigation on Injury to Plants from Air Pollution in the Los Angel=-Area. -Plant PhysioZogy. 

27: 18-34. Spinach, endive, beets, oats, and alfalfa were exposed to 0.20 ppm ozone by volume for 

five hours. Beets and oats showed no injury, and spinach, endive and aWfa showed injury not typical 

of smog damage. However, when ozone, peroxide, and unsaturated hydrocarbons were mixed, 

-~~. .~ 

~ ." . . -typical smog-~damage-occarred- aRer 4.5 to five-houss damage. :-...-.--l-. . :=-- :-= .- -~z-..:=l.:.-.r.p. =- ~~... :.-~ 

Harward, Max, and MichaeI Treshow. 1975. Impact of Ozone on the Growth and 

Reproduction of Understorey Plants in the Aspen Zone of Western U.S.A. Environmental 

Conservation. 2(1): 17-23. Fourteen plants representative of the aspen community understory of 

the western U.S. were exposed to ambient air (peaks of five to seven pphm for two hours per day), 

15 pphm, and 30 pphm for three hours per day, five times a week, for three growing seasons (June 

to September). Chlorosis, necrosis, and leaf senescence were seen in the more sensitive species. 

Symptoms appeared in the most sensitive species after three to four weeks of exposure to ambient 

levels. All species were injured at 15 pphm and 30 pphm, with sensitive species showing symptoms 

within a week of exposure. Percent leafinjury at harvest ranged from zero to 50 at ambient levels 

(seven plants damaged), 15 to 100 at 15 pphm, and 55 to 100 at 30 ppb. Root and shoot dry 

weight and seeds produced per plant were also measured. Growth was reduced at higher ozone 

levels. Timing of flowering was changed, and the numbers of flowers and fruits produced were 

decreased in some species due to ozone exposure. Most species were highly sensitive to ozone'. Only 

two (Chenopodium aibum and Desm&wia sp.) were moderately resistant. 

B-8 
Eleagle, Allen, Joseph Miller, Dorothy Sherrill and John Rawlings. 1993. Effects of Ozone and 

Carbon Dioxide Mixtures on Two Clones of White Clover. New Phytologist. 123: 751-62. 

Ozone sensitive PC-S) and resistant (NC-R) clones of white clover were treated with ozone levels 

of five and 82 nL/L for si hours per day and with carbon dioxide treatments of 380 (ambient), 490, 

600, and 710 ppm for 24 hours per day for eight weeks. CO, enrichment decreased foliar gas 

exchange in NC-R more than in NC-S, while 0, decreased gas exchange of NC-S more than that of 

NC-R. NC-S was severely injured by ozone, while NC-R was slightly injured. Ozone decreased the 

growth of NC-S, but not NC-R, while CO, enrichment increased the growth of both. 

Heagle, Allen, Michael McLaughlin, Joseph Miller, Ronald Joyner and Susan Spruill. 1991. . 

Adaptation of a White Clover Population to Ozone Stress. New Phytologis?. 119: 61-68. White 

clover (Trifoolium repens "Regal") and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea "Kentucky 3 1 'I) were grown 

together in a field for two seasons and exposed to six ozone regimes ranging from 0.59 times ambient 

(27 ppb average) to 1.95 times ambient (89 ppb average). .More clover plants suwived in the low 

ozone treatments than in the high ozone treatments. Fescue was less sensitive toozone than white 

clover. Surviving clover plants were cloned and exposed to ozone regimes from 150 ppb to 300 ppb 

ozone for 5.5 hours. Only one sf the 33 clones that suwived the 0.59 times ambient exposure regime 

was resistant to short term ozone exposure, while 19 of the 30 clones surviving 1.95 times ambient 

exposure were resistant to sho;rt term ozone exposure. As well, eight clones that survived the 0.59 

times ambient exposure regime were sensitive to short term ozone exposure {more plants injured, 

-average foliar injury 58 percent), while none of the c1one.s surviving 1-.95 times ambient exposure -~ ~ 

were sensitive {fewer plants injured, 34 percent average foliar injury). This series of experiments 

indicates that white clover can develop ozone resistance when ozone is a predominant selection 

pressure. 

Heck, Walter, John Dunning and LJ. Hindawi. 1965. Interactions of Environmental Factors 

on the Sensitivity of Plants to Air Pollution. Juurnd of the Air Pollution Control Association 

on air pollution sensitivity in plants. Variables discussed are: light (quality, intensity, and duration), 

temperature, carbon dioxide eoncentration, humidity, wind, and soil (moisture, aeration, nutrient 

levels, and texture). Relative dose-response levels are given for: photoperiod in annual bluegrass; 

light intensity in alfalfa, tomato, pinto bean, cotton, tobacco, and endive; temperature and tobacco, 

alfalfa, and buckwheat; soil moisture and petunias; nutrient levels and alfalfa, buckwheat, tobacco, ~ 

pinto bean, spinach, lettuce, barley, and oats. 

~ 

.~~ -~ - ~~. ~ . ~~ -=45(1-1); " 51 1-5-15, - Thls-~mide reviewsresearch-done on-theimpad ofseveral. environmental variables..-=--=~z :.=- 

Hibben, C.R. 1969. Ozone Toxicity to Sugar Maple. Phy?opu?hology. 59: 1423-1428. 

Experiments were conducted both in a laboratory and in the field. Sugar maples (her saccharum) 

were exposed to various doses of ozone at different exposure intervals. It was concluded that the 

"threshold level for visible injury to maple foliage after short exposures was 20 to 30 pphm for two 

hours." In addition, ''extended intermittent doses as low as 10 pphm at two hours per day for 14 days 

caused slight injury." 

Hibben, C.R 1969. Plant Injury by Oxidant-type Pollutants in the New Vork City 

B-9 
\ 

Atmosphere. Plant Disease Reporter. 53(7): 544-48. Over a period of four years, snowstorm 

petunia, ornamental tobacco, eastern white pine, common and hybrid lilacs and oxidant-sensitive 

rubber strips were exposed to Brooklyn air, unfiltered and filtered (at the time, the most heavily 

polluted "industrial area" in the country). Oxidants were present in unfiltered air at phytotoxic levels, 

as shown by cracked rubber strips and damage to plants, including adaxial and bifacial flecks and 

abaxial glaze and discoloration. Most severely injured were ornamental tobacco and eastern white 

pine. Although growth was not measured, plants in unfiltered air clearly showed less gro'wth than 

those in filtered air. While the oxidants were not specifically identified, damage resembling that 

caused by ozone in other experiments implicated that ozone was one of the phytotoxicants. 

Hill, A.C. 1961. Plant Injury Induced by Ozone. Phyfopafhology. 51: 356-362. Phytotoxicity 

of ozone to 34 (mostly agricultural) species was studied in controlled-atmosphere greenhouses. 

Plants were exposed to 0.13 to 0.72 ppm ozone for two-hour periods every one to two weeks. The 

plants were grouped into sensitivity categories based on the level of ozone require? to produce injury 

symptoms (chlorotic mottling, necrotic bleaching ofthe upper leaf surface, and bifacial necrotic spots 

that extended throughout the leaf). Sensitive plants were those injured at ozone levels of less than 

0.30 ppm, intermediate plants were injured at ozone levels of 0.30 to 0.40 ppm, and resistent plants 

were not injured (if at all) bylevels below 0.40 ppm. 

Hirichsen, Don. 1987. The Forest Decline Enigma: What Underlies Extensive Dieback on 

suIphur dioxide, nitrogen, ammonia, organic chemicals, acid rain) and extent of forest decline in North 

American and Europe. The total affected area is at least seven million hectares (16.5 million acres). 

The Union of German Forest Owners estimated the 1985 loss due to forest death at $1 billion for the 

Federal Republic of Germvy. Forest decline differs among the two continents. In Europe, only 1 1 

species are alfected: four of the most important conifers (Norway spruce, silver fir, Scotch pine, and 

European larch) and seven broad-leafed trees (European beech, silver birch, European ash, European 

patuaea). , In North America, forest death appears to affect only conifers. 

~. ~ -~ Two Cont.inents?~-ce. 37(8):-542-546.~ -This article examines-the potentidcauses (ozone, . ~ 

~. ~. ~~~~- . ". .. :-= :$der, common map~-rAcer-pseudopZatanus]), and-_twospecies..ofoak~~~e~~~~zla6ar_an~.CZlu~rc;lzr

.~_ . . .~. -. 

Jagels, R, J. Cadisle, R Cunningham, S. Serreze and P. Tsai. 3989. Impact of Acid Fog and 

Ozone on Coastal Red Spruce. Water, Air, and Soil Poilution. 48: 193-208. Red spruce with 

decline symptoms have been associated with the combination of high levels of ozone and acid fog 

along the coast of Maine. Trees in the mid-coast in well-buffered soils develop symptoms of late 

winter injury. Trees on poorer soils develop chlorosis on upper surfaces of older needles. Ozone 

levels contributed by plumes fiom the Boston area were 130-154 ppb. Mid-coast ozone levels were 

even higher: 200 ppm at Isle au Haut in June, 150 to 180 ppb at south coast sites. Researchers found 

that some ozone was possibly generated fiom NO, and. hydrocarbons fiom trees. Coastal ozone 

levels exceeded those found at any inland site in Maine. 

Jensen, Keith and Leon Dochinger. 1989. Response of Eastern Hardwood Species to Ozone, 

Sulfur Dioxide, and Acid Precipitation. JAPCA. 39: 852-55. For 16 weeks seedlings of ten 

eastern hardwood species were subjected to hmigation and acid rain treatments in greenhouse 

B-10 
conditions. The treatments were: zero, 0.07 and 0.15 ppm 0,; zero and 0.02 ppm SO2; and acid rain 

treatments with pHs of 3.0, 3.5 and 4.2. Ozone and acid rain exposure significantly affected leaf dry 

weight, leaf area and/or new-growth dry weight of six of the species. The ten species were divided 

into two groups: those sensitive to air pollution which showed foliar injury or diminished growth, 

and those that were tolerant. Sensitive species included white ash, yellow birch, sweetgum, red 

maple, yellow-poplar and sugar maple. Tolerant species were white oak, shagbark hickory, American 

beech and European beech. The study concludes that ozone is probably more hadl than acid rain. 

Jensen, Keith. 1973. Response of Nine Forest Tree Species to Chronic Ozone Fumigation. 

Pla&.Disease RepoHm. 57(11): 914-17. One-year old seedlings of nine tree species were exposed 

to 30 pphm of ozone for eight hours per day for five months. Height and leaf development were 

measured against a control group. Sycamore, sugar maple and silver maple showed the greatest 

reductions in growth as a result of exposure to ozone, whiie yellow-poplar, silver maple and white 

ash showed significant decline in leaf production. 

Juhren, Marcella, Wilfred Noble and F.W. Went. 1957. The Standardization of Poa annua 

as an Indicator of Smog Concentrations. I. Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod and Light 

Intensity During Growth of the Test-plants. Plant Physiology. 32: 576-586. Poa annua (annual 

bluegrass) has been reported as one of the most smog-sensitive plants observed in the field. Because 

it is also easy to grow and shows injury with measurable bands of damage on its leaves, it was 

~ ~ suggested for use as an- indicator species for detecting smog concentrations. Ten Poa annua-plants 

were placed in test chambers each day in 12 locations around Los Angeles County. Plant injuries 

were measured daily and judged high, medium, or low. Sensitivity to smog differed among growing 

conditions, but overall Poa mnua stayed sensitive except in very hot conditions. Young-mature 

tissues were the most susceptible. Damage was consistently greater in shorter (eight-hour) 

photoperiods than longer (12- or 16-hour) photoperiods. Plants grown in warm conditions showed 

the highest sensitivity to smog, while plants grown in hot temperatures showed the lowest sensitivity. 

grown in cool temperatures lost sensitivity when moved to hot temperatures. Damage was greater 

in unshaded versus shaded plants (because of stomatal opening). 

Koritz, Helen G., and F.W. Went. 1953. The Physiological Action of smog on Plants. I. 

Initial Growth and Transportation Studies. PZani PhysioZogy. 28: 50-62. Tomato plants were 

tested for biomass as a hnction of exposure to smog. Plants were fbmigated for one hour daily for 

six days with 0.1 ppm ozone and 1 -n-hexene vapors and then harvested on the seventh day. Plants 

exposed to smog had decreased leaf area, total biomass, and height compared to controls. Damage 

possibly varied as a hnction of plant age., Factors favoring the opening of stomata appeared to also 

increase smog sensitivity. 

~ 

-- - .~~~.- . ~ ~~." -- ~~ =.Plants grown in hkconditions gained in sensitivity when exposed to-cool temperatures, and- plants -::~ = -=-- ~~ ~ : 

Lumis, G.P., and D.P. Ormrod. 1978. Effects of Ozone on Growth of Four Woody 

Ornamental Plants. Gznadim Journal of Plant Science 58: 769-773. Four coniferous species: 

Pfitzer juniper, tamarix juniper, dense yew and pyramid white cedar, were exposed to zero, 10 or 20 

pphm of ozone for four consecutive days each week, six hours per day, for six or seven weeks. No 

B-11 
visible injury was observed. Pfitzer juniper and especially dense yew showed an increase in shoot 

elongation after exposure to low levels of ozone, while white cedar elongated most at high levels of 

ozone. Tamark juniper grew most with no ozone exposure. Under high levels of ozone, plants had 

generally lower chlorophyll content, while Pfitzer juniper had increased levels of chlorophyll a and 

b under low levels of ozone. It was proposed that ozone may promote stem elongation by interfering 

with the balance of growth promoters and inhibitors. 

Miller, P.R, J.R Parmeter, O.C. Taylor, and E.A. Cardiff. 1963. Ozone Injury to the Foliage 

of Pinus ponderosa. Phytopathology. 53: 1072-1076. Ozone injury occurred in needles of 

ponderosa pine exposed to 0.5 ppm 0, for nine to 18 days. The chlorophyll content of needles was 

decreased when exposed to ozone for 18 days. 

Miller, Paul R, and Arthur Millecan. 1971, Extent of Oxidant Air Pollution Damage to Some 

Pines and Ot5er Conifers in California. Plant Disease Reporter. 55(6): 555-60. Air pollution 

damage was investigated on 16 native conifer species in California over a three-year period. Pinus 

ponderosa, P. jefieyi, P. coulterj, P. radiata and ,Pseudotsuga macrocaTa were the most 

susceptible to damage. Damage to trees was consistently associated with areas downwind of 

population centers. "Choose-and-cut" Christmas tree farms in the south coast air basin, using P. 

radiata, showed sigmficant injury &om air pollution, with up to 10 percent of the trees unmarketable. 

Oxidant air pollution damage is synonymous with X-disease, chlorotic decline and ozone needle 

mottle. 

Montes, RA., U. Blum, A.S. Heagle, and RJ. Volk 1983. The Effects of Ozone and Nitrogen 

Fertilizer on TalLFescue, Ladino Clover, and a Fescue-Clover Mixture.-.ll. Nitrogen Content 

and Nitrogen Fixation. Canadian Journal ofBotany. 61: 2159-2168. The authors demonstrate 

that "nitrogen fixation and system nitrogen of a clover and fescue-clover pasture could potentially be 

reduced by ambient 0, concentrations, that the concomitant loss of clover in fescue-clover pastures 

modified by nitrogen fertilization." 

~~ 

.. ~~~~ ~ " - . .. . ~ ~ ~~ . 

~. . . .~ ~ ~ Gould result in reduced-forage quaIity,-and that, the effectsof O,_on-n.et.system~~~ro.gen,?le~e~~no~~ .~ .~ .~. 

Mortensen, Leiv M., and Oddvar She. 1990. Effects of Low Ozone Concentrations on 

Growth of Betulapubescens Ehrh., Betula verrucosa Ehrh., and Ahus incana L. Moench. New 

Phytologist. 115: 156-170. Seedlings of these three species were exposed in growth chambers to 

four levels of ozone concentration (225, 35, 53 and 82 nL/L) for 50 days. In all three species shoot 

and root dry weight decreased almost linearly with increasing ozone concentrations. Shoot/root and 

leafhem dry weight ratios were unaffected by ozone concentration, while leaf senescence was 

significantly increased by greater concentrations of ozone. Visible injury was observed at ozone 

concentrations of 53 ALL, and above. Wilting occurred at 35 nL/L ozone. 

Nyman, Leslie, David Benzing, Patric Temple and Joseph Arditti. 1990. Effects of Ozone and 

Sulfur Dioxide on Two Epiphytic Orchids. Environmetttal and &perimental Botany. 30(2): 

207-13. Encyclia tmpmis and Epidendrum rigidurn, two epiphytic orchids, are species that carry 

out gas exchange at night via crassulacean acid metabolism or CAM. In this study they were exposed 

B-12 
to SOz (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 ppm) or Q (0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 ppm) for six hours on four consecutive 

nights, "during the period of maximal stomatal conductance." Some plants were then exposed 

sequentially to 0,, 0, and SO, in combination, and then SO, for a total of six hours each time. This 

exposure did not cause visible injury to the plants, nor did exposure effect stomatal conductance and 

nighttime carbon fixation. The resistance to the pollutants may be due to structural factors of the 

plants as well as to generally higher resistance of CAM plants to air pollutants. 

Preston, Kris. 1993. Selection for Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone Tolerance in Brows rubens 

Along the South Central Coast of California. Annals of the Association of American 

Geographers. 83(1): 141-55. Bromus rubens plants, a species of exotic annual grass widely 

distributed in central and southern California, were exposed to three levels of SO2 (0.05, 0.2 and 0.5 

ppm) and 0, (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 ppm), alone and in combination, for live weeks. Seeds from two 

populations were used in the experiment, one fiorn an area growing downwind from an oil refinery, 

the other fiom a relatively pollution-free area. PIants originating from the polluted site were found 

to be substantially more vigorous when exposed to SO, and slightly more resistant to 0, than those 

from the unpolluted site. Resistance to pollutants may be. due to a decrease in stomatal conductance 

(a pollution-avoidance mechanism) andor a fertilizer effect from SO,. The results have implications 

for natural selection of pollutant-sensitive and -resistant strains of plants. 

Reiling, K., and A.W. Davison. 1992. The Response of Native, Herbaceous Species to Ozone: 

Growth and Fluorescence Screening. New Phytologist. 120: 29-37.--Thirty-two native European 

species were tested for sensitivity to ozone levels of 70 nL,/L given for seven hours per day for two 

weeks. Six species showed visible injury symptoms, and 14 showed significant reductions in relative 

growth rates. There was little correlation between visible symptoms and growth reduction. There 

was significant variation within genera and species. Roothhoot allometry was also affected in 14 

species, most markedly in grasses. 

~ .. ~ ~~~ ..~ .~ 

- ~" -=:= --:Reinert, R.A., AS; Heagte, J.R. Miller, and--W.R. Gecke1er.- 197%: Field S&udies of-Air-- =. - =--- -~~~ ~ - 

Pollution Injury to Vegetation in Cincinnati, Ohio. Plant Disease Reporter. 54(1): 8-11. 

Plantigs of petunia, bean, radish, squash, tomato, alfalfa, oats and tobacco in three different locations 

were used to determine the effects of ambient air pollution in the Cincinnati area. Two1 plots were 

planted in air chambers and exposed to unfiltered and filtered air, and a third was lee open to ambient 

air. Levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulhr dioxide were measured from June to September, 

1968, and correlated with damage to piants. Injury to plants, including stipple, fleck and uppersurface necrosis, was similar to greenhouse experiments exposing plants to ozone. Injury was highest 

after days with high concentrations of ozone (up to 20.1 pphm). 

Reinert, RA., and P.V. Nelson. 1980. Sensitivity and Growth of Five EZatior begonia 

Cultivars to SO, and 9, Alone and in Combinations. Journal of the American Society of 

Horticultural Science. 105(5): 721-23. Five cultivars of Elatior begonia ("Schwabenland Red," 

"Whisper 0' Pink," "Fantasy," "Renaissance," and "Turo") were exposed alone and in combination 

to SO, and 0,. "Schwabedand Red" and "Whisper 0' Pink" were the most sensitive to ozone (0.25 

ppm) based on foliage and flower weight. "Fantasy" was the most sensitive to SO, (0.5 ppm) with 

B-13 
\ 

reduced flower production, though showed no visible injury. The combination of SO, and 0, affected 

only the flower weight of "Schwabenland Red," though less than was expected from an additive 

model. "Turo" showed no ill effects from exposure to the pollutants. 

Richards, B.L., Sr., 0.C. Taylor and G.F. Edmunds, Jr. 1968. Ozone Needle Mottle of Pine 

in Southern California. JAPCA. 18(2): 73-77. This paper presents the results of earlier (1959 and 

1960) studies of experimental exposures of a number of pine species to synthesized ozone and 

ambient ozone-polluted atmospheres at a station in Riverside CA, dong with subsequent field studies 

and observations. The researchers found 1) that chlorotic mottling of pine needles occurs in a wide 

range of pine species, 2) that X-disease, needle dieback, chlorotic decline and ozone needle mottle 

are different names for the same disease, and 3) that atmospheric ozone is the prime etiological factor 

in this disease. The research also clarifies the sequence of the disease: mottling at the needle tip, 

continuing toward the base, followed by chlorosis and yellowing, premature senescence, and finally 

needle drop. 

Richards, G.A., C.L. Mulchi, and J,R Hali. 1980. Influence of Plant Maturity on the 

Sensitivity of Turfgrass Species to Ozone. Journal of Environmental Quality. 9(1): 49-53. Both 

warm and cool season turfgrass species were exposed to various concentrations of ozone at several 

stages of plant development. Warm season species exhibited a high tolerance to ozone. The cool 

season turfgrasses displayed a wide range of tolerance. Reiative susceptibility was influenced by 

ozone concentration, length of exposure, and stage ofplant development. The article gives several 

tables that list various vegetative damage ratings. 

Sanders, J.S., and RA. Reinert. 1982. Screening Azalea Cultivars for Sensitivity to Nitrogen 

Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide, and Ozone Alone and in Mixtures. Journal of the American Society 

of Horticulfurd Science, 107(1): 87-90. Eight cultivars of azalea ("Redwing," "Snow," "Glacier," 

"Hershey Red," Pink Gumbo," "Madame Pericat," "Red Luann'l and "Mrs. G.G. Gerbing") were 

in combinations. Mer pruning, the one-year old plants were exposed to the pollutants for six threehour sessions over a four-week period. Neither NO, nor SO, caused foliar injury on any of the plants, 

while ozone alone and in combinations with other pollytants caused foliar injury of greater than 10 

percent on "Red Luann," "Glacier," and "Hershey Red." Sigdicant weight loss occurred in leaves 

or stems from exposure of "Hershey Red," "Red Luq" and "Red Wing" to treatments containing 

0, and from exposure ,of "I"s. G.G. Gert.ring'~ "Glacier," and "Red Luann" to treatments containing 

~ ~~~~ ~- ~~~ 

.~ 

-- ~ exposed to 0.25 ppri exch-of nitrogen dioxide- (NO>, sulfix dioxide (SO,) -and ozone (O,);:-alone and--- ~ ~~ =- 

so,. 

Sanders, J.S., and RA. Reinert. 1982. Weight Changes to Radish and Marigold Exposed at 

Three Ages to NO,, SO,, and 0, Alone and in Mixture. Journal of the American Society of 

Horticultural Science 107(4): 726-30. Radish and marigold plants of three different ages were 

exposed three times every other day for three hours to 0.3 ppm of NO,, SO, and 0,. The age groups 

ranged fiom five to nine days to 28 to 32 days after seediig. Radish was most sensitive to ozone at 

19 to 23 days, while marigold responses to pollutants did not depend on age. Visible radish injury 

increased with the age of the plant. Ozone mixtures reduced the radish root dry weight by 48 percent 

B-14 
compared to controls. NO,, SO, and 0, in combination had a significant impact on the weight of 

marigold plants. SO, by itself reduced the dry weight of marigold flower and roots; this effect was 

reversed in the presence of NO, or 0,. 

Schuize, E.D. 1989. Air Pollution and Forest Decline in a Spruce (Picea abies) Forest. 

Science. 244: 776-783. This study found that deposition of sulfur, nitrate and ammonium 

significantly modified plant nutrition for spruce trees and soil chemistry in northeast Bavaria, West 

Germany. Gaseous pollutants, such as SO, NO, and ozone, and pathogens had less significant direct 

effects on needle yellowing or loss. Uptake of ammonium by spruce roots hinders uptake of 

magnesium, while nitrate leaches with sulfate into groundwater, increasing soil acidification. ' 

Increased canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen stimulated growth. This, combined with hindered 

nutrient uptake by roots, created a nitrogen to cation imbalance which, the author theorized, resulted 

in forest decline. 

-Sernuniuk, IC, arid-H.E. Heggestad. 1981. Differences Among Coleus cultivars in Toierance 

to Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide. The Journul of Heredity: 72: 459-460. Fifteen cultivars of Coleus 

were exposed to 0.6,0.8, or 1.3 ppm ozone for four hours in growth chambers. The species showed 

a wide range of tolerances, from highly sensitive to insensitive to ozone at these levels. This indicates 

that tolerant cultivars might be selected for polluted areas. 

Showman, R.E. 199-1.- -A Comparison of Ozone Injury to Vegetation During Moist and 

Drought Years. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association. 41(1): 63-64. The study 

demonstrated that injury to ozone-sensitive plants is lowered during periods of drought even if ozone 

levels are high. In contrast, during periods of optimal growing conditions, ozone-sensitive plants 

were injured, even at lower ozone levels. 

Temple, P.J. 1989. Oxidant Air Pollution Effects on Plants of Joshua Tree National 

Monument (JOTR) routiiely exceed 0.10 ppm; however, peak concentrations usually occur at night, 

when most plants are less susceptible. A survey of air pollution effects on annual and perennial 

vegetation, conducted in 1984 and 1985, found no visible injury symptoms on park vegetation. 

However, controlled experiments indicated that Rhus trilobata could be injured by exposure to ozone 

concentrations as low as 0.15 ppm for four hours per day for four days. Other woody riparian species 

and summer annuals were more toleranto 0,. 

~ ~ ~- .~ ~ . ~ y-~~ -~: Monument. EnvironmentaIPollution. 57: 35-47.-~0zone concentra$iuns-in Joshua Tree National- -- ~ -: .- ~-:. ~ 

Thompson, C.R, D.M. Olszyk, G. Kats, A. Bytnerowiu, P.J. Dawson, and J.W. Woif. 1984, 

Effects of Ozone or Sulfur Dioxide on Annual Plants of the Mojave Desert. JAPCA. 34: 1017- 

1022. Forty-seven annual plant species were exposed to O3 and SO, in open-top field chambers to 

test their relative sensitivity. Exposure levels were zero, 0.05,O. 1,0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 ppm 0,, or zero, 

0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1 .O, and 1.5 ppm SO2 for eight hours per day for four to five days. Results fiom the 

open-top chambers indicated that three species were very sensitive to both pollutants (Camissonia 

cIav~ormis, Camissonia hirtelia, and Cryptantha nevadensis), two species (Festuca octoflora and 

Lepidium iasiocurpum) were tolerant to both, and the rest exhibited intermediate sensitivity, with 

B-15 
sensitivity to 0, and SO2 often varying. Injury symptoms from Q consisted of both flecking and 

large necrotic areas (color ranged fiom white to brown, with some species ejrhibiting a brownish-red 

necrosis. Symptoms from SO, often were bifacial necrotic areas, ranging in color fiom white to 

brown, with some species exhibiting a red pigmentation. In addition, 29 of the species exposed in 

the open-top chambers were planted in the Mojave Desert and exposed to SO, with a modified 

chamberless zonal air pollution (ZAP) system. Exposure to the ZAP system totalled 37 hours over 

a si day period with levels at zero, 0.4, 0.8, and 1 .O ppm SO,. Plants exposed to SO, with the ZAP 

system experienced much less injury than plants exposed in the open-top field chambers. Only 

Camissonia clavijormis was injured at 0.8 ppm SO, and Oenothera calrfornica injured at 1 .O ppm. 

Treshow, Michael, and Dennis Stewart. 1973. Ozone Sensitivity of Plants in Natural 

Communities. Biological Conservation. 5(3): 209-214. Field fumigation studies were done on 

grassland, oak, aspen, and conifer communities todetennine the sensitivity of dominant plant species 

to ozone. Plants were exposed to ozone at concentrations averaging 15, 25, 30, or 40 pphm for two 

hours. "Bromus tectorum, Quercus gambei, and Populus tremuloides were injured by a single twohour exposure to I5 pphm ozone. Over half the perennial forbs and woody species studied were 

visibly injured at concentrations of 30 pphm or less." This suggests that lower, chronic or repeated 

concentrations would impair growth, affect community health and stability, and change plant 

composition of natural plant communities. 

Wood, F.A., and J.B. Coppolino. 1972. The Response of 11 Hybrid Poplar Clones to Ozone. 

Phytopatizology. 62: 501-502. (abstract) "Individuals of 1 I hybrid poplar clones were exposed to 

0.25 nL/mL 0, for four hours at 24 C, 75 percent relative humidity, and 3,300 ft-c of light." The 

sensitivity of the clones varied over time. 

Wood, F.A., and J.B. Coppoiino. 1971. The Influence of Ozone on Selected Woody 

Ornamentals. PhytopthoZogy. 61: 133. (abstract) Nine hundred plants of 24 woody ornamental 

humidity. The following species were sensitive (i.e., sustained injury from exposure): Cercis 

canadensis, Cotoneaster divaricata, C. horizontalis, Forsythia intermedia spectabilis "Lynwood 

gold," Gleditsia triacanthos inemis, Rhododendron kaempheri "Camp fire," R. hrume "Snow," R. 

catawbiense album, R. nova zembla, R. roseum elegans, Sorbus aucuparia, Syringa vulgaris, and 

Viburnum carlesz. The following were not sensitive (i.e,, did not sustain injury from exposure): 

Euonymous alafus compacta, Hedra helix, Juniperus communis depressa plumosa, Pachysandra 

terminalis, Pieris japonica, Pyracantha coccinea lalandi, Rhododendron caroliniana, R. mollis, 

Tms cuspidafa, T, media hichi, and Vinca minor. 

~~~.~ ~ . ~-- - ~ species were exposed to 25 pphm ozone for eight^ hours with controlled .temperature, light, and 

Youngner, V.H., and F.J. Nudge. 1980. Air Pollution Oxidant Effects on Cool-season and 

Warm-season Turf Grasses. Agronomy Journal. 72: 169-170. Cultivars of common turf grass 

species were germinated in a greenhouse under charcoal filtered air. One treatment was then 

fbmigated with 0.50 ppm ozone for three hours. There were signiscant variations in leaf injury 

among species and even between cultivars, of the same species. All Lolium perenne (perennial 

ryegrass) cultivars showed severe injury, while Poapratense (Kentucky bluegrass) varied from very 

B-16 
intolerant to very tolerant. Agrostis tenuis (creeping bentgrass) and Festuca rubra (creeping red 

fescue) had moderate injury. Warm season grasses in general were less sensitive than cool-season; 

only “Emerald” Zoysiagrass and “Tufgrass” Bermudagrass showed signs of injury. The article briefly 

reviews past work on turfgrass species. “Field observations have shown pronounced reduction in turf 

quality in areas subject to repeated pollution exposure.“ 

Zwoch, I., U. Knorre and H. Schaub. 1990. Influence of SO, and 9, Singly or in ’ 

Combination, on Ethylene Synthesis in Sunflower. Environmental and Expmimentul Botany. 

30(2): 193-205. Sunflowers (Helianthus annus L.) showed no visible injury after 18 days of 

exposure to SO, (100 ppb) andor 0, (100 ppb). SO, exposure reduced ethylene releases from intact 

plants, while 0, and combined p lSp exposure enhanced ethylene releases in two of five 

developmental stages. The ratio of ethane to ethylene production was increased in most cases. The 

aminocyclopropane-I-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentration was maller than the mdonyl-1- 

aminocyclopropane-I-carboxylic acid (MACC) concentration in most cases. Fumigatior, effects 

depended on type of tissue and plant age. In conclusion, changes in ethylene synthesis and release 

caused by a long-term fbmigation with low doses of SO, andlor 0, did not appear to represent a 

stress reaction. 

B-17 
Appendix C 

Bibliography On Ozone Damage to Plants: 

References Not Used or Retrieved 
Appendix C 

Bibliography On Ozone Damage To Plants: 

References Not Used Or Retrieved 

A Specialty Conference on Ozone/Oxidants--Interactions with the Total Environment, October 

14-17. 1979. Galleria Plaza, Houston Texas [edited by Edward R. Frederick], Air Pollution Control 

Association; sponsored by the Southwest Section and the Technical Council of the AirPollution 

Control Association.LOCATION: Blue Hill: BLUE HILL QC879.72.S65 

Abelson, Philip H. Ozone and acid rain. (editorial) by Philip H Abelson.PUBLISHEI3 IN: ScienceOct 

9 1987, v238, p141(1) 

Adams, M. B.; Edwards, N. T.; Taylor, G. E., Jr.; Skaggs, B. L. Skaggs, 

Whole-plar~t'~C-photosynthate allocation in Pinus taeda: seasonal patterns at ambient and elevated 

ozone levels. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1990 VOL. 20, NO. 2 (February), p. 152 

DESCRIPTORS: Carbon-14; Photosynthate allocation; Pinus taeda.; Seasonal pattern; Ozone level, 

ambient and elevated 1905048 

. ~ ~ Adams, M.B., Kelly, J.M.? Taylor, G.E. 1990. Growth offive families of Pinus taeda L. during three 

years of ozone exposure. The New Phytolonist 116(4):689+. 

Adedipe, N.O. et al. Phytotoxicity and growth responses of ornamental-bedding plants to ozone and 

sulfur dioxide. J. Amer. SOC. Hort. Sci. 97:341-345, 1972. UMass/Amherst or Wellesley 

Agrawal, M., and P.K. Nandi. 1983. Ozone and sulphur dioxide effects on Panicum miliaceum 

plants. Bulleting ofthe Torrev Botanical Club. 1~10(4):4351441.~ .~~ . ~ .. ~~ ~ . ~~ ~ ~- 

Ainsworth, N., Ashore, M.R. 1992. Assessment of ozone effects on beech (Fagus gdvatica) by 

injection of a protectant chemical. Forest Ecolow and Management 51(1/3): 129+. 

Amundson, R. G.; Stroo, H. F.; Schoettle, A. W.; Reich, P. B., Acid rain and ozone influence 

mycorrhizal infection in tree seedlings. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association, 1986 VOL. 

36, NO. 6 (June), p. 724. DESCRIPTORS: Acid precipitation; Ozone influence; Mycorrhizal 

infection; Tree seedling; Plant pathology; Environmental impact 15 19793 

Amundson, Robert G.; Schoettle, Anna W.; Reich, Peter B. Effects of 0, and acidic rain on 

photosynthesis and growth in sugar maple and northern red oak seedlings. Environmental Pollution 

Series A: Ecological and BioloPical, 1986 VOL. 40, NO. 1, p. 1 DESCRIPTORS: Acid 

precipitation; Plant growth; Photosynthesis; Ozone; Air pollution exposure; Tree seedling 1509457 

Amundson, Robert G.; Lassoie, James P.; Reich, Peter B., Reduction in growth of hybrid poplar 

following field exposure to low levels of 0, and (or) S02. Canadian Journal of Botany, 1984 VOL. 

62, NO. 12 (December), p. 2835 NOTE: New Trends in Phytochemistry and Plant Senescence and 
Postharvest Physiology DESCRIPTORS: Air pollution exposure; Sulhr dioxide; Poplar, hybrid; 

Ozone; Growth reduction 14 1 1268 

Ashore, M.R, and M. Onal. 1984. Modification by Sulphur Dioxide of the Responses of Hordeum 

vuZgare to Ozone. Environmental Pollution. Series A: Ecolorrical and Biological 36( 1):3 1-43. 

Ashore, M.R., and M. Onal. 1984. Modification by Sulphur Dioxide of the Responses of Hurdeum 

vulgare to Ozone. Environmental Pollution. Series A: Ecolodcal and Biolonical 36(1):3 1-43. 

Barnes, J.D., Eamus, D., Brown, K.A. 1990. The influence of ozone, acid mist and soil nutrient 

status on Norway spruce [picea abies(L.) karst.]. 11. Photosynthesis, dark respiration and soluble 

carbohydrates of trees durkg late autumn. The New Phytologist 1 15( 1): 149+. 

Barnes, J.D., Brown, K. A. 1990. The influence of ozone and acid mist on the amount and 

wettability of the surface waxes in Norway spruce (Picea abies(l.)Karst.) The New Phvtologist 

114(3):53 I+. 

Barnes, J.D., Eamus, D., Brown, K.A. 1990. The influence of ozone, acid mist and soil nutrient 

status on Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. I. Plant-water relations. The New Phvto1og;ist 

114(4):713+. 

Barnes; J.D., Davison. A.W., Booth, T.A. 1988. Ozone accelerates structural degradation of 

epicuticular wax on Norway spruce needles. The New Phvtologist 110(3):309+. 

.~~ 

Barnes, J.D., Eamus, D., Davison, A.W. 1990. Persistent effects of ozone on needle water loss and 

wettability in Norway spruce. Environmental Pollution 63(4):345+. 

Beckerson, D.W., and G. Hofstra. 1981. Foliar responses of five plant species to ozone and a 

sulphur dioxide ozone mixture after a sulphur dioxide pre-exposure. Atmospheric Enviro~~rnent. 

15(3): 383. 

Bell, J.N.B, and R.A. Cox. 1975. Atmospheric ozone and plant damage in the United Kingdom. 

Environmental Pollution. 8(3): 163-t. 

Benedict, H.M. et al. Economic ImDacct of Air Pollution on Plants in the United States. Final 

Report. SRJ Project LSD-1056. Menlo Park, Calif.: Stanford Research Institute, 1971. 77 pp. 

Bennett, J.P., M.K. Esserlieu, and R.J. Olson. 1986. Ranking Wilderness Areas for Sensitivities and 

Risks to Air Pollution. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT -- Intermountain 

Research Station. No. 212. p. 73-85. 

Bennett, J.P., and V.C. Runeckles. 1977. Effects of low levels of ozone on growth of crimson' clover 

and annual ryegrass. Crop Science. 17(3): 443+. 

c-2 
Bennett, J.P., M.K. Esserlieu, and R.J. Olson. 1986. Ranking Wilderness Areas for Sensitivities and 

Risks to Air Pollution. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT -- Intermountain 

Research Station. No. 212, p. 73-85. 

Bennett, J.P., Rassat, P., Berrang, P. 1992. Relationships between leaf anatomy and ozone 

sensitivity of Fraxinus penngivanica Marsh. and Prunus serotina Ehrh. Environmental and 

Experimental Botanv 32(1):33+. 

Berrang, P., Karnosky, D.F., Bennett, J.P. Natural selection for ozone tolerance in Popuius 

tremuloides: an evaluation of nationwide trends. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2 l(7): 109 1 +. 

Berry, C,R., and L.A. Ripperton. 1963. Ozone, as possible cause of white pine emergence tipburn. 

Phvtopatholow 5332-557. ~ ~~ 

Beyers, J. L. 1992. Effects of long-term ozone exposure and drought on the photosynthetic capacity 

of ponderosa pine. The New Phytologist 122( 1):8 1 +. 

Bobrov, R.A. The leaf structure of Poa annua with observations on its smog sensitivity in Los 

Angeles County. her. J. Bot. 42467-474, 1955. MIT Science 

Bolsinger, M., M.E. Lier, D.M. Lansky, and P.R. Hughes. 1991. Influence of Ozone Air Pollution 

on Plant-Herbivore Interactions. I. Biochemical Changes in Ornamental Mlkweed (Asclepias 

curassavica L.; Asclepiadaceae) Induced by Ozone. Environmental Pollution 72(1):69-83. 

Brennan, E. et al. Chrysanthemum response to sulfbr dioxide and ozone. Plant Dis. Rep. 56:85-87, 

1972. UMass/Amherst 

Brennan, E. et al. The importance of variety in ozone plant damage. Plant Dis. Rep. 48:923-924, 

1964. UMasslAmherst 

Brennan, E. et al. The response of English holly selections to ozone and suifbr dioxide. !Hollv Lett. 

3716-7, 1970. 

Brennan, E., and R.S. Harkov. 1982. An ecophysical analysis of the response of woody and 

herbaceous plants to oxi'dant injury. Journai of EnvironmentaiManugement. 15(3): 25 l+. 

Brown, K.A., Roberts, T.M. 1988. Effects of ozone on foliar leaching in Norway Spruce (Picea bies 

L. Karst): Confounding factors due to NOx production during ozone generation. Environmental 

Pollution 55( 1):55+. 

Byres, D.P., Johnson, J.D., Dean, T.J. 1992. Seasonal response of slash pine photosynthesis to 

long-term exposure to ozone and acidic precipitation. The New Phytologist 122(1):91+. 

c-3 
Byes, D.P., Dean, T.J., Johnson, J.D. 1992. Long-term effects of ozone and simulated acid rain on 

the foliage dynamics of slash pine (Pinus eZliottii var. elliottii Engelm.). The New Phytologist 

120(1):61+. 

Byes, D.P., T.J. Dean, and J.D. Johnson. 1992. Long-term effects of ozone and simulated acid rain 

on the foliage dynamics of slash pine (Pinus elliotti var elliottii Engelm.). The New Phvtologist 

120(1):61+. 

Cathey, H.M. et al. Reduction of ozone damage to Petunia hybrida Vilm. by use of growthregulating chemicals and tolerant cultivars. J. Amer. SOC. Hort. Sci. 97:695-700, 1972. 

Cathey, H.M. et al. Effects of growth retardants and fumigations with ozone and sulikr dioxide on 

growth and flowering OfEup~or~~~~u~c~e~i~u Wad. J. Amer. SOC. Hort. Sci. 9813-7, 1973. 

Cathey, H.M. et al. Ozone and sulphur dioxide sensitivity of petunia: modification by ethylenediurea 

(plant injury, air pollution). J. Amer. SOC. Hort. Sci. 107(6):1028-1035, 1982. 

Cathey, H.M., and H.E. Heggestad. 1982. Ozone sensitivity of herbaceous plants: modifications 

by ethylenediurea (foliar injury, air pollution, chemical regulation). Journal of the American Society 

for Horticultural Science 107(6): 1035-1042. 

Cathey, H.M. et al. Ozone senstivity of herbaceous plants: modification by ehtylenediurea (foliar 

injury, air pollution, chemical regulation). J. her. SOC. Hort. Sci. 107(6): 1035;1042, 1982. 

Cathey, H.M., and H.E. Heggestad. 1982. Ozone and sulfur dioxide sensitivity of petunia: 

modification by ethylenediurea. Journal of the Amercjan Society for Horticultural Science 

107(6):1028-1035. . 

.Chameides, William L., The chemistry of ozone deposition to piant leaves: role of ascorbic acid. 

Environmental Science and Technolow, 1989 VOL. 23, NO. 5 (May), p. 595, DESCRIPTORS: 

Mathematical model; Plant physiology; Ascorbic acid role; Leaf, plant; Ozone deposition1 800905 

Chappelka, A.H., Kush, J.S., Meldahl, RS. 1990. An ozone-low temperature interaction in loblolly 

pine (Pinus fueda L.). The New Phvtologist 114(4):721. 

Chevone, B. I.; Chappelkq A H., III; Burk, T. E., Growth response of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron 

tulipifera L.) seedlings to ozone sukr dioxide, and simulated acidic precipitation, alone and in 

combination. Environmental and Experimental Botanv, 1985 VOL. 25, NO. 3 (August), p. 233 

DESCRIPTORS: Acid precipitation; Growth response; Liriodendron tulipifera; Ozone; Sulhr 

dioxide; Poplar, yellow; Toxic substance exposure; Plant physiology1 422 13 5 

Chilton, Kenneth W. TITLE: Battling smog; : a plan for action / by Kenneth Cfiilton and 

AnneSholtz.PUB. INFO: [St. Louis, Mo.] : Center for the Study of American Business, [1989]v, 86 

C-4 
p. : ill. ; 23 cm.Forma1 publication / Center for the Study of American Business 

Coleman, James S. et al. 1988. Interactions between an acute ozone dose, eastern cottonwood, and 

Marssonia leafspot: implications for pathogen community dynamics. Canadian Journal of Botany. 

66(5): 863. 

Cone, Marla. L.A. to E.P.A.: don't hold your breath; despite the Clean Air Act's vear-end deadline, 

Los Angeles and many other American cities still suffer from polluted air. by Marla 

Cone.PUBLISHED EN: SierraNov-Dec 1987, v72, n6, p27(4) 

Craker, L.E. Decline and recovery of petunia flower development from ozone stress. HortScience 

7:484, 1972.MIT Retro 

Craker, L.E. et al. Development of the inflorescence in petunia, geranium. and poinslettia under 

ozone stress. HortScience 7:59-60, 1972. MIT Retro . ~~ ~ 

Darley, E.F., W.M. Dugger, J.B. Mudd, L. Ordin, O.C. Taylor, and E.R. Stephens. 1963. Plant 

damage by pollution derived from automobiles. Arch. Environ. Health 6:761-770. 

Davidson, S.R., Ashore, M.R., Garretty, C. 1992. Effects of ozone and water deficit on the 

growth and physiology of Fagus syzvatica. Forest Ecoloq and Management 5 1( 1/3): 187+. ~ ~~ . 

Davis, D.D. et al. The relative susceptibility of eighteen coniferous species to ozone. 

Phytopatholow 62:14-19, 1972. 

Davis, Donald D. and Wilhour, Raymond G., Susceptibility of woodv plantso subhur dioxide and 

photochemical oxidants : a literature review . LOCATION: Botany Arnold JP: Bi 

Dean, T.J., Johnson, J.D. 1992. Growth response ofyoung slash pine trees to simulted acid rain and 

ozone stress. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22(6):839+. 

Dobson, M.C., Taylor, G., Freer-Smith, P.H. 1990. The control of ozone uptake by Picea! abies (L.) 

Karst. and P. sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. during drought and interacting effects on shoot water relations. 

The New Phytologist 11 6(3):465+. 

Dohmen, G.P., Koppers, A., Langebartels, C. 1990. Biochemical response of Norway spruce 

towards 14-month exposure to ozone and acid mist: Effects on amino acid, glutathione and polyamine 

titers. Environmental Pollution 64(3/4):375+. 

Dugger, M., Ed. Air pollution effects on plant prowth. ACS Symposium Series 3. Washington, 

D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1974. 150 pp. 

Dugger, W.M. et al. Physiological and biochemical effi of air pollutant oxidants on plants. Ret. 

c-5 
Adv. Phvtochem. 351-58, 1970. 

Early detection of ozone crop damage. IN: Environment July-Aug 1988, v30, n4, p21(1)HU TITLE: 

Environment.LOCATION: Cabot Science: PER 3630Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Countway Medicine: SerialHl - Enter Kennedy Sch of Gov: PerLibrary has: Current two years 

onlyLibrary currently subscribes to this title. 

Ebel, B., Rosenkranz, J., Schiffgens, A. 1990. Cytological observations on spruce needles after 

prolonged treatment with ozone and acid mist. Environmental Pollution 64(3/4):323+. 

Elkiey, T., D.P. Ormrod, and B. Marie. 1982. Foliar sorption of sulfbr dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, 

and ozone by ornamental woody plants. HortScience 17(3):358-360. 

Elkiey, T, and D.P Onnrod. 1979. Ozone and sulphur dioxide effects on leaf water potential of 

Petunia. Zeitschrift fbr Pflanzenphvsiolo~e 91(2): 177-1 8 1.

Elkiey, T. et al. ozone and sulphur dioxide effects on leaf water potential of Petunia (air pollution). 

Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenuhysiologie 91 (2): 177-1 8 1, 1979. (English) 

Elkiey, T., and D.P. Ormrod. 1980. Response of turf grass cultivars to ozone, sulfur dioxide, 

nitrogen dioxide, of their mixture. Journal of the American Societv for Horticultural Science 

105(5):664-668. 

Elliot, Catherine L.; Eberhardt, Jodi C.; Brennan, Eileen G., The effect of ambient ozone pollution 

and acidic rain on the growth and chlorophyll content of green and white ash, Environmental 

Pollution, 1987 VOL. 44, NO. 1, p. 61 DESCRIPTORS: Acid precipitation; Plant growth: Pollution 

effect; Ozone, ambient; Chlorophyll content; Ash, green and white. 1614077 

Ensing, J., and G. Hofstra. 1982. Impact of the air pollutant ozone on acetylene reduction and shoot 

growth of red clover (Trifolium prafense). Canadian Journal of Plant Patholow 4(3):237-242. 

~ ~~ ~~ 

.~~. ~~ ~ ~ ~~.. ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 

~~ 

Emst, W.H.O., et al. 1985. Ecotypic response of Silene cucubalus to air pollutants (SO,, 0,) 

Journal of Plant Physiology. 118: 43 1-438. 

Evans, L.S. et al. Ozone sensitivity of leaves: Relationship to leaf water content, gas transfer 

resistance, and anatomical characteristics. her. J. Bot. 61 592-597, 1974. 

Fangneier, A, Kress, L.W., Lepper, P. 1990. Ozone effects on the filtty acid composition of loblolly 

pine needles (Pznus faeda L.). The New Phytologist 115(4):639+. 

Feder, W.A. Piant response to chronic exposure of low levels of oxidant type air pollution. Environ. 

Pollution 1:73-79, 1970. MIT Science 

C-6 
Feder, W.A. et al. Varietal responses of petunia to several air pollutants. Plant Dis. Rep. 53:506- 

509. 1969. UMass/Amherst 

Federal Department of Agriculture and Forestry. Forest Damage Survev 1988, (Bundesministerium 

fkr Ernahrung, landwirtschafi, und Forsten), Bonn, 1988. 

Fenn, M.E., Dunn, P.H., Wilborn, R. 1990. Black stain root disease in ozone-stressed ponderosa 

pine. Plant Disease 74(6):426+. 

Field, R. W.; Standley, C.; Tingley, D. T., Stress ethylene evolution: A measure of ozone effects on 

plants. Atmospheric Environmentlh International Journal, 1976 VOL. 10, NO. 11, p. 969 

DESCRIPTORS: Ethylene, stress, evolution; Ozone effects; Plants 0601 160 

Fincher, J., Cumming, J.R., Alscher, R.G. 1989. Long-term ozone exposure affects winter hardiness 

of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) seedlings. The New Phvtolopist 113(1):85+. .. ~ 

Fincher, J., Alscher, R.G. 1992. The effect of long-term ozone exposure on injury in seedlings of 

red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). The New PhvtoloPist 120(1):49+. 

Fishman Jack and Kalish, Robert, Global alert : the ozone pollution crisis PUB. INFO: New York 

: Plenum Press, c1990,DESCRIPTION: x%, 3 11 p. : ill. ; 22 cm.Ozone--Environmental aspects.Air 

quality management.LOCATI0l: Kennedy Sch of Gov: TD885.5.085 F57 1990 

Flagler, R.B., and V.B. Younger. 1982. Ozone and Sulfer Dioxide Effects on Tall Fescue: I. Growth 

and Yield Responses (Festuca arundinacea, Air Pollutants). Journal of Environmental Quality 

11(3):386-389. 

Fowler, D., and J.N. Cape. ~-1981. Air Pollutants in Agriculture and Horticulture (Sulfkr dioxide,^ 

Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone). Proceedings -- Easter School in Aaricultural Science. Universitv of ~ ~~ . 

Nottingham No. 3 1, p. 3-26. 

Fowler, D., and J.N. Cape. 198 1. Air Pollutants in Agriculture and Horticulture (SulfUr Dioxide, 

Nitrogen Dioxide, and Ozone). Proceedings -- Easter School in Amicultural Science. University of 

Nottineham No. 31, p. 3-26. 

Fravel, D.R., D.M. Benson, and R.A. Reinert.. 1984. Response of shore juniper to ozone alone and 

in mixture with sulfbr dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. HortScience 19(5):694-695. 

Friend, A.L., Tomlinson, P.T. 1992. Mild ozone exposure alters 14C Dynamics in foliage ofPznus 

taeda L. Tree Phvsiology 1 1 (3):215+. 

Fuentes, J.D., Gillespie, T.J.. 1992. A gas exchange system to study the effects of leaf surface 

wetness on the deposition of ozone. Atmospheric Environment (Part a: General Topic) 

c-7 
26(6): 11651 

Fuhrer, G., Dunkl, M., Knoppik, H.D. 1990. Effects of low-level long-term ozone &migation and 

acid mist on photosynthesis and stomata of clonal Norway spruce. Environmental Pollution 

64(3/4):279+. 

Fhhrere, G., M. Dunkl, and H.-D. Knoppik. 1990. Effects of low-level long-term ozone &migation 

and acid mist on photosynthesis and stomata of clonal Norway spruce. Environmental Pollution 

64(3\4):279+. 

Gamer, J.H.B., Pagano. T., & Cowling, E.B., An evaluation of the role of ozone, acid deposition, 

and other airborne pollutants in the forests of eastern North America, Asheville, N.C. U.S. Dept. of 

Agriculture, Forest SerVice,Southe&em Forest Experiment Station, [ 1989lDESCRIPTION: xi, 172 

p. : iU:, maps ; 28 cm.SERIES: General technicd~report SE ; 59 LOCATION: Botany Econ. Botany: 

SD142.Al2 G37 1989x 

Garraway, M. 0.; Patton, R L, Ozone induced necrosis and increased peroxidase activityn hybrid 

poplar (PopZus JP.) leaves. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 1986 VOL. 26, NO. 2 (April), 

p. 137 DESCRIPTORS: Air pollution research, Ozone; Peroxidase activity; Populus; Leaf necrosis; 

Plant physiology 15 1 5664 

Gentile, -4.G. et ai. Susceptibility ofLycopersicon spp. to ozone injury. J. her. SOC. Hort. Sci. 

96: 94-96, 197 1. 

Gilbert, M. D.; Elfiing, D. C.; Lisk, D. J., Protection of plants against ozone injury using the 

antiozonant N-( 1,3-dimethybuty1)-N"Pheny1-P phenylenediamine, Bulletin of Environmental 

Contamination and Toxicoloffv, 1977 VOL. 18, NO. 6 (December), p. 783 DESCRIPTORS: Air 

- ---po~l1 u t i o n ; - 0-z on e injury; - antiozonant; .-Plant, ~ protection; 

N-( 1.3-dimethybutyl)-N"phenyl-P-phenylenediamine; Toxicology 07097 15 

Gould, Rick. Pests and pollution ioin forces to destrov trees. IN: New Scientist Sept 14 1991, v13 1, 

nl786, p 13( 1)rrU TITLE: pew scientist (197 l)]New scientist.LOCATION: Biological Labs: 

SerialLibrary has: current 5 yrs.Library currently subscribes to this title. Cabot Science: PER 

5870.2Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Great Smoky Mountain Plants Studies For Ozone Sensitivity. Park science Wint 1992 v 12 n 1 , 

Page: 6 

Grodzinski, W., J. Weiner, and D.F. Maycock. 1984. Forest Ecosvtems in Industrial Regions. Ecol. 

Studies 49. Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Guillemaut, P., Weber-Lofii, F., Blache, D. 1992. Conifer decline in the north-east of France: 

Characteristic changes in chloroplast protein pattern and absence ofantioxidative defence capability 

c-8 
point to an involvement of ozone. Phvsiolonia Plantarum 85(2):215+. 

Gumpertz, Marcia L. Nonlinear regression with variance components: modeling IN: Crop Science 

Jan-Feb 1992, v32, nl, p219(6)HU TITLE: Crop science.LOCATION: Botany Econ. Botany: 

PERLibrary currently subscribes to this title. 

Hanan, Joe J. Ozone and ethvlene effects on some ornamental plant mecies. Colorado State 

University, Exp. Station 1978, Ag. Experiment Station general series 

Hanson, G.P. Relative air pollution sensitivity of some Los Angeles Arboretum plants. Lasca leaves . 

22:86-89, 1972. 

Heagle, A.S., Rebbeck, J., Shafer, S.R. 1989. Effects of long-term ozone exposure and soil moisture 

deficit on growth of a ladino clover-tall fescue pasture. Phytopathology 79(2): 128+. 

Heath, R.L. Oxidant air pollutants and plant injury, P. 63-66. In Models-in Dlant phvsiologv and 

biochemisty. Eds. David Newman and kenneth Wilson. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press. 1987. 

ISBN: 0849343429 

Heagle, A. S. et al. Reaction of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei to low levels of ozone. 

Phytopathology 62: 1144-1 148, 1972. 

Heath, R.L. 1987. Oxidant air pollutant and pfant injury. In Models in plant physiologv and 

biochemistv, eds. David W. Newman and Kenneth G. Wilson. CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL., p. 63- 

66. 

Heck, W.W., O.C. Taylor, and H.E. Heggestad. 1973. Air pollution research needs: Herbaceous and 

ornamental plants and agriculturally generated pollutants. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 23 :257-266. 

Heck, W.W. et al. Impact of air pollutants on vegetation: Crops, forests, native. In A.C. Stern, Ed. 

Air Pollution (3rd edition) Vol. 2. The effects of Air Pollution. New York: Academic Press. 

Countway 

~~ 

Heggestad, H.E. et al. Plants as indicators of the air pollutants ozone and PAN, pp. 329-335. In &J 

Pollution. Proceedings of the first European Congress on the influence of Air Pollution on Plants and 

Animals. Wageningen, April 22 to 27, 1968. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Centre for Agricultural 

Publishing and Documentation, 1969. 

Heggestad, H.E. et al. Nature, extent, and variation of plant response to air pollutants. Adv. Amon. 

23:111-145, 1971. 

Heller, W., Rosemann, D., Osswald, W.F. 1990. Biochemical response of Norway spruce towards 

14-month exposure to ozone and acid mist: Part I - effects on polyphenol and monoterpene 

metabolism. Environmental Pollution ,64(3/4):353+. 

c-9 
Hewitt, Nick; Terry, Gill, Understanding ozone-plant chemistry. Environmental Science and 

Technolow, 1992 VOL. 26, NO. 10 (October), p. 1890 DESCRIPTORS: Greenhouse effect; Air 

pollution research; Plant damage; Ozone-plant chemistry, 2049745 2209205 

Hewitt, Nick and Terry, Gill, Understanding ozone-plant chemistry. Environmental Science & 

Technolow. Oct 1992, v26, n10, p1890(2) LOCATION: Cabot Science: PER 3645Library has: 

Keeps 3 year bacme only ; latest year incurrent display area.Library currently subscribes to this ritle. 

Countway Medicine: Serial McKay Applied Sci: Journal Pre-1970 in atticLibrary currently subscribes 

to this title. 

Hibben, C.R. Plant injury by oxidant-type pollutants in the New York City atmosphere. Plant Dis. 

Reptr. 53:544-548, 1969. UMass/Amherst 

Hinrichsen, Don. The forest decline enigma. IN: Bioscience Sept 1987, v37, nl, p542(<)HU TITLE: 

BioScience.LOCATI0N: Botany hold "I: U.S. A-22 (Library currently subscribes to this title.) 

Ho, I., and J.M. Trappe. 1984. Effects of ozone exposure on mycorrhiza formation and growth of 

Fesluca arundinacea. Environmental and Experimental Botany 24( 1):7 1-74. 

Horton, S.J., Reinert, R.A., Heck, W.W. 1990. Effects of ozone on three open-polIinated families 

of Pinus tueda L. grown in two substrates. Environmental Pollution 65(3):279+. 

How man-made ozone daniees Dlants. IN: New Scientist August 25 1990, v127, n173 1, p25( 1)HU 

TITLE: mew scientist (1971)lNew scientist.LOCATION: Biological Labs: Serial Library has current 

5 yrs. Library currently subscribes to this title. Cabot Science: PER 5870.2 Library currently 

subscribes to this title. 

Howe, R.H.L., and W.M.L. Chang. 1983. Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide Injuries to Green Plants.. 

Proceedings of the Indiana Academv of Science 93 :23 3-236. 

Howe, R.H.L., and W.M.L. Chang. 1983. Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide Injuries to Green Plants. 

Proceedings of the Indiana Academv of Science 93:233-236. 

Isgo, Anna Cielli. What Conmess is pushing now; some Democrats are bent on IN: Fortune May 

11 1987, vl15, p99(2)HU TITLE: Fortune.LOCATION: Development Office: PerLibrary has: 

Current issue only. Library currently subscribes to this title. Hilles: PeriodicalsLibrary currently 

subscribes to this title. 

Jensen, K.F. 198 1. Ozone Fumigation Decreased the Root Carbohydrate Content and Dry Weight 

of Green Ash Seedlings (Air Pollution). Environmental Pollution. Series A: Ecological and 

Biological 26(2): 147-152. 

Jensen, K.F., Patton, R.L. 1990. Response of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tuZip@!ra L.) seedlings 

c-10 
to simulated acid rain and ozone - I. Growth modifications. Environmental and Exrterimental Botany 

30(1):59+. 

Jensen, K.F. 198 1. Ozone Fumigation Decreased the Root Carbohydrate Content and Dry Weight 

of Green Ash Seedlings (Air Pollution). Environmental Pollution. Series A: Ecological and 

Biological 26(2): 147-152. 

Jensen, K.F. Response of nine forest tree species to chronic ozone fumigation. Plant Dis. Rep. 

57:914-917, 1973. UMass/Amherst 

Kahn,. Helen. House climbs aboard 1987 clean-air bandwagon. by Helen Kahn. Automotive 

NewsAug 17 1987, p50(1)United States. Congress. 

Kamosky, David F., Threshold levels for foliar injury to Populus trmuloides by sulfur dioxide and 

ozone. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1976 VOL. 6, NO. 2 (June), p. 166 DESCRIPTORS: 

Foliar injury, threshold levels; Plant pathology; Populus tremuloides; Sulfiu dioxide; Ozone 05 19463 

Kaufman, Wallace. Air pollution and forests: an update. (includes relatedIN: American Forests 

May-June 1989, v95, n5&6, p36(9)HU TITLE: American forests.LOCATION: Botany Arnold JP: 

AmAm7H2 

Kickert, R. N.; Kmpa, S. V.Modeling plant response to tropospheric ozone: a critical review. 

Environmental Pollution, 1991 VOL. 70, NO. 4, p. 271, DESCRIPTORS: Model comparison; Plant 

response; Ozone, tropospheric; Review, 20 15869 

Kohut, R.J., Laurence, J.A, hundson, R.G. 1990. Effects of ozone and acidic precipitation on the 

growth and photosynthesis of red spruce after two years of exposure. Water. air, and soil Pollution 

.. ~ 5 1 (3/4):277+, ~- . ~1.:- ~ :. .-- ~ - ~ ." "" ~ ~~~~ ~~ . ~ ~ ." . ~~ . ~ .. - . ~~ ." ~ ~~ .. ~~ ~ ~ .. ~ ~- .. ~~. ~~ ..~ ." ~" 

Kress, L.W., Allen, H.L., Mudano, J.E. Impact of ozone on loblolly pine seedling foliage production 

and retention. Environmental Toxicolonv and Chemistry 11(8):1115+. 

Krol, P.J. Histological and cytological investigations of Trijolium repens L. and Plantago major L. 

after fUmigation with the immission complex of N02, 03, and SO2 (....). Angewandte Botanik 

56(5/6):295-306, 1982. (German and English) 

Krol, P.J., L. Steubing, H.G. Wolting, A.C. Posthumus. 1982. Histological and cytological 

investigations of Trifolium repens L. and Plantago major L. after fumigation with the immission 

complex of NO,, 0,, and SO,. Angewandte Botanik 56(5/6):295-306. 

Lassoie, James P.; Reich, Peter B., Influence of low concentrations of ozone on growth, biomass 

partitioning and leaf senescence in young hybrid poplar plants. Environmental Pollution Seiies A: 

Ecological and Biological, 1985 VOL. 39, NO. 1, p. 39 DESCRIPTORS: Air pollution research; 

c-11 
Plant growth; Biomass partitioning; Leaf senescence; Poplar; Ozone concentration 14 18859 

Lee, W. S., Chevone, B.I., Seiler, J.R. 1990. Growth response and drought susceptibility of red 

spruce seedlings exposed to simulated acidic rain and ozone. Forest Science 36(2):265+. 

Raloff, Janet. Plant hormone: key to ozone toxicitv? IN: Science News June 6 1987, v13 1, 

p357(2)HU TITLE: [Science news (Washington, D.C.)jScience news.LOCATION: Blue Hill: BLUE 

HILL JournalLibrary has: Last 2 years only. Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Lefohn, A.S., Establishing Relevant Ozone Standards to Protect Vegetation and Human Health: 

ExposureDose-Response Considerations. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 

JAN 01 1993 v43 n 1, Page: 106 

Lekger, T.D., Winner, W.E., Alexander,~ S.A. 1990. .Root disease incidence in eastern'white pine 

plantations with and without symptoms of ozone injury in the Coweeta Basin of North Carolina. 

Plant Disease 74(8):552+. 

Lucas, P.W., Rantanen, L., Mehlhorn, H. 1993. Needle chlorosis in Sitka spruce following a 

three-year exposure to low concentrations of ozone: changes in mineral content, pigmentation and 

ascorbic acid. The New Phvtologist (,a British botanical journal) 124(2):265+. 

Magel, E., Holl, W., Ziegler, H. 1990. Alteration of physiological parameters in needles of cloned 

spruce trees by ozone and acid mist. Environmental Pollution 64(3/4):337+. 

Manderscheid, R., Jager, H.J., Kress, L.W. 1992. Effects of ozone on foliar nitrogen metabolism of 

Pzms taeda L. and implications for carbohydrate metabolism. The New Phvtologist 121(4):623+. 

" 

~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~- - Manning, William J;, hteractions Between Air.-Pollutants -and F-ungak Bacterial-and -ViralLPlant~,,~- : -- .=:.L 

Pathogens. Environmental Pollution, 1975 VOL. 9, NO. 2 (September), p. 87 DESCRIPTORS: Air 

pollutants; Pathogens, hngal, bacterial and viral; Ozone; Sulfbr dioxide; Fluoride; Particulates; 

Marine biology; Disease; Botany 0500595 

Marie, B. A; Ormrod, D. P., Dose response relationships ofthe growth and injury effects of ozone 

and sulphur dioxide on Brassicaceae seedlings. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 1986 VOL. 66, 

NO. 3 (July), p. 659. DESCRIPTORS: Air pollution effect; Plant physiology; Sulfbr dioxide; 

Vegetable; Ozone; Brassicaceae seedling. 1602592 

Marshall, Eliot. Clean air? Don't hold your breath. (includes related artic1e)IN: Science May 5 1989, 

v244, n4904, p5 17(4)HU TITLE: [Science (Weekly)fScience.LOCATION: Biological Labs: Serial 

Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Mathy, P., ed. Air Pollution and Ecosvstems (Reidel, Dordracht, 1988). 

c-12 
Matyssek R., KeUer, T., Koike, T. 1993. Branch growth and leaf gas exchange of Populus tremula 

exposed to low ozone concentrations throughout two growing seasons. Environmental Pollution 

79( 1): l+. 

McCune, B. 1988. Lichen communities along 0, and SO, gradients in Indianopolis. The Brvoloqist 

91(3):223-228. 

McLaughlin, S.B ., and D.S. Shriner. 198 1. Ecological Effects of Coal Combustion: Respdnse of 

Vegetation to SO,, 9, N$ (sulfk dioxide, ozone, nitrous oxides) and acid precipitation. In 

Workshop Proceediigs: Ecological Effects of Acid Precipitation, February 198 1. Atlanta. Georgia, 

March 4-6. 198 1. Prepared by Sigma Research Inc. Section 2, p. 9-1 1, 

McLaughlin, S.B. 19S3. Interactive effects of acid rain and gaseous air ,pollutants on natural 

terrestrial vegetation. Oak Ridge National Laboratory: .Oak Ridge, TN. 

McLeod, A. R., Shaw, P. J. A,, Holland, M. R., The Liphook Forest Fumigation Project: studies of 

sulphur dioxide and ozone effects on coniferous trees. Forest ecoloq and management. AUG 15 

1992 v 51 n 1 /3 , Page: 121 

McQuattie, C.J., Schier, G.A. 1992. Effect of ozone and aluminum on pitch pine (Pinus rzgzdz) 

seedlings: anatomy of mycorrhizae. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22(-12): 1901+. 

Mehlhorn, H.Ethylene-promoted ascorbate peroxidase activity protects plants against hydrogen 

peroxide, ozone and paraquat. Plant. Cell and Environment, 1990 VOL. 13, NO. 9 (December), p. 

971 DESCRIPTORS: Plant protection; Enzyme activity; Ascorbate peroxidase activity, 

ethylene-promoted; Hydrogen peroxide; Ozone; Paraquat 2007659 

~: -- -=:Mellanby, K., Ed.:{Issue-devoted to effects of pollutants on plant-s].~Environ. Pollut. 9(2):85-155, . ~ :-. ~ ~ .~ 

1975. MIT Science 

Miller, J.E. Effects on Photosynthesis, Carbon Allocation, and Plant Growth Associated with Air 

Pollutant Stress. U.S. Department of Agriculture, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 

Miller, J.E. Effects on Photosvnthesis, Carbon Allocation, and Plant Growth Associated with Air 

Pollutant Stress. U.S. Department of Agriculture, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 

Miller, P.R. Susceptibility to ozone of selected western conifers, Abstract 0579. In Abstracts of 

Papers. Second International Congress of Plant pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 

MN, USA, September 5-12, 1973. 

Miller, P.R. et al. Extent of oxidant air pollution damage to some pines and other conifers in 

California. Plant Dis. Rep. 55555-559, 1971. 

C-13 
Modeling Plant Response. Ropis Nausletter. 1991. Eds. Robert Goldstein, Scott Ferson. 2( 1): 1-2 

Monastersky, Richard. The two faces of ozone. IN: Science News Sept 2 1989, v136, n10, 

p154(2)Hu TITLE: [Science news (Washington, D.C.)]Science news.LOCATION: Blue Kill: BLUE 

HILL JournalLibrary has: Last 2 years only. Library currently subscribes to this title. 

' Moore, L.D. et al. Influence of ozone on the severity of Phytophthora root rot of azalea and 

rhododendron cultivars (air pollution, phytophthora cinnamomi). J. Env. Hort. 2(1):12-16, 1984. 

Moore, L.D., R.C. Lambe, and W.H. Wills. 1984. Influence of ozone on the severity of 

Phytophthora root rot of azalea and rhododendron cultivars. Journal of environmental horticulture 

2(1):12-16. 

Mortensen, Leiv M. 1993. Effects of ozone on growth of several subalpine plant species. Norwegian 

Journal of Amicultural Sciences 7(2): 129-t. 

Mosher, E.C. 1989. Regional effects of sulfur dioxide and ozone on eastern white pine (Pinus 

Strobus) in eastern Wisconsin. Plant Disease 73(1):70+. 

Mudano, J.E., Allen, H.L., Kress, L.W. 1992. Stem and foliage elongation of young loblolly pine 

as affected by ozone.. Forest Science 38(2):324+. 

Mudd. J.B. et al., Eds. Responses of Plants to Air Pollutants. New York: Academic Press, 1975 

383 pp. 

Mueller-Dombois, Dieter. Natural dieback in forests. IN: Bioscience Sept 1987, v37, nl, p575(9)HU 

TITLE: BioScience.LOCATION: Botany Arnold Main: U.S. A-22Library currently subscribes to this 

title. ~ ~ ~ . - "~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~ - .. . . ." -. ." -~ ~~ .~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ 

~. .. 

~~ - . . .. . . . . . ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ 

~ . . . . " . -. .. . ~ ~~ 

National Research Council, Ozone and other ohotochemical oxidants, Committee on Medical and 

Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Division omedical Sciences, Assembly of Life 

Sciences. PUB. INFO: Washington : National Academy of Sciences, 1977.DESCRIPTION: vii, 719 

p. : ill. ; 23 cm.SERIES: Medical and biologic effects of environmental pollutants LOCATION: 

Cabot Science: QH545.094 N37 1977C1 

National Research Council, Ozone and other photochemical oxidants, Committee on Medical and 

Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants, Division of Medical Sciences, Assembly of Life 

Sciences, LOCATION: Cabot Science: QH545.094 N37 1977C1 - 

National Research Council., Rethinking the ozone oroblem in urban and regional air pollution, 

Committee on Tropospheric Ozone Formation and Measurement, Board on Environmental Studies 

. and Toxicology, Board on Atmospheric 'Siences and Climate, Commission on 

Geosciences,Environment, and Resources, PUB. INFO: Washington, D.C. : National Academy 

C-14 
\ 

Press, 1991.DESCRIPTION: xxiii, 500 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. LOCATION: Cabot Science: QC881.2.09 

N37 1992C1 

Nosal, M. 1984. Statistical Models for Air Pollutant Dose and Plant Response. Proceedings of the 

Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting 77(6):84-104.5. 

Nosal, M. 1984. Statistical Models for Air Pollutant Dose and Plant Response. Proceedings of the 

Air Pollution Control Association Annual Meeting 77(6):84-104.5. 

Nymw L.P., D.H. Benzing, P.J. Temple, and J. Arditti. 1990. Effects of ozone and sulfbr dioxide . 

on two epiphytic orchids. Environmental and Exuerimental Botanv 30(2):207-213. 

Office of Technology Assessment, Urban ozone and the Clean Air Act: problems and Droposals for 

change, a staff paper from OTA's assessment of new Clean AirAct issues (project staff, Robert M. 

Friedman ... {et al.3) ;[prepared by Oceans and Environment Program, Office offechnology 

Assessment, United States CongressJ.Oceans and Environment Program, , United States Congress, 

1988.DESCRIPTION: 160 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. LOCATION: Kennedy Sch of Gov: QC879.72.U7 

1988C 1 

Office of Technology Assessment, Catchma our breath: next steps for reducing urban ozone. PUB. 

INFO: Washington, DC : Congress of the U.S., : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 

[1989]DESCRIPTION: x, 237 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. LOCATION: Kennedy Sch ofGov: TD885.5.085 

C371 1989 Lamont: TD885.5.085 C38 1989 C2 - Widener Documents: Y 3.T 22/22' Ur 1/2 

Olszyk, D.M., et al. 1990. Plant response to nonfilter air vs. added ozone generated from dry air or 

oxygen. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association. 40( 1): 77. 

~~ :- ~ -Ornod, D.P. et d. Absorption of ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen by petunia plants. Env. and ~~ 

Experimental botanv 2 1 (1):63+, 198 1. 

Ormrod, D.P. et al. Protecting horticultural plants form atmospheric pollutants: A review. 

HortScience 9: 108- 1 1 1, 1974. MIT Retro 

Ormrod, D.P. et al. Effects of ozone on growth of four woody ornamental plants. Canadian Journal 

of Plant Science 58(3):769+, 1978. 

Ozone most harmful to trees.IN: USA Today (Magazine) June 1992, v120, n2565, p9(2)HtJ TITLE: 

USA today.LOCATION: Gutman Education: Per. L11 .S36Library currently subscribes to this title. 

NON-HARVARDLOCATION: Andover Newton Theol: Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Boston Coilege: Lll.S36Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Park, Penny. Canada. land of dying lakes and forests. IN: New Scientist April 25 1992, v134, n1818, 

p9( 1)HU TITLE: mew scientist (1971)jNew scientist.LOCATI0N: Biological Labs: 

C-15 
Parrish, David D. Export of North American ozone pollution to the North IN: Science March 5 

1993, ~259,115100, p1436(4)HU TITLE: [Science (Weekly)]Science.LOCATION: Biological Labs: 

SerialLibrary currently subscribes to this title.H6 - Enter DISPLAY H6 for more information on this 

holding Cabot Science: PER 7 100 Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Payer, H.D., Pfirrman, T., Kloos, M. 1990. Clone and soil effects on the growth of young Norway 

sphce during 14 months exposure to ozone plus acid mist. Environmental Pollution 64(3/4):209+. 

Paynter, V.A., Reardon, J.C., Shelbume, V.B. 199 1. Carbohydrate changes in shortleaf pine (Pinus 

echznata) needles exposed to acid rain and ozone. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21(5):666+. 

Pearson, M., Mansfield, T.A. 1993. Interacting effects of ozone and water stress on the stomatal 

resistance of beech (Fagus SyEvatiiCh L.). The New Phytologist 123(2):351+. 

Pell, E.J. et al. Economic Impact of air pollution on vegetation in New Jersey and an interpretation 

of its annual variability. Environ. Pollut. 823-33, 1975. MIT Science 

Percy, K.E., Jensen, K.F., McQuattie, C.J. 1992. Effects of ozone and acidic fog on red spruce needle 

epicuticular wax production, chemical composition, cuticular membrane ultrastructure and needle 

wettability. The New Phytologist 122( 1): 7 li-. 

Photochemical smog and ozone reactions.PUB. WO: Washington : American Chemical Society, 

1972.DESCRDPTION: xi, 285 p. : illus. ; 24 cm.SERES: Advances in chemistry series, 

1 13 SUBJECTS: *S 1 Air--Pollution--Congresses. *S2 Photochemist1y--Congresses.*S3 

Ozone-Congresses. *S4 Smog-Congresses.LOCATION: McKay Applied Sci: QD1 .A355 no. 1 13 

Pinker, R.T., and A. Delman. 1983. On the precipitation-vegetation-ozone connection in the 

Washington, D.C. area. Atmospheric Environment ~17(2):22-1-226. ~~ ~ ~-~ ~~ ~ ~ 

Polle, A., pfirrmann, T., Chakrabarti, S. 1993. The effects of enhanced ozone and enhanced carbon 

dioxide concentrations on biomass, pigments and antioxidative enzymes in spruce needles (Picea 

abies L.). Plant. Cell and Environment 16(3):3 1 I+. 

Polle, A., Rennenberg, H. 1991. Superoxide dismutase activity in needles of Scots pine and Norway 

spruce under field and chamber conditions: lack of ozone effects. The New Phvtolonist 

117(2):335+. 

Polle, A., Krings, B., Rennenberg, H. 1989. Superoxide dismutase activity in needles of norwegian 

spruce trees (Pzcea abies L.). Plant Physio1og;V 90(4): 13 lo+. 

Posthumus, A.C. Experimental investigations on the action of ozone and peroxyacetyl (PAN) on 

plants. New Delhi: Arnerind pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., 1981. 

C-16 
Posthumus, A.C. Experimental investigations on the action of ozone and peroxvacetvl nitrate (PAN) 

on plants. Amerind Publishing Co.: New Delhi, 198 1. 

Preston, K.P. 1993. Selection for Sufir Dioxide and Ozone Tolerance in Bromus rubens Along the 

South Central Coast of California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83( 1): 141- 

155. 

Preston, K.P. 1993. Selection for Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone Tolerance in Bromus rubens Along the 

South Central Coast of California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83(1): 14 1- 

155. 

Price, H. et al. Effects of ozone on the growth and reproduction of grasses, pp. 275-280. In 

Proceedings of the International Clean Air Conference, held at the University of Melbourne, 15th18th May, 1972. Parkville, Vic., Australia: The Clean Air Society of Australia and New Zealand, 

1972. 

Proceedings ofthe "Forest Damage'' Workshop of the GSF, Munich, 27 February to 1 March 1989 

[Gesellschaft fur Strahlen Forshung]. 

Pye, J. Impact of Ozone on growth and yield of trees: a review. J. Env. Oual. JulyLSept. 88 MIT 

Barker 

Qiu, Z., Chappelka, A.H., Somers, G.I. 1993. Effects of ozone and simulated acidic precipitation 

on ectomycorrhizal formation on loblolly pine seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 

33(3):423+. 

Qiu, Z., Chappelka, A.H., Somers, G.L. 1992. Effects of ozone and simulated acidic precipitation 

on above- and below-ground growth of loblolly pine-(Pzngs taeda). Canadian Journal of Forest 

Research 22(4):582+. 

Raloff, J. Ozone: indoors mav offer little protection. by J. RaloEPUBLISHED IN: Science NewsSept 

23 1989, v136, n13, p198(1) SUBJECTS: *S1 Ozone-Physiological aspects*S2 Indoor air 

pollution--Physiological aspects*S3 Air--Pollutionl oca AI LOCATION DISPLAY 

Rebbeck, J., Jensen, K.F., Greenwood, M.S. 1993. Ozone effects on grafted mature and juvenile 

red spruce: photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll concentration. Canadian Journal 

of Forest Research 23(3):450+. 

Rebbeck, J., Jensen, K.F., Greenwood, M.S. 1992. Note: Ozone effects on the growth of grafted 

mature and juvenile red spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22(5):756+. 

Reddy, G.B., Reinert, R.A, Eason, G. 1991. Enzymatic changes in the rhizosphere of loblolly pine 

exposed to ozone and acid rain. Soil Bioloq & Biochemistv 23( 12): 1 1 15+. 

C-17 
Reiling, K., Davison, A.W. 1992. Spatial variation in ozone resistance of British populations of 

Plamago major L. The New Phvtolo~st 122(4):699+. 

Reinert, R.A. and P.V. Nelson. 1980. Sensitivity and growth of five Elatior begonia (Begonia X 

hiemalis) cultivars to SO, (suikr dioxide) and 0, (ozone), alone and in combination. Journal of the 

American Societv for Horticultural Science 105(5):721-723. 

Reinert, RA. et al. Field studies of air pollution injury to vegetation in Cincinnati, Ohio. Plant Dis. 

Rep. 5418-11, 1970. 

Reinert, R.A. Monitoring, detecting, and effects of air pollutants on horticultural crops. Sensitivity 

of genera and species. HortScience 10:495-500, 1975. MIT Retro 

Reinhold, Robert. Citing medical evidence on smog. California lowers threFhold EN: The New York 

Times Sept 14 1990, v139, PA100 pA14(L), col IHU TITLE: The New York times.LOCATION: 

Andover-Ham. Theol: Current issues: RR.Library has: Current day only. Library currently subscribes 

to this title 

Repetto, Robert. The policv imdications of non-convex environmental damages: IN: Journal of 

Environmental Economics and Managem ... March 1987, v14, p13(17)HU TITLE: Journal of 

environmental economics and management.LOCATI0N: Kennedy Sch-of Gov: PerLibrary currently 

subscribes to this title. 

Retzla, W.A., Ddong, T.M., Williams, L.E. 1992. Photosynthesis and growth response of almond 

to increased atmospheric ozone partial pressures. Journal of Environmental Quality 21(2):208+. 

Rich, S. Ozone damage to plants. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 2:253-266, 1964. 

Richards, B.L., Sr., O.C. Taylor, and G.F. Edmunds, 3r. 1968. Ozone needle mottle of pines of 

southern California. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 18:73-77. 

." ~~ ~. ~~ ~. . ~. ~~~~ ." . . . ~ ~~ ~.~ ~ 

~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ 

Richardson, C.J., Sasek, T.W., Fendick, E.A. 1992. Ozone exposure-response relationships for 

photosynthesis in genetic strains of loblolly pine seedlings. Forest Ecolom and ManaFement 

51(1/3):163+. 

Roberts, B.R. 1990. Physiological response ofyellow-poplar seedlings to simulated acid, rain, ozone 

fumigation, and drought. Forest Ecolom and Management 3 1(4):2 15+. 

Roberts, B.R. 1990. Physiological response of yellow-poplar seedlings to simulated acid, rain, ozone 

.fumigation, and drought. Forest Ecologv and Management 3 1(4):215+. 

RunecMes, V. C.; Palmer, K., Pretreatment with nitrogen dioxide modifies plant response toozone, 

Atmospheric Environment, 1987 VOL. 21, NO. 3, p. 717 DESCRIPTORS: Plant pretreatment; 

C-18 
\ 

Physiologic response; Ozone exposure; Nitrogen dioxide1 6 1471 8 

Ruth, B., and Weisel, B. 1993. Investigations on the photosynthetic system of spruce affected decline 

and ozone fbmigation in closed chambers. Environmental Pollution 79(1):3 I+. 

Sampson, Neil. Making cities livable for trees. (editoria1)IN: American Forests July-Aug 1988, v94, 

n7 & 8, p6(2)HU TITLE: American forests.LOCATION: Botany bold JP: Am Am 7H2 

Sampson, Neil. Environment. economics, and forestrv's future. (editoria1)IN: American Forests 

Nov-Dec 1989, v95, nl1& 12, p6(2)HU TITLE: American forests.LOCATION: Botany Arnold JP: 

AmAm7H.2 

Sanders, J.S., and R.A Reinert. 1982. Screening azalea cultivars for sensitivity to nitrogen dioxide, 

sulfur dioxide, and ozone alone and in mixtures. Journal cfthe American Societv for Horticultural 

Science 107(1):87-90. 

Sanders, J.S., and R.A. Reinert. 1982. Weight Changes of Radish and Marigold Exposed at Three 

Ages to NO, SO, and 0, (Nitrogen, Sulfbr Dioxide, and Ozone) Alone and in Mixture. Journal of 

the American Society for Horticultural Science 107(5):726-730. 

Sanders, G.E., Colls, J.J., Clark, A.G. 1992. Physiological changes in Phaseolus vulgaris in 

response to long-term ozone exposure. Annals of Botany 69(2): 1231. 

Sanders, J.S. et al. Screening azalea cultivars for sensitivity to nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and 

ozone alone and in mixtures. J. of the American Society for Horticultural Science 107( 1): 87-90, 

1982. 

.~ ~ -~~~~ .:. - Sasek, T.W., Richardson, C.J., Fendick, E.A. 1991. Carryover-effects afacid rain and ozone on the 

physiology of multiple flushes of loblolly pine seedlings. Forest Science 37(4): 1078+. 

Sasek, T.W., Richardson, C.J. 1989. Effects of chronic doses of ozone on loblolly pine: 

Photosynthetic characteristics in the third growing season. Forest Science 35(3):745+. 

Scherzer, A.J., McClenahen, J.R. 1989. Effects of ozone or sulhr dioxide on pitch pine seedlings. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 18(1):57+. 

Schier, G. A., Response of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipijiera L.) seedlings to simulated acid 

rain and ozone-2. Effect on throughfall chemistry and nutrients in the leaves. Environmental and 

Experimental Botany, 1990 VOL. 30, NO. 3 (July), p. 325, DESCRIPTORS: Leafchemistry; Plant 

nutrition; Poplar, yellow; Liriodendron tulipifera.; Acid rain, simulated; Ozone 1914459 

Schier, G.A., McQuattie, C.J., Jensen, K.F. 1990. Effect of ozone and aluminum on pitch pine 

(Pinus rzgih) seedlings: growth and nutrient relations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 

20(11):1714+. 

C-19 
Schier, G.A. 1990. Response of yellow-poplar (Liriodemiion tulipifera L.) seedlings to simulated 

acid rain and ozone-2. Effect on throughfall chemistry and nutrients in the leaves. Environmental and 

ExDerimental Botanv 30(3):325+. 

Schmitt, R., Sandermann, Jr., H. 1990. Biochemical response of Norway spruce towards 14-month 

exposure to ozone and acid mist: Part II-effects on protein biosynthesis. Environmental Pollution 

64(3/4):367+. 

Schneider, P., Horn, K., Lauterbach, R. 1990. Influence of ozone and acid mist on the contents of 

gibberecllic acid (GA3) in spruce needles. Environmental Pollution 64(3/4):347+. 

Schulze, E.-D. Air pollution and forest decline in a suruce (Piceabies) IN: Science May 19 1989, 

v244, n4906, p776(8)HU TITLE: [Science (Weekly)]Science.LOCATION: Biological Labs: Serial 

Library currently subscribes to this title. .~ 

Schut, H. E., Models for the physiological effects of short 0, exposures on plants. Ecological 

Modelling, 1985 VOL. 30, NO. 3-4 (December), p. 175. DESCRIPTORS: Botany; Physiological 

effect; Plant; Ozone exposure, short-term; Mathematical model 5 105331 

Semeniuk, P., and H.E. Heggestad. Differences among Coleus cultivars in tolerance to ozone and 

sulhr dioxide. The Journal of Heredity 72(6):459-460. 

Senser, M., Kloos, M., Lutz, C. 1990. Influence of soil substrate and ozone plus acid mist on the 

-. -pigment content and composition of needles from young Norway spruce trees. Environmental 

Pollution 64(3/4):295+. 

Senser, M. 1990. Influence of soil substrate and ozone plus acid mist on the frost resistance of young 

Norway spruce. Environmental Pollution 64(3/4):265+. . . . :- . . 

Shafer, S.R., Heagle, A.S. 1989. Growth responses of field-grown loblolly pine to chronic doses 

of ozone during multiple growing seasons. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19(7):82 I+. 

Spence, RD., Rykiel Jr., E.J., Sharpe, P.J.H. 1990. Ozone alters carbon allocation in loblolly pine: 

Assessment with carbon-l 1 labeling. Environmental Pollution 64(2):93+. 

Shafer, S.R., Reinert, R.A., Eason, G. 1993. Analysis of ozone concentration - biomass response 

relationships among open-pollinated families of loblolly pine. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 

23(4):706+. 

Sharma, S.D. 1985. Atmospheric pollution in bryometers. The Botanica 35:71-79 

Sharma, G.K. et al. Leaf cuticular variations in Trifolium repens L. as indicators of environmental 

pollution. Environ. Pollution 5:287-293, 1973. MIT Science 

c-20 
Shelburne, V.B., Reardon, J.C., Paynter, V.A. 1993. The effects of acid rain and ozone on biomass 

and leaf area parameters of shortleaf' pine (Pinus echinata Mill.). Tree Physiolom 12(2): 163+. 

Showman, R.E. 1991. A Comparison of Ozone Injury to Vegetation During Moist and Drought 

Years. Air & Waste Management Association 41(1):63-64. 

Simini, M., J.M. Skelly, and D.D. Davis. 1992. Sensitivity of four hardwood species to ambient 

ozone in north central Pennsylvania. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22( 1 1): 1789+. 

Smith, J.D. Atmospheric pollution and turfgasses. Journal of Sports-Turf-Research Institute 

Bingley, Yorkshire, England June 1985 v. 61, p. 46-51 

Smith, J.D. 1985. Atmoshperic pollution and turf grasses. Journal of the Sports Turf Research 

Institute 6 1 :46-5 1. 

Spencer, Peter L. Clearing the air on urban smog_ (Special Report, part 2)IN: Consumers' Research 

Magazine March 1990, v73, n3, p 12(4)HU TITLE: Consumers' research magazine. LOCATION: 

Hilles: Periodicals Library has: Latest year only. Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Stow, T.K., Allen, H.L., Kress, L.W. 1992. Ozone impacts on seasonal foliage dynamics of young 

loblolly pine. Forest Science 38(1):102+. 

Strahaq S.E. Correlation ofN20 and 03 in the atmosphere. (nitrous oxide;IN: Applied Optics Oct 

20 1992, v3 1,1130, p6358( 1)HU TITLE: Applied optics.LOCATION: Chemistry: Library currently 

subscribes to this title. McKay Applied Sci: Journal Pre-1970 in Attic Library currently subscribes 

to this title.H2 Wolbach Obs (SAO): Journal Current issues on display Library currently subscrib-es 

to this title. 

Strait, Donald S. High noon for smog control. IN: Environment Sept 1987, v29, p43(3)HU TITLE: 

Environment.LOCATI0N: Cabot Science: PER 3630 Library currently subscribes to this title. 

Strauss, W., et al. 1975. The effkcts of phytotoxic gases on native Australian plant species: Part 2. 

Acute injury due to ozone. Environmental Pollution. 9(3): 18 l+. 

Sun, Marjorie. Tighter ozone standard urg;ed bv scientists. IN: Science June 24 1988, v240, n48601 

p 1724(2)HU TITLE: [Science (Weekly)]Science.LOCATION: Biological Labs: SerialLibrary 

currently subscribes to this title.H6 - Enter DISPLAY H6 for more information on this holding Cabot 

Science: PER 7 1 OOLibrary currently subscribes to this title. 

Sundstrom, GeoE EPA is facing tounh decision on air in cities. (IN: Automotive News Feb 23 1987, 

p 1 (2)HU TITLE: Automotive news. NON-HARVARD LOCATION: CRL (Chicago) 

Sutinen, S., Skarby, L., Wallin, G. 1990. Long-term exposure of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) 

c-2 1 
\ 

Karst., to ozone in open-top chambers. 11. Effects on the ultrastructure of needles. The New 

Phytoloaist 1 15(2):345+. 

TacklinP smog ozone: tougher than thought. by 1. Wickelgren. PUBLISHED IN: Science NewsJuly 

22 1989, v136, n4, p53( 1)SUBJECTS: LOCATION: Blue Hill: BLUE HILL JournalLibrary has: Last 

2 years onlylibrary currently subscribes to this title. Cabot Science: PER 7130. lLibrary currently 

subscribes to this title. Countway Medicine: Serial 

Temple, P.J. 1988. Injury and growth of JeBey pine and giant sequoia in response to ozone and 

acidic mist. Environmental and ExDerimental Botany 28(4):323+. 

Temple, P., Riechers, G., Miller, P. Growth responses of ponderosa pine to long-term exposure to 

ozone, wet and dry acidic deposition, and drought. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23(1):59+. 

Temple, P.J., Riechers, G.H., Miller, P.R. 1992. Foliar injury responses of ponderosa pine seedlings 

to ozone, wet and dry acidic deposition, and drought., Environmental and Experimental Botany 

32(2): 10 I+. 

The dirtv dozen. (12 cities with high ozone leve1s)IN: U.S. News & World Report May 16 1988, 

vlO4, nI9, plO(2)HU TITLE: U. S. news & world report.LOCATION: Hilles: PeriodicalsLibrary 

currently subscribes to this title. 

There's a good place for ozone--and a bad one.PUF3LISHED IN: Business WeekNov 9 1987, n3025, 

plO6(1)LOCATION: Ctr Eur Studies: HF 5001 .B89H2 Development Office: Per Gutman Education: 

Ordered--currently received Library has: Latest six months onlyLibrary currently subscribes to this 

title. Hilles: PeriodicalsLibrary currently subscribes to this title. 

Thomas, M.D. Effects-of air-pollution on plants, pp.-233-278.~~ In Air Pollution. World Health 

Organization Monograph Series No. 46. New York: Columbia University Press, 1961. Gutwy 

WA754.A36 

Thornton, F.C., Pier, P.A., McDuffie Jr., C. 1992. Red spruce response to ozone and cloudwater 

after three years exposure. Journal of Environmental Ouality 21(2): 196+. 

Ting, Irwin P.; Sutton, Rosemary, Evidence for repair of ozone induced membrane injury: Alteration 

in sugar uptake. Atmospheric Environmentlh International Journal, 1977 VOL. 1 1, NO. 3, p. 273 

DESCRIPTORS: Atmospheric environment; Plant, membrane injury; Sugar uptake, alteration; 

Ozone 061 1858 

Tingey, D.T. et ai. Foliar injury responses of eleven plant species to ozone/sulphur dioxide mixtures. 

Atmos. Environ. 7:201-208, 1973. Mckay 

Tjoelker, M. G.; Luxmoore, R J. Soil nitrogen and chronic ozone stress influence physiology, growth 

c-22 
\ 

and nutrient status of Pinus L. and Liridndron tulipifera L. seedlings. The New Phvtologist, 

1991 VOL. 119, NO. 1 (September), p. 69 DESCRIPTORS: Plant physiology; Nitrogen, soil; 

Ozone stress; Growth; Pinus taeda.; Liriodendron tulipifera.2023270 210305 1 

Treshow, M. Ozone damage to plants. Environ. Pollut. 1 : 155-156, 1970. MTT Science 

Uehling, Mark D.TITLE: Missinn the deadline on ozone. (cities and federal standards) byMark D. 

Uehling.PWLISHED IN: National WildlifeOct-Nov 1987, v25, p34(4) 

Ulrich, B., and J. Pankrath, eds. Effects of Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Forest Ecosystems 

(Reidel, Dordrecht, 1983). 

Wallin, G., Skarby, L., Sellden, G. 1992. Long-term exposure of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L). 

Karst., to ozone in open-top chambers. 111. Effects on the light response of net photosynthesis in 

shoots of differtent ages. The New Phytologist 121(3):387+. 

Walli G., Sellden, G., Ottosson, S. 1992. Long-term exposure of Norway spruce, Pzeea abies (L.) 

Karst., to ozone in open-top chambers. IV. Effects on the stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of 

photosynthesis and on the carboxylation efficiency. The New Phytolonist 121(3):395+. 

Wallii G., Skarby, L., Sellden, G. 1990. Long-term exposure of Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) 

Karst., to ozone in open-top chambers. I. Effects on the capacity of net photosynthesis, dark 

respiration and leaf conductance of shoots of different ages. The New Phytologist 115(2):335+. 

Warren, Melinda. Clearing the air of ozone. (pol1ution)IN: Society March-April 1989, v26, n3, 

p48( 1 1)HU TITLE: Society.LOCATION: Countway Medicine: SerialLibrary currently subscribes 

to this title. Gutman Education: Per. Hl.T72 Library currently subscribes to this title. Gutman 

Education: Mfiche Per H1 .T72Microfiche. Ann Arbor, Mich. : University MicrofilmsInternational, 

19 - . microfiches ; 1 1 x 15 crnmicrofichelibrary currently subscribes to this title. 

West German Government Advisory Council on Forest Damage -- Air Pollution (Forschungsbeirat 

Waldschaden - Luftverunreinigungen der Bundesregierung und der Lander) (Report 2, Federal 

Department of Science and Technology, Karlsruhe, 1986). 

Westman, W.E., Temple, P.J. 1989. Acid mist and ozone effects on the leaf chemistry of two 

western conifer species. Environmental Pollution 57( 1):9+. 

White, N.H. Observations on air-oxidant injuries on plants in the Sydney metropolitan area. Paper 

- #7 presented at First Clean Air Conference held at the University ofNew South Wales, 1962. 7 pp. 

Whitmore, M.E., W.J. Davies, and T.A. Mansfield. 1985. Air Pollution and Leaf Growth. Society 

for Exuerirnental Biolow (seminar series) 27:295-3 18. 

C-23 
Zwoch, I., U. Knorre, and H. Schaub. 1990. Influence of SO, and O,, Singly or in Combination, on 

Ethylene Synthesis in Sunflower. Environmental and Exoerimental Botanv 30(2): 193-223 

' C-24 
Appendix D 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas and Temperature Zones 
25-July-95 

Appendix D: Table Dl 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by Region, 

Class, and Temperature Zone 

EpA Non-Attainment 1 Ozone i Temp. I 1990 

Re~on ~ Area ~ class 1 Zone : Population I 

I 

1 poston-Lawrence 5.786.021 

1 beater- Connect 2,459.471 

6 79,966 

5 j5 j 66.667 

s 15 221.163 ; [anchester. NH 6 :5 120.005 

4412.57 

1 ortsmouth-Dove 104233 

812322 

1-2 bew York-N. New 17,041,786 

bany-Schenect i 6 { 4-5 874304 

319,416 

2 buffalo-Niapra 6 1.189.288 

37.152 

110.943 

2 poughkeepsie. N 343.403 

2-3 Philadelphia-Wi 3 1 6-7 1 6.010338 

i kllentown-Berhl 6 1 5-6 S9.5.081 

3 Ftoona. PA 130542 

3 Baltimore. MD 1 3 I 6-7 

' 1 1 2.34821s 

3 Fharleston. WV :5 16 250.492 

3 Erie.PA !6 j5 l 27.5.57: 

j6 15 I 34.69: 

587,986 

ortland, ME js 1s 

rovidence- Pawt 

i 

l6 1 24124; 

S1,79.' 

ncaster. PA 422.82: 

3 parkersburg-Mar 15 '6 I 86.9 15 

3 Pittsburgh-Beav ! 5 1 5-6 1 2.468.289 

3 peading. PA 5 16 336.523 

3 pichmond-Peters 738.964 

734.175 

32370 

113229 

4 6-7 3,923574 

417.848 

6 613,622 

16 i7 750,883 

6 j 7-8 1.365.976 

7 686526 

7 44506 

6 10357 

Is 7 767.834 

8 9 672.971 

6 6 335.745 

6 6 249232 

6 7 82633( 1.5 9- 10 4,056,10( 

'5 6 881,331 

ensboro, KY 16 6 95,OS: 

36,2626: ' 64356( 

4 Warnpa-St. Peter 9 1 . 1.685,71: 
25-July-% 

Appendix D: Table Dl 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by Region, 

Class, and Temperature "ne 

EPA I Non-Attainment 

Region Area 

4-5 

4-5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

.5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

S 

5 

5 

5 

5-7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

mcinnati-Hami 

linton Co. OH 

- Springfi 

etroit-Ann Arb 

oor Co. WI 

Evansville. INint, MI 

nsing-East La 

banitowoc co. w 

Milwaukee-Racin 

Muskegon, MI 

Preble Co at Da 

Pheboysan. WI 

rth Bend-Mish 

teubenville - We 

oledo, OH 

pallas-Fort Wor 

bowton-Galvest 

fayette. LA 

ke Charles. L 

hew Orleans. LA 

kansas City, MO 

benver-Boulder, 

blt Lake City61 Paso. Tx 

E hico. CA 

resno, Bak & Sur. 

mperial Co. CA 

- 

Dzone 

Class 

5 

6 

5 

2 

5 

8 

5 

5 

6 

6 

8 

5 

6 

6 

5 

- 

6 

a 

5 

5 

8 

- 7 

6 

8 

5 

6 

5 

4 

4 

4 

5 

2 

8 

6 

8 

7 

Angeles-San B & River$ 2 

5 

5 

-6 

4 

Diego.CA 

ta Barbara- S 5 

entura Co 

uba City. CA 

ttle-Tacoma, 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

6 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5-6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

S 

5-6 

8 

8-9 

7-8 

7 

8-9 

8 

8 

8-9 

5 

4-5 

6-7 

8 

8-9 

9- 10 

9 

9 

9 

7 

8-9 

9 

9-10 

10 

9 

8 

8 

8 

1990 

Population 

1.705289 

897.948 

36758.5 

7.937.452 

2.859.644 

35,415 

1.156.666 

951270 

4590.468 

25.690 

, 165.058 

430.459 

688399 

797.159 

20539 

18.878 

432.674 

80.421 

1.735.364 

158,983 

40.1 13 

103.877 

403.250 

80298 

515.630 

75,000 

2389.616 

581.853 

361226 

3560.474 

591.610 

3,731.131 

164.762 

168.134 

1,054312 

1361,557 

1,848319 

913.897 

182,120 

2,742,000 

109303 

11273.720 

2588,793 

622,091 

2,122,101 

254.667 

1545517 

2,498,016 

6.023377 

369.608 

669.016 

58.228 

1,412344 

2559,164 
25-July-95 

Appendix D:-Table D2 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

boston-Lawrence 

boston-Lawrence 

Boston- Lawrence 

oston-lawrence 

oston - Lawrence 

oston-Lawrence 

oston-Lawrence 

oston-Lawrence 

oston-Lawrence 

oston-Lawrence 

poston-Lawrence 

Boston-Lawrence 

/Greater-Connect 

reater - Connect 

reater - Connect 

reater- Connect 

breater-connect 

Eater-Cnnnect 

reater-Connect 

anccck & Waldo 

vancock &Waldo 

Knox & Lincoln 

Knox gL Lincoln 

!&ewiston-Auburn 

kwiston-Auburn 

anchester. NH 

ortland. ME 

(Portland. ME 

portland.ME 

Portsmouth-Dove 

providence-Paw1 

providence-Pawl 

Providence-Pawt 

providence-Pawt 

providence-Pawt 

ppringfield. MA 

bpringfield. MA 

bprinefield, MA 

springfield. MA 

pew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

FYorkZN. New 

ew York N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

New York-N. New 

E 

P 

K 

E I 

i 

E 

k 

assachusetts 

assachusetts 

assachusetts 

ew Hampshire 

ew Hampshire 

nnecticut 

onnecticut 

Fonnecticut 

nnecticut 

.onnecticut 

.onnecticut 

onnecticut 

r 

E 

E::: 

baine 

Maine 

Maine 

Maine 

bew Hampshire 

aine 

aine 

aine 1 ew Hampshire 

bhode Island 

Rhode Island 

Whode Island 

bhode Island 

ew York 

ew York 

hew York-N. New hew York 

blymouth Cn 

Luffolk Co 

bancock co 

Knox Co 

bncoln co 

l”\ndroscoggin Co 

Kennebec Co 

errirnack Co 

paldo co 

pent Co 

pewport Co 

providence Co 

ashington Co 

assall co 

ueens Co 

- 

hone 

DesiR. 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

< 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

r: 

t 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6; 

Si 

61 

Si 

5/ 

5; 

51 

5; 

5’ 

S 

5 

5 

S 

S 

5 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

6 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

6 

6 

7 

61 

61 

6j 

1990 

186.605 

$06325 

11 539 

670.080 

1398.468 

6.012 

616.087 

435376 

663.906 

709.705 

336.073 

245.845 

8.51.783 

174.092 

143.196 

804.219 

254.957 

128.699 

10252s 

46.948 

33.018 

3631a 

30357 

105.259 

115.904 

120.005 

243.135 

3353.5 

164587 

104,233 

48.859 

161,135 

87.194 

596.27C 

11o.cw 

13935; 

70.092 

45631C 

14656t 

825,38( 

7782M 

S53.09F 

107.776 

671,78( 

S53.12r 

421 35: 

43320: 

453.06( 

24027! 

130.96 

493.81! 

1203.78! 

2300,66. 

1287341 

1,48753t 

307,64‘ 

1,951591 
2.5-July-95 

Appendix D: Table D2 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone 

EPA j Non-Attainment ~ i 

Region Area i state 1 Countv 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

1-2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

- 7 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2- 3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

2-3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

kew York-N. New 

PYork-N. New 

ew York-N. New 

WewYork-N. New 

!Albany-Schenect 

/Albany-Schenect 

Wbany-Schenect 

pbany-Schenect 

p-Schenect 

bany-Schenect 

lentown-Beth1 

htlantic city. 

city. 

ufFalo-Niagara 

uffalo-Niagara 

ew York-N. New 

oughkeepsie. N 

pouphlieepsie. N 

hsex CO, NY 

jlefferson CO. N 

Philadelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

philadelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

khiladelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

khiladelphia- Wi 

.khiiadelphia-Wi 

!Philadelphia-Wi 

Philadelphia-Wi 

yUlentown-Beth1 

hentown-Beth1 

blentown-Beth1 

/Altoona PA 

fBaltimore. r. MD 

MD 

altimore, MD 

altimore. MD 

altimore, MD 

c 

hie. rurg-bba PA 

arrisburg-Leba 

arrisburg- Leba 

Harrisburg-Leba 

kent & Queen An 

Lncaster. PA 

Few York 

ew York 

ew York 

ew York 

ew York 

ew York 

ew York 

ew York 

ew Y ork 

ew York 

ew Jersey 

ew Jersey 

ew Jersey 

E i 

F 

E 

b: E:: 

picut 

e 

6 

1 

ew York 

ew York 

ew York 

ew York 

elaware 

elaware 

Maryland 

pew Jersey 

Few Jersey 

New Jersey 

New Jersey 

ew Jersey 

ew Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

ennsylvania 

ennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania E2$2; 

E ennsylvania 

aryland 

aryland 

3 korfolk-Virgini birgiia 

ichmond Co 

ockland CD 

uffolk Co 

estchester Co 

bany Co 

eene Co 

ontgomery Co 

ent Ca 

ew Casrle Co 

uriington Co 

mden Co 

umberland Co 

ontgomery Co 

Kent Co 

E ueen Annes (3 

ncaSter Co 

hesapeake 

- 

hone 

3esip. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

S 

6 

6 

2 

f 

f 

t 

c 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

6 

6 

6 

6 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

6 

7 

7 

5 

3 

6 

5 

6 

4 

4 

7; 

7 

6' 

71 

6 

7 

6 

6 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

? 

6 

6 

I 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

6 

7 

7 

6 

8 

378.977 

265.475 

1321.864 

814.866 

292694 

44.739 

51,981 

154.42s 

181.276 

149285 

91.607 

224325 

95.089 

968,532 

220.7% 

827.645 

259.46: 

83.941 

37.15: 

110.94: 

110.99: 

441.94t 

71.34- 

395.06r 

502.82r 

138.0.5: 

230.082 

325.821 

6529i 

541.17, 

376,391 

541.65 

678.1 1 

:1.58SS7' 

' S6.84 

291.13C 

247.10: 

13054; 

427.235 

136.01.: 

692.134 

123315 

182.132 

18732s 

207.615 

42.83: 

275.57; 

19525: 

237.81: 

113.74 

41.17; 

163.02! 

7821t 

17.84; 

33.95: 

422.82: 

15197t 
25-July-95 

Appendix D: Table D2 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone 

EPA 1 Non-Attainment i 

Region Area ~ State 1 county 

I 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

, 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

> 

7 

, 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

, 

3 

7 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3-4 

3-4 

3-4 

3-4 

3-5 

Norfolk-Virgini 

$Jor€olk-Virgini 

borfotk-Virgini 

porfolk-Virgini 

porfolk-Virgini 

porfolk-Virgini 

Norfolk-Virgini 

Norfolk-Virgini 

borfoIk-Virgini 

Forfolk-Virgini 

Parkersburg-Mar 

Pittsburgh-Beav 

Pittsburgh-Beav 

Pittsburgh-Beav 

Pittsburgh- Beav 

Pittsburgh-Beav 

Pittsburgh-Beav 

Pittsburgh-Beav 

Reading. PA 

Richmond-Peters 

Richmond-Peters 

Richmond-Peters 

Richmond-Peters 

Richmond-Peters 

Richmond-Peters 

Richmond-Pelers 

branton-Wilkes 

branton-Willies 

kranton-Wilkes 

Scranton-Wilkes 

Gcranton-Wilkes 

Washington, DCWashington. DCWashington. DCWashingon. DCWashington. DCWashington. DCWashington. DCpashington. DCpashington. DCWashington. DChashineton. DCWashington, DCashington. DCashington, DC- 

!Washington, DCWashington, DCPk, PA 

Fork. PA 

F 

E ussex Cn, DE 

myth Co, VA 

reenbrier Co. 

untington -Ash1 

untington-Ash1 

kuntington- Ash1 

Huntington -Ash1 

houngstown-warr 

E 

yirginia 

irginia 

irginia 

Virginia 

pirginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

pirginia 

West Virginia 

Pennsylvania 

/Pennsylvania 

iPennsytvania 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Pennsylvania 

Virginia 

F 

p?;; 

F 

Virginia 

Virginia 

Nirginia 

irginia 

ennsylvania 

ennsylvania 

ennsylvania 

/Pennsylvania 

ennsylvania b ist. Columbia 

K$:: 

Maryland 

baryland 

rand 

1 

irginia 

Irginia 

pirginia 

pirginia 

pirginia 

Virginia 

Virginia 

irginia 

irginia 

irginia 

Bennsylvania 

ennsylvania 

elaware 

irginia 

est Virginia 

entucky 

Kentucky 

pest Virginia 

West Virginia 

bhio 

~ 

E illiamsburg 

ork Co 

ood Co 

blegheny co 

utler Cn 

ayette Co 

bashington Co 

Pestmoreland Co 

$erks Co 

Charles City CQ 

chesterfield Co 

/Colonial Heights 

kanover co 

Menrico Co 

opeweil 

ichmond 

kawanna Co 

erne Ca 

onroe Co 

yoming Co 

ashington 

c 

Frederick Co 

ontgomery Co 

rince George's Co 

hexandria 

lelington co 

alls Church 

udoun Co 

rince William Co 

jGreenup Co 

ahoning Co 

- 

*one 

Desig. 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

S 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

~~ ~~- 

- 

rcmp. 

- Zone 

7 

7 

7 

8 

7 

8 

8 

8 

7 

7 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

5 

6 

5 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

5 

5 

5 

6 

5 

6 

7 

7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

6 

6 

7 

6 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

1990 

Population 

133.793 

34.859 

170.045 

26 1,229 

11.00s 

103.907 

52.141 

393.069 

11530 

42,422 

86,915 

1336.449 

73.478 

186.093 

152.013 

145351 

204584 

370321 

336,523 

6.282 

209.274 

16.064 

63.306 

217.881 

23.101 

203.056 

63.202 

219.039 

328.145 

95.705 

28,076 

606,9oC 

5 1.372 

101.154 

150208 

757,027 

729268 

111,183 

170,930 

19,622 

818.584 

9.578 

86.129 

27,957 

6,734 

215,68t 

6 123t 

7827f 

33957r 

113.225 

3237( 

34.69: 

51,15( 

36.74; 

96.82: 

41,63( 

264,80( 
25-July-95 

Appendix D: Table D2 

Ozone Non- Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone 

EPA Non-Attainment ~ t 

Regon i Area j state 1 CountV 

I 

I' 

I 

i1 

3-5 

3-5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4- 5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

4-5 

1. 

koungtown-War, 

oungrown-Wan 

tlanta. GA 

tlanta GA 

tlanta. GA 

tlanta. GA 

tlanta. GA 

tlanta. GA 

tlanta GA 

tlanta, GA 

tlanta, GA 

tlanta. GA 

tlanta, GA 

tlanta. GA 

irmingharn. AL 

irmingharn, AL 

.harlotte-Gasto 

.harlotte-Gaslo 

reensboro-Wins 

pensboro-Wins 

breensboro-Wins 

reensbom-Wins 

E 

xington-Fayet 

bxington-Fayet 

orgia 

orgia 

orgia 

orgia 

pu'orrh Carolina 

worth Carolina 

!North Carolina 

Florida 

p-ennessee 

Kentucky 

C<entucky 

bemphis, TN-AR- kennessee 

piami-Fort Laud 

KFml- Fort Laud 

tam1 - Fort Laud 

pashville. TN 

pashville. TN 

!h%shville. TN 

(Owensboro, KY 

bvensboro. KY 

kaducah. KY (No 

kaducah. KY (No 

#bleigh-Durham, 

rei&-Durham. kaleigh-Durham. 

ampa-St. Peter 

ampa-St. Peter 

. Wmonson Co 

herokee @ Gree 

incinnati-Hami 

incinnati-Hami 

incinnati-Hami 

incinnati-Hami 

incinnati-Hami 

incinnati-Hami 

incinnati-Hami 

uisville, KY - uisville. KY - i uisville, KY - 

Florida 

Florida 

klorida 

Fennessee 

nennessee 

pennessee 

ennessee 

ennessee 

entuchy 

entucky 

entucky 

kentucky 

E 

I 

phelby Co 

ecklenburg Co 

uval Co 

nox Co 

tt Co 

[therford Co 

umner Co 

illiamson Co 

ikon Co 

ranville Co 

- 

[hone 

Dcsig. 

6 

6 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

e 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

+ 

5 

r; 

5 

5 

5 

I 

I' 

I 

! 

- 

Temp. 

- Zone 

5 

5 

I 

7 

7 

I 

7 

7 

7 

I 

7 

I 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

9 

6 

6 

6 

I 

la 

1c 

9 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

I 

7 

7 

9 

9 

6 

7 

6 

c 

c 

c 

c 

c 

c 

I 

c 

6 

,1990 

Population 

227.813 

121.003 

90204 

182.052 

447.745 

53,853 

545.837 

71,120 

62.415 

44.083 

648.951 

352,910 

58.741 

41.611 

54.091 

6.51525 

99358 

17.5.093 

511,433 

1 26 617 

27.859 

265.878 

347.420 

672.971 

335.749 

225366 

23.867 

826.330 

1.255.488 

1.937.094 

863.518 

510.784 

118.57C 

103.281 

8 1 .021 

67.675 

87,189 

7,864 

9.062 

27305 

181835 

38345 

42338C 

834.054 

851.659 

10357 

44.506 

51589 

83,866 

142.031 

29 1.47: 

150.18; 

866228 

113.905 

87.77'3 

. 64.W 

4756; 
25-July-95 

Appendix D: Table D2 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone 

EPA j Non-Attainment 1 

ReRion ! Area 1 state 

4-5 uisville, KY - 4-5 uisville. KY - 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

S 

S 

S 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

S 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

7 

bnton, OH 

Chicago-Gary-La 

khicago-Gary-La 

phiago-Gary-La 

/Chicago- Gary- La 

hicapo-Gary-La 

hicago - Gary - La 

Chicago-Gary-La 

bhicago-Gary-La 

Khicago-Gary-La 

/Chicago-Gary-La 

leveland-Akron 

/Cleveland-Akron 

Fleveland-Akron 

reveland-Akron 

leveland-Akron 

leveland-Akron 

kolumbus. OH 

Folurnbus. OH 

T-Spring~ 

ayton-Spring1 

ayton-Spring1 

- Springti 

etroit-Ann Arb 

/Detroit-Ann Arb 

betroii-Ann Arb 

Detroit - Ann Arb 

betroit-Ann Arb 

Detroit-Ann Arb 

betroit-Ann Arb 

pvansvilie, INFlint. MI 

brand Rapids. M 

rand Rapids. M 

jlansing-hst ~a 

!Lansing-East La 

nsing-East La 

ilwaukee-Racin 

ihaukee-Racin 

ilwaukee-Racin 

ilwaukee-Racin 

ilwaukee-Racin 

lwaukee-Racin 

E 

iboledo, OH 

boledo, OH 

benev co 

i 

kentucky 

Kentucky 

bhio 

llinois 

llinois 

Illinois 

Illinois 

Fllinois 

ttinois 

llinois 

pndiana 

F 

bhio 

/Ohio 

Dhio 

phi0 

bhio 

Dhio ' 

/Ohio 

Phi0 

bichigan 

Michigan 

pichigan 

pichigan 

ichigan 

diana 

ichigan 

ichigan 

ichigan 

kdiana 

ichigan 

bichigan 

ichigan 

isconsin 

isconsin 

isconsin 

isconsin 

Wisconsin 

Wisconsin 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

ndiana 

ndiana 

Ohio 

3hio 

ldham Co 

u Page Co 

rundy Co 

&ake Ca 

htabula Co 

acomb Co 

onroe Co 

ayne Ca 

ion Co 

- 

Dzone 

Desig. 

5 

5 

6 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

8 

5 

5 

6 

8 

8 

8 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

5 

5 

6 

6 

8 

5 

5 

6 

1990 

Population 

664.937 

33.263 

367585 

5.105.067 

781.666 

32337 

317.471 

39.413 

516.418 

183,241 

357313 

475594 

128.932 

99.821 

1,412.140 

81.129 

215,499 

271.126 

122354 

142.585 

51499C 

66.929 

96 1.43'7 

128.3OC 

147.548 

136.731 

93.182 

573.80s 

115,64.' 

717.4Oi 

133,6Oi 

1.083.592 

145.60; 

282.93'3 

2.111.687 

165,OSE 

430,455 

500,631 

187,768 

797.155 

57.883 

92.879 

281.912 

128.181 

95927.' 

72831 

175,03r 

95.326 

304.71! 

158.98: 

10387.: 

156.19) 

247.05: 

80.29j 

462.363 

11326! 

2053! 
Appendix D: Table D2 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone 

EPA 1 Non-Attainment 

Region I Area ! County 

I 

5 

5 

5 

5 

S 

5 

5-7 

5-7 

5-7 

5-7 

5-7 

5-7 

5-7 

5-7 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

9 

oor Co. W1 

Vanitowoc CO. w 

(Wahvorth @ Mihv 

bt Louis. MO-IL 1 Louis. MO-IL 

t Louis. MO-IL 

t Louis, MO-IL 

t Louis. MO-IL 

Et Louis, MO-IL 

baton Rouge. LA 

paton Rouge, LA 

baton Rouge, LA 

Faton Rouge. LA 

Baron Rouge. LA 

baton Rouge. LA 

Beaumont-Port A 

Beaumont-Port A 

Beaumont-Port A 

Dallas-Fort Wor 

balas-Fort Wor 

Et Louis. MO-IL 

t Louis. MO-IL 

pouston-Galvest 

ouston-Galvest 

ouston-Galvest 

ouston-Galvest 

ouston- Galvest 

Pouston-Galvest 

houston-Galvest 

isconsin 

isconsin 

isconsin 

isconsin 

h-exas 

E: 

kz 

trexas 

fcansas 

issouri 

issouri 

lorado 

t Baton Rouge Par 

Fo 

penron Co 

arrant Co 

1 Pas0 co 

razoria Co 

hambers Co 1 art Bend CAJ 

halwm: Co 

!Liberty CAJ 

ontgomery Co 

aller Co 

fayette Par 

lcasieu Par 

efferson Par 

- 

Ozone 

Desig. 

8 

6 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

S 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

S 

5 

5 

4 

5 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

- 7 

2 

2 

e 

6 

e 

e 

e 

e 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

E 

e 

F 

8 

F 

-5 * 

< 

E 

1 

P 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

9 

8 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

35.415 

40.1 13 

25.690 

18.878 

80.421 

75.000 

249.238 

22.422 

262.852 

80.603 

171380 

212.907 

396.68s 

993529 

58.214 

380.105 

3 1.049 

70.526 

22,540 

19.419 

41321: 

239.395 

80.50s 

264.036 

1.852.81C 

27352: 

1.170,10! 

591.61C 

191.70; 

20.08E 

225,421 

217395 

2.818.195 

52.726 

182.201 

2339C 

164.76: 

168.134 

448306 

496.935 

66.631 

42.435 

' 355.054 

16199: 

153,411 

63323; 

57.86: 

265,031 

391511 

22533! 

467.61( 

60391 

438.43( 

187,941 

72595C 

182.12C 

8,863,164 
25-July-95 \ 

Appendix D: Table D2 

Ozone Non-Attainment Areas, by County, Class, and Temperature Zone 

EPA i Non-Attainment I Region I Area I State 

I 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

bs Angeles-Ana 

Monterey Bay 

Monterey Bay 

konterey ~ay 

Imperial co, CA 

pemura c.. 

$hoenix, AZ 

pl,no, NV 

bramenio. CA 

cramento, CA 

acramento. CA 

pubs City. CA 

@cramento. CA 

n Diego, CA 

an Francisco - 0 

pan Francisco-0 

ban Francisco-0 

5an Francisco - 0 

Ban Francisco-0 

ban Francisco-0 

Ban Francisco- 0 

5an Francisco- 0 

5an Francisco- 0 

Fresno. CA 

Bakersfield. CA 

Fresno. CA 

kadera Co. CA 

jhlerced. CA 

ptockton. CA 

jlvlodesto. CA 

Yisalia-Tularepanta Barbara- S 

LIS Angeles-Ana 

5s Angeies-Ana 

pubs City, CA 

Portland-Vancou 

ortland-Vancou 

ortland- Vancou 

portland-Vancou 

battle-Tacoma. 

battle-Tacoma. 

battle-Tacoma. 

I? 

E” 

1 

bod: 

range Co 

onterey Co 

Benito CCI 

Iacruzco 

ashoe CB 

i Dorado Co 

lacer Co 

acramento Co 

E 

n Francisco CO 

n Mateo Co 

anta Clara Co 

olano Co 

onoma Co 

Fresno Co 

Kern Co 

n Joaquin Co 

ulare Co 

iverside Co 

Ban Bernardino Co 

buba Co 

clackamas Co 

Multnomah Co 

ierce Co 

&one 

Dcsig. r: i 

1 

5 

5 

8 

5 

3 

5 

6 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

5 

5 

S 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

S 

4, 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

2 

2 

8 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

i 

- 

remp. 

- Zone 

10 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

7 

8 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

9 

la 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

8 

9 

9 

9 

9 

10 

9 

9 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

la 

T I 

1990 

Population 

2,410356 

355.660 

36.697 

229,734 

109303 

669.016 

2.122.101 

254,667 

125.995 

172.796 

1.b41.219 

54.415 

141.092 

2.498.016 

1.279.182 

803.732 

230.096 

110,765 

723.959 

649.623 

1,49757i 

340.421 

I 388.222 

667.49C 

543.417 

101,469 

88.090 

178.403 

480.628 

370.522 

311.921 

369.608 

1.170.413 

1.41838C 

58.228 

278.85E 

583.88; 

311.554 

238.05: 

1.507315 

58620! 

465.642 

146,423,413