NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Survey Report June 1997

Private Schools in the 

United States: 

A Statistical Profile,

1993-94

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 97-459
NATIONAL CENTER FOR EDUCATION STATISTICS

Survey Report June 1997

Private Schools in the 

United States: 

A Statistical Profile,

1993-94

Donald H. McLaughlin

American Institutes for Research

Stephen Broughman, Project Officer

National Center for Education Statistics

U.S. Department of Education

Office of Educational Research and Improvement NCES 97-459
U.S. Department of Education

Richard W. Riley

Secretary

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

Ramon C. Cortines

Acting Assistant Secretary

National Center for Education Statistics

Pascal D. Forgione, Jr.

Commissioner

Surveys and Cooperative Systems Group

Paul D. Planchon

Associate Commissioner

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and 

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NCES activities are designed to address high priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, 

and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high quality data to the U.S. 

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Please direct your comments to:

National Center for Education Statistics

Office of Educational Research and Improvement

U.S. Department of Education

555 New Jersey Avenue, NW

Washington, DC 20208-5574

June 1997

Contact:

Stephen Broughman 

(202) 219-1744
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 iii

Private elementary and secondary schools in the United States have been an

important component of the nation’s education system from the beginning and

continue to play an important role, educating roughly one-tenth of the nation’s

young people. Since the late 1970s, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) has developed survey systems for tapping the status of both private

and public elementary and secondary education in the United States, including

the Schools and Staffing Surveys (SASS) of 1987-88, 1990-91, and 1993-94.

The present report, based on the Schools and Staffing Survey of 1993-94, is

designed to update the picture of private schools in the United States, based on

responses from a nationally representative sample of 2,585 private schools and

8,372 teachers in those schools.

Most private schools belong to some national group, and NCES consulted

with those groups to develop a survey questionnaire that would address informational needs of the private school community. Seventeen leading private

school organizations endorsed the survey, including the American Montessori

Society, Christian Schools International, the Council for American Private

Education, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Friends Council

on Education, the General Council of Seventh-Day Adventist Church, the

Lutheran Church, Missouri Synod, the National Association of Episcopal

Schools, the National Association of Independent Schools, the National Independent Private School Association, the National Association of Schools for

Exceptional Children, the National Catholic Education Association, Oral Roberts University Educational Fellowship, Solomon Schechter Day School Association, Torah Umesorah - National Society for Hebrew Day Schools, the U.S.

Catholic Conference, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Staff of

schools belonging to many other groups also contributed their time to the completion of this survey.

In this report, graphic statistical profiles are presented of Catholic schools,

other religiously-oriented schools, and nonsectarian schools, using both NCES’

9-category typology and an 18-category affiliation system. These profiles contain information on about Schools and Students, Teachers and Principals, and

Climate, Goals, and Outcomes.

SCHOOLS AND

STUDENTS 

In 1993-94, the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) found that there were

approximately 26,093 private elementary and secondary schools in the United

States, serving an estimated 4,970,548 students (tables 1.1, 1.2). Most private

schools are small. A quarter have fewer than 50 students, and only one-fifth

have more than 300 students. In contrast, only 3 percent of public schools have

Executive Summary
Executive Summary

iv National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

fewer than 50 students, and more than two-thirds have more than 300 students

(table 1.6). A major difference in structure between public and private schools

is that there are virtually no private middle schools, while over half of public

schools offering seventh grade are middle schools (table 1.4).

Ages of private schools vary greatly—more than two-thirds of currently

operating Jewish schools, ACSI schools, Evangelical Lutheran schools, Montessori schools, and special education schools were established after 1954,

whereas more than one in five currently operating Catholic schools, Friends

schools, Lutheran schools, and NAIS member schools were established

before 1904 (table 1.3).

Seventy-one percent of private school students attend schools in cities or

on the fringe of large cities. By comparison, only half of public school students attend schools in these places (table 2.2). Most private schools serve

nearby residents: only one private school in 20 is a boarding school (table

1.11) Annual tuitions averaged about $2,200 for elementary schools, $5,500

for secondary schools, and $4,100 in schools that combined elementary and

secondary levels in 1993-94 (table 1.5)

Admission requirements are used at many elementary schools and most

schools serving secondary students; but schools of different types have

noticeably different preferences for requirements. For example, Episcopal

schools are more likely to use standardized achievement tests, schools that are

members of the National Association of Independent Schools are more likely

to look at recommendations and students’ academic records, and Jewish

schools and schools that are affiliated with Christian Schools International are

more likely to take religious affiliation into account (table 2.3). Roughly half

of all private schools offer remedial reading and remedial mathematics

instruction, but few, other than schools specifically oriented for the purpose,

offer special education (table 1.9).

Almost equal numbers of boys and girls attend private schools. Only about

3 percent of private schools were for boys only, and about 2 percent were for

girls only in 1993-94 (table 2.4). In 1993-94, about 46 percent of private

schools had enrollments of at least 10 percent minorities, compared to 56 percent of public schools (table 2.6).

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

In 1993-94, 378,365 teachers taught in private schools, nearly one-eighth of

all elementary and secondary teachers in the country. Two in 10 private

school teachers were part-time, and there were 2 “other” staff for every 3

teachers (table 3.1).

The objective qualifications of private school teachers and principals, on

average, are less than those of public school teachers and principals. About

30 percent of private school teachers are not state certified in the field of their

main assignment, compared to 3 percent of public school teachers (table 3.3).

More than 6 percent of private school teachers do not have a bachelor’s
Executive Summary

National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey v

degree, compared to fewer than 1 percent of public school teachers; and 34

percent have at least a master’s degree, compared to 47 percent of public

school teachers (table 3.4). About one in four private school principals has no

degree beyond a bachelor's degree, compared to 1.4 percent of public school

principals (table 3.9). 

More principals and teachers in private schools are under 40 years of age

than their public school counterparts (tables 3.5 and 3.8), and their pay is less

than that in public schools. Private school teachers earn base salaries, on

average, less than two-thirds of average public school teachers' salaries; and

principals earn slightly more than half of their public school counterparts' salaries (tables 3.7 and 3.12). Private school teachers, on the other hand, are

more likely to receive in-kind compensation: 15 percent receive tuition waivers for their children, 20.2 percent receive free meals, and 7 percent receive

housing support (table 3.13). Such in-kind compensation is rarely available

to public school teachers. On measures of job satisfaction, private school

teachers are more satisfied than public school teachers (table 3.12). They feel

that they generally have more influence on school discipline and curriculum

policies and more control over their classroom textbooks, content, techniques,

grading, and discipline (table 3.11).

CLIMATE, GOALS, AND

OUTCOMES

The principals’ most important educational goals differ between types of

school: religious development in religiously oriented schools; literacy and

excellence in regular nonsectarian private schools; growth of self-esteem in

other nonsectarian schools; and literacy in public schools (table 4.1). Teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of school climate in private schools are that

there are fewer problems than their counterparts in public schools see, especially with respect to basic standards (i.e., substance abuse, pregnancy, dropping out, having a sense of community) and respect for both teachers and

students (table 4.3 and table 4.4).

Although course requirements for graduation are fairly similar across

schools, on average, private secondary schools tend to require more years of

foreign language for graduation (1.2 years vs. 0.3 years). This is espcially

true for Episcopal schools, Hebrew Day and other Jewish schools, and NAIS

member schools. Because many public high schools do not require study of a

foreign language for graduation, the requirement for foreign language in public high schools averages less than one semester (table 4.6). Three-quarters

of 12th-grade students in private schools apply to college, compared to half of

the 12th graders at public schools. In Catholic schools the figure is 90 percent, and in NAIS schools it is 95 percent (table 4.5).
Executive Summary

vi National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 vii

Executive Summary ......................................................................................iii

List of Tables.................................................................................................ix

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................xiii

Introduction .................................................................................................... 1

Profiles of Private Schools in America: 1993–94 .......................................... 5

Private Schools in Aggregate.................................................................... 9

Overview of the 9-Category NCES Private School Typology ............... 14

Catholic–Parochial Schools .................................................................... 16

Catholic–Diocesan Schools .................................................................... 20

Catholic Private Order Schools............................................................... 24

Other Religious–Conservative Christian Schools................................... 28

Other Religious–Affiliated Schools........................................................ 32

Other Religious–Unaffiliated Schools .................................................... 36

Nonsectarian Regular Schools ................................................................ 40

Nonsectarian Special Emphasis Schools ................................................ 44

Nonsectarian Special Education Schools................................................ 48

Tables Section .............................................................................................. 53

Characteristics of Schools....................................................................... 55

Characteristics of Students...................................................................... 69

Characteristics of Teachers and Principals ............................................. 79

Goals, Expectations, Climate, and Outcomes......................................... 99

Profiles of Private Schools, by Affiliation ................................................. 109

Catholic Schools ................................................................................... 110

Episcopal Schools ................................................................................. 112

Friends Schools..................................................................................... 114

Seventh-Day Adventist Schools ........................................................... 116

Hebrew Day Schools ............................................................................ 118

Solomon Schechter Schools.................................................................. 120

Other Jewish Schools............................................................................ 122

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viii National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Christian Schools International............................................................. 124

Association of Christian Schools International .................................... 126

Missouri Synod Lutheran Schools........................................................ 128

Wisconsin Synod Lutheran Schools ..................................................... 130

Evangelical Lutheran Schools .............................................................. 132

Other Lutheran Schools ........................................................................ 134

Montessor Schools................................................................................ 136

Schools for Exceptional Children......................................................... 138

Independent Schools............................................................................. 140

Other Private Schools ........................................................................... 142

Members of the National Association of Independent Schools............ 144

References.................................................................................................. 147

Appendix A: Tables of Standard Errors.................................................... A–1

Appendix B: Technical Notes ....................................................................B–1

Appendix C: Data and Standard Errors for Graphic Profiles.....................C–1
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National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey ix

LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1— Number of private schools and percentage serving each grade 

level by affiliation: 1993–94................................................... 57

Table 1.2— Number of elementary and secondary students, by grade level 

and affiliation: 1993–94.......................................................... 58

Table 1.3— Percentage of private schools in existence established in 

decades, by affiliation: 1993–94 ............................................ 59

Table 1.4— Percentage of schools with pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and 

ungraded classes, and allocation of grade 7 to elementary, middle, secondary, and combined schools, by affiliation: 1993 

–94 .......................................................................................... 60

Table 1.5— Percentage of private schools charging tuition, percentage 

allowing tuition reductions, and average tuition, by level and 

affiliation: 1993–94 ................................................................ 61

Table 1.6— Percentage of schools of different enrollment sizes in, by affiliation: 1993–94 .......................................................................... 62

Table 1.7— Students per teacher and per classroom, by affiliation: 1993– 

94 ............................................................................................ 63

Table 1.8— Average length of school year and day, by affiliation: 1993– 

94 ............................................................................................ 64

Table 1.9— Percentage of schools offering special services, and in schools 

offering these services, the percentage of students receiving 

services, by affiliation: 1993-94 ............................................ 65

Table 1.10—Percentage of schools with libraries and full-time equivalent 

(FTE) librarians, by level and affiliation: 1993–94 ................ 67

Table 1.11—Percentage of private schools with boarding students 

and percentage of students boarding at these schools, by 

affiliation: 1993-94 ................................................................. 68

Table 2.1— Number of students, by region and affiliation: 1993–94 ........ 71

Table 2.2— Percentage of enrollment in different community types, by 

affiliation: 1993–94 ............................................................... 72
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x National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 2.3a— Percentage of private elementary schools with specified admission requirements, by affiliation: 1993–94............................. 73

Table 2.3b—Percentage of private schools serving secondary students 

with specified admission requirements, by affiliation: 1993 

–94 .......................................................................................... 74

Table 2.4— Percent male enrollment and percentage of coeducational, allgirls and all-boys shools, by affiliation: 1993-94 ................... 75

Table 2.5— Percentage of students in different racial-ethnic groups, by 

affiliation: 1993–94 ................................................................ 76

Table 2.6— Percentage of schools with different concentrations of 

minority students, by affiliation: 1993–94.............................. 77

Table 3.1— Number of teachers, of full-time equivalent (FTE) teachers, 

of other staff, and percentage full time as reported by schools, 

by affiliation: 1993–94 ........................................................... 81

Table 3.2a— Percentage distribution of grades K–6 teachers, by main field 

of assignment and affiliation: 1993–94 ................................. 82

Table 3.2b—Percentage distribution of grades 7–12 teachers, by main field 

of assignment and affiliation: 1993–94 ................................. 83

Table 3.3— Percentage of teachers certified, by affiliation: 1993–94 ....... 84

Table 3.4— Percentage of teachers with different highest degree 

obtained, by affiliation: 1993–94............................................ 85

Table 3.5— Percentage of teachers in different age ranges, 

by affiliation: 1993–94 ........................................................... 86

Table 3.6— Percentage of teachers of different sex, race, and ethnicity, by 

affiliation: 1993–94 ................................................................ 87

Table 3.7— Principals’ experience in teaching and administering, and 

salary, by affiliation: 1993–94................................................ 88

Table 3.8— Percentage of principals in different age ranges, by affiliation: 

1993–94 .................................................................................. 89

Table 3.9— Percentage of principals with different highest degree 
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National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey xi

obtained, by affiliation: 1993–94............................................ 90

Table 3.10—Percentage of principals of different sex, race, and ethnicity, 

by affiliation: 1993–94 ........................................................... 91

Table 3.11—Average teacher ratings on policy and control over teaching 

practices, by affiliation: 1993–94 ........................................... 92

Table 3.12—Teachers’ salaries and satisfaction ratings, by affiliation: 1993–

94 ............................................................................................ 93

Table 3.13—Percentage of teachers reporting different in-kind benefits, by 

affiliation: 1993–94 ................................................................ 94

Table 3.14—Teachers that were newly hired or were laid off, as a percentage 

of all current teachers, by affiliation: 1993–94....................... 95

Table 3.15—Average difficulty filling vacancies in each field of teaching, by 

affiliation: 1993–94 ................................................................ 96

Table 3.16—Mean percentage of schools using different strategies to 

address unfilled vacancies, by affiliation: 1993–94................ 97

Table 4.1— Percentage of principals rating each of eight educational 

goals most important, by affiliation: 1993–94...................... 101

Table 4.2— Percentage of principals rating each of eight educational 

goals among the three most important, by affiliation: 1993 

–94 ........................................................................................ 102

Table 4.3— Average principal ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 

1993–94 ................................................................................ 103

Table 4.4— Average teacher ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 1993–

94 .......................................................................................... 104

Table 4.5— Average percentage of 12th–grade students who were graduated 

and who applied to college, by affiliation: 1993–94 ............ 106

Table 4.6— Average years of academic study required for graduation 

in private secondary schools, by affiliation: 1993–94 .......... 107

Table 4.7— Average percentage of students absent, by affiliation: 1993 

–94 ........................................................................................ 108
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xii National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 xiii

This report is a sequel to the statistical profile of private schols published by

the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) in 1995. The earlier report

presented data from the 1987-88 and 1990-91 Schools and Staffing Survey, and

the present report presents data from the 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey.

Many people made this report possible. First, comments made on the previous

report by representatives of the private school community have played a significant role in the design this report, which is aimed to meet the needs of that

community. Second, comments on early drafts contributed by Stephen

Broughman, Dan Kasprzyk, Steve Kaufman, and Marilyn McMillen, of NCES,

have improved the final version, as have the recommendations of the adjudication panelists, Susan Ahmed, Steve Gorman, Jack Klenk, Meg Moulton, and

Tom Smith. Kerry Gruber, of NCES, provided valuable assistance in obtaining

updated information on the 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey during the

course of analyses for this report. 

A number of individuals at the American Institutes for Research contributed

to the report. Victor Bandeira de Mello played a central role in the design of the

graphic profiles, and Shannon Daugherty implemented the graphic profiles,

using DeltaGraph and FrameMaker. Phyllis DuBois and Bill Lu assisted in

drafting the text to accompany the profiles, and Robert Vergun assisted with

programming in SAS to provide the numbers to enter into the tables. Finally,

Grace Wu very proficiently prepared the tables in the report and implemented

responses to editorial comments on earlier drafts. 

Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments

xiv National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 1

A CONTEXT OF

CHOICE

Private elementary and secondary schools in the United States have been an

important component of the nation’s education system from the beginning and

continue to play an important role, educating roughly one-tenth of the nation’s

young people. Private schools reflect the basic principle of freedom of choice in

America: although states mandate that all children should attend school, parents

may choose schools that emphasize the religious, educational, or cultural values

that they believe most important for their children to acquire. 

Although a dramatic increase in the numbers of conservative Christian schools

in the last quarter of the 20th century caught the attention of educational researchers and policymakers, other kinds of private schools, including Jewish schools,

Montessori schools, and special education schools, have also multiplied since

1960, while others are more than a century old: one in nine currently operating private schools was in existence at the beginning of the 20th century.

Since 1980 there has been a growing interest among educational researchers in

private schools as a potential source of information about ways to improve public

education. There is no doubt that, on average, achievement scores of private

school students exceed those of public school students. Even acknowledging that

parents who invest earnings specifically in tuition for their children’s education

may also send their students to school with more family support for learning, questions have been raised about what private schools do differently. Private schools

are generally substantially smaller than public schools, but attempts to identify

processes characteristic of private schools in general have found more diversity

among private schools than similarity (Baker, Han, and Keil 1996). 

Since the late 1970s, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) has

developed survey systems for tapping the status of both private and public elementary and secondary education in the United States. In 1980, a report on Nonpublic

Education of the Nation’s Children (McLaughlin and Wise 1980) was produced,

based on surveys in 1976, 1977, and 1978. During the late 1980s, NCES produced

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, with Comparisons to

Public Schools (Benson and McMillen 1991), based on surveys through 1985-86,

and Detailed Characteristics of Private Schools and Staff: 1987-88 (McMillen

and Benson 1991). In 1989-90, NCES supplemented its universe collection of

public school data, the Common Core of Data (CCD), with a Private School Universe Survey (PSS). That survey was repeated in 1991-92, in 1993-94, and most

recently in 1995-96. The results for the PSS are summarized in the NCES reports:

Private School Universe Survey: 1991-92, and Private School Universe Survey:

1993-94 (Broughman, Gerald, Bynum, and Stoner 1994; Broughman 1996). The

Introduction
Introduction

2 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Current Condition of Education includes “Public and Private School: How Do

They Differ?” (Choy, 1997)

The present report, based on the Schools and Staffing Survey of 1993-94, is

designed to update the picture of private schools in the United States provided in

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1990-91 (McLaughlin,

O’Donnell, and Ries 1995).

SCHOOLS AND

STAFFING SURVEYS

(SASS)

In 1987-88, 1990-91, and 1993-94, NCES conducted the first three in a series of

nationally representative sample surveys of public and private schools, their

teachers, and their principals. Approximately 10 percent of the nation’s elementary and secondary schools were contacted and provided responses to the survey,

including 2,459 private schools in 1987-88 and new, but overlapping, sets of

2,620 private schools in 1990-91 and 2,585 in 1993-94. At these private schools,

2,436 principals and 6,764 teachers gave information about their backgrounds,

school climates, and career plans in 1987-88; 2,757 principals and 6,642 teachers

gave new information in 1990-91 (Gruber, Rohr, and Fondelier 1994); and 2,743

principals and 8,372 teachers gave new information in 1993-94 (Gruber, Rohr,

and Fondelier 1996).

Through SASS, the nation’s educators have provided a picture of the status of

elementary and secondary education. Teachers and principals have shared their

rankings of educational goals and perceptions of problems in their schools and

have provided a great deal of information about the backgrounds of the professional educators to whom the nation’s children are entrusted. This information

enables policymakers to counter stereotypes about education through the use of

data in the course of developing policy. While the information does not tell us

about any particular school, it provides an important foundation to help educational administrators assess the status of their own schools; for teachers to analyze their own situations, satisfaction, and plans; and for parents to evaluate

statements about their children’s school.

Sample of schools. Private schools were selected for participation in SASS in

two different ways. First, a “universe” file of known private schools was assembled. For the 1987-88 survey, this file was obtained from a commercial source

(Quality Education Data); for the 1990-91 and 1993-94 surveys, it was based on

the NCES 1989-90 and 1991-92 Private School Universe Surveys. Second, to

supplement the lists of known private schools, a series of areas, roughly of

county size, were randomly selected around the country, and these areas were

searched for private schools not on the existing lists. All tabulated figures in this

report have been weighted to represent the population of private schools serving

some grades from 1 to 12 and not operating in a private home.

Most private schools belong to some national group, and NCES consulted with

those groups to develop a survey questionnaire that would address informational

needs of the private school community. These groups recommended, for example, the importance of reporting statistics separately for the many different kinds
Introduction

National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey 3

of private schools, rather than aggregating private school data into the categories

of Catholic and “Other.” Seventeen leading private school organizations

endorsed the survey, including the American Montessori Society, Christian

Schools International, the Council for American Private Education, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Friends Council on Education, the General

Council of Seventh-Day Adventist Church, the Lutheran Church, Missouri

Synod, the National Association of Episcopal Schools, the National Association

of Independent Schools (NAIS), the National Association of Schools for Exceptional Children, the National Catholic Education Association, Oral Roberts University Educational Fellowship, Solomon Schechter Day School Association,

Torah Umesorah - National Society for Hebrew Day Schools, the U.S. Catholic

Conference, and the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Staff of schools

belonging to many other groups also contributed their time to the completion of

this survey.

Categories of schools. To summarize the 1987-88 SASS results for private

schools, NCES developed a nine-category typology (McMillen and Benson

1991), consisting of three types of Catholic schools (parochial, diocesan, and private order), three other categories of religiously oriented schools (conservative

Christian, nationally affiliated, and unaffiliated), and three categories of nonsectarian schools (special education, special emphases, and regular). In response to

recommendations of private school leaders, the present report supplements that

typology with an 18-category affiliation typing, including Catholic schools, 4

categories of Lutheran schools, 5 other categories of Christian schools (Episcopal, Friends, Christian Schools International, Association of Christian Schools

International, and Seventh-Day Adventists), 3 categories of Jewish schools, 4

categories of nonsectarian schools (Montessori, special education, military,

NAIS members), and a large and diverse category labeled “other private

schools.” This finer grain reporting gives a better flavor of the diversity that

exists among American private schools.

Notes on interpretation of the survey results. The quality of the data provided by respondents to SASS is quite high. Nevertheless, not all selected school

principals and teachers responded to the survey; and those who did respond did

not always answer all the survey questions. To facilitate appropriate interpretation of the data, NCES weighted the respondents’ data to represent the responses

of similar nonrespondents, and individual missing item responses have been

imputed based on relations to other responses, using a standard statistical

method. In 1993-94, but not in earlier years of SASS, the weights of sampled

private schools were adjusted to match totals available from the Private School

Universe Survey. For this reason, comparisons of SASS private school results

across years have not been included in this report.

Organization of this report. This report contains three sections: a Typology

Profiles Section, a Tables Section, and an Affiliation Profile Section. The Typology Profiles Section consists of a series of two-page graphic profiles, one for private schools in aggregate and one for each of the nine NCES private school
Introduction

4 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

typology categories. For each typology of category of private school, the graphic

profile is accompanied by a two-page text, using both information presented in

the graphic profile and information presented in the Tables Section. When information from the Tables Section is used in the text, a reference to the table number is included in parentheses. The information presented in each text profile

focuses on the corresponding type of private school, and to provide context for

interpreting the data, it also highlights ways in which the particular type of private school differs from private schools in general. All such comparisons are

supported by tests of statistical significance. To facilitate interpretation of the

graphic profiles, a “guide,” containing information about the item on which each

graphic is based, is included at the beginning of the Profiles Section. 

The tables in the Tables Section of this report, as well as accompanying “highlights,” present 1993-94 data in four sections: separate sections on characteristics of schools (tables 1.1 to 1.11), students (tables 2.1 to 2.6), and staff (tables

3.1 to 3.16), and a section on goals, school climate, and outcomes (tables 4.1 to

4.7). The numbering and organization of the tables are virtually identical to

tables presented in the 1995 publication, Private Schools in the United States: A

Statistical Profile, 1990-91 (McLaughlin, O’Donnell, and Ries 1995). Each

table presents information for private schools in aggregate, for each of the 9

typology categories, and for each of 18 affiliation groups.

Following the Tables Section are graphic profiles for each of eighteen affiliation categories. The affiliation categories include schools that belonged to more

than one organization, but each school was included in a single category, based

on a rule specified in Appendix B. No profile was included for one of the affiliation categories, military schools, due to insufficient sample size. A profile is also

included for all schools that were members of NAIS, including schools that were

also affiliated with other organizations.
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 5

GUIDE TO READING

GRAPHIC PROFILES

OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS

Important features of private elementary and secondary schools in America,

obtained from the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS), are shown in a series of

two-page graphic profiles for each of nine types of private schools and for all private schools in aggregate. The information in these graphic profiles is supplemented by additional information in the Tables Section of this report.

Accompanying each graphic profile, characteristics of schools are described in

text, based on information in the graphic profile and, when noted in the text, information in the Tables Section. Readers will note that the information presented in

the graphic profiles and the Tables Section are complementary: different measures are shown (e.g., percentages instead of means), different breakdowns are

included (e.g., by grade level served in the school or not), and in some cases the

unit of analysis is different (e.g., schools instead of teachers). 

In the graphic profiles, horizontal bar plots, in light gray, indicate the percentages (shown in parentheses) of schools, teachers, or principals in particular categories. For each percentage, a darker “shadow” bar provides context for

interpretation by indicating the corresponding percentage for all private schools.

(For the aggregate profile of all private schools, the “shadow” bars indicate corresponding percentages for all public schools.) In a few cases, a bar and percentage

is omitted (and the percentage is replaced by “--”), because the SASS sample size

for the particular category is not sufficiently large for a reliable estimate. A percentage equal to zero is represented by the absence of a light gray bar.

An explanation of each of the 16 components of the graphic profiles is presented below. The specific private school items on which the graphic profiles are

based are displayed in Appendix B; and the graphic profile entries and their standard errors are displayed in tables C1 through C21 in Appendix C.

1. Schools by Region (table C1): At the top of the first of the two-page graphic

profile for each type of private school is a United States map and the number of

schools and teachers and students in that type of school. On the map, states are

divided into four regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West, and each

region is shaded or filled from light to dark, indicating whether the region contains fewer than 15 percent, 15-25 percent, 25-35 percent, or more than 35 percent of all of the schools of that type. For several profiles, fewer than four

shades are necessary. 

The regions do not have exactly the same populations—35 percent of schoolaged children are in the South, 25 percent in the Midwest, 22 percent in the

Profiles of Private 

Schools in America: 

1993-94
Profiles of Private Schools in America: 1993-94

6 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

West, and 18 percent in the Northeast. The number of private school students

in each region is shown in table 2.1 in the Tables Section. 

2. Average Enrollment (table C2): This graph shows the distribution of sizes

of private schools, ranging from fewer than 50 students per school to more

than 300. A further breakdown of enrollment data is shown in table 1.6 in the

Tables Section.

3. Class Size (table C3): This graph shows the distribution of teachers’

reports of the sizes of the classes they teach, ranging from fewer than 15 to

more than 25. Average class sizes and student/teacher ratios are shown in

table 1.7 in the Tables Section.

4. Elementary School Students Receiving Special Services (table C4):

This graph shows the average percentage of elementary school students

receiving each of four services. The average includes both schools that offer

the service and schools that do not. Percentages of all schools that offer these

and other services (combined across grade levels) and the percentages of students receiving the services at schools that offer them are shown in table 1.9 in

the Tables Section.

5. Minority Student Percentage (table C5): This graph shows the percentages of schools with different concentrations of minority students: either no

minority students, up to 10 percent, 10 percent to 50 percent, or 50 percent or

more. For one type of school, an overall average 20 percent minority enrollment may mean that all schools have about 20 percent minority enrollment,

while for another type of school, it may mean that 20 percent of the schools

have large minority concentrations while most of the rest have no minority students. This graph distiguishes between these possibilities. Further breakdowns are shown in tables 2.5 and 2.6 in the Tables Section. 

6. Grade Level Served (table C6): In the second column of the first page of

each two-page profile, the percentages of schools that are elementary only,

secondary only, or combine both elementary and secondary grades are shown.

Specifically, elementary schools offer some grade lower than 7 and no grade

higher than 8, secondary schools offer no grade lower than 7, and combined

schools offer both some grade lower than 7 and some grade higher than 8.

Further breakdowns showing prekindergartens, kindergartens, middle schools,

and ungraded schools are shown in table 1.4 in the Tables Section.

7. Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools (tables C7 and C8):

This graph shows, separately for elementary schools and schools that serve

higher grades, percentages of schools that have tuitions in relatively low,

medium, and high ranges. For elementary schools, the cutpoints for these
Profiles of Private Schools in America: 1993-94

National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey 7

ranges are $1,500 and $3,500; and for schools serving secondary students (secondary or combined schools), the cutpoints are $3,000 and $8,000. Further

breakdowns of average tuitions are shown in table 1.5 in the Tables Section. 

8. Secondary School Resources and Graduation Requirements (tables C9

and C10): These graphs show the percentages of schools serving secondary

students that provide a library and remedial reading classes and the percentages of schools offering twelfth grade whose graduation requirements include

at least 3 years of science, at least 1 year of foreign language instruction, and

some community service. Further breakdowns of programs, services, and

requirements for graduation are included in tables 1.9, 1.10, 1.11, and 4.6 in

the Tables Section.

9. Minority Teacher Percentage (table C11): This graph shows the percentages of schools with different concentrations (percentages) of minority teachers: either no minority teachers, up to 10 percent, 10 percent to 50 percent, or

50 percent or more. Further breakdowns of staff gender and ethnicity are

shown in tables 3.6 and 3.10 in the Tables Section.

10. Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems (table C12): This

graph shows the percentage of teachers who rated each of several categories of

problems as moderate or severe, as opposed to minor or not a problem. For

this graph, pairs of items that had previously been shown to be highly correlated were averaged to provide broader estimates. Details are presented in

Appendix B. Further breakdowns of teacher ratings are shown in table 4.4 in

the Tables Section, and breakdowns of similar principals’ ratings are shown in

table 4.3.

11. Teacher Influence on School Policy and Control Over Classroom

Practice (table C13): This graph shows the percentage of teachers who indicated that they had substantial influence on two school policies (a rating of 4

or 5 on a scale from 0, no influence, to 5, a great deal of influence), and the

percentage of teachers who indicated that they had substantial control over

their classroom practices (a rating of 4 or 5 on a scale from 0, no control, to 5,

complete control). Further breakdowns, as well as other influence and control

factors, are shown in table 3.11 in the Tables Section.

12. Satisfaction with Teaching (table C14): This graph shows the percentage

of teachers who agreed or strongly agreed with three statements about job satisfaction and who indicated that they probably or certainly would become

teachers if they were to start over. Further breakdowns of satisfaction

responses are shown in tables 3.12 and 4.4 in the Tables Section. 
Profiles of Private Schools in America: 1993-94

8 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

13. Education Attainment (tables C15 and C16): This graph shows the percentages of principals and teachers who indicated that their highest degree was

bachelor’s, master’s, or doctorate (or “first professional degree”). Further

breakdowns of education attainment are shown in tables 3.4 and 3.9 in the

Tables Section.

14. Years of Experience (tables C17 and C18): This graph shows the percentages of principals and teachers with various amounts of experience. For

principals, experience as both teacher and principal are included. Part-time

years are counted as half-time. Further breakdowns of data on principals’

experience are shown in table 3.7.

15. Teacher Certification (table C19): This graph shows the percentage of

teachers with certification by either the state or a private school organization.

Further breakdowns of teacher certification are shown in table 3.3 in the

Tables Section.

16. Salary Levels (tables C20 and C21): This graph shows the percentages

of principals and teachers with annual base salaries of less than $20,000,

between $20,000 and $30,000, between $30,000 and $40,000, and greater than

$40,000. Further breakdowns of salary information are shown in tables 3.7

and 3.12 in the Tables Section.

The following pages contain first a single profile for all private schools in

aggregate, followed by nine profiles for the nine NCES-defined categories of private schools: Catholic schools, divided into three categories: parochial, diocesan,

and private order; other religiously oriented schools, divided into three categories: conservative Christian, other affiliated, and other unaffiliated; and nonsectarian schools, also divided into three categories: regular, special emphasis, and

special education. In a later section, individual profiles for each of 19 affiliations, or groups of affiliations, are included.
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 9

OVERVIEW In 1993-94, the United States education system included 26,093 private elementary and secondary schools, which employed the equivalent of 330,839 full-time

teachers to teach 4,970,548 students. Private schools accounted for 24.4 percent

of all schools in the nation and 10.7 percent of all students. Private schools were

located all over the country. There were slightly more in absolute numbers in the

Midwest and South. However they constituted the largest percentage of schools in

the Northeast. They were less likely to be located in rural areas and small towns

than public schools and were more likely to be found in large cities (table 2.2).

Because fewer than 5 percent offered boarding for students (table 1.11), private

schools, like public schools, generally were serving families in the communities in

which they were located. 

The picture of private schools in America has changed dramatically during the

20th century. When the dates of founding of private schools are compared across

decades, it can be seen that although 11 percent of currently operating schools are

more than 90 years old, relatively few currently operating private schools were

founded between 1904 and 1944 (table 1.3). About two-thirds of these schools

were established after the mid-1950s.

To their principals, private schools have many important goals, which vary

among types of private schools (tables 4.1 and 4.2). Based on responses in 1993-

94, 42 percent of principals rated religious development as most important,

17 percent rated academic excellence as most important, 18 percent rated literacy

skills as most important, and 10 percent rated personal growth and self-esteem as

most important.

Private schools are typically much smaller than public schools: only 20 percent

of private schools had enrollments of more than 300 students, compared to

71 percent of public schools; and a quarter had enrollment of less than 50 students,

compared to only 3 percent of public schools. Unlike schools in public school

systems, few private schools limit their grade spans to the middle grades, and

many enroll students in both elementary and secondary grades in the same school.

About 30 percent of private schools combined elementary and secondary grades,

compared to 4 percent of public schools; and while 56 percent of public schools

with seventh graders were middle schools, very few separate private schools

served only the middle grades (table 1.4). 

Nearly all private schools (95 percent) were coeducational. Boys and girls were

equally represented in most private schools, with a few exceptions (for example,

military and special education private schools had male enrollments of 71 and

72 percent, respectively) (table 2.4). In public schools, about 33 percent of the

student population were members of minority groups; in private schools, about

Private Schools in 

Aggregate
Private Schools in Aggregate

10 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

22 percent were (table 2.5). Although many private schools served a diverse student body of minorities, about one in five had no minority students. Nearly all

private schools charged tuition: in 1993-94, it averaged $2,200 in elementary

schools, $5,500 in secondary schools, and $4,200 in combined-level private

schools (table 1.5). 

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

School resources and programs can be affected by school size, and two types of

differences between public and private schools can be traced to differences in

school size. First, in comparison to public schools, private schools had smaller

class sizes, with one-quarter having fewer than 15 students per class. Similarly,

the average student/teacher ratio for private schools was 15:1, compared to 17:1

for public schools (table 1.7). As McLaughlin, O'Donnell, and Ries (1995)

showed, these differences disappear when one compares schools with the same

size—smaller schools have smaller student/teacher ratios, and more private

schools are smaller.

Second, fewer private schools served sufficient numbers of students to need or

be able to provide various resources or services.1 At the elementary level, for

example, fewer private school students received services for Title I (4 percent),

bilingual (1 percent), and special education (3 percent), but more private school

students received day care services (11 percent, compared to only 4 percent in

public schools). At both the elementary and secondary levels, the average FTE

librarians were fewer at private schools (0.5, compared to 1.2, in elementary

schools; and 1.1, compared to 1.7, in secondary schools). 

1

School size is related to service provision. Public schools serving elementary grades that 

were small (<150 students) were less likely than other public schools to offer each of 

these services. The same was true for private schools, with the exception of bilingual education.

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

The education levels of private school teachers on average were somewhat lower

than those of public school teachers: 7 percent of teachers in private schools did

not have a bachelor’s degree, compared to fewer than 1 percent of public school

teachers. The related experience of the two teacher groups was similar, although

many more of the most experienced teachers were in public schools: 21 percent

of private school teachers had 20 or more years’ teaching experience, compared

to 35 percent of public school teachers. Seventy-one percent of private school

teachers, compared to virtually all public school teachers, held state certifications. Teachers at private schools were paid substantially less on average: about

half earned less than $20,000, compared to 4 percent of public, while fewer of

them (5 percent) earned $40,000 or more, compared to 25 percent of public.

Although many minority members are hired as private school teachers, about

65 percent of private schools had no minority teachers, compared to 42 percent

of public schools.
 Private Schools in Aggregate

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 11

Principals’ qualifications, in terms of education level but not related experience, were somewhat lower in private schools than in public schools. In private

schools, 66 percent of principals had advanced degrees, compared to more than

98 percent of public school principals. Most principals in private schools were

also paid substantially less: about 31 percent earned less than $20,000, and fewer

of them (24 percent) earned $40,000 or more. The proportion of female principals was greater in private schools than in public schools (54 percent and

34 percent, respectively).

Although teachers in private schools were less satisfied with their salaries,

more of them were satisfied with their class sizes, staff cooperation, and career

choice than teachers in public schools were. Generally, private school teachers

felt they had more control over school discipline, school curriculum, the choice

of textbooks, and class content than did public school teachers. Although private

schools varied among themselves on many factors, these differences in perceptions of teacher influence were represented in nearly all types of private schools

(table 3.11). 

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Unlike all but a few public schools, nearly half of all elementary private schools

(47 percent) and most secondary or combined level private schools (72 percent)

used at least one of the following requirements: an admission or achievement

test, an interview, the student’s academic record, special needs, special aptitudes,

or recommendations. For example, about 22 percent of elementary private

schools and 32 percent of secondary private schools had an admissions test (table

2.3). When asked to identify problems as moderate or serious in their schools,

fewer private school teachers than public school teachers reported school attendance, robbery, alcohol abuse, physical conflict, apathy, poverty and racial tension, and students’ dropping out.

More private schools required 3 years of science courses (48 percent) and 1

year of foreign language education (58 percent) than did public schools. Nearly

one-third of private schools had some requirement for community service before

graduation in 1993-94, compared to 3 percent of public schools. The rates of

graduation were higher in private schools (98 percent) than in public schools

(93 percent), and the rates for college application were higher in private schools:

88 percent, compared to 57 percent in public schools (table 4.5).
Private Schools in Aggregate

12 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Private Schools in 

Aggregate

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

26,093 Schools

330,839 Teachers (FTE)

4,970,548 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (24%,3%)

50 to 299 (56%,26%)

300 or more (20%,71%)

1 to 14.9 (26%,7%)

15 to 24.9 (38%,41%)

25 or more (36%,52%)

Extended Day (11%,4%)

Special Ed. (3%,7%)

Bilingual/ESL (1%,7%)

Title I (4%,18%)

None (19%,6%)

1 to 9 (35%,38%)

10 to 49 (30%,33%)

50 or more (16%,23%)

Combined (31%,4%)

Secondary (10%,24%)

Elementary (60%,72%)

less than $3,000 (60%,0%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (25%,0%)

$8,000 or more (14%,0%)

less than $1,500 (40%,0%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (47%,0%)

$3,500 or more (12%,0%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (32%,3%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (58%,17%)

3+ Yrs Science (48%,25%)

Remedial Reading (46%,70%)

Library (82%,93%)

None (65%,42%)

1 to 9 (13%,24%)

10 to 49 (15%,27%)

50 or more (7%,7%)
 Private Schools in Aggregate

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 13

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Public Schools

Percentage for all Private Sschools

(All Private Schools %, Public Schools %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (2%,17%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (13%,58%)

Apathy/Unprepared (26%,71%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (10%,33%)

Alcohol/Drugs (8%,30%)

Robbery/Vandalism (9%,31%)

Attendance (23%,53%)

Class Content (75%,61%)

Class Textbooks (69%,55%)

School Curriculum (56%,34%)

School Discipline (59%,35%)

Would Do Over (78%,64%)

Staff Cooperate (91%,78%)

Class Size (84%,65%)

Salary (42%,45%)

no BA (7%,1%)

BA (59%,52%)

Masters (30%,42%)

Doctorate (5%,5%)

no BA (8%,0%)

BA (26%,1%)

Masters (52%,63%)

Doctorate (14%,35%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (14%,8%)

3 to 9 (34%,24%)

10 to 19 (31%,32%)

20 or more (21%,35%)

less than 3 (3%,#)

3 to 9 (13%,7%)

10 to 19 (31%,39%)

20 or more (54%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (25%,Public is NA)

State (71%,97%)

less than 20 (45%,4%)

20 to 30 (38%,36%)

30 to 40 (12%,32%)

40 or more (5%,28%)

less than 20 (31%,0%)

20 to 30 (22%,1%)

30 to 40 (23%,8%)

40 or more (24%,91%) Principals

Teachers
14 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Statistical profiles in this section have been organized by a typology of private

schools developed by NCES (McMillen & Benson 1992). That typology consists

of three major categories of schools, and three subcategories of schools within

each major category. The largest set of private schools in the United States are

those affiliated with the Catholic Church. The first three profiles in the typology

are, therefore, for three subcategories of Catholic schools: parochial, diocesan,

and private order, grouped by governance. The governance of private schools is

tied to differences in curriculum, program emphasis, and sources of revenue. (A

profile of all Catholic schools, combined, is included in the later section of profiles

by affiliation.). 

The second group of three profiles is for religiously-orented schools other than

Catholic schools. These have been categorized by NCES as conservative Christian schools, which are affiliated with conservative Christian associations, as

schools with affiliations to other religious denominations, and as religiously oriented schools that are not affiliated with either a national denomination or a conservative Christian association. (Profiles of schools within twelve specific

religious affiliations: Episcopal, Friends, Seventh-Day Adventists, two conservative asociations, three Jewish subcategories, and four Lutheran subcategories; are

included in the later section of profiles by affiliation.) 

The third group of three profiles is for nonsectarian schools. These have been

categorized as either regular or serving a special purpose, either special education

for children with disabilities or a special emphasis, such as arts, vocational, or

alternative schools. (Profiles of schools with four nonsectarian affiliations: Montessori schools, schools for exceptional children, members of the National Association of Independent Schools, and military schools; are included in the later section

of profiles by affiliation.) 

Schools affiliated with the National Independent Private School Association

(NIPSA), which became a new stratum in this survey in 1993-94, were grouped

with other (uncategorized) private schools in this report. Based on the Schools

and Staffing Survey, NIPSA affiliates numbered 380 schools, enrolling 104,660

students and employing 8,714 teachers in 1993-94. About half of the NIPSA

schools were solely elementary, and about half served secondary students. The

largest percentages of these schools were in the Midwest (43 percent) and were in

large or midsize central cities (53 percent). Schools affiliated with NIPSA will be

shown in a separate profile in future editions of the SASS Statistical Profiles of

Private Schools.

Overview of the 9-

Category NCES Private 

School Typology
 Overview of the 9-Category NCES Private School Typology

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 15

Percentages of Schools in NCES Typology Categories

Percentages of Students in Schools in NCES Typology Categories

Parochial (20%)

Diocesan (9%)

Private Order (3%)

Conservative Christian (18%) Affiliated (13%)

Unaffiliated (16%)

Spec Emphasis (7%)

Regular (10%)

Spec. Ed (5%)

Other Religious

Catholic

Nonsectarian

Parochial (28%)

Diocesan (16%)

Private Order (7%) Conservative Christian (13%)

Affiliated (12%)

Unaffiliated (9%)

Spec Emphasis (3%)

Regular (11%)

Nonsectarian Spec. Ed (2%)

Catholic

Other Religious
16 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW The largest system of private schools in the United States is operated by the

Roman Catholic Church and includes 8,351 schools in 1993-94, serving 2,516,000

students (tables 1.1 and 1.2). The three types of Catholic elementary and secondary schools are parochial schools, which are associated with particular parishes;

diocesan schools, which are associated with the larger diocesan unit; and private

order schools, which are associated with specific groups within the Catholic

church, such as the Christian Brothers, Dominican, Jesuit, and Marianist Orders. 

Catholic–parochial schools accounted for about 60 percent of all Catholic

schools in 1993-94 and about one-fifth of the 26,000 private schools in the country. The 5,109 parochial schools served approximately 1.4 million students in

grades K-12 (28 percent of all private school students) and employed more than

77,000 teachers (about 20 percent of all private school teachers). Most

(83 percent) were full-time teachers (table 3.1).

Most parochial school principals reported that their schools’ most important

education goal was religious development (table 4.1). Catholic–parochial schools

have long been a part of American education: 19 percent of currently operating

schools were founded before 1904, compared to 11 percent of private schools in

general; and only 13 percent since 1964, compared to 54 percent of private

schools overall (table 1.3). Catholic–parochial schools were distributed throughout the United States, but they were concentrated more heavily in the Midwest

(40 percent) and Northeast (32 percent) than private schools in general. 

Catholic–parochial schools predominantly served only elementary-level students and were generally larger than other private schools. Thirty percent had

enrollments of more than 300 students; virtually none had fewer than 50 students,

compared to 24 percent of private schools overall. Catholic–parochial schools

were nearly all coeducational, and many served diverse student bodies. Almost

one-quarter (22 percent) of these schools served minority student populations of

50 percent or more, compared to about one-sixth (16 percent) of private schools in

general. Like other private schools, virtually all Catholic–parochial schools

charged tuition, but it was significantly lower than the tuition charged in elementary-level private schools overall—about $1,500 per year versus $2,100 (table

1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

Classes in Catholic–parochial schools tended to be larger than in private schools in

general. More than 62 percent of the Catholic–parochial schools had an average

class size of 25 or more, a substantially higher proportion than private schools

overall (36 percent). Similarly, the student/teacher ratio of 20:1 was higher than in

private schools in general, where it was 15:1 (table 1.7). These differences were

Catholic–Parochial 

Schools
Catholic–Parochial Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 17

consistent with the finding that class sizes and student/teacher ratios are generally inversely related to tuition rates (McLaughlin, O’Donnell, and Ries 1995).

Nearly all (92 percent) Catholic–parochial schools offered kindergarten programs—more than private elementary schools in general (86 percent)—and

about half offered pre-kindergarten (table 1.4). About half of the parochial

schools offered after-school programs—slightly more than private schools overall (table 1.9), and almost all Catholic–parochial schools had libraries

(95 percent)—significantly more than private schools in general (80 percent)

(table 1.10).

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Teachers in Catholic–parochial schools were similar to private school teachers

overall in terms of education level and related experience. In 1993-94, about

96 percent of Catholic–parochial school teachers held at least a bachelor’s

degree; more than half had at least 10 years’ teaching experience; and 86 percent

held state teaching certification.

Catholic–parochial school principals had somewhat more education and experience than private school principals overall: 73 percent held a master’s degree;

and 69 percent had at least 20 years’ experience in teaching and administration.

The average salaries for teachers and principals tended to be lower in parochial

schools than in private schools overall: 62 percent of parochial school teachers

earned salaries under $20,000; and only 13 percent of principals earned salaries

over $40,000. (Note that no teachers in these schools had salaries more than

$40,000. Therefore, there is no gray bar for this category in the graphic profile.

Teachers in Catholic–parochial schools, like teachers in most private schools,

were generally satisfied with teaching and would make the same career choice

again. With respect to salaries and class size, however, they were less satisfied

than teachers in private schools overall. Catholic- parochial school teachers also

believed that they had less influence on school policy with regard to curriculum,

textbooks, and class content than private teachers overall.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Most parochial schools, like other elementary schools in the private sector, did

not have special requirements for admission other than proof of immunization,

age, and residence. A third of parochial schools considered applicants’ academic

records during admission (table 2.3), but fewer of them used interviews

(28 percent) or recommendations (9 percent) than did other private elementary

schools. Teachers in Catholic–parochial schools reported few problems in their

school environments; the problems they cited most frequently as moderate or

serious were student apathy and attendance (about 26 percent and 20 percent,

respectively).
Catholic–Parochial Schools

18 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Catholic–Parochial 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

5,109 Schools

68,105 Teachers (FTE)

1,386,668 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (0%,24%)

50 to 299 (70%,56%)

300 or more (30%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (6%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (32%,38%)

25 or more (62%,36%)

Extended Day (9%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (7%,4%)

None (9%,19%)

1 to 9 (46%,35%)

10 to 49 (24%,30%)

50 or more (22%,16%)

Combined (1%,31%)

Secondary (4%,10%)

Elementary (95%,60%)

less than $3,000 (70%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (27%,25%)

$8,000 or more (2%,14%)

less than $1,500 (49%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (50%,47%)

$3,500 or more (1%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (50%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (55%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (42%,48%)

Remedial Reading (43%,46%)

Library (100%,82%)

None (62%,65%)

1 to 9 (14%,13%)

10 to 49 (16%,15%)

50 or more (7%,7%)
 Catholic–Parochial Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 19

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Catholic–Parochial Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (0%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (15%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (26%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (9%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (3%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (7%,9%)

Attendance (18%,23%)

Class Content (68%,75%)

Class Textbooks (61%,69%)

School Curriculum (47%,56%)

School Discipline (63%,59%)

Would Do Over (78%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (90%,91%)

Class Size (78%,84%)

Salary (27%,42%)

no BA (4%,7%)

BA (71%,59%)

Masters (23%,30%)

Doctorate (3%,5%)

no BA (#,8%)

BA (14%,26%)

Masters (73%,52%)

Doctorate (13%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (14%,14%)

3 to 9 (33%,34%)

10 to 19 (31%,31%)

20 or more (22%,21%)

less than 3 (1%,3%)

3 to 9 (4%,13%)

10 to 19 (26%,31%)

20 or more (69%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (21%,25%)

State (86%,71%)

less than 20 (56%,45%)

20 to 30 (39%,38%)

30 to 40 (5%,12%)

40 or more (0%,5%)

less than 20 (35%,31%)

20 to 30 (21%,22%)

30 to 40 (31%,23%)

40 or more (13%,24%) Principals

Teachers
20 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW In 1993-94, there were about 2,400 Catholic–diocesan schools in the United

States, serving almost 800,000 students in grades K-12. These schools comprised

about 29 percent of the Catholic schools and 9 percent of the private schools

across the nation, and they served almost one-sixth (16 percent) of all private

school students. They also employed about 13 percent of all private school teachers in the country: more than 46,000, most of whom (83 percent) were full-time

teachers (table 3.1). 

The most important goal of Catholic–diocesan schools, as rated by their principals, was religious development. Like other Catholic schools, diocesan schools

have a long history in American education. Almost one-quarter of them were

founded before 1904, and only one-sixth since 1964, compared to about one-tenth

[t=6.61] and more than one-half for private schools in general (table 1.3).

Although the schools were found throughout the United States in 1993-94, they

were more likely to be located in the Midwest (43 percent) and less likely to be

located in the South (15 percent) than private schools in general. 

Unlike Catholic–parochial schools, which were primarily elementary-only

schools, about one-fifth of diocesan schools served only the secondary levels.

Catholic–diocesan schools tended to serve elementary or secondary level students

in separate schools more than did private schools in general. Diocesan schools

were generally larger than other private schools: 42 percent had enrollments of

more than 300 students, and virtually none had fewer than 50 students. Catholic–

diocesan schools were nearly all coeducational; and somewhat more diocesan

schools had ethnically diverse student bodies. Only 7 percent of Catholic–diocesan schools had no minority students, compared to 19 percent of private schools in

general. Like other private schools, virtually all Catholic–diocesan schools

charged tuition. The average tuition at elementary schools was about $1,600, and

the average tuition at secondary schools was about $3,100 (table 1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

Catholic–diocesan schools tended to have relatively large class sizes. The average

class size was 25 or more in 54 percent of Catholic–diocesan schools; and only

5 percent had average class sizes under 15 students. Similarly, the average student/teacher ratio in diocesan schools was 19:1, compared to 15:1 in private

schools in general (table 1.7).

Catholic–diocesan schools offered about the same range of special programs

and services as private schools did in general. In fact, a greater percentage of diocesan schools offered remedial reading and math programs and diagnostic programs; however, a smaller percentage of students in diocesan schools offering

these services received them than in other schools (table 1.9). Like Catholic–paroCatholic–Diocesan 

Schools
Catholic–Diocesan Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 21

chial schools, almost all Catholic–diocesan schools had libraries (95 percent)—

somewhat more than private schools overall (table 1.10).

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Teachers in Catholic–diocesan schools had education levels and related experience similar to those of private school teachers in general. About 97 percent held

at least a bachelor’s degree, and more than half had at least 10 years’ teaching

experience. Slightly more diocesan teachers had 20 or more years’ experience,

and significantly more diocesan school teachers (86 percent) held state teaching

certification. The 14 percent who did not were less than half of the 29 percent of

private school teachers overall who were not state certified. 

Diocesan school principals had more formal education and experience than

private school principals overall: 91 percent held at least a master’s degree; and

71 percent had at least 20 years’ experience in teaching and administration.

Despite somewhat higher education and greater experience than those in other

private schools, diocesan school teachers and principals had similar average salaries (tables 3.7 and 3.12).

Catholic–diocesan school teachers were less satisfied with their salaries and

class sizes than private school teachers in general, and they also felt that they had

less influence on school disciplinary matters and curriculum. Nevertheless, if

given the choice, most teachers in Catholic–diocesan schools would choose

teaching careers again.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Most Catholic–diocesan elementary schools followed the general private school

pattern regarding admissions. At the secondary level, however, more diocesan

schools used the results of admissions and achievement tests, academic records,

and personal recommendations in admitting students (table 2.3). Somewhat

fewer diocesan high schools used admissions interviews. Graduation requirements in diocesan schools were virtually the same as those for private schools in

general, with an average of 4 years of English, 2.8 years of mathematics, 0.6 year

of computers, 3.2 years of social studies, 2.5 years of science, and 1.4 years of

foreign language (table 4.6). The graduation rates and the 1993-94 college application rates of diocesan school students were greater: 99 percent of twelfth graders graduated; 88 percent applied to college (table 4.5). In terms of school

climate, teachers in Catholic–diocesan schools and other private schools alike

reported few problems in their schools to be moderate or serious; among the

problems cited, student apathy and attendance were of the greatest concern.
Catholic–Diocesan Schools

22 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Catholic–Diocesan Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

2,436 Schools

41,174 Teachers (FTE)

791,605 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (#,24%)

50 to 299 (58%,56%)

300 or more (42%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (5%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (41%,38%)

25 or more (54%,36%)

Extended Day (8%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (0%,1%)

Title I (5%,4%)

None (7%,19%)

1 to 9 (51%,35%)

10 to 49 (24%,30%)

50 or more (18%,16%)

Combined (3%,31%)

Secondary (21%,10%)

Elementary (76%,60%)

less than $3,000 (55%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (45%,25%)

$8,000 or more (0%,14%)

less than $1,500 (44%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (55%,47%)

$3,500 or more (1%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (67%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (69%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (43%,48%)

Remedial Reading (51%,46%)

Library (100%,82%)

None (67%,65%)

1 to 9 (20%,13%)

10 to 49 (11%,15%)

50 or more (3%,7%)
 Catholic–Diocesan Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 23

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Catholic–Diocesan Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (2%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (16%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (31%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (9%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (15%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (11%,9%)

Attendance (24%,23%)

Class Content (71%,75%)

Class Textbooks (67%,69%)

School Curriculum (47%,56%)

School Discipline (51%,59%)

Would Do Over (77%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (88%,91%)

Class Size (74%,84%)

Salary (29%,42%)

no BA (3%,7%)

BA (62%,59%)

Masters (31%,30%)

Doctorate (4%,5%)

no BA (0%,8%)

BA (9%,26%)

Masters (77%,52%)

Doctorate (14%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (12%,14%)

3 to 9 (33%,34%)

10 to 19 (28%,31%)

20 or more (27%,21%)

less than 3 (0%,3%)

3 to 9 (5%,13%)

10 to 19 (24%,31%)

20 or more (71%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (23%,25%)

State (86%,71%)

less than 20 (43%,45%)

20 to 30 (45%,38%)

30 to 40 (11%,12%)

40 or more (1%,5%)

less than 20 (25%,31%)

20 to 30 (25%,22%)

30 to 40 (28%,23%)

40 or more (22%,24%) Principals

Teachers
24 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW The third category of Catholic schools consists of institutions operated by special

groups of Catholic priests and nuns, as well as by lay groups, sponsored by private

orders such as Christian Brothers, Dominican, Franciscan, Holy Cross, Jesuit,

Marianist, Mercy, and Presentation. A relatively small group, the 806 private order

schools comprised less than 10 percent of all Catholic schools and about 3 percent

of all private schools in the country in 1993-94. However, they served almost

340,000 elementary and secondary students, or about 7 percent of all private

school students, and employed about 23,000 teachers, about 7 percent of all private school teachers. Most of their teachers (83 percent) were full-time (table 3.1).

Catholic private order schools are a long-established part of American education. About one-quarter of the currently operating schools were founded before

1904, and only about one-tenth since 1964, compared to about one-tenth and more

than one-half, respectively, for private schools in general (table 1.3). In 1993-94,

Catholic–private order schools were distributed broadly throughout the United

States, but one in three was located in the Northeast, compared to one in four private schools in general. 

Significantly more private order schools (56 percent) served only secondary students, compared to other Catholic schools and private schools in general. Their

principals rated academic excellence and religious development as the most

important education goals of their schools, about one-third rating each as most

important. Private order schools tended to be larger than private schools in general, with almost half serving more than 300 students, while only 4 percent served

fewer than 50 students. Unlike other private schools, 95 percent of which were

coeducational, only 50 percent of private order schools were coeducational.

Almost all Catholic–private order schools charged tuition, with an average of

$2,500 at elementary schools and $4,500 for secondary schools (table 1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

Class sizes in Catholic–private order schools, as in other Catholic schools, tended

to be larger than those in private schools overall: only 14 percent had average class

sizes that were smaller than 15 students. However, the average student/teacher

ratio in private order schools—15 to 1—was lower than the ratio in other Catholic

schools and similar to the ratio in other private schools (table 1.7).

At the secondary level, private order schools had relatively rigorous academic

programs: 48 percent required 3 or more years of science, and 23 percent required

at least a year of foreign language. At the elementary level, like private elementary

schools in general, virtually all private order elementary schools (97 percent)

offered kindergarten programs (table 1.4); however, more (74 percent versus

36 percent) offered prekindergarten programs, and fewer (19 percent versus

Catholic–Private 

Order Schools
Catholic–Private Order Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 25

44 percent) offered after-school programs, compared to private schools overall

(table 1.9). Like other Catholic schools, almost all Catholic–private order

schools had libraries, regardless of grade span taught—somewhat more than private schools overall (table 1.10).

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Teachers in private order schools had higher education levels and more years of

related experience than private school teachers overall. More than half held at

least a master’s degree, and more than one-quarter had at least 20 years’ teaching

experience. A similar proportion of private order teachers held state teaching certification (74 percent) as private school teachers overall (71 percent). 

Catholic–private order school principals had significantly more education and

experience than private school principals overall: 94 percent held at least a master’s degree; and 64 percent had at least 20 years’ experience in teaching and

administration. Associated with their greater experience and education, a markedly higher proportion of private order principals and teachers earned more than

$40,000 per year, while a markedly lower proportion of teachers in these schools

earned less than $20,000.

Private order teachers felt they had more control over their classrooms, including choice of textbooks and class content, than private school teachers did overall

but less influence on school discipline policies. About three-fourths of private

order teachers would again choose teaching as a career.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Most Catholic–private order schools serving secondary students resembled private schools in general in use of admissions requirements. About 75 percent used

a test for admissions, and 82 percent used academic records (table 2.3). Somewhat fewer private order schools used interviews (54 percent) or recommendations (61 percent) for admissions. Teachers in Catholic–private order schools and

other private schools alike reported few problems in their school environments to

be moderate or serious; among those cited, student apathy and attendance were

noted most frequently (about 38 percent and 31 percent, respectively). Nearly all

twelfth graders graduated (99 percent) and applied to college (45 percent) (table

4.5).
Catholic–Private Order Schools

26 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Catholic–Private 

Order Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

806 Schools

22,961 Teachers (FTE)

337,756 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (4%,24%)

50 to 299 (46%,56%)

300 or more (49%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (14%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (43%,38%)

25 or more (43%,36%)

Extended Day (6%,11%)

Special Ed. (3%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (0%,1%)

Title I (4%,4%)

None (0%,19%)

1 to 9 (36%,35%)

10 to 49 (45%,30%)

50 or more (19%,16%)

Combined (17%,31%)

Secondary (56%,10%)

Elementary (26%,60%)

less than $3,000 (24%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (65%,25%)

$8,000 or more (11%,14%)

less than $1,500 (--,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (43%,47%)

$3,500 or more (--,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (61%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (83%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (51%,48%)

Remedial Reading (37%,46%)

Library (95%,82%)

None (34%,65%)

1 to 9 (41%,13%)

10 to 49 (21%,15%)

50 or more (4%,7%)
 Catholic–Private Order Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 27

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Catholic–Private Order Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (4%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (21%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (38%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (8%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (36%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (14%,9%)

Attendance (31%,23%)

Class Content (83%,75%)

Class Textbooks (78%,69%)

School Curriculum (56%,56%)

School Discipline (45%,59%)

Would Do Over (77%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (88%,91%)

Class Size (79%,84%)

Salary (44%,42%)

no BA (1%,7%)

BA (45%,59%)

Masters (47%,30%)

Doctorate (7%,5%)

no BA (0%,8%)

BA (6%,26%)

Masters (67%,52%)

Doctorate (27%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (13%,14%)

3 to 9 (26%,34%)

10 to 19 (33%,31%)

20 or more (28%,21%)

less than 3 (2%,3%)

3 to 9 (10%,13%)

10 to 19 (24%,31%)

20 or more (64%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (17%,25%)

State (74%,71%)

less than 20 (19%,45%)

20 to 30 (49%,38%)

30 to 40 (21%,12%)

40 or more (11%,5%)

less than 20 (30%,31%)

20 to 30 (13%,22%)

30 to 40 (14%,23%)

40 or more (44%,24%) Principals

Teachers
28 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW The largest category of private schools other than Catholic schools consists of the

conservative Christian schools. In 1993-94, the 4,664 conservative Christian

schools represented nearly 40 percent of all non-Catholic religiously oriented

schools in the United States, and one-fifth of all private schools in the nation,

enrolling 641,828 students and employing the equivalent of 44,841 full-time

teachers. Half of these schools were members of the Association of Christian

Schools International. Religion is an especially important facet of these schools,

as attested by the responses of principals, 80 percent of whom indicated that religious development was among the three most important educational goals of their

school (table 4.2). 

Conservative Christian schools are relative newcomers in America education

history—9 out of 10 currently operating were founded since the mid-1960s (table

1.3). Although they were located in all regions of the country in 1993-94, relatively more were in the South (38 percent) than in other regions.

Conservative Christian schools tend not to be large: only 10 percent of conservative Christian schools had enrollments of more than 300 students, compared to

20 percent of private schools overall; and more of these schools (66 percent) combined enrollments across both elementary and secondary grades in one school,

compared to 31 percent in private schools overall. Nearly all conservative Christian schools were coeducational and served diverse student bodies, and fewer than

1 percent offered boarding services. Although the schools charged tuition, like

other private schools, nearly all (96 percent) offered discounts, and their tuition

was significantly lower than for private schools overall. Only 2 percent of elementary schools and only 8 percent of schools serving secondary-level students had

annual tuition greater than $3,500 (table 1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

Class sizes in conservative Christian schools also tended to be somewhat smaller

than those in private schools in general. Only one-fifth of the conservative Christian schools had 25 or more students per class, and 34 percent had fewer than 15

students per class. Their average student/teacher ratio (14:1), however, was about

the same as in private schools in general (table 1.7).

Many conservative Christian schools offered a range of special programs and

services similar to the offerings of other private schools, but smaller proportions of

students received Title I services and special education. Overall, 85 percent of

these schools had libraries (table 1.7), in spite of the fact that 27 percent had fewer

than 50 students. 

Other Religious–

Conservative Christian 

Schools
Other Religious–Conservative Christian Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 29

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Many teachers in conservative Christian schools had fewer formal qualifications,

such as degrees, certification, and experience, than private school teachers in

general. About 14 percent of conservative Christian school teachers did not hold

a bachelor’s degree, and 20 percent had fewer than 3 years of teaching experience. State certification played less of a role in their hiring than for private

school teachers in general: 44 percent of conservative Christian school teachers

did not hold a state teaching certificate. In line with differences in qualifications,

conservative Christian school teachers also earned less, with over three-quarters

receiving salaries of less than $20,000. 

Similarly, principals in conservative Christian schools had lower education

levels and fewer years of related experience than principals in private schools in

general. Only 50 percent had a master’s or doctoral degree, compared to

66 percent in private schools overall, and 23 percent had less than 10 years’ total

teaching and principal experience, compared to 15 percent in private schools

overall. Principals in conservative Christian schools were also paid less: about

74 percent received salaries of less than $30,000 per year, compared to

53 percent in all private schools. 

On the other hand, more (54 percent) teachers in conservative Christian

schools were satisfied with their salaries than were teachers in private schools

overall (42 percent). Teachers in conservative Christian schools also expressed

greater levels of satisfaction in terms of class size, staff cooperation, and career

choice, but they generally felt that they had less control over choice of textbooks

and class content than private school teachers overall did.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Conservative Christian schools took religious affiliation into account somewhat

more than other private schools: 34 percent of elementary schools and 25 percent

of other schools used it in admissions, compared to 15 percent of private schools

in general. Among students at the schools, teachers perceived moderate and serious problems somewhat less frequently than in other private schools: only

5 percent saw physical conflicts among students and weapons as problems, compared to 10 percent in private schools overall; only 7 percent saw racial tension

and poverty as problems, compared to 13 percent; and only 20 percent saw student apathy and lack of preparation as a problem, compared to 26 percent.

Academic requirements for graduation were similar to those in other private

schools, 51 percent of secondary conservative Christian schools required a year

or more of foreign language instruction for graduation. The rates of graduation

and application to college among twelfth graders were 98 percent and

98 percent, respectively, in conservative Christian schools (table 4.5).
Other Religious–Conservative Christian Schools

30 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Other Religious–

Conservative Christian 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

4,664 Schools

44,841 Teachers (FTE)

641,828 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (27%,24%)

50 to 299 (62%,56%)

300 or more (10%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (34%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (44%,38%)

25 or more (22%,36%)

Extended Day (13%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (#,4%)

None (12%,19%)

1 to 9 (43%,35%)

10 to 49 (28%,30%)

50 or more (17%,16%)

Combined (66%,31%)

Secondary (2%,10%)

Elementary (32%,60%)

less than $3,000 (92%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (8%,25%)

$8,000 or more (#,14%)

less than $1,500 (32%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (67%,47%)

$3,500 or more (2%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (19%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (51%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (45%,48%)

Remedial Reading (48%,46%)

Library (86%,82%)

None (64%,65%)

1 to 9 (11%,13%)

10 to 49 (15%,15%)

50 or more (11%,7%)
 Other Religious–Conservative Christian Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 31

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Other Religious–Conservative Christian Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (7%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (20%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (5%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (1%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (6%,9%)

Attendance (21%,23%)

Class Content (68%,75%)

Class Textbooks (60%,69%)

School Curriculum (53%,56%)

School Discipline (65%,59%)

Would Do Over (87%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (95%,91%)

Class Size (91%,84%)

Salary (54%,42%)

no BA (14%,7%)

BA (66%,59%)

Masters (18%,30%)

Doctorate (2%,5%)

no BA (12%,8%)

BA (37%,26%)

Masters (42%,52%)

Doctorate (8%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (20%,14%)

3 to 9 (38%,34%)

10 to 19 (30%,31%)

20 or more (12%,21%)

less than 3 (3%,3%)

3 to 9 (20%,13%)

10 to 19 (39%,31%)

20 or more (38%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (31%,25%)

State (56%,71%)

less than 20 (76%,45%)

20 to 30 (21%,38%)

30 to 40 (2%,12%)

40 or more (1%,5%)

less than 20 (42%,31%)

20 to 30 (32%,22%)

30 to 40 (16%,23%)

40 or more (10%,24%) Principals

Teachers
32 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW Besides Catholic and conservative Christian schools, there are many other religiously oriented private schools in America, either affiliated or not with a national

religious organization. In 1993-94, 3,437 other religious–affiliated schools in the

United States employed the equivalent of 42,839 full-time teachers to teach

580,666 students. These schools accounted for nearly 30 percent of all non-Catholic religious schools and 13 percent of all private schools in the nation. These

schools are sponsored by various religions: in 1993-94, about one-quarter were

Seventh-Day Adventist; 15 percent, Missouri Synod Lutheran; 10 percent, Episcopal; about 6 percent, Hebrew Day; 8 percent other Jewish; and the remainder,

other religious groups (table 1.1). According to the principals of these schools,

religious development is most frequently their most important education goal. 

These religious–affiliated schools were found in all regions of the country and

were slightly more common in the Midwest and South (34 percent) than in other

regions. There are many old and new schools in this category. Although

12 percent were founded prior to 1904, 63 percent of these schools were founded

since the mid-1950s (table 1.3). Like private schools in general, other religious–

affiliated schools included elementary, secondary, and combined levels, and most

had enrollments of fewer than 300 students. Almost all of them (94 percent) were

coeducational and served diverse student bodies, but only 10 percent had minority

student populations of 50 percent or more, as compared to 15 percent of private

schools in general. In elementary schools, the average tuition, about $2,500, was

slightly higher than that of private schools overall, but in combined K-12 schools,

it was significantly lower ($3,000 versus $ 4,200) (table 1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

Class sizes at the other religious–affiliated schools were significantly smaller than

in private schools as a group. About 40 percent of other religious–affiliated

schools had fewer than 15 students per class. The average student/teacher ratio

was about 14:1 (table 1.7).

Other religious–affiliated schools offered a range of special programs and services similar to the offerings of other private schools, but fewer elementary students received Title I services (1 percent) and special education (1 percent), and

fewer secondary schools offered remedial reading (30 percent).

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

The education level, related experience, and state certification rates of teachers in

other religious–affiliated schools were similar to those of private school teachers

overall: 93 percent had at least a bachelor’s degree; over half had 10 or more years

of teaching experience; and 65 percent had a state teaching certificate. In

Other Religious–

Affiliated Schools
 Other Religious–Affiliated Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 33

terms of salary, religious–affiliated teachers had higher salaries than private

school teachers in general. About 35 percent of the other religious–affiliated

school teachers earned less than $20,000, compared to 45 percent of private

schools overall.

The principals in other religious–affiliated schools also had education levels

and related experience similar to those in other private schools. About

60 percent of the principals in other religious–affiliated schools had master’s or

doctoral degrees, and 85 percent had 10 or more years of experience. Like their

teachers, the principals in other religious–affiliated schools received higher salaries: only 19 percent were paid less than $20,000, as compared to 31 percent in

private schools overall.

In 1993-94, a higher proportion (50 percent) of teachers were satisfied with

their salaries than in private schools in general (42 percent), and slightly more

were satisfied with class size (88 percent versus 84 percent), but satisfaction with

staff cooperation and with their career choice was about the same as for teachers

in private schools overall. Teachers in other religious–affiliated schools gave ratings of their control over school discipline (60 percent), school curriculum

(59 percent), the choice of textbooks (66 percent), and class content (74 percent)

that were similar to those given by private school teachers overall.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Other religious–affiliated schools resembled other private schools in terms of student admissions. At the elementary level, more (about 21 percent) of other religious–affiliated schools used recommendations (table 2.3). At the secondary

level, only 7 percent used special needs for admission, compared to 20 percent of

private schools in general; and 28 percent used religious affiliation, compared to

only 14 percent in private schools overall. 

Teachers’ perceptions of problems were generally similar to those of private

school teachers in general; but only 10 percent considered poverty or racial tension to be moderate or serious problems in their schools, compared to 13 percent

in private schools in general. In secondary schools, graduation requirements

included at least 3 years of science in 50 percent of these schools and at least a

year of foreign language instruction in 60 percent, about the same as in private

schools overall. The rates of graduation and application to college among twelfth

graders were 98 percent and 88 percent, respectively, in other religious–affiliated

schools (table 4.5). 
Other Religious–Affiliated Schools

34 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Other Religious–

Affiliated Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

3,437 Schools

42,839 Teachers (FTE)

580,666 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (28%,24%)

50 to 299 (54%,56%)

300 or more (18%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (38%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (41%,38%)

25 or more (21%,36%)

Extended Day (12%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (3%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (26%,19%)

1 to 9 (29%,35%)

10 to 49 (35%,30%)

50 or more (10%,16%)

Combined (23%,31%)

Secondary (10%,10%)

Elementary (68%,60%)

less than $3,000 (49%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (44%,25%)

$8,000 or more (7%,14%)

less than $1,500 (32%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (49%,47%)

$3,500 or more (19%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (34%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (60%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (50%,48%)

Remedial Reading (30%,46%)

Library (88%,82%)

None (74%,65%)

1 to 9 (9%,13%)

10 to 49 (14%,15%)

50 or more (3%,7%)
 Other Religious–Affiliated Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 35

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Other Religious–Affiliated Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (10%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (23%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (6%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (5%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (6%,9%)

Attendance (26%,23%)

Class Content (74%,75%)

Class Textbooks (66%,69%)

School Curriculum (59%,56%)

School Discipline (60%,59%)

Would Do Over (78%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (91%,91%)

Class Size (88%,84%)

Salary (50%,42%)

no BA (7%,7%)

BA (55%,59%)

Masters (32%,30%)

Doctorate (5%,5%)

no BA (5%,8%)

BA (35%,26%)

Masters (45%,52%)

Doctorate (15%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (12%,14%)

3 to 9 (32%,34%)

10 to 19 (34%,31%)

20 or more (22%,21%)

less than 3 (5%,3%)

3 to 9 (10%,13%)

10 to 19 (31%,31%)

20 or more (54%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (36%,25%)

State (65%,71%)

less than 20 (35%,45%)

20 to 30 (40%,38%)

30 to 40 (20%,12%)

40 or more (5%,5%)

less than 20 (19%,31%)

20 to 30 (28%,22%)

30 to 40 (26%,23%)

40 or more (27%,24%) Principals

Teachers
36 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW In 1993-94, 4,079 religiously oriented private schools were unaffiliated with any

national-level religious organization. These schools employed the equivalent of

32,574 full-time teachers to teach 463,575 students. This diverse set of schools

represents a third of all non-Catholic religious schools and a sixth of all private

schools in the nation. According to their principals, religious development is their

most important education goal.

 Eighty percent of these schools were founded since the mid-1950s (table 1.3).

Although located in all regions of the country, they were less common in the West

(11 percent) than was typical of private schools (18 percent). One-third of the students attending these schools were in small town or rural settings, compared to

one-sixth of private school students in general (table 2.2).

In 1993-94, unaffiliated schools were almost all (98%) coeducational and were

typically smaller than other private schools: 43 percent had enrollments of fewer

than 50 students, compared to a quarter of private schools overall. Half of them

had no minority students, as compared to 20 percent of private schools in general.

Although the average tuition of religious–unaffiliated schools with elementary and

secondary levels only was similar to that of private schools overall, tuitions varied

greatly among these schools. For schools with combined K-12 levels, average

tuition was significantly lower ($2,400 versus $4,200) than among private schools

in general (table 1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

These unaffiliated schools had class sizes and student/teacher ratios similar to

those in private schools in general. About a quarter of religious–unaffiliated

schools had 25 or more students per class and 30 percent had fewer than 15 students per class. The average student/teacher ratio was about 14:1 (table 1.7).

Religiously oriented but unaffiliated schools offered a somewhat smaller range

of special programs and services than in private schools overall. Fewer offered

remedial reading services (34 percent overall), remedial math services

(26 percent), special education services (13 percent), diagnostic services

(22 percent), gifted student education services (14 percent), and after-school services (28 percent). Few students in these schools received Title I services

(1 percent). Only 67 percent of religious–unaffiliated secondary schools had

libraries, compared to 82 percent in private schools overall.

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Religious–unaffiliated schools reported that, on average, their teachers had fewer

advanced degrees and were less frequently credentialed by the state, but similarly

experienced, when compared to private school teachers overall. Seventeen percent

of the religious–unaffiliated school teachers did not have a bachelor’s degree,

Other Religious–

Unaffiliated Schools
 Other Religious–Unaffiliated Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 37

compared to 7 percent of private school teachers overall, and roughly half of

them did not hold a state teaching certificate. Their teaching experience was similar, with half of the teachers in religious–unaffiliated schools having 10 or more

years of teaching experience. Over half earned less than $20,000, a significantly

higher percentage than in private schools in general.

The principals in religious–unaffiliated schools generally had less education

and fewer years of teaching and administrative experience than private school

principals overall. About 29 percent of the principals in religious–unaffiliated

schools did not have a bachelor’s degree, as compared to 8 percent in private

schools generally. Their salaries were also less. About half were paid less than

$20,000, as compared to 31 percent in all private schools, and only about

13 percent were paid $40,000 or more, as compared to 24 percent in all private

schools.

Despite lower salaries, a higher proportion (55 percent) of teachers in religious–unaffiliated schools were satisfied with their salaries than teachers at private schools in general were (42 percent). In terms of class size, staff

cooperation, and career choice, the satisfaction rates for these two groups were

about the same. Generally, about the same proportions of teachers in religious–

unaffiliated schools felt they had control over school discipline (64 percent),

school curriculum (63 percent), the choice of textbooks (67 percent), and class

content (76 percent) as did all private school teachers.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

At the elementary level, religious–unaffiliated schools used fewer admission factors than private schools overall. Only about 13 percent used an admission test,

8 percent used an achievement test, and 17 percent used academic records, as

compared to 22 percent, 16 percent, and 31 percent, respectively, for private

schools overall (table 2.3). At schools serving secondary students (secondary or

combined levels), admission factors were similar to those used in other private

schools.

Teachers’ perceptions of problems were slightly less frequent than those of

private school teachers in general: only 5 percent considered physical conflicts

among students and weapons to be moderate or serious problems in their

schools, compared to 10 percent in private schools in general, and only 8 percent

of teachers in religious–unaffiliated schools considered poverty or racial tension

to be moderate or serious problems in their schools, in comparison to 14 percent

of private school teachers in general. Graduation rates for twelfth graders were

99 percent for students in religious–unaffiliated schools, and college application

rates were 77 percent (table 4.5). 
Other Religious–Unaffiliated Schools

38 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Other Religious–

Unaffiliated Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

4,079 Schools

32,574 Teachers (FTE)

463,575 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (43%,24%)

50 to 299 (49%,56%)

300 or more (9%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (30%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (44%,38%)

25 or more (26%,36%)

Extended Day (10%,11%)

Special Ed. (2%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (2%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (51%,19%)

1 to 9 (22%,35%)

10 to 49 (14%,30%)

50 or more (12%,16%)

Combined (34%,31%)

Secondary (4%,10%)

Elementary (62%,60%)

less than $3,000 (77%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (17%,25%)

$8,000 or more (6%,14%)

less than $1,500 (59%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (34%,47%)

$3,500 or more (7%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (28%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (50%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (46%,48%)

Remedial Reading (39%,46%)

Library (67%,82%)

None (82%,65%)

1 to 9 (5%,13%)

10 to 49 (8%,15%)

50 or more (5%,7%)
 Other Religious–Unaffiliated Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 39

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Other Religious–Unaffiliated Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification (in thousands of dollars)

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (2%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (8%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (21%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (5%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (4%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (6%,9%)

Attendance (18%,23%)

Class Content (76%,75%)

Class Textbooks (67%,69%)

School Curriculum (63%,56%)

School Discipline (64%,59%)

Would Do Over (76%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (93%,91%)

Class Size (87%,84%)

Salary (55%,42%)

no BA (17%,7%)

BA (51%,59%)

Masters (27%,30%)

Doctorate (5%,5%)

no BA (29%,8%)

BA (33%,26%)

Masters (28%,52%)

Doctorate (9%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (15%,14%)

3 to 9 (37%,34%)

10 to 19 (28%,31%)

20 or more (20%,21%)

less than 3 (5%,3%)

3 to 9 (20%,13%)

10 to 19 (22%,31%)

20 or more (52%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (28%,25%)

State (55%,71%)

less than 20 (53%,45%)

20 to 30 (34%,38%)

30 to 40 (9%,12%)

40 or more (5%,5%)

less than 20 (52%,31%)

20 to 30 (17%,22%)

30 to 40 (18%,23%)

40 or more (13%,24%) Principals

Teachers
40 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW In addition to religiously oriented private schools, the United States has many

nonsectarian private elementary and secondary schools. In the Schools and Staffing Survey, these nonsectarian schools were divided into three categories: regular,

special emphasis (e.g., Montessori), or special education. In 1993-94, 2,484 nonsectarian regular schools in the United States served 539,785 students and

employed 55,330 teachers. Nonsectarian regular schools represented nearly half

of all nonsectarian schools and one-tenth of all private schools in the nation. For

these schools, academic excellence was the most important education goal, as

reported by their principals (tables 4.1 and 4.2).

Among private schools, most nonsectarian schools are relatively young.

Although 8 percent were founded before 1904, about three-quarters of them date

back only to the mid-1950s, and about 40 percent were established in the past 20

years (table 1.3). In 1993-94, nonsectarian regular schools were located in all

regions of the country, but were more heavily concentrated in the South

(39 percent) than other private schools were. 

Nonsectarian regular schools included separate elementary and secondary

schools and schools that combined grade levels, and nearly all were coeducational.

They were similar in size to private schools in general: less than one-quarter had

enrollments of more than 300 students. Student populations in 75 percent of these

schools included minority students, although only 9 percent had 50 percent or

more minorities. The tuition rates in nonsectarian regular schools were significantly higher than in private schools overall across all grade levels ($3,500 versus

$2,100 for elementary level, $10,200 versus $5,500 for secondary level, and

$5,200 versus $4,200 for schools combining both levels) (table 1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

Class sizes in nonsectarian regular schools tended to be somewhat smaller than in

private schools in general: only one-quarter of nonsectarian regular schools had

25 or more students per class, and 35 percent had fewer than 15 students per class.

Similarly, the average student/teacher ratio for nonsectarian regular schools was

10:1, compared to 15:1 for private schools in general (table 1.7).

The special programs and services offerings were similar to those in other private schools; however, fewer students in nonsectarian regular schools received

some of the services. Fewer students received Title I (less than 1 percent), bilingual (nearly none), and special education (less than 1 percent) than students in private schools overall. On the other hand, nonsectarian regular schools offered

services and set requirements to promote their goal of academic excellence:

68 percent of schools serving secondary students required more than 1 year of foreign language education for graduation (compared to 58 percent for private

Nonsectarian Regular 

Schools
 Nonsectarian Regular Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 41

schools in general). About three-quarters of nonsectarian regular schools had

libraries, as did other private schools (table 1.10). 

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Teachers in nonsectarian regular schools were somewhat more highly educated,

less likely to be state-certified, and better paid than private school teachers in

general. More teachers in nonsectarian regular schools had received advanced

degrees: three in seven held masters’ or doctoral degrees. Their teaching experience (59 percent had more than 10 years’ experience) was similar to that of private school teachers overall. Over one-third (38 percent) of teachers in

nonsectarian regular schools did not hold state teaching certificates, compared to

29 percent of private school teachers overall. Thirteen percent of them earned

$40,000 or more per year, compared to 5 percent of private school teachers overall; and only 31 percent received less than $20,000, compared to 45 percent of

private school teachers overall. 

The principals in nonsectarian regular schools were similar to private school

principals in general in terms of education level and related experience. However, they, like their teachers, were paid more: about 52 percent of the principals

were paid $40,000 or more, compared to only 24 percent in all private schools,

and only about 15 percent of them were paid less than $20,000, compared to

31 percent in all private schools.

More teachers (90 percent) in nonsectarian regular schools were satisfied with

their class sizes than were teachers at private schools in general, but, like teachers at other private schools, half were not satisfied with their salaries. In general,

these teachers felt they had more control over school curriculum, the choice of

textbooks, and class content than private school teachers overall did.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Nonsectarian regular schools relied more heavily on academic records for admission than did other schools—43 percent at elementary schools and 58 percent at

schools serving secondary students. On the other hand, none used religious affiliation information in admissions (table 2.3). Teachers’ perceptions of problems

in nonsectarian regular schools were like those of private school teachers in general. One difference was that only half as many (7 percent) teachers in nonsectarian regular schools considered poverty or racial tension to be moderate or

serious problems in their schools, compared to private school teachers in general.

Among twelfth graders at these schools, graduation and college application rates

were high (98 percent and 90 percent, respectively) (table 4.5).
Nonsectarian Regular Schools

42 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Nonsectarian Regular Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

2,484 Schools

49,533 Teachers (FTE)

539,785 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (28%,24%)

50 to 299 (48%,56%)

300 or more (24%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (35%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (39%,38%)

25 or more (26%,36%)

Extended Day (14%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (25%,19%)

1 to 9 (33%,35%)

10 to 49 (33%,30%)

50 or more (9%,16%)

Combined (36%,31%)

Secondary (12%,10%)

Elementary (53%,60%)

less than $3,000 (33%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (36%,25%)

$8,000 or more (31%,14%)

less than $1,500 (23%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (33%,47%)

$3,500 or more (43%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (30%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (68%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (60%,48%)

Remedial Reading (46%,46%)

Library (88%,82%)

None (61%,65%)

1 to 9 (19%,13%)

10 to 49 (13%,15%)

50 or more (7%,7%)
 Nonsectarian Regular Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 43

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Nonsectarian Regular Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (2%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (7%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (21%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (8%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (15%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (11%,9%)

Attendance (23%,23%)

Class Content (86%,75%)

Class Textbooks (82%,69%)

School Curriculum (66%,56%)

School Discipline (57%,59%)

Would Do Over (75%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (90%,91%)

Class Size (90%,84%)

Salary (45%,42%)

no BA (3%,7%)

BA (52%,59%)

Masters (39%,30%)

Doctorate (6%,5%)

no BA (9%,8%)

BA (30%,26%)

Masters (46%,52%)

Doctorate (15%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (11%,14%)

3 to 9 (30%,34%)

10 to 19 (34%,31%)

20 or more (25%,21%)

less than 3 (2%,3%)

3 to 9 (15%,13%)

10 to 19 (27%,31%)

20 or more (56%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (19%,25%)

State (62%,71%)

less than 20 (31%,45%)

20 to 30 (36%,38%)

30 to 40 (19%,12%)

40 or more (13%,5%)

less than 20 (15%,31%)

20 to 30 (15%,22%)

30 to 40 (17%,23%)

40 or more (52%,24%) Principals

Teachers
44 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW Special emphasis schools are based on a particular philosophy or program,

although most were not religiously affiliated in 1993-94. Two-fifths of the schools

in this category were members of the American Montessori Society or other Montessori associations. To their principals, promoting personal growth and selfesteem were most frequently the schools’ most important education goals (table

4.1). Nonsectarian special emphasis schools numbered 1,788 in 1993-94,

32 percent of all nonsectarian schools and 7 percent of all private schools in the

nation. They employed 14,548 full-time equivalent teachers to teach 141,929 students at sites all over the United States, but with more prevalence in the West

(32 percent) than private schools in general (18 percent).

Almost all of the nonsectarian schools with special emphasis (97 percent) were

established after the mid-1950s (table 1.3). Like private schools in general, they

included elementary, secondary, and combined levels in 1993-94. Their sizes

were somewhat smaller: for example, only 6 percent had enrollments of more than

300 students, and 53 percent had fewer than 50 students. 

Nearly all nonsectarian schools with special emphasis were coeducational, and

they served a more diverse student population than private schools in general.

Three-quarters of these schools had at least 10 percent minority students each.

The average tuition in special emphasis schools was significantly higher ($4,900

versus $3,000 for private schools overall) (table 1.5).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

Like private schools in general, nonsectarian special emphasis schools had small

class sizes: only one-quarter had 25 or more students per class and 32 percent had

fewer than 15 students per class. Their average student/teacher ratio was 10:1, significantly smaller than the 15:1 for private schools in general (table 1.7). 

Nonsectarian schools with special emphasis had about the same range of special

programs and services as other private schools, but the percentage of students

receiving those services varied. About 30 percent of the students in nonsectarian

special emphasis schools received extended day care services, compared to only

10 percent in private schools overall; virtually none received Title I services, compared to about 4 percent in private schools overall.

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Teachers in nonsectarian schools with special emphasis had education levels, certification rates, and experience similar to those of private school teachers in general. About 90 percent of teachers in these schools held at least a bachelor’s

degree; three-quarters had at least 10 years’ teaching experience; and 66 percent

held state certifications. Their salaries were about the same as those of teachers in

Nonsectarian Special 

Emphasis Schools
 Nonsectarian Special Emphasis Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 45

other schools, except that only 34 percent, compared to 45 percent, earned less

than $20,000 per year.

Principals’ qualifications, in terms of education level, related experience, and

salaries, were also similar to those in private schools in general About one-third

of the principals of nonsectarian special emphasis schools were paid over

$40,000, and 20 percent were paid less than $20,000. 

 Teachers in nonsectarian schools with special emphasis schools differed from

the private school teachers in general in feeling that they had more control over

the choice of textbooks for their classrooms than private school teachers did

overall.

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

Special emphasis schools used relatively few admission requirements: about

8 percent used an admissions test, compared to 22 percent of private schools

overall; about 7 percent used an achievement test, compared to 16 percent of private schools overall; and about 12 percent used academic records, compared to

31 percent of private schools overall (table 2.3). At the secondary and combined

levels, 4 percent of the nonsectarian schools with special emphasis used an

achievement test, compared to 22 percent of private schools in general; and only

about a quarter of them used academic records, compared to 40 percent of private schools overall. 

 Teachers perceived few moderate to serious problems in their schools,

although more, 21 percent, perceived that physical conflicts among students or

weapons were problems. At the special emphasis schools with twelfth graders,

students’ graduation rates were 92 percent, and college applications were

82 percent (table 4.5).
Nonsectarian Special Emphasis Schools

46 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Nonsectarian Special Emphasis Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

1,788 Schools

14,548 Teachers (FTE)

141,929 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (53%,24%)

50 to 299 (41%,56%)

300 or more (6%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (32%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (41%,38%)

25 or more (28%,36%)

Extended Day (29%,11%)

Special Ed. (3%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (2%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (12%,19%)

1 to 9 (13%,35%)

10 to 49 (56%,30%)

50 or more (19%,16%)

Combined (29%,31%)

Secondary (17%,10%)

Elementary (54%,60%)

less than $3,000 (42%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (33%,25%)

$8,000 or more (26%,14%)

less than $1,500 (0%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (45%,47%)

$3,500 or more (55%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (40%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (59%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (59%,48%)

Remedial Reading (50%,46%)

Library (73%,82%)

None (49%,65%)

1 to 9 (14%,13%)

10 to 49 (23%,15%)

50 or more (14%,7%)
 Nonsectarian Special Emphasis Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 47

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Nonsectarian Special Emphasis Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (6%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (15%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (22%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (21%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (9%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (11%,9%)

Attendance (28%,23%)

Class Content (84%,75%)

Class Textbooks (83%,69%)

School Curriculum (68%,56%)

School Discipline (67%,59%)

Would Do Over (78%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (87%,91%)

Class Size (90%,84%)

Salary (41%,42%)

no BA (10%,7%)

BA (54%,59%)

Masters (26%,30%)

Doctorate (9%,5%)

no BA (8%,8%)

BA (36%,26%)

Masters (30%,52%)

Doctorate (26%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (20%,14%)

3 to 9 (37%,34%)

10 to 19 (25%,31%)

20 or more (18%,21%)

less than 3 (8%,3%)

3 to 9 (16%,13%)

10 to 19 (33%,31%)

20 or more (42%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (36%,25%)

State (66%,71%)

less than 20 (34%,45%)

20 to 30 (45%,38%)

30 to 40 (17%,12%)

40 or more (4%,5%)

less than 20 (20%,31%)

20 to 30 (19%,22%)

30 to 40 (28%,23%)

40 or more (33%,24%) Principals

Teachers
48 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

OVERVIEW Private nonsectarian special education schools, which mainly serve students with

disabilities, are a reflection of the growing national commitment to meet the educational needs of all American children. Promoting students’ personal growth and

self-esteem are the most important education goals for special education schools,

according to their principals (table 4.1). 

Most of these schools (83 percent) were founded since the mid-1950s (table

1.3). In 1993-94, they numbered 1,290, about one-fourth (23 percent) of all nonsectarian schools and 5 percent of all private schools in the United States. Special

education schools served 86,738 students and employed 14,264 full-time equivalent teachers in 1993-94. Although located all over the nation, special education

schools were more prevalent in the Northeast (42 percent) and less prevalent in the

Midwest (8 percent) than private schools in general.

Most of the schools (84 percent) served a combination of elementary and secondary students, although 69 percent had ungraded classrooms. These schools are

typically small: over half had enrollments of fewer than 50 students, compared to

fewer than a quarter of private schools overall.

Nearly all nonsectarian special education schools (94 percent) were coeducational and served diverse student bodies. In 80 percent of the schools, more than

10 percent of the students were members of minority groups; in 17 percent of the

schools, 50 percent or more were. Virtually all nonsectarian special education

schools charged tuition, and their average tuition was significantly higher than in

other private schools ($14,700 versus $3,100) (table 1.5). The higher tuition can

be attributed, at least in part, to the costs associated with meeting the unique needs

of their students (e.g., for special equipment, elevators, personal aides).

SCHOOL RESOURCES

AND PROGRAMS

As would be expected in schools serving students with disabilities, special education schools had small class sizes and low student/teacher ratios. Nearly

80 percent had fewer than 15 students per class, as compared to 26 percent in private schools overall. The average student/teacher ratio for nonsectarian special

education schools was 6:1, compared to 15:1 for private schools in general (table

1.7).

Special education schools offered a range of special programs and services to

meet the educational needs of their students. In special education secondary and

combined level schools, 68 percent offered remedial reading, compared to

46 percent in private schools overall; 72 percent offered diagnostic services, and

all offered special education services. The percentage of students receiving those

services was 96 percent. About 20 percent of the special education schools had

boarding services, four times as many as private schools overall (table 1.11). Few

Nonsectarian Special 

Education Schools
 Nonsectarian Special Education Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 49

required 3 or more years of science courses (34 percent), and only 29 percent

required a year or more of foreign language instruction for graduation.

QUALIFICATIONS

AND EXPERIENCE OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS

Teachers in special education schools tended to be more highly educated and

state-certified than other private school teachers. In 1993-94, nearly all of them

had bachelor’s or postgraduate degrees, and 85 percent held state certifications,

significantly more than teachers in private schools overall. Special education

school teachers were somewhat less experienced on average, with only

41 percent having taught for 10 years or more. Special education teachers

tended to be better paid than other private school teachers: 80 percent were paid

more than $20,000, compared to 50 percent of private school teachers in general.

Among principals in nonsectarian special education schools, like teachers,

education level was somewhat higher and related experience somewhat lower

than those of principals in private schools in general: 88 percent had postgraduate degrees, but only 26 percent had 20 or more years’ teaching or administrative

experience. They too were paid more: almost 70 percent earned $40,000 or more,

compared to a quarter of private school principals overall.

Teachers in special education schools, like those in private schools in general,

were generally satisfied with their class sizes, staff cooperation, and career

choice; but, despite higher rates of pay, they were generally dissatisfied with salaries. Only one-third expressed satisfaction with their salaries. Regarding their

views about their influence on school policy and control over classroom practice,

they felt that they exerted influence on textbooks and class content (81 and

80 percent, respectively) but considerably less influence on school discipline and

school curriculum (55 and 54 percent, respectively).

EXPECTATIONS AND

SCHOOL CLIMATE

As might be expected, three-quarters of the special education schools used special need as an admission requirement, compared to only 20 percent in private

schools overall (table 2.3). In five problem areas, teachers in special education

schools gave significantly more ratings of moderate or serious than other private

school teachers did: attendance (rated as moderate or serious by 40 percent of the

special education teachers), robbery (36 percent), physical conflicts (53 percent),

apathy (67 percent), and poverty (58 percent). In comparison to students in other

private schools, only 81 percent of the twelfth grade students in special education

schools graduated and 40 percent applied to college, significantly lower than for

students in private schools overall. 
Nonsectarian Special Education Schools

50 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Nonsectarian Special Education Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

1,290 Schools

14,264 Teachers (FTE)

86,783 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (52%,24%)

50 to 299 (47%,56%)

300 or more (1%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (78%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (9%,38%)

25 or more (14%,36%)

Extended Day (5%,11%)

Special Ed. (97%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (9%,4%)

None (5%,19%)

1 to 9 (14%,35%)

10 to 49 (63%,30%)

50 or more (17%,16%)

Combined (84%,31%)

Secondary (15%,10%)

Elementary (1%,60%)

less than $3,000 (27%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (20%,25%)

$8,000 or more (54%,14%)

less than $1,500 (--,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (--,47%)

$3,500 or more (--,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (11%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (29%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (34%,48%)

Remedial Reading (67%,46%)

Library (65%,82%)

None (58%,65%)

1 to 9 (14%,13%)

10 to 49 (27%,15%)

50 or more (2%,7%)
 Nonsectarian Special Education Schools

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 51

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Nonsectarian Special Education Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (11%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (58%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (67%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (53%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (21%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (36%,9%)

Attendance (40%,23%)

Class Content (80%,75%)

Class Textbooks (81%,69%)

School Curriculum (54%,56%)

School Discipline (55%,59%)

Would Do Over (75%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (91%,91%)

Class Size (88%,84%)

Salary (34%,42%)

no BA (3%,7%)

BA (54%,59%)

Masters (38%,30%)

Doctorate (5%,5%)

no BA (#,8%)

BA (13%,26%)

Masters (62%,52%)

Doctorate (25%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (15%,14%)

3 to 9 (44%,34%)

10 to 19 (27%,31%)

20 or more (14%,21%)

less than 3 (1%,3%)

3 to 9 (13%,13%)

10 to 19 (60%,31%)

20 or more (26%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (5%,25%)

State (85%,71%)

less than 20 (17%,45%)

20 to 30 (49%,38%)

30 to 40 (26%,12%)

40 or more (8%,5%)

less than 20 (5%,31%)

20 to 30 (#,22%)

30 to 40 (26%,23%)

40 or more (68%,24%) Principals

Teachers
Nonsectarian Special Education Schools

52 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 53

Tables Section
Tables Section

54 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 55

HIGHLIGHTS FOR

CHARACTERISTICS OF

SCHOOLS

• In 1993-94, the Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) found that there

were approximately 26,093 private elementary and secondary schools in

the United States, serving an estimated 4,970,548 students (tables 1.1,

1.2). 

• A major difference in structure between public and private schools is that

there are virtually no separate private middle schools, while over half of

public schools offering seventh grade are middle schools (table 1.4).

• Many more of the private schools are small. A quarter have fewer than 50

students, and only one-fifth have more than 300 students. In contrast,

only 3 percent of public schools have fewer than 50 students, and more

than two-thirds have more than 300 students (table 1.6).

• Ages of private schools vary greatly—more than two-thirds of currently

operating Jewish schools, ACSI schools, Evangelical Lutheran schools,

Montessori schools, and special education schools were established after

1954, whereas more than one in five currently operating Catholic schools,

Friends schools, Lutheran schools, and NAIS member schools were

established before before 1904 (table 1.3).

• Only 1 private school in 20 is a boarding school (table 1.11).

• Annual tuitions averaged about $2,200 for elementary schools and $5,500

for secondary schools, and $4,200 in schools that combined elementary

and secondary levels (table 1.5).

• Roughly half of all private schools offer remedial reading and remedial

mathematics instruction, but few offer special education (other than

schools specializing in special education) (table 1.9).

Characteristics of Schools
Tables Section

56 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 57

Table 1.1— Number of private schools and percentage serving each grade level, by 

affiliation: 1993-1994

Total Elementary Secondary Combined

Total Private 26,093 59.5 9.8 30.7

Total Public 80,740 71.9 24.3 3.8

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 8,351 82.9 13.9 3.2

Episcopal 349 64.3 10.8 24.9

Friends 75 69.7 9.2 21.2

Seventh-Day Adventist 1,071 70.8 5.8 23.4

Hebrew Day 201 59.9 25.4 14.7

Solomon Schechter 56 95.1 4.9 0.0

Other Jewish 398 54.0 27.6 18.4

Christian Schools Intl 355 61.7 9.8 28.5

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2,472 49.4 3.9 46.8

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1,042 92.3 6.3 1.5

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 373 94.0 5.4 0.6

Evangelical Lutheran 107 97.3 0.8 1.9

Other Lutheran 57 83.0 4.2 12.7

Montessori 732 82.3 0.2 17.5

Schools for Exceptional Children 284 8.4 22.3 69.3

Natl Assoc 

 of Independent Schools (only) 893 32.5 20.8 46.7

Military -- 0.0 74.0 --

Other Private Schools 9,247 36.4 6.8 56.8

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 8,351 82.9 13.9 3.2

 Parochial 5,109 95.0 3.9 1.1

 Diocesan 2,436 76.3 20.8 2.9

 Private order 806 26.4 56.3 17.2

Other religious 12,180 52.0 5.0 43.0

 Conservative Christian 4,664 31.9 2.3 65.8

 Affiliated 3,437 67.6 9.7 22.7

 Unaffiliated 4,079 61.7 4.2 34.1

Nonsectarian 5,563 41.1 14.0 44.9

 Regular 2,484 52.6 11.6 35.8

 Special emphasis 1,788 53.6 17.0 29.4

 Special education 1,290 1.4 14.5 84.0

All members of NAIS 1,470 33.4 25.4 41.2

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

58 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 1.2— Number of elementary and secondary students, by grade level and affiliation: 

1993-94

Total Elementary Secondary Combined

Total Private 4,970,548 2,803,153 811,087 1,356,308

Total Public 41,621,660 26,885,507 13,757,801 978,351

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2,516,028 1,848,257 592,011 75,760

Episcopal 95,633 36,505 9,395 49,733

Friends 13,456 5,906 982 6,567

Seventh-Day Adventist 77,830 32,686 9,405 35,740

Hebrew Day 60,730 34,265 9,989 16,475

Solomon Schechter 13,999 13,454 544 0

Other Jewish 109,122 41,925 17,036 50,160

Christian Schools Intl 98,090 46,633 12,305 39,152

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 441,981 168,503 16,349 257,129

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 163,885 141,380 16,614 5,891

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 36,730 31,423 4,961 346

Evangelical Lutheran 15,403 15,122 150 132

Other Lutheran 4,123 3,290 317 516

Montessori 42,796 31,601 -- 11,159

Schools for Exceptional Children 33,722 2,970 12,993 17,759

Natl Assoc 

 of Independent Schools (only) 332,675 62,284 53,572 216,818

Military -- 0 -- --

Other Private Schools 907,572 286,746 49,928 570,899

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 2,516,028 1,848,257 592,011 75,760

 Parochial 1,386,668 1,300,201 75,921 10,546

 Diocesan 791,604 507,942 268,351 15,312

 Private order 337,756 40,114 247,740 49,902

Other religious 1,686,069 718,174 124,447 843,448

 Conservative Christian 641,828 193,785 20,787 427,255

 Affiliated 580,666 306,115 70,244 204,307

 Unaffiliated 463,575 218,274 33,415 211,886

Nonsectarian 768,451 236,722 94,629 437,100

 Regular 539,785 162,015 64,484 313,286

 Special emphasis 141,929 73,342 15,703 52,884

 Special education 86,738 1,366 14,442 70,930

All members of NAIS 528,627 106,686 132,120 289,822

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 59

Table 1.3— Percentage of private schools in existence established in decades from 1904 to 

1993, by affiliation: 1993-94 

% % %% %%% % %%

Before 1904- 1914- 1924- 1934- 1944- 1954- 1964- 1974- 1984-

1904 1913 1923 1933 1943 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993

Total Private 11 3 4 6 3 8 12 16 24 14

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 21 6 9 13 4 13 21 8 2 3

Episcopal 13 2 9 0 1 13 31 21 9 1

Friends 39 0 0 0 0 16 7 7 19 11

Seventh-Day Adventist 6 3 5 6 9 8 10 14 16 22

Hebrew Day 0 0 2 1 9 12 9 19 14 34

Solomon Schechter 0 0 0 2 0 0 29 29 27 12

Other Jewish 0 0 2 1 4 13 10 22 33 15

Christian Schools Intl 17 5 10 3 1 25 15 7 12 4

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1 1 1 0 0 4 5 12 57 18

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 31 5 3 8 7 7 11 10 14 5

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 36 1 4 5 1 3 4 17 28 2

Evangelical Lutheran 7 1 0 0 1 14 19 10 44 4

Other Lutheran 10 0 14 0 3 0 14 28 26 5

Montessori 0 0 0 0 1 2 10 39 30 19

Schools for Exceptional Children 6 1 2 1 1 8 21 22 30 8

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 22 9 5 11 6 4 14 15 10 4

Military -- -- 0 -- 0 0 -- -- -- 0

Other Private Schools 2 1 0 1 1 4 6 23 38 23

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 21 6 9 13 4 13 21 8 2 3

 Parochial 19 6 11 12 4 13 22 8 2 3

 Diocesan 24 6 5 12 6 15 18 11 1 3

 Private order 25 6 6 19 3 12 19 3 7 0

Other religious 6 1 2 1 2 5 7 18 38 19

 Conservative Christian 1 1 1 1 0 2 4 12 60 19

 Affiliated 12 3 4 3 5 9 10 13 24 16

 Unaffiliated 8 1 1 1 3 4 7 28 26 21

Nonsectarian 6 2 1 3 2 6 12 25 25 18

 Regular 8 5 2 7 1 4 15 22 23 14

 Special emphasis 3 0 0 1 1 10 7 33 24 23

 Special education 5 0 0 0 4 7 14 19 31 19

All members of NAIS 23 7 5 10 5 7 16 13 10 4

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

60 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 1.4— Percentage of schools with pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and ungraded 

classes, and allocation of grade 7 to elementary, middle, secondary, and 

combined schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

% of schools % of schools % of schools

w/ Grade 1 offering: w/ Grade 7 that are: offering:

Ungraded

Pre-Kindergarten Kindergarten Elem. Middle Second. Combined education

Total Private 49.3 85.9 63.0 1.1 6.0 29.8 8.7

Total Public 36.0 96.6 20.5 55.8 17.4 6.3 16.4

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 48.0 91.6 92.1 2.1 3.8 2.0 1.9

Episcopal 83.0 49.0 6.5 18.8 25.7 97.3 7.6

Friends 67.3 54.0 0.0 7.7 38.3 98.2 5.9

Seventh-Day Adventist 10.9 76.4 0.0 0.0 23.6 41.9 1.7

Hebrew Day 6.3 72.7 0.0 5.2 22.0 89.8 5.9

Solomon Schechter 42.1 91.7 4.2 4.2 0.0 94.8 0.0

Other Jewish 46.4 95.7 52.1 0.0 12.2 35.7 1.1

Christian Schools Intl 47.2 100.0 64.7 4.7 1.6 28.9 4.0

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 57.8 96.7 38.3 0.8 5.3 55.5 5.7

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 72.0 94.6 97.1 0.0 2.0 0.9 2.3

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 48.5 98.4 99.7 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0

Evangelical Lutheran 79.8 100.0 97.2 0.0 2.8 0.0 0.9

Other Lutheran 41.4 94.3 81.8 3.0 2.5 12.7 0.0

Montessori 90.0 89.7 75.2 13.5 0.0 11.3 34.1

Schools for Exceptional Children 44.7 80.1 13.7 2.2 65.2 18.8 75.4

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 61.9 95.8 34.9 2.0 21.8 41.2 4.6

Military 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other Private Schools 43.1 76.4 36.3 0.0 7.1 56.7 14.6

9-Category NCES Typology 

Catholic 48.0 91.6 92.1 2.1 3.8 2.0 1.9

 Parochial 47.6 92.1 96.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.4

 Diocesan 45.8 89.9 91.3 2.5 5.3 0.9 2.5

 Private order 73.7 96.5 40.6 12.4 28.6 18.5 2.9

Other religious 44.2 80.2 51.6 0.5 3.0 45.0 3.5

 Conservative Christian 51.1 93.5 27.2 0.4 2.9 69.4 5.6

 Affiliated 53.6 85.5 67.6 1.2 4.0 27.3 2.9

 Unaffiliated 29.1 61.0 67.5 0.0 2.3 30.2 1.7

Nonsectarian 71.6 93.3 31.9 1.2 25.8 41.1 30.1

 Regular 74.4 98.0 37.2 0.9 12.7 49.2 10.4

 Special emphasis 76.3 93.8 37.9 2.1 37.3 22.7 29.2

 Special education 5.8 31.3 3.2 0.6 45.2 51.0 69.0

All members of NAIS 64.1 97.1 34.3 3.7 25.1 37.0 5.5

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 61

Table 1.5— Percentage of private schools charging tuition, percentage allowing tuition 

reductions, and average tuition, by level and affiliation: 1993-94

% Charging % Allowing Average tuition

tuition reduction Elem. Second. Combined Total

Total Private 93.2 84.0 $2,157 $5,513 $4,155 $3,084

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 98.6 95.0 $1,572 $3,699 $3,625 $1,934

Episcopal 100.0 92.5 $3,441 $10,453 $7,250 $5,148

Friends 98.5 95.0 $4,908 -- $9,251 $6,293

Seventh-Day Adventist 100.0 93.4 $1,322 $4,568 $2,077 $1,687

Hebrew Day 100.0 97.3 $4,824 $5,764 $3,971 $4,937

Solomon Schechter 100.0 97.6 $6,355 -- -- $6,438

Other Jewish 100.0 97.8 $5,064 $5,468 $3,735 $4,932

Christian Schools Intl 100.0 97.7 $2,581 $3,484 $3,126 $2,825

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 100.0 98.1 $1,916 $3,170 $2,129 $2,064

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 96.4 96.4 $1,584 -- -- $1,819

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 92.1 90.4 $1,329 $3,415 -- $1,460

Evangelical Lutheran 98.1 95.2 $2,512 -- -- $2,517

Other Lutheran 82.9 77.9 $1,587 -- -- $1,620

Montessori 100.0 83.6 $3,888 -- $4,162 $3,939

Schls for Exceptional Children 71.9 32.5 -- $15,102 $21,325 $18,721

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 99.4 88.1 $6,470 $11,036 $8,420 $8,331

Military 100.0 96.3 -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 84.0 66.8 $2,770 $8,078 $3,860 $3,711

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 98.6 95.1 $1,572 $3,699 $3,625 $1,934

 Parochial 98.9 96.4 $1,529 $3,439 -- $1,610

 Diocesan 97.7 94.7 $1,585 $3,075 -- $1,913

 Private order 98.7 87.8 $2,467 $4,511 $4,900 $4,050

Other religious 91.8 87.4 $2,213 $4,795 $2,078 $2,293

 Conservative Christian 97.8 95.9 $1,896 $3,104 $1,699 $1,796

 Affiliated 98.5 95.1 $2,488 $5,127 $3,003 $2,866

 Unaffiliated 79.3 71.0 $2,121 $5,204 $2,382 $2,392

Nonsectarian 88.4 60.2 $3,773 $10,488 $9,238 $6,822

 Regular 97.7 74.4 $3,551 $10,288 $5,233 $4,815

 Special emphasis 85.0 64.0 $3,992 -- $6,141 $4,899

 Special education 75.2 27.6 -- $14,743 $15,189 $15,001

All members of NAIS 99.5 88.8 $5,734 $9,525 $8,404 $7,794

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

62 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 1.6— Percentage of schools of different enrollment sizes, by affiliation: 1993-94

% %% %%

< 50 50 - 99 100 - 149 150 - 299 > 300

Total Private 24.3 17.2 12.7 26.1 19.6

Total Public 3.0 3.8 4.9 17.3 71.0

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.5 6.5 11.8 45.7 35.5

Episcopal 0.8 20.7 18.6 33.3 26.6

Friends 28.0 20.4 15.1 21.0 15.5

Seventh-Day Adventist 68.9 11.7 1.1 12.8 5.5

Hebrew Day 8.9 13.2 14.1 28.3 35.5

Solomon Schechter 9.7 4.9 17.0 34.2 34.2

Other Jewish 15.5 22.5 16.2 11.6 34.1

Christian Schools Intl 17.0 2.8 4.0 32.5 43.7

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 10.3 24.1 21.9 28.4 15.3

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 8.6 24.4 25.9 30.1 11.0

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 23.2 44.1 15.1 14.6 3.1

Evangelical Lutheran 7.6 21.8 14.2 53.7 2.6

Other Lutheran 48.5 23.6 11.8 16.1 0.0

Montessori 48.7 34.3 12.7 3.9 0.4

Schools for Exceptional Children 21.1 37.2 14.4 24.6 2.7

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 5.0 9.2 8.3 29.5 48.1

Military 0.0 -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 48.3 22.8 11.1 10.6 7.1

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.5 6.5 11.8 45.7 35.5

 Parochial 0.0 7.5 13.2 48.9 30.4

 Diocesan 0.2 4.7 10.0 43.6 41.5

 Private order 4.2 6.2 8.4 31.9 49.3

Other religious 32.7 22.9 14.2 18.3 11.9

 Conservative Christian 27.2 23.9 17.5 21.1 10.3

 Affiliated 28.4 18.4 14.6 20.9 17.8

 Unaffiliated 42.6 25.6 9.9 13.1 8.8

Nonsectarian 41.7 20.7 11.0 13.9 12.7

 Regular 28.2 13.8 13.3 20.6 24.1

 Special emphasis 53.0 24.3 11.7 5.4 5.6

 Special education 52.1 28.8 5.7 12.8 0.6

All members of NAIS 5.0 8.4 10.1 30.6 45.9

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 63

Table 1.7— Students per teacher and per classroom, by affiliation: 1993-94

% Schools % Schools Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.

w/ w/ stud. per stud. per stud. per stud. per

student/ student/ self- depart- pull- team

Avg. student/ teacher teacher contained mental out teaching

teacher ratio ratio<10 ratio>30 class class class class

Total Private 15.0 23.5 1.6 21.8 19.1 22.8 29.4

Total Public 17.0 6.7 0.8 23.8 23.2 30.3 46.1

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 19.0 3.2 4.1 25.7 22.9 27.5 35.2

Episcopal 10.6 34.5 0.0 16.9 16.0 -- 24.9

Friends 8.9 53.8 0.0 17.0 14.2 -- 23.8

Seventh-Day Adventist 15.7 30.1 0.0 16.8 19.8 -- --

Hebrew Day 13.5 30.9 1.7 22.3 17.9 -- --

Solomon Schechter 11.9 36.6 0.0 20.7 17.7 -- --

Other Jewish 12.2 45.3 1.7 18.4 17.5 -- --

Christian Schools Intl 16.3 8.5 0.0 20.5 21.9 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 14.8 6.5 0.4 20.0 18.0 -- --

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 18.6 2.2 0.0 22.8 20.8 -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 18.0 4.3 0.0 20.8 21.2 -- --

Evangelical Lutheran 16.6 6.5 0.0 18.9 18.9 -- --

Other Lutheran 15.4 24.3 0.0 17.3 14.9 -- --

Montessori 11.6 37.0 3.9 21.9 -- -- 23.6

Schools for Exceptional Children 6.2 93.3 0.0 9.6 8.5 -- 13.6

Natl Assoc of Indep schls (only) 9.4 63.5 0.2 20.0 14.7 -- 37.8

Military 10.8 -- 0.0 -- 15.3 -- --

Other Private Schools 12.0 40.6 0.3 18.0 15.2 -- 25.1

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 19.0 3.2 4.1 25.7 22.9 27.5 35.2

 Parochial 20.4 1.3 5.1 24.7 22.8 25.7 33.7

 Diocesan 19.2 1.4 3.3 28.0 23.4 -- 38.0

 Private order 14.7 21.3 0.0 26.4 22.2 -- 37.4

Other religious 14.0 22.7 0.3 19.9 17.6 17.4 26.4

 Conservative Christian 14.3 18.7 0.2 19.4 18.0 14.2 --

 Affiliated 13.6 26.6 0.3 19.8 18.5 23.3 26.7

 Unaffiliated 14.2 24.2 0.4 20.6 16.1 -- 26.2

Nonsectarian 9.8 55.7 0.8 17.6 14.2 26.1 27.8

 Regular 10.9 34.8 0.6 20.4 15.5 -- 31.4

 Special emphasis 9.8 56.2 1.6 19.1 12.6 -- 28.5 

 Special education 6.1 95.4 0.0 10.1 7.5 -- --

 All members of NAIS 9.9 54.5 0.1 20.2 15.9 -- 34.5

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

64 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 1.8— Average length of school year and day, by affiliation: 1993-94

Days Hours

Total Private 180.2 6.6

Total Public 178.5 6.5

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 179.7 6.4

Episcopal 179.6 6.9

Friends 171.5 6.3

Seventh-Day Adventist 179.8 6.6

Hebrew Day 191.3 8.3

Solomon Schechter 176.2 7.2

Other Jewish 179.3 7.9

Christian Schools Intl 178.4 6.6

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 178.1 6.6

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 177.5 6.6

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 177.5 6.8

Evangelical Lutheran 181.5 6.5

Other Lutheran 175.5 6.7

Montessori 181.5 6.5

Schools for Exceptional Children 187.0 6.1

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 175.1 7.0

Military 178.3 6.6

Other Private Schools 182.0 6.5

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 179.7 6.4

 Parochial 180.2 6.4

 Diocesan 179.1 6.5

 Private order 178.7 6.5

Other religious 179.1 6.7

 Conservative Christian 178.6 6.7

 Affiliated 179.8 6.9

 Unaffiliated 178.9 6.7

Nonsectarian 183.6 6.4

 Regular 178.2 6.6

 Special emphasis 185.1 6.4

 Special education 192.1 6.0

All members of NAIS 175.9 6.9

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 65

Table 1.9— Percentage of schools offering special services, and in schools offering these 

services, the percentage of students receiving services, by affiliation: 1993-94—

Continued on next page

ESOL Bilingual Remedial reading Remedial math

Total % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts

schools offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving

Total Private 26,093 11.3 3.9 4.2 20.3 52.8 10.7 40.4 9.0

Total Public 80,740 42.7 7.4 17.8 13.6 80.9 13.5 60.9 10.9

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 8,351 12.4 2.6 2.9 -- 70.9 10.4 54.0 8.3

Episcopal 349 23.9 2.3 4.7 -- 31.9 -- 22.7 4.4

Friends 75 20.0 2.0 1.7 -- 40.3 12.0 32.6 9.1

Seventh-Day Adventist 1,071 10.9 -- 4.0 -- 25.6 7.5 19.4 5.8

Hebrew Day 201 45.8 14.9 12.6 63.5 72.1 15.3 63.4 12.0

Solomon Schechter 56 65.9 4.0 4.9 -- 65.9 6.5 56.1 4.4

Other Jewish 398 44.1 6.7 13.2 -- 54.0 5.8 35.1 3.9

Christian Schools Intl 355 7.8 -- 0.0 -- 68.1 4.6 56.7 3.2

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2,472 7.3 -- 4.5 -- 60.2 6.3 39.5 4.9

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1,042 3.3 -- 2.6 -- 50.7 6.8 37.1 3.8

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 373 6.8 -- 0.5 -- 50.8 5.7 38.3 4.3

Evangelical Lutheran 107 5.9 -- 0.8 -- 29.9 8.8 18.5 5.8

Other Lutheran 57 4.3 -- 0.0 -- 40.7 4.7 30.8 3.7

Montessori 732 14.8 -- 8.4 -- 42.8 13.3 31.5 --

Schls for Exceptional Chdren 284 9.1 -- 6.9 -- 76.5 55.5 60.4 54.4

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schls (only) 893 21.4 3.7 3.7 -- 45.5 6.9 35.0 6.3

Military -- -- 7.4 -- -- 81.5 -- -- --

Other Private Schools 9,247 8.5 3.9 4.9 -- 38.8 17.3 31.8 18.5

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 8,351 12.4 2.6 2.9 -- 70.9 10.4 54.0 8.3

 Parochial 5,109 12.2 3.1 3.6 -- 75.6 12.1 56.5 9.2

 Diocesan 2,436 11.9 -- 1.0 -- 68.6 7.5 53.9 6.7

 Private order 806 15.1 -- 3.7 -- 48.1 8.0 37.9 7.5

Other religious 12,180 9.5 5.5 5.3 23.1 42.7 7.4 31.7 5.6

 Conservative Christian 4,664 7.2 -- 4.1 -- 51.3 6.7 35.3 5.9

 Affiliated 3,437 15.7 5.5 4.4 44.6 41.8 8.3 33.4 5.8

 Unaffiliated 4,079 7.0 7.3 7.5 -- 33.7 7.2 26.1 4.9

Nonsectarian 5,563 13.7 3.9 3.7 35.8 47.7 21.3 39.1 21.4

 Regular 2,484 14.5 3.3 2.4 -- 40.1 7.6 29.0 6.3

 Special emphasis 1,788 14.8 -- 6.0 60.0 44.2 20.2 38.2 17.5

 Special education 1,290 10.6 -- 2.9 -- 67.3 67.8 59.9 70.6

All members of NAIS 1,470 20.4 3.4 3.0 -- 45.8 7.9 34.7 6.4

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

66 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 1.9— Percentage of schools offering special services, and in schools offering these 

services, the percentage of students receiving services, by affiliation: 1993-94—

Continued

 Special educ. Diagnostic Gifted After school prog.

% Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts

offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving

Total Private 24.8 11.7 43.5 0.7 24.9 16.4 44.0 17.7

Total Public 89.2 7.5 82.6 0.3 70.7 8.4 23.9 10.1

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 25.7 3.9 58.3 0.5 28.2 11.2 48.3 13.9

Episcopal 12.0 -- 35.4 0.6 26.8 -- 78.4 20.6

Friends 11.9 -- 60.2 -- 18.8 41.3 76.7 18.0

Seventh-Day Adventist 7.3 -- 28.1 -- 7.7 -- 30.4 16.3

Hebrew Day 33.6 -- 53.2 0.5 43.0 12.0 20.9 --

Solomon Schechter 34.1 7.4 58.6 0.5 29.3 30.6 51.2 16.3

Other Jewish 30.7 -- 31.1 0.5 24.1 -- 31.7 12.1

Christian Schools Intl 45.5 4.0 62.5 0.6 26.0 7.5 18.3 --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 20.7 2.7 38.4 0.8 31.0 9.6 54.2 20.7

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 23.3 3.6 48.7 0.8 22.6 11.0 59.2 19.1

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 18.2 1.1 42.0 1.2 27.8 -- 16.1 20.0

Evangelical Lutheran 37.6 8.8 59.1 1.2 15.4 9.7 83.8 35.1

Other Lutheran 13.9 -- 36.0 1.6 23.6 7.3 23.3 26.8

Montessori 35.2 -- 41.2 2.9 44.2 38.6 91.0 42.9

Schools for Exceptional Children 89.5 98.6 73.2 1.0 22.4 28.5 18.5 --

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 25.4 8.8 55.2 0.3 30.5 43.2 67.3 13.6

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.0 --

Other Private Schools 23.8 37.5 30.5 1.5 20.0 22.5 33.5 24.8

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 25.7 3.9 58.3 0.5 28.2 11.2 48.3 13.9

 Parochial 27.3 3.2 59.8 0.5 27.1 8.5 54.5 14.5

 Diocesan 24.9 4.4 59.9 0.4 29.9 13.1 44.7 12.8

 Private order 17.9 -- 43.6 0.3 30.2 14.8 19.3 11.5

Other religious 16.4 6.3 33.2 0.9 22.8 14.8 38.0 20.8

 Conservative Christian 17.3 3.5 36.5 1.0 29.9 9.6 43.5 20.4

 Affiliated 19.3 6.4 41.5 0.8 23.2 15.0 42.6 21.6

 Unaffiliated 12.9 10.4 22.4 0.9 14.4 25.0 28.0 20.4

Nonsectarian 41.7 42.6 43.9 1.0 24.3 35.8 50.7 21.8

 Regular 14.9 6.6 31.1 0.5 24.4 32.4 62.1 18.1

 Special emphasis 36.7 19.7 41.2 1.9 30.7 58.1 60.4 32.6

 Special education 100.0 95.8 72.2 1.9 15.0 16.1 15.4 29.9

All members of NAIS 23.5 9.7 49.4 0.4 28.0 36.4 61.1 14.5

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 67

Table 1.10— Percentage of schools with libraries and full-time equivalent (FTE) librarians, by 

level and affiliation: 1993-94

Total Elementary Secondary Combined

%% % %

% FTE % FTE % FTE % FTE

libraries librarians libraries librarians libraries librarians libraries librarians

Total Private 80.3 0.6 79.2 0.5 91.1 1.1 78.9 0.6

Total Public 95.6 1.3 96.7 1.2 95.3 1.7 77.1 0.9

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 95.2 0.9 94.6 0.8 98.5 1.5 95.0 1.4

Episcopal 89.3 1.2 83.4 0.7 100.0 1.8 100.0 2.1

Friends 95.0 0.9 95.0 0.4 -- -- 92.8 2.4

Seventh-Day Adventist 71.9 0.3 64.6 0.1 100.0 0.8 86.9 --

Hebrew Day 82.1 0.5 78.7 0.4 79.8 -- 100.0 --

Solomon Schechter 92.7 1.0 92.3 0.9 -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 84.9 0.6 82.5 0.6 91.2 -- 82.7 0.9

Christian Schools Intl 80.8 0.7 69.5 -- 100.0 1.2 98.6 1.0

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 89.7 0.5 84.7 0.4 100.0 0.8 94.1 0.6

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 86.5 0.3 85.4 0.3 100.0 -- -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 68.5 0.1 67.3 0.1 91.4 0.8 -- --

Evangelical Lutheran 84.0 0.3 83.5 0.3 -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran 80.7 0.4 81.9 0.4 -- -- -- --

Montessori 53.0 0.1 55.1 0.1 -- -- -- --

Schls for Exceptional Children 80.8 0.7 -- -- 88.6 -- 81.0 0.4

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 99.0 1.8 100.0 0.9 95.2 2.0 100.0 2.3

Military 100.0 1.5 -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 64.5 0.3 50.5 0.2 72.8 0.3 72.5 0.3

Catholic 95.2 0.9 94.6 0.8 98.5 1.5 95.0 1.4

 Parochial 95.1 0.7 94.9 0.6 100.0 1.2 -- --

 Diocesan 94.9 1.1 93.4 1.1 100.0 1.4 -- --

 Private order 96.2 1.4 100.0 0.7 96.2 1.7 90.5 1.5

Other religious 74.8 0.4 68.4 0.3 95.1 0.9 80.1 0.4

 Conservative Christian 85.4 0.4 83.1 0.4 92.4 0.7 86.2 0.3

 Affiliated 80.0 0.5 76.1 0.4 93.5 0.8 85.6 0.8

 Unaffiliated 58.3 0.2 52.7 0.1 100.0 1.1 63.4 0.4

Nonsectarian 70.0 0.6 62.4 0.3 76.8 0.7 74.8 0.8

 Regular 72.9 0.9 59.1 0.5 75.9 1.3 92.4 1.3

 Special emphasis 69.7 0.2 66.8 0.1 90.5 -- 62.9 0.3

 Special education 64.7 0.5 -- -- -- -- 66.1 0.5

All members of NAIS 97.6 1.7 97.8 1.0 94.5 1.9 99.4 2.1

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

68 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 1.11— Percentage of private schools with boarding students and percentage of 

students boarding at these schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

% Boarding % Students boarding at boarding schools

Total Private 4.5 47.0

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1.6 38.9

Episcopal 13.9 55.1

Friends 9.2 --

Seventh-Day Adventist 4.5 67.4

Hebrew Day 11.3 --

Solomon Schechter 0.0 --

Other Jewish 16.0 --

Christian Schools Intl 2.8 --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1.4 --

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.7 --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2.3 --

Evangelical Lutheran 2.7 --

Other Lutheran 6.4 --

Montessori 0.2 --

Schools for Exceptional Children 31.3 66.6

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 19.3 47.7

Military -- 87.2

Other Private Schools 5.6 57.5

Catholic 1.6 38.9

 Parochial 0.6 --

 Diocesan 0.2 --

 Private order 12.3 40.6

Other religious 3.1 36.3

 Conservative Christian 1.0 --

 Affiliated 4.3 38.0

 Unaffiliated 4.6 34.7

Nonsectarian 12.0 59.3

 Regular 7.8 58.1

 Special emphasis 9.6 55.5

 Special education 23.2 65.5

All members of NAIS 19.6 51.5

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 69

HIGHLIGHTS FOR

CHARACTERISTICS OF

STUDENTS

• Seventy-one percent of private school students attend schools in cities or

on the fringe of large cities. By comparison, only half of public school

students attend schools in these places (table 2.2).

• There are substantial regional variations among private schools. For

example, Catholic schools are more prevalent in the Northeast and Midwest, Lutheran schools in the Midwest, Jewish schools in the Northeast,

NAIS members in the South and Northeast, Seventh-Day Adventist

schools in the West, and conservative Christian schools in the South

(table 2.1).

• Admission requirements were used at many elementary schools and most

schools serving secondary students; but schools of different types had

noticeably different preferences for requirements. For example, Episcopal schools were more likely to use standardized achievement tests,

schools that are members of the National Association of Independent

Schools were more likely to look at recommendations and students’ academic records, and Jewish schools and schools that are affiliated with

Christian Schools International were more likely to take religious affiliation into account (table 2.3).

• Almost equal numbers of boys and girls attended private schools. Only

about 3 percent of private schools were for boys only, and about 2 percent

were for girls only in 1993-94 (table 2.4).

• In 1993-94, about 46 percent of private schools had enrollments of at

least 10 percent minorities, compared to 56 percent of public schools

(table 2.6).

Characteristics of Students
Tables Section

70 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 71

Table 2.1— Number of students, by region and affiliation: 1993-94

Total Northeast Midwest South West

Total Private 4,970,548 1,288,868 1,402,617 1,449,698 829,365

Total Public 41,621,660 7,344,332 9,973,026 15,001,201 9,303,100

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2,516,028 799,217 895,008 472,236 349,566

Episcopal 95,633 8,859 -- 64,827 17,980

Friends 13,456 9,290 -- -- --

Seventh-Day Adventist 77,830 -- 14,732 -- 37,019

Hebrew Day 60,730 48,226 -- 4,420 --

Solomon Schechter 13,999 7,370 -- -- --

Other Jewish 109,122 73,417 -- 12,769 --

Christian Schools Intl 98,090 -- 44,110 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 441,981 -- 73,592 185,421 150,852

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 163,885 -- 116,111 25,546 21,495

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 36,730 -- 32,807 -- 3,310

Evangelical Lutheran 15,403 6,603 3,005 1,598 4,198

Other Lutheran 4,123 -- 3,132 -- --

Montessori 42,796 -- -- 16,672 11,521

Schls for Exceptl Children 33,722 21,970 2,359 -- --

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schls (only) 332,675 99,390 45,265 139,426 48,593

Military -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 907,572 164,608 138,534 464,560 139,871

9 Category NCES Typology

Catholic 2,516,028 799,217 895,008 472,236 349,566

 Parochial 1,386,668 456,434 485,695 271,953 172,585

 Diocesan 791,604 238,075 303,652 123,357 126,522

 Private order 337,756 104,708 105,662 76,927 50,459

Other religious 1,686,069 292,416 409,645 647,919 336,088

 Conservative Christian 641,828 57,645 124,427 290,651 169,106

 Affiliated 580,666 143,599 146,688 185,529 104,851

 Unaffiliated 463,575 91,172 138,531 171,740 62,132

Nonsectarian 768,451 197,234 97,963 329,543 143,710

 Regular 539,785 131,283 51,770 274,570 82,161

 Special emphasis 141,929 18,863 39,741 36,409 46,915

 Special education 86,738 47,089 -- 18,563 --

All members of NAIS 528,627 161,511 69,894 211,267 85,955

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Number of students in regions may not add to total because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

72 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 2.2— Percentage of enrollment in different community types, by affiliation: 1993-94 

% %

% Urban Urban

% Mid- fringe fringe % %

Large size large mid- Large Small % Total city city city city town town Rural

Total Private 4,970,548 29.4 22.3 19.5 10.4 1.6 12.5 4.4 

Total Public 41,621,660 16.5 15.9 17.4 11.1 2.6 20.8 15.6

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2,516,028 34.0 21.5 21.8 8.7 1.8 9.2 2.9

Episcopal 95,633 30.6 36.1 11.0 13.4 0.5 6.1 2.3

Friends 13,456 44.2 13.3 20.6 11.3 0.4 9.8 0.4

Seventh-Day Adventist 77,830 15.4 16.7 26.9 19.7 0.9 16.2 4.2

Hebrew Day 60,730 74.2 2.9 18.3 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0

Solomon Schechter 13,999 35.3 8.8 36.6 13.9 1.1 3.4 1.0

Other Jewish 109,122 56.8 3.1 32.0 8.2 0.0 0.0 0.0

Christian Schools Intl 98,090 14.3 19.9 15.8 22.7 2.9 16.6 7.8

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 441,981 23.9 29.4 16.0 7.7 1.3 15.6 6.1

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 163,885 18.3 22.9 28.9 9.8 1.6 14.2 4.4

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 36,730 7.1 20.3 15.8 7.9 4.4 30.6 13.9

Evangelical Lutheran 15,403 59.4 10.7 14.6 9.7 1.3 3.3 1.0

Other Lutheran 4,123 29.7 17.5 15.0 3.9 9.7 17.7 6.5

Montessori 42,796 24.3 29.8 36.7 2.0 1.8 5.3 0.1

Schls for Exceptional Children 33,722 23.2 20.0 25.8 16.8 0.4 11.3 2.4

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 332,675 29.6 25.7 19.4 10.3 0.6 12.1 2.3

Military -- 0.0 -- -- -- 0.0 -- --

Other Private Schools 907,572 18.3 22.8 11.5 14.9 1.4 21.8 9.3

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 2,516,028 34.0 21.5 21.8 8.7 1.8 9.2 2.9

 Parochial 1,386,668 30.1 23.5 21.4 8.7 2.1 10.5 3.7

 Diocesan 791,604 34.5 20.9 22.4 8.4 2.1 9.5 2.1

 Private order 337,756 49.0 14.8 22.1 9.3 0.2 3.5 1.2

Other religious 1,686,069 24.5 24.1 16.5 10.7 1.6 15.4 7.2

 Conservative Christian 641,828 21.7 28.0 15.5 8.0 2.1 16.2 8.6

 Affiliated 580,666 32.0 21.0 19.0 15.0 0.9 9.1 3.1

 Unaffiliated 463,575 19.0 22.8 14.7 9.2 1.8 22.2 10.2

Nonsectarian 768,451 24.9 20.6 18.8 15.2 0.4 16.6 3.5

 Regular 539,785 25.8 18.2 13.7 18.2 0.5 20.8 2.8

 Special emphasis 141,929 27.9 29.2 25.5 4.5 0.6 6.1 6.2

 Special education 86,738 14.3 21.8 39.3 14.1 0.1 7.3 3.1

All members of NAIS 528,627 31.6 25.3 20.1 10.1 0.5 10.3 2.2

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 73

Table 2.3a— Percentage of private elementary schools with specified admission 

requirements, by affiliation: 1993-94

%

% Stand. % % % % %

Admiss. achiev. Academ. Special Special % Recom- Religious

Total test test record needs aptitudes Interview mendations affil.

Total Private 15,537 21.7 15.6 30.6 8.1 2.1 35.1 13.6 15.4 

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 6,924 22.2 16.0 33.2 8.2 2.0 27.9 10.8 16.0

Episcopal 225 64.8 54.2 66.0 0.0 3.2 72.4 46.8 2.6

Friends 52 43.1 20.8 48.4 12.2 2.5 52.7 45.2 0.0

Seventh-Day Adventist 758 8.9 10.8 19.7 10.5 0.6 36.0 21.2 8.7

Hebrew Day 120 25.2 15.1 34.1 18.4 0.0 78.0 33.5 69.2

Solomon Schechter 53 46.2 17.9 41.1 7.7 5.1 64.1 23.1 71.8

Other Jewish 215 29.8 5.7 22.7 1.7 1.7 41.7 26.4 27.2

Christian Schools Intl -- -- -- -- -- 0.0 69.8 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1,221 43.9 31.0 44.9 16.7 5.0 67.0 18.7 34.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 962 14.1 15.4 26.2 4.6 2.0 33.7 6.4 4.3

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 350 4.9 2.7 12.0 5.9 0.8 25.0 7.0 27.3

Evangelical Lutheran 104 31.0 46.7 59.9 39.7 1.6 60.4 12.7 7.1

Other Lutheran 47 8.2 14.2 28.5 14.6 0.0 51.8 11.2 43.9

Montessori 602 4.6 3.3 8.9 5.0 2.8 36.3 12.7 0.0

Schls for Exceptional Children -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schls (only) 290 56.6 38.5 61.5 12.8 6.4 72.0 46.5 0.0

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 3,367 15.2 8.9 23.9 5.4 1.5 27.7 10.3 9.8

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 6,924 22.2 16.0 33.2 8.2 2.0 27.9 10.8 16.0

 Parochial 4,853 21.7 15.8 32.8 7.9 1.9 27.6 8.9 15.0

 Diocesan 1,858 22.9 17.2 32.5 8.2 2.0 27.9 14.3 20.5

 Private order 213 -- -- 49.4 -- -- -- -- 0.0

Other religious 6,328 22.5 15.9 28.0 8.7 2.2 40.5 16.5 20.3

 Conservative Christian 1,487 40.0 28.8 43.2 14.3 6.5 63.5 20.4 34.4

 Affiliated 2,324 21.7 16.4 30.2 11.0 1.8 45.4 21.2 16.4

 Unaffiliated 2,517 12.8 7.9 17.0 3.3 0.2 22.4 9.8 15.6

Nonsectarian 2,285 18.4 13.1 30.0 6.3 2.2 42.3 14.1 0.0

 Regular 1,307 26.4 17.3 43.2 3.0 1.9 39.0 15.6 0.0

 Special emphasis 959 7.9 7.4 11.9 9.2 2.2 46.7 11.9 0.0

 Special education -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

All members of NAIS 491 54.5 37.4 60.0 8.9 5.8 72.2 43.8 5.9

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

74 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 2.3b— Percentage of private schools serving secondary students with specified 

admission requirements, by affiliation: 1993-94

%

% Stand. % % % % %

Admiss. achiev. Academ. Special Special % Recom- Religious

Total test test record needs aptitudes Interview mendations affil.

Total Private 10,557 31.5 22.4 40.2 20.3 8.7 54.9 33.6 14.0

Catholic 1,427 57.8 38.9 65.6 13.1 7.3 41.1 48.1 11.2

Episcopal 125 71.4 67.8 86.2 13.7 19.5 88.8 69.6 1.9

Friends -- 40.3 30.2 65.5 20.2 30.2 89.9 65.5 5.0

Seventh-Day Adventist 313 12.9 19.9 53.2 4.8 2.3 58.6 52.8 9.8

Hebrew Day 81 43.7 16.7 64.9 22.9 21.7 78.8 59.8 89.3

Solomon Schechter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 83 34.7 26.2 39.8 5.2 3.9 73.1 39.1 76.3

Christian Schools Intl -- -- -- -- -- 0.0 74.9 57.8 78.0

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1,252 34.4 31.0 55.0 13.0 8.4 75.4 42.1 30.4

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 80 -- -- 85.4 -- 1.3 -- -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 22 -- -- 68.8 -- -- -- 62.1 --

Evangelical Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.0

Schls for Exceptional Childrn 260 9.1 12.2 30.4 80.5 17.7 54.0 27.8 0.0

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 603 71.2 55.4 84.1 21.3 19.4 83.7 73.9 0.8

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 5,880 21.6 13.0 24.4 23.2 8.2 49.2 21.6 9.4

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1,427 57.8 38.9 65.6 13.1 7.3 41.1 48.1 11.2

 Parochial 256 28.4 14.3 33.2 9.9 2.7 28.3 17.6 6.5

 Diocesan 578 53.3 37.0 63.1 12.3 5.2 33.9 48.6 13.5

 Private order 593 74.8 51.5 82.0 15.2 11.3 53.7 60.7 11.1

Other religious 5,852 30.0 22.4 37.8 10.0 6.4 60.0 32.3 22.6

 Conservative Christian 3,177 28.8 22.9 41.0 10.8 6.5 68.6 31.0 25.4

 Affiliated 1,113 27.0 24.4 47.5 7.1 7.3 54.8 43.9 28.1

 Unaffiliated 1,562 34.7 20.0 24.5 10.4 5.7 46.2 26.7 12.9

Nonsectarian 3,278 22.8 15.2 33.4 42.0 13.5 51.7 29.7 0.0

 Regular 1,177 41.7 31.8 58.4 10.8 9.0 61.8 43.1 0.0

 Special emphasis 829 17.0 3.6 23.5 35.2 9.7 58.2 25.1 0.0

 Special education 1,272 8.9 7.3 16.8 75.3 20.1 38.2 20.2 0.0

All members of NAIS 979 67.4 54.2 83.8 20.2 20.8 82.9 73.2 4.2

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Schools that serve secondary students include both secondary schools and combined schools.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 75

Table 2.4— Percent male enrollment and percentage of coeducational, all-girls and all-boys 

schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

% of % of % of

% Male schools co-ed schools all-girls schools all-boys

Total Private 50.5 95.3 1.8 2.9

Total Public 51.0 -- -- --

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 50.0 93.1 3.8 3.0

Episcopal 52.5 90.3 3.2 6.5

Friends 49.2 98.5 1.5 0.0

Seventh-Day Adventist 49.2 100.0 0.0 0.0

Hebrew Day 59.4 47.4 17.7 34.9

Solomon Schechter 50.1 97.6 0.0 2.4

Other Jewish 42.2 67.7 9.6 22.7

Christian Schools Intl 50.2 100.0 0.0 0.0

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 49.7 100.0 0.0 0.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 51.0 99.3 0.0 0.7

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 50.9 100.0 0.0 0.0

Evangelical Lutheran 51.9 97.1 0.0 2.9

Other Lutheran 49.3 100.0 0.0 0.0

Montessori 52.9 93.1 0.0 6.9

Schools for Exceptional Children 67.6 93.5 2.3 4.2

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 52.1 88.9 4.7 6.4

Military 71.0 77.7 0.0 --

Other Private Schools 51.1 98.0 0.1 1.9

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 50.0 93.1 3.8 3.0

 Parochial 49.4 98.9 1.0 0.1

 Diocesan 51.2 95.2 1.4 3.4

 Private order 49.9 50.5 29.1 20.4

Other religious 49.7 97.5 0.7 1.8

 Conservative Christian 49.6 100.0 0.0 0.0

 Affiliated 49.8 93.6 2.2 4.2

 Unaffiliated 49.6 97.9 0.3 1.8

Nonsectarian 54.0 93.9 1.0 5.1

 Regular 51.6 96.1 1.5 2.5

 Special emphasis 52.2 91.1 0.3 8.7

 Special education 72.0 93.8 0.9 5.3

All members of NAIS 52.7 83.7 7.5 8.8

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

76 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 2.5— Percentage of students in different racial-ethnic groups, by affiliation: 1993-94

% %%

American % % Black White

Indian Asian Hispanic non-Hispanic non-Hispanic

Total Private 0.6 4.1 8.0 9.3 77.9

Total Public 1.1 3.4 11.9 16.3 67.3

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.6 4.1 10.9 10.0 74.4

Episcopal 0.3 9.7 4.4 5.2 80.5

Friends 0.2 4.9 3.0 10.7 81.3

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.2 6.1 7.8 21.2 64.7

Hebrew Day 0.1 0.2 1.4 0.2 98.2

Solomon Schechter 0.0 0.9 1.2 0.1 97.8

Other Jewish 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.4 98.7

Christian Schools Intl 4.0 3.7 4.1 2.4 85.8

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1.5 4.3 7.5 10.9 75.9

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.3 2.2 3.8 7.0 86.7

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.3 0.9 1.4 2.3 95.1

Evangelical Lutheran 0.3 6.1 8.0 36.0 49.7

Other Lutheran 0.4 1.0 1.3 2.8 94.5

Montessori 0.3 8.7 5.9 9.4 75.7

Schls for Exceptional Children 0.1 1.2 4.5 19.7 74.5

Natl Assoc of Independent Schls (only) 0.3 6.3 2.6 5.7 85.1

Military -- -- -- -- 84.2

Other Private Schools 0.3 3.7 5.9 9.7 80.4

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.6 4.1 10.9 10.0 74.4

 Parochial 0.8 3.8 11.0 11.4 73.0

 Diocesan 0.3 4.2 10.8 7.8 77.0

 Private order 0.8 4.8 11.2 9.4 73.8

Other religious 0.7 3.8 4.9 8.7 81.9

 Conservative Christian 1.1 3.7 6.5 11.1 77.6

 Affiliated 0.8 3.8 4.3 6.5 84.6

 Unaffiliated 0.2 4.0 3.5 8.0 84.4

Nonsectarian 0.4 4.9 5.4 8.3 81.0

 Regular 0.2 4.8 5.6 5.8 83.7

 Special emphasis 0.9 7.1 4.6 10.2 77.2

 Special education 0.4 1.9 5.4 21.2 71.0

All members of NAIS 0.3 6.3 3.6 6.0 83.8

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 77

Table 2.6— Percentage of schools with different concentrations of minority students, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

% w/ % w/ % w/ % w/

1 - 10% 11 - 30% 31 - 50% > 50%

None min. stdts. min. stdts. min. stdts. min. stdts.

Total Private 19.4 34.8 23.2 7.1 15.5

Total Public 5.8 37.6 20.5 12.9 23.1

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 7.2 46.4 19.2 6.5 20.7

Episcopal 0.0 40.4 36.7 9.9 13.0

Friends 3.3 17.6 49.5 26.2 3.5

Seventh-Day Adventist 36.8 8.2 31.6 10.1 13.3

Hebrew Day 78.7 15.5 3.1 0.0 2.7

Solomon Schechter 41.5 53.6 2.4 2.4 0.0

Other Jewish 67.6 23.9 6.0 2.4 0.0

Christian Schools Intl 5.2 71.5 6.5 3.0 13.8

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2.4 42.5 24.4 8.5 22.2

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 13.0 51.6 18.9 7.8 8.7

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 30.3 55.3 9.1 4.7 0.6

Evangelical Lutheran 3.7 21.1 20.2 8.6 46.3

Other Lutheran 46.1 40.7 13.2 0.0 0.0

Montessori 4.6 14.0 65.9 7.7 7.8

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.9 16.9 51.3 10.6 20.2

Natl Assoc of Independent Schls (only) 0.3 38.9 46.2 7.2 7.4

Military 0.0 -- -- -- 0.0

Other Private Schools 34.9 23.8 21.2 7.0 13.1

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 7.2 46.4 19.2 6.5 20.7

 Parochial 8.5 45.6 18.9 5.0 22.1

 Diocesan 6.7 51.4 16.2 7.4 18.3

 Private order 0.0 36.3 30.8 13.9 18.9

Other religious 29.3 32.4 19.8 5.6 12.9

 Conservative Christian 12.0 43.4 20.0 8.0 16.6

 Affiliated 26.3 29.1 28.4 6.8 9.5

 Unaffiliated 51.5 22.4 12.5 2.0 11.7

Nonsectarian 16.3 22.8 36.3 11.1 13.5

 Regular 25.2 33.9 26.3 6.5 8.2

 Special emphasis 11.9 13.3 42.9 13.3 18.6

 Special education 5.3 14.7 46.5 17.0 16.5

All members of NAIS 1.0 39.1 44.2 7.8 7.9

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

78 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 79

CHARACTERISTICS OF

TEACHERS AND

PRINCIPALS HIGHLIGHTS

• In 1993-94, 378,365 teachers taught in private schools, nearly one-eighth

of all elementary and secondary teachers in the country. Two in 10 private school teachers were part-time, and there were 2 “other” staff for

every 3 teachers (table 3.1).

• The numbers of special education teachers and vocational education

teachers employed in typical private shools are relatively small, but the

numbers of foreign language teachers are relatively high at both elementary and secondary levels, compared to public schools (table 3.2). 

• The objective qualifications of private school teachers and principals, on

average, are less than those of public school teachers and principals.

About 30 percent of private school teachers are not state certified in

the field of their main assignment, compared to 3 percent of public

school teachers (table 3.3).

More than 6 percent of private school teachers do not have a bachelor’s degree, compared to fewer than 1 percent of public school teachers; and 34 percent have at least a master’s degree, compared to 47

percent of public school teachers (table 3.4).

About one in four private school principals has no degree beyond a

bachelor's degree, compared to 1.4 percent of public school principals

(table 3.9).

• More principals and teachers in private schools are under 40 years of age

than their public school counterparts (tables 3.5 and 3.8).

• Private school teachers earn base salaries, on average, less than two-thirds

of average public school teachers' salaries; and principals earn slightly

more than half of their public school counterparts' salaries (tables 3.7 and

3.12). Private school teachers, on the other hand, are more likely to

receive in-kind compensation: 15 percent receive tuition waivers for their

children, 20.2 percent receive free meals, and 7 percent receive housing

support (table 3.13). Such in-kind compensation is rarely available to

public school teachers.

Characteristics of Teachers and

Principals
Tables Section

80 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

• On measures of job satisfaction, private school teachers are more satisfied than public school teachers (table 3.12). They feel that they generally have more influence on school discipline and curriculum policies

and more control over their classroom textbooks, content, techniques,

grading, and discipline (table 3.11).
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 81

Table 3.1— Number of teachers, of full-time equivalent (FTE) teachers, of other staff, and 

percentage full time as reported by schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

# FTE % Full # Other % Full

teachers # Teachers time staff time

Total Private 330,839 378,365 79.2 256,067 56.6

Total Public 2,501,112 2,561,294 91.3 1,894,668 66.3

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 132,241 149,522 82.9 92,672 55.0

Episcopal 8,986 10,400 79.7 6,840 66.5

Friends 1,504 1,782 73.5 1,125 56.7

Seventh-Day Adventist 4,946 5,574 80.0 3,836 41.4

Hebrew Day 4,511 6,265 48.3 3,105 44.5

Solomon Schechter 1,173 1,687 54.1 912 51.9

Other Jewish 8,976 12,592 43.8 5,276 56.1

Christian Schools Intl 6,033 6,792 77.4 3,531 33.0

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 29,769 33,927 77.9 24,233 39.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 8,803 9,706 81.7 5,922 33.2

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2,043 2,403 73.8 1,311 22.1

Evangelical Lutheran 928 1,089 76.6 834 47.9

Other Lutheran 267 341 60.3 318 19.9

Montessori 3,701 4,556 71.8 5,019 39.5

Schools for Exceptional Children 5,429 5,893 85.7 10,578 80.8

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 35,486 39,314 82.7 24,604 76.0

Military 608 648 90.5 -- 88.0

Other Private Schools 75,428 85,853 79.8 64,899 59.7

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 132,241 149,522 82.9 92,672 55.0

 Parochial 68,105 77,261 82.7 46,715 48.2

 Diocesan 41,174 46,452 83.1 29,192 56.4

 Private order 22,961 25,809 83.0 16,765 71.7

Other religious 120,253 141,350 73.7 87,267 45.9

 Conservative Christian 44,841 51,936 76.4 35,698 40.4

 Affiliated 42,839 51,693 67.8 30,022 49.9

 Unaffiliated 32,574 37,722 77.9 21,547 49.5

Nonsectarian 78,346 87,493 82.0 76,128 70.6

 Regular 49,533 55,330 82.5 35,425 69.8

 Special emphasis 14,548 16,991 74.0 13,352 54.3

 Special education 14,264 15,173 88.8 27,350 79.6

All members of NAIS 53,187 59,758 81.4 38,835 74.7

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

82 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.2a— Percentage distribution of grades K-6 teachers, by main field of assignment and 

affiliation: 1993-94

Total # % % % % % % %

of K-6 Elem-- Special Vocat’l. % Foreign Mathe- Social Other

teachers entary educ. educ. Science language matics studies specialty

Total Private 203,549 69.4 2.3 0.2 1.4 1.7 2.2 1.2 21.7

Total Public 1,340,757 64.7 9.6 0.1 1.2 0.2 2.3 1.0 20.9

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 74,957 68.7 1.4 0.2 1.1 1.0 3.0 1.0 23.6

Episcopal 4,765 50.7 2.4 0.0 4.6 6.1 4.4 4.3 27.4

Friends 919 61.8 0.0 0.0 4.8 1.2 3.0 2.5 26.8

Seventh-Day Adventist 2,974 76.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 0.0 21.2

Hebrew Day 3,067 53.3 9.6 0.0 0.0 1.2 1.3 2.6 32.0

Solomon Schechter 1,536 52.6 0.9 0.0 1.1 12.4 0.0 0.0 33.0

Other Jewish 4,759 53.7 2.6 0.0 3.0 4.4 1.2 0.7 34.5

Christian Schools Intl 3,860 78.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.5

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 20,452 77.1 0.8 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.9 0.0 19.8

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 9,442 88.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 1.1 9.8

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1,397 90.8 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 6.0

Evangelical Lutheran 754 82.3 0.7 0.0 0.6 1.3 1.6 0.7 12.7

Other Lutheran 186 80.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.9 0.0 15.2

Montessori 3,663 77.2 0.0 0.0 1.0 5.3 1.1 0.8 14.7

Schls for Exceptl Children 1,108 19.1 64.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.4 0.0 10.9

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schls (only) 12,745 56.0 1.6 0.2 3.1 3.1 5.0 0.7 30.3

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 37,984 72.9 3.8 0.3 1.9 1.4 1.1 1.9 16.6

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 74,957 68.7 1.4 0.2 1.1 1.0 3.0 1.0 23.6

 Parochial 52,426 68.7 1.0 0.1 1.1 0.6 2.6 0.8 25.0

 Diocesan 19,879 70.2 2.1 0.0 0.7 1.5 3.9 1.4 20.1

 Private order 2,652 58.9 3.2 2.2 2.1 3.8 5.6 2.2 22.0

Other religious 74,303 74.7 1.2 0.2 0.8 1.5 1.4 1.0 19.4

 Conservative Christian 27,558 77.6 0.6 0.4 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.4 18.8

 Affiliated 27,190 69.3 2.2 0.0 1.6 2.0 1.2 1.0 22.7

 Unaffiliated 19,555 78.2 0.5 0.0 0.9 1.2 2.2 1.6 15.5

Nonsectarian 35,332 61.7 6.5 0.1 2.8 3.0 2.4 1.7 21.9

 Regular 24,174 65.1 1.1 0.1 3.2 3.3 3.0 2.4 21.8

 Special emphasis 8,413 67.0 2.2 0.0 2.5 3.2 0.5 0.4 24.2

 Special education 2,744 14.7 66.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 16.5

All members of NAIS 18,448 53.6 1.5 0.1 3.7 4.4 4.7 1.7 30.3

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Counts are of all teachers who teach primarily grades K-6, whether they are full-time or part-time.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 83

Table 3.2b— Percentage distribution of grades 7-12 teachers, by main field of assignment and 

affiliation: 1993-94 

Total # % % % % % % %

of 7-12 Elem-- Special Vocat’l. % Foreign Mathe- Social Other

teachers entary educ. educ. Science language matics studies specialty

Total Private 174,817 5.0 6.3 2.0 11.7 8.3 15.7 11.4 39.6

Total Public 1,220,536 1.2 11.5 9.8 11.2 4.9 12.0 10.7 38.6

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 62,608 4.0 1.2 1.7 13.4 8.1 17.4 12.5 41.7

Episcopal 4,304 0.4 3.1 0.0 11.2 16.3 15.3 9.1 44.7

Friends 671 0.3 4.8 0.0 6.1 19.4 15.3 12.2 41.9

Seventh-Day Adventist 2,589 17.8 0.0 6.1 11.5 5.9 11.8 6.7 40.2

Hebrew Day 1,732 5.5 1.2 1.8 13.0 4.3 13.8 6.4 53.9

Solomon Schechter -- 0.0 0.0 0.0 -- -- -- -- 44.8

Other Jewish 3,377 1.2 0.0 2.2 11.6 17.6 11.7 10.2 45.5

Christian Schools Intl 3,502 5.1 0.8 4.0 10.9 5.7 14.8 18.6 40.2

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 10,144 5.3 4.7 3.2 10.0 6.2 12.9 11.5 46.2

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 3,841 25.3 0.0 1.6 14.9 1.0 13.0 7.2 37.0

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 875 38.5 0.0 1.0 6.9 3.6 10.1 4.7 35.2

Evangelical Lutheran 202 54.7 1.9 0.0 5.4 3.2 9.0 8.0 17.8

Other Lutheran 118 25.7 0.0 0.0 3.4 3.4 25.2 7.0 35.3

Montessori -- -- -- 0.0 -- 0.0 0.0 -- --

Schls for Excepl Children 4,285 4.4 58.3 5.5 2.2 0.0 2.4 1.8 25.4

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schls (only) 20,459 1.8 2.4 1.5 12.9 16.5 15.6 12.3 37.1

Military 550 0.0 2.3 0.0 16.9 5.5 22.8 19.6 32.9

Other Private Schools 35,053 6.0 16.2 2.4 8.8 6.0 15.6 11.2 33.7

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 62,608 4.0 1.2 1.7 13.4 8.1 17.4 12.5 41.7

 Parochial 18,608 11.2 0.3 1.9 12.8 4.9 18.4 14.1 36.4

 Diocesan 23,345 1.7 1.8 2.1 14.2 6.0 19.6 13.5 41.2

 Private order 20,654 0.3 1.4 1.0 12.9 13.5 14.0 9.8 47.0

Other religious 49,073 8.9 3.1 2.1 10.9 7.5 14.8 12.4 40.4

 Conservative Christian 15,926 8.1 4.1 2.0 9.1 5.4 16.1 12.0 43.2

 Affiliated 18,552 7.3 0.7 2.3 9.5 10.9 15.3 10.2 43.7

 Unaffiliated 14,596 11.8 5.1 2.1 14.7 5.4 12.6 15.4 32.9

Nonsectarian 43,373 3.2 18.1 2.6 9.4 10.2 13.5 9.0 34.0

 Regular 26,534 1.2 1.3 3.0 13.6 14.7 18.3 10.1 37.8

 Special emphasis 5,295 12.0 8.5 0.8 6.9 9.2 15.6 14.5 32.5

 Special education 11,545 3.8 61.4 2.4 0.7 0.4 1.7 3.8 25.9

All members of NAIS 32,787 1.1 2.7 1.3 12.7 15.2 15.7 11.8 39.4

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Notre: Counts are of all teachers who primarily taught grades 7-12, whether they were full-time or part-time.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

84 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.3— Percentage of teachers certified, by affiliation: 1993-94

% Teachers

% Teachers certified by private % Teachers

certified by state organization certified by either

Total Private 70.8 24.7 77.0

Total Public 97.4 NA NA

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 84.0 20.9 85.3

Episcopal 64.1 16.8 71.5

Friends 39.9 8.8 40.3

Seventh-Day Adventist 62.2 89.0 95.2

Hebrew Day 49.1 42.4 63.7

Solomon Schechter 71.6 32.8 74.1

Other Jewish 44.6 31.6 56.9

Christian Schools Intl 73.8 18.7 83.2

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 64.2 34.0 74.7

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 85.0 48.8 90.3

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 30.8 77.9 85.3

Evangelical Lutheran 79.2 9.4 80.5

Other Lutheran 62.4 44.2 81.0

Montessori 47.7 68.8 82.9

Schools for Exceptional Children 75.6 3.3 75.6

Natl Assoc of Independent Schls (only) 58.4 18.2 63.9

Military 59.9 14.9 61.6

Other Private Schools 62.5 21.5 70.7

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 84.0 20.9 85.3

 Parochial 86.4 21.2 87.3

 Diocesan 85.6 22.8 87.2

 Private order 74.1 16.7 76.0

Other religious 58.9 32.2 70.1

 Conservative Christian 56.1 31.4 68.6

 Affiliated 64.6 35.9 74.8

 Unaffiliated 55.4 28.4 65.8

Nonsectarian 66.8 19.5 73.7

 Regular 61.7 18.8 69.2

 Special emphasis 65.7 35.6 77.8

 Special education 85.4 5.5 85.4

All members of NAIS 59.2 17.6 64.6

(NA) These data not collected.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 85

Table 3.4— Percentage of teachers with different highest degree obtained and affiliation: 

1993-94

% % % % %

 < Bachelor’s Bachelor’s Master’s Ed. Prof. Doctorate

Total Private 6.7 59.0 29.8 2.9 1.7

Total Public 0.7 52.0 42.0 4.6 0.7

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 3.1 63.3 29.9 2.7 1.0

Episcopal 2.3 51.2 39.5 2.0 5.0

Friends 2.5 44.4 46.9 4.6 1.6

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.0 51.9 44.1 0.5 1.6

Hebrew Day 34.1 28.6 28.7 3.8 4.8

Solomon Schechter 2.1 51.6 36.7 7.1 2.5

Other Jewish 7.6 47.5 33.8 7.5 3.6

Christian Schools Intl 1.2 65.3 31.0 1.2 1.2

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 12.8 65.9 19.1 2.1 0.2

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.0 70.0 27.5 1.3 0.2

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 5.4 73.2 20.8 0.2 0.4

Evangelical Lutheran 3.7 79.8 13.7 1.7 1.0

Other Lutheran 5.4 69.6 23.1 2.0 0.0

Montessori 18.0 50.0 15.1 16.1 0.8

Schools for Exceptional Children 4.5 63.1 24.5 4.7 3.2

Natl Assoc of Independent Schls (only) 1.3 46.7 45.0 3.6 3.5

Military 0.0 35.7 53.4 3.2 7.7

Other Private Schools 14.1 57.2 24.3 2.8 1.7

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 3.1 63.3 29.9 2.7 1.0

 Parochial 3.9 70.2 23.6 2.0 0.4

 Diocesan 2.7 62.4 30.9 3.0 1.0

 Private order 1.6 44.1 47.2 4.1 2.9

Other religious 12.2 58.1 25.3 2.6 1.7

 Conservative Christian 15.0 65.1 17.6 1.9 0.5

 Affiliated 6.5 55.0 33.0 2.8 2.6

 Unaffiliated 16.3 53.5 24.7 3.3 2.2

Nonsectarian 4.6 54.0 35.2 3.9 2.3

 Regular 3.0 53.7 37.9 2.7 2.7

 Special emphasis 11.9 55.7 22.8 7.9 1.7

 Special education 3.1 53.5 37.7 4.4 1.3

All members of NAIS 1.4 45.8 45.7 3.4 3.6

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

Note: Percentages for the 9-category typology may differ slightly from percentages in graphic profiles, due to exclusion (here) of teachers for whom no school questionaire was returned

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

86 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.5— Percentage of teachers in different age ranges, by affiliation: 1993-94

% % % %

Younger 25 to 39 40 to 54 55 or

than 25 years old years old Older

Total Private 6.6 38.3 44.9 10.1

Total Public 3.0 33.5 54.4 9.1

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 5.8 37.3 44.3 12.5

Episcopal 2.9 41.0 43.2 12.9

Friends 3.8 36.7 50.4 9.1

Seventh-Day Adventist 3.2 41.3 39.7 15.8

Hebrew Day 16.0 33.7 37.3 13.0

Solomon Schechter 3.4 19.7 65.3 11.6

Other Jewish 6.3 33.2 52.5 8.0

Christian Schools Intl 10.5 38.0 45.9 5.6

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 8.2 42.7 44.7 4.4

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.5 35.3 48.5 11.7

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 6.8 40.8 44.1 8.4

Evangelical Lutheran 4.5 38.5 48.0 9.0

Other Lutheran 2.9 33.2 48.8 15.1

Montessori 3.5 39.2 52.5 4.9

Schools for Exceptional Children 6.9 50.1 40.9 2.1

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 4.1 35.1 47.0 13.8

Military 1.8 26.4 49.4 22.3

Other Private Schools 9.4 42.5 40.9 7.2

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 5.8 37.3 44.3 12.5

 Parochial 6.5 38.4 42.9 12.2

 Diocesan 5.4 36.8 45.4 12.4

 Private order 4.5 35.1 46.6 13.7

Other religious 8.9 40.9 41.9 8.3

 Conservative Christian 9.6 43.6 41.5 5.4

 Affiliated 7.0 37.6 44.7 10.6

 Unaffiliated 10.6 41.8 38.5 9.0

Nonsectarian 4.6 38.1 48.0 9.3

 Regular 4.0 35.3 49.9 10.8

 Special emphasis 4.0 38.4 48.9 8.7

 Special education 7.4 47.6 40.1 4.9

All members of NAIS 4.4 35.9 46.3 13.3

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 87

Table 3.6— Percentage of teachers of different sex, race, and ethnicity, by affiliation: 1993-

94

% American % Black % White

% Male Indian % Asian non-Hisp. non-Hisp. % Hisp.

Total Private 24.6 0.4 1.4 3.1 91.9 3.2

Total Public 27.1 0.8 1.1 7.4 86.5 4.2

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 21.2 0.3 1.0 2.8 92.3 3.6

Episcopal 38.7 1.0 1.7 2.3 89.6 5.3

Friends 26.1 0.3 0.0 4.5 88.5 6.7

Seventh-Day Adventist 38.3 0.7 1.8 8.0 85.6 3.9

Hebrew Day 36.2 0.0 0.0 1.8 97.0 1.2

Solomon Schechter 12.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 97.1 2.1

Other Jewish 24.2 0.0 0.6 0.9 97.5 1.1

Christian Schools Intl 31.7 0.5 0.0 0.6 96.6 2.4

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 20.9 0.1 1.8 6.4 89.1 2.6

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 29.2 0.0 0.2 0.9 98.5 0.4

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 45.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 98.8 0.9

Evangelical Lutheran 7.9 0.5 2.0 3.6 81.9 12.1

Other Lutheran 36.7 1.8 0.0 0.0 98.2 0.0

Montessori 8.3 1.4 6.8 4.8 80.7 6.3

Schools for Exceptional Children 22.7 0.0 0.1 6.5 91.7 1.7

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 31.8 0.2 1.7 1.7 93.1 3.2

Military 75.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 98.5 0.0

Other Private Schools 23.3 0.8 1.3 3.4 90.3 4.2

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 21.2 0.3 1.0 2.8 92.3 3.6

 Parochial 13.0 0.1 1.1 3.4 92.1 3.3

 Diocesan 24.0 0.6 0.8 2.2 93.4 3.0

 Private order 40.7 0.6 1.0 1.9 90.9 5.7

Other religious 27.3 0.3 1.1 3.4 92.4 2.7

 Conservative Christian 22.9 0.1 1.5 5.4 90.3 2.7

 Affiliated 30.9 0.4 0.6 2.2 94.0 2.8

 Unaffiliated 28.2 0.4 1.4 2.6 92.9 2.7

Nonsectarian 24.9 0.7 1.7 3.0 90.3 4.2

 Regular 25.7 0.8 1.1 2.0 91.6 4.6

 Special emphasis 24.9 0.3 5.0 4.1 85.9 4.6

 Special education 22.4 1.0 0.8 5.7 90.1 2.4

All members of NAIS 34.7 0.4 1.5 1.8 92.4 3.8

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

88 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.7— Principals' experience in teaching and administering, and salary, by affiliation: 

1993-94

# Total yrs Yrs prin. Yrs prin. Average

of principals teaching at school elsewhere Salary

Total Private 25,015 14.3 5.6 3.2 $29,714

Total Public 79,618 12.6 5.0 3.7 $54,858

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 7,693 17.3 4.7 4.4 $28,058

Episcopal 302 14.5 5.6 4.4 $49,692

Friends 62 12.3 4.8 3.1 $49,405

Seventh-Day Adventist 929 15.9 2.5 5.0 $26,127

Hebrew Day 165 17.0 6.3 2.9 $44,146

Solomon Schechter 49 13.1 4.6 5.6 $59,885

Other Jewish 339 13.6 7.1 4.2 $46,950

Christian Schools Intl 293 15.8 4.9 5.4 $35,847

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2,054 11.9 4.8 2.5 $26,820

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 931 20.4 5.9 5.9 $30,856

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 348 16.6 5.3 6.3 $22,466

Evangelical Lutheran 98 11.9 8.7 2.4 $29,408

Other Lutheran 51 18.6 7.2 4.5 $21,306

Montessori 639 11.8 10.3 1.7 $34,117

Schools for Exceptional Children 262 10.3 8.3 1.5 $53,379

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 797 15.4 6.1 2.7 $67,161

Military -- 13.5 -- -- $45,789

Other Private Schools 7,388 10.8 6.5 1.5 $23,899

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 7,693 17.3 4.7 4.4 $28,058

 Parochial 4,697 17.3 4.7 4.6 $26,225

 Diocesan 2,264 17.5 4.5 4.4 $29,748

 Private order 732 17.2 4.7 3.5 $34,588

Other religious 9,861 13.0 5.5 3.0 $24,563

 Conservative Christian 4,035 11.5 5.3 2.3 $21,192

 Affiliated 2,825 14.9 4.5 4.5 $33,515

 Unaffiliated 3,002 13.2 6.9 2.7 $20,668

Nonsectarian 4,876 12.0 7.2 1.7 $40,931

 Regular 2,176 14.3 8.2 2.1 $43,385

 Special emphasis 1,562 10.0 7.1 1.4 $35,471

 Special education 1,138 10.1 5.6 1.2 $43,735

All members of NAIS 1,323 15.6 6.0 2.9 $61,158

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 89

Table 3.8— Percentage of principals in different age ranges, by affiliation: 1993-94

% % % %

Younger 25 to 39 40 to 54 55 or

than 25 years old years old older

Total Private 1.1 20.9 54.3 23.7

Total Public 0.0 9.5 75.2 15.4

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.0 13.1 58.1 28.8

Episcopa l0.0 12.9 52.5 34.6

Friends 0.0 6.5 75.3 18.3

Seventh-Day Adventist 3.4 31.3 39.0 26.3

Hebrew Day 0.0 14.3 60.1 25.6

Solomon Schechter 0.0 19.8 60.0 20.2

Other Jewish 0.6 20.4 51.4 27.6

Christian Schools Intl 0.4 13.8 64.9 20.9

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.0 32.1 50.1 17.8

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.9 18.9 56.3 23.0

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 5.1 39.0 45.9 10.1

Evangelical Lutheran 0.0 15.1 59.0 25.9

Other Lutheran 9.8 29.2 34.1 26.8

Montessori 0.0 15.3 68.6 16.1

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.0 24.4 64.0 11.5

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 0.0 6.8 71.4 21.8

Military 0.0 -- 84.7 --

Other Private Schools 1.9 27.5 49.4 21.1

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.0 13.1 58.1 28.8

 Parochial 0.0 13.6 55.6 30.9

 Diocesan 0.0 11.2 64.6 24.1

 Private order 0.0 15.4 54.4 30.2

Other religious 2.2 27.6 49.2 21.0

 Conservative Christian 1.6 28.7 51.1 18.6

 Affiliated 1.9 23.4 52.0 22.7

 Unaffiliated 3.3 30.0 44.0 22.7

Nonsectarian 0.0 20.7 58.4 20.9

 Regular 0.0 16.1 55.0 29.0

 Special emphasis 0.0 15.9 66.2 17.9

 Special education 0.0 36.1 54.2 9.8

All members of NAIS 0.0 8.0 66.8 25.1

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

90 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.9— Percentage of principals by different highest degree obtained and affiliation: 

1993-94

% % % % %

 < Bachelor’s Bachelor’s Master’s Ed. Prof. Doctorate

Total Private 8.4 25.9 51.6 8.2 5.9

Total Public 0.0 1.4 63.4 25.8 9.3

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.2 11.9 73.3 11.1 3.5

Episcopal 0.0 19.2 54.7 11.5 14.6

Friends 3.7 14.9 59.9 7.8 13.7

Seventh-Day Adventist 3.0 52.6 41.9 1.0 1.4

Hebrew Day 3.6 12.0 37.2 31.7 15.5

Solomon Schechter 0.0 9.9 45.0 12.7 32.4

Other Jewish 10.2 12.5 35.4 14.9 27.0

Christian Schools Intl 0.0 39.1 52.0 3.9 5.0

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 6.7 29.3 56.9 3.0 3.9

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.5 35.2 58.3 4.0 1.0

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.9 63.4 34.2 1.5 0.0

Evangelical Lutheran 4.7 24.2 62.3 4.6 4.2

Other Lutheran 4.9 68.3 19.5 4.9 2.4

Montessori 6.5 31.6 31.7 21.3 8.9

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.0 4.3 61.6 18.5 15.7

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 2.9 9.9 61.4 6.7 19.0

Military 0.0 -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 21.5 33.2 32.9 6.2 6.2

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.2 11.9 73.3 11.1 3.5

 Parochial 0.4 14.7 71.8 10.8 2.3

 Diocesan 0.0 8.0 78.2 10.7 3.1

 Private order 0.0 5.8 67.6 14.5 12.1

Other religious 15.9 34.1 39.9 4.9 5.0

 Conservative Christian 12.9 36.4 43.3 3.3 4.0

 Affiliated 2.9 35.9 47.4 6.5 7.3

 Unaffiliated 32.2 29.4 28.4 5.7 4.4

Nonsectarian 6.6 27.4 45.2 10.1 10.7

 Regular 8.6 30.0 45.6 5.7 10.1

 Special emphasis 8.5 34.3 32.7 14.9 9.7

 Special education 0.1 13.0 61.8 11.7 13.3

All members of NAIS 1.8 12.7 59.8 7.4 18.3

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

Note: Percentages for the 9-category typology may differ slightly from percentages in graphic profiles, due to exclusion (here) of teachers for whom no school questionaire was returned.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 91

Table 3.10— Percentage of principals of different sex, race, and ethnicity, by affiliation: 1993-

94

% American

% Male Indian % Asian % Black % White % Hispanic

Total Private 46.4 0.5 0.7 4.2 92.5 2.1

Total Public 65.5 0.8 0.8 10.1 84.3 4.1

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 23.6 0.7 0.0 3.2 92.8 3.3

Episcopal 48.3 0.0 0.0 2.2 97.2 0.6

Friends 41.7 0.0 0.0 2.9 97.1 0.0

Seventh-Day Adventist 63.0 0.3 0.5 6.9 92.3 0.0

Hebrew Day 69.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 98.2 1.8

Solomon Schechter 37.6 0.0 0.0 2.5 97.5 0.0

Other Jewish 51.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 97.7 2.3

Christian Schools Intl 67.2 0.0 1.9 1.1 90.7 6.3

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 63.2 0.8 0.0 5.6 93.6 0.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 85.9 0.0 1.8 1.3 96.2 0.7

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 99.4 0.0 0.0 0.3 99.7 0.0

Evangelical Lutheran 24.7 0.0 0.0 2.5 96.7 0.9

Other Lutheran 75.7 2.4 0.0 0.0 97.6 0.0

Montessori 4.5 0.0 10.8 2.0 87.1 0.0

Schools for Exceptional Children 44.2 0.5 0.0 5.9 92.5 1.1

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 66.5 0.0 3.5 3.4 91.9 1.3

Military 96.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0

Other Private Schools 52.6 0.7 0.5 4.3 91.9 2.5

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 23.6 0.7 0.0 3.2 92.8 3.3

 Parochial 18.2 0.7 0.0 4.1 91.7 3.4

 Diocesan 29.8 0.7 0.0 1.8 95.6 1.9

 Private order 38.9 0.7 0.0 1.5 90.8 7.0

Other religious 69.2 0.4 0.5 4.4 94.0 0.8

 Conservative Christian 72.3 0.4 0.0 5.4 93.3 0.9

 Affiliated 62.9 0.6 0.9 2.7 94.6 1.1

 Unaffiliated 70.7 0.0 0.8 4.5 94.4 0.3

Nonsectarian 31.4 0.8 2.2 3.2 90.4 3.4

 Regular 38.1 1.7 0.1 5.6 91.2 1.4

 Special emphasis 21.1 0.0 5.9 1.3 89.1 3.6

 Special education 32.9 0.1 1.2 1.1 90.9 6.7

All members of NAIS 60.6 0.7 2.1 3.7 92.1 1.4

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

92 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.11— Average teacher ratings on policy and control over teaching practices, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

Influence Classroom control

Disci- In- Curricu- Text- Con- Tech- Gra- Disci- Homepline Service lum books tent nique ding pline work

Total Private 3.5 2.7 3.4 3.7 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.4

Total Public 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.3 3.5 4.3 4.4 3.8 4.4

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 3.4 2.5 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5

Episcopal 3.6 3.1 3.9 4.2 4.2 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.4

Friends 4.0 3.7 4.4 4.6 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.4 4.6

Seventh-Day Adventist 4.0 2.4 2.7 2.9 3.6 4.7 4.7 4.4 4.7

Hebrew Day 3.3 2.5 3.3 3.7 4.0 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3

Solomon Schechter 3.4 2.9 3.4 3.8 3.9 4.5 4.4 4.3 4.1

Other Jewish 3.1 2.3 3.1 3.7 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.1 4.0

Christian Schools Intl 4.0 3.2 3.9 3.6 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.4 4.5

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 3.6 2.6 3.2 3.3 3.8 4.4 4.5 4.4 4.3

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.0 3.2 4.0 3.8 4.1 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.6

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 4.2 3.7 4.2 4.1 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.5 4.7

Evangelical Lutheran 3.8 2.6 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.6 4.6 4.5 4.6

Other Lutheran 4.0 3.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 4.6 4.6 4.4 4.6

Montessori 4.0 3.4 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.5

Schls for Exceptl Children 3.6 2.7 3.5 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.6 4.0 4.2

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 3.6 3.1 4.0 4.4 4.4 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.3

Military 1.9 2.3 3.2 4.0 4.3 4.5 4.4 3.7 4.3

Other Private Schools 3.4 2.6 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.3

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 3.4 2.5 3.1 3.6 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5

 Parochial 3.6 2.5 3.0 3.5 3.7 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.4

 Diocesan 3.3 2.5 3.1 3.7 3.8 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.5

 Private order 3.1 2.6 3.4 4.0 4.2 4.6 4.6 4.2 4.6

Other religious 3.6 2.7 3.4 3.5 3.9 4.5 4.5 4.3 4.4

 Conservative Christian 3.6 2.5 3.2 3.3 3.7 4.4 4.5 4.3 4.4

 Affiliated 3.6 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.9 4.6 4.5 4.3 4.3

 Unaffiliated 3.6 2.9 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.5 4.6 4.3 4.5

Nonsectarian 3.5 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.2 4.5 4.5 4.2 4.3

 Regular 3.4 2.9 3.7 4.1 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.4

 Special emphasis 3.9 3.1 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.4

 Special education 3.3 2.8 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.3 4.4 3.8 4.0

All members of NAIS 3.5 3.1 3.9 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.4

Note: Ratings are on a 0-to-5 scale, from” no influence or control” (0) to “a great deal of influence or complete contro l (5).”

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 93

Table 3.12—Teachers' average salaries and satisfaction ratings, by affiliation: 1993-94

Salary Class Size Ratings on

Base salary Extra salary satisfaction satisfaction teaching again

Total Private $21,898 $401 4.0 8.0 8.0

Total Public $34,189 $725 4.2 6.0 6.9

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic $21,652 $429 3.2 7.3 7.9

Episcopal $26,824 $617 4.2 9.0 7.8

Friends $27,765 $306 4.1 8.9 7.9

Seventh-Day Adventist $26,460 $14 5.5 8.0 7.5

Hebrew Day $22,104 $28 5.2 7.5 8.1

Solomon Schechter $29,274 $386 3.7 8.6 7.8

Other Jewish $26,939 $630 3.5 8.7 7.4

Christian Schools Intl $23,988 $423 5.7 8.2 8.4

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl $16,397 $198 4.7 8.3 8.6

Lutheran, Missouri Synod $20,408 $487 3.9 8.2 8.0

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod $21,750 $143 6.4 8.1 8.4

Evangelical Lutheran $18,696 $323 3.9 8.3 8.6

Other Lutheran $18,420 $308 5.9 8.7 8.2

Montessori $20,825 $432 4.0 8.6 7.8

Schls for Exceptional Children $26,634 $442 2.6 9.0 8.2

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schls (only) $29,531 $500 4.5 8.8 7.9

Military $26,005 $289 3.7 8.8 6.3

Other Private Schools $18,297 $291 4.8 8.5 7.9

 9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic $21,652 $429 3.2 7.3 7.9

 Parochial $19,695 $192 3.0 7.3 8.1

 Diocesan $21,898 $480 3.0 7.1 7.8

 Private order $26,950 $1,032 4.2 7.5 7.7

Other religious $19,356 $299 4.9 8.4 8.2

 Conservative Christian $15,823 $166 5.1 8.5 8.7

 Affiliated $23,703 $408 4.7 8.4 7.9

 Unaffiliated $18,440 $328 5.0 8.4 8.0

Nonsectarian $25,052 $420 4.1 8.6 7.8

 Regular $25,190 $437 4.2 8.6 7.7

 Special emphasis $23,343 $509 4.2 8.6 8.0

 Special education $26,116 $285 3.4 8.4 7.9

All members of NAIS $29,077 $605 4.4 8.7 7.9

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.

Note: Extra salary may be paid by the school, during the school year, for extraccurricular activities such as coaching.

Note: Satisfaction items have been scaled from least satisfied (0) to most satisfied (10). 
Tables Section

94 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.13— Percentage of teachers reporting different in-kind benefits, by affiliation: 1993-

94

% % %% % %%

Medical Dental Life Retir- % % Transpor- % Child’s Child

insur. insur. insur. ment Hsng. Meals tation Tuition tuition care

Total Private 60.1 35.7 35.9 47.2 6.9 20.2 3.8 27.8 15.0 3.4

Total Public 87.3 65.8 60.8 62.7 0.2 1.0 5.3 20.3 0.0 0.2

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 68.0 40.3 40.5 54.0 4.3 14.0 3.3 20.0 10.5 0.7

Episcopal 58.6 36.9 47.9 71.3 16.0 43.1 3.0 38.5 20.7 7.2

Friends 64.0 31.1 38.7 63.7 7.1 30.3 1.7 36.7 18.3 7.5

Seventh-Day Adventist 86.5 82.2 27.2 61.0 14.8 13.3 10.9 64.6 35.2 0.9

Hebrew Day 35.8 7.7 20.7 28.6 5.6 23.2 0.2 9.1 10.8 1.5

Solomon Schechter 45.8 21.4 22.5 51.0 0.6 4.4 0.0 29.8 6.3 0.0

Other Jewish 33.5 14.1 19.3 27.2 0.9 12.8 2.7 17.2 15.0 1.1

Christian Schools Intl 72.5 62.9 46.8 75.6 3.9 4.2 4.4 56.2 11.2 4.7

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 36.7 17.9 19.9 15.7 5.0 18.5 2.3 21.4 28.6 7.1

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 83.7 72.5 27.2 75.9 35.7 21.5 11.6 51.3 11.9 5.3

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 72.2 2.3 19.8 73.3 52.2 26.0 20.9 60.2 7.9 1.0

Evangelical Lutheran 58.5 32.5 27.7 46.3 4.8 9.8 2.1 25.9 9.5 13.1

Other Lutheran 57.4 17.5 23.0 54.2 34.5 10.4 6.4 45.2 8.5 3.1

Montessori 31.9 15.1 15.4 15.5 0.2 3.6 3.1 27.9 19.1 9.3

Schls for Exceptional Children 86.1 67.6 67.0 63.7 5.5 28.3 7.8 50.1 0.0 1.8

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 74.7 38.2 57.0 72.1 11.6 49.3 2.4 48.0 22.3 2.9

Military 74.5 48.0 64.9 74.1 36.7 74.2 3.7 55.3 11.5 1.6

Other Private Schools 39.3 19.7 23.9 24.2 3.7 19.8 3.7 20.6 13.9 5.8

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 68.0 40.3 40.5 54.0 4.3 14.0 3.3 20.0 10.5 0.7

 Parochial 63.8 34.8 36.5 51.3 4.0 10.6 3.0 18.1 8.9 0.8

 Diocesan 72.2 42.6 43.5 53.9 4.5 15.3 3.4 19.5 11.2 0.9

 Private order 73.1 52.6 47.0 62.3 4.9 22.0 3.7 26.4 13.9 0.0

Other religious 49.1 29.2 25.5 36.8 11.3 20.8 4.2 30.2 20.6 6.1

 Conservative Christian 41.2 18.6 21.7 16.4 5.5 17.4 2.2 22.4 28.3 7.9

 Affiliated 57.4 39.9 31.4 53.4 11.1 22.2 5.2 36.9 14.9 5.0

 Unaffiliated 47.9 28.6 22.3 40.5 18.8 23.2 5.3 31.1 18.2 5.2

Nonsectarian 58.2 33.1 41.9 49.4 4.8 30.7 4.0 34.5 13.3 3.2

 Regular 55.5 27.5 41.1 52.4 5.7 36.5 3.5 34.4 16.7 3.1

 Special emphasis 53.0 31.6 33.8 33.7 3.9 16.6 4.0 34.0 14.4 6.0

 Special education 72.7 54.8 52.2 53.8 2.7 23.6 5.6 35.4 0.2 0.7

All members of NAIS 73.6 41.3 53.6 69.9 11.5 46.3 3.1 45.4 22.2 2.8

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 95

Table 3.14— Teachers who were newly hired or were laid off, as a percentage of all current 

teachers, by affiliation: 1993-94

% New % Laid-off

teachers teachers

Total Private 11.9 0.8

Total Public 7.9 0.5

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 10.5 0.8

Episcopal 11.3 0.5

Friends 12.3 0.1

Seventh-Day Adventist 12.4 1.2

Hebrew Day 8.8 1.5

Solomon Schechter 10.5 0.9

Other Jewish 8.6 0.5

Christian Schools Intl 10.4 0.3

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 16.6 1.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 11.7 1.2

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 10.7 0.4

Evangelical Lutheran 11.9 1.1

Other Lutheran 13.1 0.5

Montessori 14.7 1.8

Schools for Exceptional Children 12.7 0.6

Natl Assoc of Independent Schls (only) 10.7 0.4

Military 12.3 0.7

Other Private Schools 13.9 1.0

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 10.5 0.8

 Parochial 10.1 0.6

 Diocesan 10.8 1.2

 Private order 11.0 0.5

Other religious 13.2 1.0

 Conservative Christian 16.0 1.1

 Affiliated 11.2 0.8

 Unaffiliated 12.2 1.1

Nonsectarian 12.4 0.6

 Regular 11.2 0.7

 Special emphasis 14.3 0.5

 Special education 14.9 0.5

All members of NAIS 11.1 0.3

Note:Percentages laid off are not rates, because the reported counts of laid-off teachers are for those employed in the preceding year. 

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

96 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 3.15— Average difficulty filling vacancies in each field of teaching, by affiliation: 1993-

94

Teaching Field

% Schools Gen. Spec. Physical ESOL or Foreign

with vacancies elem. education English Math sciences Biol. bilingual lang.

Total Private 69.6 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.9

Total Public 73.7 0.1 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 79.6 0.2 -- 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 -- 0.8

Episcopal 80.4 0.2 -- -- 0.5 0.5 -- -- 0.6

Friends 83.4 -- -- 0.3 0.6 0.8 -- -- 0.3

Seventh-Day Adventist 40.0 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Hebrew Day 83.1 0.6 -- 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.8 -- 0.8

Solomon Schechter 87.8 0.6 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.2

Other Jewish 80.8 0.5 -- 0.5 -- 1.1 -- -- 0.9

Christian Schools Intl 87.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 77.2 0.3 -- 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.9 -- 1.2

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 57.2 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 47.6 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Evangelical Lutheran 77.0 0.5 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.6

Other Lutheran 39.3 0.3 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori 55.8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.7

Schls for Exceptional Chldrn 73.4 -- 0.9 -- -- -- 1.5 -- --

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only)93.4 0.1 -- 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 -- 0.7

Military 92.5 -- -- 0.3 -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 60.9 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 -- 0.8

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 79.6 0.2 -- 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 -- 0.8

 Parochial 76.4 0.2 -- 0.3 0.8 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.8

 Diocesan 83.2 0.1 -- 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 -- 1.0

 Private order 88.8 -- -- 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.6 -- 0.6

Other religious 64.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.2 1.0

 Conservative Christian 70.8 0.4 -- 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.9 -- 1.2

 Affiliated 65.1 0.4 0.6 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.7 -- 0.9

 Unaffiliated 56.6 0.4 -- 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.8 -- 0.7

Nonsectarian 65.9 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 -- 0.7

 Regular 72.9 0.2 -- 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.4 -- 0.8

 Special emphasis 56.4 0.4 -- -- 1.0 1.1 1.1 -- 0.6

 Special education 65.6 -- 0.9 -- 1.0 1.0 -- -- --

All members of NAIS 92.1 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 -- 0.6

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Difficulty is on a 0-to-3 scale from “easy” (0)to “could not fill the vacancy.” (3) Only schools with vacancies in field are 

included.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 97

Table 3.16— Mean percentage of schools using different strategies to address unfilled 

vacancies, by affiliation: 1993-94

% %

% Hired less % % % Assigned %

% Hired than fully Can- Expanded Added to out/ % Used

Schools w/ fully qual celled class other field Assigned sub.

vacancies qual tchr. tchr. course size loads tchrs. admins. tchr.

Total Private 69.6 93.1 9.0 1.0 3.0 4.4 4.4 4.7 3.1

Total Public 73.7 94.6 7.4 1.4 5.6 4.0 4.5 0.9 14.9

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 79.6 97.6 7.1 0.6 3.7 1.7 3.2 1.9 2.0

Episcopal 80.4 99.3 2.1 1.4 2.6 5.1 1.0 4.1 1.8

Friends 83.4 100.0 2.1 0.0 7.8 5.5 7.6 3.7 0.0

Seventh-Day Adventist 40.0 98.6 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.4 1.6

Hebrew Day 83.1 89.2 3.2 2.6 0.0 4.1 10.5 7.3 10.0

Solomon Schechter 87.8 100.0 8.3 0.0 2.8 5.6 5.6 5.5 2.8

Other Jewish 80.8 89.0 8.3 2.8 6.6 11.5 6.9 5.1 3.2

Christian Schools Intl 87.3 94.9 5.9 0.0 0.0 4.0 1.0 1.0 1.8

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 77.2 92.7 14.5 3.0 4.7 8.0 1.7 13.4 3.7

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 57.2 95.5 6.7 0.0 2.7 7.6 5.5 0.2 0.2

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 47.6 86.4 2.2 0.8 0.0 4.3 0.6 1.5 6.9

Evangelical Lutheran 77.0 99.0 3.3 0.0 2.0 3.2 0.0 1.0 2.2

Other Lutheran 39.3 83.8 5.4 5.4 0.0 5.4 0.0 5.4 0.0

Montessori 55.8 78.4 20.1 0.0 6.1 2.4 3.8 2.4 0.0

Schls for Exceptional Children73.4 82.9 16.6 0.0 4.2 3.8 2.0 4.2 10.9

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only)93.4 91.3 7.0 3.3 4.3 10.5 8.2 3.4 5.8

Military 92.5 95.9 -- 0.0 -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 60.9 88.7 10.2 0.5 1.7 5.2 6.5 6.5 4.1

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 79.6 97.6 7.1 0.6 3.7 1.7 3.2 1.9 2.0

 Parochial 76.4 96.5 7.8 0.8 3.3 1.3 2.8 1.6 2.4

 Diocesan 83.2 99.0 3.8 0.3 4.7 1.4 4.3 1.7 1.5

 Private order 88.8 99.9 12.1 0.1 2.7 4.3 2.7 4.3 1.0

Other religious 64.4 91.1 9.6 1.3 2.6 6.3 5.1 7.4 2.7

 Conservative Christian 70.8 90.0 13.1 2.6 4.1 8.7 6.7 15.9 4.2

 Affiliated 65.1 95.5 7.8 0.7 1.7 4.7 2.6 2.5 2.1

 Unaffiliated 56.6 88.4 6.5 0.1 1.2 4.4 5.3 0.1 1.1

Nonsectarian 65.9 88.9 11.2 0.8 2.9 5.2 5.0 4.1 6.0

 Regular 72.9 89.9 8.5 0.3 3.0 6.4 3.9 4.0 5.2

 Special emphasis 56.4 85.9 15.5 2.2 3.4 6.7 9.1 6.7 4.8

 Special education 65.6 90.4 11.7 0.2 1.9 1.1 2.7 1.1 9.3

All members of NAIS 92.1 93.7 8.2 2.2 3.6 8.7 6.1 4.8 4.3

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

98 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 99

HIGHLIGHTS FOR GOALS, 

EXPECTATIONS, 

CLIMATE, AND

OUTCOMES

• The principals’ most important educational goals differ between types of

school: religious development in religiously oriented schools; literacy and

excellence in regular nonsectarian private schools; growth of self-esteem

in other nonsectarian schools; and literacy in public schools (table 4.1).

• Teachers’ and principals’ perceptions of school climate in private schools

are that there are fewer problems than their counterparts in public schools

see, especially with respect to basic standards (i.e., substance abuse, pregnancy, dropping out, having a sense of community), and respect for both

teachers and students (table 4.3 and table 4.4).

• Although course requirements for graduation are fairly similar across

schools, on average, private secondary schools tend to require more years

of foreign language for graduation (1.2 years vs. 0.3 years). This is espcially true for Episcopal schools, Hebrew Day and other Jewish schools,

and NAIS member schools. Because many public high schools do not

require study of a foreign language for graduation, the requirement for

foreign language in public high schools averages less than one semester

(table 4.6).

• Three-quarters of 12th-grade students in private schools apply to college,

compared to half of the 12th graders at public schools. In Catholic

schools the figure is 90 percent, and in NAIS schools it is 95 percent

(table 4.5).

Goals, Expectations, Climate,

and Outcomes
Tables Section

100 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 101

Table 4.1— Percentage of principals rating each of eight educational goals most important, 

by affiliation: 1993-94

% %% %%

% % Vocat’l % Growth Social Moral Religious

Literacy Excellence skills Discipline esteem skills values develop.1

Total Private 18.2 17.2 0.1 4.9 10.3 1.4 5.8 42.1

Total Public 48.4 28.6 1.1 7.4 11.1 2.1 1.0 NA

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 10.9 13.7 0.0 4.1 8.8 1.0 6.4 55.1

Episcopal 16.5 53.6 0.0 1.9 17.9 4.0 4.5 1.6

Friends 16.9 32.4 0.0 3.7 30.9 1.9 2.8 11.6

Seventh-Day Adventist 13.9 15.2 0.0 1.1 0.9 1.3 10.4 57.1

Hebrew Day 9.5 15.1 4.4 5.9 18.0 0.0 9.1 38.0

Solomon Schechter 7.6 47.6 0.0 7.3 12.5 2.5 10.0 12.4

Other Jewish 8.3 40.1 0.0 4.3 7.6 1.0 16.6 22.0

Christian Schools Intl 17.7 17.2 0.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 59.5

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 9.9 18.1 0.8 2.6 2.4 1.4 7.1 57.7

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 14.1 6.4 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.8 3.6 73.3

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2.8 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 8.2 87.6

Evangelical Lutheran 50.3 20.8 0.0 2.1 3.0 1.2 1.7 20.9

Other Lutheran 4.9 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 90.2

Montessori 19.9 13.9 0.0 18.3 41.0 4.8 2.0 0.0

Schools for Exceptional Children36.0 18.0 3.3 16.2 20.9 1.7 3.4 0.5

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only)17.6 54.5 0.0 4.1 17.7 0.0 3.0 3.0

Military -- -- 0.0 -- 0.0 0.0 -- --

Other Private Schools 29.1 14.8 0.0 7.1 14.2 2.2 4.3 28.2

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 10.9 13.7 0.0 4.1 8.8 1.0 6.4 55.1

 Parochial 10.6 11.9 0.0 3.8 8.9 0.2 5.0 59.5

 Diocesan 12.8 12.2 0.0 4.9 6.5 2.7 8.9 52.1

 Private order 6.5 30.6 0.0 4.0 15.2 1.1 7.2 35.4

Other religious 17.3 16.8 0.2 2.9 2.4 0.7 6.9 52.7

 Conservative Christian 15.4 13.1 0.4 1.6 1.2 1.0 8.3 59.0

 Affiliated 14.7 23.5 0.3 2.1 4.7 0.7 8.2 45.9

 Unaffiliated 22.3 15.3 0.0 5.6 1.8 0.3 4.0 50.7

Nonsectarian 30.7 21.2 0.2 11.5 30.1 4.0 1.8 0.4

 Regular 32.6 33.6 0.0 11.2 19.1 0.6 2.1 0.9

 Special emphasis 24.0 17.2 0.0 15.0 36.4 5.3 2.0 0.1

 Special education 36.1 3.1 1.0 7.2 42.5 9.0 0.9 0.1

All members of NAIS 15.6 47.8 0.0 2.9 17.9 0.1 4.5 11.2

1 For public schools, this goal was replaced by "multicultural awareness."

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

(NA) These data not collected.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

102 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 4.2— Percentage of principals rating each of eight educational goals among the three 

most important, by affiliation: 1993-94

% %% %%

% % Vocat’l % Growth Social Moral Religious

Literacy Excellence skills Discipline esteem skills values develop.1

Total Private 46.4 62.0 5.9 41.5 43.7 11.7 27.8 61.0

Total Public 72.1 62.9 15.2 57.7 50.3 24.3 6.3 NA

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 33.3 65.4 2.0 34.1 49.3 6.5 31.3 78.1

Episcopal 29.2 78.4 8.3 49.3 48.5 10.1 34.9 41.3

Friends 42.3 58.4 0.0 28.5 62.3 46.1 27.5 34.9

Seventh-Day Adventist 46.7 47.7 1.1 41.8 42.3 10.1 24.4 85.9

Hebrew Day 33.0 61.8 5.8 28.8 55.4 5.5 35.1 74.6

Solomon Schechter 12.6 84.9 0.0 24.9 59.8 7.5 35.3 75.0

Other Jewish 29.6 74.2 1.7 29.4 53.6 8.6 45.1 57.7

Christian Schools Intl 56.1 73.9 1.9 23.4 19.4 10.1 35.0 80.3

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 46.6 70.9 3.0 32.9 23.6 6.5 30.5 86.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 55.5 57.6 2.8 40.6 28.0 9.1 21.0 85.4

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 62.9 40.5 1.8 59.8 7.3 0.7 36.3 90.7

Evangelical Lutheran 70.6 37.7 4.4 34.8 51.3 35.1 15.4 50.6

Other Lutheran 68.4 46.2 0.0 53.7 2.4 2.5 31.7 95.1

Montessori 55.0 48.4 0.9 82.1 74.3 33.3 6.0 0.0

Schools for Excepl Children 57.3 31.2 44.6 60.6 67.4 32.0 6.4 0.5

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 29.2 83.5 2.5 56.6 72.2 18.7 27.5 9.7

Military 73.3 -- 0.0 -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 61.6 55.2 10.7 46.3 43.5 17.2 23.1 42.4

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 33.3 65.4 2.0 34.1 49.3 6.5 31.3 78.1

 Parochial 35.1 64.4 1.7 34.1 48.4 4.8 29.8 81.7

 Diocesan 35.3 64.5 2.1 33.6 49.0 9.1 31.8 74.5

 Private order 15.4 74.3 4.2 35.5 56.4 9.2 38.5 66.6

Other religious 52.9 62.0 4.8 37.5 26.0 8.6 31.3 76.9

 Conservative Christian 52.2 73.9 3.1 35.0 15.9 3.9 35.7 80.5

 Affiliated 44.9 62.4 2.4 37.5 36.2 10.3 29.7 76.5

 Unaffiliated 61.5 45.8 9.2 40.8 30.1 13.3 26.7 72.6

Nonsectarian 56.6 52.3 12.6 61.1 74.8 27.7 11.7 3.2

 Regular 56.5 74.1 3.6 57.7 64.8 21.1 16.1 6.0

 Special emphasis 47.5 46.2 10.7 73.3 81.7 30.1 9.1 1.4

 Special education 69.3 18.7 32.6 50.9 84.3 37.2 6.7 0.2

All members of NAIS 29.4 79.5 2.6 50.6 66.2 15.1 31.8 24.7

1 For public schools, this goal was replaced by "multicultural awareness."

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

(NA) These data not collected.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 103

Table 4.3— Average principal ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 1993-94

Basic Respect for Respect for

standards teachers Community Attendance Involvement property

Total Private 9.6 9.1 8.6 8.4 8.3 9.0

Total Public 8.6 7.9 6.4 6.9 6.5 8.0

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 9.6 9.1 8.2 8.5 8.4 9.0

Episcopal 9.5 9.2 9.0 8.6 8.8 9.0

Friends 9.6 9.7 9.2 8.8 9.5 9.2

Seventh-Day Adventist 9.8 9.2 8.9 8.3 8.2 9.1

Hebrew Day 9.9 9.2 9.2 8.7 8.5 9.5

Solomon Schechter 9.9 9.3 9.8 8.7 9.5 9.4

Other Jewish 9.8 9.4 9.6 8.4 9.0 9.5

Christian Schools Intl 9.6 9.2 8.6 8.7 8.1 9.1

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 9.7 9.2 8.8 7.8 8.1 8.9

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 9.8 9.2 8.8 8.6 8.1 9.0

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 9.8 9.1 8.8 9.1 7.6 9.0

Evangelical Lutheran 9.9 8.8 9.3 7.9 8.5 8.4

Other Lutheran 9.9 9.4 9.1 8.8 8.3 9.2

Montessori 9.9 9.5 9.7 8.8 9.6 9.4

Schools for Exceptional Children 8.4 6.3 6.7 8.0 6.6 8.0

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 9.1 9.5 8.9 8.8 9.1 8.8

Military 8.1 9.0 8.7 9.1 7.6 7.0

Other Private Schools 9.4 9.0 8.7 8.3 8.0 9.1

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 9.6 9.1 8.2 8.5 8.4 9.0

 Parochial 9.8 9.2 8.2 8.6 8.4 9.1

 Diocesan 9.4 9.1 8.2 8.4 8.3 8.9

 Private order 8.6 8.9 7.9 7.8 8.5 8.3

Other religious 9.7 9.3 9.0 8.3 8.2 9.2

 Conservative Christian 9.7 9.3 9.0 7.9 7.9 9.2

 Affiliated 9.7 9.2 9.0 8.4 8.4 9.1

 Unaffiliated 9.7 9.2 9.0 8.5 8.4 9.3

Nonsectarian 9.2 8.6 8.4 8.5 8.3 8.7

 Regular 9.4 9.4 9.3 8.7 8.8 8.7

 Special emphasis 9.1 9.0 8.3 8.4 8.3 8.8

 Special education 9.0 6.6 6.8 8.2 7.0 8.4

All members of NAIS 9.0 9.4 8.8 8.7 9.0 8.8

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.

Note: Survey items have been scaled from lowest values (0) to highest values (10) to improve comparability. Scales are defined in 

appendix B.
Tables Section

104 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 4.4— Average teacher ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 1993-94—Continued on 

next page

Basic Respect for Respect for

standards teachers Community Attendance students

Total Private 9.3 8.3 8.4 8.3 7.4

Total Public 7.7 6.5 5.7 6.9 6.0

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 9.2 8.3 8.0 8.3 7.6

Episcopal 9.3 8.7 8.9 8.4 8.3

Friends 9.3 8.7 8.8 8.4 8.4

Seventh-Day Adventist 9.7 8.8 8.8 8.1 7.3

Hebrew Day 9.8 8.6 9.2 8.2 8.2

Solomon Schechter 9.7 8.5 9.4 8.3 7.9

Other Jewish 9.8 8.4 9.4 8.0 7.4

Christian Schools Intl 9.3 8.3 8.4 8.8 7.2

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 9.5 8.6 8.7 8.2 7.4

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 9.5 8.0 8.5 8.5 6.8

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 9.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.1

Evangelical Lutheran 9.6 7.9 8.1 8.2 6.4

Other Lutheran 9.7 8.8 9.2 8.8 8.3

Montessori 9.8 8.9 9.4 8.7 8.0

Schools for Exceptional Children 8.1 5.6 5.8 7.8 5.3

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.1 8.1

Military 7.1 7.3 7.9 7.3 7.2

Other Private Schools 9.2 8.3 8.6 8.1 7.3

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 9.2 8.3 8.0 8.3 7.6

 Parochial 9.5 8.3 8.0 8.5 7.5

 Diocesan 9.0 8.2 8.0 8.2 7.4

 Private order 7.9 8.3 7.6 7.5 8.3

Other religious 9.6 8.7 8.9 8.3 7.6

 Conservative Christian 9.6 8.8 9.0 8.3 7.5

 Affiliated 9.5 8.5 8.8 8.3 7.4

 Unaffiliated 9.6 8.7 9.1 8.5 7.7

Nonsectarian 8.8 7.7 8.0 8.0 7.0

 Regular 9.0 8.6 9.0 8.1 7.8

 Special emphasis 9.1 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.2

 Special education 8.0 5.5 6.1 7.6 5.5

All members of NAIS 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.1 8.0

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.

Note: Survey items have been scaled from lowest values (0) to highest values (10) to improve comparability. Scales are defined in 

appendix B.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 105

Table 4.4— Average teacher ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 1993-94—Continued

Teachers’ Teachers’

influence classroom Behavior

school policy control standards

Total Private 5.1 6.8 8.0

Total Public 4.5 6.5 6.8

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 4.9 6.8 7.7

Episcopal 5.8 6.8 7.9

Friends 7.1 7.3 7.9

Seventh-Day Adventist 3.0 7.2 8.6

Hebrew Day 5.7 6.9 8.2

Solomon Schechter 5.5 6.7 7.0

Other Jewish 5.4 6.7 6.9

Christian Schools Intl 5.7 6.8 8.4

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 4.8 6.9 8.3

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 5.9 7.0 7.8

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 6.5 7.3 8.6

Evangelical Lutheran 5.2 7.3 8.2

Other Lutheran 6.1 7.1 8.5

Montessori 6.1 6.8 8.4

Schools for Exceptional Children 5.8 6.6 7.5

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 6.5 7.0 7.3

Military 5.6 6.6 6.0

Other Private Schools 5.0 6.7 8.4

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 4.9 6.8 7.7

 Parochial 4.8 6.8 7.8

 Diocesan 5.0 6.8 7.5

 Private order 5.6 6.9 7.2

Other religious 4.8 6.9 8.4

 Conservative Christian 4.7 6.8 8.5

 Affiliated 4.8 6.9 8.1

 Unaffiliated 4.9 7.0 8.6

Nonsectarian 5.8 6.7 7.9

 Regular 5.7 7.0 8.0

 Special emphasis 5.9 6.8 7.9

 Special education 5.8 6.2 7.7

All members of NAIS 6.3 7.0 7.4

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.

Note: Survey items have been scaled from lowest values (0) to highest values (10) to improve comparability. Scales are defined in 

appendix B. 
Tables Section

106 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 4.5— Average percentage of 12th-grade students who were graduated and who 

applied to college, by affiliation: 1993-94

% Graduates as percent of % Applied to 

12th-grade enrollment college

Total Private 98.2 87.5

Total Public 92.6 57.4

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 99.3 91.3

Episcopal 99.5 96.3

Friends 99.5 98.0

Seventh-Day Adventist 98.2 86.6

Hebrew Day 95.8 79.0

Solomon Schechter -- --

Other Jewish 96.8 62.5

Christian Schools Intl 99.6 91.3

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 97.2 80.5

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 97.7 89.7

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 100.0 82.5

Evangelical Lutheran -- --

Other Lutheran -- --

Montessori -- --

Schools for Exceptional Children 97.9 70.0

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 99.3 96.7

Military 98.5 96.1

Other Private Schools 94.1 72.3

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 99.3 91.3

 Parochial 99.2 89.7

 Diocesan 99.3 88.2

 Private order 99.4 94.9

Other religious 97.9 81.7

 Conservative Christian 97.6 78.5

 Affiliated 97.6 88.3

 Unaffiliated 98.8 76.6

Nonsectarian 95.7 84.5

 Regular 97.9 89.8

 Special emphasis 92.2 81.5

 Special education 81.3 40.3

All members of NAIS 99.4 96.6

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.

Note: These percentages refer to twelfth graders in 1992-93.
Tables Section

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 107

Table 4.6— Average years of academic study required for graduation in private secondary 

schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

Computer Social

English Math Science Studies Science Language

Total Private 4.0 2.9 0.6 3.3 2.5 1.2

Total Public 3.9 2.5 0.3 3.0 2.2 0.3

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 4.0 2.9 0.6 3.2 2.5 1.6

Episcopal 4.0 3.4 0.8 3.2 2.8 2.6

Friends 3.9 3.0 1.0 3.0 2.5 1.8

Seventh-Day Adventist 4.0 2.3 1.0 2.5 2.2 --

Hebrew Day 4.0 3.0 0.8 3.5 3.0 3.6

Solomon Schechter -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 4.0 3.3 -- 3.6 2.9 2.7

Christian Schools Intl 4.0 3.0 0.8 3.4 2.7 --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 4.0 2.8 0.7 3.2 2.5 1.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.0 2.5 0.7 3.1 2.3 --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 4.0 2.5 0.7 2.6 2.3 --

Evangelical Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori -- -- -- -- -- --

Schools for Exceptional Children 4.0 3.1 0.9 3.3 2.5 0.5

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 3.9 3.1 0.5 2.8 2.5 2.3

Military 4.0 2.6 -- 3.2 2.4 --

Other Private Schools 3.9 2.9 0.6 3.4 2.5 0.9

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 4.0 2.9 0.6 3.2 2.5 1.6

 Parochial 4.0 2.9 0.7 3.1 2.5 1.1

 Diocesan 4.0 2.8 0.6 3.2 2.5 1.4

 Private order 4.0 3.1 0.6 3.2 2.5 1.9

Other religious 3.9 2.8 0.7 3.3 2.5 1.0

 Conservative Christian 3.9 2.8 0.7 3.3 2.5 0.9

 Affiliated 4.0 2.9 0.7 3.2 2.6 1.5

 Unaffiliated 4.0 3.0 0.6 3.1 2.4 1.1

Nonsectarian 4.0 3.1 0.5 3.3 2.6 1.5

 Regular 4.0 3.0 0.5 3.1 2.6 1.6

 Special emphasis 4.0 3.3 0.5 3.6 2.9 1.8

 Special education 4.0 2.9 0.6 3.3 2.4 0.5

All members of NAIS 4.0 3.1 0.5 2.9 2.5 2.3

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Tables Section

108 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table 4.7— Average percentage of students absent, by affiliation: 1993-94

Average % of students absent

Total Private 4.1

Total Public 5.9

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 3.6

Episcopal 4.3

Friends 5.2

Seventh-Day Adventist 8.7

Hebrew Day 4.4

Solomon Schechter 4.3

Other Jewish 3.4

Christian Schools Intl 3.4

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 4.0

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.2

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2.8

Evangelical Lutheran 4.2

Other Lutheran 3.7

Montessori 6.0

Schools for Exceptional Children 7.6

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 3.5

Military --

Other Private Schools 3.9

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 3.6

 Parochial 3.5

 Diocesan 3.6

 Private order 4.3

Other religious 4.2

 Conservative Christian 4.0

 Affiliated 5.0

 Unaffiliated 3.8

Nonsectarian 4.6

 Regular 3.3

 Special emphasis 4.4

 Special education 7.4

All members of NAIS 3.6

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 109

Profiles of Private 

Schools, by Affiliation
110 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Catholic Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

8,352 Schools

132,251 Teachers (FTE)

2,516,231 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (#,24%)

50 to 299 (64%,56%)

300 or more (35%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (6%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (36%,38%)

25 or more (58%,36%)

Extended Day (9%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (6%,4%)

None (7%,19%)

1 to 9 (46%,35%)

10 to 49 (26%,30%)

50 or more (21%,16%)

Combined (3%,31%)

Secondary (14%,10%)

Elementary (83%,60%)

less than $3,000 (45%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (50%,25%)

$8,000 or more (5%,14%)

less than $1,500 (47%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (51%,47%)

$3,500 or more (2%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (61%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (72%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (46%,48%)

Remedial Reading (44%,46%)

Library (98%,82%)

None (61%,65%)

1 to 9 (18%,13%)

10 to 49 (15%,15%)

50 or more (6%,7%)

Catholic Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 111

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Catholic Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (16%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (28%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (9%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (10%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (9%,9%)

Attendance (21%,23%)

Class Content (71%,75%)

Class Textbooks (65%,69%)

School Curriculum (48%,56%)

School Discipline (56%,59%)

Would Do Over (78%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (89%,91%)

Class Size (77%,84%)

Salary (31%,42%)

no BA (3%,7%)

BA (63%,59%)

Masters (30%,30%)

Doctorate (4%,5%)

no BA (#,8%)

BA (12%,26%)

Masters (73%,52%)

Doctorate (15%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (14%,14%)

3 to 9 (32%,34%)

10 to 19 (30%,31%)

20 or more (24%,21%)

less than 3 (1%,3%)

3 to 9 (5%,13%)

10 to 19 (25%,31%)

20 or more (69%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (21%,25%)

State (84%,71%)

less than 20 (46%,45%)

20 to 30 (42%,38%)

30 to 40 (9%,12%)

40 or more (3%,5%)

less than 20 (33%,31%)

20 to 30 (21%,22%)

30 to 40 (28%,23%)

40 or more (18%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Catholic Schools
112 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Episcopal Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

349 Schools

8,986 Teachers (FTE)

95,633 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (1%,24%)

50 to 299 (73%,56%)

300 or more (27%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (32%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (32%,38%)

25 or more (37%,36%)

Extended Day (17%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (1%,1%)

Title I (#,4%)

None (0%,19%)

1 to 9 (40%,35%)

10 to 49 (47%,30%)

50 or more (13%,16%)

Combined (25%,31%)

Secondary (11%,10%)

Elementary (64%,60%)

less than $3,000 (7%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (47%,25%)

$8,000 or more (46%,14%)

less than $1,500 (3%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (64%,47%)

$3,500 or more (32%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (53%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (98%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (67%,48%)

Remedial Reading (36%,46%)

Library (100%,82%)

None (37%,65%)

1 to 9 (29%,13%)

10 to 49 (31%,15%)

50 or more (2%,7%)

Episcopal Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 113

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Episcopal Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (6%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (18%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (6%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (13%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (9%,9%)

Attendance (20%,23%)

Class Content (84%,75%)

Class Textbooks (83%,69%)

School Curriculum (70%,56%)

School Discipline (62%,59%)

Would Do Over (77%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (92%,91%)

Class Size (95%,84%)

Salary (44%,42%)

no BA (2%,7%)

BA (51%,59%)

Masters (40%,30%)

Doctorate (7%,5%)

no BA (0%,8%)

BA (19%,26%)

Masters (55%,52%)

Doctorate (26%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (10%,14%)

3 to 9 (39%,34%)

10 to 19 (27%,31%)

20 or more (23%,21%)

less than 3 (2%,3%)

3 to 9 (13%,13%)

10 to 19 (30%,31%)

20 or more (54%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (17%,25%)

State (64%,71%)

less than 20 (21%,45%)

20 to 30 (44%,38%)

30 to 40 (22%,12%)

40 or more (13%,5%)

less than 20 (3%,31%)

20 to 30 (19%,22%)

30 to 40 (27%,23%)

40 or more (52%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Episcopal Schools
114 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Friends Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

75 Schools

1,504 Teachers (FTE)

13,456 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (28%,24%)

50 to 299 (57%,56%)

300 or more (15%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (20%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (37%,38%)

25 or more (42%,36%)

Extended Day (16%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (#,4%)

None (3%,19%)

1 to 9 (16%,35%)

10 to 49 (77%,30%)

50 or more (3%,16%)

Combined (21%,31%)

Secondary (9%,10%)

Elementary (70%,60%)

less than $3,000 (10%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (19%,25%)

$8,000 or more (71%,14%)

less than $1,500 (2%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (17%,47%)

$3,500 or more (81%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (88%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (71%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (53%,48%)

Remedial Reading (45%,46%)

Library (95%,82%)

None (30%,65%)

1 to 9 (21%,13%)

10 to 49 (49%,15%)

50 or more (0%,7%)

Friends Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 115

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Friends Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (13%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (16%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (4%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (16%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (8%,9%)

Attendance (20%,23%)

Class Content (91%,75%)

Class Textbooks (91%,69%)

School Curriculum (86%,56%)

School Discipline (73%,59%)

Would Do Over (81%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (96%,91%)

Class Size (96%,84%)

Salary (39%,42%)

no BA (2%,7%)

BA (44%,59%)

Masters (47%,30%)

Doctorate (6%,5%)

no BA (4%,8%)

BA (15%,26%)

Masters (60%,52%)

Doctorate (21%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (13%,14%)

3 to 9 (29%,34%)

10 to 19 (37%,31%)

20 or more (21%,21%)

less than 3 (3%,3%)

3 to 9 (17%,13%)

10 to 19 (34%,31%)

20 or more (46%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (9%,25%)

State (40%,71%)

less than 20 (17%,45%)

20 to 30 (40%,38%)

30 to 40 (36%,12%)

40 or more (7%,5%)

less than 20 (7%,31%)

20 to 30 (12%,22%)

30 to 40 (17%,23%)

40 or more (64%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Friends Schools
116 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Seventh-Day 

Adventist Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

1,071 Schools

4,946 Teachers (FTE)

77,830 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (69%,24%)

50 to 299 (26%,56%)

300 or more (6%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (70%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (18%,38%)

25 or more (12%,36%)

Extended Day (11%,11%)

Special Ed. (#,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (3%,4%)

None (37%,19%)

1 to 9 (8%,35%)

10 to 49 (42%,30%)

50 or more (13%,16%)

Combined (23%,31%)

Secondary (6%,10%)

Elementary (71%,60%)

less than $3,000 (64%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (36%,25%)

$8,000 or more (0%,14%)

less than $1,500 (62%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (38%,47%)

$3,500 or more (0%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (64%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (24%,46%)

Library (89%,82%)

None (76%,65%)

1 to 9 (3%,13%)

10 to 49 (13%,15%)

50 or more (8%,7%)

Seventh-Day Adventist Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 117

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Seventh-Day Adventist Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (12%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (31%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (8%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (3%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (7%,9%)

Attendance (37%,23%)

Class Content (61%,75%)

Class Textbooks (44%,69%)

School Curriculum (35%,56%)

School Discipline (72%,59%)

Would Do Over (72%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (93%,91%)

Class Size (86%,84%)

Salary (60%,42%)

no BA (2%,7%)

BA (52%,59%)

Masters (44%,30%)

Doctorate (2%,5%)

no BA (3%,8%)

BA (53%,26%)

Masters (42%,52%)

Doctorate (2%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (7%,14%)

3 to 9 (30%,34%)

10 to 19 (33%,31%)

20 or more (29%,21%)

less than 3 (6%,3%)

3 to 9 (13%,13%)

10 to 19 (26%,31%)

20 or more (55%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (89%,25%)

State (62%,71%)

less than 20 (9%,45%)

20 to 30 (59%,38%)

30 to 40 (32%,12%)

40 or more (0%,5%)

less than 20 (15%,31%)

20 to 30 (45%,22%)

30 to 40 (38%,23%)

40 or more (2%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Seventh-Day Adventist Schools
118 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Hebrew Day 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

201 Schools

4,511 Teachers (FTE)

60,730 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (9%,24%)

50 to 299 (56%,56%)

300 or more (35%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (35%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (38%,38%)

25 or more (26%,36%)

Extended Day (9%,11%)

Special Ed. (2%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (22%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (79%,19%)

1 to 9 (15%,35%)

10 to 49 (3%,30%)

50 or more (3%,16%)

Combined (15%,31%)

Secondary (25%,10%)

Elementary (60%,60%)

less than $3,000 (11%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (78%,25%)

$8,000 or more (10%,14%)

less than $1,500 (0%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (15%,47%)

$3,500 or more (85%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (58%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (100%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (84%,48%)

Remedial Reading (50%,46%)

Library (87%,82%)

None (84%,65%)

1 to 9 (14%,13%)

10 to 49 (2%,15%)

50 or more (0%,7%)

Hebrew Day Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 119

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Hebrew Day Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (9%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (18%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (4%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (#,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (3%,9%)

Attendance (26%,23%)

Class Content (79%,75%)

Class Textbooks (69%,69%)

School Curriculum (54%,56%)

School Discipline (51%,59%)

Would Do Over (82%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (87%,91%)

Class Size (74%,84%)

Salary (56%,42%)

no BA (34%,7%)

BA (29%,59%)

Masters (29%,30%)

Doctorate (9%,5%)

no BA (4%,8%)

BA (12%,26%)

Masters (37%,52%)

Doctorate (47%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (15%,14%)

3 to 9 (36%,34%)

10 to 19 (30%,31%)

20 or more (19%,21%)

less than 3 (1%,3%)

3 to 9 (5%,13%)

10 to 19 (28%,31%)

20 or more (66%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (42%,25%)

State (49%,71%)

less than 20 (52%,45%)

20 to 30 (24%,38%)

30 to 40 (17%,12%)

40 or more (7%,5%)

less than 20 (10%,31%)

20 to 30 (14%,22%)

30 to 40 (18%,23%)

40 or more (58%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Hebrew Day Schools
120 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Solomon 

Schechter Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

56 Schools

1,173 Teachers (FTE)

13,999 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (10%,24%)

50 to 299 (56%,56%)

300 or more (34%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (13%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (51%,38%)

25 or more (36%,36%)

Extended Day (9%,11%)

Special Ed. (2%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (#,4%)

None (41%,19%)

1 to 9 (54%,35%)

10 to 49 (5%,30%)

50 or more (0%,16%)

Combined (0%,31%)

Secondary (5%,10%)

Elementary (95%,60%)

less than $3,000 (--,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (--,25%)

$8,000 or more (--,14%)

less than $1,500 (0%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (3%,47%)

$3,500 or more (97%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (--,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (--,46%)

Library (--,82%)

None (68%,65%)

1 to 9 (27%,13%)

10 to 49 (2%,15%)

50 or more (2%,7%)

Solomon Schechter Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 121

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Solomon Schechter Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (1%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (7%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (2%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (2%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (3%,9%)

Attendance (17%,23%)

Class Content (70%,75%)

Class Textbooks (71%,69%)

School Curriculum (56%,56%)

School Discipline (55%,59%)

Would Do Over (76%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (85%,91%)

Class Size (91%,84%)

Salary (35%,42%)

no BA (2%,7%)

BA (52%,59%)

Masters (37%,30%)

Doctorate (10%,5%)

no BA (0%,8%)

BA (10%,26%)

Masters (45%,52%)

Doctorate (45%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (9%,14%)

3 to 9 (23%,34%)

10 to 19 (45%,31%)

20 or more (23%,21%)

less than 3 (0%,3%)

3 to 9 (2%,13%)

10 to 19 (35%,31%)

20 or more (63%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (33%,25%)

State (72%,71%)

less than 20 (14%,45%)

20 to 30 (35%,38%)

30 to 40 (37%,12%)

40 or more (14%,5%)

less than 20 (0%,31%)

20 to 30 (7%,22%)

30 to 40 (5%,23%)

40 or more (88%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Solomon Schechter Schools
122 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Other Jewish 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

398 Schools

8,976 Teachers (FTE)

109,122 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (16%,24%)

50 to 299 (50%,56%)

300 or more (34%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (22%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (43%,38%)

25 or more (35%,36%)

Extended Day (5%,11%)

Special Ed. (3%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (9%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (68%,19%)

1 to 9 (24%,35%)

10 to 49 (8%,30%)

50 or more (0%,16%)

Combined (18%,31%)

Secondary (28%,10%)

Elementary (54%,60%)

less than $3,000 (23%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (70%,25%)

$8,000 or more (6%,14%)

less than $1,500 (1%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (20%,47%)

$3,500 or more (79%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (--,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (92%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (62%,48%)

Remedial Reading (36%,46%)

Library (88%,82%)

None (84%,65%)

1 to 9 (9%,13%)

10 to 49 (7%,15%)

50 or more (0%,7%)

Other Jewish Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 123

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Other Jewish Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (0%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (5%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (18%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (6%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (1%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (6%,9%)

Attendance (31%,23%)

Class Content (75%,75%)

Class Textbooks (62%,69%)

School Curriculum (50%,56%)

School Discipline (41%,59%)

Would Do Over (72%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (83%,91%)

Class Size (93%,84%)

Salary (37%,42%)

no BA (8%,7%)

BA (47%,59%)

Masters (34%,30%)

Doctorate (11%,5%)

no BA (10%,8%)

BA (13%,26%)

Masters (35%,52%)

Doctorate (42%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (11%,14%)

3 to 9 (31%,34%)

10 to 19 (37%,31%)

20 or more (22%,21%)

less than 3 (4%,3%)

3 to 9 (6%,13%)

10 to 19 (25%,31%)

20 or more (65%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (32%,25%)

State (45%,71%)

less than 20 (22%,45%)

20 to 30 (36%,38%)

30 to 40 (28%,12%)

40 or more (15%,5%)

less than 20 (16%,31%)

20 to 30 (11%,22%)

30 to 40 (6%,23%)

40 or more (67%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Other Jewish Schools
124 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Christian Schools 

International

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

355 Schools

6,033 Teachers (FTE)

98,090 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (17%,24%)

50 to 299 (39%,56%)

300 or more (44%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (20%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (53%,38%)

25 or more (27%,36%)

Extended Day (4%,11%)

Special Ed. (2%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (0%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (5%,19%)

1 to 9 (71%,35%)

10 to 49 (9%,30%)

50 or more (15%,16%)

Combined (29%,31%)

Secondary (10%,10%)

Elementary (62%,60%)

less than $3,000 (--,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (63%,25%)

$8,000 or more (0%,14%)

less than $1,500 (--,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (81%,47%)

$3,500 or more (--,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (--,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (74%,46%)

Library (99%,82%)

None (78%,65%)

1 to 9 (12%,13%)

10 to 49 (9%,15%)

50 or more (#,7%)

Christian Schools International
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 125

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Christian Schools International

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (#,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (12%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (19%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (7%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (8%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (5%,9%)

Attendance (15%,23%)

Class Content (74%,75%)

Class Textbooks (70%,69%)

School Curriculum (71%,56%)

School Discipline (75%,59%)

Would Do Over (86%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (91%,91%)

Class Size (87%,84%)

Salary (61%,42%)

no BA (1%,7%)

BA (65%,59%)

Masters (31%,30%)

Doctorate (2%,5%)

no BA (0%,8%)

BA (39%,26%)

Masters (52%,52%)

Doctorate (9%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (15%,14%)

3 to 9 (30%,34%)

10 to 19 (37%,31%)

20 or more (18%,21%)

less than 3 (0%,3%)

3 to 9 (5%,13%)

10 to 19 (25%,31%)

20 or more (70%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (19%,25%)

State (74%,71%)

less than 20 (29%,45%)

20 to 30 (44%,38%)

30 to 40 (26%,12%)

40 or more (#,5%)

less than 20 (19%,31%)

20 to 30 (11%,22%)

30 to 40 (28%,23%)

40 or more (42%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Christian Schools International
126 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Association of 

Christian Schools International

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

2,472 Schools

29,769 Teachers (FTE)

441,981 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (10%,24%)

50 to 299 (74%,56%)

300 or more (15%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (27%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (44%,38%)

25 or more (29%,36%)

Extended Day (13%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (0%,1%)

Title I (#,4%)

None (2%,19%)

1 to 9 (43%,35%)

10 to 49 (33%,30%)

50 or more (22%,16%)

Combined (47%,31%)

Secondary (4%,10%)

Elementary (49%,60%)

less than $3,000 (83%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (17%,25%)

$8,000 or more (0%,14%)

less than $1,500 (30%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (68%,47%)

$3,500 or more (2%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (22%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (55%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (50%,48%)

Remedial Reading (58%,46%)

Library (95%,82%)

None (56%,65%)

1 to 9 (15%,13%)

10 to 49 (18%,15%)

50 or more (11%,7%)

Association of Christian Schools International
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 127

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Association of Christian Schools International

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend 

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (2%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (9%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (20%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (5%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (1%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (8%,9%)

Attendance (21%,23%)

Class Content (69%,75%)

Class Textbooks (57%,69%)

School Curriculum (53%,56%)

School Discipline (63%,59%)

Would Do Over (87%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (94%,91%)

Class Size (89%,84%)

Salary (51%,42%)

no BA (13%,7%)

BA (66%,59%)

Masters (19%,30%)

Doctorate (2%,5%)

no BA (7%,8%)

BA (29%,26%)

Masters (57%,52%)

Doctorate (7%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (21%,14%)

3 to 9 (39%,34%)

10 to 19 (29%,31%)

20 or more (11%,21%)

less than 3 (1%,3%)

3 to 9 (22%,13%)

10 to 19 (43%,31%)

20 or more (34%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (34%,25%)

State (64%,71%)

less than 20 (77%,45%)

20 to 30 (22%,38%)

30 to 40 (2%,12%)

40 or more (0%,5%)

less than 20 (28%,31%)

20 to 30 (33%,22%)

30 to 40 (20%,23%)

40 or more (19%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Association of Christian Schools International
128 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Missouri 

Synod Lutheran 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

1,042 Schools

8,803 Teachers (FTE)

163,885 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (9%,24%)

50 to 299 (80%,56%)

300 or more (11%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (13%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (59%,38%)

25 or more (28%,36%)

Extended Day (14%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (0%,1%)

Title I (3%,4%)

None (13%,19%)

1 to 9 (52%,35%)

10 to 49 (27%,30%)

50 or more (9%,16%)

Combined (1%,31%)

Secondary (6%,10%)

Elementary (92%,60%)

less than $3,000 (--,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (61%,25%)

$8,000 or more (--,14%)

less than $1,500 (48%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (52%,47%)

$3,500 or more (0%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (71%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (--,46%)

Library (100%,82%)

None (84%,65%)

1 to 9 (3%,13%)

10 to 49 (13%,15%)

50 or more (0%,7%)

Missouri Synod Lutheran Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 129

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Missouri Synod Lutheran Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (8%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (29%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (8%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (5%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (6%,9%)

Attendance (21%,23%)

Class Content (81%,75%)

Class Textbooks (71%,69%)

School Curriculum (76%,56%)

School Discipline (76%,59%)

Would Do Over (78%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (90%,91%)

Class Size (87%,84%)

Salary (38%,42%)

no BA (1%,7%)

BA (70%,59%)

Masters (28%,30%)

Doctorate (1%,5%)

no BA (1%,8%)

BA (35%,26%)

Masters (58%,52%)

Doctorate (5%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (9%,14%)

3 to 9 (23%,34%)

10 to 19 (35%,31%)

20 or more (33%,21%)

less than 3 (2%,3%)

3 to 9 (4%,13%)

10 to 19 (24%,31%)

20 or more (70%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (49%,25%)

State (85%,71%)

less than 20 (46%,45%)

20 to 30 (46%,38%)

30 to 40 (7%,12%)

40 or more (1%,5%)

less than 20 (9%,31%)

20 to 30 (26%,22%)

30 to 40 (48%,23%)

40 or more (16%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Missouri Synod Lutheran Schools
130 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Wisconsin 

Synod Lutheran 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

373 Schools

2,043 Teachers (FTE)

36,730 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (23%,24%)

50 to 299 (74%,56%)

300 or more (3%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (25%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (64%,38%)

25 or more (11%,36%)

Extended Day (3%,11%)

Special Ed. (#,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (0%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (30%,19%)

1 to 9 (55%,35%)

10 to 49 (14%,30%)

50 or more (1%,16%)

Combined (1%,31%)

Secondary (5%,10%)

Elementary (94%,60%)

less than $3,000 (--,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (76%,25%)

$8,000 or more (0%,14%)

less than $1,500 (57%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (43%,47%)

$3,500 or more (0%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (0%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (--,46%)

Library (87%,82%)

None (97%,65%)

1 to 9 (1%,13%)

10 to 49 (2%,15%)

50 or more (0%,7%)

Wisconsin Synod Lutheran Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 131

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Wisconsin Synod Lutheran Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (2%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (6%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (20%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (5%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (1%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (5%,9%)

Attendance (11%,23%)

Class Content (87%,75%)

Class Textbooks (80%,69%)

School Curriculum (80%,56%)

School Discipline (81%,59%)

Would Do Over (84%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (92%,91%)

Class Size (87%,84%)

Salary (72%,42%)

no BA (5%,7%)

BA (73%,59%)

Masters (21%,30%)

Doctorate (1%,5%)

no BA (1%,8%)

BA (63%,26%)

Masters (34%,52%)

Doctorate (1%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (10%,14%)

3 to 9 (26%,34%)

10 to 19 (38%,31%)

20 or more (26%,21%)

less than 3 (6%,3%)

3 to 9 (12%,13%)

10 to 19 (15%,31%)

20 or more (67%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (78%,25%)

State (31%,71%)

less than 20 (32%,45%)

20 to 30 (61%,38%)

30 to 40 (7%,12%)

40 or more (0%,5%)

less than 20 (25%,31%)

20 to 30 (56%,22%)

30 to 40 (17%,23%)

40 or more (2%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Wisconsin Synod Lutheran Schools
132 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Evangelical 

Lutheran Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

107 Schools

928 Teachers (FTE)

15,403 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (8%,24%)

50 to 299 (90%,56%)

300 or more (3%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (17%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (56%,38%)

25 or more (28%,36%)

Extended Day (30%,11%)

Special Ed. (3%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (1%,1%)

Title I (2%,4%)

None (4%,19%)

1 to 9 (21%,35%)

10 to 49 (29%,30%)

50 or more (46%,16%)

Combined (2%,31%)

Secondary (1%,10%)

Elementary (97%,60%)

less than $3,000 (--,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (--,25%)

$8,000 or more (--,14%)

less than $1,500 (14%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (83%,47%)

$3,500 or more (3%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (--,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (--,46%)

Library (--,82%)

None (41%,65%)

1 to 9 (9%,13%)

10 to 49 (43%,15%)

50 or more (6%,7%)

Evangelical Lutheran Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 133

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Evangelical Lutheran Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (#,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (17%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (35%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (18%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (#,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (5%,9%)

Attendance (17%,23%)

Class Content (81%,75%)

Class Textbooks (54%,69%)

School Curriculum (49%,56%)

School Discipline (64%,59%)

Would Do Over (86%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (94%,91%)

Class Size (91%,84%)

Salary (38%,42%)

no BA (4%,7%)

BA (80%,59%)

Masters (14%,30%)

Doctorate (3%,5%)

no BA (5%,8%)

BA (24%,26%)

Masters (62%,52%)

Doctorate (9%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (23%,14%)

3 to 9 (34%,34%)

10 to 19 (28%,31%)

20 or more (15%,21%)

less than 3 (0%,3%)

3 to 9 (11%,13%)

10 to 19 (19%,31%)

20 or more (70%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (9%,25%)

State (79%,71%)

less than 20 (58%,45%)

20 to 30 (37%,38%)

30 to 40 (4%,12%)

40 or more (0%,5%)

less than 20 (13%,31%)

20 to 30 (19%,22%)

30 to 40 (55%,23%)

40 or more (13%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Evangelical Lutheran Schools
134 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Other Lutheran Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

57 Schools

267 Teachers (FTE)

4,123 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (49%,24%)

50 to 299 (51%,56%)

300 or more (0%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (45%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (45%,38%)

25 or more (10%,36%)

Extended Day (9%,11%)

Special Ed. (1%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (0%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (46%,19%)

1 to 9 (41%,35%)

10 to 49 (13%,30%)

50 or more (0%,16%)

Combined (13%,31%)

Secondary (4%,10%)

Elementary (83%,60%)

less than $3,000 (--,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (--,25%)

$8,000 or more (--,14%)

less than $1,500 (60%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (37%,47%)

$3,500 or more (3%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (--,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (--,46%)

Library (--,82%)

None (96%,65%)

1 to 9 (0%,13%)

10 to 49 (4%,15%)

50 or more (0%,7%)

Other Lutheran Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 135

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Other Lutheran Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (2%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (2%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (10%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (3%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (1%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (2%,9%)

Attendance (9%,23%)

Class Content (81%,75%)

Class Textbooks (78%,69%)

School Curriculum (73%,56%)

School Discipline (71%,59%)

Would Do Over (80%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (98%,91%)

Class Size (93%,84%)

Salary (60%,42%)

no BA (5%,7%)

BA (70%,59%)

Masters (23%,30%)

Doctorate (2%,5%)

no BA (5%,8%)

BA (68%,26%)

Masters (20%,52%)

Doctorate (7%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (13%,14%)

3 to 9 (30%,34%)

10 to 19 (32%,31%)

20 or more (26%,21%)

less than 3 (7%,3%)

3 to 9 (14%,13%)

10 to 19 (10%,31%)

20 or more (68%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (44%,25%)

State (62%,71%)

less than 20 (55%,45%)

20 to 30 (35%,38%)

30 to 40 (9%,12%)

40 or more (0%,5%)

less than 20 (49%,31%)

20 to 30 (19%,22%)

30 to 40 (17%,23%)

40 or more (15%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Other Lutheran Schools
136 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Montessori 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

732 Schools

3,701 Teachers (FTE)

42,796 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (49%,24%)

50 to 299 (51%,56%)

300 or more (#,20%)

1 to 14.9 (13%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (53%,38%)

25 or more (34%,36%)

Extended Day (40%,11%)

Special Ed. (2%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (1%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (5%,19%)

1 to 9 (13%,35%)

10 to 49 (74%,30%)

50 or more (9%,16%)

Combined (17%,31%)

Secondary (#,10%)

Elementary (82%,60%)

less than $3,000 (--,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (79%,25%)

$8,000 or more (--,14%)

less than $1,500 (0%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (51%,47%)

$3,500 or more (49%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (--,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (--,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (--,48%)

Remedial Reading (--,46%)

Library (--,82%)

None (52%,65%)

1 to 9 (5%,13%)

10 to 49 (29%,15%)

50 or more (14%,7%)

Montessori Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 137

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Montessori Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (3%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (5%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (14%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (1%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (7%,9%)

Attendance (19%,23%)

Class Content (82%,75%)

Class Textbooks (80%,69%)

School Curriculum (72%,56%)

School Discipline (76%,59%)

Would Do Over (74%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (92%,91%)

Class Size (91%,84%)

Salary (39%,42%)

no BA (18%,7%)

BA (50%,59%)

Masters (15%,30%)

Doctorate (17%,5%)

no BA (6%,8%)

BA (32%,26%)

Masters (32%,52%)

Doctorate (30%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (18%,14%)

3 to 9 (44%,34%)

10 to 19 (29%,31%)

20 or more (9%,21%)

less than 3 (6%,3%)

3 to 9 (11%,13%)

10 to 19 (27%,31%)

20 or more (56%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (69%,25%)

State (48%,71%)

less than 20 (44%,45%)

20 to 30 (46%,38%)

30 to 40 (9%,12%)

40 or more (1%,5%)

less than 20 (16%,31%)

20 to 30 (22%,22%)

30 to 40 (30%,23%)

40 or more (32%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Montessori Schools
138 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Schools for 

Exceptional Children

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

284 Schools

5,429 Teachers (FTE)

33,722 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (21%,24%)

50 to 299 (76%,56%)

300 or more (3%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (73%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (12%,38%)

25 or more (16%,36%)

Extended Day (8%,11%)

Special Ed. (84%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (25%,4%)

None (1%,19%)

1 to 9 (15%,35%)

10 to 49 (63%,30%)

50 or more (21%,16%)

Combined (69%,31%)

Secondary (22%,10%)

Elementary (8%,60%)

less than $3,000 (34%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (10%,25%)

$8,000 or more (56%,14%)

less than $1,500 (--,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (--,47%)

$3,500 or more (--,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (21%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (22%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (43%,48%)

Remedial Reading (81%,46%)

Library (83%,82%)

None (49%,65%)

1 to 9 (17%,13%)

10 to 49 (29%,15%)

50 or more (5%,7%)

Schools for Exceptional Children
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 139

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Schools for Exceptional Children

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (7%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (48%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (61%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (55%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (11%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (29%,9%)

Attendance (34%,23%)

Class Content (82%,75%)

Class Textbooks (77%,69%)

School Curriculum (57%,56%)

School Discipline (63%,59%)

Would Do Over (81%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (92%,91%)

Class Size (95%,84%)

Salary (23%,42%)

no BA (4%,7%)

BA (63%,59%)

Masters (24%,30%)

Doctorate (8%,5%)

no BA (0%,8%)

BA (4%,26%)

Masters (62%,52%)

Doctorate (34%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (16%,14%)

3 to 9 (47%,34%)

10 to 19 (23%,31%)

20 or more (14%,21%)

less than 3 (0%,3%)

3 to 9 (4%,13%)

10 to 19 (46%,31%)

20 or more (49%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (3%,25%)

State (76%,71%)

less than 20 (16%,45%)

20 to 30 (54%,38%)

30 to 40 (22%,12%)

40 or more (7%,5%)

less than 20 (2%,31%)

20 to 30 (1%,22%)

30 to 40 (10%,23%)

40 or more (87%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Schools for Exceptional Children
140 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Independent 

Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

893 Schools

35,486 Teachers (FTE)

332,675 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (5%,24%)

50 to 299 (47%,56%)

300 or more (48%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (36%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (31%,38%)

25 or more (33%,36%)

Extended Day (11%,11%)

Special Ed. (2%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (1%,1%)

Title I (#,4%)

None (#,19%)

1 to 9 (39%,35%)

10 to 49 (52%,30%)

50 or more (9%,16%)

Combined (47%,31%)

Secondary (21%,10%)

Elementary (32%,60%)

less than $3,000 (9%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (34%,25%)

$8,000 or more (57%,14%)

less than $1,500 (7%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (4%,47%)

$3,500 or more (89%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (46%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (89%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (53%,48%)

Remedial Reading (44%,46%)

Library (99%,82%)

None (30%,65%)

1 to 9 (47%,13%)

10 to 49 (18%,15%)

50 or more (4%,7%)

Independent Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 141

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Independent Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (8%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (20%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (4%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (24%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (13%,9%)

Attendance (23%,23%)

Class Content (88%,75%)

Class Textbooks (89%,69%)

School Curriculum (73%,56%)

School Discipline (62%,59%)

Would Do Over (77%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (91%,91%)

Class Size (91%,84%)

Salary (48%,42%)

no BA (1%,7%)

BA (47%,59%)

Masters (45%,30%)

Doctorate (7%,5%)

no BA (3%,8%)

BA (10%,26%)

Masters (61%,52%)

Doctorate (26%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (11%,14%)

3 to 9 (28%,34%)

10 to 19 (34%,31%)

20 or more (28%,21%)

less than 3 (5%,3%)

3 to 9 (5%,13%)

10 to 19 (26%,31%)

20 or more (64%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (18%,25%)

State (58%,71%)

less than 20 (18%,45%)

20 to 30 (37%,38%)

30 to 40 (26%,12%)

40 or more (19%,5%)

less than 20 (6%,31%)

20 to 30 (5%,22%)

30 to 40 (10%,23%)

40 or more (79%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Independent Schools
142 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Other Private Schools

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

9,247 Schools

75,428 Teachers (FTE)

907,572 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (48%,24%)

50 to 299 (45%,56%)

300 or more (7%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (43%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (37%,38%)

25 or more (20%,36%)

Extended Day (14%,11%)

Special Ed. (8%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (#,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (35%,19%)

1 to 9 (24%,35%)

10 to 49 (28%,30%)

50 or more (13%,16%)

Combined (57%,31%)

Secondary (7%,10%)

Elementary (36%,60%)

less than $3,000 (71%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (15%,25%)

$8,000 or more (14%,14%)

less than $1,500 (42%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (37%,47%)

$3,500 or more (20%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (19%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (49%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (46%,48%)

Remedial Reading (45%,46%)

Library (73%,82%)

None (72%,65%)

1 to 9 (8%,13%)

10 to 49 (12%,15%)

50 or more (8%,7%)

Other Private Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 143

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Other Private Schools

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (4%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (15%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (27%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (14%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (8%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (11%,9%)

Attendance (26%,23%)

Class Content (73%,75%)

Class Textbooks (66%,69%)

School Curriculum (54%,56%)

School Discipline (56%,59%)

Would Do Over (77%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (92%,91%)

Class Size (90%,84%)

Salary (51%,42%)

no BA (14%,7%)

BA (57%,59%)

Masters (24%,30%)

Doctorate (4%,5%)

no BA (22%,8%)

BA (33%,26%)

Masters (33%,52%)

Doctorate (12%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (18%,14%)

3 to 9 (40%,34%)

10 to 19 (29%,31%)

20 or more (14%,21%)

less than 3 (4%,3%)

3 to 9 (21%,13%)

10 to 19 (39%,31%)

20 or more (36%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (21%,25%)

State (62%,71%)

less than 20 (59%,45%)

20 to 30 (30%,38%)

30 to 40 (8%,12%)

40 or more (2%,5%)

less than 20 (45%,31%)

20 to 30 (16%,22%)

30 to 40 (16%,23%)

40 or more (22%,24%) Principals

Teachers

 Other Private Schools
144 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

<15%

15% - <25%

25% - <35%

>35%

Pct of all Members of 

the National Association of Independent 

Schools by Region

Average Enrollment

Average Class Size

Elementary School Students Receiving

Special Services

Minority Student Percentage

1,470 Schools

53,187 Teachers (FTE)

528,627 Students

Grade Level Served

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools

Secondary School Resources and

Graduation Requirements

Minority Teacher Percentage

1 to 49 (5%,24%)

50 to 299 (49%,56%)

300 or more (46%,20%)

1 to 14.9 (33%,26%)

15 to 24.9 (31%,38%)

25 or more (36%,36%)

Extended Day (12%,11%)

Special Ed. (2%,3%)

Bilingual/ESL (1%,1%)

Title I (1%,4%)

None (1%,19%)

1 to 9 (39%,35%)

10 to 49 (51%,30%)

50 or more (9%,16%)

Combined (41%,31%)

Secondary (25%,10%)

Elementary (33%,60%)

less than $3,000 (11%,60%)

$3,000 to $7,999 (39%,25%)

$8,000 or more (50%,14%)

less than $1,500 (4%,40%)

$1,500 to $3,499 (19%,47%)

$3,500 or more (77%,12%) elementary (only)

other schools

Community Service (46%,32%)

1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. (91%,58%)

3+ Yrs Science (54%,48%)

Remedial Reading (44%,46%)

Library (98%,82%)

None (31%,65%)

1 to 9 (44%,13%)

10 to 49 (21%,15%)

50 or more (4%,7%)

Members of the National Association of Independent Schools
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 145

Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94

Percentage for Members of the National Association of Independent Schools

Percentage for All Private Schools

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

(#)

(--)

Legend

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems

Teacher Influence on School Policy and

Control Over Classroom Practice

Satisfaction with Teaching

Education Attainment

Years of Experience

Teacher

Certification

Salary Levels (in thousands of dollars)

Dropouts (1%,2%)

Poverty/Racial Tension (8%,13%)

Apathy/Unprepared (23%,26%)

Phys. Conflict/Weapons (5%,10%)

Alcohol/Drugs (24%,8%)

Robbery/Vandalism (11%,9%)

Attendance (23%,23%)

Class Content (87%,75%)

Class Textbooks (86%,69%)

School Curriculum (70%,56%)

School Discipline (60%,59%)

Would Do Over (77%,78%)

Staff Cooperate (91%,91%)

Class Size (90%,84%)

Salary (47%,42%)

no BA (1%,7%)

BA (46%,59%)

Masters (46%,30%)

Doctorate (7%,5%)

no BA (2%,8%)

BA (13%,26%)

Masters (60%,52%)

Doctorate (26%,14%) Principals

Teachers

less than 3 (12%,14%)

3 to 9 (28%,34%)

10 to 19 (33%,31%)

20 or more (27%,21%)

less than 3 (3%,3%)

3 to 9 (6%,13%)

10 to 19 (26%,31%)

20 or more (64%,54%) Principals

Teachers

Private (18%,25%)

State (59%,71%)

less than 20 (16%,45%)

20 to 30 (40%,38%)

30 to 40 (27%,12%)

40 or more (17%,5%)

less than 20 (7%,31%)

20 to 30 (7%,22%)

30 to 40 (13%,23%)

40 or more (73%,24%) Principals

Teachers

Members of the National Association of Independent Schools

Percentage for All Private Schools

Percentage for Members of NAIS

(School Type %, Comparison %)

Indicates percentages > 0 and <0.5%

Indicates categories with insufficient data

(#)

(--)

Legend
Members of the National Association of Independent Schools

146 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 147

Abramson, R., Cole, C., Jackson, B., and Kaufman, S. (1996). 1993-94 Schools

and Staffing Survey: Sample Design and Estimation. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 96–

089).

Baker, D., Han, M., and Keil, C. (1996). How Different, How Similar? Comparing Key Organizational Qualities of American Public and Private Secondary

Schools. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center

for Education Statistics (NCES 96–322).

Benson, P. and McMillen, M. (1991). Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, with Comparisons to Public Schools. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 91–

054).

Broughman, S. (1996). Private School Universe Survey, 1993–94. Washington,

D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics

(NCES 96–143).

Broughman, S., Gerald, E., Bynum, L., and Stoner, K. (1994). Private School

Universe Survey: 1991–92. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education,

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 94–350).

Choy, S. (1997). “Public and Private Schools: How Do They Differ?” 1997 Condition of Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Educatiion,

Nationa Center for Education Statistics (NCES 97-388).

Gruber, K., Rohr, C., and Fondelier, S. (1994). 1990–91 Schools and Staffing

Survey: Data File User’s Manual: Volume I, Survey Documentation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education

Statistics (NCES 93–144–I).

Gruber, K., Rohr, C., and Fondelier, S. (1996). 1993–94 Schools and Staffing

Survey: Data File User’s Manual: Volume I, Survey Documentation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education

Statistics (NCES 96–142).

References
References

148 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

McLaughlin, D., O’Donnell, C., and Ries, L. (1995). Private Schools in the

United States: A Statistical Profile, 1990–91. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES

95–330).

McLaughlin, D. and Wise, L. (1980). Nonpublic Education of the Nation’s

Children. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National

Center for Education Statistics (Technical Report 9).

McMillen, M. and Benson, P. (1991). Diversity of Private Schools. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES 92–082).

McMillen, M., Rollefson, M., and Benson, P. (1991). Detailed Characteristics of Private Schools and Staff: 1987–88. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES

92–079).
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–1

Appendix A

Tables of Standard Errors
Appendix A

A–2 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–3

Table A1.1— Standard errors for number of private schools and percentage serving each 

grade level, by affiliation: 1993-94

Total Elementary Secondary Combined

Total Private 0.00 0.55 0.51 0.74

Total Public 182.72 0.21 0.18 0.20

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2.90 0.27 0.17 0.27

Episcopal 0.00 0.00 1.47 1.47

Friends 0.00 7.13 2.16 4.98

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.00 5.04 0.72 4.78

Hebrew Day 12.09 7.55 5.17 4.82

Solomon Schechter 4.66 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 21.81 6.79 5.00 4.86

Christian Schools Intl 60.67 7.03 3.09 6.93

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 60.67 1.99 1.89 2.91

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 18.42 0.66 0.75 0.58

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.00 0.41 0.42 0.01

Evangelical Lutheran 0.00 0.58 0.02 0.57

Other Lutheran 0.00 0.99 0.25 0.74

Montessori 27.73 4.22 0.03 4.22

Schools for Exceptional Children 13.99 3.55 5.57 5.71

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 23.97 2.23 1.03 2.33

Military -- 0.00 12.97 --

Other Private Schools 0.00 1.05 1.25 1.50

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 2.90 0.27 0.17 0.27

 Parochial 114.34 0.56 0.41 0.47

 Diocesan 100.20 1.53 1.29 1.05

 Private order 52.10 3.46 3.03 2.90

Other religious 202.33 1.31 0.51 1.47

 Conservative Christian 175.51 1.93 1.04 2.30

 Affiliated 164.68 2.77 0.83 2.54

 Unaffiliated 251.91 3.13 0.81 3.13

Nonsectarian 202.37 2.09 2.15 2.60

 Regular 181.56 4.02 1.50 4.32

 Special emphasis 133.38 4.52 4.34 4.02

 Special education 118.99 0.38 5.01 5.03

All members of NAIS 55.03 1.99 1.39 2.16

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–4 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A1.2— Standard errors for number of elementary and secondary students, by grade 

level and affiliation: 1993-94

Total Elementary Secondary Combined

Total Private 60,257.94 35,839.61 19,363.09 56,807.03

Total Public 393,745.61 311,538.18 183,353.93 51,122.53

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 15,232.20 10,948.92 6,365.83 11,180.82

Episcopal 4,784.02 2,691.27 1,492.88 5,029.67

Friends 1,755.14 546.75 231.05 1,544.60

Seventh-Day Adventist 11,433.76 8,334.12 1,535.69 9,966.31

Hebrew Day 9,268.95 4,325.13 3,840.26 7,872.79

Solomon Schechter 1,165.92 1,120.58 45.35 0.00

Other Jewish 17,074.70 7,256.43 4,473.80 18,059.22

Christian Schools Intl 17,566.78 10,414.24 4,403.15 11,083.82

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 29,024.55 16,313.42 7,885.96 28,871.54

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 9,190.46 8,362.02 2,929.14 3,348.62

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1,472.15 1,349.25 367.37 8.32

Evangelical Lutheran 283.68 280.66 4.59 47.71

Other Lutheran 63.56 112.15 18.49 30.11

Montessori 3,763.12 3,262.76 3.95 2,681.93

Schools for Exceptional Children 4,320.88 1,415.01 4,539.22 1,548.99

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 17,850.77 9,065.84 4,857.25 16,726.65

Military -- 0.00 -- --

Other Private Schools 46,914.77 19,165.80 9,221.81 36,698.54

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 15,232.20 10,948.92 6,365.83 11,180.82

 Parochial 34,467.48 32,471.01 8,459.84 4,255.11

 Diocesan 29,905.86 26,983.33 14,768.84 4,638.42

 Private order 20,682.03 9,896.41 14,319.95 10,325.51

Other religious 48,665.54 28,842.15 14,797.15 44,695.79

 Conservative Christian 35,149.30 18,436.44 8,303.03 34,421.37

 Affiliated 24,643.36 18,317.83 7,620.68 18,190.01

 Unaffiliated 33,680.43 18,227.48 5,660.64 29,113.45

Nonsectarian 37,177.90 14,578.76 10,730.85 31,169.74

 Regular 34,632.87 14,318.02 9,825.11 29,254.26

 Special emphasis 15,023.98 10,597.54 3,479.63 8,664.37

 Special education 7,560.10 465.76 3,656.72 7,028.73

All members of NAIS 25,550.32 11,896.16 8,962.32 19,714.72

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–5

Table A1.3— Standard errors for percentage of private schools in existence established in 

decades from 1904 to 1993, by affiliation: 1993-94

Before 1904- 1914- 1924- 1934- 1944- 1954- 1964- 1974- 1984-

1904 1913 1923 1933 1943 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993

Total Private 0.46 0.32 0.33 0.40 0.30 0.59 0.76 0.94 1.28 1.05

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1.14 0.76 0.82 0.94 0.68 1.07 1.24 0.83 0.46 0.48

Episcopal 2.15 0.83 3.55 0.42 0.48 3.41 4.98 3.98 2.73 0.39

Friends 5.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 11.70 0.95 0.92 2.68 1.65

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.42 1.45 1.73 2.38 3.84 3.42 4.71 5.18 6.05 6.72

Hebrew Day 0.00 0.00 1.11 1.23 2.34 2.73 2.80 3.90 5.07 7.06

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.63 1.27 4.00 2.54 5.08 4.72 3.89

Christian Schools Intl 5.19 2.73 3.65 1.54 1.16 7.18 8.35 2.43 4.25 2.74

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.79 0.73 1.06 0.00 0.00 2.09 2.06 2.92 5.06 3.30

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.95 2.81 2.03 3.05 3.49 3.10 2.88 2.78 4.07 2.38

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 3.51 0.95 1.45 1.66 1.13 1.62 1.23 4.43 4.42 1.07

Evangelical Lutheran 0.71 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 2.23 1.96 1.39 2.37 0.70

Other Lutheran 0.58 0.00 5.02 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.83 1.64 1.54 0.27

Montessori 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.82 1.54 3.94 8.45 5.02 5.66

Schls for Exceptional Children 1.83 1.04 0.66 0.93 0.80 2.87 6.20 4.77 5.96 3.37

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 2.55 1.80 1.40 2.16 1.58 1.17 2.65 2.23 2.79 1.78

Military -- -- 0.00 -- 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- 0.00

Other Private Schools 0.50 0.36 0.06 0.40 0.51 1.16 1.58 2.04 2.88 2.71

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1.14 0.76 0.82 0.94 0.68 1.07 1.24 0.83 0.46 0.48

 Parochial 1.54 0.80 1.14 1.17 0.90 1.32 1.62 1.09 0.51 0.72

 Diocesan 1.87 1.39 0.94 1.82 1.37 2.12 2.21 1.38 0.39 0.81

 Private order 3.28 1.75 1.96 2.95 0.90 2.59 2.97 0.90 2.78 0.26

Other religious 0.60 0.34 0.32 0.37 0.44 0.71 0.87 1.67 2.20 2.01

 Conservative Christian 0.47 0.39 0.56 0.33 0.00 1.11 1.25 2.31 3.47 2.60

 Affiliated 1.90 0.95 0.93 1.04 1.30 1.76 1.14 1.86 2.62 2.77

 Unaffiliated 1.11 0.38 0.21 0.42 1.03 0.91 1.94 4.12 4.72 3.92

Nonsectarian 0.90 0.70 0.24 0.79 0.56 1.79 2.10 2.41 2.43 2.86

 Regular 1.36 1.56 0.52 1.84 0.54 1.42 3.83 2.96 4.28 4.09

 Special emphasis 1.32 0.26 0.00 0.53 0.34 4.44 2.07 5.35 3.83 4.39

 Special education 2.61 0.23 0.16 0.31 2.14 2.41 3.64 4.18 6.43 7.34

All members of NAIS 2.28 1.15 1.05 1.69 1.21 1.49 2.29 1.69 2.11 1.28

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–6 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A1.4— Standard errors for percentage of schools with pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, 

and ungraded classes, and allocation of grade 7 to elementary, secondary, and 

combined schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

% of schools % of schools % of schools

w/ Grade 1 offering: w/ Grade 7 that are: offering:

Pre-Kind. Kind. Ungraded

education education Elem. Middle Second. Combined education

Total Private 1.52 1.18 1.05 0.18 0.73 1.20 0.70 

Total Public 0.98 0.39 1.00 1.19 0.64 0.55 0.61 

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1.06 0.75 0.47 0.46 0.34 1.69 0.36

Episcopal 5.13 2.77 5.46 2.98 3.62 4.98 2.87

Friends 5.65 0.53 5.45 0.00 0.91 4.55 1.38

Seventh-Day Adventist 3.55 6.60 5.33 0.00 0.00 5.33 1.30

Hebrew Day 6.99 5.75 7.88 0.00 1.90 7.28 2.26

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 1.91 8.39 0.00 4.71 8.90 5.31 0.73

Christian Schools Intl 8.75 0.00 7.13 3.75 1.22 7.49 2.06

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 5.23 1.28 3.02 0.60 2.21 3.97 2.01

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.59 2.97 1.01 0.00 1.24 0.50 1.86

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 5.84 0.85 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

Evangelical Lutheran 1.46 0.00 0.92 0.00 0.92 0.00 0.03

Other Lutheran 3.01 0.41 1.28 0.21 0.18 0.89 0.00

Montessori 5.21 4.74 13.73 8.27 0.00 9.55 5.62

Schools for Exceptional Children 18.40 8.24 8.74 1.84 11.20 6.91 4.53

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 4.50 2.06 4.50 1.15 2.84 3.77 1.06

Military 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Private Schools 3.52 3.01 2.78 0.00 1.79 3.17 1.73

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1.06 0.75 0.47 0.46 0.34 1.69 0.36

 Parochial 1.86 1.40 0.68 0.42 0.26 0.48 0.41

 Diocesan 3.76 1.65 1.15 0.78 1.16 0.54 1.04

 Private order 8.33 2.22 8.10 4.71 6.86 4.55 1.67

Other religious 2.10 2.17 1.69 0.18 0.56 1.90 0.60

 Conservative Christian 3.71 1.79 2.28 0.31 1.11 2.72 1.51

 Affiliated 3.04 2.58 3.79 0.45 0.85 3.62 0.65

 Unaffiliated 5.11 3.68 0.00 0.47 3.57 3.34 0.69

Nonsectarian 1.92 3.69 0.40 4.09 3.67 4.27 2.59

 Regular 4.92 1.48 4.50 0.57 2.33 4.16 4.11

 Special emphasis 6.01 2.60 8.13 1.09 8.45 6.58 4.62

 Special education 3.75 16.11 1.13 0.44 13.58 13.46 4.83

All members of NAIS 3.95 1.45 3.52 1.43 2.31 2.89 1.00

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–7

Table A1.5— Standard errors for percentage of private schools charging tuition, percentage 

allowing tuition reductions, and average tuition, by level and affiliation: 1993-94

% Charging % Allowing Average tuition

tuition reduction Elem. Second. Combined Total

Total Private 1.05 1.11 $46.16 $334.56 $203.31 $71.46

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.36 0.60 $31.39 $167.75 $415.67 $31.73

Episcopal 0.00 3.02 $284.69 $910.32 $525.24 $201.43

Friends 0.36 0.65 $125.24 -- $0.00 $266.14

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.00 3.53 $103.84 $210.79 $258.95 $120.60

Hebrew Day 0.00 1.79 $300.24 $918.98 $438.21 $326.09

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 $0.00 -- -- $0.00

Other Jewish 0.00 0.84 $235.72 $643.98 $480.02 $250.42

Christian Schools Intl 0.00 1.17 $168.00 $174.31 $185.43 $115.78

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.00 0.94 $102.45 $269.25 $70.62 $57.95

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 2.45 2.45 $64.82 -- -- $99.88

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1.65 2.02 $42.75 $127.45 -- $41.19

Evangelical Lutheran 0.57 1.62 $41.56 -- -- $41.21

Other Lutheran 1.00 1.29 $8.58 -- -- $4.36

Montessori 0.00 5.91 $185.23 -- $395.59 $175.17

Schls for Exceptional Children 5.33 5.34 -- $1,637.88 $1,639.83 $1,314.42

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 0.29 2.01 $453.22 $771.07 $374.28 $306.03

Military 0.00 1.87 -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.92 2.85 $205.37 $1,338.62 $300.29 $215.09

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.36 0.60 $31.39 $167.75 $415.67 $31.73

 Parochial 0.41 0.69 $35.49 $552.65 -- $39.21

 Diocesan 0.95 1.17 $67.02 $68.26 -- $54.78

 Private Order 0.67 2.70 $211.52 $231.66 $679.21 $201.27

Other religious 1.94 1.75 $83.95 $268.28 $88.99 $63.71

 Conservative Christian 1.19 1.40 $83.64 $243.39 $59.46 $52.05

 Affiliated 0.74 1.56 $87.28 $304.54 $163.79 $63.13

 Unaffiliated 5.53 4.64 $253.43 $661.40 $250.00 $196.24

Nonsectarian 2.07 3.59 $178.59 $992.85 $586.28 $287.75

 Regular 1.52 4.13 $280.81 $824.07 $250.21 $238.62

 Special emphasis 4.09 5.17 $143.98 -- $638.36 $290.98

 Special education 5.62 7.66 -- $1,722.57 $1,240.12 $1,058.95

All members of NAIS 0.17 1.34 $314.68 $447.67 $416.21 $270.36

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–8 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A1.6— Standard errors for percentage of schools of different enrollment sizes, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

% %% %%

< 50 50 - 99 100 - 149 150 - 299 > 300

Total Private 1.11 0.90 0.75 0.61 0.38

Total Public 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.55 0.61

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.18 0.62 0.61 0.49 0.24

Episcopal 0.66 4.45 5.20 4.94 3.03

Friends 9.54 2.64 1.95 2.74 3.28

Seventh-Day Adventist 4.77 3.39 0.50 2.84 1.86

Hebrew Day 4.01 4.67 3.50 5.50 6.11

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 5.19 5.17 3.79 2.92 4.84

Christian Schools Intl 5.95 2.45 2.61 7.59 6.43

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2.81 4.06 3.40 3.43 2.52

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 3.58 5.11 5.66 4.28 2.29

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 4.43 4.05 2.10 2.17 0.69

Evangelical Lutheran 2.44 1.69 1.58 1.85 0.07

Other Lutheran 2.83 4.45 0.69 0.94 0.00

Montessori 6.12 5.61 3.05 1.87 0.37

Schools for Exceptional Children 4.84 6.52 3.95 5.70 1.32

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 2.27 2.82 2.70 3.38 3.11

Military 0.00 -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.99 2.23 1.63 1.19 0.69

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.18 0.62 0.61 0.49 0.24

 Parochial 0.00 0.96 0.96 1.22 0.93

 Diocesan 0.20 0.93 1.52 2.53 1.97

 Private order 1.60 2.35 2.31 3.41 3.32

Other religious 2.24 1.65 1.40 1.08 0.65

 Conservative Christian 3.32 2.50 2.58 2.53 1.50

 Affiliated 2.69 2.31 1.88 1.91 1.28

 Unaffiliated 5.42 4.20 2.50 1.72 1.42

Nonsectarian 2.54 1.93 1.51 1.62 0.96

 Regular 5.17 2.86 2.69 2.72 2.43

 Special emphasis 4.97 4.11 2.43 1.85 1.42

 Special education 6.80 5.95 1.30 2.95 0.23

All members of NAIS 1.60 1.76 2.06 2.65 2.58

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–9

Table A1.7— Standard errors for students per teacher and per classroom, by affiliation: 1993-

94

% Schools % Schools Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.

w/ w/ stud. per stud. per stud. per stud. per

student/ student/ self- depart- pull- team

Avg. student/ teacher teacher contained mental out teaching

teacher ratio ratio<10 ratio>30 class class class class

Total Private 0.10 0.90 0.22 0.24 0.20 1.93 0.88

Total Public 0.05 0.35 0.16 0.15 0.07 0.76 1.15

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.12 0.41 0.62 0.36 0.15 3.81 1.44

Episcopal 0.33 5.40 0.00 0.49 0.77 -- 2.33

Friends 0.17 5.94 0.00 1.12 1.08 -- 2.88

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.51 8.21 0.00 1.06 0.90 -- --

Hebrew Day 0.58 6.58 0.77 1.69 1.46 -- --

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.15 1.04 -- --

Other Jewish 0.81 5.73 1.40 2.08 0.68 -- --

Christian Schools Intl 0.61 4.31 0.00 1.03 0.91 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.30 2.06 0.36 0.65 0.72 -- --

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.41 1.05 0.00 1.12 0.72 -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.27 2.17 0.00 0.85 0.60 -- --

Evangelical Lutheran 0.15 1.16 0.00 0.35 0.95 -- --

Other Lutheran 0.04 1.42 0.00 0.69 1.33 -- --

Montessori 0.75 5.89 2.54 0.81 -- -- 0.90

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.28 3.33 0.00 0.58 0.56 --1.82

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 0.17 3.73 0.17 1.29 0.26 --4.59

Military 1.15 -- 0.00 -- 1.73 --

Other Private Schools 0.24 2.17 0.24 0.62 0.64 -- 2.33

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.12 0.41 0.62 0.36 0.15 3.81 1.44

 Parochial 0.20 0.39 0.88 0.33 0.31 2.61 1.59

 Diocesan 0.19 0.89 1.30 0.88 0.28 -- 3.68

 Private order 0.35 3.13 0.00 3.35 0.36 -- 4.38

Other religious 0.13 1.73 0.19 0.34 0.48 2.21 1.76

 Conservative Christian 0.25 3.04 0.19 0.53 0.59 2.58 --

 Affiliated 0.21 2.98 0.18 0.50 0.41 4.46 2.71

 Unaffiliated 0.36 3.15 0.48 0.78 1.29 -- 2.63

Nonsectarian 0.17 2.41 0.37 0.65 0.33 6.17 1.95

 Regular 0.26 3.39 0.37 0.97 0.40 -- 3.37

 Special emphasis 0.37 4.28 1.05 0.55 0.64 -- 2.11

 Special education 0.25 1.32 0.00 0.71 0.38 -- --

All members of NAIS 0.17 2.86 0.11 0.98 0.24 -- 3.21

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–10 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A1.8— Standard errors for average length of school year and day, by affiliation: 1993-94

Days Hours

Total Private 0.34 0.02

Total Public 0.13 0.01

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.26 0.02

Episcopal 1.51 0.06

Friends 0.14 0.20

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.22 0.05

Hebrew Day 5.27 0.13

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 0.85 0.13

Christian Schools Intl 0.58 0.04

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.26 0.05

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.64 0.05

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.37 0.04

Evangelical Lutheran 0.29 0.02

Other Lutheran 0.09 0.02

Montessori 3.70 0.07

Schools for Exceptional Children 1.85 0.06

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 0.50 0.05

Military 0.84 0.07

Other Private Schools 0.83 0.04

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.26 0.02

 Parochial 0.44 0.02

 Diocesan 0.21 0.02

 Private order 0.89 0.05

Other religious 0.48 0.03

 Conservative Christian 0.26 0.04

 Affiliated 0.42 0.04

 Unaffiliated 1.33 0.05

Nonsectarian 1.23 0.04

 Regular 0.29 0.07

 Special emphasis 2.35 0.07

 Special education 3.26 0.06

All members of NAIS 0.34 0.04

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–11

Table A1.9— Standard errors for percentage of schools offering special services and 

percentage of students in these schools receiving these services, by affiliation: 

1993-94—Continued on next page

ESOL Bilingual Remedial reading Remedial math

Total % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts

schools offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving

Total Private 0.00 0.63 0.40 0.72 3.18 1.27 0.38 1.17 0.42

Total Public 182.72 0.61 0.39 0.50 0.76 0.53 0.27 0.73 0.29

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2.90 0.83 0.32 0.43 -- 1.10 0.43 1.53 0.44

Episcopal 0.00 4.51 0.37 2.27 -- 4.94 -- 4.44 0.56

Friends 0.00 3.66 0.07 0.24 -- 5.51 0.46 4.99 0.56

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.00 3.45 -- 2.75 -- 5.95 0.79 5.72 0.51

Hebrew Day 12.09 5.14 6.35 4.22 7.44 5.50 4.94 5.73 6.10

Solomon Schechter 4.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 -- 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 21.81 5.35 1.95 3.57 -- 6.30 0.49 5.08 0.62

Christian Schools Intl 60.67 3.97 -- 0.00 -- 7.39 0.44 7.99 0.45

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 60.67 1.95 -- 2.13 -- 3.96 0.92 3.88 0.74

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 18.42 2.18 -- 2.01 -- 4.67 1.13 4.74 0.52

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.00 2.84 -- 0.38 -- 4.62 0.43 4.29 0.29

Evangelical Lutheran 0.00 1.02 -- 0.03 -- 1.92 0.59 1.34 0.22

Other Lutheran 0.00 0.25 -- 0.00 -- 2.37 0.00 1.79 0.00

Montessori 27.73 4.09 -- 3.02 -- 5.96 2.79 5.22 --

Schls for Exceptl Children 13.99 3.49 -- 1.59 -- 4.58 7.96 6.12 7.88

Natl Assoc 

 of Indep Schls (only) 23.97 2.42 0.59 1.29 -- 3.93 1.01 3.64 1.27

Military -- -- 0.00 -- -- 9.23 -- -- --

Other Private Schools 0.00 1.10 0.84 1.83 -- 3.38 1.52 2.77 2.05

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 2.90 0.83 0.32 0.43 -- 1.10 0.43 1.53 0.44

 Parochial 114.34 0.95 0.50 0.53 -- 1.65 0.64 2.06 0.65

 Diocesan 100.20 1.84 -- 0.51 -- 2.44 0.51 2.77 0.45

 Private order 52.10 2.72 -- 1.62 -- 4.12 0.88 4.26 0.95

Other religious 202.33 0.89 0.90 1.51 4.85 2.30 0.60 2.44 0.57

 Conservative Christian 175.51 1.54 -- 1.50 -- 3.22 0.78 3.01 0.78

 Affiliated 164.68 1.38 1.73 1.09 7.18 2.64 1.13 2.77 1.25

 Unaffiliated 251.91 1.62 2.11 4.10 -- 5.36 1.06 5.08 0.68

Nonsectarian 202.37 1.48 0.48 0.76 8.05 2.62 1.69 2.12 2.08

 Regular 181.56 2.47 0.52 1.14 -- 4.82 0.96 3.71 0.87

 Special emphasis 133.38 2.91 -- 1.69 11.17 4.27 3.49 4.55 3.85

 Special education 118.99 4.16 -- 0.82 -- 6.88 3.70 6.31 4.07

All members of NAIS 55.03 1.77 0.44 0.87 -- 2.93 0.80 3.01 0.82

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–12 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A1.9— Standard errors for percentage of schools offering special services and 

percentage of students in these schools receiving these services, by affiliation: 

1993-94—Continued

 Special educ. Diagnostic Gifted After school prog.

% Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts % Schls % Stdnts

offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving offering receiving

Total Private 0.98 0.66 1.13 0.02 1.11 0.82 1.08 0.43

Total Public 0.46 0.06 0.62 0.00 0.54 0.16 0.64 0.43

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1.45 0.30 1.60 0.01 1.05 0.70 1.35 0.46

Episcopal 2.94 -- 5.87 0.09 4.16 -- 2.30 1.38

Friends 2.45 -- 5.43 -- 2.85 3.51 4.42 1.57

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.67 -- 5.86 -- 2.75 -- 6.08 2.69

Hebrew Day 5.03 -- 5.95 0.09 5.94 1.37 5.02 --

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 4.65 -- 4.92 0.09 3.95 -- 5.49 2.01

Christian Schools Intl 6.33 0.47 7.86 0.08 6.81 1.48 7.37 --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2.55 0.23 3.53 0.09 4.48 2.52 4.77 1.79

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 5.18 0.57 5.83 0.09 4.89 1.54 5.01 1.43

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2.98 0.16 3.52 0.09 4.28 -- 3.27 2.43

Evangelical Lutheran 1.82 0.62 2.30 0.02 1.23 0.60 1.47 0.50

Other Lutheran 0.81 -- 2.10 0.00 1.37 0.00 1.35 0.04

Montessori 5.90 -- 5.85 0.38 6.96 7.92 3.51 2.50

Schools for Exceptional Children 4.33 0.79 6.45 0.13 6.91 4.50 4.19 --

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 2.84 1.70 3.99 0.02 3.38 5.02 2.14 0.93

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.00 --

Other Private Schools 2.07 3.38 2.43 0.14 2.15 3.65 2.23 1.36

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1.45 0.30 1.60 0.01 1.05 0.70 1.35 0.46

 Parochial 1.96 0.27 2.11 0.01 1.52 0.78 1.71 0.66

 Diocesan 2.35 0.83 3.07 0.01 1.95 1.41 2.77 0.92

 Private order 2.84 -- 4.18 0.03 2.98 0.89 3.33 2.14

Other religious 1.29 1.01 1.62 0.05 1.79 1.54 1.57 0.91

 Conservative Christian 2.43 0.44 3.38 0.09 3.52 1.97 2.92 1.45

 Affiliated 1.82 1.62 3.10 0.06 2.43 1.34 2.56 1.51

 Unaffiliated 2.31 3.24 2.39 0.09 2.02 5.27 2.87 1.35

Nonsectarian 2.67 3.15 2.85 0.08 3.03 3.94 2.91 1.22

 Regular 2.19 0.93 3.99 0.10 3.89 3.81 4.48 1.21

 Special emphasis 4.73 3.15 4.54 0.21 4.98 8.05 4.92 2.55

 Special education 0.00 1.65 5.68 0.18 3.80 3.19 3.81 2.81

All members of NAIS 2.02 1.46 3.14 0.02 2.25 3.55 1.89 0.76

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–13

Table A1.10— Standard errors for percentage of schools with lcibraries and full-time 

equivalent (FTE) librarians, by level and affiliation: 1993-94

Total Elementary Secondary Combined

%% % %

% FTE % FTE % FTE % FTE

libraries librarians libraries librarians libraries librarians libraries librarians

Total Private 1.26 0.02 1.26 0.02 3.20 0.07 2.19 0.04

Total Public 0.34 0.01 0.38 0.01 0.52 0.02 2.55 0.04

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.63 0.04 0.70 0.05 0.75 0.04 4.22 0.19

Episcopal 3.97 0.07 6.18 0.08 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.24

Friends 0.65 0.17 0.96 0.07 -- -- 0.00 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 5.88 0.05 7.76 0.04 0.00 0.07 7.54 --

Hebrew Day 5.90 0.05 8.18 0.06 8.07 -- 0.00 --

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 4.02 0.06 4.72 0.08 8.00 -- 12.45 0.15

Christian Schools Intl 5.65 0.08 9.14 -- 0.00 0.22 0.48 0.16

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2.51 0.06 4.95 0.06 0.00 0.13 2.27 0.09

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.03 0.05 4.40 0.06 0.00 -- -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 4.84 0.02 5.09 0.02 4.05 0.12 -- --

Evangelical Lutheran 2.20 0.08 2.25 0.08 -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran 1.12 0.07 1.28 0.08 -- -- -- --

Montessori 7.75 0.04 8.32 0.03 -- -- -- --

Schls for Exceptional Children 4.07 0.17 -- -- 7.85 -- 4.43 0.07

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 0.60 0.10 0.00 0.11 2.83 0.24 0.00 0.13

Military 0.00 0.24 -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.93 0.03 4.30 0.02 12.12 0.11 3.29 0.05

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.63 0.04 0.70 0.05 0.75 0.04 4.22 0.19

 Parochial 0.76 0.03 0.80 0.03 0.00 0.12 -- --

 Diocesan 1.10 0.12 1.42 0.15 0.00 0.05 -- --

 Private order 1.75 0.08 0.00 0.12 1.87 0.06 7.78 0.24

Other religious 2.20 0.02 3.17 0.02 1.88 0.05 2.64 0.04

 Conservative Christian 2.25 0.04 4.13 0.05 5.27 0.12 3.00 0.05

 Affiliated 2.61 0.03 2.94 0.04 2.76 0.07 5.64 0.09

 Unaffiliated 4.59 0.03 5.55 0.02 0.00 0.16 6.67 0.08

Nonsectarian 2.66 0.05 4.22 0.03 9.71 0.19 3.34 0.09

 Regular 4.45 0.08 6.05 0.06 12.09 0.33 3.04 0.18

 Special emphasis 3.92 0.03 6.58 0.03 5.27 -- 8.51 0.08

 Special education 6.75 0.16 -- -- -- -- 6.45 0.19

All members of NAIS 0.79 0.08 1.79 0.09 2.02 0.18 0.47 0.11

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–14 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A1.11— Standard errors for percentage of private schools with boarding students and 

percentage of students boarding at these schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

% Boarding % Students boarding at boarding schools

Total Private 0.36 4.20

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.27 7.03

Episcopal 2.00 8.69

Friends 2.16 --

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.81 6.33

Hebrew Day 4.52 --

Solomon Schechter 0.00 --

Other Jewish 4.72 --

Christian Schools Intl 2.05 --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.85 --

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.66 --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.75 --

Evangelical Lutheran 0.58 --

Other Lutheran 0.37 --

Montessori 0.03 --

Schools for Exceptional Children 4.91 8.55

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 1.83 3.84

Military -- 0.00

Other Private Schools 1.02 7.55

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.27 7.03

 Parochial 0.29 --

 Diocesan 0.20 --

 Private order 2.21 7.00

Other religious 0.38 6.67

 Conservative Christian 0.46 --

 Affiliated 0.64 6.41

 Unaffiliated 1.09 11.76

Nonsectarian 1.65 4.21

 Regular 1.78 7.03

 Special emphasis 2.37 10.34

 Special education 4.72 3.75

All members of NAIS 1.61 3.64

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–15

Table A2.1— Standard errors for number of students, by region and affiliation: 1993-94

Northeast Midwest South West

Total Private 31,203.56 29,945.20 43,866.29 32,907.97

Total Public 158,610.02 124,722.38 206,018.15 186,931.07

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 17,886.74 18,455.80 13,906.65 16,794.32

Episcopal 1,708.79 -- 3,863.47 2,721.45

Friends 1,496.35 -- -- --

Seventh-Day Adventist -- 2,388.44 -- 7,348.30

Hebrew Day 8,850.56 -- 760.53 --

Solomon Schechter 613.83 -- -- --

Other Jewish 17,148.77 -- 1,865.30 --

Christian Schools Intl -- 8,062.21 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl -- 12,155.19 22,236.35 17,730.52

Lutheran, Missouri Synod -- 9,043.90 3,389.12 3,448.19

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod -- 1,629.22 -- 575.76

Evangelical Lutheran 296.09 302.81 196.69 177.21

Other Lutheran -- 120.71 -- --

Montessori -- -- 3,247.17 1,763.33

Schools for Exceptional Children 3,966.98 347.85 -- --

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 8,250.66 7,177.04 13,335.95 7,610.95

Military -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 19,069.30 13,296.31 32,757.58 15,905.49

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 17,886.74 18,455.80 13,906.65 16,794.32

 Parochial 23,250.42 23,459.07 14,898.82 21,742.54

 Diocesan 16,451.88 17,818.51 12,631.33 19,448.62

 Private order 10,663.39 10,925.88 7,758.29 8,336.05

Other religious 21,179.67 21,563.54 36,040.27 26,354.10

 Conservative Christian 10,210.44 13,824.38 24,134.02 19,014.03

 Affiliated 10,517.59 11,462.83 14,244.28 13,947.63

 Unaffiliated 15,973.97 14,765.57 24,147.47 13,814.54

Nonsectarian 16,100.65 11,448.63 25,634.34 13,614.90

 Regular 15,870.03 9,292.95 25,438.07 13,643.42

 Special emphasis 3,240.33 7,262.42 5,851.13 9,507.84

 Special education 5,696.51 -- 4,422.54 --

All members of NAIS 11,327.41 9,322.32 17,611.68 10,193.36

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–16 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A2.2— Standard errors for percentage of enrollment in different community types, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

% %

% Urban Urban

% Mid- fringe fringe % %

Large size large mid- Large Small %

Total city city city city town town Rural

Total Private 60,257.94 0.81 0.80 0.64 0.66 0.21 0.66 0.31

Total Public 393,745.61 0.51 0.54 0.59 0.45 0.18 0.47 0.37

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 15,232.20 1.04 1.07 0.71 0.61 0.35 0.51 0.30

Episcopal 4,784.02 4.72 4.93 2.95 3.49 0.26 1.68 1.10

Friends 1,755.14 2.12 2.63 1.55 0.33 0.04 0.45 0.04

Seventh-Day Adventist 11,433.76 5.10 5.48 8.91 7.72 0.61 5.53 1.75

Hebrew Day 9,268.95 5.05 0.94 4.52 2.29 0.00 0.00 0.00

Solomon Schechter 1,165.92 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 17,074.70 7.37 1.19 8.44 3.48 0.00 0.00 0.00

Christian Schools Intl 17,566.78 5.92 5.23 5.04 4.63 2.41 7.64 2.92

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 29,024.55 3.99 3.97 2.43 2.15 0.68 3.66 2.43

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 9,190.46 4.07 4.49 4.92 3.45 1.30 3.25 1.80

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1,472.15 1.44 2.81 2.56 1.89 1.14 2.29 1.96

Evangelical Lutheran 283.68 1.99 1.54 0.74 1.13 0.05 0.92 0.39

Other Lutheran 63.56 5.24 1.31 1.11 0.29 0.73 1.32 0.48

Montessori 3,763.12 7.02 6.44 7.38 1.27 1.87 2.33 0.01

Schls for Exceptl Children 4,320.88 6.34 9.63 5.54 6.93 0.26 3.22 1.01

Natl Assoc of 

 Indep School (only) 17,850.77 3.19 3.30 2.66 1.48 0.62 1.86 0.79

Military -- 0.00 -- -- -- 0.00 -- --

Other Private Schools 46,914.77 1.66 1.85 1.42 2.24 0.58 2.17 1.34

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 15,232.20 1.04 1.07 0.71 0.61 0.35 0.51 0.30

 Parochial 34,467.48 1.51 1.67 1.28 0.95 0.70 1.02 0.57

 Diocesan 29,905.86 1.69 1.94 1.78 1.25 0.64 1.02 0.55

 Private order 20,682.03 2.76 2.28 2.65 2.19 0.16 1.17 0.53

Other religious 48,665.54 1.56 1.57 1.19 1.18 0.45 1.62 0.87

 Conservative Christian 35,149.30 2.89 3.02 2.04 1.63 0.85 2.84 2.09

 Affiliated 24,643.36 2.48 2.09 2.15 2.12 0.44 1.91 0.68

 Unaffiliated 33,680.43 2.51 2.98 2.64 2.24 1.08 3.76 2.15

Nonsectarian 37,177.90 1.81 1.89 1.94 1.98 0.31 2.03 0.95

 Regular 34,632.87 2.17 2.43 2.11 2.43 0.40 2.76 1.03

 Special emphasis 15,023.98 4.41 4.28 4.85 2.19 0.58 1.71 2.93

 Special education 7,560.10 3.69 4.65 5.23 3.19 0.10 1.61 1.29

All members of NAIS 25,550.32 2.27 2.38 1.91 1.27 0.40 1.41 0.58

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–17

Table A2.3a— Standard errors for percentage of private elementary schools with admission 

requirements, by affiliation: 1993-94

%

% Stand. % % % % %

Admiss. achiev. Academ. Special Special % Recom- Religious

test test record needs aptitudes Interview mendations affil.

Total Private 1.17 0.97 1.35 0.76 0.39 1.50 0.92 1.25

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1.23 1.07 1.48 0.78 0.48 1.53 1.04 1.35

Episcopal 8.95 5.43 7.45 0.00 2.01 7.16 6.54 2.38

Friends 8.35 4.03 9.56 2.60 0.48 10.61 9.18 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 5.47 5.87 8.09 4.75 0.72 8.02 6.87 4.24

Hebrew Day 5.71 6.78 7.63 6.73 0.00 6.07 8.13 6.95

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 7.12 2.48 5.72 1.09 1.09 6.38 6.60 4.79

Christian Schools Intl -- -- -- -- 0.00 9.85 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 7.56 5.87 6.03 5.19 2.39 7.39 5.08 5.78

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.26 4.19 4.97 2.07 1.99 5.52 2.76 2.11

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2.84 1.01 3.21 1.99 0.51 4.79 2.61 5.10

Evangelical Lutheran 1.92 2.45 2.31 2.11 0.05 2.22 1.30 1.27

Other Lutheran 0.58 6.08 5.07 1.04 0.00 3.42 6.30 3.97

Montessori 2.44 2.64 3.54 2.88 1.97 8.53 4.32 0.00

Schools for Exceptional Children -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 7.66 7.61 6.98 6.70 4.82 6.84 8.46 0.00

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.19 1.79 4.23 1.91 0.88 4.15 2.89 4.05

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1.23 1.07 1.48 0.78 0.48 1.53 1.04 1.35

 Parochial 1.90 1.36 2.08 0.95 0.54 1.74 1.12 1.42

 Diocesan 2.72 2.34 3.28 2.02 1.19 3.19 2.22 3.09

 Private order -- -- 6.80 -- -- -- -- 0.00

Other religious 2.24 1.87 2.28 1.30 0.67 2.75 1.73 2.34

 Conservative Christian 6.67 5.28 5.60 4.28 2.47 6.33 4.63 4.89

 Affiliated 2.03 2.49 3.17 1.71 0.92 4.32 2.54 2.58

 Unaffiliated 2.50 2.10 2.99 1.22 0.08 3.97 3.08 5.05

Nonsectarian 2.45 2.20 5.31 2.16 0.89 4.83 2.32 0.00

 Regular 4.24 3.50 7.80 1.56 1.06 7.28 3.38 0.00

 Special emphasis 2.77 2.98 3.67 4.18 1.27 6.79 3.57 0.00

 Special education -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

All members of NAIS 6.13 6.57 5.22 4.03 2.72 5.03 5.64 2.76

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–18 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A2.3b— Standard errors for percentage of private schools serving secondary students 

with specified admission requirements, by affiliation: 1993-94

%

% Stand. % % % % %

Admiss. achiev. Academ. Special Special % Recom- Religious

test test record needs aptitudes Interview mendations affil.

Total Private 1.81 1.32 1.79 1.49 1.09 2.35 1.75 1.11

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2.18 2.49 2.36 1.88 1.36 2.09 2.42 1.22

Episcopal 5.09 6.15 4.79 3.13 3.68 4.60 5.92 0.79

Friends 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 6.88 8.37 9.72 2.19 2.11 10.08 10.07 4.77

Hebrew Day 8.61 5.45 7.05 7.81 7.60 5.51 8.33 4.45

Solomon Schechter -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 8.28 8.66 9.89 2.12 2.29 8.67 9.47 7.22

Christian Schools Intl -- -- -- -- 0.00 9.77 10.61 8.67

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 4.48 4.57 5.93 2.84 2.72 5.24 5.86 5.71

Lutheran, Missouri Synod -- -- 8.54 -- 0.09 -- -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod -- -- 11.85 -- -- -- 10.50 --

Evangelical Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.00

Schools for Exceptional Children 3.39 2.85 4.82 7.23 3.63 8.32 4.11 0.00

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schls (only) 2.84 3.96 2.20 3.25 2.57 2.47 3.57 0.81

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.76 1.98 2.64 2.53 1.76 3.59 2.61 1.63

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 2.18 2.49 2.36 1.88 1.36 2.09 2.42 1.22

 Parochial 5.31 4.41 5.18 3.86 1.40 5.18 4.19 2.84

 Diocesan 3.78 3.44 3.60 3.45 1.35 3.36 3.41 2.17

 Private order 3.93 3.80 3.18 2.91 2.92 3.55 3.74 1.87

Other religious 2.61 2.25 2.77 1.50 1.37 3.03 2.66 2.18

 Conservative Christian 3.57 2.79 3.85 2.05 1.60 4.36 3.20 3.21

 Affiliated 3.40 3.72 4.79 1.71 1.88 4.70 4.32 3.54

 Unaffiliated 6.37 6.16 5.45 3.08 2.99 6.95 6.11 4.09

Nonsectarian 2.58 1.68 2.79 3.77 2.46 4.09 3.30 0.00

 Regular 4.68 3.99 6.55 1.89 1.72 6.39 5.16 0.00

 Special emphasis 5.58 1.05 6.16 9.62 4.46 7.56 6.92 0.00

 Special Education 4.52 2.41 3.35 5.60 5.34 6.89 5.29 0.00

All members of NAIS 2.50 3.23 1.82 2.43 2.61 1.82 2.66 2.10

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–19

Table A2.4— Standard errors for percent male enrollment and percentage of coeducational, 

all-girls and all-boys schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

% of % of % of

% Male schools co-ed schools all-girls schools all-boys

Total Private 0.29 0.30 0.14 0.26

Total Public 0.10 NA NA NA

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.39 0.35 0.32 0.30

Episcopal 1.79 2.85 1.35 2.49

Friends 0.17 0.36 0.36 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00

Hebrew Day 6.85 6.76 3.53 7.06

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 4.42 5.29 3.04 4.93

Christian Schools Intl 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.66 0.66 0.00 0.66

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00

Evangelical Lutheran 0.38 1.55 0.00 1.55

Other Lutheran 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00

Montessori 1.51 4.38 0.00 4.38

Schools for Exceptional Children 2.04 1.76 1.33 1.30

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 0.90 1.67 1.09 1.39

Military 6.46 11.10 0.00 --

Other Private Schools 0.57 0.63 0.03 0.63

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.39 0.35 0.32 0.30

 Parochial 0.26 0.41 0.37 0.13

 Diocesan 0.64 0.65 0.34 0.61

 Private order 2.29 3.22 2.86 2.41

Other religious 0.56 0.27 0.13 0.25

 Conservative Christian 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00

 Affiliated 1.13 0.76 0.41 0.61

 Unaffiliated 0.83 0.54 0.14 0.56

Nonsectarian 0.50 1.15 0.17 1.11

 Regular 0.58 0.92 0.36 0.81

 Special emphasis 1.11 2.96 0.17 2.98

 Special Education 1.51 2.62 0.30 2.57

All members of NAIS 0.87 1.71 1.24 1.27

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

(NA) These data not collected.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–20 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A2.5— Standard errors for percentage of students in different racial-ethnic groups, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

% %%

American % % Black White

Indian Asian Hispanic non-Hispanic non-Hispanic

Total Private 0.11 0.25 0.37 0.47 0.65

Total Public 0.02 0.14 0.37 0.27 0.41

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.16 0.31 0.61 0.79 1.03

Episcopal 0.07 1.63 0.56 0.50 1.79

Friends 0.01 0.15 0.46 0.26 0.71

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.07 0.94 1.22 4.54 4.95

Hebrew Day 0.05 0.08 0.67 0.05 0.73

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 0.04 0.04 0.21 0.30 0.46

Christian Schools Intl 2.00 1.87 1.74 0.40 3.78

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.57 0.95 1.24 1.33 2.89

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.10 0.45 1.24 1.71 2.12

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.07 0.16 0.30 0.48 0.64

Evangelical Lutheran 0.03 0.20 0.33 1.69 1.71

Other Lutheran 0.03 0.08 0.10 0.20 0.00

Montessori 0.11 0.91 1.04 1.84 2.02

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.04 0.28 0.55 4.56 4.66

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 0.04 0.48 0.21 0.55 0.84

Military -- -- -- -- 4.47

Other Private Schools 0.08 0.78 1.01 0.97 1.54

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.16 0.31 0.61 0.79 1.03

 Parochial 0.27 0.42 0.92 1.27 1.58

 Diocesan 0.03 0.60 1.22 0.79 1.70

 Private order 0.26 0.53 1.03 1.36 1.41

Other religious 0.17 0.48 0.45 0.63 1.11

 Conservative Christian 0.39 0.81 0.89 1.04 2.11

 Affiliated 0.34 0.51 0.64 0.71 1.40

 Unaffiliated 0.04 1.21 0.75 1.39 1.96

Nonsectarian 0.09 0.39 0.90 0.78 1.40

 Regular 0.05 0.48 1.24 1.05 1.84

 Special emphasis 0.41 0.69 0.54 1.40 1.77

 Special education 0.11 0.79 0.57 2.17 2.47

All members of NAIS 0.05 0.43 0.37 0.58 0.69

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–21

Table A2.6— Standard errors for percentage of schools with different concentrations of 

minority students, by affiliation: 1993-94

% w/ % w/ % w/ % w/

1 - 10% 11 - 30% 31 - 50% > 50%

None min. stdts. min. stdts. min. stdts. min. stdts.

Total Private 1.16 1.08 0.72 0.66 0.79

Total Public 0.29 0.51 0.55 0.51 0.44

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.69 1.40 1.15 0.69 1.18

Episcopal 0.00 3.17 4.13 3.08 3.83

Friends 0.46 2.38 7.34 10.45 0.49

Seventh-Day Adventist 6.63 3.07 5.64 3.75 3.65

Hebrew Day 3.17 2.59 1.00 0.00 1.62

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 4.92 4.33 3.27 2.41 0.00

Christian Schools Intl 2.97 5.96 3.63 1.81 5.10

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.96 4.45 2.96 2.67 3.43

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.53 4.61 3.86 2.78 3.25

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 3.26 4.14 3.68 2.43 0.22

Evangelical Lutheran 1.04 1.99 1.58 0.73 2.38

Other Lutheran 2.69 3.45 0.77 0.00 0.00

Montessori 2.49 3.73 5.87 2.73 2.64

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.64 5.02 8.01 2.17 5.94

Natl Assoc of Indep Schools (only) 0.12 3.71 3.69 2.09 2.16

Military 0.00 -- -- -- 0.00

Other Private Schools 2.88 1.93 1.90 1.04 1.69

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.69 1.40 1.15 0.69 1.18

 Parochial 0.96 2.01 1.51 0.74 1.52

 Diocesan 1.67 2.98 2.20 1.43 2.53

 Private order 0.00 2.89 2.91 2.46 2.25

Other religious 2.22 1.92 1.22 0.81 1.26

 Conservative Christian 2.33 3.63 2.06 1.62 2.35

 Affiliated 2.61 2.00 2.54 1.59 1.57

 Unaffiliated 4.35 3.06 2.07 0.58 1.99

Nonsectarian 3.06 2.40 2.63 1.73 2.11

 Regular 4.66 4.29 2.89 2.33 2.28

 Special emphasis 4.03 2.99 4.21 3.62 4.74

 Special Education 3.43 3.68 7.86 4.06 4.96

All members of NAIS 0.45 2.17 2.55 1.43 1.67

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–22 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.1— Standard errors for number of teachers, of full-time equivalent (FTE) teachers, of 

other staff, and percentage full time as reported by schools, by affiliation: 1993-

94

# FTE % Full # Other % Full

teachers # Teachers time staff time

Total Private 4,997.17 5,571.55 0.37 3,930.47 0.81

Total Public 20,579.05 20,759.20 0.14 16,785.90 0.31

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1,185.95 1,347.85 0.33 1,377.63 1.26

Episcopal 402.79 437.51 1.39 289.66 1.95

Friends 197.81 240.66 0.61 94.87 2.03

Seventh-Day Adventist 625.07 694.28 1.77 532.52 3.72

Hebrew Day 537.13 775.52 4.43 566.01 6.16

Solomon Schechter 97.68 140.49 0.00 75.94 0.00

Other Jewish 993.92 1,555.74 5.09 735.92 3.21

Christian Schools Intl 1,067.43 1,196.06 2.14 643.61 5.51

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1,864.54 1,885.97 1.47 1,783.85 2.54

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 425.11 445.48 1.77 391.69 3.52

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 66.08 80.85 0.87 93.67 2.21

Evangelical Lutheran 17.17 20.59 0.63 22.09 1.47

Other Lutheran 3.46 0.20 1.36 1.83 1.04

Montessori 314.62 397.59 3.06 523.24 4.37

Schools for Exceptional Children 770.25 852.91 3.74 1,316.40 3.36

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 1,846.04 2,002.69 0.84 1,395.04 1.36

Military 113.60 121.55 1.39 -- 0.38

Other Private Schools 3,559.60 3,868.35 1.02 2,946.91 1.89

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1,185.95 1,347.85 0.33 1,377.63 1.26

 Parochial 1,844.39 2,121.64 0.52 1,464.60 1.41

 Diocesan 1,533.25 1,727.65 0.53 1,459.51 2.43

 Private order 1,397.56 1,585.18 1.08 1,112.57 1.98

Other religious 3,249.32 3,582.00 0.84 2,731.31 1.47

 Conservative Christian 2,230.66 2,299.21 1.21 2,063.31 2.25

 Affiliated 1,748.65 2,042.84 1.51 1,159.99 1.65

 Unaffiliated 2,393.14 2,766.34 1.68 1,670.16 2.94

Nonsectarian 3,594.36 3,933.41 0.82 3,260.92 1.69

 Regular 2,929.12 3,196.41 0.97 2,409.60 2.30

 Special emphasis 1,453.78 1,622.60 2.34 1,113.70 3.17

 Special education 1,251.68 1,315.64 1.76 2,400.48 2.89

All members of NAIS 2,404.50 2,623.75 0.75 1,902.19 1.21

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–23

Table A3.2a— Standard errors for percentage distribution of grades K-6 teachers, by main field 

of assignment and affiliation: 1993-94 

Total # % % % % % % %

of K-6 Elem-- Special Vocat’l. % Foreign Mathe- Social Other

teachers entary educ. educ. Science language matics studies specialty

Total Private 3,186.80 0.83 0.30 0.06 0.16 0.22 0.17 0.18 0.61

Total Public 16,403.45 0.48 0.26 0.03 0.15 0.04 0.17 0.12 0.44

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1,285.82 0.90 0.26 0.08 0.23 0.17 0.34 0.22 0.72

Episcopal 692.20 3.61 1.48 0.00 1.83 2.28 1.77 1.53 3.62

Friends 103.22 5.97 0.00 0.00 2.83 0.86 2.08 2.45 4.82

Seventh-Day Adventist 637.57 5.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.63 0.00 5.26

Hebrew Day 599.52 7.02 6.54 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.76 2.09 5.94

Solomon Schechter 161.73 5.78 0.87 0.00 1.09 4.63 0.00 0.00 5.49

Other Jewish 649.55 3.74 1.13 0.00 1.56 1.76 0.70 0.49 4.83

Christian Schools Intl 594.67 4.85 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.87

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1,747.33 2.28 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.96 0.59 0.00 2.20

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1,763.83 3.23 0.42 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.54 0.78 2.55

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 260.10 1.71 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.34 1.40

Evangelical Lutheran 274.82 3.31 0.54 0.00 0.61 0.98 0.94 0.49 2.32

Other Lutheran 38.69 3.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.20 0.00 3.96

Montessori 754.54 3.48 0.00 0.00 0.64 2.30 0.74 0.53 2.37

Schls for Exceptl Children 182.36 7.39 8.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.63 0.00 2.74

Natl Assoc 

 of Indep Schls (only) 1,072.94 2.48 0.65 0.16 1.10 1.24 1.13 0.36 2.54

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2,412.98 2.10 0.96 0.20 0.52 0.42 0.38 0.67 1.79

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1,285.82 0.90 0.26 0.08 0.23 0.17 0.34 0.22 0.72

 Parochial 1,884.09 1.09 0.28 0.08 0.28 0.20 0.39 0.26 0.88

 Diocesan 1,095.87 1.60 0.75 0.00 0.31 0.42 0.61 0.39 1.54

 Private order 503.11 4.63 2.07 1.53 1.23 2.17 3.28 1.28 5.07

Other religious 2,517.32 1.21 0.35 0.11 0.20 0.36 0.31 0.24 1.02

 Conservative Christian 1,812.15 1.77 0.38 0.29 0.06 0.72 0.53 0.34 1.72

 Affiliated 1,777.55 2.06 0.88 0.00 0.41 0.47 0.27 0.34 1.80

 Unaffiliated 1,682.27 2.41 0.23 0.00 0.40 0.55 0.70 0.68 2.20

Nonsectarian 2,152.35 1.88 1.12 0.05 0.63 0.60 0.54 0.58 1.50

 Regular 1,914.75 2.04 0.38 0.08 0.96 0.89 0.74 0.85 1.63

 Special emphasis 1,538.75 2.84 1.26 0.00 1.39 1.12 0.33 0.25 3.92

 Special education 477.73 5.87 7.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.02 0.00 5.13

All members of NAIS 1,310.30 1.98 0.53 0.11 0.87 1.09 0.84 0.48 2.04

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–24 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.2b— Standard errors for percentage distribution of grades 7-12 teachers, by main 

field of assignment and affiliation: 1993-94 

Total # % % % % % % %

of 7-12 Elem-- Special Vocat’l. % Foreign Mathe- Social Other

teachers entary educ. educ. Science language matics studies specialty

Total Private 3,657.13 0.41 0.49 0.19 0.49 0.36 0.54 0.60 0.82

Total Public 17,835.13 0.12 0.22 0.20 0.19 0.18 0.20 0.19 0.32

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1,458.63 0.52 0.34 0.26 0.40 0.47 0.64 0.70 1.01

Episcopal 594.51 0.37 1.19 0.00 2.26 2.70 3.63 2.16 4.00

Friends 173.50 0.36 3.33 0.00 4.62 6.10 5.00 5.44 4.92

Seventh-Day Adventist 428.99 3.63 0.00 1.94 2.67 3.17 2.62 2.26 4.80

Hebrew Day 212.68 2.97 0.59 0.37 3.69 3.12 3.51 2.36 6.03

Solomon Schechter -- 0.00 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- -- 8.90

Other Jewish 714.43 1.24 0.00 1.76 4.77 5.11 4.40 3.99 5.19

Christian Schools Intl 462.87 2.89 0.73 1.42 3.70 1.90 2.97 3.62 4.20

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1,082.00 2.08 1.49 1.49 2.24 1.77 2.52 2.36 4.01

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 554.38 3.84 0.00 1.32 3.54 0.77 2.82 2.44 5.09

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 159.47 3.63 0.00 1.07 1.98 1.42 2.05 1.44 3.32

Evangelical Lutheran 98.20 5.86 1.19 0.00 3.20 2.04 3.53 3.66 4.18

Other Lutheran 29.08 6.08 0.00 0.00 3.42 3.50 5.53 4.25 5.38

Montessori -- -- -- 0.00 -- 0.00 0.00 -- --

Schools for Exceptl Children 806.51 2.63 5.76 2.11 1.32 0.00 1.26 0.90 4.22

Natl Assoc of

 Indep Schools (only) 1,492.37 0.79 0.51 0.63 1.14 1.19 1.53 1.03 2.28

Military 148.15 0.00 2.37 0.00 5.36 3.04 5.24 6.17 6.69

Other Private Schools 2,258.04 1.22 1.56 0.62 1.12 0.88 1.43 2.49 2.35

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1,458.63 0.52 0.34 0.26 0.40 0.47 0.64 0.70 1.01

 Parochial 798.89 1.45 0.24 0.62 1.37 0.64 1.69 1.37 1.79

 Diocesan 937.05 0.47 0.69 0.46 0.75 0.65 1.29 1.01 1.62

 Private Order 1,208.03 0.19 0.55 0.28 0.67 1.09 0.98 0.96 1.41

Other religious 2,092.74 0.98 0.86 0.41 1.00 0.73 1.17 1.74 1.65

 Conservative Christian 1,321.25 1.66 1.10 0.92 1.74 1.29 2.26 2.12 2.93

 Affiliated 1,048.19 1.14 0.23 0.52 1.05 1.73 1.41 1.31 1.92

 Unaffiliated 1,664.89 2.33 2.23 0.84 1.79 1.11 2.42 5.14 3.97

Nonsectarian 2,328.19 0.59 1.64 0.56 1.04 0.87 1.09 0.90 1.69

 Regular 1,599.71 0.47 0.58 0.80 1.44 1.10 1.50 1.13 2.41

 Special emphasis 742.92 3.84 2.91 0.65 2.37 2.77 2.42 3.24 3.38

 Special education 1,206.37 1.59 4.03 0.82 0.23 0.35 0.61 1.58 3.42

All members of NAIS 1,808.44 0.48 0.53 0.37 0.85 0.90 1.15 0.82 1.75

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–25

Table A3.3— Standard errors for percentage of teachers certified, by affiliation: 1993-94

% Teachers

% Teachers certified by private % Teachers

certified by state organization certified by either

Total Private 0.68 0.72 0.60

Total Public 0.04 NA NA

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.67 1.15 0.69

Episcopal 3.58 3.24 3.40

Friends 2.30 0.36 2.34

Seventh-Day Adventist 5.07 2.66 1.76

Hebrew Day 3.45 4.57 3.31

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 6.04 5.47 4.35

Christian Schools Intl 6.23 5.78 3.40

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2.84 3.07 1.71

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 2.67 4.99 2.15

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2.74 2.61 2.27

Evangelical Lutheran 0.78 0.74 0.77

Other Lutheran 2.70 4.02 1.37

Montessori 5.56 4.13 3.45

Schools for Exceptional Children 8.61 1.22 8.61

Natl Assoc of Independent Schls (only) 2.01 2.57 2.24

Military 9.40 2.34 9.67

Other Private Schools 2.10 2.00 1.79

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.67 1.15 0.69

 Parochial 0.78 1.68 0.79

 Diocesan 1.27 1.98 1.25

 Private order 2.28 2.57 2.25

Other religious 1.30 1.09 1.06

 Conservative Christian 2.73 2.35 1.73

 Affiliated 1.86 2.18 1.49

 Unaffiliated 3.10 2.66 2.84

Nonsectarian 1.53 1.92 1.33

 Regular 1.90 2.44 1.73

 Special emphasis 3.59 4.51 3.07

 Special education 2.29 2.22 2.29

All members of NAIS 1.64 1.90 1.86

(NA) These data not collected.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–26 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.4— Standard errors for percentage of teachers by highest degree obtained, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

% % % % %

 < Bachelor’s Bachelor’s Master’s Ed. Prof. Doctorate

Total Private 0.46 0.63 0.69 0.19 0.15

Total Public 0.06 0.33 0.33 0.14 0.07

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.32 0.78 0.73 0.23 0.15

Episcopal 1.23 3.03 2.53 0.85 1.20

Friends 1.41 6.81 5.77 2.11 1.14

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.72 3.94 4.26 0.25 1.42

Hebrew Day 8.33 4.40 6.25 1.58 2.51

Solomon Schechter 1.28 4.32 4.12 2.37 1.13

Other Jewish 2.80 3.99 4.17 2.88 1.27

Christian Schools Intl 0.91 4.55 4.52 0.62 0.66

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1.36 1.83 1.79 0.74 0.15

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.61 2.81 2.73 0.55 0.18

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1.06 1.99 1.88 0.20 0.32

Evangelical Lutheran 1.13 2.09 1.72 0.59 0.65

Other Lutheran 1.73 3.88 3.94 1.54 0.00

Montessori 3.91 4.36 2.96 2.52 0.67

Schools for Exceptional Children 1.63 7.45 5.71 2.30 2.44

Natl Assoc of Indep Schools (only) 0.38 1.73 1.74 0.70 0.65

Military 0.00 6.94 7.32 2.28 5.91

Other Private Schools 1.70 1.97 1.80 0.71 0.43

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.32 0.78 0.73 0.23 0.15

 Parochial 0.48 1.03 1.03 0.37 0.12

 Diocesan 0.35 1.62 1.56 0.50 0.23

 Private order 0.44 1.51 1.44 0.58 0.62

Other religious 1.19 0.90 1.03 0.45 0.30

 Conservative Christian 1.48 1.65 1.37 0.53 0.16

 Affiliated 1.51 1.70 1.57 0.60 0.57

 Unaffiliated 2.74 2.68 2.23 1.17 0.68

Nonsectarian 0.65 1.53 1.34 0.52 0.37

 Regular 0.58 1.80 1.57 0.49 0.49

 Special emphasis 2.22 2.36 2.49 1.45 0.63

 Special education 1.44 4.34 3.72 1.52 0.89

All members of NAIS 0.34 1.33 1.30 0.49 0.47

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–27

Table A3.5— Standard errors for percentage of teachers in different age ranges, by affiliation: 

1993-94

% %

Younger % % 55 or

than 25 25 - 39 40 - 54 Older

Total Private 0.25 0.57 0.65 0.33

Total Public 0.10 0.33 0.36 0.20

18 Affiliation Categores

Catholic 0.34 0.87 0.73 0.57

Episcopal 0.89 3.08 2.95 2.28

Friends 1.70 4.00 3.85 2.88

Seventh-Day Adventist 1.46 3.13 2.81 2.98

Hebrew Day 4.51 3.57 5.01 2.99

Solomon Schechter 1.24 3.51 4.37 3.37

Other Jewish 1.72 4.77 5.13 2.28

Christian Schools Intl 1.56 2.51 2.79 1.51

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1.19 2.33 2.07 0.97

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.08 2.76 3.00 2.07

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1.13 2.25 2.19 1.26

Evangelical Lutheran 0.87 2.35 3.03 1.66

Other Lutheran 0.59 4.78 5.39 3.26

Montessori 1.17 3.14 3.45 1.73

Schools for Exceptional Children 2.11 5.26 6.45 0.64

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 0.62 1.34 1.37 1.09

Military 1.78 7.70 8.09 5.96

Other Private Schools 1.10 1.69 1.80 1.03

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.34 0.87 0.73 0.57

 Parochial 0.50 1.28 1.16 0.74

 Diocesan 0.47 1.67 1.23 0.78

 Private order 0.78 1.67 1.44 1.37

Other religious 0.68 1.23 1.24 0.67

 Conservative Christian 1.21 2.03 1.56 1.02

 Affiliated 0.74 1.40 1.61 1.12

 Unaffiliated 2.03 2.65 2.63 1.16

Nonsectarian 0.45 1.39 1.40 0.87

 Regular 0.54 1.34 1.44 1.13

 Special emphasis 0.95 2.86 3.38 2.12

 Special education 1.21 3.77 4.30 1.22

All members of NAIS 0.49 1.20 1.03 0.90

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–28 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.6— Standard errors for percentage of teachers of different sex, race, and ethnicity, 

by affiliation: 1993-94

% American % Black % White

% Male Indian % Asian non-Hisp. non-Hisp. % Hisp.

Total Private 0.43 0.07 0.16 0.27 0.41 0.26

Total Public 0.36 0.06 0.05 0.21 0.33 0.23

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.66 0.08 0.11 0.34 0.47 0.27

Episcopal 3.62 0.43 0.51 0.91 2.03 1.27

Friends 4.39 0.24 0.00 2.05 4.41 4.63

Seventh-Day Adventist 3.19 0.47 0.71 2.59 4.17 1.75

Hebrew Day 5.92 0.00 0.00 1.26 1.30 0.77

Solomon Schechter 2.96 0.00 0.71 0.00 1.58 1.43

Other Jewish 2.81 0.00 0.45 0.46 0.91 0.65

Christian Schools Intl 2.75 0.28 0.00 0.25 1.03 0.92

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1.79 0.08 0.80 1.32 1.46 0.81

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 2.94 0.00 0.18 0.56 0.68 0.39

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1.85 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.40

Evangelical Lutheran 2.13 0.33 1.37 1.04 1.87 1.09

Other Lutheran 4.01 1.27 0.00 0.00 1.27 0.00

Montessori 1.95 1.11 2.16 1.88 3.03 1.83

Schools for Exceptional Children 4.95 0.00 0.13 2.22 2.44 0.73

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 1.55 0.13 0.39 0.46 0.78 0.48

Military 6.06 0.00 1.64 0.00 1.64 0.00

Other Private Schools 0.99 0.25 0.31 0.83 1.25 0.92

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.66 0.08 0.11 0.34 0.47 0.27

 Parochial 0.78 0.04 0.14 0.52 0.75 0.35

 Diocesan 1.24 0.21 0.22 0.52 0.78 0.47

 Private order 2.34 0.25 0.26 0.70 1.00 0.99

Other religious 0.79 0.08 0.25 0.51 0.61 0.42

 Conservative Christian 1.30 0.05 0.56 1.05 1.26 0.84

 Affiliated 1.32 0.13 0.13 0.47 0.81 0.45

 Unaffiliated 1.60 0.26 0.49 1.05 1.34 0.91

Nonsectarian 1.13 0.24 0.41 0.57 1.05 0.67

 Regular 1.39 0.28 0.25 0.63 1.33 0.92

 Special emphasis 3.08 0.33 1.81 0.97 1.79 1.00

 Special education 2.44 0.74 0.35 1.63 1.87 1.11

All members of NAIS 1.25 0.15 0.27 0.37 0.59 0.48

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–29

Table A3.7— Standard errors for principals' experience in teaching and administering, and 

salary, by affiliation: 1993-94

# Total yrs Yrs prin. Yrs prin.

of principals teaching at school elsewhere Salary

Total Private 197.66 0.29 0.17 0.11 $393.72

Total Public 235.23 0.09 0.08 0.08 $126.63

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 65.22 0.31 0.12 0.20 $331.80

Episcopal 11.21 0.78 0.61 0.83 $1,719.72

Friends 1.15 0.71 0.57 0.43 $1,489.86

Seventh-Day Adventist 43.90 1.95 0.37 0.94 $1,551.50

Hebrew Day 11.26 1.19 0.61 0.75 $3,255.83

Solomon Schechter 4.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 $0.00

Other Jewish 26.32 0.86 1.00 0.80 $2,926.28

Christian Schools Intl 61.69 0.92 0.90 1.01 $2,243.99

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 71.98 0.87 0.56 0.33 $1,621.12

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 39.95 1.07 0.94 0.92 $1,240.63

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 11.68 0.97 0.47 0.60 $1,022.05

Evangelical Lutheran 2.25 0.57 0.35 0.32 $790.95

Other Lutheran 0.27 0.40 0.26 0.46 $1,160.46

Montessori 32.71 1.28 0.98 0.55 $2,059.58

Schools for Exceptional Children 15.79 0.76 0.71 0.39 $1,769.01

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 24.34 0.64 0.38 0.33 $2,644.88

Military -- 1.86 -- -- $770.47

Other Private Schools 212.68 0.73 0.49 0.16 $1,159.59

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 65.22 0.31 0.12 0.20 $331.80

 Parochial 115.43 0.38 0.17 0.28 $394.83

 Diocesan 94.15 0.44 0.24 0.31 $545.97

 Private order 47.47 0.97 0.43 0.45 $1,701.25

Other religious 255.79 0.44 0.27 0.20 $726.19

 Conservative Christian 150.64 0.61 0.37 0.26 $1,077.24

 Affiliated 154.84 0.60 0.28 0.47 $995.08

 Unaffiliated 245.66 1.04 0.54 0.39 $1,698.17

Nonsectarian 218.99 0.69 0.61 0.18 $1,332.68

 Regular 172.62 1.38 1.17 0.30 $1,907.59

 Special emphasis 137.70 0.69 0.55 0.36 $2,178.86

 Special education 101.84 0.62 0.69 0.36 $1,849.64

All members of NAIS 51.79 0.50 0.29 0.27 $1,823.22

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–30 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.8— Standard errors for percentage of principals in different age ranges, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

% %

Younger % % 55 or

than 25 25 - 39 40 - 54 older

Total Private 0.35 1.22 1.44 0.97

Total Public 0.00 0.40 0.51 0.50

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.00 1.18 1.68 1.37

Episcopal 0.00 3.36 4.81 4.65

Friends 0.00 1.01 3.77 2.76

Seventh-Day Adventist 3.60 7.96 7.26 8.70

Hebrew Day 0.00 3.86 6.74 5.85

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 0.42 4.26 6.22 5.76

Christian Schools Intl 0.07 4.73 9.91 9.95

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.00 4.12 4.11 3.73

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.68 4.49 5.06 4.68

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 3.71 3.67 4.07 2.22

Evangelical Lutheran 0.00 1.47 2.03 2.72

Other Lutheran 0.61 1.81 4.09 1.67

Montessori 0.00 4.26 6.12 5.57

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.00 6.25 6.26 3.74

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 0.00 2.43 3.89 2.90

Military 0.00 -- 8.20 --

Other Private Schools 0.90 3.38 3.22 2.71

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.00 1.18 1.68 1.37

 Parochial 0.00 1.45 2.03 1.95

 Diocesan 0.00 1.90 2.64 2.07

 Private order 0.00 3.17 3.68 4.03

Other religious 0.73 2.10 2.73 1.92

 Conservative Christian 1.06 3.32 3.56 2.31

 Affiliated 1.28 2.97 3.44 2.70

 Unaffiliated 1.96 4.67 5.39 5.21

Nonsectarian 0.00 2.60 3.32 2.93

 Regular 0.00 4.18 5.14 5.09

 Special emphasis 0.00 4.11 6.04 5.20

 Special education 0.00 6.26 6.20 2.72

All members of NAIS 0.00 2.16 2.70 2.38

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–31

Table A3.9— Standard errors for percentage of principals with different highest degree 

obtained, by affiliation: 1993-94

% % % % %

 < Bachelor’s Bachelor’s Master’s Ed. Prof. Doctorate

Total Private 0.99 1.27 1.28 0.41 0.54

Total Public 0.00 0.21 0.65 0.57 0.33

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.20 1.14 1.52 1.02 0.44

Episcopal 0.00 4.85 5.30 4.09 3.61

Friends 0.54 2.23 5.93 1.33 1.98

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.53 6.71 6.66 0.56 1.11

Hebrew Day 1.56 3.08 5.44 7.21 4.05

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 3.68 4.26 6.35 5.13 5.47

Christian Schools Intl 0.00 8.77 8.61 1.85 1.79

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 3.13 5.01 4.65 1.21 1.19

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.53 6.44 6.60 1.64 1.10

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.62 3.43 3.24 1.14 0.00

Evangelical Lutheran 2.60 1.66 2.08 0.87 0.40

Other Lutheran 0.30 1.97 1.21 0.30 0.15

Montessori 3.25 6.19 6.57 4.33 5.08

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.00 1.70 6.22 6.01 4.10

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 2.28 2.32 3.69 1.86 3.07

Military 0.00 -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.81 3.22 2.73 1.06 1.36

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.20 1.14 1.52 1.02 0.44

 Parochial 0.33 1.65 1.81 1.12 0.49

 Diocesan 0.00 1.43 1.84 1.97 0.68

 Private order 0.00 2.23 3.95 2.82 2.14

Other religious 2.28 2.29 1.90 0.72 0.69

 Conservative Christian 3.01 3.96 3.24 1.04 1.23

 Affiliated 0.93 3.86 3.56 1.03 1.04

 Unaffiliated 5.72 3.88 3.43 1.49 1.29

Nonsectarian 2.48 3.70 3.50 1.31 1.74

 Regular 4.81 5.77 5.16 1.85 2.28

 Special emphasis 3.81 5.60 6.19 2.82 2.74

 Special education 0.01 4.86 7.51 4.12 5.32

All members of NAIS 1.39 2.76 2.77 1.41 2.12

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–32 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.10— Standard errors for percentage of principals of different sex, race, and ethnicity, 

by affiliation: 1993-94

% American

% Male Indian % Asian % Black % White % Hispanic

Total Private 1.10 0.15 0.17 0.50 0.70 0.37

Total Public 0.70 0.08 0.14 0.45 0.54 0.33

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.98 0.28 0.00 0.49 0.81 0.59

Episcopal 4.80 0.00 0.00 2.17 2.17 0.11

Friends 6.26 0.00 0.00 0.75 0.75 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 8.63 0.31 0.58 2.48 2.68 0.00

Hebrew Day 6.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.76

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 5.96 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.46 1.46

Christian Schools Intl 9.34 0.00 1.85 1.24 3.27 3.76

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 4.60 0.58 0.00 2.03 2.13 0.00

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.33 0.00 1.51 1.25 2.02 0.75

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00

Evangelical Lutheran 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.23 0.22

Other Lutheran 1.51 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.00

Montessori 2.37 0.00 4.87 1.26 5.06 0.00

Schools for Exceptional Children 6.23 0.08 0.00 3.37 3.42 0.47

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 3.71 0.00 2.26 1.81 2.58 1.33

Military 2.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Private Schools 2.98 0.48 0.28 1.14 1.57 0.93

9-Cateogry NCES Typology

Catholic 0.98 0.28 0.00 0.49 0.81 0.59

 Parochial 1.40 0.40 0.00 0.76 1.21 0.89

 Diocesan 2.31 0.46 0.00 0.46 1.03 0.91

 Private order 3.54 0.72 0.00 1.02 2.59 2.26

Other religious 2.07 0.16 0.23 0.88 0.93 0.39

 Conservative Christian 3.22 0.30 0.00 1.62 1.89 0.85

 Affiliated 3.47 0.46 0.62 0.83 1.34 0.49

 Unaffiliated 4.36 0.00 0.56 1.67 1.66 0.25

Nonsectarian 2.03 0.68 0.72 1.11 2.08 1.30

 Regular 3.17 1.55 0.12 2.55 3.08 0.94

 Special emphasis 3.81 0.00 2.30 0.68 3.49 2.18

 Special education 5.33 0.02 1.20 0.33 4.07 3.78

All members of NAIS 2.60 0.41 1.38 1.41 1.58 0.89

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–33

Table A3.11— Standard errors for average teacher ratings on policy and control over teaching 

practices, by affiliation: 1993-94

Influence Classroom control

Disci- In- Curricu- Text- Con- Tech- Gra- Disci- Homepline Service lum books tent nique ding pline work

Total Private 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Total Public 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Episcopal 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.05

Friends 0.11 0.14 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.09

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.09 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.04

Hebrew Day 0.15 0.21 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.09

Solomon Schechter 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09

Other Jewish 0.13 0.12 0.17 0.18 0.10 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.09

Christian Schools Intl 0.08 0.14 0.09 0.11 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.06

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.09 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02

Evangelical Lutheran 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04

Other Lutheran 0.11 0.18 0.12 0.09 0.10 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.05

Montessori 0.08 0.14 0.18 0.15 0.17 0.18 0.07 0.06 0.07

Schls for Exceptl Children 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.14 0.08 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.10

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04

Military 0.20 0.18 0.22 0.15 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.17

Other Private Schools 0.06 0.08 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.04

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

 Parochial 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02

 Diocesan 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

 Private order 0.06 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03

Other religious 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02

 Conservative Christian 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

 Affiliated 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03

 Unaffiliated 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.05

Nonsectarian 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.04

 Regular 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04

 Special emphasis 0.12 0.23 0.20 0.14 0.14 0.12 0.06 0.06 0.09

 Special education 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.13 0.08 0.11 0.07 0.11 0.11

All members of NAIS 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–34 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.12— Standard error of teachers' average salaries and satisfaction ratings, by 

affiliation: 1993-94

Salary Class Ratings on

Base salary Extra salary satisfaction size satisfaction teaching again

Total Private $199.07 $11.03 0.04 0.03 0.03

Total Public $90.45 $12.50 0.03 0.03 0.02

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic $174.84 $19.13 0.07 0.05 0.04

Episcopal $1,027.89 $157.65 0.24 0.12 0.16

Friends $955.94 $105.09 0.38 0.20 0.20

Seventh-Day Adventist $856.71 $8.08 0.31 0.24 0.34

Hebrew Day $2,023.90 $18.82 0.38 0.36 0.24

Solomon Schechter $860.86 $113.94 0.34 0.22 0.24

Other Jewish $1,148.04 $272.02 0.41 0.17 0.24

Christian Schools Intl $537.18 $78.58 0.26 0.20 0.20

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl $361.31 $40.18 0.19 0.13 0.10

Lutheran, Missouri Synod $422.26 $118.11 0.18 0.18 0.15

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod $303.33 $34.49 0.18 0.12 0.12

Evangelical Lutheran $226.69 $51.95 0.17 0.09 0.11

Other Lutheran $715.73 $133.36 0.25 0.17 0.24

Montessori $677.89 $156.37 0.28 0.20 0.15

Schls for Exceptl Children $842.72 $129.55 0.27 0.23 0.49

Natl Assoc of 

 Indep Schools (only) $520.38 $60.12 0.14 0.07 0.09

Military $1,149.95 $91.57 0.45 0.32 0.49

Other Private Schools $384.05 $43.55 0.12 0.10 0.09

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic $174.84 $19.13 0.07 0.05 0.04

 Parochial $184.98 $21.68 0.08 0.07 0.06

 Diocesan $228.70 $29.45 0.09 0.10 0.08

 Private order $512.28 $79.27 0.14 0.10 0.09

Other religious $287.67 $26.16 0.09 0.06 0.06

 Conservative Christian $318.50 $28.89 0.16 0.10 0.08

 Affiliated $456.83 $62.35 0.14 0.08 0.10

 Unaffiliated $549.02 $60.85 0.21 0.14 0.11

Nonsectarian $398.33 $44.90 0.10 0.07 0.08

 Regular $548.26 $56.38 0.12 0.08 0.10

 Special emphasis $687.45 $128.90 0.28 0.14 0.10

 Special education $899.39 $64.28 0.23 0.14 0.26

All members of NAIS $416.11 $49.30 0.11 0.05 0.07

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–35

Table A3.13— Standard errors for percentage of teachers reporting different in-kind benefits, 

by affiliation: 1993-94

% % %% % %%

Medical Dental Life Retir- % % Transpor- % Child’s Child

insur. insur. insur. ment Hsng. Meals tation Tuition tuition care

Total Private 0.89 0.84 0.65 0.76 0.35 0.69 0.25 0.65 0.42 0.21

Total Public 0.22 0.49 0.31 0.36 0.02 0.06 0.14 0.31 0.00 0.03

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.98 1.04 0.86 0.81 0.32 0.77 0.26 0.70 0.52 0.14

Episcopal 3.21 4.92 3.75 3.05 2.93 4.60 0.82 3.67 2.20 1.55

Friends 3.92 3.72 4.71 4.99 2.43 4.02 1.26 5.66 3.49 1.63

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.40 2.85 2.99 2.91 2.86 4.37 2.16 3.66 3.87 0.35

Hebrew Day 5.60 3.32 3.48 3.80 2.47 4.92 0.13 1.60 3.59 0.85

Solomon Schechter 6.46 4.84 3.58 4.31 0.59 1.16 0.00 4.27 1.98 0.00

Other Jewish 3.79 3.76 2.54 3.38 0.45 2.88 2.03 3.24 2.83 1.01

Christian Schools Intl 3.92 4.55 3.80 3.36 2.13 1.58 1.48 3.49 2.75 1.40

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 4.03 3.52 3.63 2.61 1.83 2.83 0.68 2.84 2.93 1.56

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 3.20 3.24 2.87 2.77 3.24 3.02 1.82 4.02 1.90 1.16

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1.61 0.75 2.49 1.51 2.24 3.35 1.87 2.67 1.61 0.38

Evangelical Lutheran 2.77 2.35 2.52 2.99 1.84 1.08 0.90 2.53 1.77 1.89

Other Lutheran 4.67 4.65 3.78 5.41 3.51 1.88 2.31 3.78 2.25 1.99

Montessori 4.79 4.10 4.48 3.70 0.32 1.78 1.56 3.15 2.93 2.16

Schls for Exceptional Children 2.81 6.22 5.09 9.15 2.68 7.91 2.20 8.04 0.00 0.92

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 2.56 2.29 2.41 2.09 1.60 2.47 0.52 2.03 1.39 0.63

Military 6.10 6.47 5.29 6.22 9.55 5.37 2.62 6.89 4.27 1.40

Other Private Schools 1.86 1.59 1.50 2.07 0.71 1.95 0.77 1.71 1.38 0.86

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.98 1.04 0.86 0.81 0.32 0.77 0.26 0.70 0.52 0.14

 Parochial 1.28 1.41 1.25 1.16 0.45 0.89 0.40 1.13 0.75 0.20

 Diocesan 1.43 1.65 1.59 1.36 0.51 1.35 0.45 1.01 0.86 0.29

 Private order 1.81 2.05 1.56 1.86 0.87 2.08 0.57 1.93 1.38 0.00

Other religious 1.74 1.86 1.02 1.71 0.96 1.18 0.47 1.47 1.19 0.57

 Conservative Christian 2.82 2.88 2.75 2.38 1.44 2.37 0.59 2.32 2.51 1.41

 Affiliated 2.39 2.63 1.59 2.18 1.26 1.69 0.67 1.93 1.02 0.65

 Unaffiliated 3.47 2.68 2.11 2.80 2.01 2.41 1.15 2.53 2.06 1.27

Nonsectarian 1.87 1.65 1.64 1.81 0.66 1.86 0.53 1.78 0.85 0.46

 Regular 2.48 2.16 2.21 2.03 1.09 2.35 0.64 2.01 1.14 0.57

 Special emphasis 3.38 4.45 3.04 4.15 1.50 3.04 1.14 3.12 1.75 1.37

 Special education 3.49 4.95 4.07 5.70 0.95 4.80 1.79 5.55 0.19 0.25

All members of NAIS 1.87 2.03 1.65 1.58 1.27 2.03 0.46 1.93 1.06 0.51

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–36 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.14— Standard errors for teachers who were newly hired or were laid off, as a 

percentage of all teachers, by affiliation: 1993-94

% New % Laid-off

teachers teachers

Total Private 0.22 0.08

Total Public 0.04 0.02

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.28 0.08

Episcopal 0.79 0.18

Friends 0.17 0.01

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.92 0.61

Hebrew Day 0.91 0.48

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 1.17 0.16

Christian Schools Intl 1.31 0.10

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 1.10 0.36

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.42 0.73

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.98 0.14

Evangelical Lutheran 0.28 0.34

Other Lutheran 0.94 0.04

Montessori 1.89 0.94

Schools for Exceptional Children 1.46 0.16

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 0.46 0.09

Military 1.93 0.11

Other Private Schools 0.65 0.20

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.28 0.08

 Parochial 0.39 0.10

 Diocesan 0.44 0.18

 Private order 0.65 0.11

Other religious 0.43 0.15

 Conservative Christian 0.87 0.28

 Affiliated 0.56 0.14

 Unaffiliated 1.05 0.36

Nonsectarian 0.42 0.17

 Regular 0.46 0.24

 Special emphasis 0.96 0.24

 Special education 1.38 0.14

All members of NAIS 0.35 0.06

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–37

Table A3.15— Standard errors for average difficulty filling vacancies in each field of teaching , 

by affiliation: in 1993-94

Teaching Field

% Schools Gen. Spec. Physical ESOL or Foreign

with vacancies elem. education English Math sciences Biol. bilingual lang.

Total Private 1.03 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.07 0.03

Total Public 0.71 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.02

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1.32 0.01 -- 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 -- 0.04

Episcopal 3.65 0.05 -- -- 0.10 0.13 -- -- 0.09

Friends 2.19 -- -- 0.01 0.03 0.00 -- -- 0.02

Seventh-Day Adventist 6.70 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Hebrew Day 6.31 0.08 -- 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.15 -- 0.13

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.00

Other Jewish 4.86 0.08 -- 0.11 -- 0.20 -- -- 0.14

Christian Schools Intl 3.93 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 3.83 0.05 -- 0.09 0.16 0.16 0.11 -- 0.16

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.97 0.09 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 4.05 0.07 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Evangelical Lutheran 2.75 0.02 -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.02

Other Lutheran 2.29 0.00 -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori 7.76 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.14

Schools for Exceptl Children 7.04 -- 0.13 -- -- -- 0.29 -- --

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schls (only) 2.41 0.03 -- 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 -- 0.06

Military 3.73 -- -- 0.00 -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.54 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.10 0.11 -- 0.08

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1.32 0.01 -- 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 -- 0.04

 Parochial 1.67 0.02 -- 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.08 0.13 0.09

 Diocesan 2.22 0.03 -- 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.06 -- 0.05

 Private order 2.54 -- -- 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.07 -- 0.06

Other religious 1.95 0.04 0.11 0.04 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.07

 Conservative Christian 2.77 0.06 -- 0.07 0.13 0.14 0.10 -- 0.16

 Affiliated 3.23 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.10 -- 0.07

 Unaffiliated 3.82 0.07 -- 0.10 0.09 0.16 0.21 -- 0.13

Nonsectarian 2.62 0.05 0.09 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.10 -- 0.06

 Regular 4.32 0.06 -- 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.10 -- 0.06

 Special emphasis 4.70 0.10 -- -- 0.15 0.12 0.11 -- 0.12

 Special education 6.52 -- 0.12 -- 0.12 0.17 -- -- --

All members of NAIS 1.77 0.06 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.07 -- 0.05

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–38 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A3.16— Standard errors for mean percentage of schools using different strategies to 

address unfilled vacancies, by affiliation: 1993-94

% %

% Hired less % % % Assigned %

% Hired than fully Can- Expanded Added to out/ % Used

Schools w/ fully qual celled class other field Assigned sub.

vacancies qual tchr. tchr. course size loads tchrs. admins. tchr.

Total Private 1.03 0.73 0.74 0.19 0.36 0.49 0.55 0.65 0.42

Total Public 0.71 0.40 0.39 0.20 0.31 0.25 0.30 0.15 0.56

18 Affiliation Categores

Catholic 1.32 0.61 0.79 0.23 0.48 0.28 0.67 0.39 0.38

Episcopal 3.65 0.30 0.86 0.65 0.85 1.62 0.32 1.71 1.22

Friends 2.19 0.00 0.32 0.00 1.30 1.43 1.56 0.95 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 6.70 0.97 4.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.85 1.30 0.96

Hebrew Day 6.31 3.75 1.19 1.51 0.00 1.22 5.24 5.46 3.60

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 4.86 4.64 3.18 2.75 3.69 3.68 3.33 2.65 1.56

Christian Schools Intl 3.93 3.16 3.28 0.00 0.00 3.24 1.23 1.23 1.46

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 3.83 2.41 3.04 1.36 2.12 3.11 0.80 3.66 1.55

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 4.97 2.67 3.37 0.00 0.67 4.50 3.48 0.03 0.03

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 4.05 3.75 1.25 0.27 0.00 1.96 0.06 0.70 2.30

Evangelical Lutheran 2.75 0.28 0.29 0.00 0.28 0.61 0.00 0.28 0.10

Other Lutheran 2.29 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Montessori 7.76 8.64 8.53 0.00 3.02 1.76 3.37 0.50 0.00

Schls for Exceptl Children 7.04 3.51 4.39 0.00 1.58 1.50 0.93 1.64 2.69

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schls (only) 2.41 3.78 2.46 1.94 1.02 1.79 2.14 1.38 1.70

Military 3.73 2.32 -- 0.00 -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.54 1.80 1.84 0.42 0.51 1.20 1.31 1.75 1.11

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1.32 0.61 0.79 0.23 0.48 0.28 0.67 0.39 0.38

 Parochial 1.67 0.97 1.09 0.35 0.62 0.33 0.72 0.50 0.57

 Diocesan 2.22 0.57 0.90 0.20 1.14 0.37 1.65 0.55 0.65

 Private order 2.54 0.04 1.90 0.04 0.88 1.18 0.77 1.69 0.58

Other religious 1.95 1.33 1.48 0.39 0.65 1.14 0.95 1.35 0.50

 Conservative Christian 2.77 1.85 2.48 0.94 1.45 2.20 1.56 3.01 1.19

 Affiliated 3.23 1.10 1.97 0.40 0.66 1.24 0.60 0.70 0.54

 Unaffiliated 3.82 3.07 2.37 0.04 0.60 1.53 2.34 0.01 0.36

Nonsectarian 2.62 1.88 1.70 0.44 0.54 1.30 1.20 1.24 1.63

 Regular 4.32 2.39 1.85 0.28 0.83 2.06 1.00 1.80 1.69

 Special emphasis 4.70 5.15 4.97 1.63 1.25 2.86 3.69 3.01 3.51

 Special education 6.52 2.82 3.74 0.05 0.49 0.43 2.14 0.41 2.90

All members of NAIS 1.77 2.34 1.94 1.21 0.65 1.21 1.39 1.08 1.12

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–39

Table A4.1— Standard errors for percentage of principals rating each of eight educational 

goals most important, by affiliation: 1993-94

% %% %%

% % Vocat’l % Growth Social Moral Religious

Literacy Excellence skills Discipline esteem skills values develop.1

Total Private 1.20 0.97 0.06 0.59 0.76 0.25 0.54 1.54

Total Public 0.64 0.59 0.10 0.29 0.50 0.22 0.11 0.06

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.94 0.90 0.00 0.65 0.72 0.31 0.68 1.35

Episcopal 3.64 6.22 0.00 1.12 4.60 2.51 2.14 1.38

Friends 2.48 5.27 0.00 0.54 10.62 0.27 0.71 1.72

Seventh-Day Adventist 6.34 5.88 0.00 1.06 0.82 1.22 4.30 8.34

Hebrew Day 2.88 3.75 4.92 4.58 5.38 0.00 2.62 5.92

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 3.19 5.25 0.00 3.13 2.65 0.69 4.85 5.19

Christian Schools Intl 10.32 4.58 0.00 2.56 0.00 0.00 1.85 9.48

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2.29 3.32 0.61 1.94 2.17 1.02 2.15 5.53

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 3.95 2.41 0.00 1.51 0.00 0.74 2.52 4.61

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1.13 0.00 0.00 1.05 0.00 0.00 2.36 2.76

Evangelical Lutheran 1.64 1.79 0.00 1.66 0.85 0.79 0.31 2.59

Other Lutheran 0.30 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.61

Montessori 6.85 3.98 0.00 5.64 7.38 2.76 1.52 0.00

Schools for Exceptl Children 6.17 5.31 1.60 6.89 5.40 0.63 2.88 0.07

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 3.12 4.78 0.00 1.21 3.77 0.00 1.22 1.77

Military -- -- 0.00 -- 0.00 0.00 -- --

Other Private Schools 3.22 2.09 0.03 1.83 2.04 0.80 1.03 2.68

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.94 0.90 0.00 0.65 0.72 0.31 0.68 1.35

 Parochial 1.08 1.24 0.00 0.74 1.08 0.13 0.77 1.91

 Diocesan 1.98 1.97 0.00 1.40 1.49 1.02 1.67 3.13

 Private order 2.06 3.60 0.00 1.65 3.24 0.90 2.21 3.17

Other religious 1.90 1.63 0.15 0.77 0.56 0.24 1.12 2.98

 Conservative Christian 2.33 2.11 0.32 1.07 1.10 0.57 1.98 4.37

 Affiliated 2.47 2.88 0.29 0.68 0.89 0.27 2.04 3.79

 Unaffiliated 5.86 2.61 0.00 2.00 0.76 0.24 1.37 5.42

Nonsectarian 3.58 2.14 0.09 2.04 2.82 1.18 0.59 0.29

 Regular 4.35 4.02 0.00 3.03 4.90 0.49 0.78 0.66

 Special emphasis 5.32 3.50 0.00 4.38 4.75 1.97 1.19 0.03

 Special education 6.97 0.72 0.42 2.00 7.34 4.37 0.66 0.02

All members of NAIS 2.25 3.63 0.00 0.77 2.79 0.01 1.31 2.34

1 For public schools, this goal was replaced by “multicultural awareness or understanding.”

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–40 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A4.2— Standard errors for percentage of principals rating each of eight educational 

goals among the three most important, by affiliation: 1993-94

% %% %%

% % Vocat’l % Growth Social Moral Religious

Literacy Excellence skills Discipline esteem skills values develop.1

Total Private 0.87 1.27 0.77 1.30 1.22 0.72 0.90 1.37

Total Public 0.60 0.67 0.40 0.75 0.61 0.53 0.30 0.55

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 1.32 1.68 0.29 1.24 1.36 0.71 1.49 1.25

Episcopal 4.11 4.99 3.45 5.12 5.95 2.47 5.04 5.22

Friends 8.76 9.32 0.00 4.21 5.80 8.51 4.40 5.20

Seventh-Day Adventist 7.71 8.53 0.77 7.87 10.13 3.92 5.91 4.83

Hebrew Day 6.06 6.40 4.97 5.39 7.12 2.67 5.90 6.17

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 5.47 4.63 1.56 6.33 6.75 3.19 6.21 5.56

Christian Schools Intl 8.06 5.98 1.42 4.81 6.03 4.50 8.71 10.04

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 4.36 4.26 1.15 4.47 4.35 2.73 4.02 3.38

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 5.30 5.21 1.91 4.93 4.30 2.98 4.57 3.93

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 4.60 4.23 1.09 4.83 2.72 0.66 4.37 2.56

Evangelical Lutheran 2.17 2.11 1.27 1.98 2.10 1.41 2.34 2.23

Other Lutheran 1.96 2.87 0.00 3.33 0.15 0.15 4.24 0.30

Montessori 5.35 5.28 0.87 5.62 7.32 6.59 2.35 0.00

Schls for Exceptl Children 6.35 6.52 9.05 7.02 6.75 6.81 3.64 0.07

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 3.55 3.86 0.73 4.33 3.21 2.79 3.79 2.26

Military 14.27 -- 0.00 -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 2.38 2.81 2.54 3.26 3.10 1.90 2.09 3.22

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 1.32 1.68 0.29 1.24 1.36 0.71 1.49 1.25

 Parochial 1.73 2.01 0.39 1.68 1.76 0.71 1.74 1.46

 Diocesan 2.71 2.89 0.66 2.44 2.09 1.79 2.97 2.59

 Private order 2.73 3.83 1.75 3.42 3.90 2.41 3.81 3.56

Other religious 1.84 2.06 1.62 2.55 2.47 1.24 1.94 2.32

 Conservative Christian 3.19 3.25 1.12 3.74 2.52 1.48 3.36 3.18

 Affiliated 3.26 3.85 0.81 2.92 3.93 1.36 3.19 2.32

 Unaffiliated 4.37 4.44 5.00 5.40 5.25 3.84 3.91 5.48

Nonsectarian 3.06 3.03 2.68 3.10 2.24 2.84 1.57 0.81

 Regular 3.85 5.05 1.72 5.03 4.79 5.37 2.33 1.90

 Special emphasis 4.72 4.98 5.17 3.48 3.98 5.27 2.46 0.68

 Special education 6.66 5.28 6.35 5.46 3.15 5.46 3.37 0.03

All members of NAIS 2.80 2.93 0.57 3.78 3.00 1.89 2.88 2.09

1 For public schools, this goal was replaced by “multicultural awareness.”

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–41

Table A4.3— Standard errors for average principal ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 

1993-94

Basic Respect for Respect for

standards teachers Community Attendance Involvement property

Total Private 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.04

Total Public 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04

Episcopal 0.07 0.13 0.18 0.24 0.24 0.21

Friends 0.10 0.06 0.13 0.14 0.08 0.13

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.05 0.13 0.13 0.19 0.22 0.15

Hebrew Day 0.04 0.12 0.09 0.13 0.22 0.08

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.18 0.18 0.11

Christian Schools Intl 0.15 0.18 0.22 0.18 0.30 0.21

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.05 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.13

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.03 0.11 0.17 0.12 0.17 0.15

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.10 0.15 0.13

Evangelical Lutheran 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.08

Other Lutheran 0.01 0.03 0.15 0.07 0.10 0.05

Montessori 0.03 0.12 0.09 0.18 0.09 0.14

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.23 0.42 0.47 0.27 0.42 0.26

Natl Assoc of Indep Schls (only) 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.10

Military 0.04 0.53 0.12 0.48 0.67 0.20

Other Private Schools 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.08 0.11 0.09

9-Cateogry NCES Typology

Catholic 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04

 Parochial 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.07 0.05

 Diocesan 0.03 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.07

 Private order 0.08 0.08 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13

Other religious 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.05

 Conservative Christian 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.09

 Affiliated 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.09

 Unaffiliated 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.09

Nonsectarian 0.10 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.12 0.09

 Regular 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.11 0.11 0.17

 Special emphasis 0.25 0.19 0.28 0.16 0.25 0.19

 Special education 0.16 0.27 0.24 0.16 0.27 0.22

All members of NAIS 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.07

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–42 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A4.4— Standard errors for average teacher ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 

1993-94—Continued on next page

Basic Respect for Respect for

standards teachers Community Attendance students

Total Private 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.07

Total Public 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05

Episcopal 0.05 0.09 0.13 0.08 0.21

Friends 0.15 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.24

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.05 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.39

Hebrew Day 0.05 0.21 0.12 0.18 0.32

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 0.03 0.14 0.07 0.13 0.26

Christian Schools Intl 0.10 0.13 0.19 0.11 0.29

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.27

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.09 0.21

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.15

Evangelical Lutheran 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.07

Other Lutheran 0.01 0.03 0.11 0.02 0.05

Montessori 0.13 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.27

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.18 0.35 0.44 0.17 0.29

Natl Assoc of Indep Schools (only) 0.07 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.13

Military 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Private Schools 0.06 0.10 0.11 0.09 0.19

9-Cateogry NCES Typology

Catholic 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05

 Parochial 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.07

 Diocesan 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.10

 Private order 0.10 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.13

Other religious 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.13

 Conservative Christian 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.09 0.18

 Affiliated 0.04 0.07 0.09 0.06 0.15

 Unaffiliated 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.31

Nonsectarian 0.09 0.12 0.14 0.10 0.17

 Regular 0.09 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.16

 Special emphasis 0.18 0.17 0.25 0.20 0.27

 Special education 0.27 0.24 0.41 0.23 0.50

All members of NAIS 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.11

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–43

Table A4.4— Standard errors for average teacher ratings of school climate, by affiliation: 

1993-94—Continued

Teachers’ Teachers’

influence classroom Behavior

school policy control standards

Total Private 0.06 0.02 0.04

Total Public 0.02 0.01 0.03

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.04 0.02 0.05

Episcopal 0.20 0.09 0.17

Friends 0.14 0.11 0.32

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.34 0.19 0.24

Hebrew Day 0.23 0.11 0.22

Solomon Schechter 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Jewish 0.15 0.12 0.25

Christian Schools Intl 0.17 0.14 0.16

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.19 0.05 0.18

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.13 0.08 0.20

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.08 0.03 0.09

Evangelical Lutheran 0.06 0.03 0.05

Other Lutheran 0.02 0.00 0.03

Montessori 0.25 0.12 0.18

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.20 0.13 0.19

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 0.12 0.06 0.11

Military 0.00 0.00 0.00

Other Private Schools 0.15 0.07 0.10

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.04 0.02 0.05

 Parochial 0.06 0.02 0.06

 Diocesan 0.08 0.06 0.08

 Private order 0.11 0.08 0.14

Other religious 0.10 0.05 0.07

 Conservative Christian 0.16 0.06 0.14

 Affiliated 0.13 0.08 0.11

 Unaffiliated 0.24 0.11 0.11

Nonsectarian 0.13 0.08 0.12

 Regular 0.26 0.06 0.14

 Special emphasis 0.20 0.13 0.23

 Special education 0.24 0.21 0.26

All members of NAIS 0.10 0.06 0.08

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–44 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A4.5— Standard errors for average percentage of 12th-grade students who were 

graduated and who applied to college, by affiliation: 1993-94

% % Applied to 

Graduated college

Total Private 0.24 0.56

Total Public 0.33 0.38

18 NCES Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.07 0.79

Episcopal 0.21 1.34

Friends 0.00 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 1.01 2.52

Hebrew Day 1.81 5.03

Solomon Schechter -- --

Other Jewish 0.90 8.62

Christian Schools Intl 0.21 2.14

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.69 1.90

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.60 2.25

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.00 3.06

Evangelical Lutheran -- --

Other Lutheran -- --

Montessori -- --

Schools for Exceptional Children 1.87 15.20

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 0.13 0.76

Military 0.44 1.15

Other Private Schools 1.39 2.29

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.07 0.79

 Parochial 0.26 0.94

 Diocesan 0.10 1.39

 Private order 0.09 0.62

Other religious 0.29 1.35

 Conservative Christian 0.46 1.81

 Affiliated 0.52 1.97

 Unaffiliated 0.47 3.10

Nonsectarian 1.00 1.65

 Regular 0.78 2.06

 Special emphasis 2.95 4.91

 Special education 7.96 5.74

All members of NAIS 0.09 0.66

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 A–45

Table A4.6— Standard errors for average years of academic study required for graduation in 

private secondary schools, by affiliation: 1993-94

Social

English Math Computers Studies Science Language

Total Private 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05

Total Public 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05

Episcopal 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.09

Friends 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.03 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.17 --

Hebrew Day 0.00 0.05 0.20 0.09 0.11 0.12

Solomon Schechter -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 0.00 0.13 -- 0.08 0.21 0.29

Christian Schools Intl 0.02 0.08 0.12 0.11 0.18 --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.01 0.06 0.11 0.07 0.08 0.11

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.00 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.19 --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.00 0.16 0.06 0.16 0.10 --

Evangelical Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori -- -- -- -- -- --

Schools for Exceptional Children 0.02 0.19 0.29 0.15 0.13 0.23

Natl Assoc of Indep schls (only) 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.08

Military 0.02 0.31 -- 0.08 0.18 --

Other Private Schools 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.08

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.05

 Parochial 0.00 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.11 0.13

 Diocesan 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.07

 Private order 0.00 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.07

Other religious 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.06

 Conservative Christian 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.09

 Affiliated 0.01 0.06 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.14

 Unaffiliated 0.00 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.15

Nonsectarian 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.12

 Regular 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.10

 Special emphasis 0.10 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.19 0.39

 Special education 0.03 0.12 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.18

All members of NAIS 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.06

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix A

A–46 National Center for Education Statistics ◆1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table A4.7— Standard errors for average percentage of students absent, by affiliation: 1993-

94

Average % of students absent

Total Private 0.12

Total Public 0.06

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 0.07

Episcopal 0.39

Friends 0.09

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.54

Hebrew Day 0.33

Solomon Schechter 0.00

Other Jewish 0.32

Christian Schools Intl 0.40

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.17

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.36

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.22

Evangelical Lutheran 0.17

Other Lutheran 0.04

Montessori 0.56

Schools for Exceptional Children 1.09

Natl Assoc of Independent Schools (only) 0.21

Military --

Other Private Schools 0.21

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic 0.07

 Parochial 0.09

 Diocesan 0.11

 Private order 0.30

Other religious 0.23

 Conservative Christian 0.18

 Affiliated 0.85

 Unaffiliated 0.45

Nonsectarian 0.27

 Regular 0.24

 Special emphasis 0.52

 Special education 0.81

All members of NAIS 0.18

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–1

I. SURVEY CONTENT The Schools and Staffing Survey (SASS) consists of four main component surveys administered to public school districts, and schools, principals, and teachers in public and private schools. These surveys are the Teacher Demand and

Shortage Survey, the School Principal Survey, the School Survey, and the

Teacher Survey. 

• The Teacher Demand and Shortage questionnaire has two sections,

enrollment and teaching positions, and district policies. The first section,

on enrollment and teaching positions, obtains information on the number

of students, the number of teachers and librarians, position vacancies,

new hires and certification status. The second section, on district policies, obtains information on teacher salary schedules and benefits, incentives, hiring and retirement policies, and high school graduation

requirements. Race/ethnicity data on the student population and the

teacher work force are also collected. The corresponding sections for

private schools are incorporated into the Private School questionnaire.

The data derived from this survey permit an assessment of teacher

demand and shortage, the estimation of the number of teachers who hold

certification in their field of assignment, and the affect of various policies on teacher supply and demand balances. 

• The School Principal questionnaire obtains information about the age,

sex, race/ethnicity, training, experience, salary, benefits, opinions and

attitudes of school principals/headmasters. Questions required both

objective responses (e.g., number of years of teaching experience) and

judgmental responses (e.g., ranking the seriousness of school problems).

The data derived from this survey provide insight into qualifications of

school principals, which school problems principals view as serious, and

how principals perceive their influence on school policies. 

• School questionnaires were sent to public schools and private schools.

The private school version of the questionnaire included items for identifying the religious or other affiliation of the school. This survey

obtained information about schools such as student characteristics, staffing patterns, student-teacher ratios, types of programs and services

offered, length of school day and school year, graduation and college

application rates, and teacher turnover rates. These data provide information about the teaching experience of the staff, the sources of newly

Appendix B

Technical Notes
Appendix B

B–2 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

hired teachers, and the destinations of teachers who left the school the

previous year. 

• Teacher questionnaires were sent to teachers in public and private

schools. The two versions of the questionnaire were virtually identical.

The survey collected data from teachers regarding their education and

training, teaching assignment, teaching experience, certification, teaching workload, perceptions and attitudes about teaching, job mobility,

and workplace conditions. This information permits analyses of how

these factors affect movement into and out of the teaching profession.

In addition to these four main components, the 1993–94 SASS featured: 1) similar principal, school, and teacher components specific to

federally-funded Bureau of Indian Affairs or tribally-run Indian

schools, 2) new components focusing on Library Media Specialists/

Librarians and Library/Media Centers, and 3) a new student records

component. Future reports will feature data from these new components.

Copies of the questionnaires used in the SASS can be obtained by writing

to:

Schools and Staffing Survey Questionnaires 

National Center for Education Statistics 

555 New Jersey Ave., N.W., Rm. 422 

Washington, DC 20208-5651

II. TARGET POPULATION

AND ESTIMATES FOR

SASS

A. Target Populations

The target populations for 1993–94 SASS were:

• Local Education Agencies (LEAs) that employ elementary and/or secondary level teachers (for example: public school districts, state agencies that operate schools for special student populations, such as

inmates of juvenile correctional facilities, and cooperative agencies that

provide special services to more than one school district). 

• Public and private schools with students in any of grades 1–12. 

• Principals of those schools. 

• Teachers in public and private schools who teach students in grades K–

12. 
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–3

B. Estimates 

The SASS was designed to support estimates at both the state and national

level for the public sector, and at the national and association level for the private sector. The association groups for private schools were determined by

the school’s association or affiliation group listed on the 1991–92 Private

Schools Survey (the frame) and updated with 1992–93 association lists. The

association groups, i.e., the private school types reported in the top part of the

tables in the Tables Section and in the graphic profiles by affiliation category,

were determined in the following order:

1) Military—membership in the Association of American Military Colleges and Schools; 

2) Catholic—affiliation as Catholic or membership in the National Catholic Education Association or the Jesuit Secondary Education Association; 

3) Friends—affiliation as Friends or membership in the Friends Council

on Education; 

4) Episcopal—affiliation as Episcopal or membership in the National

Association of Episcopal Schools; 

5) Hebrew Day—membership in the National Society for Hebrew Day

Schools; 

6) Solomon Schechter—membership in the Solomon Schechter Day

Schools; 

7) Other Jewish—other Jewish affiliation; 

8) Missouri Synod—membership in the Lutheran Church, Missouri

Synod; 

9) Wisconsin Synod—membership in the Evangelical Lutheran Church -

Wisconsin Synod or affiliation as Evangelical Lutheran - Wisconsin

Synod; 

10) Evangelical Lutheran—membership in the Association of Evangelical

Lutheran Churches or affiliation as Evangelical Lutheran Church in

America; 

11) Other Lutheran—other Lutheran affiliation; 
Appendix B

B–4 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

12) Seventh-Day Adventist—affiliation as Seventh-Day Adventist or

membership in the General Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists; 

13) Christian Schools International—membership in Christian Schools

International; 

14) Association of Christian Schools International—membership in the

Association of Christian Schools International; 

15) National Association of Private Schools for Exceptional Children—

membership in the National Association of Private Schools for Exceptional Children; 

16) Montessori—membership in the American Montessori Society or

other Montessori associations; 

17) National Association of Independent Schools—member of the

National Association of Independent Schools; 

18) National Independent Private School Association—member of the

National Independent Private School Association; 

19) All Other Private Schools—member of any other association specified

in the PSS or affiliated with a group not listed above or not a member

of any association. 

Schools with multiple affiliations were classified by their first affiliation in

the list above. For consistency with the typology, one exception was made.

One school with a religious affiliation other than Catholic that reported membership in the National Catholic Education Association was not counted as a

Catholic school. One affiliation category, NIPSA, was newly added in 1993-

94. Although it will be included as a separate category in future SASS private

school reports, NIPSA schools were grouped in the “all other” private schools

in this report.

The grade levels of schools are defined in the following way:

Elementary Lowest grade < 6 and highest grade < 8

Secondary Lowest grade > 7 and highest grade < 12

Combined Lowest grade < 6 and highest grade > 8

As used in this report, middle schools refer to those elementary, secondary,

and combined schools whose lowest grade is 4 or higher and whose highest

grade is 7, 8, or 9.
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–5

Comparisons between public and private schools are only possible at the

national and regional levels, because private schools are selected for sampling

by association group and not by geographic location, such as state.

III. SAMPLE DESIGN

AND IMPLEMENTATION

A. Sampling Frame for Private Schools

The sampling frame for private schools was the 1991–92 Private School

Survey, updated with 1992–93 association lists (Broughman et al. 1994).

This data collection uses two components to develop estimates of the number

of private schools in the United States. A list frame was the primary private

school frame and an area frame was used to identify schools not included on

the list frame and thereby compensate for the undercoverage of the list frame.

(See Abramson et al. 1996 for a detailed description of the sample design.)

B. Sample Selection Procedures

Schools are the primary sampling unit in SASS. Public schools were

selected to be representative at the national and state levels; private schools

were selected to be representative at the national and association levels. More

detail is available in Abramson et al. (1996).

Each selected school was asked to provide a list of their teachers and

selected characteristics. Nine percent of the private schools and four percent

of the public schools did not provide teacher lists. A factor in the teacher

weighting system was used to adjust for these nonparticipant schools. 

C. Sample Sizes for Private Schools

Table III.1 shows the sample size and number of interview cases for each

questionnaire, by private school typology. 

The number in sample is the number of in-scope, or eligible cases. This

number excludes the out-of-scope cases, which are drawn for the sample but

are not eligible for interview. For example, a school which has closed or a

teacher who has left the country would be considered out-of-scope.

The number of interviews is the number of in-scope (eligible) cases minus

the noninterview cases. The noninterview cases include refusals or sample

questionnaires with too little valid data to be considered complete interviews

for the survey. The number of interviews is the actual unweighted number of

cases upon which estimates in this report are based. A nonresponse adjustment is included in the weights to reduce the bias due to nonresponse. 
Appendix B

B–6 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table III.1— Number of in-scope sample cases and number of interviews, private school 

districts, principals, and schools: SASS 1993–94

Private schools Private principals Private teachers

# in sample # intvws. # in sample # intvws. # in sample # intvws.

All private schools 3,074 2,585 3,143 2,722 10,386 8,372

Catholic 921 818 1,023 831 3,680 3,061

 Parochial 465 408 462 427 1,776 1,474

 Diocesan 290 263 290 244 1,192 988

 Private Order 166 147 271 160 712 599

Other Religious 1,419 1,151 1,394 1,236 4,404 3,483

 Conservative Christian 325 248 322 274 929 667

 Affiliated 708 574 702 631 2,239 1,790

 Unaffiliated 386 329 370 331 1,236 1,026

Nonsectarian 734 616 726 655 2,302 1,828

 Regular program 366 297 364 321 1,279 1,036

 Special emphasis 182 150 176 160 582 436

 Special education 186 169 186 174 441 356

NOTE: The number of in-scope cases in sample excludes out-of-scope, or ineligible, cases. Reasons for a school, principal, or 

teacher to be out-of-scope include school closure, principal or teacher leaving the school.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993–94 

(School Questionnaire, Principal Questionnaire, and Teacher Questionnaire).There are still other reasons for a case to be considered 

out-of-scope.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993–94 

(Teacher Demand and Shortage Questionnaire, Principal Questionnaire, School Questionnaire, and Teacher Questionnaire).
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–7

IV. DATA COLLECTION

PROCEDURES

Data collection operations for the 1993–94 SASS took place during the 1993–

94 school year. Table IV.1 depicts both the specific data collection activity

and the time frame in which it occurred.

V. RESPONSE RATES A. Private Sector Survey Response Rates

The weighted response rates for each component of SASS are detailed in

Table V.1. Table V.1 lists private response rates by private school typology

for administrators, schools, and teachers. The response rates are useful as an

indication of possible nonresponse bias. The weighted response rates were

derived by dividing the sum of the basic weights for the interview cases by

the sum of the basic weights for the eligible cases. The basic weight for each

sample case was assigned at the time of sampling and is the inverse of the

probability of selection.

Table IV.1— Data collection time schedule

Activity Date of activity

Introductory letters mailed to school districts September 1993

Introductory letters and teacher listing sheets mailed October 1993

to schools 

Census field representatives called school districts to October 1993

obtain the name of a contact person to whom the 

Teacher Demand and Shortage questionnaire should 

be addressed 

Lists of teachers provided by schools October–December 1993

First mailing of questionnaires to school districts and December 1993

school principals 

First mailing of questionnaires to schools and to January–February 1994

teachers

Second mailing of questionnaires to districts and January 1994

school principals 

Second mailing of questionnaires to schools and February–March 1994

teachers

 Telephone follow-up of mail nonrespondents March–June 1994
Appendix B

B–8 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Teacher response rates refer to the percentage of teachers responding in

schools that provided teacher lists for sampling. Nine percent of private

schools and 4 percent of public schools did not send in teacher lists. The

effective response rate is calculated by multiplying together the teacher list

rate and the response rate:

Private teachers: (.91 x .801) x 100 = .7289 x 100 = 72.9 percent effective

response rate 

Responding teachers were weighted to represent all teachers. Some teachers responded even though no school questionaire was returned from their

school. Responses from those teachers are included in the main graphic profiles. However, because the 18-category private school type was not determined for these teachers, their responses were not included in the Tables

Section or in the graphic profiles by affiliation.

Table V.1— Final weighted response rates by private school type for 

private school administrators, schools, and teachers 

Private school type Principals Schools Teachers

All private schools 87.6% 83.2% 80.2%

Catholic 92.4 88.8 83.2

 Parochial 92.4 88.0 83.2

 Diocesan 93.3 90.9 82.7

 Private order 89.4 87.9 84.2

Other religious 82.7 77.5 75.0

 Conservative Christian 82.6 76.5 70.1

 Affiliated 81.9 76.5 75.4

 Unaffiliated 83.6 79.5 80.5

Nonsectarian 89.7 86.1 81.6

 Regular 90.6 86.4 82.7

 Special emphasis 89.0 81.4 78.0

 Special education 88.5 93.2 81.1

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and 

Staffing Survey, 1993–94 (Principal Questionnaire, School Questionnaire, and Teacher Questionnaire).
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–9

B. Item Response Rates

The unweighted item response rates (i.e., the number of sample units

responding to an item divided by the number of sample units that participated

in the survey) for the SASS and the Library Survey ranged from 50 percent to

100 percent. Tables V.2 and V.3 provide a brief summary of the item

response rates. The item response rates in these tables are unweighted, and do

not reflect additional response loss due to respondents’ refusal to participate

in the survey.

 Table V.2— Summary of unweighted private sector item response 

rates by questionnaire

 % of items % of items

Range of with a response with a response

item response rate of rate of less

Survey rates 90% or more than 75%

Principal Survey 55-100% 90% 6%

 

School Survey 61-100% 77% 3%

Teacher Survey 69-100% 89% 1%

Student Survey 84-100% 97% 0%

 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and 

Staffing Survey, 1993-94 (Principal Questionnaire, School Questionnaire, and Teacher Questionnaire).

Table V.3— Items with private sector response rates of less than 75 

percent*

Survey Items

Principal Survey 14b(1,1), 14b(2,1), 14b(4,1),

14b(5,1), 14b(8,1), 21a, 21c, 28b

School Survey 31c(2), 31c(5), 31c(6), 31c(7),

31c(8), 31c(9)

Teacher Survey 39, 51c, 55

* The questionnaire wording for these items can be found in The Schools and Staffing Surveys: 

1993–94, Data File User’s Manual, a forthcoming NCES publication.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and 

Staffing Survey, 1993–94 (Principal Questionnaire, School Questionnaire, and Teacher Questionnaire).
Appendix B

B–10 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Item 14b concerns principals’ previously held school positions. Items 21a

and c concern principals’ eligibility and plans to retire. Item 28b concerns the

tribal enrollment of American Indian or Alaska Native principals. Item 31c

concerns the difficulty of filling vacancies in various fields. Item 39 concerns

teachers’ number of classes/sections taught per week. Item 51c concerns

teachers’ plans to retire from teaching. Item 55 concerns teachers’ total compbined family income.

VI. IMPUTATION

PROCEDURES

For questionnaire items that should have been answered but were not, values

were imputed by (1) using data from other items on the questionnaire,

(2) extracting data from a related component of the Schools and Staffing Survey (for example, using data from a school record to impute missing values

on that school’s LEA questionnaire), (3) extracting data from the sample file

(information about the sample case from other sources; for example, the Private School Survey or the Common Core of Data, collected in the 1991–92

school year), and (4) extracting data from a respondent with similar characteristics.

For some incomplete items, the entry from another part of the questionnaire

or information from the sample file was directly imputed to complete the

item; for others the entry was used as part of an adjustment factor with other

data on the incomplete record. For example, if a respondent did not report

whether a school offered remedial reading in item 22a of the public school

questionnaire, the response (1 = Yes or 2 = No) for a similar school was

imputed to item 22a of the incomplete record. However, if a respondent had

answered “Yes” to item 22a but had not reported the number of students in

the program, the ratio of number of students in remedial reading to the total

enrollment for a similar school was used with the enrollment at the school for

which item 22a was incomplete to impute an entry to item 22a (i.e., SCHOOL

A item 22a = SCHOOL A ENROLLMENT multiplied by the ratio of

SCHOOL B item 22a to SCHOOL B ENROLLMENT).

Values were imputed to items with missing data for records that had been

classified as interviews (ISR=1). Noninterview adjustment factors were used

during the data weighting process to compensate for data that were missing

because the sample case was a noninterview (ISR=2). For more information

about imputation procedures, see Abramson et al. (1996).

VII. WEIGHTING The private sector was weighted to produce national and association group

estimates. For a detailed description of the weighting processes, see Abramson et al. (1996).

VIII. STANDARD

ERRORS

Estimates found in the tables of this report are based on samples and are subject to sampling variability. Standard errors were estimated using a balanced

repeated replications procedure that incorporates the design features of the
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–11

stratified, clustered sample. The standard errors provide indications of the

accuracy of each estimate. If all possible samples of the same size were surveyed under the same conditions, an interval of 1.96 standard errors below to

1.96 standard errors above a particular statistic would include the universe

value in approximately 95 percent of the cases. Note, however, that the standard errors do not take into account the effects of biases due to item nonresponse, measurement error, data processing error, or other systematic error.

Estimates with large standard errors (coefficient of variation greater than 30

percent) should be interpreted with caution. 

IX. CAUTIONS

CONCERNING CHANGE

ESTIMATES

Care must be taken in comparing the results in this report with results presented for earlier waves of SASS (e.g., McLaughlin, O’Donnell, and Ries

1995), because some of the measured change (e.g., an 8 percent increase in

the number of students receiving Chapter 1 services) may not be attributable

to a change in the education system. Some of the change may be due to

changes in the sampling frame, to a questionnaire item wording, or other

changes detailed in Abramson et al. (1996). 

X. DEFINITIONS AND

ANALYSIS

A. Typologies of Private Schools

Private schools can be broadly divided into those that are religiously oriented and those that are not (nonsectarian schools) (McMillen and Benson

1991). Both religiously oriented and nonsectarian schools can be further

meaningfully differentiated. By far the largest category of religiously oriented schools are those affiliated with the Catholic Church, and Catholic

schools can be divided into parochial (associated with a parish), diocesan

(associated with a diocese), and private orders. Other religiously oriented

schools can be differentiated as conservative Christian, others affiliated with

national church organizations, and unaffiliated schools. Among nonsectarian

schools, two special types can be differentiated from the majority: schools

focusing on the provision of special education and schools with a special programmatic emphasis (the largest group of which are the Montessori schools).

B. Suppression of Small Sample Data

Some of the figures presented in this report are based on thousands of

respondents, others on a few. All statistics based on fewer than 10 respondents have been suppressed both to protect the privacy of the respondents and

to avoid presentation of unstable results. In addition, and also to eliminate

unstable results, all statistics that are based on fewer than 30 respondents and

whose standard errors are more than 20 percent as large as their values are

suppressed. Thus, for example, a statistic with a value of 10, based on 25

respondents, was not printed in this report if its standard error is greater than 2

(i.e., greater than 20 percent of 10).
Appendix B

B–12 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

C. Statistical Significance

Statements of relations between measures (e.g., between type of private school and a characteristic such as school size) are included in the

text only if they are statistically significant at = .05. All such statements are either implicit or explicit comparisons of statistics for one

group of schools with another. A comparison is statistically significant,

for the purpose of this report, if the difference between statistics for two

groups is greater than 1.96 times the standard error of the difference,

approximated as the square root of the sum of squares of the estimated

standard errors of the statistics for each of the groups of schools. That is,

the large scale approximation to Student’s t statistic is used, with a twotailed alpha level of .05.

When multiple statistical tests of significance are made on differences

between figures in a table, then it is much more likely than .05 that some

difference will be “significant” by chance. The Bonferroni correction can

be applied to adjust for the increased likelihood of finding some difference significant. This correction involves definition of a “family” of

comparisons and division of the alpha level (for reporting significance)

by the number of comparisons in that family. A family is defined here as

comparisons involving a single column of a table in the report.

The definitions of family size for comparisons made in this report are

one (1) when comparing the overall public-private graphic profile,

except: for grade levels served, k = 3; for elementary services, k = 4; for

secondary requirements, k = 5; for ratings of problems, k = 7; for teacher

influence, k = 4; for satisfaction, k = 4; and for certification, k = 2. A

family size of k = 9 is used for comparisons of typology profiles, such as

Catholic parochial, with overall private school averages. In the Tables

Section highlights, K = 1 for private versus public comparisons, k = 9 for

typology comparisons, and k = 18 for private school type comparisons.

D. Factor Analysis of Teacher and Principal Attitudinal Items

A series of attitudinal items were included in the principal’s and

teacher’s questionnaires for SASS. These items were factor analyzed to

identify a set of factors that would provide more reliable information

about teaches, administrators, and their schools than individual items.

These are generally the same factors that were used in the 1990–91 private schools report (McLaughlin, O’Donnell, and Ries 1995); in some

cases, however, the factors are based on fewer items when item alternatives were not presented in 1993–94. For teachers in 1993–94, these

items were:

Item 47— a set of 25 items to be rated on a four-point scale from

“strongly agree” to “strongly disagree,” of which the following 3

were used:

α
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–13

e. The level of student misbehavior (e.g., noise, horseplay or fighting in

the halls, cafeteria, or student lounge) in this school interferes with my

teaching.

k. My principal (or school head) enforces school rules for student conduct and backs me up when I need it.

m. Rules for student behavior are consistently enforced by teachers in this

school, even for students who are not in their classes.
Appendix B

B–14 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Item 46— a set of 23 items about problems rated on a four-point scale of

“not a problem, minor, moderate, serious,” of which the following 19

were used:

a. student tardiness b. student absenteeism

c. teacher absenteeism d. students cutting class

e. physical conflicts among students f. robbery or theft

g. vandalism of school property h. student pregnancy

i. student use of alcohol j. student drug abuse

k. student possession of weapons l. verbal abuse of teachers

m. student disrespect for teachers n. students dropping out

o. student apathy p. lack of academic challenge

q. lack of parental involvement s. poverty

t. racial tension 

Item 44— a set of 6 items on influence on school policies, scaled from 0

(“no influence”) to 5 (“a great deal of influence”), of which the following one was used: 

f. establishing curriculum

Item 45— a set of 6 items on control of classroom practices, scaled from 0

(“no control”) to 5 (“complete control”):

a. selecting textbooks and other instructional materials

b. selecting content, topics, and skills to be taught

c. selecting teaching techniques

d. evaluating and grading students

e. disciplining students

f. determining the amount of homework to be assigned
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–15

In order to enhance the meaningfulness of the factors, the items were all reordered in the positive direction and scaled on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0

refers to the “worst” response (e.g., strong agreement with a negative item)

and 10 to the “best” response (e.g., “not a problem”). In computing the factor

scores to report in 1993–94, all items included in a factor were given equal

weight, and naming them was guided by communicativeness concerns. The

factors are:

Basic Standards: Lack of serious problems with robbery, drug abuse, alcohol, pregnancy, and dropouts

Item 46— (f, h, i, j, n)

Community: Lack of serious problems stemming from parental alcoholism/drug abuse, poverty, and racial tension

Item 46— (r, s, t)

Involvement: Academic challenge, parent involvement, and absence of

apathy

Item 46— (o, p, q)

Behavior Standards: Systematic enforcement of agreed upon discipline

policy and student behavioral standards 

Item 47— (k, m)

Attendance: Lack of serious tardiness and absence problems

Item 46— (a, b, c, d)

Respect for Teachers: Lack of serious problems with verbal abuse and

disrespect of teachers

Item 46— (e, k, l, m)

Respect for Students: Belief that students are capable of learning and do

not have attitudes and habits that reduce their learning potential

Item 47— (e)
Appendix B

B–16 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Respect for Property: Lack of vandalism and theft (factor for principals

only)

Item 46— (f, g)

Teachers’ Influence on Curriculum: 

Item 44— ( f) 

Item 45— (a, b) 

Teachers’ Classroom Control: Selecting teaching techniques, assigning

homework, and evaluating and disciplining students

Item 45— (c, d, e, f)

E. Definitions of Graphic Profile Elements

The private school survey items that were used for the private school

graphics profiles are the following. Although the wordings are the same as for

public schools or districts, the item numbers are different. The item numbers

are given for the private school questionnaire.

Average Enrollment: Item 7

“What was the total number of students enrolled in this school around the

first of October?”

Average Class Size: Item 37

“Which of these categories best describes the way your classes at this

school are organized?”

1. Departmentalized instruction 2. Elementary enrichment class 

3. Self-contained class 4. Team teaching 5. Pull-out class

If answer 1, then use item 40b 

“For each class (or section) you taught during your most recent FULL

WEEK of teaching, how many students were enrolled in the class?” In this

case, the average class size reported by the teacher was used.

If answer 2, then use item 41a

“What is the total number of students enrolled in all the classes you teach at

this school?”
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–17

If answer 3, 4, or 5, then use item 38a

“At this school, how many students were enrolled in the class or program

you taught during your most recent FULL WEEK of teaching?”

Region: Percentages of schools by region are based on the predefined

region variable for sampled schools. States in the Northeast region are:

Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New

York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont. States in the South

region are: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida,

Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina,

Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia.

States in the Midwest Region are: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota,

and Wisconsin. States in the West region are: Alaska, Arizona, California,

Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,

Washingon, and Wyoming.

Elementary School Students Receiving Special Services: 

Title I: item 39b

“Around the first of October, how many students enrolled in this school

received Chapter 1 services at this school, or any other location?”

Bilingual/ESL: item 34f

“English as Second Language - Students with limited English proficiency

are provided with intensive instruction in English” (indicate whether the

program or service is currently available at this school either during or outside of regular school hours and regardless of funding) 

-None or ____ Students

Special Education: item 34c

“Programs for students with disabilities - Instruction for the mentally

retarded, specific learning disabled, physically disabled, and other students

with disabilities.” -None or ____ Students

Extended Day: item 34e

“Extended day or before-school or after-school day care programs.” 

-None or ____Students

Minority Student Percentage: item 8

“Around the first of October, how many students were:” 

a - “American Indian or Alaska Native (Aleut, Alaska Indian, Yupik, 

Inupiat)?” 

b - “Asian or Pacific Islander (Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean,

 Asian
Appendix B

B–18 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Indian, Vietnamese, Hawaiian, Guamanian, Samoan, other Asian)?”

c - “Hispanic, regardless of race (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central

or South American, or other Hispanic culture or origin)?” 

d - “Black, not of Hispanic origin?” 

e - “White, not of Hispanic origin?”

Grade Level Served: item 6

“How many students were enrolled in each of the grades shown on the

front page, plus any ungraded levels, around the first of October?”

(Ungraded, Kindergarten, 1st, 2nd,...,12th).

Tuition Amounts at Elementary and Other Schools: item 19c

“What is the highest ANNUAL tuition charged by this school for a fulltime student?”

Secondary School Resources and Graduation Requirements: 

This graph is based on several items in the school questionnaire: 

Library: item 35

“Does this school have a library media center/library?” 

Remedial Reading: item 34b

”Remedial reading - Organized compensatory, diagnostic, and remedial

activities designed to correct and prevent difficulties in the development of

reading skills.” 

3+ yrs Science and 1+ yr Foreign Language: item 42b

“For high school graduation for students in the class of 1994, how many

years of instruction are required in each of the following areas?” 

(5) - “Physical and biology sciences” (6) - “Foreign language” 

Community Service Requirement: item 43a

“Does this school have a community service requirement for students in the

class of 1994?”

Graduation requirements were only averaged over private schools or public

districts that answered “yes” to question 42a - “Does this school [district]

grant regular high school diplomas?”

Minority Teacher Percentage: item 24

“Around the first of October, how many part-time and full-time TEACHERS in this school were:” 

a - “American Indian or Alaska Native (Aleut, Alaska Indian, Yupik,

Inupiat)” 
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–19

b - “Asian or Pacific Islander (Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Korean,

Asian Indian, Vietnamese, Hawaiian, Guamanian, Samoan, 

other Asian)?” 

c - “Hispanic, regardless of race (Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central

or South American, or other Hispanic culture or origin)?”

d - “Black, not of Hispanic origin?” 

e - “White, not of Hispanic origin?“

Teachers’ Ratings of Moderate or Serious Problems: item 46

“To what extent is each of the following matters a problem in this school?

Indicate whether it is a serious problem, a moderate problem, a minor problem, or not a problem in this school.” 

Attendance: (a) - “Student tardiness” 

(b) - “Student absenteeism”

Robbery/Vandalism:(f) - “Robbery or theft” 

(g) - “Vandalism of school property” 

Alcohol/Drugs: (i) - “Student use of alcohol” 

(j) - “Student drug abuse” 

Physical Conflict/Weapons: (e) - “Physical conflicts among students” 

 (k) - “Students possession of weapons” 

Apathy/Unprepared:(n) - “Student Apathy” 

(t) - “Students come to school unprepared to learn” 

Poverty/Racial Tension: (r) - “Poverty” 

 (s) - “Racial Tension” 

Dropouts: (m) - “Students dropping out”

The percentage is of teachers who indicated that at least one of the pair of

items was a moderate or serious problem.

Teacher Influence on School Policy and Control Over Classroom Practice: 

Item 44

“At this school, how much actual influence do you think teachers have over

school policy in each of the following areas?”

(a) - “setting discipline policy” (f) - “establishing curriculum”
Appendix B

B–20 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

The percentages are of teachers who responded by checking “4” or “5” on a

scale in which “0” means “No influence” or “No control” and “5” means

“A great deal of incluence” or “Complete control”. 

Item 45

“At this school, how much control do you feel you have in your classroom

over each of the following areas of your planning and teaching?”

(a) - “selecting textbooks and other instructional materials” 

(b) - “selecting content, topics, and skills to be taught”

Satisfaction with Teaching: item 47

“Do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements?”

(d) - “I am satisfied with my teaching salary” 

(p) - “There is a great deal of cooperative effort among the staff members” 

(s) - “I am satisfied with my class size”

Percentages are of teachers who responded with “agree” or “strongly

agree.”

Item 48

“If you could go back to your college days and start over again, would you

become a teacher or not?”

Percentages are of teachers who responded either “certainly ...” or “probably would become a teacher” and not either “chances about even for and

against” or “certainly ...” or “probably would not become a teacher.”

Education Attainment: 

Principals: 

Item 5a - “Do you have a bachelor’s degree?” 

Item 8a - “Do you have a master’s degree?” 

Item 10a - “Doctorate or first professional degree.”

Teachers: 

Item 15a - “Do you have a bachelor’s degree?” 

Item 18a - “Do you have a master’s degree?” 

Item 20b - “What other degree have you earned?”

 “Doctorate or first professional degree”
Appendix B

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 B–21

Years of Experience: 

Principals: 

Item 11a

“How many years of elementary or secondary teaching experience did you

have PRIOR to becoming a principal/school head?” 

Item 11b

“How many years of elementary or secondary teaching experience did you

have SINCE becoming a principal/school head?” 

Item 17

“Prior to this school year, how many years were you employed in each of

the following positions?” 

(a) “As the principal/school head in this school” 

(b) “As the principal/school head in other schools”

Teachers:

Item 9a

“Have you ever worked as an elementary or secondary teacher in a PUBLIC SCHOOL?”

Item 9b/c

“How many years did you teach (b) FULL-TIME / (c) PART-TIME in

public schools?” 

Item 10a/b

“How many years have you worked as a (a) FULL-TIME / (b) PARTTIME elementary or secondary teacher in PRIVATE schools? Include the

current school year if you are a full-time/part-time teacher this year.

Teacher Certification:

Item 27a

“Of the total FTE teachers reported in item 26d, how many held regular or

standard STATE certification in their fields of assignment around October

1?” 

Item 27b

“Of the total FTE teacher reported in item 26d, how many have been certified by a private school organization or association?”

Salary Levels: 

Principals: 

Item 22a

“What is your current annual salary for this position before taxes and

deduction?” 
Appendix B

B–22 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Teachers: 

Item 53b

“During the current school year” - “what is your academic year base teaching salary?”
Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–1

The tables in this appendix present the numbers shown in the graphics

profiles, along with estimates of their standard errors.

Appendix C

Data and Standard Errors for 

Graphic Profiles
Appendix C

C–2 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C1— Distribution of schools by region: 1993-94

East Midwest South West

Count SE Count SE Count SE Count SE

Total Private 6,307 158.5 7,766 215.6 7,290 232.6 4,731 189.4 

Total Public 13,659 73.3 23,644 106.6 26,453 99.1 16,984 80.2 

18 Affiliation Category

Catholic 2,546 43.2 3,289 56.5 1,423 38.5 1,094 45.8 

Episcopal 37 7.6 21 2.8 227 10.7 63 12.5 

Friends 42 5.9 7 1.2 9 1.2 17 8.1 

Seventh-Day Adventist 91 21.6 259 36.3 384 41.8 336 44.9 

Hebrew 136 13.8 29 9.1 22 3.5 15 5.3 

Solomon Schechter 29 2.4 8 0.7 12 1.0 7 0.6 

Other Jewish 201 24.4 64 10.8 65 12.8 68 11.8 

Christian Schools Intl 20 11.6 194 34.4 60 20.9 82 33.4 

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 251 63.3 571 93.6 738 80.9 913 84.5 

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 2 0.2 716 36.3 151 27.3 174 26.1 

Lurtheran, Wisconsin Synod 2 0.1 310 10.0 12 10.2 49 6.8 

Evangelical Lutheran 46 1.9 22 1.6 16 1.6 23 1.3 

Other Lutheran 1 0.1 44 0.8 1 0.1 11 0.6

Montessori 80 17.0 164 29.1 271 39.0 217 33.3 

Schls for Exceptl Children 163 21.0 35 5.4 60 11.7 25 9.9

Natl Assoc of

 Indep Schools (only) 299 21.0 116 17.6 321 27.4 157 25.1

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- 0 0.0 

Other Private Schools 2,359 173.4 1,901 184.6 3,507 226.3 1,480 153.0 

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 1,626 65.1 2,023 79.6 866 45.1 594 65.5 

 Diocesan 647 45.8 1,040 60.6 370 35.9 379 68.1 

 PrivateOrder 273 31.8 226 27.5 186 20.7 121 22.0 

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 438 67.7 1,309 123.9 1,801 168.4 1,116 105.5 

 Affiliated 637 79.8 991 74.6 1,165 104.2 644 79.3 

 Unaffiliated 1,042 163.0 1,355 163.9 1,220 168.4 461 75.1 

Nonsectarian

 Regular 753 121.2 239 48.0 984 95.1 508 92.6

 Special emphasis 348 88.1 474 52.1 406 53.5 560 89.7 

 Special education 543 86.8 108 34.8 291 55.3 348 85.3 

All members of NAIS 465 30.9 187 22.9 524 36.3 294 39.7 

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–3

Table C2— Percentages of schools, by enrollment and affiliation: 1993-94

300 or more 50 to 299 1 to 49

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 19.6 0.38 56.1 1.16 24.3 1.11

Total Public 71.0 0.61 26.0 0.60 3.0 0.22

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 35.5 0.23 64.0 0.29 0.5 0.18

Episcopal 26.6 3.03 72.6 3.15 0.8 0.66

Friends 15.5 3.28 56.6 7.28 28.0 9.54

Seventh-Day Adventist 5.5 1.86 25.6 4.03 68.9 4.77

Hebrew 35.4 6.11 55.6 6.05 8.9 4.01

Solomon Schechter 34.2 0.00 56.1 0.00 9.7 0.00

Other Jewish 34.1 4.84 50.4 6.36 15.5 5.19

Christian Schools Intl 43.7 6.43 39.3 7.46 17.0 5.95

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 15.3 2.52 74.4 3.97 10.3 2.81

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 11.0 2.29 80.4 3.73 8.6 3.58

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 3.1 0.69 73.7 4.24 23.2 4.43

Evangelical Lutheran 2.6 0.07 89.8 2.43 7.6 2.44

Other Lutheran 0.0 0.00 51.5 2.83 48.5 2.83

Montessori 0.4 0.37 50.9 6.18 48.7 6.12

Schools for Exceptl Children 2.7 1.32 76.2 4.79 21.1 4.84

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 48.1 3.11 46.9 3.50 5.0 2.27

Military -- -- 78.1 10.89 0.0 0.00

Other Private Schools 7.1 0.69 44.6 2.93 48.3 2.99

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 30.4 0.93 69.6 0.93 0.0 0.00

 Diocesan 41.5 1.97 58.2 1.94 0.2 0.20

 Private Order 49.3 3.32 46.5 3.29 4.2 1.60

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 10.3 1.50 62.5 3.59 27.2 3.32

 Affiliated 17.7 1.28 53.9 2.62 28.4 2.69 

 Unaffiliated 8.8 1.42 48.6 5.10 42.6 5.42

Nonsectarian

 Regular 24.1 2.43 47.7 3.96 28.2 5.17

 Special emphasis 5.6 1.42 41.4 4.86 53.0 4.97

 Special education 0.6 0.23 47.4 6.74 52.1 6.80

All members of NAIS 45.9 2.58 49.1 2.83 5.0 1.60

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–4 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C3— Percentages of schools, by class size and affiliation: 1993-94

25 or more 15 to 24.9 1 to 14.0

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 35.6 1.09 38.0 1.44 26.4 1.38

Total Public 51.8 0.67 41.0 0.63 7.2 0.26

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 58.1 1.57 35.6 1.41 6.3 0.82

Episcopal 36.9 5.58 31.5 5.57 31.6 3.88

Friends 42.2 5.84 37.4 9.49 20.4 4.48

Seventh-Day Adventist 12.2 4.16 17.9 4.77 69.9 5.61

Hebrew 26.1 5.43 38.5 7.45 35.4 8.84

Solomon Schechter 35.9 0.00 51.3 0.00 12.8 0.00

Other Jewish 35.0 6.25 43.0 5.54 22.0 4.83

Christian Schools Intl 27.0 4.87 52.8 6.46 20.2 5.95

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 29.4 3.61 43.8 3.67 26.8 3.75

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 27.5 4.89 59.3 6.04 13.2 4.29

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 11.4 2.92 63.9 4.12 24.7 4.56

Evangelical Lutheran 27.7 1.89 55.8 2.19 16.6 2.49

Other Lutheran 10.0 0.58 45.0 3.21 45.0 2.62

Montessori 34.2 5.72 52.7 5.49 13.2 4.81

Schls for Exceptl Children 15.5 7.22 12.0 4.16 72.5 6.56

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 32.9 4.33 30.7 3.46 36.3 2.91

Military 7.4 0.00 30.7 0.00 61.9 0.00

Other Private Schools 19.7 2.86 36.8 3.09 43.4 3.24

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 62.1 1.87 32.1 1.82 5.8 0.96

 Diocesan 54.4 2.89 40.5 2.39 5.1 1.38

 Private Order 43.1 4.08 43.3 3.06 13.6 2.93

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 22.0 3.06 43.5 3.45 34.5 4.06

 Affiliated 21.2 1.71 41.0 2.21 37.8 2.83

 Unaffiliated 26.4 4.71 44.0 4.96 29.6 3.50

Nonsectarian

 Regular 26.4 3.30 38.6 4.92 35.0 5.04

 Special Emphasis 27.5 4.27 41.0 3.57 31.5 4.37

 Special Education 13.5 4.53 8.6 4.94 77.9 5.73

All members of NAIS 36.3 3.09 30.9 2.82 32.7 2.23

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–5

Table C4— Percentages of elementary school students receiving special services, by types of 

services and affiliation

Title 1 Bilingual/ESL Special Ed. Extended Day

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 3.5 0.24 0.7 0.16 2.9 0.18 10.9 0.32

Total Public 18.0 0.60 7.1 0.58 7.0 0.09 3.5 0.20

18 Affiliation Category

Catholic 6.3 0.44 0.2 0.07 1.1 0.11 8.7 0.32

Episcopal 0.1 0.03 1.3 1.02 1.0 0.28 16.6 1.04

Friends 0.5 0.06 0.1 0.01 1.0 0.10 15.6 1.49

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.5 0.98 0.1 0.10 0.4 0.22 10.7 1.98

Hebrew 0.9 0.29 21.6 11.20 1.5 0.38 9.0 3.88

Solomon Schechter 0.1 0.00 0.2 0.00 2.4 0.00 8.6 0.00

Other Jewish 1.1 0.50 9.2 3.59 2.6 0.75 5.3 1.16

Christian Schools Intl 0.6 0.28 0.0 0.00 1.8 0.40 4.2 1.42

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.1 0.03 0.0 0.04 0.8 0.12 13.5 1.51

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 2.8 0.81 0.0 0.00 0.9 0.23 13.8 1.29

Lurtheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.7 0.18 0.0 0.00 0.3 0.05 2.8 0.69

Evangelical Lutheran 2.0 0.32 1.0 0.04 3.3 0.26 30.2 0.80

Other Lutheran 0.6 0.05 0.0 0.00 0.5 0.04 9.2 0.74

Montessori 0.7 0.40 0.6 0.58 2.3 0.83 40.3 2.82

Schls for Exceptl Children 24.8 8.60 0.4 0.12 84.3 6.12 7.7 3.68

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 0.4 0.17 0.8 0.44 1.6 0.20 11.3 0.76

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 1.1 0.33 0.5 0.19 7.6 0.84 13.5 0.84

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 6.9 0.61 0.2 0.10 0.9 0.10 9.1 0.47

 Diocesan 5.0 0.77 0.0 0.00 1.2 0.29 8.0 0.72

 PrivateOrder 4.4 1.65 0.0 0.03 3.1 1.42 6.0 1.18

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 0.4 0.30 0.3 0.24 0.8 0.13 12.6 1.11

 Affiliated 1.4 0.27 2.9 1.40 1.3 0.15 11.7 1.03

 Unaffiliated 1.2 0.49 1.8 0.93 2.4 0.93 10.4 1.07

Nonsectarian

 Regular 0.7 0.30 0.0 0.03 0.9 0.14 13.7 1.07

 Special emphasis 0.6 0.17 2.4 1.23 2.7 0.79 29.1 2.56

 Special education 8.7 2.54 0.1 0.04 96.6 1.89 5.2 1.24

All members of NAIS 0.6 0.19 0.9 0.38 1.8 0.21 11.7 0.66

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–6 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C5— Percentages of schools, by percentage minority enrollment, by affiliation: 1993-

94

50 or more 10 to 49 1 to 9 None

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 15.6 0.79 30.3 0.85 34.6 1.07 19.4 1.16

Total Public 23.2 0.44 33.4 0.53 37.6 0.50 5.8 0.29

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 20.7 1.18 26.0 1.12 46.2 1.38 7.2 0.69

Episcopal 13.0 3.83 46.6 4.59 40.4 3.17 0.0 0.00

Friends 3.5 0.49 77.4 3.02 15.9 2.20 3.3 0.46

Seventh-Day Adventist 13.3 3.65 41.7 6.69 8.2 3.07 36.8 6.63

Hebrew 2.7 1.62 3.1 1.00 15.5 2.59 78.7 3.17

Solomon Schechter 0.0 0.00 4.9 0.00 53.6 0.00 41.5 0.00

Other Jewish 0.0 0.00 8.4 3.36 23.9 4.33 67.6 4.92

Christian Schools Intl 14.7 5.05 8.6 4.46 71.5 5.96 5.2 2.97

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 22.2 3.43 32.9 3.62 42.5 4.45 2.4 0.96

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 8.7 3.25 26.7 4.38 51.6 4.61 13.0 4.53

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.6 0.22 13.8 3.69 55.3 4.14 30.3 3.26

Evangelical Lutheran 46.3 2.38 28.8 1.86 21.1 1.99 3.7 1.04

Other Lutheran 0.0 0.00 13.2 0.77 40.7 3.45 46.1 2.69

Montessori 8.5 2.82 73.6 5.34 13.3 3.92 4.6 2.49

Schls for Exceptl Children 20.9 5.94 62.8 7.28 15.4 5.02 0.9 0.64

Natl Assoc of

 Indep Schools (only) 8.8 2.07 51.9 3.70 38.9 3.71 0.3 0.12

Military 0.0 0.00 -- -- -- -- 0.0 0.00

Other Private 13.1 1.69 28.3 2.10 23.7 1.93 34.9 2.88

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 22.1 1.52 23.8 1.64 45.6 2.01 8.5 0.96

 Diocesan 18.3 2.53 24.2 2.23 50.7 2.97 6.7 1.67

 Private Order 18.9 2.25 44.8 3.10 36.3 2.89 0.0 0.00

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 16.6 2.35 28.0 2.41 43.4 3.63 12.0 2.33

 Affiliated 9.5 1.55 35.1 2.74 29.1 2.00 26.3 2.61

 Unaffiliated 11.7 1.99 14.4 2.19 22.4 3.06 51.5 4.35

Nonsectarian

 Regular 8.6 2.25 32.9 3.37 33.3 4.26 25.2 4.66

 Special emphasis 18.9 4.73 56.2 5.27 13.0 3.09 11.9 4.03

 Special education 17.0 4.98 63.4 6.24 14.3 3.70 5.3 3.43

All Members of NAIS 9.1 1.75 50.8 2.58 39.1 2.17 1.0 0.45

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–7

Table C6— Percentages of schools, by grade levels and affiliation: 1993-94

Elementary Secondary Combined

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 59.5 0.55 9.8 0.51 30.7 0.74

Total Public 71.9 0.21 24.3 0.18 3.8 0.20

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 82.9 0.27 13.9 0.17 3.2 0.27

Episcopal 64.3 0.00 10.8 1.47 24.9 1.47

Friends 69.7 7.13 9.2 2.16 21.2 4.98

Seventh-Day Adventist 70.8 5.04 5.8 0.72 23.4 4.78

Hebrew 59.9 7.55 25.4 5.17 14.7 4.82

Solomon Schechter 95.1 0.00 4.9 0.00 0.0 0.00

Other Jewish 54.0 6.79 27.6 5.00 18.4 4.86

Christian Schools Intl 61.7 7.03 9.8 3.09 28.5 6.93

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 49.4 1.99 3.9 1.89 46.8 2.91

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 92.3 0.66 6.3 0.75 1.5 0.58

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 94.0 0.41 5.4 0.42 0.6 0.01

Evangelical Lutheran 97.3 0.58 0.8 0.02 1.9 0.57

Other Lutheran 83.0 0.99 4.2 0.25 12.7 0.74

Montessori 82.3 4.22 0.2 0.03 17.5 4.22

Schools for Exceptional Children 8.4 3.55 22.3 5.57 69.3 5.71

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 32.5 2.23 20.8 1.03 46.7 2.33

Military 0.0 0.00 74.0 12.97 -- --

Other Private Schools 36.4 1.05 6.8 1.25 56.8 1.50

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 95.0 0.56 3.9 0.41 1.1 0.47

 Diocesan 76.3 1.53 20.8 1.29 2.9 1.05

 Private Order 26.4 3.46 56.3 3.03 17.2 2.90

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 31.9 1.93 2.3 1.04 65.8 2.30

 Affiliated 67.6 2.77 9.7 0.83 22.7 2.54

 Unaffiliated 61.7 3.13 4.2 0.81 34.1 3.13

Nonsectarian

 Regular 52.6 4.02 11.6 1.50 35.8 4.32

 Special emphasis 53.6 4.52 17.0 4.34 29.4 4.02

 Special education 1.4 0.38 14.5 5.01 84.0 5.03

All members of NAIS 33.4 1.99 25.4 1.39 41.2 2.16

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–8 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C7— Percentages of elementary schools, by tuition amounts and affiliation: 1993-94

$3,500 or more $1,500 to $3,499 less than $1,500

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 12.3 0.84 47.5 1.59 40.3 1.77

Total Public 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2.2 0.47 50.9 1.24 47.0 1.36

Episcopal 32.4 7.05 64.3 6.18 3.3 3.34

Friends 81.1 4.20 16.7 3.45 2.2 0.89

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.0 0.00 38.0 8.45 62.0 8.45

Hebrew 84.6 5.04 15.4 5.04 0.0 0.00

Solomon Schechter 97.4 0.00 2.6 0.00 0.0 0.00

Other Jewish 79.1 5.83 19.6 5.59 1.3 0.95

Christian Schools Intl -- -- 81.4 8.33 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schl Intl 1.9 1.27 68.4 6.89 29.8 7.14

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.0 0.00 52.1 5.23 47.9 5.23

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.0 0.00 42.6 4.81 57.4 4.81

Evangelical Lutheran 2.6 0.40 83.1 1.86 14.3 1.79

Other Lutheran 3.0 0.21 37.1 4.46 59.8 4.25

Montessori 48.7 8.36 51.3 8.36 0.0 0.00

Schools for Exceptional Children -- -- -- -- -- --

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 88.8 7.32 4.0 4.47 7.2 5.20

Military -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 20.4 3.03 37.5 6.01 42.1 7.20

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 1.3 0.42 49.6 1.55 49.1 1.69

 Diocesan 0.8 0.58 55.1 3.32 44.1 3.39

 Private Order -- -- 42.6 7.43 -- --

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 1.6 1.03 66.5 6.09 31.8 6.23

 Affiliated 19.1 1.68 49.2 3.71 31.7 3.47

 Unaffiliated 7.1 2.34 33.8 6.61 59.2 7.31

Nonsectarian

 Regular 43.4 5.01 33.5 6.18 23.1 7.32

 Special emphasis 54.8 6.58 45.2 6.58 0.0 0.00

 Special education -- -- -- -- -- --

All Members of NAIS 76.7 6.01 18.8 4.99 4.4 3.11

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–9

Table C8— Percentages of schools serving secondary students, by tuition amounts and 

affiliation: 1993-94

$8,000 or more $3,000 to $7,999 less than $3,000

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 14.3 1.17 25.3 1.47 60.4 1.68

Total Public 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.00

18 Affiliation Categproes

Catholic 5.0 1.14 50.1 1.97 44.9 2.25

Episcopal 45.7 6.02 47.3 6.07 7.0 4.27

Friends 70.6 0.00 19.4 0.00 10.1 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.0 0.00 35.8 7.39 64.2 7.39

Hebrew 10.4 5.45 78.2 5.56 11.4 3.65

Solomon Schechter -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 6.4 1.76 70.4 9.75 23.2 10.07

Christian Schools Intl 0.0 0.00 62.8 10.39 -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.0 0.00 17.1 3.31 82.9 3.31

Lutheran, Missouri Synod -- -- 60.9 9.71 -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.0 0.00 76.2 8.35 -- --

Evangelical Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori -- -- 79.3 11.72 -- --

Schools for Exceptional Children 55.9 5.88 10.0 4.36 34.1 5.59

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 57.3 3.47 34.1 3.33 8.6 2.55

Military -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 14.1 1.98 14.9 2.69 70.9 2.98

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 2.4 1.58 27.4 4.93 70.2 5.20

 Diocesan 0.0 0.00 45.3 3.39 54.7 3.39

 Private Order 11.0 2.35 64.6 3.55 24.4 3.25

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 0.2 0.15 8.0 1.56 91.8 1.55

 Affiliated 6.8 1.07 44.5 4.74 48.7 4.80

 Unaffiliated 6.1 2.12 16.8 4.50 77.0 4.32

Nonsectarian

 Regular 30.7 4.13 36.0 6.33 33.4 4.59

 Special emphasis 25.5 8.48 32.7 7.79 41.8 7.91

 Special education 53.8 5.31 19.5 5.83 26.7 5.82

All members of NAIS 50.0 2.97 39.2 2.69 10.8 2.69

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–10 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C9— Percentage distribution of secondary school resources, by affiliation: 1993-94

Library Remedial Reading

Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 81.9 1.95 46.2 1.53

Total Public 92.9 0.68 69.9 0.68

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 97.9 1.01 43.9 2.71

Episcopal 100.0 0.00 35.8 6.32

Friends 95.0 0.00 45.4 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist 89.5 6.03 23.7 5.17

Hebrew 87.2 5.52 50.2 8.46

Solomon Schechter -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 87.8 7.51 35.9 8.92

Christian Schools Intl 99.0 0.25 73.7 8.24

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 94.6 1.98 57.6 5.62

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 100.0 0.00 -- --

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 87.4 3.49 -- --

Evangelical Lutheran -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran -- -- -- --

Montessori -- -- -- --

Schools for Exceptional Children 82.9 3.44 81.2 3.56

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 98.5 0.89 43.7 3.64

Military 100.0 0.00 81.5 9.23

Other Private Schools 72.5 3.43 44.6 2.95

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 100.0 0.00 42.8 6.20

 Diocesan 100.0 0.00 51.2 4.36

 Private Order 94.8 2.42 37.3 3.98

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 86.4 2.92 47.6 3.89

 Affililiated 88.0 4.00 29.6 4.33

 Unaffiliated 67.4 6.08 38.7 6.22

Nonsectarian

 Regular 88.4 3.94 46.5 5.50

 Special emphasis 73.0 5.86 49.8 8.89

 Special education 64.6 6.85 66.8 6.95

All members of NAIS 97.6 0.83 44.3 3.08

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–11

Table C10— Percentages of secondary schools, by graduation requirements and affiliation: 

1993-94

3+ Yrs Science 1+ Yrs Foreign Lang. Community Service

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 47.9 2.38 57.6 2.33 31.8 1.48

Total Public 25.0 0.64 17.1 0.73 3.3 0.33

18Affiliation Categories

Catholic 46.2 2.08 72.4 2.01 61.4 2.16

Episcopal 67.3 4.91 98.2 0.73 53.0 5.54

Friends 52.9 0.00 70.6 0.00 88.2 0.00

Seventh-Day Adventist -- -- -- -- 64.3 8.82

Hebrew 83.6 5.74 100.0 0.00 58.0 10.53

Solomon Schechter -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Jewish 62.2 8.88 91.6 6.28 -- --

Christian Schools Intl -- -- -- -- -- --

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 50.3 5.99 55.0 6.11 22.2 4.96

Lutheran, Missouri Synod -- -- -- -- 70.7 13.08

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod -- -- -- -- 0.0 0.00

Evangelical Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Lutheran -- -- -- -- -- --

Montessori -- -- -- -- -- --

Schools for ExceptionalChldrn 42.7 9.41 21.6 6.35 20.7 8.22

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 53.3 3.72 88.7 2.36 45.8 3.74

Military -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 45.6 3.94 48.9 3.61 18.6 2.72

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 42.0 6.60 54.6 6.31 50.4 7.50

 Diocesan 42.9 3.08 68.8 3.02 66.6 3.46

 Private Order 51.2 3.73 83.4 2.60 60.9 3.30

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 44.6 4.50 51.5 4.59 19.0 3.50

 Affililiated 50.2 6.29 60.3 6.04 34.1 4.75

 Unaffiliated 45.9 7.51 50.1 6.75 28.4 5.81

Nonsectarian

 Regular 60.0 4.85 68.1 4.43 30.3 3.10

 Special emphasis 59.1 10.67 59.3 9.92 39.6 9.79

 Special education 33.8 8.60 29.0 8.64 10.6 2.70

All members of NAIS 54.1 2.81 90.5 1.77 45.6 3.07

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–12 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C11— Percentages of minority teachers, by affiliation: 1993-94

50 or more 10 to 49 1 to 9 None

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 6.7 0.67 14.6 0.65 13.3 0.65 65.5 1.16

Total Public 7.0 0.35 26.7 0.57 24.0 0.52 42.3 0.61

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 5.5 0.61 15.0 1.04 18.5 1.19 61.0 1.45

Episcopal 2.1 2.15 31.1 5.56 29.4 3.76 37.5 4.73

Friends 0.0 0.00 48.9 7.09 20.7 3.51 30.5 3.94

Seventh-DayAdventist 7.9 2.88 13.4 3.01 2.6 0.66 76.1 4.43

Hebrew 0.0 0.00 1.5 0.78 14.3 3.62 84.2 3.62

Solomon Schechter 2.4 0.00 2.4 0.00 26.8 0.00 68.3 0.00

Other Jewish 0.0 0.00 6.5 4.06 9.1 3.40 84.4 3.95

Christian Schools Intl 0.4 0.06 9.3 3.97 12.0 3.12 78.4 4.90

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 10.6 2.93 18.3 3.20 15.2 2.59 55.9 4.61

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 0.1 0.05 13.1 3.37 3.0 1.23 83.8 3.76

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.3 0.00 2.2 2.00 0.8 0.43 96.8 2.03

Evangelical Lutheran 6.4 2.06 42.8 2.03 9.4 0.95 41.3 2.37

Other Lutheran 0.0 0.00 4.3 0.25 0.0 0.00 95.7 0.25

Montessori 13.9 5.15 29.0 6.19 5.1 2.67 51.9 8.53

Schls for Exceptl Children 4.7 3.37 29.1 4.53 17.1 4.53 49.0 6.80

Natl Assoc of

 Indep Schools (only) 3.9 1.81 18.3 3.73 47.4 3.60 30.4 3.94

Military 0.0 0.00 -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 8.2 1.24 11.8 1.11 7.7 1.11 72.2 2.27

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 7.0 0.87 16.2 1.49 14.4 1.44 62.4 1.79

 Diocesan 2.9 0.76 10.6 1.95 19.6 2.28 66.8 2.69

 Private Order 3.9 1.85 21.0 2.61 40.8 3.40 34.3 3.80

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 10.7 2.15 14.8 1.72 10.6 1.65 63.9 3.07

 Affiliated 3.4 1.04 13.8 1.53 8.9 0.83 74.0 2.06

 Unaffiliated 5.2 1.51 7.7 1.55 5.4 1.16 81.7 2.56

Nonsectarian

 Regular 7.1 2.40 12.8 2.24 19.2 2.11 60.9 3.90

 Special emphasis 14.1 2.85 22.7 4.23 14.0 2.91 49.2 5.77

 Special education 1.7 0.89 27.0 4.36 13.6 3.50 57.7 5.43

All members of NAIS 4.4 1.41 20.7 2.58 43.7 2.65 31.2 2.52

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–13

Table C12— Percentages of schools, by teachers’ ratings of moderate or serious problems 

and affiliation: 1993-94—Continued on next page

Robbery/ Alcohol Phys. Conflict/

Attendance Vandalism Drugs Weapons

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 22.7 1.27 9.2 1.47 8.1 6.19 9.8 1.20

Total Public 53.3 2.08 31.0 2.16 30.4 0.53 33.1 3.82

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 20.9 2.02 9.0 1.35 9.7 7.39 8.8 1.12

Episcopal 20.2 2.95 8.9 1.84 12.7 10.64 6.1 1.86

Friends 19.9 4.22 8.3 5.83 15.6 11.19 4.4 1.76

Seventh-Day Adventist 36.9 3.60 7.3 3.14 2.8 0.87 7.9 2.95

Hebrew 26.1 7.14 3.0 1.07 0.4 0.38 4.3 4.86

Solomon Schechter 17.3 4.74 2.7 1.48 1.8 1.16 1.8 1.38

Other Jewish 30.9 6.47 6.3 2.56 1.3 0.81 6.5 2.33

Christian Schools Intl 14.9 2.88 4.7 2.02 7.7 5.31 7.3 2.94

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 20.9 2.38 8.2 1.77 0.5 0.38 5.4 1.56

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 21.1 2.88 6.2 3.37 4.8 4.99 8.3 1.65

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 10.9 2.01 4.8 1.20 1.3 2.62 5.3 1.20

Evangelical Lutheran 17.5 2.09 5.5 1.12 0.5 0.87 18.0 1.41

Other Lutheran 9.2 3.09 2.2 1.49 0.8 0.68 2.9 2.87

Montessori 18.9 4.72 6.8 1.94 1.4 1.20 14.3 5.40

Schls for Exceptional Children 34.0 6.43 29.1 7.51 11.1 2.98 54.6 14.60

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 23.2 3.00 13.1 1.27 24.4 3.86 3.9 1.13

Military 27.4 6.00 40.4 8.36 31.7 5.23 23.5 6.69

Other Private Schools 26.4 2.67 10.6 1.45 8.3 4.66 13.6 1.56

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 17.8 1.24 7.2 0.53 3.1 2.16 8.9 0.72

 Diocesan 23.9 2.55 11.2 2.06 14.8 8.35 9.1 1.67

 Private Order 31.0 1.91 14.2 2.29 35.7 4.67 7.6 1.22

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 21.4 2.34 6.0 1.47 0.6 1.05 5.3 0.97

 Affiliated 26.3 2.26 6.1 1.23 5.1 3.97 6.3 0.78

 Unaffiliated 18.2 2.69 5.7 3.32 3.6 4.97 4.9 1.12

Nonsectarian

 Regular 23.5 1.59 11.0 1.56 15.5 9.86 8.5 2.91

 Special emphasis 28.0 3.23 11.1 2.74 9.1 6.91 20.8 4.40

 Special education 39.7 4.04 36.4 6.31 20.7 4.13 53.0 6.38

All members of NAIS 23.0 2.51 11.5 1.28 24.5 3.69 4.6 1.20

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–14 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C12— Percentages of schools, by teachers’ ratings of moderate or serious problems 

and affiliation: 1993-94—Continued

Apathy/ Poverty/

Unprepared Racial Tension Dropouts

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 26.0 1.13 13.4 0.68 1.9 0.18

Total Public 71.0 1.43 37.7 0.84 17.4 2.14

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 28.3 2.22 16.0 0.73 1.2 0.35

Episcopal 17.9 1.84 6.5 1.50 0.6 0.34

Friends 16.0 5.46 12.7 5.17 1.1 0.61

Seventh-Day Adventist 31.1 6.07 12.3 3.36 1.3 0.88

Hebrew 18.1 6.28 8.8 3.48 1.3 0.88

Solomon Schechter 7.3 2.63 0.9 0.64 0.9 0.64

Other Jewish 17.5 2.50 5.4 2.99 0.0 0.00

Christian Schools Intl 19.2 6.19 12.1 2.94 0.1 0.29

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 20.5 3.07 8.6 1.72 1.8 0.79

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 29.0 4.28 8.2 2.32 1.2 1.10

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 20.1 3.19 6.4 1.20 1.7 0.59

Evangelical Lutheran 34.9 2.43 16.6 1.74 0.2 0.35

Other Lutheran 10.0 3.81 1.6 0.90 1.6 0.91

Montessori 4.7 2.05 3.5 1.90 1.4 1.20

Schools for Exceptional Children 60.8 10.98 48.2 12.79 7.4 3.06

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 20.0 2.95 7.9 1.05 0.9 0.30

Military 74.6 6.43 20.7 4.09 16.9 5.43

Other Private Schools 27.1 4.11 14.7 1.45 3.9 0.65

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 25.6 0.97 15.4 1.19 0.5 0.16

 Diocesan 30.7 4.49 15.6 1.48 1.7 0.34

 Private Order 38.0 1.93 20.8 1.80 4.1 0.94

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 20.0 1.36 6.8 1.27 1.5 0.48

 Affiliated 23.5 1.26 9.6 1.13 0.5 0.15

 Unaffiliated 21.1 2.84 7.8 1.18 2.0 0.54

Nonsectarian

 Regular 21.5 1.48 6.7 1.15 2.2 0.77

 Special emphasis 21.6 3.63 15.0 2.85 5.6 1.57

 Special education 66.5 5.21 57.6 6.41 10.6 2.82

All members of NAIS 22.9 2.88 7.6 1.12 1.1 0.27

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–15

Table C13— Percentages of schools, by teachers’ influence on school policy and control over 

classroom practice and affiliation: 1993-94

School School Class Class

Discipline Curriculum Textbooks Content

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 59.2 0.66 55.7 0.61 68.8 0.55 74.9 0.50

Total Public 34.9 0.41 34.3 0.38 55.2 0.42 60.5 0.38

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 56.1 0.75 48.4 0.68 65.0 0.64 71.4 0.64

Episcopal 61.8 2.90 70.4 2.94 82.7 2.71 84.4 2.56

Friends 73.4 4.96 86.2 2.02 91.3 2.69 91.0 2.64

Seventh-Day Adventist 71.9 4.54 34.9 3.98 44.2 3.58 61.1 3.33

Hebrew 51.0 5.30 54.3 4.94 69.3 4.10 78.9 4.44

Solomon Schechter 54.6 4.76 55.9 4.91 71.1 4.39 70.1 4.68

Other Jewish 40.6 5.72 50.0 4.81 62.1 5.76 74.7 4.76

Christian Schools Intl 75.0 2.80 71.2 3.54 69.5 4.41 74.4 2.29

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 62.9 2.66 52.7 2.80 57.2 2.99 69.3 2.69

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 76.1 3.19 75.8 2.28 71.0 3.19 80.5 1.96

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 81.3 1.69 80.3 1.94 79.9 1.68 87.4 1.55

Evangelical Lutheran 64.0 1.77 48.5 2.15 53.9 2.63 81.1 1.83

Other Lutheran 71.1 4.77 73.4 5.06 77.6 3.74 81.1 3.52

Montessori 76.1 2.71 71.5 6.63 79.9 3.13 81.6 6.54

Schls for Exceptional Children 63.0 4.19 57.3 4.08 77.4 2.79 81.6 3.57

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 61.9 2.13 73.4 1.77 88.9 1.10 88.3 1.25

Military 13.6 5.39 49.7 5.21 72.4 3.51 85.4 4.67

Other Private Schools 55.8 1.55 54.1 1.66 65.6 1.89 73.4 1.65

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 62.9 0.88 46.7 1.00 60.6 1.11 67.6 0.99

 Diocesan 51.2 1.57 47.0 1.28 67.2 1.26 71.1 1.28

 Private Order 44.8 2.05 55.6 1.80 77.7 1.41 82.7 1.39

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 65.4 1.89 53.0 2.19 59.7 2.28 68.3 1.93

 Affiliated 60.3 1.71 59.3 1.47 65.9 1.48 73.8 1.21

 Unaffiliated 63.6 2.44 63.3 2.58 66.6 2.65 76.1 2.23

Nonsectarian

 Regular 57.2 1.91 66.4 1.67 82.3 1.32 86.3 1.30

 Special emphasis 66.6 3.05 68.2 4.54 83.5 3.27 83.8 3.85

 Special education 55.3 3.42 53.5 5.18 80.5 3.66 80.3 2.62

All members of NAIS 59.6 1.58 70.4 1.31 86.5 0.94 87.0 0.99

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–16 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C14— Percentages of schools, by teachers’ satisfaction and affiliation: 1993-94

Class Staff Would

Salary Size Cooperate Do Over

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 41.6 0.59 84.4 0.40 90.5 0.29 78.4 0.52

Total Public 44.9 0.45 64.9 0.38 77.5 0.31 64.0 0.34

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 30.8 0.86 77.1 0.64 88.6 0.50 77.6 0.62

Episcopal 44.2 3.16 95.5 1.31 92.1 1.85 77.1 2.42

Friends 39.1 5.49 95.7 2.29 95.6 1.68 81.2 3.63

Seventh-Day Adventist 60.0 3.70 85.6 2.80 92.5 2.20 71.7 4.61

Hebrew 56.5 5.99 74.1 4.93 86.7 2.97 81.8 3.54

Solomon Schechter 35.0 5.44 91.4 2.63 85.4 3.19 75.7 4.36

Other Jewish 37.3 5.39 92.7 1.67 83.4 3.12 72.2 3.93

Christian Schools Intl 60.8 5.49 87.3 1.99 91.4 3.33 85.8 2.66

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 51.4 2.91 89.1 1.68 93.9 1.09 87.5 1.77

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 37.6 2.77 87.4 2.04 90.2 1.77 77.6 2.89

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 71.6 2.70 87.0 1.22 91.9 1.49 84.4 1.79

Evangelical Lutheran 38.1 2.06 91.0 1.06 93.5 1.20 85.7 1.81

Other Lutheran 60.3 4.84 92.8 2.66 97.8 0.64 80.1 3.88

Montessori 39.2 3.95 91.5 2.31 92.4 2.30 74.0 2.38

Schls for Exceptional Children 22.8 3.85 95.4 1.36 92.0 2.53 80.5 5.80

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 48.0 1.79 91.2 0.99 91.1 0.94 77.5 1.32

Military 45.3 6.43 97.8 2.06 71.4 6.82 54.9 6.90

Other Private Schools 51.2 1.73 90.0 1.17 92.3 1.06 76.9 1.49

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 27.4 0.88 77.6 0.92 89.6 0.71 78.4 0.81

 Diocesan 29.0 1.17 74.2 1.28 87.7 0.96 76.9 0.99

 Private Order 43.6 2.16 79.4 1.26 88.1 1.08 76.6 1.36

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 54.1 2.31 91.4 1.11 95.2 0.86 87.1 1.34

 Affiliated 49.8 1.86 88.3 0.95 90.6 0.84 78.4 1.34

 Unaffiliated 54.7 2.77 87.1 2.32 93.1 0.88 76.3 1.56

Nonsectarian

 Regular 45.1 1.67 90.1 1.04 90.2 1.09 75.1 1.56

 Special emphasis 40.9 2.90 90.2 2.04 86.6 2.18 77.7 2.25

 Special education 33.8 3.11 88.1 2.83 90.9 1.81 75.1 3.16

All members of NAIS 47.4 1.40 90.4 0.76 90.5 0.85 77.4 1.05

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–17

Table C15— Percentages of principals’ education attainment, by affiliation: 1993-94

Doctorate Masters BA no BA

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 14.1 0.59 51.6 1.28 25.9 1.27 8.4 0.99

Total Public 35.2 0.65 63.4 0.65 1.4 0.21 0.0 0.00

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 14.6 1.04 73.3 1.52 11.9 1.14 0.2 0.20

Episcopal 26.1 4.70 54.7 5.30 19.2 4.85 0.0 0.00

Friends 21.5 3.27 59.9 5.93 14.9 2.23 3.7 0.54

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.4 1.32 41.9 6.66 52.6 6.71 3.0 2.53

Hebrew 47.2 6.41 37.2 5.44 12.0 3.08 3.6 1.56

Solomon Schechter 45.1 0.00 45.0 0.00 9.9 0.00 0.0 0.00

Other Jewish 41.8 7.11 35.4 6.35 12.5 4.26 10.2 3.68

Christian Schools Intl 8.9 2.40 52.0 8.61 39.1 8.77 0.0 0.00

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 7.0 1.52 56.9 4.65 29.3 5.01 6.7 3.13

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 5.0 1.95 58.3 6.60 35.2 6.44 1.5 1.53

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 1.5 1.14 34.2 3.24 63.4 3.43 0.9 0.62

Evangelical Lutheran 8.8 1.05 62.3 2.08 24.2 1.66 4.7 2.60

Other Lutheran 7.3 0.45 19.5 1.21 68.3 1.97 4.9 0.30

Montessori 30.2 6.54 31.7 6.57 31.6 6.19 6.5 3.25

Schls for Exceptional Children 34.2 6.27 61.6 6.22 4.3 1.70 0.0 0.00

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 25.7 3.88 61.4 3.69 9.9 2.32 2.9 2.28

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.0 0.00

Other Private Schools 12.4 1.58 32.9 2.73 33.2 3.22 21.5 2.81

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 12.8 1.10 72.5 1.80 14.3 1.53 0.3 0.31

 Diocesan 14.0 2.00 77.5 1.89 8.5 1.41 0.0 0.00

 Private Order 27.2 3.23 67.0 3.78 5.8 2.09 0.0 0.00

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 8.5 1.45 42.4 2.98 36.8 3.86 12.3 2.88

 Affiliated 14.9 1.41 44.7 3.19 35.0 3.42 5.3 1.76

 Unaffiliated 9.2 1.80 28.0 2.92 33.5 4.12 29.3 5.27

Nonsectarian

 Regular 15.1 2.74 46.1 4.96 30.0 5.08 8.8 4.30

 Special emphasis 25.6 3.33 30.4 5.53 35.7 4.87 8.4 3.40

 Special education 25.1 6.66 62.0 7.53 12.7 4.56 0.1 0.01

All members of NAIS 25.7 2.50 59.8 2.77 12.7 2.76 1.8 1.39

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–18 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C16— Percentages of teachers’ education attainment, by affiliation: 1993-94

Doctorate Masters BA no BA

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 4.6 0.23 29.8 0.69 59.0 0.63 6.7 0.46

Total Public 5.3 0.15 42.0 0.33 52.0 0.33 0.7 0.06

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 3.7 0.30 29.9 0.73 63.3 0.78 3.1 0.32

Episcopal 7.0 1.36 39.5 2.53 51.2 3.03 2.3 1.23

Friends 6.2 1.82 46.9 5.77 44.4 6.81 2.5 1.41

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.0 1.49 44.1 4.26 51.9 3.94 2.0 0.72

Hebrew 8.6 2.91 28.7 6.25 28.6 4.40 34.1 8.33

Solomon Schechter 9.6 2.60 36.7 4.12 51.6 4.32 2.1 1.28

Other Jewish 11.1 2.59 33.8 4.17 47.5 3.99 7.6 2.80

Christian Schools Intl 2.4 0.94 31.0 4.52 65.3 4.55 1.2 0.91

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 2.2 0.77 19.1 1.79 65.9 1.83 12.8 1.36

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.5 0.58 27.5 2.73 70.0 2.81 1.0 0.61

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.6 0.40 20.8 1.88 73.2 1.99 5.4 1.06

Evangelical Lutheran 2.7 0.84 13.7 1.72 79.8 2.09 3.7 1.13

Other Lutheran 2.0 1.54 23.1 3.94 69.6 3.88 5.4 1.73

Montessori 16.9 2.48 15.1 2.96 50.0 4.36 18.0 3.91

Schls for Exceptional Children 7.9 2.81 24.5 5.71 63.1 7.45 4.5 1.63

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 7.0 0.87 45.0 1.74 46.7 1.73 1.3 0.38

Military 10.9 4.68 53.4 7.32 35.7 6.94 0.0 0.00

Other Private Schools 4.5 0.80 24.3 1.80 57.2 1.97 14.1 1.70

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 2.6 0.36 23.2 0.81 70.6 0.88 3.6 0.45

 Diocesan 3.9 0.52 31.1 1.40 62.1 1.39 2.9 0.37

 Private Order 6.7 0.80 46.8 1.55 45.0 1.58 1.5 0.41

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 2.1 0.51 17.8 1.27 66.3 1.74 13.8 1.47

 Affiliated 5.5 0.71 32.5 1.55 55.0 1.62 7.0 1.41

 Unaffiliated 5.4 1.27 27.1 2.71 50.8 2.45 16.7 2.93

Nonsectarian

 Regular 5.9 0.68 39.1 1.41 52.2 1.66 2.8 0.51

 Special emphasis 9.4 1.29 25.7 2.67 54.5 2.15 10.4 2.04

 Special education 5.4 1.66 37.9 3.88 53.7 4.21 3.0 1.38

All members of NAIS 7.0 0.62 45.7 1.30 45.8 1.33 1.4 0.34

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–19

Table C17— Percentages of principals’ years of experience, by affiliation: 1993-94

20 or more 10 to 19 3 to 9 less than 3

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 53.8 1.48 30.7 1.27 12.5 0.75 3.0 0.48

Total Public 54.0 0.63 38.6 0.61 7.3 0.39 0.1 0.04

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 69.3 1.32 25.0 1.24 5.1 0.71 0.5 0.17

Episcopal 54.4 3.62 30.1 4.66 13.3 2.72 2.2 2.17

Friends 45.9 7.19 33.6 10.03 17.2 2.43 3.2 0.50

Seventh-Day Adventist 55.4 8.39 25.8 6.10 12.8 5.93 6.1 4.87

Hebrew 65.9 6.52 28.4 6.09 5.0 1.76 0.7 0.47

Solomon Schechter 62.6 0.00 34.9 0.00 2.4 0.00 0.0 0.00

Other Jewish 64.7 5.78 25.4 4.65 6.1 1.61 3.7 3.09

Christian Schools Intl 69.8 7.76 25.1 7.07 5.0 2.61 0.0 0.00

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 34.1 3.66 42.9 3.84 22.0 2.94 1.0 0.74

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 70.1 5.87 23.7 5.06 4.3 2.48 1.9 1.68

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 66.7 5.31 15.0 3.31 12.1 3.60 6.2 3.12

Evangelical Lutheran 70.0 1.95 18.6 1.64 11.5 1.22 0.0 0.00

Other Lutheran 68.4 1.96 9.8 0.61 14.5 0.90 7.4 0.46

Montessori 56.2 5.91 27.2 4.85 10.8 4.78 5.7 2.75

Schls for Exceptional Children 49.3 7.13 46.3 6.90 4.4 1.38 0.0 0.00

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 63.7 4.33 26.1 3.56 5.0 1.45 5.2 2.33

Military -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

Other Private Schools 36.0 3.26 39.0 2.98 21.0 2.39 4.0 1.11

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 69.4 1.86 25.9 1.91 4.2 0.84 0.5 0.23

 Diocesan 71.1 2.55 23.6 2.50 5.2 1.09 0.0 0.00

 Private Order 63.9 3.29 23.8 3.08 10.5 2.31 1.9 0.89

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 37.7 2.70 39.4 2.89 19.5 2.18 3.4 1.07

 Affiliated 53.6 3.11 31.3 2.66 10.4 1.93 4.7 1.80

 Unaffiliated 52.3 4.69 22.4 4.72 19.9 3.82 5.5 2.08

Nonsectarian

 Regular 56.4 5.27 27.3 4.11 14.6 4.45 1.7 0.66

 Special emphasis 41.6 4.16 33.5 5.12 16.4 4.38 8.5 3.25

 Special education 26.1 4.72 60.0 5.88 13.0 3.90 0.9 0.66

All Members of NAIS 64.4 3.11 25.8 2.51 6.4 1.27 3.4 1.44

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–20 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C18— Percentages of teachers’ years of experience, by affiliation: 1993-94

20 or more 10 to 19 3 to 9 less than 3

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 21.4 0.47 30.8 0.53 33.6 0.60 14.2 0.43

Total Public 35.4 0.33 31.8 0.35 24.4 0.33 8.5 0.19

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 24.3 0.77 30.3 0.80 31.8 0.88 13.6 0.50

Episcopal 23.2 2.58 27.4 2.79 39.2 3.07 10.2 1.63

Friends 20.6 3.45 37.4 4.34 28.8 4.55 13.2 3.15

Seventh-Day Adventist 29.1 2.58 33.2 4.27 30.3 3.51 7.3 2.00

Hebrew 19.3 3.50 29.9 3.63 36.2 4.11 14.5 4.01

Solomon Schechter 23.3 5.17 44.7 5.19 22.9 3.91 9.1 3.67

Other Jewish 21.5 3.24 36.7 5.20 31.3 4.43 10.5 2.39

Christian Schools Intl 17.7 2.67 36.9 2.93 30.1 4.14 15.3 2.83

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 11.5 1.93 29.1 1.84 38.8 2.21 20.6 1.89

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 33.0 2.65 35.2 2.58 23.2 1.92 8.7 1.27

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 25.5 1.70 38.4 2.03 26.0 2.27 10.1 1.15

Evangelical Lutheran 14.8 1.91 28.1 1.78 33.9 1.67 23.1 1.87

Other Lutheran 25.7 4.06 31.8 3.06 29.8 3.56 12.7 2.16

Montessori 8.7 1.99 29.1 2.15 43.8 2.86 18.3 3.07

Schls for Exceptional Children 14.0 2.60 23.4 4.59 46.7 5.89 15.9 4.44

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 27.8 1.55 33.6 1.64 27.6 1.35 10.9 0.85

Military 31.1 7.99 31.6 11.58 25.3 7.80 12.1 4.25

Other Private Schools 13.7 1.39 29.0 1.49 39.7 1.74 17.6 1.20

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 21.9 0.87 30.8 1.11 33.3 0.99 13.9 0.75

 Diocesan 26.8 1.47 27.9 1.17 33.3 1.56 12.0 0.55

 Private Order 27.9 1.30 33.3 1.46 25.7 1.59 13.1 1.34

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 12.2 1.47 29.8 1.71 37.5 1.92 20.4 1.46

 Affiliated 22.1 1.04 33.5 1.22 32.1 1.12 12.3 0.90

 Unaffiliated 19.5 2.00 28.2 2.06 37.4 2.35 14.9 1.78

Nonsectarian

 Regular 24.7 1.57 34.3 1.34 29.9 1.25 11.2 0.86

 Special emphasis 17.9 1.72 25.4 1.93 36.9 3.06 19.7 1.80

 Special education 13.8 2.04 27.1 3.15 43.6 4.39 15.4 2.48

All members of NAIS 26.8 1.27 32.9 1.26 28.4 1.19 11.9 0.72

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–21

Table C19— Percentages of teachers’ certification, by affiliation: 1993-94

State Private

Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 70.8 0.68 24.7 0.72

Total Public 97.4 0.04 NA NA

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 84.0 0.67 21.0 1.15

Episcopal 64.1 3.58 16.8 3.24

Friends 39.9 2.30 8.8 0.36

Seventh-Day Adventist 62.2 5.07 89.0 2.66

Hebrew Day 49.1 3.45 42.4 4.57

Solomon Schechter 71.6 0.00 32.8 0.00

Other Jewish 44.6 6.04 31.6 5.47

Christian Schools Intl 73.8 6.23 18.7 5.78

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 64.2 2.84 34.0 3.07

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 85.0 2.67 48.8 4.99

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 30.8 2.74 77.9 2.61

Evangelical Lutheran 79.2 0.78 9.4 0.74

Other Lutheran 62.4 2.70 44.2 4.02

Montessori 47.7 5.56 68.8 4.13

Schools for Exceptional Children 75.6 8.61 3.3 1.22

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 58.4 2.01 18.2 2.57

Military 59.9 9.40 14.9 2.34

Other Private Schools 62.5 2.10 21.5 2.00

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 86.4 0.78 21.2 1.68

 Diocesan 85.6 1.27 22.8 1.98

 Private Order 74.1 2.28 16.7 2.57

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 56.1 2.73 31.4 2.35

 Affiliated 64.6 1.86 35.9 2.18

 Unaffiliated 55.4 3.10 28.4 2.66

Nonsectarian

 Regular 61.7 1.90 18.8 2.44

 Special emphasis 65.7 3.59 35.6 4.51

 Special education 85.4 2.29 5.5 2.22

All member of NAIS 59.2 1.64 17.6 1.90

(NA) These data not collected.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

C–22 National Center for Education Statistics ◆ 1993-94 Schools and Staffing Survey

Table C20— Percentage distribution of principals’ salary (in thousands of dollars), by 

affiliation: 1993-94

$40 or more $30 to $40 $20 to $30 less than $20

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 23.9 0.81 23.5 1.03 21.7 1.00 30.9 1.21

Total Public 91.1 0.35 7.8 0.32 0.8 0.10 0.2 0.05

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 17.9 0.83 28.4 1.11 21.1 1.28 32.6 1.26

Episcopal 52.1 4.97 26.6 4.50 18.5 4.04 2.9 2.22

Friends 64.0 5.44 16.6 2.44 12.0 1.70 7.4 1.52

Seventh-Day Adventist 2.2 1.54 38.0 7.29 45.3 7.68 14.6 7.32

HebrewDay 57.9 6.69 18.0 4.25 14.2 5.15 10.0 4.85

Solomon Schechter 87.7 0.00 5.0 0.00 7.3 0.00 0.0 0.00

Other Jewish 67.2 5.70 5.8 1.48 11.2 3.46 15.8 5.28

Christian Schools Intl 42.4 7.65 27.7 8.89 10.9 4.99 19.1 7.22

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 19.1 3.85 20.2 2.56 33.0 4.97 27.7 4.45

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 16.5 3.79 47.6 5.93 26.5 4.97 9.4 4.15

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 2.2 0.91 17.1 3.31 55.6 4.98 25.1 4.92

Evangelical Lutheran 12.5 2.15 55.0 2.00 19.2 1.72 13.2 2.15

Other Lutheran 14.8 5.29 17.1 1.06 19.4 1.21 48.7 3.02

Montessori 32.3 5.19 29.7 7.06 21.9 5.21 16.1 6.87

Schls for Exceptional Children 87.4 3.51 9.7 3.27 1.4 0.66 1.5 0.31

Natl Assoc of

 Independent Schools (only) 79.2 4.08 9.9 2.89 4.9 2.36 6.0 2.23

Military 84.1 8.50 -- -- -- -- 0.0 0.00

Other Private Schools 22.2 2.37 16.4 2.20 16.1 1.64 45.4 2.98

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 12.7 1.18 31.0 1.55 20.8 1.66 35.5 1.66

 Diocesan 21.6 1.88 28.0 2.46 25.5 2.05 24.9 2.01

 Private Order 43.9 3.31 13.6 2.45 12.6 2.28 29.9 3.68

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 10.3 1.87 16.5 1.94 31.8 2.71 41.5 3.24

 Affiliated 26.7 1.64 26.3 2.14 27.7 2.72 19.3 2.78

 Unaffiliated 13.1 1.99 18.4 2.39 16.9 2.18 51.6 4.24

Nonsectarian

 Regular 52.3 4.45 17.5 3.15 15.0 4.01 15.2 4.49 

 Special emphasis 33.1 4.41 28.2 5.19 18.6 3.38 20.1 4.95

 Special education 68.0 6.69 26.5 6.66 0.4 0.10 5.2 3.34

All members of NAIS 73.2 2.98 12.6 2.14 7.3 2.26 6.9 1.81

(--) Too few cases for a reliable estimate.

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.
Appendix C

Private Schools in the United States: A Statistical Profile, 1993-94 C–23

Table C21— Percentage distribution of teachers’ salary (in thousands of dollars), by 

affiliation: 1993-94

$40 or more $30 to $40 $20 to $30 less than $20

Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE Percent SE

Total Private 4.8 0.41 12.3 0.40 37.9 0.76 45.0 0.82

Total Public 27.6 0.39 32.4 0.34 36.3 0.36 3.6 0.11

18 Affiliation Categories

Catholic 2.6 0.32 9.5 0.48 42.4 0.72 45.6 0.88

Episcopal 12.8 3.18 21.9 2.71 44.4 3.94 20.9 3.08

Friends 7.2 4.21 35.9 8.13 40.2 7.51 16.7 3.23

Seventh-Day Adventist 0.0 0.00 32.1 6.72 58.8 6.21 9.2 2.76

Hebrew 7.0 3.89 16.9 5.32 24.0 5.20 52.1 8.86

Solomon Schechter 14.5 5.11 36.7 7.43 35.0 7.84 13.8 3.58

Other Jewish 14.7 5.01 27.7 5.47 35.7 5.74 21.9 4.74

Christian Schools Intl 0.5 0.32 26.2 3.20 43.8 4.39 29.5 3.98

Assoc of Christn Schls Intl 0.0 0.00 1.6 0.79 21.5 3.55 76.9 3.37

Lutheran, Missouri Synod 1.1 0.58 6.9 1.60 46.4 3.54 45.7 3.37

Lutheran, Wisconsin Synod 0.0 0.00 7.0 1.35 60.6 3.13 32.4 2.82

Evangelical Lutheran 0.0 0.00 4.4 0.92 37.5 2.63 58.1 2.42

Other Lutheran 0.0 0.00 9.2 2.56 35.4 5.28 55.4 5.11

Montessori 0.5 0.47 9.3 3.48 46.1 3.68 44.1 5.09

Schls for Exceptional Children 6.8 2.56 22.5 2.98 54.3 6.28 16.5 5.18

Natl Assoc of 

 Independent Schools (only) 19.3 1.56 26.2 1.74 36.6 1.90 17.9 2.15

Military 8.3 2.68 9.7 4.33 68.9 8.17 13.1 7.41

Other Private Schools 2.3 0.61 8.2 1.00 30.5 2.17 59.0 2.16

9-Category NCES Typology

Catholic

 Parochial 0.4 0.18 4.6 0.57 38.8 1.30 56.2 1.35

 Diocesan 1.2 0.27 11.1 0.81 44.7 1.71 43.1 1.79

 Private Order 11.3 1.33 21.2 1.69 48.8 1.93 18.7 1.78

Other religious

 Conservative Christian 0.7 0.33 2.2 0.66 20.6 2.33 76.4 2.40

 Affiliated 5.0 1.06 20.0 1.46 39.6 1.76 35.4 2.04

 Unaffiliated 4.6 2.19 8.5 1.04 33.7 2.74 53.2 3.19

Nonsectarian

 Regular 13.1 1.31 19.2 1.50 36.2 2.39 31.5 2.19

 Special emphasis 4.1 1.43 16.9 2.23 45.2 3.81 33.8 4.33

 Special education 7.8 1.77 25.7 3.86 49.0 5.03 17.5 4.11

All members of NAIS 16.8 1.24 27.0 1.39 39.8 1.80 16.4 1.50

Note: Percentages may not add to 100 because of rounding.

SOURCE: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Schools and Staffing Survey: 1993-94.