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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |                                                          
|**Chapter 7 Heating and Environmental 
            Control**I.  
            IntroductionII. DefinitionsIII.  
          FuelsIV. Central Heating 
            UnitsV.  Fuel-Burning 
            Procedures and Automatic Firing EquipmentVI. RefractoryVII.  Heating 
            SystemsVIII.  Domestic Hot 
            Water Jack Stoves (Coal Stoves)IX.  Hazardous 
            Installations**I.  Introduction**The function of a heating 
            system is to provide for human comfort. The variables to be 
            controlled are temperature, air motion, and relative humidity. 
            Temperature must be maintained uniformly throughout the heated area. 
            Field experience indicates a variation from 6 to 10? F from floor to 
            ceiling. The adequacy of the heating device and the tightness of the 
            structure or room determine the degree of personal comfort within 
            the dwelling.
            Coal, wood, oil, 
            gas, and electricity are the main sources of heat energy. Heating 
            systems commonly used are steam, hot water, and hot air. The housing 
            inspector should have a knowledge of the various heating fuels and 
            systems to be able to determine their adequacy and safety in 
            operation. To cover fully all aspects of the heating system, the 
            entire area and physical components of the system must be 
            considered.II.  DefinitionsA  Anti-flooding Control - A 
            safety control that shuts off fuel and ignition when excessive fuel 
            accumulates in the appliance.
            B  
            Appliance:1  
            High-heat - a unit that operates with flue entrance temperature of 
            combustion products above l,500?F.2   
            Medium heat - same as high-heat, except above 600?F3   Low 
            heat - same as high heat, except below 600?F.C   
            Boiler:1  High 
            pressure - a boiler furnishing pressure at 15 psi or 
            mole.2   Low 
            pressure -(hot water or steam)-a boiler furnishing steam at a 
            pressure less than 15 psi or hot water not more than 30 
            psi.D  
            Burner - A device that provides the mixing of fuel, air, and 
            ignition in a combustion chamber.E  
            Chimney - A vertical shaft containing one or more 
            passageways.1  
            Factory-built chimney - a tested and accredited flue for venting gas 
            appliances, incinerators and solid or liquid fuel-burning 
            appliances.2  
            Masonry chimney - a field-constructed chimney built of masonry and 
            lined with terra cotta flue or firebrick.3   
            Metal chimney - of metal field-constructed chimney.4   
            Chimney Connector-A pipe or breeching that connects the heating 
            appliance to the chimney.F  
            Clearance - The distance separating the appliance, chimney 
            connector, plenum, and flue from the nearest surface of combustible 
            material.G  
            Central Heating System - A boiler or furnace, flue connected, 
            installed as an integral part of the structure and designed to 
            supply heat adequately for the structure.H  
            Controls:1  
            High-low limit control - an automatic control that responds to 
            liquid level changes and pressure or temperature changes and that 
            limits operation of the appliance to be controlled.2  
            Primary safety control - the automatic safety control intended to 
            prevent abnormal discharge of fuel at the burner in case of ignition 
            failure or flame failure.3  
            Combustion safety control - a primary safety control that responds 
            to flame properties, sensing the presence of flame and causing fuel 
            to be shut off in event of flame failure.I   
            Convector - A convector is a radiator that supplies a maximum amount 
            of heat by convection, using many closely-spaced metal fins fitted 
            onto pipes that carry hot water or steam and thereby heat the 
            circulating air.J   
            Conversion - a boiler or furnance, flue connected, originally 
            designed for solid fuel but converted for liquid or gas 
            fuel.K   
            Damper - a valve for regulating draft. Generally located on the 
            exhaust side of the combustion chamber, usually in the chimney 
            connector.L   
            Draft Hood - a device placed in and made a part of the vent 
            connector (chimney connector or smoke pipe) from an appliance, or in 
            the appliance itself, that is designed to (a) ensure the ready 
            escape of the products of combustion in the event of no draft, 
            back-draft, or stoppage beyond the draft hood; (b) prevent backdraft 
            from entering the appliance; (c) neutralize the effect of stack 
            action of the chimney flue upon appliance operation.M   
            Draft Regulator - a device that functions to maintain a desired 
            draft in oil-fired appliances by automatically reducing the chimney 
            draft to the desired value. Sometimes this device is referred to, in 
            the field, as air-balance, air-stat, or flue velocity 
            control.N   Fuel 
            Oil - a liquid mixture or compound derived from petroleum that does 
            not emit flammable vapor below a temperature of 125?F.O   Heat 
            - the warming of a building, apartment, or room by a stove, furnace. 
            or electricity.P   
            Heating Plant - the furnance, boiler, or the other heating devices 
            used to generate steam, hot water, or hot air, which then is 
            circulated through a distribution system. It uses coal, gas, oil, or 
            wood as its source of heat.Q   
            Limit Control - a thermostatic device installed in the duct system 
            to shut off the supply of heat at a predetermined temperature of the 
            circulated air.R   Oil 
            Burner - a device for burning oil in heating appliances such as 
            boilers, furnaces, water heaters, and ranges. A burner of this type 
            may be a pressure-atomizing gun type, a horizontal or vertical 
            rotary type, or a mechanical or natural draft vaporizing 
            type.S   Oil 
            Stove - a flue-connected, self-contained, self-supporting 
            oil-burning range or room heater equipped with an integral tank not 
            exceeding 10 gallons; it may be designed to be connected to a 
            separate oil supply tank.T  
            Plenum Chamber - an air compartment to which one or more 
            distributing air ducts are connected.U  Pump, 
            Automatic Oil - a device that automatically pumps oil from the 
            supply tank and delivers it in specific quantities to an oil-burning 
            appliance. The pump or device is designed to stop pumping 
            automatically in case of a breakage of the oil supply 
            line.V   
            Radiant Heat - a method of heating a building by means of electric 
            coils, hot water, or steam pipes installed in the floors, walls, or 
            ceilings.W   
            Register - a grille-covered opening in a floor or wall through which 
            hot or cold air can be introduced into a room. It may or may not be 
            arranged to permit closing of the grille.X   Room 
            Heater - a self-contained, free-standing heating appliance intended 
            for installation in the space being heated and not intended for duct 
            connection (space heater).Y   
            Smoke Detector - a device installed in the plenum chamber or in the 
            main supply air duct of an air-conditioning system to shut off the 
            blower automatically and close a fire damper in the presence of 
            smoke.Z   Tank 
            - a separate tank connected, directly or by pump, to an oil-burning 
            appliance.AA   
            Thimble - a term applied to a metal or terra cotta lining for a 
            chimney or furnace pipe.BB   Valve - 
            Main Shut-off Valve-a manually operated valve in an oil line for the 
            purpose of turning on or off the oil supply to the burner.CC   
            Vent System - the gas vent or chimney and vent connector, if used, 
            assembled to form a continuous, unobstructed passageway from the gas 
            appliance to the outside atmosphere for the purpose of removing vent 
            gases. III. 
            FuelsA   
              Coal **** 
              Classification 
              and composition-the four types of coal are: anthracite, 
              bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic.
              Coal is prepared 
              in many sizes and combinations of sizes. The combustible portions 
              of the coal are fixed carbons, volatile matter (hydrocarbons), and 
              small amounts of sulfur. In combination with these are 
              non-combustible elements composed of moisture and impurities that 
              form ash. The various types differ in heat content. The heat 
              content is determined by analysis and is expressed in British 
              Thermal Units (BTU) per pound.The type and size 
              of coal used are determined by the availability and by the 
              equipment in which it is burned. The type and size of coal must be 
              proper for the particular heating unit; that is, the furnace grate 
              and flue size must be designed for the particular type of coal. 
              Excessive coal gas can be generated through improper firing as a 
              result of improper fuel or improper furnace design, or 
both.The owner should 
              be questioned about his procedure for adding coal to his furnace. 
              It should be explained that a period of time must be allowed to 
              pass before damping to prevent the release of excessive coal gas. 
              This should also be done before damping for the night or other 
              periods when full draft is not required.Improper coal 
              furnace operation can result in an extremely hazardous and 
              unhealthful occupancy the inspector should be able to offer 
              helpful operational procedures. Ventilation of the area 
              surrounding the furnace is very important in order to prevent heat 
              buildup and to supply air for combustion.****
              B   Fuel 
              Oil 
              Fuel oils are 
              derived from petroleum, which consists primarily of compounds of 
              hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbons) and smaller amounts of nitrogen 
              and sulfer.
              Classification of 
              fuel oils - Domestic fuel oils are controlled by rigid 
              specifications. Six grades of fuel oil are generally used in 
              heating systems; the lighter two grades are used primarily for 
              domestic heating.These grades are: 
            Grade Number 1 
              -A volatile, distillate oil for use in burners that prepare fuel 
              for burning solely by vaporization (oil-fired space 
              heaters).Grade Number 2 - 
              A moderate-weight, volatile, distillate oil used for burners that 
              prepare oil for burning by a combination of vaporization and 
              atomization. This grade of oil is commonly used in domestic 
              heating furnaces.Grade Number 3 - 
              A low-viscosity, distillate oil used in burners wherein fuel and 
              air are prepared for burning solely by 
              atomization.Grade Number 4 - 
              A medium-viscosity oil used in burners without preheating. (Small 
              industrial or apartment house applications.)Grade Number 5 - 
              A medium-viscosity oil used in burners with preheaters that 
              require an oil of lower viscosity than Grade Number 6. (Industrial 
              or apartment house application.)Grade Number 6 - 
              A high-viscosity oil for use in burners with preheating facilities 
              adequate for handling oil of high viscosity. (Industrial 
              applications.)Heat content - 
              Heating values of oil vary from approximately 152,000 BTU per 
              gallon for Number 6 oil to 136,000 BTU per gallon for Number 
              1.Oil is more widely 
            used today than coal and provides a more automatic source of heat 
            and comfort. It also requires more complicated systems and 
            controls.If the oil supply 
            is used within the basement or cellar area, certain basic 
            regulations must be followed (see Figure 7-1). No more than two 
            275-gallon tanks may be installed above ground in the lowest story 
            of any one building. The tank shall not be closer than 7 feet 
            horizontally to any boiler, furnace, stove, or exposed flame. Fuel 
            oil lines should be embedded in a concrete or cement floor or 
            protected against damage if they run across the floor. Each tank 
            must have a shutoff valve that will stop the flow from each tank if 
            a leak develops in the line to or in the burner itself.The tank or tanks 
            must be vented to the outside, and a gauge showing the quantity of 
            oil in the tank or tanks must be tight and operative. Tanks must be 
            off the floor and on a stable base to prevent settlement or movement 
            that may rupture the connections.A buried outside 
            tank installation is shown in Figure 7-2.Figure 7-1. Piping Hook-up 
            for Inside Tank InstallationFigure 7-2. Piping Hook-up 
            for Buried Outside TankC   
              Gas 
              Commercial gas 
              fuels are colorless gases. Some have a characteristic pungent 
              odor, while others are odorless and cannot be detected by smell. 
              Although gas fuels are easily handled in heating equipment, their 
              presence in air in appreciable quantities becomes a serious health 
              hazard. Gases diffuse readily in the air, making explosive 
              mixtures possible. (A proportion of combustible gas and air that 
              is ignited burns with such a high velocity that an explosive force 
              is created.) Because of these characteristics of gas fuels, 
              precautions must be taken to prevent leaks, and care must be 
              exercised when gas-fired equipment is lit.
              Classification of 
              gas-Gas is broadly classified as natural or manufactured.Manufactured Gas 
              - This gas as distributed is usually a combination of certain 
              proportions of gases produced by two or more processes as obtained 
              from coke, coal, and petroleum. Its BTU value per cubic foot is 
              generally closely regulated, and costs are determined on a 
              guaranteed BTU basis, usually 520 to 540 per cubic 
              foot.Natural Gas - 
              This gas is a mixture of several combustible and inert gases. It 
              is one of the richest gases and is obtained from wells ordinarily 
              located in petroleum-producing areas. The heat content may vary 
              from 700 to 1,300 BTU's per cubic foot with a generally accepted 
              average figure of 1,000 BTU's per cubic foot. Natural gases are 
              distributed through pipe lines to point of utilization and are 
              often mixed with manufactured gas to maintain a guaranteed BTU 
              content.Liquified 
              Petroleum Gas -Principal products of liquified petroleum gas are 
              butane and propane. Butane and propane are derived from natural 
              gas or petroleum refinery gas and are chemically classified as 
              hydrocarbon gases.Specifically, butane and 
            propane are on the borderline between a liquid and a gaseous state. 
            At ordinary atmospheric pressure butane is a gas above 33?F and 
            propane a gas at -42?F. These gases are mixed to produce commercial 
            gas suitable for various climatic conditions. Butane and propane are 
            heavier than air. The heat content of butane is 3,274 BTU's per 
            cubic foot while that of propane is 2,519.
            The gas burner 
            should be equipped with an automatic cutoff in case the flame fails. 
            Shutoff valves should be located within I foot of the burner 
            connection and on the output side of the meter.CAUTION- Liquefied petroleum gas is 
              heavier than air; therefore, the gas will accumulate at the bottom 
              of confined areas. If a leak should develop, care should be taken 
              to ventilate the appliance before lighting.D   Electricity
            Electricity is 
            gaining popularity in many regions, particularly where costs are 
            competitive with other sources of heat energy. With an electric 
            system, the housing inspector should rely mainly on the electrical 
            inspector for proper installation. There are a few items, however, 
            to be concerned with to ensure safe use of the equipment. Check to 
            see that the units are accredited testing agency approved and 
            installed according to the manufacturer's specifications. Most 
            convector-type units are required to be installed at least 2 inches 
            above the floor level, not only to ensure that proper convection 
            currents are established through the unit, but also to allow 
            sufficient air insulation from any combustible flooring material. 
            The housing inspector should check for curtains that extend too 
            close to the unit or loose, long pile rugs that are too close. A 
            distance of 6 inches on the floor and 12 inches on the walls should 
            separate rug or curtains from the appliance.Radiant heating 
            plastered into the ceiling or wall is technical in nature and not a 
            part of the housing inspector's competence. He should, however, be 
            knowledgeable about the system used. These systems are relatively 
            new. If wires are bared in the plastering they should be treated as 
            open and exposed wiring.IV.   
            Central Heating UnitsThe boiler should be placed 
            in a separate room whenever possible; in new construction this is 
            usually required. In most housing inspections, however, we are 
            dealing with existing conditions; therefore, we must adapt the 
            situation as closely as possible to acceptable safety standards. In 
            many old buildings the furnace is located in the center of the 
            cellar or basement, and this location does not lend itself for 
            practical conversion to a boiler room. A   Boiler Location 
            Consider the physical requirements for a boiler room.Ventilation - 
              More circulating air is required for the boiler room than for a 
              habitable room, in order to reduce the heat buildup caused by the 
              boiler or furnace as well as to supply oxygen for 
              combustion.Fire Protection 
              Rating - As specified by various codes (fire code, building code, 
              and insurance underwriters) the fire regulations must be strictly 
              adhered to in areas surrounding the boiler or furnace. This 
              minimum dimension from which a boiler or furnace is to be spaced 
              from a wall or ceiling is shown in Figure 7-3.Many times the 
            enclosure of the furnace or boiler creates a problem of providing 
            adequate air supply and ventilation for the room. Where codes and 
            local authority permit, it may be more practical to place the 
            furnace or boiler in an open area. The ceiling above the furnace 
            should be fire protected to a distance of 3 feet beyond all furnace 
            or boiler appurtenances and this area should be free of all storage 
            material.
            The furnace or 
            boiler should be set on a firm foundation of concrete if located in 
            the cellar or basement. If the codes permit furnace installations on 
            the first floor, then the building code must be consulted for proper 
            setting and location.Figure 7-3. Minimum 
            Clearance for Various Types of Central Heating SystemsB  Heating 
            BoilersBoilers may be 
            classified according to several kinds of characteristics. The 
            material may be cast iron or steel. Their construction may be 
            section, portable, fire-tube, water-tube; or special. Domestic 
            heating boilers are generally of low-pressure type with a maximum 
            working pressure of 15 pounds per square inch for steam and 30 
            pounds per square inch for hot water.All boilers have a 
            combustion chamber for burning fuel. Automatic fuel-firing devices 
            help supply the fuel and control the combustion. Handfiring is 
            accomplished by the provision of a grate, ash pit, and controllable 
            drafts to admit air under the fuel bed and over it through slots in 
            the firing door. A check draft is required at the smoke pipe 
            connection to control chimney draft. The gas passes from the 
            combustion chamber to the flue passages (smoke pipe) designed for 
            maximum possible transfer of heat from the gas. Provisions must be 
            made for cleaning flue passages.The term boiler is 
            applied to the single heat source that can supply either steam or 
            hot-water (boiler is often called a heater).Cast iron boilers 
            are generally classified as:
            Square or 
              rectangular boilers with vertical sections.Round, square, 
              or rectangular boilers with horizontal pancake sections.Cast iron 
            boilers are usually shipped in sections and assembled at the 
            site. 
            C   Steel 
            BoilersMost steel boilers 
            are assembled units with welded steel construction and are called 
            portable boilers. Larger boilers are installed in refractory brick 
            settings built on the site. Above the combustion chamber a group of 
            tubes is suspended, usually horizontally, between two headers. If 
            flue gases pass through the tubes and water surrounds them, the 
            boiler is designated as the fire-tube type. When water flows through 
            the tubes, it is termed watertube. Fire-tube is the predominant 
            type.D   Heating 
            FurnacesHeating furnaces 
            are the heat sources used when air is the heat-carrying medium. When 
            air circulates because of the different densities of the heated and 
            cooled air, the furnace is a gravity type. A fan may be included for 
            the air circulation; this type is called a mechanical warm-air 
            furnace. Furnaces may be of cast iron or steel and burn various 
            types of fuel.V.   
            Fuel-Burning Procedures and Automatic Firing 
            EquipmentA  
            Coal- Many localities throughout the nation still use coal as a 
            heating fuel.Hand 
              Stoking - In many older furnaces, the coal is stoked or fed 
              into the fire box by hand.Automatic 
              Stokers -  The single-retort, underfeed-type bituminous coal 
              stoker is the most commonly used domestic-type steam or hot water 
              boiler (see Figure 7-4). The stoker consists of a coal hopper, a 
              screw for conveying coal from hopper to retort, a fan that 
              supplies air for combustion, a transmission for driving coalfeed 
              and fan, and an electric motor for supplying power. The air for 
              combustion is admitted to the fuel through tuyeres at the top of 
              the retort. The stoker feeds coal to the furnace intermittently in 
              accordance with the temperature or pressure demands.Figure 7-4. Typical 
            Underfeed Coal Stoker Installation in Small Boiler
            B  Oil 
            Burners-Oil burners are broadly designated as distillate, domestic, 
            and commercial or industrial. Distillate burners are usually found 
            in oil-fired space heaters. Domestic oil burners are usually power 
            driven and are used in domestic heating plants. Commercial or 
            industrial burners are used in larger central-heating plants for 
            steam or power generation.1  
            Domestic Oil Burners - These vaporize and atomize the oil, and 
            deliver a predetermined quantity of oil and air to the combustion 
            chambers. Domestic oil burners operate automatically to maintain a 
            desired temperature.a   
            Gun-type burners - These burners atomize the oil either by oil 
            pressure or by low-pressure air forced through a 
            nozzle.The oil system 
            pressure atomizing burner (see Figure 7-5) consists of a strainer, 
            pump, pressure-regulating valve, shutoff valve, and atomizing 
            nozzle. The air system consists of a power-drive fan and an air tube 
            that surrounds the nozzle and electrode assembly. The fan and oil 
            pump are generally connected directly to the motor. Oil pressures 
            normally used are about 100 pounds per square inch, but pressures 
            considerably in excess of this are sometimes used.The form and parts 
            of low-pressure air atomizing burners (see Figure 7-5), are similar 
            to high-pressure atomizing burners except for addition of a small 
            air pump, and a different way of delivering air and oil to the 
            nozzle or orifice.b  
            Vertical rotary burners - The atomizing type burner, sometimes known 
            as a radiant or suspended-flame burner, atomizes oil by throwing it 
            from the circumference of a rapidly rotating motor-driven cup. The 
            burner is installed so that the driving parts are protected from the 
            heat of the flame by a hearth of refractory material at about the 
            grate elevation. Oil is fed by pump or gravity, while the draft is 
            mechanical or a combination of natural and mechanical.c  
            Horizontal rotary burners -These were originally designed for 
            commercial and industrial use but are available in sizes suitable 
            for domestic use. In this burner, oil is atomized by being thrown in 
            a conical spray from a rapidly rotating cup. Horizontal rotary 
            burners employ electric gas or gas-pilot ignition and operate with a 
            wide range of fuels, primarily with Numbers 1 and 2 fuel oil. 
            Primary safety controls for burner operation are necessary. An 
            anti-flooding device must be a part of the system so that, if 
            ignition in the burner should fail, the oil will not continue to 
            flow. Likewise, a stack control is necessary to shut off the burner 
            if the stack temperatures become excessive. A reset button on the 
            older stack control units releases if excessive (predetermined) 
            temperatures are exceeded and thus cuts off all power to the burner. 
            This button must be reset before starting can be attempted. The 
            newer models now use electric eye type control on the burner 
            itself.Figure 7-5. Cut-Away of 
            Typical High-Pressure Gun Burner2  
            Ignition  - On the basis of the method employed to ignite 
            fuels, burners are divided into five groups as follows:a  
            Electric -A high-voltage electric spark is made in the path of 
            an oil and air mixture and this causes ignition. This electric spark 
            may be continuous or may be in operation only long enough to ignite 
            the oil. Electric ignition is almost universally used. Electrodes 
            are located near the nozzles (see Figure 7-5) but not in the path of 
            the oil Spray.b  Gas 
            pilot  -A small gas pilot light that burns continuously is 
            frequently used. Gas pilots usually have expanding gas valves that 
            automatically increase flame size when motor circuit starts. After a 
            fixed interval, the flame reverts to normal size.c  Electric 
            gas  -An electric spark ignites a gas jet, which in turn 
            ignites the oil air mixture.d  Oil 
            pilot -A small oil flame is used.e  
            Manual  - A burning wick or torch is placed in the combustion 
            space through peepholes and thus ignites the charge. Operator should 
            stand to one side of the fire door to guard against injury from 
            chance explosion.VI.  RefractoryThe refractory 
            lining or material should be an insulating fireproof brick-like 
            substance. Never use ordinary firebrick. The insulating brick should 
            be set on end so as to build a 2 inch-thick wall in the pot. Size 
            and shape of the refractory pot vary from furnace to furnace (see 
            Figure 7-6 for various shapes). The shape can be either round or 
            square, whichever is more convenient to build. It is important to 
            use a special cement having properties similar to that of the 
            insulating refractory-type brick.Figure 7-6. Refactory Pot 
            DetailsVII.   Heating SystemsA   Steam 
            Heating Systems  -Steam heating systems are classified 
            according to the pipe arrangement, accessories used, method of 
            returning the condensate to the boiler, method of expelling air from 
            the system, or the type of control employed. The successful 
            operation of a steam heating system consists of generating steam in 
            sufficient quantity to equalize building heat loss at maximum 
            efficiency, expelling entrapped air, and returning all condensate to 
            the boiler rapidly. Steam cannot enter a space filled with air or 
            water at pressure equal to the steam pressure. It is important, 
            therefore, to eliminate air and to remove water from the 
            distribution system. All hot pipe lines exposed to contact by 
            residents must be properly insulated or guarded.Steam heating 
            systems are classified according to the method of returning the 
            condensate to the boiler.1   Gravity 
            One-pipe Air-vent System - The gravity one-pipe air-vent system is 
            one of the earliest types used. The condensate is returned to the 
            boiler by gravity. This system is generally found in 
            one-building-type heating systems. The steam is supplied by the 
            boiler and carried through a single system or pipe to radiators as 
            shown in Figure 7-7. Return of the condensate is dependent on 
            hydrostatic head. Therefore, the end of the steam main, where it 
            attaches to the boiler, must be full of water (termed a wet return) 
            for a distance above the boiler line to create a pressure drop 
            balance between the boiler and the steam main.Radiators are 
            equipped with an inlet valve and with an air valve (see Figure 7-8). 
            The air valve permits venting of air from the radiator and its 
            displacement by steam. Condensate is drained from the radiator 
            through the same pipe that supplies steam.Figure 7-7 Typical Gravity 
            One-Pipe Steam Heating System & Figure 7-8. Safety Air 
            Valve2   Two-pipe 
            Steam Vapor System with Return Trap  -The two-pipe vapor system 
            with boiler return trap and air eliminator is an improvement of the 
            one-pipe system. The return connection of the radiator has a 
            thermostatic trap that permits flow of condensate and air only from 
            the radiator and prevents steam from leaving the radiator. Since the 
            return main is at atmospheric pressure or less, a boiler return trap 
            is installed to equalize condensate return pressure with boiler 
            pressure. B   Hot Water Heating Systems   - All hot water 
            heating systems are similar in design and operating 
principle.1   One-pipe 
            Gravity System  - The one-pipe gravity hot water heating system 
            is the most elementary of the gravity systems and is shown in Figure 
            7-9. Water is heated at the lowest point in the system. It rises 
            through a single main because of a difference in density between hot 
            and cold water. The supply rise or radiator branch takes off from 
            the top of the main to supply water to the radiators. After the 
            water gives up heat in the radiator it goes back to the same main 
            through return piping from the radiator. This cooler return water 
            mixes with water in the supply main and causes the water to cool a 
            little. As a result, the next radiator on the system has a lower 
            emission rate and must be larger.Note in Figure 7-9 
            that the high points of the hot water system are vented and the low 
            points are drained. In this case, the radiators are the high points 
            and the heater is the low point.2   One-pipe 
            Forced-feed System  -If a pump or circulator is introduced in 
            the main near the heater of the one-pipe system, we have a forced 
            system that can be used for much larger applications than the 
            gravity type. This system can operate at higher water temperatures 
            than the gravity system. The faster moving higher temperature water 
            makes a more responsive system with a smaller temperature drop 
            through each radiator. Higher operating temperatures and lower 
            temperature drops permit the use of smaller radiators for the same 
            heating load.Figure 7-9. One Pipe Gravity 
            Hot Water Heating System3  Two-Pipe 
            Gravity Systems  -One-pipe gravity systems may become a 
            two-pipe system if the return radiator branch connects to a second 
            main that returns water to the heater (see Figure 7-10). Water 
            temperature is practically the same in all the radiators.Figure 7-10. Two-Pipe 
            Gravity Hot-Water System4   Two-pipe 
            Forced-circulation System   - This system is similiar to a 
            one-pipe forced-circulation system except that the same piping 
            arrangement is found in the two-pipe gravity flow system.5   Expansion 
            Tanks  -When water is heated it tends to expand. Therefore, in 
            a hot water system an expansion tank is necessary. The expansion 
            tank, either of open or closed type, must be of sufficient size to 
            permit a change in water volume within the heating sv m. If the 
            expansion tank is of the open type it must be placed at least 3 feet 
            above the highest point of the system. It will require a vent and an 
            overflow. The open tank is usually in an attic, where it needs 
            protection from freezing.The enclosed 
            expansion tank is found in modern installations. An air cushion in 
            the tank compresses and expands according to the change of volume 
            and pressure in the system. Closed tanks are usually at the low 
            point in the system and close to the heater. They can, however, be 
            placed at almost any location within the heating system. C   
            Hot Air Heating Systems1  
            Gravity-Warm-Air Heating Systems - These operate because of the 
            difference in specific gravity of warm air and cold air. Warm air is 
            lighter than cold air and rises if cold air is available to replace 
            it (see Figure 7-11).Figure 7-11. Hot Air 
            Furnance1. Approximately 
              12 pounds of air is required for complete combustion of 1 pound of 
              hard coal.
              2. Approximately 
              5 pounds of hard coal is consumed per hour for each square foot of 
              grate area 3. Approximately 12 inches of fire bed will heat most 
              efficiently.4. Anthracite 
              coal burns more slowly than soft coal, is cleaner to handle-hence 
              more widely used.5. Large-size 
              coal does not compact-hence the air spaces are too great and 
              allows gases to escape into the flue unburned. Small size coal 
              compacts too much and inhibits airflow through the coal to allow 
              for good combustion. Mixing of coal size is recommended, i.e., 
              stove and chestnut.6. Fires burn 
              best when the weather is clear and cold, because of reduced 
              atmospheric pressure on the air in the flue-hence greater draft 
              velocity. During periods of heavy atmosphere or rainy weather the 
              temperature of flue gases must exceed normal temperatures to 
              overcome the heavier atmospheric weight.7. During extreme 
              cold weather, coal should be added to a fire once in approximately 
              8 hours: moderate weather-12 hours.a Operation - 
            Satisfactory operation of a gravity-warm-air heating system depends 
            on three factors. They are: ( 1 ) size of warm air and cold ducts, 
            (2) heat loss of the building, (3) heat available from the 
            furnace.
            b Heat 
            distribution - The most common source of trouble in these systems is 
            insufficient pipe area usually in the return or cold air duct. The 
            total cross-section area of the cold duct or ducts must be at least 
            equal to the total cross-section area of all warm 
            ducts.c Pipeless 
            furnaces- The pipeless hot-air furnace is the simplest type of 
            hot-air furnace and is suitable for small homes where all rooms can 
            be grouped about a single large register (see Figure 7-3). Other 
            pipeless gravity furnaces are often installed at floor level. These 
            are really oversized jacketed space heaters. The most common 
            difficulty experienced with this type of furnace is supplying a 
            return air opening of sufficient size on the floor.2 Forced - 
            Warm-Air Heating Systems - The mechanical warm-air furnace is the 
            most modem type of warm-air equipment (see Figure 7-12). It is the 
            safest type because it operates at low temperatures. The principle 
            of a forced warm air heating system is very similar to that of the 
            gravity system, except that a fan or blower is added to increase air 
            movement. Because of the assistance of the fan or blower, the pitch 
            of the ducts or leaders can be disregarded and it is therefore 
            practical to deliver heated air in the most convenient 
            places.a Operation 
            -In a forced-air system, operation of the fan or blower must be 
            controlled by air temperature in a bonnet or by a blower control 
            furnacestat. The blower control starts the fan or blower when the 
            temperature reaches a certain point and turns the fan or blower off 
            when the temperature drops to a predetermined point.b Heat 
            distribution - Dampers in the various warm-air ducts control 
            distribution of warm air either at the branch takeoff or at the 
            warm-air outlet.Humidifiers are 
            often mounted in the supply bonnet in order to regulate the humidity 
            within the residence.D Space 
            Heaters - Space unit heaters are the least desirable from the 
            viewpoint of fire safety and housing inspection. All space unit 
            heaters must be vented to the flue.Figure 7-12. Cross Sectional 
            View of Building Showing Forced-Warm-Air Heating Systeml   
            Coal-Fired Space Heaters (Cannon stove) - This is illustrated in 
            Figure 7-13 and is made entirely of cast iron. In operation, coal on 
            the grates receives primary air for combustion through the grates 
            from the ash-door draft intake. Combustible gases driven from the 
            coal by heat burn in the barrel of the stove, where they received 
            additional or secondary air through the feed door. Side and top of 
            the stove absorb the heat of combustion and radiate it to the 
            surrounding space.2   
            Oil-Fired Space Heaters - Oil-fired space heaters have atmospheric 
            vaporizing-type burners. The burners require a light grade of fuel 
            oil that vaporizes easily and is comparatively low in temperature. 
            In addition, the oil must be such that it leaves only a small amount 
            of carbon residue and ash within the heater.Oil-fired space 
            heaters are basically of two types:a   
            Perforated-sleeve burner -The perforated sleeve burner (see 
            Figure 7-14) consists essentially of a metal base formed of two or 
            more angular fuel-vaporizing bowl burners (see Figure 7-15) and is 
            widely used in space heaters and some water heaters.Figure 7-13. Cannon 
            StoveFigure 7-14. 
            Perforated-Sleeve Burner.Figure 7-15. Natural-Draft 
            Pot BurnerThe burner consists 
            essentially of a bowl, 8 to 13 inches in diameter, with perforations 
            in the side that admit air for combustion. The upper part of the 
            bowl has a flame ring or collar. When several space heaters are 
            installed in a building, an oil supply from an outside tank to all 
            heaters is often desirable. Figure 7-16 shows the condition of a 
            burner flame with different rates of fuel flow and indicates the 
            ideal flame height .Figure 7-16. Condition of 
            Burner Flame with Different Rates of Fuel Flow3   
            Gas-Fired Space Heaters - There are three types of gas-fired space 
            heaters: natural, manufactured, and liquefied petroleum gas. Space 
            heaters using natural, manufactured, or liquefied petroleum gases 
            have a similar construction. All gas-fired space heaters must be 
            vented to prevent a dangerous buildup of poisonous 
            gases.Each unit console 
            consists of an enamel steel cabinet with top and bottom circulating 
            grilles or openings, gas burners, heating element, gas pilot, and 
            gas valve (see Figure 7-17). The heating element or combustion 
            chamber is usually cast iron.Figure 7-17. Typical 
            Gas-Fired Space HeaterCAUTION: All gas-fired space heaters and 
            their connections must be of the type approved by the American Gas 
            Association (AGA). They must be installed in accordance with the 
            recommendations of that organization or the local code.a Venting - 
            Use of proper venting materials and correct installation of venting 
            for gas-fired space heaters is necessary to minimize harmful effects 
            of condensation and to ensure that combustion products are carried 
            off. (Approximately 12 gallons of water are produced in the burning 
            of 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas. The inner surface of the vent 
            must therefore be heated above the dew point of the combustion 
            products to prevent water from forming in the flue.) A horizontal 
            vent must be given an upward pitch of at least 1 inch per foot of 
            horizontal distance.When the smoke pipe 
            extends through floors or walls the metal pipe must be insulated 
            from the floor or wall system by an air space (see Figure 7-18). 
            Avoid sharp bends. A 90? vent elbow has a resistance to flow 
            equivalent to a straight section of pipe having a length of 10 times 
            the elbow diameter. Be sure vent is of a rigid construction and 
            resistant to corrosion by flue gas products. Several types of 
            venting material are available such as B-vent and several other 
            ceramic -type materials. A chimney lined with fire-brick type of 
            terra cotta must be relined with an acceptable vent material if it 
            is to be used for venting gas-fired appliances.Use the same size 
            vent pipe throughout its length. Never make a vent smaller than 
            heater outlet except when two or more vents converge from separate 
            heaters. To determine the size of vents beyond the point of 
            convergence, add one-half the area of each vent to the area of the 
            largest heater's vent.Figure 7-18. Wall and 
            Ceiling Clearance ReductionInstall vents with 
            male ends of inner liner down to ensure condensate is kept within 
            pipes on a cold start. The vertical length of each vent or stack 
            should be at least 2 feet greater than the length between horizontal 
            connection and stack.Run vent at least 3 
            feet above any projection of the building within 20 feet to place it 
            above a possible pressure zone due to wind currents (see Figure 
            7-19). End it with a weather cap designed to prevent en entrance of 
            rain and snow.Gas-fired space 
            heaters as well as gas furnaces and hot water heaters must be 
            equipped with a backdraft diverter (see Figure 7-20) designed to 
            protect heaters against downdrafts and excessive updrafts. Use only 
            draft diverters of the type approved by the AGA.Figure 7-19. Draft Relation 
            to Height of Chimney.Figure 7-20. Location and 
            Operation of Typical Backdraft DiverterThe combustion 
            chamber or firebox must be insulated from the floor, usually with an 
            airspace of 15 to 18 inches, or the firebox is sometimes insulated 
            within the unit and thus allows for lesser clearance for 
            combustibles.Where coal space 
            heaters are located, a floor protection should be provided. This 
            would be a metal-covered asbestos board or a similar durable 
            insulation material. One reason for the floor protection would be to 
            allow cooling off of hot coals and ashes if they drop out while 
            ashes are being removed from the ash chamber. Walls and ceilings of 
            a non-combustible construction exposed to furnace radiation should 
            be installed, and the following clearances are recommended:Space heaters-A top 
            or ceiling clearance of 36 inches, a wall clearance of 18 inches, 
            and a smoke pipe clearance of 18 inches,**(see Figure 7-18).**VIII.   Domestic Hot Water Jack Stoves (Coal 
            Stoves)Domestic hot water 
            jack stoves (coal stoves) equipped with water jackets to supply hot 
            water for domestic use are to be treated as coal-fired furnaces or 
            boilers previously discussed. Note that flue connections should not 
            exceed two to the same flue unless the draft and size are sufficient 
            to accommodate both exhausting requirements. One flue with one smoke 
            pipe is the rule; however, housing inspectors may find a jack stove 
            and main furnace connected to the same flue. Where these conditions 
            are encountered and no complaint about malfunctioning of this system 
            is found, it can be assumed that the system is operating 
            satisfactorily. Where more than two units, other than gas, are 
            attached to a single flue, the building agency should be notified, 
            since this can be considered an improper installation. Gas, oil, and 
            electric hot water heating units for domestic hot water should be 
            treated the same as previously discussed for central heating 
            units.IX.   Hazardous InstallationsA 
            Generalities - The 
            housing inspector should be on the alert for unvented open burning 
            flame heaters, such as manually operated gas logs. Coil-type 
            wall-mounted hot-water heaters that do not have safety relief valves 
            are not permitted. Kerosene (portable) units for cooking or heating 
            should be prohibited. Generally, open-flame portable units are not 
            allowed under; fire safety regulations.In oil heating 
            units, other than integral tank units, the oil filling and vent must 
            be located on the exterior of the building. Filling of oil within 
            buildings is prohibited.Electric wiring to 
            heating units must be installed as indicated in the electrical 
            section. Cutoff switches should be close to the entry but outside of 
            the boiler room. The inspector should be able to appraise the 
            heating installation and determine its adequacy. Any installation 
            that indicates haphazard location, workmanship, or operation, 
            whether it be building, zoning, plumbing, electrical, or housing, 
            will dictate further inspection.B   
            Chimneys (see Figure 7-21 and 7-22) - Chimneys, as all inspectors know, 
            are an integral part of the building. The chimney is a point of 
            building safety and should be understood by the housing inspector. 
            The chimney, if of masonry, must be tight and sound; flues should be 
            terra cotta lined, and where no linings are installed, the brick 
            should be tight to permit proper draft and elimination of combustion 
            gases.Chimneys that act 
            as. flues for gas-fired equipment must be lined with either B-vent 
            or terra cotta.To the inspector, 
            on exterior inspection, "banana peel" on the portion of the chimney 
            above the roof will indicate trouble and a need for rebuilding. 
            Exterior deterioration of the chimney will, if let go too long, 
            gradually permit erosion from within the flues and eventually block 
            the flue opening.Rusted flashing at 
            the roof level will also contribute to the chimney's deterioration. 
            Effervescence on the inside wall of the chimney below the roof and 
            on the outside of the chimney, if exposed, will show salt 
            accumulations - a tell-tale sign of water penetration and flue gas 
            escape and a sign of chimney deterioration. In the spring and fall, 
            during rain seasons, if terra cotta chimneys leak, the joint will be 
            indicated by dark areas permitting actual counting of the number of 
            flues inside the masonry chimney. When this condition occurs, it 
            usually requires 2 or 3 months to dry out. Upon drying out, the 
            mortar joints are discolored (brown), and so after a few years of 
            this type of deterioration the joints can be distinguished wet or 
            dry. The above listed conditions usually develop during coal 
            operation and become more pronounced usually 2 to 5 years after 
            conversion to oil or gas.An unlined chimney 
            can be checked for deterioration below the roof line by checking the 
            residue deposited at the base of the chimney, usually accessible 
            through a cleanout (door or plug) or breaching. Red granular or fine 
            powder showing through coal soot or oil soot will generally 
            indicate, if in quantity (a handful), that deterioration is 
            excessive and repairs are needed.Gas units attached 
            to unlined chimneys will be devoid of soot, but will usually show 
            similar tell-tale brick powder and deterioration as previously 
            mentioned. Manufactured gas has a greater tendency to dehydrate and 
            decompose brick in chimney flues than natural gas. For gas 
            installations in older homes, utility companies usually specify 
            chimney requirements before installation, and so older chimneys may 
            require the installation of terra cotta liners, lead-lined copper 
            liners, or transite pipe. Oil burner operation using a low air ratio 
            and high oil consumption is usually indicated by black carbon 
            deposits around the top of the chimney. Prolonged operation in this 
            burner setting results in long carbon water deposits down the 
            chimney for 4 to 6 feet or more and should indicate to the inspector 
            a possibility of poor burner maintenance. This will accent his need 
            to be more thorough on the ensuing inspection. This type of 
            condition can result from other related causes, such as improper 
            chimney height or exterior obstructions such as trees or buildings 
            that will cause downdrafts or insufficient draft or contribute to a 
            faulty heating operation.Rust spots and 
            soot-mold usually occur on galvanized smoke pipe 
            deterioration.**Figure 
            7-21. Chimney Plan****C 
              Fireplace**- Careful attention 
            should be given to the construction of the fireplace. Improperly 
            built fireplaces are a serious safety and fire hazard (see Figure 
            7-22). The most common causes of fireplace fires are thin walls, 
            combustible materials such as studding or trim against sides and 
            back of the fireplace, wood mantels, and unsafe 
            hearths.Fireplace walls 
            should be not less than 8 inches thick, and if built of stone or 
            hollow masonry units, not less than 12 inches thick. The faces of 
            all walls exposed to fire should be lined with firebrick or other 
            suitable fire-resistive material. When the lining consists of 4 
            inches of firebrick, such lining thickness may be included in the 
            required minimum thickness of the wall.The fireplace 
            hearth should be constructed of brick, stone, tile, or similar 
            incombustible material and should be supported on a fireproof slab 
            or on a brick arch. The hearth should extend at least 20 inches 
            beyond the chimney breast and not less than 12 inches beyond each 
            side of the fireplace opening along the chimney breast. The combined 
            thickness of the hearth and its supporting construction should be 
            not less than 6 inches at any point.It is important 
            that all wooden beams, joists, and studs are set off from the 
            fireplace and chimney so that there is not less. than 2 inches of 
            clearance between the wood members and the sidewalls of the 
            fireplace or chimney and not less than 4 inches of clearance between 
            wood members and the back wall of the fireplace.The housing 
            inspector is a very important person in maintaining sound, safe, and 
            healthful community growth. This should be a challenge to every 
            inspector to provide himself with the necessary tools for better and 
            more efficient housing inspection. He must develop the extra senses 
            so necessary in spotting and correcting faults. He must know when to 
            refer and to whom the referral is to be made; he must be continually 
            seeking knowledge, which may be found by consulting with 
            technicians, tradesmen, and professionals. No finer satisfaction can 
            be realized than to know and feel that the security, safety, and 
            comfort of each and every family within your community has a better 
            and more healthful life because of that extra bit of knowledge you 
            have imparted. "An inspector who stops learning today is uneducated 
            tomorrow."Table 
            of Contents | Acknowledgements 
            | Foreword 
            | Chapter1 
            | Chapter 
            2Chapter 
            3 | Chapter 
            4 | Chapter 
            5 | Chapter 
            6 | Chapter 
            7Chapter 
            8 | Chapter 
            9 | Chapter 
            10 | Chapter 
            11 |                                                           | **Chapter 7 Heating and Environmental 
            Control**            |                                                                                             |                                    |            | I.  
            Introduction |          |                          | II. Definitions |                                               |                                   | III.  
          Fuels |                |                                                           | IV. Central Heating 
            Units |                                                           |  | V.  Fuel-Burning 
            Procedures and Automatic Firing Equipment |  |                                                                                             | VI. Refractory |           |  | VII.  Heating 
            Systems |  |  | VIII.  Domestic Hot 
            Water Jack Stoves (Coal Stoves)                                                                                         |                                                                                              |                                                               | IX.  Hazardous 
            Installations | 
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               
|**Chapter 7 Heating and Environmental 
            Control**                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 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              |                                                           | IV. Central Heating 
            Units                                 
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |                                                           | V.  Fuel-Burning 
            Procedures and Automatic Firing Equipment
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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Refractory                                                          
|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
|**I.  Introduction**The function of a heating 
            system is to provide for human comfort. The variables to be 
            controlled are temperature, air motion, and relative humidity. 
            Temperature must be maintained uniformly throughout the heated area. 
            Field experience indicates a variation from 6 to 10? F from floor to 
            ceiling. The adequacy of the heating device and the tightness of the 
            structure or room determine the degree of personal comfort within 
            the dwelling.
            Coal, wood, oil, 
            gas, and electricity are the main sources of heat energy. Heating 
            systems commonly used are steam, hot water, and hot air. The housing 
            inspector should have a knowledge of the various heating fuels and 
            systems to be able to determine their adequacy and safety in 
            operation. To cover fully all aspects of the heating system, the 
            entire area and physical components of the system must be 
            considered.II.  DefinitionsA  Anti-flooding Control - A 
            safety control that shuts off fuel and ignition when excessive fuel 
            accumulates in the appliance.
            B  
            Appliance:1  
            High-heat - a unit that operates with flue entrance temperature of 
            combustion products above l,500?F.2   
            Medium heat - same as high-heat, except above 600?F3   Low 
            heat - same as high heat, except below 600?F.C   
            Boiler:1  High 
            pressure - a boiler furnishing pressure at 15 psi or 
            mole.2   Low 
            pressure -(hot water or steam)-a boiler furnishing steam at a 
            pressure less than 15 psi or hot water not more than 30 
            psi.D  
            Burner - A device that provides the mixing of fuel, air, and 
            ignition in a combustion chamber.E  
            Chimney - A vertical shaft containing one or more 
            passageways.1  
            Factory-built chimney - a tested and accredited flue for venting gas 
            appliances, incinerators and solid or liquid fuel-burning 
            appliances.2  
            Masonry chimney - a field-constructed chimney built of masonry and 
            lined with terra cotta flue or firebrick.3   
            Metal chimney - of metal field-constructed chimney.4   
            Chimney Connector-A pipe or breeching that connects the heating 
            appliance to the chimney.F  
            Clearance - The distance separating the appliance, chimney 
            connector, plenum, and flue from the nearest surface of combustible 
            material.G  
            Central Heating System - A boiler or furnace, flue connected, 
            installed as an integral part of the structure and designed to 
            supply heat adequately for the structure.H  
            Controls:1  
            High-low limit control - an automatic control that responds to 
            liquid level changes and pressure or temperature changes and that 
            limits operation of the appliance to be controlled.2  
            Primary safety control - the automatic safety control intended to 
            prevent abnormal discharge of fuel at the burner in case of ignition 
            failure or flame failure.3  
            Combustion safety control - a primary safety control that responds 
            to flame properties, sensing the presence of flame and causing fuel 
            to be shut off in event of flame failure.I   
            Convector - A convector is a radiator that supplies a maximum amount 
            of heat by convection, using many closely-spaced metal fins fitted 
            onto pipes that carry hot water or steam and thereby heat the 
            circulating air.J   
            Conversion - a boiler or furnance, flue connected, originally 
            designed for solid fuel but converted for liquid or gas 
            fuel.K   
            Damper - a valve for regulating draft. Generally located on the 
            exhaust side of the combustion chamber, usually in the chimney 
            connector.L   
            Draft Hood - a device placed in and made a part of the vent 
            connector (chimney connector or smoke pipe) from an appliance, or in 
            the appliance itself, that is designed to (a) ensure the ready 
            escape of the products of combustion in the event of no draft, 
            back-draft, or stoppage beyond the draft hood; (b) prevent backdraft 
            from entering the appliance; (c) neutralize the effect of stack 
            action of the chimney flue upon appliance operation.M   
            Draft Regulator - a device that functions to maintain a desired 
            draft in oil-fired appliances by automatically reducing the chimney 
            draft to the desired value. Sometimes this device is referred to, in 
            the field, as air-balance, air-stat, or flue velocity 
            control.N   Fuel 
            Oil - a liquid mixture or compound derived from petroleum that does 
            not emit flammable vapor below a temperature of 125?F.O   Heat 
            - the warming of a building, apartment, or room by a stove, furnace. 
            or electricity.P   
            Heating Plant - the furnance, boiler, or the other heating devices 
            used to generate steam, hot water, or hot air, which then is 
            circulated through a distribution system. It uses coal, gas, oil, or 
            wood as its source of heat.Q   
            Limit Control - a thermostatic device installed in the duct system 
            to shut off the supply of heat at a predetermined temperature of the 
            circulated air.R   Oil 
            Burner - a device for burning oil in heating appliances such as 
            boilers, furnaces, water heaters, and ranges. A burner of this type 
            may be a pressure-atomizing gun type, a horizontal or vertical 
            rotary type, or a mechanical or natural draft vaporizing 
            type.S   Oil 
            Stove - a flue-connected, self-contained, self-supporting 
            oil-burning range or room heater equipped with an integral tank not 
            exceeding 10 gallons; it may be designed to be connected to a 
            separate oil supply tank.T  
            Plenum Chamber - an air compartment to which one or more 
            distributing air ducts are connected.U  Pump, 
            Automatic Oil - a device that automatically pumps oil from the 
            supply tank and delivers it in specific quantities to an oil-burning 
            appliance. The pump or device is designed to stop pumping 
            automatically in case of a breakage of the oil supply 
            line.V   
            Radiant Heat - a method of heating a building by means of electric 
            coils, hot water, or steam pipes installed in the floors, walls, or 
            ceilings.W   
            Register - a grille-covered opening in a floor or wall through which 
            hot or cold air can be introduced into a room. It may or may not be 
            arranged to permit closing of the grille.X   Room 
            Heater - a self-contained, free-standing heating appliance intended 
            for installation in the space being heated and not intended for duct 
            connection (space heater).Y   
            Smoke Detector - a device installed in the plenum chamber or in the 
            main supply air duct of an air-conditioning system to shut off the 
            blower automatically and close a fire damper in the presence of 
            smoke.Z   Tank 
            - a separate tank connected, directly or by pump, to an oil-burning 
            appliance.AA   
            Thimble - a term applied to a metal or terra cotta lining for a 
            chimney or furnace pipe.BB   Valve - 
            Main Shut-off Valve-a manually operated valve in an oil line for the 
            purpose of turning on or off the oil supply to the burner.CC   
            Vent System - the gas vent or chimney and vent connector, if used, 
            assembled to form a continuous, unobstructed passageway from the gas 
            appliance to the outside atmosphere for the purpose of removing vent 
            gases. III. 
            FuelsA   
              Coal **** 
              Classification 
              and composition-the four types of coal are: anthracite, 
              bituminous, subbituminous, and lignitic.
              Coal is prepared 
              in many sizes and combinations of sizes. The combustible portions 
              of the coal are fixed carbons, volatile matter (hydrocarbons), and 
              small amounts of sulfur. In combination with these are 
              non-combustible elements composed of moisture and impurities that 
              form ash. The various types differ in heat content. The heat 
              content is determined by analysis and is expressed in British 
              Thermal Units (BTU) per pound.The type and size 
              of coal used are determined by the availability and by the 
              equipment in which it is burned. The type and size of coal must be 
              proper for the particular heating unit; that is, the furnace grate 
              and flue size must be designed for the particular type of coal. 
              Excessive coal gas can be generated through improper firing as a 
              result of improper fuel or improper furnace design, or 
both.The owner should 
              be questioned about his procedure for adding coal to his furnace. 
              It should be explained that a period of time must be allowed to 
              pass before damping to prevent the release of excessive coal gas. 
              This should also be done before damping for the night or other 
              periods when full draft is not required.Improper coal 
              furnace operation can result in an extremely hazardous and 
              unhealthful occupancy the inspector should be able to offer 
              helpful operational procedures. Ventilation of the area 
              surrounding the furnace is very important in order to prevent heat 
              buildup and to supply air for combustion.****
              B   Fuel 
              Oil 
              Fuel oils are 
              derived from petroleum, which consists primarily of compounds of 
              hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbons) and smaller amounts of nitrogen 
              and sulfer.
              Classification of 
              fuel oils - Domestic fuel oils are controlled by rigid 
              specifications. Six grades of fuel oil are generally used in 
              heating systems; the lighter two grades are used primarily for 
              domestic heating.These grades are: 
            Grade Number 1 
              -A volatile, distillate oil for use in burners that prepare fuel 
              for burning solely by vaporization (oil-fired space 
              heaters).Grade Number 2 - 
              A moderate-weight, volatile, distillate oil used for burners that 
              prepare oil for burning by a combination of vaporization and 
              atomization. This grade of oil is commonly used in domestic 
              heating furnaces.Grade Number 3 - 
              A low-viscosity, distillate oil used in burners wherein fuel and 
              air are prepared for burning solely by 
              atomization.Grade Number 4 - 
              A medium-viscosity oil used in burners without preheating. (Small 
              industrial or apartment house applications.)Grade Number 5 - 
              A medium-viscosity oil used in burners with preheaters that 
              require an oil of lower viscosity than Grade Number 6. (Industrial 
              or apartment house application.)Grade Number 6 - 
              A high-viscosity oil for use in burners with preheating facilities 
              adequate for handling oil of high viscosity. (Industrial 
              applications.)Heat content - 
              Heating values of oil vary from approximately 152,000 BTU per 
              gallon for Number 6 oil to 136,000 BTU per gallon for Number 
              1.Oil is more widely 
            used today than coal and provides a more automatic source of heat 
            and comfort. It also requires more complicated systems and 
            controls.If the oil supply 
            is used within the basement or cellar area, certain basic 
            regulations must be followed (see Figure 7-1). No more than two 
            275-gallon tanks may be installed above ground in the lowest story 
            of any one building. The tank shall not be closer than 7 feet 
            horizontally to any boiler, furnace, stove, or exposed flame. Fuel 
            oil lines should be embedded in a concrete or cement floor or 
            protected against damage if they run across the floor. Each tank 
            must have a shutoff valve that will stop the flow from each tank if 
            a leak develops in the line to or in the burner itself.The tank or tanks 
            must be vented to the outside, and a gauge showing the quantity of 
            oil in the tank or tanks must be tight and operative. Tanks must be 
            off the floor and on a stable base to prevent settlement or movement 
            that may rupture the connections.A buried outside 
            tank installation is shown in Figure 7-2.Figure 7-1. Piping Hook-up 
            for Inside Tank InstallationFigure 7-2. Piping Hook-up 
            for Buried Outside TankC   
              Gas 
              Commercial gas 
              fuels are colorless gases. Some have a characteristic pungent 
              odor, while others are odorless and cannot be detected by smell. 
              Although gas fuels are easily handled in heating equipment, their 
              presence in air in appreciable quantities becomes a serious health 
              hazard. Gases diffuse readily in the air, making explosive 
              mixtures possible. (A proportion of combustible gas and air that 
              is ignited burns with such a high velocity that an explosive force 
              is created.) Because of these characteristics of gas fuels, 
              precautions must be taken to prevent leaks, and care must be 
              exercised when gas-fired equipment is lit.
              Classification of 
              gas-Gas is broadly classified as natural or manufactured.Manufactured Gas 
              - This gas as distributed is usually a combination of certain 
              proportions of gases produced by two or more processes as obtained 
              from coke, coal, and petroleum. Its BTU value per cubic foot is 
              generally closely regulated, and costs are determined on a 
              guaranteed BTU basis, usually 520 to 540 per cubic 
              foot.Natural Gas - 
              This gas is a mixture of several combustible and inert gases. It 
              is one of the richest gases and is obtained from wells ordinarily 
              located in petroleum-producing areas. The heat content may vary 
              from 700 to 1,300 BTU's per cubic foot with a generally accepted 
              average figure of 1,000 BTU's per cubic foot. Natural gases are 
              distributed through pipe lines to point of utilization and are 
              often mixed with manufactured gas to maintain a guaranteed BTU 
              content.Liquified 
              Petroleum Gas -Principal products of liquified petroleum gas are 
              butane and propane. Butane and propane are derived from natural 
              gas or petroleum refinery gas and are chemically classified as 
              hydrocarbon gases.Specifically, butane and 
            propane are on the borderline between a liquid and a gaseous state. 
            At ordinary atmospheric pressure butane is a gas above 33?F and 
            propane a gas at -42?F. These gases are mixed to produce commercial 
            gas suitable for various climatic conditions. Butane and propane are 
            heavier than air. The heat content of butane is 3,274 BTU's per 
            cubic foot while that of propane is 2,519.
            The gas burner 
            should be equipped with an automatic cutoff in case the flame fails. 
            Shutoff valves should be located within I foot of the burner 
            connection and on the output side of the meter.CAUTION- Liquefied petroleum gas is 
              heavier than air; therefore, the gas will accumulate at the bottom 
              of confined areas. If a leak should develop, care should be taken 
              to ventilate the appliance before lighting.D   Electricity
            Electricity is 
            gaining popularity in many regions, particularly where costs are 
            competitive with other sources of heat energy. With an electric 
            system, the housing inspector should rely mainly on the electrical 
            inspector for proper installation. There are a few items, however, 
            to be concerned with to ensure safe use of the equipment. Check to 
            see that the units are accredited testing agency approved and 
            installed according to the manufacturer's specifications. Most 
            convector-type units are required to be installed at least 2 inches 
            above the floor level, not only to ensure that proper convection 
            currents are established through the unit, but also to allow 
            sufficient air insulation from any combustible flooring material. 
            The housing inspector should check for curtains that extend too 
            close to the unit or loose, long pile rugs that are too close. A 
            distance of 6 inches on the floor and 12 inches on the walls should 
            separate rug or curtains from the appliance.Radiant heating 
            plastered into the ceiling or wall is technical in nature and not a 
            part of the housing inspector's competence. He should, however, be 
            knowledgeable about the system used. These systems are relatively 
            new. If wires are bared in the plastering they should be treated as 
            open and exposed wiring.IV.   
            Central Heating UnitsThe boiler should be placed 
            in a separate room whenever possible; in new construction this is 
            usually required. In most housing inspections, however, we are 
            dealing with existing conditions; therefore, we must adapt the 
            situation as closely as possible to acceptable safety standards. In 
            many old buildings the furnace is located in the center of the 
            cellar or basement, and this location does not lend itself for 
            practical conversion to a boiler room. A   Boiler Location 
            Consider the physical requirements for a boiler room.Ventilation - 
              More circulating air is required for the boiler room than for a 
              habitable room, in order to reduce the heat buildup caused by the 
              boiler or furnace as well as to supply oxygen for 
              combustion.Fire Protection 
              Rating - As specified by various codes (fire code, building code, 
              and insurance underwriters) the fire regulations must be strictly 
              adhered to in areas surrounding the boiler or furnace. This 
              minimum dimension from which a boiler or furnace is to be spaced 
              from a wall or ceiling is shown in Figure 7-3.Many times the 
            enclosure of the furnace or boiler creates a problem of providing 
            adequate air supply and ventilation for the room. Where codes and 
            local authority permit, it may be more practical to place the 
            furnace or boiler in an open area. The ceiling above the furnace 
            should be fire protected to a distance of 3 feet beyond all furnace 
            or boiler appurtenances and this area should be free of all storage 
            material.
            The furnace or 
            boiler should be set on a firm foundation of concrete if located in 
            the cellar or basement. If the codes permit furnace installations on 
            the first floor, then the building code must be consulted for proper 
            setting and location.Figure 7-3. Minimum 
            Clearance for Various Types of Central Heating SystemsB  Heating 
            BoilersBoilers may be 
            classified according to several kinds of characteristics. The 
            material may be cast iron or steel. Their construction may be 
            section, portable, fire-tube, water-tube; or special. Domestic 
            heating boilers are generally of low-pressure type with a maximum 
            working pressure of 15 pounds per square inch for steam and 30 
            pounds per square inch for hot water.All boilers have a 
            combustion chamber for burning fuel. Automatic fuel-firing devices 
            help supply the fuel and control the combustion. Handfiring is 
            accomplished by the provision of a grate, ash pit, and controllable 
            drafts to admit air under the fuel bed and over it through slots in 
            the firing door. A check draft is required at the smoke pipe 
            connection to control chimney draft. The gas passes from the 
            combustion chamber to the flue passages (smoke pipe) designed for 
            maximum possible transfer of heat from the gas. Provisions must be 
            made for cleaning flue passages.The term boiler is 
            applied to the single heat source that can supply either steam or 
            hot-water (boiler is often called a heater).Cast iron boilers 
            are generally classified as:
            Square or 
              rectangular boilers with vertical sections.Round, square, 
              or rectangular boilers with horizontal pancake sections.Cast iron 
            boilers are usually shipped in sections and assembled at the 
            site. 
            C   Steel 
            BoilersMost steel boilers 
            are assembled units with welded steel construction and are called 
            portable boilers. Larger boilers are installed in refractory brick 
            settings built on the site. Above the combustion chamber a group of 
            tubes is suspended, usually horizontally, between two headers. If 
            flue gases pass through the tubes and water surrounds them, the 
            boiler is designated as the fire-tube type. When water flows through 
            the tubes, it is termed watertube. Fire-tube is the predominant 
            type.D   Heating 
            FurnacesHeating furnaces 
            are the heat sources used when air is the heat-carrying medium. When 
            air circulates because of the different densities of the heated and 
            cooled air, the furnace is a gravity type. A fan may be included for 
            the air circulation; this type is called a mechanical warm-air 
            furnace. Furnaces may be of cast iron or steel and burn various 
            types of fuel.V.   
            Fuel-Burning Procedures and Automatic Firing 
            EquipmentA  
            Coal- Many localities throughout the nation still use coal as a 
            heating fuel.Hand 
              Stoking - In many older furnaces, the coal is stoked or fed 
              into the fire box by hand.Automatic 
              Stokers -  The single-retort, underfeed-type bituminous coal 
              stoker is the most commonly used domestic-type steam or hot water 
              boiler (see Figure 7-4). The stoker consists of a coal hopper, a 
              screw for conveying coal from hopper to retort, a fan that 
              supplies air for combustion, a transmission for driving coalfeed 
              and fan, and an electric motor for supplying power. The air for 
              combustion is admitted to the fuel through tuyeres at the top of 
              the retort. The stoker feeds coal to the furnace intermittently in 
              accordance with the temperature or pressure demands.Figure 7-4. Typical 
            Underfeed Coal Stoker Installation in Small Boiler
            B  Oil 
            Burners-Oil burners are broadly designated as distillate, domestic, 
            and commercial or industrial. Distillate burners are usually found 
            in oil-fired space heaters. Domestic oil burners are usually power 
            driven and are used in domestic heating plants. Commercial or 
            industrial burners are used in larger central-heating plants for 
            steam or power generation.1  
            Domestic Oil Burners - These vaporize and atomize the oil, and 
            deliver a predetermined quantity of oil and air to the combustion 
            chambers. Domestic oil burners operate automatically to maintain a 
            desired temperature.a   
            Gun-type burners - These burners atomize the oil either by oil 
            pressure or by low-pressure air forced through a 
            nozzle.The oil system 
            pressure atomizing burner (see Figure 7-5) consists of a strainer, 
            pump, pressure-regulating valve, shutoff valve, and atomizing 
            nozzle. The air system consists of a power-drive fan and an air tube 
            that surrounds the nozzle and electrode assembly. The fan and oil 
            pump are generally connected directly to the motor. Oil pressures 
            normally used are about 100 pounds per square inch, but pressures 
            considerably in excess of this are sometimes used.The form and parts 
            of low-pressure air atomizing burners (see Figure 7-5), are similar 
            to high-pressure atomizing burners except for addition of a small 
            air pump, and a different way of delivering air and oil to the 
            nozzle or orifice.b  
            Vertical rotary burners - The atomizing type burner, sometimes known 
            as a radiant or suspended-flame burner, atomizes oil by throwing it 
            from the circumference of a rapidly rotating motor-driven cup. The 
            burner is installed so that the driving parts are protected from the 
            heat of the flame by a hearth of refractory material at about the 
            grate elevation. Oil is fed by pump or gravity, while the draft is 
            mechanical or a combination of natural and mechanical.c  
            Horizontal rotary burners -These were originally designed for 
            commercial and industrial use but are available in sizes suitable 
            for domestic use. In this burner, oil is atomized by being thrown in 
            a conical spray from a rapidly rotating cup. Horizontal rotary 
            burners employ electric gas or gas-pilot ignition and operate with a 
            wide range of fuels, primarily with Numbers 1 and 2 fuel oil. 
            Primary safety controls for burner operation are necessary. An 
            anti-flooding device must be a part of the system so that, if 
            ignition in the burner should fail, the oil will not continue to 
            flow. Likewise, a stack control is necessary to shut off the burner 
            if the stack temperatures become excessive. A reset button on the 
            older stack control units releases if excessive (predetermined) 
            temperatures are exceeded and thus cuts off all power to the burner. 
            This button must be reset before starting can be attempted. The 
            newer models now use electric eye type control on the burner 
            itself.Figure 7-5. Cut-Away of 
            Typical High-Pressure Gun Burner2  
            Ignition  - On the basis of the method employed to ignite 
            fuels, burners are divided into five groups as follows:a  
            Electric -A high-voltage electric spark is made in the path of 
            an oil and air mixture and this causes ignition. This electric spark 
            may be continuous or may be in operation only long enough to ignite 
            the oil. Electric ignition is almost universally used. Electrodes 
            are located near the nozzles (see Figure 7-5) but not in the path of 
            the oil Spray.b  Gas 
            pilot  -A small gas pilot light that burns continuously is 
            frequently used. Gas pilots usually have expanding gas valves that 
            automatically increase flame size when motor circuit starts. After a 
            fixed interval, the flame reverts to normal size.c  Electric 
            gas  -An electric spark ignites a gas jet, which in turn 
            ignites the oil air mixture.d  Oil 
            pilot -A small oil flame is used.e  
            Manual  - A burning wick or torch is placed in the combustion 
            space through peepholes and thus ignites the charge. Operator should 
            stand to one side of the fire door to guard against injury from 
            chance explosion.VI.  RefractoryThe refractory 
            lining or material should be an insulating fireproof brick-like 
            substance. Never use ordinary firebrick. The insulating brick should 
            be set on end so as to build a 2 inch-thick wall in the pot. Size 
            and shape of the refractory pot vary from furnace to furnace (see 
            Figure 7-6 for various shapes). The shape can be either round or 
            square, whichever is more convenient to build. It is important to 
            use a special cement having properties similar to that of the 
            insulating refractory-type brick.Figure 7-6. Refactory Pot 
            DetailsVII.   Heating SystemsA   Steam 
            Heating Systems  -Steam heating systems are classified 
            according to the pipe arrangement, accessories used, method of 
            returning the condensate to the boiler, method of expelling air from 
            the system, or the type of control employed. The successful 
            operation of a steam heating system consists of generating steam in 
            sufficient quantity to equalize building heat loss at maximum 
            efficiency, expelling entrapped air, and returning all condensate to 
            the boiler rapidly. Steam cannot enter a space filled with air or 
            water at pressure equal to the steam pressure. It is important, 
            therefore, to eliminate air and to remove water from the 
            distribution system. All hot pipe lines exposed to contact by 
            residents must be properly insulated or guarded.Steam heating 
            systems are classified according to the method of returning the 
            condensate to the boiler.1   Gravity 
            One-pipe Air-vent System - The gravity one-pipe air-vent system is 
            one of the earliest types used. The condensate is returned to the 
            boiler by gravity. This system is generally found in 
            one-building-type heating systems. The steam is supplied by the 
            boiler and carried through a single system or pipe to radiators as 
            shown in Figure 7-7. Return of the condensate is dependent on 
            hydrostatic head. Therefore, the end of the steam main, where it 
            attaches to the boiler, must be full of water (termed a wet return) 
            for a distance above the boiler line to create a pressure drop 
            balance between the boiler and the steam main.Radiators are 
            equipped with an inlet valve and with an air valve (see Figure 7-8). 
            The air valve permits venting of air from the radiator and its 
            displacement by steam. Condensate is drained from the radiator 
            through the same pipe that supplies steam.Figure 7-7 Typical Gravity 
            One-Pipe Steam Heating System & Figure 7-8. Safety Air 
            Valve2   Two-pipe 
            Steam Vapor System with Return Trap  -The two-pipe vapor system 
            with boiler return trap and air eliminator is an improvement of the 
            one-pipe system. The return connection of the radiator has a 
            thermostatic trap that permits flow of condensate and air only from 
            the radiator and prevents steam from leaving the radiator. Since the 
            return main is at atmospheric pressure or less, a boiler return trap 
            is installed to equalize condensate return pressure with boiler 
            pressure. B   Hot Water Heating Systems   - All hot water 
            heating systems are similar in design and operating 
principle.1   One-pipe 
            Gravity System  - The one-pipe gravity hot water heating system 
            is the most elementary of the gravity systems and is shown in Figure 
            7-9. Water is heated at the lowest point in the system. It rises 
            through a single main because of a difference in density between hot 
            and cold water. The supply rise or radiator branch takes off from 
            the top of the main to supply water to the radiators. After the 
            water gives up heat in the radiator it goes back to the same main 
            through return piping from the radiator. This cooler return water 
            mixes with water in the supply main and causes the water to cool a 
            little. As a result, the next radiator on the system has a lower 
            emission rate and must be larger.Note in Figure 7-9 
            that the high points of the hot water system are vented and the low 
            points are drained. In this case, the radiators are the high points 
            and the heater is the low point.2   One-pipe 
            Forced-feed System  -If a pump or circulator is introduced in 
            the main near the heater of the one-pipe system, we have a forced 
            system that can be used for much larger applications than the 
            gravity type. This system can operate at higher water temperatures 
            than the gravity system. The faster moving higher temperature water 
            makes a more responsive system with a smaller temperature drop 
            through each radiator. Higher operating temperatures and lower 
            temperature drops permit the use of smaller radiators for the same 
            heating load.Figure 7-9. One Pipe Gravity 
            Hot Water Heating System3  Two-Pipe 
            Gravity Systems  -One-pipe gravity systems may become a 
            two-pipe system if the return radiator branch connects to a second 
            main that returns water to the heater (see Figure 7-10). Water 
            temperature is practically the same in all the radiators.Figure 7-10. Two-Pipe 
            Gravity Hot-Water System4   Two-pipe 
            Forced-circulation System   - This system is similiar to a 
            one-pipe forced-circulation system except that the same piping 
            arrangement is found in the two-pipe gravity flow system.5   Expansion 
            Tanks  -When water is heated it tends to expand. Therefore, in 
            a hot water system an expansion tank is necessary. The expansion 
            tank, either of open or closed type, must be of sufficient size to 
            permit a change in water volume within the heating sv m. If the 
            expansion tank is of the open type it must be placed at least 3 feet 
            above the highest point of the system. It will require a vent and an 
            overflow. The open tank is usually in an attic, where it needs 
            protection from freezing.The enclosed 
            expansion tank is found in modern installations. An air cushion in 
            the tank compresses and expands according to the change of volume 
            and pressure in the system. Closed tanks are usually at the low 
            point in the system and close to the heater. They can, however, be 
            placed at almost any location within the heating system. C   
            Hot Air Heating Systems1  
            Gravity-Warm-Air Heating Systems - These operate because of the 
            difference in specific gravity of warm air and cold air. Warm air is 
            lighter than cold air and rises if cold air is available to replace 
            it (see Figure 7-11).Figure 7-11. Hot Air 
            Furnance1. Approximately 
              12 pounds of air is required for complete combustion of 1 pound of 
              hard coal.
              2. Approximately 
              5 pounds of hard coal is consumed per hour for each square foot of 
              grate area 3. Approximately 12 inches of fire bed will heat most 
              efficiently.4. Anthracite 
              coal burns more slowly than soft coal, is cleaner to handle-hence 
              more widely used.5. Large-size 
              coal does not compact-hence the air spaces are too great and 
              allows gases to escape into the flue unburned. Small size coal 
              compacts too much and inhibits airflow through the coal to allow 
              for good combustion. Mixing of coal size is recommended, i.e., 
              stove and chestnut.6. Fires burn 
              best when the weather is clear and cold, because of reduced 
              atmospheric pressure on the air in the flue-hence greater draft 
              velocity. During periods of heavy atmosphere or rainy weather the 
              temperature of flue gases must exceed normal temperatures to 
              overcome the heavier atmospheric weight.7. During extreme 
              cold weather, coal should be added to a fire once in approximately 
              8 hours: moderate weather-12 hours.a Operation - 
            Satisfactory operation of a gravity-warm-air heating system depends 
            on three factors. They are: ( 1 ) size of warm air and cold ducts, 
            (2) heat loss of the building, (3) heat available from the 
            furnace.
            b Heat 
            distribution - The most common source of trouble in these systems is 
            insufficient pipe area usually in the return or cold air duct. The 
            total cross-section area of the cold duct or ducts must be at least 
            equal to the total cross-section area of all warm 
            ducts.c Pipeless 
            furnaces- The pipeless hot-air furnace is the simplest type of 
            hot-air furnace and is suitable for small homes where all rooms can 
            be grouped about a single large register (see Figure 7-3). Other 
            pipeless gravity furnaces are often installed at floor level. These 
            are really oversized jacketed space heaters. The most common 
            difficulty experienced with this type of furnace is supplying a 
            return air opening of sufficient size on the floor.2 Forced - 
            Warm-Air Heating Systems - The mechanical warm-air furnace is the 
            most modem type of warm-air equipment (see Figure 7-12). It is the 
            safest type because it operates at low temperatures. The principle 
            of a forced warm air heating system is very similar to that of the 
            gravity system, except that a fan or blower is added to increase air 
            movement. Because of the assistance of the fan or blower, the pitch 
            of the ducts or leaders can be disregarded and it is therefore 
            practical to deliver heated air in the most convenient 
            places.a Operation 
            -In a forced-air system, operation of the fan or blower must be 
            controlled by air temperature in a bonnet or by a blower control 
            furnacestat. The blower control starts the fan or blower when the 
            temperature reaches a certain point and turns the fan or blower off 
            when the temperature drops to a predetermined point.b Heat 
            distribution - Dampers in the various warm-air ducts control 
            distribution of warm air either at the branch takeoff or at the 
            warm-air outlet.Humidifiers are 
            often mounted in the supply bonnet in order to regulate the humidity 
            within the residence.D Space 
            Heaters - Space unit heaters are the least desirable from the 
            viewpoint of fire safety and housing inspection. All space unit 
            heaters must be vented to the flue.Figure 7-12. Cross Sectional 
            View of Building Showing Forced-Warm-Air Heating Systeml   
            Coal-Fired Space Heaters (Cannon stove) - This is illustrated in 
            Figure 7-13 and is made entirely of cast iron. In operation, coal on 
            the grates receives primary air for combustion through the grates 
            from the ash-door draft intake. Combustible gases driven from the 
            coal by heat burn in the barrel of the stove, where they received 
            additional or secondary air through the feed door. Side and top of 
            the stove absorb the heat of combustion and radiate it to the 
            surrounding space.2   
            Oil-Fired Space Heaters - Oil-fired space heaters have atmospheric 
            vaporizing-type burners. The burners require a light grade of fuel 
            oil that vaporizes easily and is comparatively low in temperature. 
            In addition, the oil must be such that it leaves only a small amount 
            of carbon residue and ash within the heater.Oil-fired space 
            heaters are basically of two types:a   
            Perforated-sleeve burner -The perforated sleeve burner (see 
            Figure 7-14) consists essentially of a metal base formed of two or 
            more angular fuel-vaporizing bowl burners (see Figure 7-15) and is 
            widely used in space heaters and some water heaters.Figure 7-13. Cannon 
            StoveFigure 7-14. 
            Perforated-Sleeve Burner.Figure 7-15. Natural-Draft 
            Pot BurnerThe burner consists 
            essentially of a bowl, 8 to 13 inches in diameter, with perforations 
            in the side that admit air for combustion. The upper part of the 
            bowl has a flame ring or collar. When several space heaters are 
            installed in a building, an oil supply from an outside tank to all 
            heaters is often desirable. Figure 7-16 shows the condition of a 
            burner flame with different rates of fuel flow and indicates the 
            ideal flame height .Figure 7-16. Condition of 
            Burner Flame with Different Rates of Fuel Flow3   
            Gas-Fired Space Heaters - There are three types of gas-fired space 
            heaters: natural, manufactured, and liquefied petroleum gas. Space 
            heaters using natural, manufactured, or liquefied petroleum gases 
            have a similar construction. All gas-fired space heaters must be 
            vented to prevent a dangerous buildup of poisonous 
            gases.Each unit console 
            consists of an enamel steel cabinet with top and bottom circulating 
            grilles or openings, gas burners, heating element, gas pilot, and 
            gas valve (see Figure 7-17). The heating element or combustion 
            chamber is usually cast iron.Figure 7-17. Typical 
            Gas-Fired Space HeaterCAUTION: All gas-fired space heaters and 
            their connections must be of the type approved by the American Gas 
            Association (AGA). They must be installed in accordance with the 
            recommendations of that organization or the local code.a Venting - 
            Use of proper venting materials and correct installation of venting 
            for gas-fired space heaters is necessary to minimize harmful effects 
            of condensation and to ensure that combustion products are carried 
            off. (Approximately 12 gallons of water are produced in the burning 
            of 1,000 cubic feet of natural gas. The inner surface of the vent 
            must therefore be heated above the dew point of the combustion 
            products to prevent water from forming in the flue.) A horizontal 
            vent must be given an upward pitch of at least 1 inch per foot of 
            horizontal distance.When the smoke pipe 
            extends through floors or walls the metal pipe must be insulated 
            from the floor or wall system by an air space (see Figure 7-18). 
            Avoid sharp bends. A 90? vent elbow has a resistance to flow 
            equivalent to a straight section of pipe having a length of 10 times 
            the elbow diameter. Be sure vent is of a rigid construction and 
            resistant to corrosion by flue gas products. Several types of 
            venting material are available such as B-vent and several other 
            ceramic -type materials. A chimney lined with fire-brick type of 
            terra cotta must be relined with an acceptable vent material if it 
            is to be used for venting gas-fired appliances.Use the same size 
            vent pipe throughout its length. Never make a vent smaller than 
            heater outlet except when two or more vents converge from separate 
            heaters. To determine the size of vents beyond the point of 
            convergence, add one-half the area of each vent to the area of the 
            largest heater's vent.Figure 7-18. Wall and 
            Ceiling Clearance ReductionInstall vents with 
            male ends of inner liner down to ensure condensate is kept within 
            pipes on a cold start. The vertical length of each vent or stack 
            should be at least 2 feet greater than the length between horizontal 
            connection and stack.Run vent at least 3 
            feet above any projection of the building within 20 feet to place it 
            above a possible pressure zone due to wind currents (see Figure 
            7-19). End it with a weather cap designed to prevent en entrance of 
            rain and snow.Gas-fired space 
            heaters as well as gas furnaces and hot water heaters must be 
            equipped with a backdraft diverter (see Figure 7-20) designed to 
            protect heaters against downdrafts and excessive updrafts. Use only 
            draft diverters of the type approved by the AGA.Figure 7-19. Draft Relation 
            to Height of Chimney.Figure 7-20. Location and 
            Operation of Typical Backdraft DiverterThe combustion 
            chamber or firebox must be insulated from the floor, usually with an 
            airspace of 15 to 18 inches, or the firebox is sometimes insulated 
            within the unit and thus allows for lesser clearance for 
            combustibles.Where coal space 
            heaters are located, a floor protection should be provided. This 
            would be a metal-covered asbestos board or a similar durable 
            insulation material. One reason for the floor protection would be to 
            allow cooling off of hot coals and ashes if they drop out while 
            ashes are being removed from the ash chamber. Walls and ceilings of 
            a non-combustible construction exposed to furnace radiation should 
            be installed, and the following clearances are recommended:Space heaters-A top 
            or ceiling clearance of 36 inches, a wall clearance of 18 inches, 
            and a smoke pipe clearance of 18 inches,**(see Figure 7-18).**VIII.   Domestic Hot Water Jack Stoves (Coal 
            Stoves)Domestic hot water 
            jack stoves (coal stoves) equipped with water jackets to supply hot 
            water for domestic use are to be treated as coal-fired furnaces or 
            boilers previously discussed. Note that flue connections should not 
            exceed two to the same flue unless the draft and size are sufficient 
            to accommodate both exhausting requirements. One flue with one smoke 
            pipe is the rule; however, housing inspectors may find a jack stove 
            and main furnace connected to the same flue. Where these conditions 
            are encountered and no complaint about malfunctioning of this system 
            is found, it can be assumed that the system is operating 
            satisfactorily. Where more than two units, other than gas, are 
            attached to a single flue, the building agency should be notified, 
            since this can be considered an improper installation. Gas, oil, and 
            electric hot water heating units for domestic hot water should be 
            treated the same as previously discussed for central heating 
            units.IX.   Hazardous InstallationsA 
            Generalities - The 
            housing inspector should be on the alert for unvented open burning 
            flame heaters, such as manually operated gas logs. Coil-type 
            wall-mounted hot-water heaters that do not have safety relief valves 
            are not permitted. Kerosene (portable) units for cooking or heating 
            should be prohibited. Generally, open-flame portable units are not 
            allowed under; fire safety regulations.In oil heating 
            units, other than integral tank units, the oil filling and vent must 
            be located on the exterior of the building. Filling of oil within 
            buildings is prohibited.Electric wiring to 
            heating units must be installed as indicated in the electrical 
            section. Cutoff switches should be close to the entry but outside of 
            the boiler room. The inspector should be able to appraise the 
            heating installation and determine its adequacy. Any installation 
            that indicates haphazard location, workmanship, or operation, 
            whether it be building, zoning, plumbing, electrical, or housing, 
            will dictate further inspection.B   
            Chimneys (see Figure 7-21 and 7-22) - Chimneys, as all inspectors know, 
            are an integral part of the building. The chimney is a point of 
            building safety and should be understood by the housing inspector. 
            The chimney, if of masonry, must be tight and sound; flues should be 
            terra cotta lined, and where no linings are installed, the brick 
            should be tight to permit proper draft and elimination of combustion 
            gases.Chimneys that act 
            as. flues for gas-fired equipment must be lined with either B-vent 
            or terra cotta.To the inspector, 
            on exterior inspection, "banana peel" on the portion of the chimney 
            above the roof will indicate trouble and a need for rebuilding. 
            Exterior deterioration of the chimney will, if let go too long, 
            gradually permit erosion from within the flues and eventually block 
            the flue opening.Rusted flashing at 
            the roof level will also contribute to the chimney's deterioration. 
            Effervescence on the inside wall of the chimney below the roof and 
            on the outside of the chimney, if exposed, will show salt 
            accumulations - a tell-tale sign of water penetration and flue gas 
            escape and a sign of chimney deterioration. In the spring and fall, 
            during rain seasons, if terra cotta chimneys leak, the joint will be 
            indicated by dark areas permitting actual counting of the number of 
            flues inside the masonry chimney. When this condition occurs, it 
            usually requires 2 or 3 months to dry out. Upon drying out, the 
            mortar joints are discolored (brown), and so after a few years of 
            this type of deterioration the joints can be distinguished wet or 
            dry. The above listed conditions usually develop during coal 
            operation and become more pronounced usually 2 to 5 years after 
            conversion to oil or gas.An unlined chimney 
            can be checked for deterioration below the roof line by checking the 
            residue deposited at the base of the chimney, usually accessible 
            through a cleanout (door or plug) or breaching. Red granular or fine 
            powder showing through coal soot or oil soot will generally 
            indicate, if in quantity (a handful), that deterioration is 
            excessive and repairs are needed.Gas units attached 
            to unlined chimneys will be devoid of soot, but will usually show 
            similar tell-tale brick powder and deterioration as previously 
            mentioned. Manufactured gas has a greater tendency to dehydrate and 
            decompose brick in chimney flues than natural gas. For gas 
            installations in older homes, utility companies usually specify 
            chimney requirements before installation, and so older chimneys may 
            require the installation of terra cotta liners, lead-lined copper 
            liners, or transite pipe. Oil burner operation using a low air ratio 
            and high oil consumption is usually indicated by black carbon 
            deposits around the top of the chimney. Prolonged operation in this 
            burner setting results in long carbon water deposits down the 
            chimney for 4 to 6 feet or more and should indicate to the inspector 
            a possibility of poor burner maintenance. This will accent his need 
            to be more thorough on the ensuing inspection. This type of 
            condition can result from other related causes, such as improper 
            chimney height or exterior obstructions such as trees or buildings 
            that will cause downdrafts or insufficient draft or contribute to a 
            faulty heating operation.Rust spots and 
            soot-mold usually occur on galvanized smoke pipe 
            deterioration.**Figure 
            7-21. Chimney Plan****C 
              Fireplace**- Careful attention 
            should be given to the construction of the fireplace. Improperly 
            built fireplaces are a serious safety and fire hazard (see Figure 
            7-22). The most common causes of fireplace fires are thin walls, 
            combustible materials such as studding or trim against sides and 
            back of the fireplace, wood mantels, and unsafe 
            hearths.Fireplace walls 
            should be not less than 8 inches thick, and if built of stone or 
            hollow masonry units, not less than 12 inches thick. The faces of 
            all walls exposed to fire should be lined with firebrick or other 
            suitable fire-resistive material. When the lining consists of 4 
            inches of firebrick, such lining thickness may be included in the 
            required minimum thickness of the wall.The fireplace 
            hearth should be constructed of brick, stone, tile, or similar 
            incombustible material and should be supported on a fireproof slab 
            or on a brick arch. The hearth should extend at least 20 inches 
            beyond the chimney breast and not less than 12 inches beyond each 
            side of the fireplace opening along the chimney breast. The combined 
            thickness of the hearth and its supporting construction should be 
            not less than 6 inches at any point.It is important 
            that all wooden beams, joists, and studs are set off from the 
            fireplace and chimney so that there is not less. than 2 inches of 
            clearance between the wood members and the sidewalls of the 
            fireplace or chimney and not less than 4 inches of clearance between 
            wood members and the back wall of the fireplace.The housing 
            inspector is a very important person in maintaining sound, safe, and 
            healthful community growth. This should be a challenge to every 
            inspector to provide himself with the necessary tools for better and 
            more efficient housing inspection. He must develop the extra senses 
            so necessary in spotting and correcting faults. He must know when to 
            refer and to whom the referral is to be made; he must be continually 
            seeking knowledge, which may be found by consulting with 
            technicians, tradesmen, and professionals. No finer satisfaction can 
            be realized than to know and feel that the security, safety, and 
            comfort of each and every family within your community has a better 
            and more healthful life because of that extra bit of knowledge you 
            have imparted. "An inspector who stops learning today is uneducated 
            tomorrow."                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              
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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   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                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       | Environmental Hazards and 
            Health Effects    |                                                                          | Vessel Sanitation - Sanitary 
            Inspection of International Cruise 
      Ships