J-A08022-23

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT O.P. 65.37

BRAD D. BAYLES, AN INDIVIDUAL, 

FOR HIMSELF, AND ON BEHALF OF 

JEFFERSON OF MONTICELLO, INC, A 

PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION

v.

ROBERT G. HAMROCK, AN 

INDIVIDUAL AND JEFFERSON OF 

MONTICELLO, INC., A 

PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION 

Appellants

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 463 WDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered April 4, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County 

Civil Division at No(s): GD-18-2757

BRAD BAYLES, AN INDIVIDUAL FOR 

HIMSELF, AND ON BEHALF OF 

JEFFERSON OF MONTICELLO, INC. A 

PENNSYLVANIA CORPORATION 

Appellants

v.

ROBERT HAMROCK, AN INDIVIDUAL 

AND JEFFERSON OF MONTICELLO, 

INC. A PENNSYLVANIA 

CORPORATION

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 573 WDA 2022

Appeal from the Order Entered April 4, 2022

In the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County 

Civil Division at No(s): GD-18-2757
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BEFORE: STABILE, J., SULLIVAN, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY SULLIVAN, J.: FILED: October 18, 2023

Robert Hamrock (“Hamrock”) and Jefferson of Monticello, Inc. (“JOM”) 

appeal, and Brad Bayles (“Bayles”) and JOM cross-appeal, from the judgment 

entered in this shareholder derivative action. We affirm. 

The relevant factual and procedural history of this case can be 

summarized as follows. Since the 1980s, Bayles and Hamrock have been 

business partners and co-owners of two residential real estate development 

companies: JOM and B&B Rainbow. They acquired JOM pursuant to a 50/50

ownership split to buy and sell real estate for investment purposes. The assets 

of JOM included approximately sixty acres of vacant real property in Jefferson 

Hills. At the time they acquired JOM, all JOM stock certificates were blank and 

thereafter remained in Hamrock’s exclusive possession in his role as the 

president and CEO of JOM. 

In 2003, Bayles discovered that Hamrock had secretly purchased a 

property that they had previously agreed to jointly purchase for JOM. Bayles 

commenced a lawsuit against Hamrock alleging that Hamrock had usurped a 

corporate opportunity belonging to JOM and committed fraudulent 

misrepresentation and civil conspiracy by purchasing the property in his wife’s 

name before conveying the property to himself. Bayles also alleged that 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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Hamrock breached his fiduciary duty to JOM by reimbursing himself for 

corporate expenses without consulting Bayles or sharing corporate 

information. Bayles requested the appointment of a custodian and a receiver 

for JOM. After Bayles failed to pursue the complaint (purportedly because he 

and Hamrock were in negotiations for a lucrative real estate transaction), the 

lawsuit was eventually terminated by local court rules. 

In early 2011, Hamrock received inquiries regarding the potential lease 

of the oil, gas, and mineral rights (“OGM rights”) on the vacant land owned 

by JOM. In June 2011, Hamrock recorded a deed, purportedly executed by 

both he and Bayles in 1992, conveying to Hamrock the OGM rights to the 

vacant land owned by JOM for one dollar (“the 1992 deed”). Hamrock initially 

leased the OGM rights to MDS Energy (“MDS”); however, he received no

revenue from MDS. Accordingly, in 2014, Hamrock leased the OGM rights to 

EQT Production Company (“EQT”) and received a $208,200 signing bonus. 

In 2017, Bayles’s attorney discovered the 1992 deed. In February 2018, 

Bayles/JOM brought a derivative shareholder action against Hamrock/JOM for 

breach of fiduciary duty, theft, and fraudulent conveyance of the OGM rights. 

Bayles also requested a constructive trust over JOM, appointment of a 

receiver, an accounting, and damages for unjust enrichment. Hamrock 

countersued Bayles/JOM for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. 

A few months later, in July 2018, Hamrock sold the OGM rights on the 

vacant land owned by JOM to Divot Energy Consultants, LLC, and Cavallo 
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Mineral Partners, LLC, for $336,547. In 2017 and 2019, Hamrock sold three 

properties owned by JOM without disclosing the sales to Bayles. 

During the ensuing litigation, Hamrock claimed that, as he continued to 

put more of his personal funds into JOM, he and Bayles agreed to convey to 

Hamrock the OGM rights on the vacant land owned by JOM, and pursuant to 

this agreement, they executed the 1992 deed. Hamrock asserted that, 

although the 1992 deed was delivered to him, he did not immediately record 

it, but instead placed it in a drawer where it remained for nineteen years. 

Hamrock claimed that he and Bayles also agreed to change the ownership 

percentage of JOM from 50/50 to 60/40 in favor of Hamrock. With respect to 

the three JOM properties, Hamrock maintained that no taxes had been paid 

on the three properties, and that he paid $36,699.92 of his personal funds to 

unencumber the properties so that they could be sold by JOM. Finally, 

Hamrock claimed that Bayles had disappeared for fifteen years, and was not 

involved in the operation of JOM from 2003 until 2018.

Bayles disputed these claims and asserted that: he did not disappear,

and he and Hamrock were in communication; there was no agreement to 

convey the OGM rights or change the ownership percentage to a 60/40 split;

and the 1992 deed was forged by Hamrock. Bayles retained Khody Detwiler, 

an expert in the field of forensic document examination, who opined that the 

1992 deed was forged. Bayles filed a motion for sanctions for fabrication of 
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evidence and forgery of discovered documents, which was deferred to the trial 

judge. 

Hamrock filed a motion for partial judgment on the pleadings, seeking

the dismissal of Bayles’s claims regarding the 1992 deed (i.e., breach of 

fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment) on the basis that they were barred by 

the applicable four-year statute of limitations which, according to Hamrock,

began to run in June 2011, when he filed the 1992 deed. Bayles opposed the 

motion on the basis that the discovery rule tolled the statute of limitations 

until he discovered the fraudulent deed and the lease and sale of the OGM 

rights. The trial court denied the motion. Hamrock then filed a motion in 

limine seeking to exclude evidence pertaining to events occurring prior to 

2015 on the same basis. The trial court denied the motion in limine on the 

basis that the question of whether the discovery rule operated to toll the 

statute of limitations was a factual determination to be made by a jury.

The matter proceeded to a jury trial in September 2021. Bayles’ expert, 

Mr. Detwiler, opined that the 1992 deed and the 1991 corporate resolutions 

for B&B Rainbow were both forged, and that Bayles’s signature (and those of 

three witnesses) on those documents had been copied and pasted from other 

legitimate documents. See N.T., 9/17-22/21, at 150-168. In light of the 

forgery opinion testimony provided by Mr. Detwiler, Hamrock claimed that any 

forgery was committed by the title company which prepared the deed. Gail 

Critchfield, the accountant for JOM, B&B Rainbow, and Hamrock personally, 
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testified that Hamrock told her that the $208,200 he received from EQT in 

2014 was for the lease of OGM rights on real estate Hamrock owned 

personally, rather than from OGM rights on the vacant land owned by JOM. 

Ms. Critchfield also testified that she prepared corporate tax returns indicating 

a 50/50 ownership split for JOM until 2007, when Hamrock handed her a 

handwritten note in which he directed her to indicate a 60/40 split. Hamrock 

presented undated and unwitnessed JOM stock certificates on which he had 

written his name as evidence of the 60/40 ownership split. 

At the conclusion of trial, the jury determined that: (1) the discovery 

rule tolled the statute of limitations on Bayles’s claims for breach of fiduciary 

duty and unjust enrichment; (2) Bayles did not own 50 percent of JOM stock; 

(3) Hamrock breached his fiduciary duty, causing damages to Bayles/JOM; (4) 

Hamrock’s breach was outrageous; (5) no punitive damages were to be 

assessed against Hamrock; (6) Hamrock was liable for unjust enrichment; (7) 

Bayles breached his fiduciary duty, causing damages to Hamrock/JOM; and 

(8) Bayles was not liable for unjust enrichment. See Jury Verdict, 9/23/21, 

at 1-3. The parties agreed that the jury did not need to determine

compensatory damages, as the trial court could mold the verdict by using the 

jury’s factual findings and the agreed-upon amounts received by Hamrock for 

the lease and subsequent sale of the OGM rights, as well as the amounts paid 

by Hamrock for delinquent property taxes on the three JOM properties he sold. 

The parties filed post-verdict motions. Bayles renewed his motion for 
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sanctions, which the trial court denied. Hamrock sought a directed verdict 

and judgment notwithstanding the verdict (“JNOV”), which the trial court 

denied. Both parties filed motions to mold the verdict. The trial court 

appointed Ms. Critchfield as custodian of JOM and ordered Bayles to submit a

petition for attorneys’ fees. 

Ultimately, the trial court entered a judgment directing that: (1) 

Hamrock pay $237,830 in compensatory damages (representing 40 percent

of the amounts received by Hamrock for the lease and sale of the OGM rights) 

and pre-judgment interest on that amount to the custodian of JOM, to be paid 

over to Bayles; (2) Hamrock pay $84,406 to the custodian of JOM, to be paid 

over to Bayles for his attorneys’ fees and costs; and (3) that Bayles pay 

Hamrock $14,661 in compensatory damages (representing 40 percent of the 

delinquent property taxes paid by Hamrock) to the custodian of JOM, to be 

paid over to Hamrock. Hamrock filed a timely notice of appeal, and Bayles 

cross-appealed. Hamrock, Bayles, and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 

1925.

On appeal, Hamrock raises the following issues for our review:

A. Whether the trial judge erred by denying [Hamrock’s] motion 

for partial judgment on the pleadings and motion in limine, 

thereby allowing claims, evidence, and testimony to be 

presented to the jury that should have been excluded due to 

the statute of limitations?

B. Whether the jury erred in its decision that the discovery rule 

tolled the applicable statutes of limitations for claims of breach 

of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment brought by [Bayles]?
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C. Whether the trial judge erred in his decision to apply prejudgment interest to [Bayles’s] award?

D. Whether the trial judge erred in his interpretation of 15 

Pa.C.S.A. § 1784(b)?

E. Whether the trial judge erred in his sua sponte determination 

that Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently 

pursuant to 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1767?

Hamrock’s Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

In his cross-appeal, Bayles raises the following issues for our review:

A. Whether the trial court erred in awarding $ 14,661.97 in favor 

of [JOM] and against . . . Bayles for property taxes paid at real 

estate closings for the sale of corporate real estate where

Hamrock conducted those closings without any notice to 

Bayles[?]

B. Whether the trial court erred in failing to set aside that portion 

of the jury verdict that failed to award punitive damages in 

favor of Bayles and against Hamrock where the jury found that 

Hamrock’s conduct was outrageous and the overwhelming 

evidence showed that Hamrock forged documents, stole 

corporate assets and defrauded third parties?

C. Whether the trial court erred in relying upon the jury slip in 

awarding Bayles only 40% of the compensatory damages 

where the jury slip was ambiguous and where the jury 

instructions failed to instruct which party had the burden of 

persuasion or proof with regard to ownership of the 

corporation?

Bayles’ Brief at 5 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

Initially, we will address Hamrock’s issues. In his first issue, Hamrock 

challenges the trial court’s pretrial rulings denying his motion for partial 

judgment on the pleadings and motion in limine. In reviewing the trial court’s 

grant or denial of a motion for judgment on the pleadings, our scope of review
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is plenary. See Vetter v. Fun Footwear Co., 668 A.2d 529, 531 (Pa. Super. 

1995) (en banc). Our standard of review for such rulings is as follows:

Our review of a trial court’s decision to grant . . . judgment 

on the pleadings is limited to determining whether the trial court 

committed an error of law or whether there were facts presented 

which warranted a jury trial. In so reviewing, we look only to the 

pleadings and any documents properly attached thereto.

Judgment on the pleadings is proper only where the pleadings 

evidence that there are no material facts in dispute such that a 

trial by jury would be unnecessary.

Pennsylvania Financial Responsibility Assigned Claims Plan v. English, 

664 A.2d 84, 86 (Pa. 1995). A motion for judgment on the pleadings will be 

granted where, on the facts averred, the law says with certainty that no 

recovery is possible. See Am. Appliance v. E.W. Real Estate Mgmt., 769 

A.2d 444, 446 (Pa. 2001).

Our standard of review of a ruling on a motion in limine is well-settled:

A motion in limine is used before trial to obtain a ruling on 

the admissibility of evidence. It gives the trial judge the 

opportunity to weigh potentially prejudicial and harmful evidence 

before the trial occurs, thus preventing the evidence from ever 

reaching the jury. A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a 

motion in limine is subject to an evidentiary abuse of discretion 

standard of review.

Questions concerning the admissibility of evidence lie within 

the sound discretion of the trial court, and we will not reverse the 

court’s decision absent a clear abuse of discretion. An abuse of 

discretion may not be found merely because an appellate court 

might have reached a different conclusion, but requires a manifest 

unreasonableness, or partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will, or such 

lack of support so as to be clearly erroneous.

In addition, to constitute reversible error, an evidentiary 

ruling must not only be erroneous, but also harmful or prejudicial 

to the complaining party.
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Parr v. Ford Motor Co., 109 A.3d 682, 690-91 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citations 

omitted).

Both of Hamrock’s motions were based on a claim that the relevant 

statute of limitations had expired. “Statutes of limitations are rules of law that 

set time limits for bringing legal claims.” Didomizio v. Jefferson 

Pulmonary Assocs. & Asthma Allergy & Pulmonary Assocs., P.C., 280 

A.3d 1039, 1046 (Pa. Super. 2022). The general rule is that a cause of action 

accrues, and thus the applicable limitations period begins to run, when an 

injury is inflicted. See Wilson v. El-Daief, 964 A.2d 354, 361 (Pa. 2009); 

see also Pocono International Raceway, Inc. v. Pocono Produce, Inc., 

468 A.2d 468, 471 (Pa. 1983) (holding that the statute of limitations begins 

to run as soon as the right to institute and maintain a suit arises). Once a 

cause of action has accrued and the prescribed statutory period has run, an 

injured party is barred from bringing his cause of action. See Fine v. 

Checcio, 870 A.2d 850, 857 (Pa. 2005). 

However, in certain cases involving latent injury, and/or instances in 

which the causal connection between an injury and another’s conduct is not 

apparent, the discovery rule may operate to toll the statute of limitations until 

the plaintiff discovers, or reasonably should discover, that he has been injured 

and that his injury has been caused by another party’s conduct. See id. at 

859. As this Court has explained:
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The discovery rule is a judicially created device which tolls 

the running of the applicable statute of limitations until that point 

when the plaintiff knows or reasonably should know: (1) that he

has been injured, and (2) that his injury has been caused by 

another party’s conduct. The limitations period begins to run 

when the injured party possesses sufficient critical facts to put him 

on notice that a wrong has been committed and that he need 

investigate to determine whether he is entitled to redress.

Melley v. Pioneer Bank, N.A., 834 A.2d 1191, 1201 (Pa. Super. 2003)

(internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Although Pennsylvania favors the strict application of a statute of

limitations, see Communications Network Int’l, 187 A.3d 951, 961 (Pa.

Super. 2018), the discovery rule jurisprudence applies a reasonable-diligence 

requirement as opposed to an all-vigilance one. See Nicolau v. Martin, 195 

A.3d 880, 895 (Pa. 2018). Moreover, because the reasonable diligence 

determination is fact intensive, the determination of when a plaintiff should 

reasonably be aware of their injury is generally an issue of fact to be 

determined by the jury. See id. at 886, 893; see also Fine, 870 A.2d at 859 

(holding that “the question as to when a party’s injury and its cause were 

discovered or discoverable is for the jury”). 

Relevantly, the statute of limitations for an action upon a contract 

implied in law must be commenced within four years. See 42 Pa.C.S.A. § 

5525(a)(4).1 

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1 As both Bayles and Hamrock based their respective claims on their status as 

shareholders, the trial court determined that their claims derive from 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Hamrock contends that Bayles did not exercise due diligence to discover 

the alleged harm caused by the filing of the 1992 deed in 2011. According to 

Hamrock, Bayles should have been on notice of potential harm by Hamrock 

since 2003, when Bayles sued Hamrock for theft of corporate assets and 

accused him of cheating, stealing, and lying to Bayles. Hamrock maintains 

that “[t]he fact that Bayles filed a suit against Hamrock alleging theft and 

breach of fiduciary duty is enough for Bayles to have put himself on notice of 

potential future harm.” Hamrock’s Brief at 23. Hamrock additionally argues 

that “as the part-owner of a real estate investment company, Bayles could 

either easily regularly review the company assets, or hire counsel to do the 

same.” Id. Hamrock asserts that Bayles’s failure to check on the company 

assets for fifteen years after filing the 2003 lawsuit, and seven years after the 

2011 filing of the 1992 deed, shows that he did not act in a reasonably diligent 

manner, and therefore the discovery rule should not apply to toll the statute 

of limitations. 

Hamrock further contends that, assuming he breached his fiduciary duty 

and was unjustly enriched, the initial action which led to those claims was the 

recording of the 1992 deed rather than his subsequent dealings with the oil 

and gas companies. Hamrock insists that “the leases and sales were a 

secondary form of injury, but the primary injury that led to Bayles’s claims 

____________________________________________

contractual agreements implied in law pertaining to their ownership rights in 

JOM. See Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 5. Neither party disputes this ruling.
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was the 2011 recording of the 1992 [d]eed, which stripped the OGM rights 

away from [JOM], thus depriving Bayles of his ownership rights and potential 

for future income.” Id. at 24-25. On this basis, Hamrock contends that the 

trial court erred by denying his motion for partial judgment of the pleadings 

and his motion in limine, thereby allowing the admission into evidence of 

claims, exhibits, and testimony that should have been excluded due to the 

expiration of the four-year statute of limitations in 2015. 

The trial court considered Hamrock’s first issue and concluded that it 

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

. . . [A]ll of . . . Hamrock’s statute of limitations arguments 

assume commencement of the limitations periods in 2011[,] when 

he recorded the deed that conveyed [to] him[self] all of [JOM’s

OGM rights]. This assumption is improper. The statute of 

limitations does not begin to run until the right to institute and 

maintain a lawsuit arises. However, the damages element of . . .

Bayles’[s] breach of fiduciary duty claim and the appreciation of 

benefits element of his unjust enrichment claim did not arise until 

. . . Hamrock received payments for the natural gas in 2014 and 

2018. [The] four[-]year statute of limitations . . . began to run 

on March 26, 2014[,] when . . . Hamrock received $208,200 from 

EQT . . . and therefore had not expired when . . . Bayles[] filed 

the lawsuit [i]n February . . . 2018. Hence, [the trial court’s]

ruling against . . . Hamrock on the statute of limitations was 

correct.

Even if the statutes of limitations commence[d] to run in 

2011 with the recording of the deed conveying the [OGM rights], 

the discovery rule tolls them and they d[id] not begin to run until 

. . . Bayles discover[ed] or reasonably should [have] discover[ed]

that he ha[d] been injured and that his injury was caused by . . .

Hamrock’s conduct. See Fine . . . 870 A.2d . . . at 859 . . .. This 

is a factual determination ordinarily made by a jury. Id. [a]t 858. 

. . ..
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. . . Hamrock argue[d] the discovery rule does not apply as 

a matter of law because he produced the deed to the [OGM rights]

during discovery in the 2003 lawsuit, before the deed was 

recorded. . . . Hamrock did testify that he responded to . . .

Bayles’ discovery in the 2003 lawsuit by sending, among other 

things, the [OGM] deed to his attorney. However, . . . Bayles 

testified that . . . Hamrock never responded to the discovery 

request in the 2003 lawsuit. Hence, whether the deed was 

produced in the 2003 lawsuit was a disputed factual issue 

requiring an assessment of the parties’ credibility, and [the trial 

court] was correct to allow the jury to determine if . . . Bayles 

knew or reasonably should have known of the deed from the 2003 

lawsuit.

. . . Hamrock also argue[d] the 2003 lawsuit alleges nearly 

the same claims as this 2018 lawsuit. This supposedly put . . .

Bayles on inquiry notice of the potential for future harm, which 

again, according to . . . Hamrock, would make the discovery rule 

inapplicable as a matter of law. This argument is meritless. First, 

the 2003 lawsuit and this 2018 lawsuit do not allege nearly the 

same claims. The 2003 lawsuit alleges Mr. and Mrs. Hamrock 

usurped a corporate opportunity to acquire realty[,] while this 

2018 lawsuit alleges . . . Hamrock forged a deed and used the 

forged deed to obtain over $500,000 that belonged to [JOM]. As 

a matter of law, was . . . Bayles not reasonably diligent because 

he did not anticipate . . . Hamrock’s misconduct would continue 

after he was caught and also would transform into forgery?

Reasonable minds could find . . . Bayles exercised reasonable 

diligence even though he did not anticipate . . . Hamrock’s forgery. 

The concept of a plaintiff being on inquiry notice described in Rice

v. Diocese of Altoona-Johnstown[,] 255 A.3d 237 (Pa. 2021). 

. . involves a secondary cause of a known injury. No secondary 

cause is alleged by . . . Bayles[,] and his injury was not known 

since it involved the unobservable lease and sale of natural gas 

that is hidden below the surface of the land. See Lewey v. H.C. 

Frick Coke Co., . . . 31 A.261[, 263-64] ([Pa.] 1895) ([holding 

that] plaintiff could not know that a trespasser had 

subterraneously extracted coal from his land). In any event, the 

injury alleged in the 2003 lawsuit is different from the injury in 

the 2018 lawsuit. Therefore, the 2003 lawsuit did not put . . .

Bayles on inquiry notice of the conduct of . . . Hamrock set forth 

in the 2018 lawsuit.
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. . . Hamrock also argue[d] . . . Bayles did not exercise 

reasonable diligence because he abandoned his 2003 lawsuit and 

afterwards disappeared for nearly fifteen years. According to . . .

Hamrock, this is another reason the discovery rule does not apply 

as a matter of law. But, . . . Bayles explained that litigating the 

2003 lawsuit with . . . Hamrock could have jeopardized a pending 

purchase of their property that would generate over a million 

dollars. Bayles further explained that he planned to wait until the 

sale closed, have the proceeds held in escrow and then fight it out 

relative to the 2003 lawsuit. The decision on whether this was a 

lack of reasonable diligence or a sensible course of action is a 

question of fact for the jury. Similarly, . . . Bayles denied that he 

disappeared for nearly fifteen years and testified to regular 

communications with . . . Hamrock (including their fight for 

approval for a sale of property to UPMC that was contingent on 

approval of zoning for a hospital). Hence, whether . . . Bayles 

disappeared for nearly fifteen years also is a question of fact for 

the jury. Therefore, it would be incorrect to deem the discovery 

rule inapplicable as a matter of law. 

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 4-7 (quotations marks and some citations 

omitted).

We discern no error or abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying 

Hamrock’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings and his motion in 

limine. As explained above, a motion for judgment on the pleadings will not 

be granted unless, on the facts averred, the law says with certainty that no

recovery is possible. See Am. Appliance, 769 A.2d at 446. Here, Bayles 

averred that Hamrock breached his fiduciary duty by failing to disclose his 

secret and fraudulent conveyance of the OGM rights to himself, and further 

failing to disclose his subsequent lease of the OGM rights to EQT. See

Complaint, ¶¶ 18, 45. Because Bayles asserted that Hamrock’s misdeeds 

were both “secret” and “undisclosed,” the claims asserted in Bayles’s 
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complaint were subject to the potential application of the discovery rule. Id.; 

see also Fine, 870 A.2d at 859 (explaining that the discovery rule may apply 

in cases involving latent injury, and/or instances in which the causal 

connection between an injury and another’s conduct is not apparent). Thus, 

given the potential application of the discovery rule to toll the statute of 

limitations, it could not be said with certainty that no recovery was possible. 

See Am. Appliance, 769 A.2d at 446. Accordingly, the trial court properly 

denied Hamrock’s motion for partial judgment on the pleadings. 

With respect to the denial of Hamrock’s motion in limine, the 

determination of when Bayles discovered or reasonably should have 

discovered his injury was an issue of fact to be determined by the jury. See

Fine, 870 A.2d at 857; see also Nicolau, 195 A.3d at 893 (explaining that 

the determination of when a plaintiff should reasonably be aware of their 

injury is generally an issue of fact to be determined by the jury). Thus, the 

trial court correctly determined that the jury should be permitted to consider 

all evidence pertinent to the question of whether the discovery rule tolled the 

statute of limitations. Accordingly, we discern no error or abuse of discretion 

by the trial court in denying Hamrock’s motion in limine regarding the statute 

of limitations. For these reasons, Hamrock’s first issue merits no relief.

In his second issue, Hamrock contends that the jury erred in its decision 

that the discovery rule tolled the applicable statutes of limitations for Bayles’s 

claims for breach of fiduciary duty and unjust enrichment. Although 
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Hamrock’s second issue is inartfully presented as a claim of jury error, we 

discern that he intended to challenge the trial court’s denial of his motion for 

JNOV. Our standard of review of a denial of a motion for JNOV is well-settled:

Appellate review of a denial of JNOV is quite narrow. We 

may reverse only in the event the trial court abused its discretion 

or committed an error of law that controlled the outcome of the 

case. Abuse of discretion occurs if the trial court renders a 

judgment that is manifestly unreasonable, arbitrary or capricious; 

that fails to apply the law; or that is motivated by partiality, 

prejudice, bias[,] or ill-will.

When reviewing an appeal from the denial of a request for 

[JNOV], the appellate court must view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the verdict[-]winner and give him or her the 

benefit of every reasonable inference arising therefrom while 

rejecting all unfavorable testimony and inferences. . . . Thus, the 

grant of [JNOV] should only be entered in a clear case and any 

doubts must be resolved in favor of the verdict[-]winner.

Furthermore, [i]t is only when either the movant is entitled to 

judgment as a matter of law or the evidence was such that no two 

reasonable minds could disagree that the outcome should have 

been rendered in favor of the movant that an appellate court may 

vacate a jury’s finding.

Phillips v. Lock, 86 A.3d 906, 919 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation omitted).

Hamrock claims that there are two different applications of the discovery 

rule: one which is more liberal and plaintiff-friendly; and another which is 

stricter and less plaintiff-friendly. Hamrock maintains that Pennsylvania has 

adopted the latter approach, and requires only notice inquiry to commence 

the running of the statute of limitations where the injury could be found with 

the exercise of reasonable diligence. According to Hamrock, “it must be 

determined whether Bayles could have paid attention to the corporate assets; 

had sufficient knowledge, or access to those with sufficient knowledge, to 
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check on the corporate assets; the intelligence to know how to be reasonably 

diligent; and sound judgment to protect his own interests.” Hamrock’s Brief 

at 27-28. Hamrock asserts that, if Bayles was involved in the operation of 

JOM from 2003 until 2018, as he claimed at trial, then he should have been 

regularly checking on JOM’s assets and would have discovered the 1992 deed 

in 2011. Hamrock points to his own testimony that Bayles stopped taking part 

in JOM’s operations and failed to regularly check on JOM’s assets to ensure 

that Hamrock, whom Bayles had already accused of theft, wasn’t stealing 

company assets. Hamrock asserts that Bayles hired several attorneys 

between 2010 and 2017, any of whom could have checked the recorder of 

deeds website and discovered the 1992 deed. According to Hamrock, Bayles 

did not exhibit sound judgment by accusing his business partner of theft, and 

then disappearing for fifteen years while leaving his property in the hands of 

an alleged thief.2

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2 Hamrock additionally argues that the jury misunderstood the trial court’s 

jury instructions regarding the discovery rule because the court failed to clarify 

the definition of the term “to toll.” Hamrock’s Brief at 31-34. However, 

Hamrock failed to preserve this issue for our review, as he did not raise any 

objection to the court’s jury instructions at trial. Indeed, as the trial court 

pointed out, “Hamrock’s requested point for charge on the statutes of 

limitations was, in fact, verbally given to the jury.” See Trial Court Opinion, 

7/5/22, at 9. Instead, Hamrock challenged the verdict sheet submitted to the

jury. See Post-Verdict Motion, 1/15/22, at ¶¶ 24-27; see also Amended 

Post-Verdict Motion, 3/21/22, at ¶¶ 24-27. Consequently, as Hamrock did not 

raise a challenge to the jury instructions at trial, the issue is waived. See

Pa.R.A.P. 302(a) (providing that issues not raised in the trial court are waived 

and may not be raised for the first time on appeal).
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As explained above, when reviewing the denial of a motion for JNOV, 

we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict-winner,

giving him the benefit of every reasonable inference arising therefrom while 

rejecting all unfavorable testimony and inferences. See Phillips, 86 A.3d at

919. Here, as the trial court explained above, Bayles testified that the 1992 

deed was not produced in discovery during the 2003 lawsuit, denied that he 

disappeared for nearly fifteen years, and testified to regular communications 

with Hamrock. See Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 4-7. Bayles further 

testified that he did not authorize the conveyance of the OGM rights to 

Hamrock, his signature on the deed conveying the OGM rights was forged, 

and he did not become aware of the 1992 deed until 2017, when his attorney 

stumbled across the deed. See N.T., 9/17-22/21, at 236-37, 242. Viewing

these facts in the light most favorable to Bayles, we cannot conclude that the 

evidence was such that no two reasonable minds could disagree that the 

discovery rule did not apply. See Phillips, 86 A.3d at 919. As such, we 

discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in denying Hamrock’s motion 

for JNOV.

In his third issue, Hamrock contends that the trial court erred by 

awarding prejudgment interest on the damage award to Bayles. We review a 

challenge to an award of prejudgment interest for abuse of discretion. See

Linde v. Linde, 220 A.3d 1119, 1150 (Pa. Super. 2019). Prejudgment 

interest may be awarded when a defendant holds money or property which 
J-A08022-23

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belongs to the plaintiff. See id.; see also Kaiser v. Old Republic 

Insurance Co., 741 A.2d 748, 755 (Pa. Super. 1999). While a plaintiff in a 

contract action for failure to pay a liquidated sum has right to prejudgment 

interest over which the court has no discretion, see TruServ Corp. v. 

Morgan’s Tool & Supply Co., Inc., 39 A.3d 253, 264 (Pa. 2012), the 

decision whether to award prejudgment interest in other actions for wrongfully 

withheld funds and the amount of such an award are matters of equity subject 

to the trial court’s discretion. See Sack v. Feinman, 413 A.2d 1059, 1065-

66 (Pa. 1980); see also Linde, 220 A.3d at 1150. 

Hamrock maintains that he was not a trustee for Bayles or for JOM, and 

he did not invest any company assets for his own benefit. Hamrock asserts 

that he sold his own assets and, therefore, damages should only be assessed 

from the money he earned on the sale. Hamrock points out that, because the 

jury awarded no punitive damages against him, the imposition of prejudgment 

interest should be viewed as punitive damages. Finally, Hamrock argues that 

prejudgment interest should be suspended from the beginning of the COVID19 judicial emergency until the first day of the trial, as the shutdown was not 

the fault of either party, and he should not be punished for the unforeseeable 

delay.

The trial court considered Hamrock’s third issue and determined that it 

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

. . . Since 2014 and 2018 until the verdict in 2021, . . .

Hamrock wrongfully deprived . . . Bayles of his portion of the 
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$544,747 from the natural gas lease and sale. It is indisputable 

that the earlier in time money is received the greater its value will 

be to the recipient. . . . Bayles will not be made whole unless he 

is awarded pre-verdict interest to compensate him for this “time 

value of money.” Hence, interest on the funds from the time they 

were wrongfully withheld is necessary to make . . . Bayles whole 

again. . . . Since the jury found . . . Hamrock was unjustly 

enriched and pre-verdict interest is needed to make [Bayles]

whole, [the] award of pre-verdict interest to [Bayles/JOM] is 

correct.

. . . Hamrock also argues that [the trial court] erroneously 

awarded pre-verdict interest between March 24, 2020[,] and the 

date of the verdict[,] since all trials were suspended then due to 

the COVID-19 pandemic. The Superior Court of Pennsylvania 

recently addressed a similar argument in Getting v. Mark Sales 

& Leasing, Inc., [274 A.3d 1251 (Pa. Super.] 2022). While the 

pre-verdict interest in that case was authorized under 

Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 238 (“Damages for Delay in 

Actions for Bodily Injury, Death or Property Damage”), Rule 238 

also is premised on the concept of making a plaintiff whole. Id. 

The Superior Court’s observation that COVID-19 and the judicial 

emergency do not diminish the right to be made whole or allow 

tortfeasors to reap unjust windfalls . . . is therefore also applicable 

to . . . Hamrock’s wrongful deprivation of funds from [Bayles/JOM]

in this case. Thus, [the] award of interest between March 24, 

2020[,] and the date of the verdict was not an error.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 9-10. 

We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in awarding prejudgment interest on the damage award to Bayles/JOM. Contrary to 

Hamrock’s assertion otherwise, the jury determined that the OGM rights in 

question were the property of JOM, not Hamrock, and that Hamrock 

fraudulently deprived Bayles/JOM of the OGM rights by forging a deed. That 

the jury did not award punitive damages for such misconduct does not negate

the fact that Hamrock wrongfully deprived Bayles/JOM of a corporate asset, 
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as well as monies derived from the lease and subsequent sale of that corporate 

asset. Accordingly, as Hamrock wrongfully held money that belonged to 

Bayles/JOM, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding 

prejudgment interest. See Linde, 220 A.3d at 1150; see also Kaiser, 741 

A.2d at 755. 

Further, Hamrock was not entitled to any diminution in prejudgment 

interest because of the temporary shutdown of Pennsylvania courts due to the 

COVID-19 pandemic. As this Court explained in Getting:

COVID-19 and the judicial emergency it created did not 

diminish the rights of plaintiffs to be made whole. . . .

Moreover, the interest on the damages was the plaintiffs’ 

money by right, by virtue of the jury’s verdict . . .. We do not 

read the [In re: General Statewide Judicial Emergency,] 

March 18, 2020 Order of the Supreme Court as permitting 

tortfeasors to reap unjust windfalls from a five month delay that 

was clearly beyond the control of their victims. Here, closure of 

the Court of Common Pleas . . . did not alter the indisputable fact 

that the [defendant] retained and had unfettered use of the 

[plaintiffs’] money throughout the judicial emergency. As such, 

the [defendant] must compensate the [plaintiffs] for using their 

money during the judicial emergency to the fullest extent of 

Pa.R.C.P. 238.

Getting, 274 A.3d at 1262 (quotation marks omitted). 

Although Getting concerned an award of delay damages pursuant to 

Rule 238, we conclude that the same logic applies to a discretionary award of 

prejudgment interest. The closure of the court of common pleas in Allegheny 

County did not alter the fact that Hamrock retained and had the unfettered 

use of the wrongfully obtained profits for the lease and sale of JOM’s OGM 
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rights throughout the judicial emergency. As such, he must compensate 

JOM/Bayles for using their money during the judicial emergency. For these 

reasons, Hamrock’s third issue warrants no relief. 

In his fourth issue, Hamrock contends that the trial court erred in its 

interpretation of 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1784(b) when awarding attorneys’ fees and 

other expenses to Bayles/JOM. Our standard of review of an award of

attorneys’ fees is well settled: “we will not disturb a trial court’s

determinations absent an abuse of discretion. A trial court has abused its

discretion if it failed to follow proper legal procedures or misapplied the law.” 

Kessock v. Conestoga Title Ins. Co., 194 A.3d 1046, 1059 (Pa. Super.

2018) (citation omitted).

Section 1784(b) provides:

If a derivative action is successful in whole or in part, the 

court may award the plaintiff reasonable expenses, including

reasonable attorney fees and costs, from the recovery of the 

business corporation, but in no event shall the attorney fees 

awarded exceed a reasonable proportion of the value of the relief, 

including nonpecuniary relief, obtained by the plaintiff for the 

corporation.

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1784(b).

Hamrock maintains that section 1784(b) “means that the plaintiff’s costs 

must reduce the corporation’s recovery, not be added to it.” Hamrock’s Brief 

at 40. According to Hamrock, the trial court improperly twisted the wording 

of the statute to award additional costs and fees to Bayles/JOM. Hamrock 

asserts that, as the 60 percent owner of JOM, he would have been eligible to 
J-A08022-23

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receive 60 percent of the profits had JOM retained the OGM rights and then 

leased and sold them. Hamrock asserts that the maximum compensatory 

judgment that can be awarded in this matter is the remaining shareholder 

portion (i.e., 40 percent) of the funds that Hamrock earned by leasing and 

selling the OGM rights. 

The trial court considered Hamrock’s fourth issue and determined that 

it lacked merit. The court reasoned:

[The trial court’s] orders entered a verdict in favor of 

[Bayles/JOM] and against . . . Hamrock for compensatory 

damages and interest in the total amount of $594,576.56, with 

forty percent of the total, or $237,830.62 due to [JOM’s] custodian 

from . . . Hamrock immediately. [The] January 4, 2022 order also 

specified that an amount in addition to the $237,830.62 would be 

due from . . . Hamrock in the future after calculation of expenses 

under [section] 1784(b). [The] March 2, 2022 order awarded . . 

. Bayles/JOM] $84,406.62 under [section] 1784(b) ($76,607.33 

for attorney fees and the balance for expert witness fees, lodging 

and travel), with it to immediately be paid to [JOM’s] custodian by 

. . . Hamrock.

. . . [Section] 1784(b)] allows a shareholder who has 

been successful in a derivative lawsuit to be reimbursed for 

litigation expenses. These expenses are paid to the successful 

shareholder out of the funds recovered by the corporation. Since 

the amount of the expenses is not added on to the corporation’s 

recovery, there cannot possibly be any merit to . . . Hamrock’s 

argument that the $84,406.62 award of expenses is punitive.

[] Hamrock next makes the argument that [] Bayles 

should collect the $84,406.62 from the damages obtained by 

[JOM] from [] Hamrock. Clearly[, ] Hamrock is confused as [the 

trial court] ordered exactly what [he] seems to argue [it] did not 

order. [JOM’s] total recovery is $594,576.56. [] Hamrock was 

never ordered to pay in excess of that amount. [] Hamrock 

instead was ordered to pay the corporation $237,830.62 for []

Bayles’[s] forty percent ownership plus $84,406.62 for his

litigation expenses for a total of $322,237.24. The difference 
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between [JOM’s] $594,576.56 total recovery and the $322,237.24

[] Hamrock must pay [JOM] may be retained by [] Hamrock as 

the sixty percent shareholder.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 11-12 (unnecessary capitalization omitted).

We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in awarding 

attorneys’ fees and costs to Bayles/JOM pursuant to section 1784(b). The 

plain language of the statute permits the trial court to award reasonable 

expenses to a successful plaintiff in a shareholder derivative action from the 

total damages recovered by the business corporation. In the instant 

shareholder derivative action, Bayles/JOM were successful in their claims 

against Hamrock. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding 

such fees to Bayles from the total damages recovered by JOM. Accordingly, 

no relief is due.

In his fifth issue, Hamrock contends that the trial court abused its 

discretion by appointing a custodian for JOM. The decision to appoint a

custodian or receiver is within the sound discretion of the trial court. See

Abrams v. Uchitel, 806 A.2d 1, 8 (Pa. Super. 2002). The trial court may

appoint a receiver to prevent waste, dissipation of assets, fraud, or

mismanagement. See Hankin v. Hankin, 493 A.2d 675, 677 (Pa. 1985).

“Where substantial evidence supports findings that indicate that a receiver is

necessary to preserve the property and the rights of all the parties concerned

. . . the [trial court’s] exercise of discretion must be affirmed.” Id. at 678.

Section 1767 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
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(a) General rule. — Except as provided in subsection (b), upon

application of any shareholder, the court may appoint one or more

persons to be custodians of and for any business corporation when

it is made to appear that:

* * * *

(2) in the case of a closely held corporation, the directors or those

in control of the corporation have acted illegally, oppressively or

fraudulently toward one or more holders or owners of 5% or more

of the outstanding shares of any class of the corporation in their

capacities as shareholders, directors, officers or employees[.]

15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1767(a)(2).

Hamrock asserts that the trial court erred by determining sua sponte

that he acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently so as to justify the 

appointment of a custodian pursuant to 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 1767. Hamrock argues 

that, although Bayles requested the appointment of a custodian in his 

complaint, he did not seek a factual determination that Hamrock acted 

illegally, oppressively, or fraudulently. Hamrock points out that allegations of 

fraud must be pleaded with particularity pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 1019(b), and 

that Bayles’s complaint did not assert a claim for fraud. Hamrock maintains 

that, had the complaint asserted a claim for fraud, he would have had the 

opportunity to object to such a claim and seek to have it dismissed from the 

pleading. Hamrock contends that the trial court’s sua sponte determination—

when molding the verdict—that he acted illegally, oppressively, and 

fraudulently, deprived him of the opportunity to defend himself against such 

a factual finding. On this basis, Hamrock claims that the trial court’s findings 
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of illegal, oppressive, and fraudulent conduct should be stricken from the trial 

court’s order. 

The trial court considered Hamrock’s fifth issue and determined that it 

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

[] Hamrock first argues that [the trial court’s]

determination that his actions were illegal, oppressive[,] and 

fraudulent was made sua sponte. However, the provisions in the 

Business Corporation Law require this determination before a 

custodian can be appointed and [] Bayles first requested the court 

appoint a custodian in the complaint . . ., again on the record just 

before the trial began[,] . . . and finally in [Bayles’s] response to 

[Hamrock’s] motion to mold verdict . . .. Hence, the 

determination that [] Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively and 

fraudulently was not initiated by [the trial court], but instead was 

at the request of [] Bayles. 

[] Hamrock also argues the jury never made a 

determination that he forged any document or engaged in any 

fraudulent activity. While it is true the jury was not specifically 

asked if [] Hamrock forged the [OGM] rights deed, there was 

overwhelming circumstantial evidence that he was the forger and 

his testimony concerning the signatures on the deed was 

inconsistent (see [N.]T[.], [9/17-22/21, at] 391-[]93, 418-[]19 

and 464-[]71) and incredible. [The trial court] was the one to 

decide that [] Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively[,] and 

fraudulently because [he] had no right to a jury trial on the issue 

of appointing a custodian. See Fazio v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. 

of America, . . . 62 A.3d 396 ([Pa. Super.] 2013. . .. In any 

event, [] Hamrock waived any claim he could have to a jury trial 

on the issue because he did not raise it until he filed a motion for 

post-trial relief. Therefore, [the trial court’s] determination that 

[] Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively and fraudulently was 

correct.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 12-13 (footnote and some citations omitted).

We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in determining that 

Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently such that the 
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appointment of a custodian was appropriate pursuant to section 1767(a)(2). 

Hamrock cites no authority for the proposition that a jury must decide whether 

a director has acted illegally, oppressively, or fraudulently before the trial 

court may appoint a custodian pursuant to section 1767(a)(2). See Pa.R.A.P. 

2119(a) (providing that issues raised on appeal shall be supported “by such 

discussion and citation of authorities as are deemed pertinent”). Moreover, a 

cursory review of the statutory language reflects that no factual finding by a 

jury is required before the trial court may appoint a custodian. Indeed, the 

statute provides that “the court may appoint one or more persons to be

custodians of and for any business corporation when it is made to appear

that: . . . the directors . . . of the corporation have acted illegally, oppressively

or fraudulently toward one or more holders or owners . . ..” 15 Pa.C.S.A. § 

1767(a)(2) (emphasis added). The language, “when it is made to appear

that,” provides the trial court with the authority to appoint a custodian when

it appears to the court that the evidence reflects that a director has acted 

illegally, oppressively, or fraudulently. The statute does not involve a jury in

this assessment. 

Here, the trial court concluded that the evidence of record met this

threshold, noting:

The circumstantial evidence includes [] Hamrock

admitting he had the deed in his possession from the date he

alleges he first signed it until he recorded it nineteen years later.

See [N.]T[., 9/17-22/21, at] 389. [] Hamrock was also in

possession of the source documents that were cut and pasted into

the deed. [] Hamrock admitted the signatures on the deed are
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identical to the signatures on the source documents. See [id.,

at] 391-[]93. [] Hamrock also had an obvious motive to forge the

deed as he was able to use it to obtain $545,000. This is

highlighted by the recording of the deed occurring shortly after he

received solicitations from MDS [] and entered into an agreement

with MDS []. See [id. at] 389-[]90. 

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 13 n.1. 

We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in reaching its

determination that, based on the evidence presented at trial, it appeared that

Hamrock acted illegally, oppressively, and fraudulently toward Bayles. 

Accordingly, Hamrock’s final issue merits no relief.

We next address Bayles’s issues. In his first issue, Bayles contends that

the trial court erred in entering its verdict that he owed Hamrock/JOM

$14,661.97 in damages related to the three JOM properties sold by Hamrock

in 2017 and 2019. Generally, our review of damage awards is narrow:

In reviewing the award of damages, the appellate courts

should give deference to the decisions of the trier of fact who is

usually in a superior position to appraise and weigh the evidence.

If the verdict bears a reasonable resemblance to the damages

proven, we will not upset it merely because we might have

awarded different damages.

McManamon v. Washko, 906 A.2d 1259, 1285 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citations

omitted).

Bayles acknowledges that the damage award of $14,661.97 represents

40 percent of the $36,654.92 that Hamrock paid in delinquent real estate

taxes to facilitate the sale of the three JOM properties. However, Bayles

argues that Hamrock never disclosed those sales to Bayles, and Bayles’s
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signature was absent from the deeds because he was not involved in those

transactions. Bayles claims that he cannot be liable for breach of fiduciary

duty in relation to those transactions because his ignorance prevented him

from causing damages for the closing costs related to those transactions (i.e.,

payment of unpaid property taxes). 

The trial court considered Bayles’s first issue and determined that it 

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

. . . Bayles contends there was no basis for concluding 

that he caused $14,661.97 in damages to [JOM]. [] Bayles is 

mistaken since there was more than sufficient evidence for the 

jury’s verdict that [] Bayles breached “his fiduciary duty causing 

damages to . . . [JOM].” Jury Verdict, Question 7. [] Hamrock 

alleged [] Bayles breached his fiduciary duty to [JOM] because he 

did not provide funding needed to pay delinquent property taxes 

when three parcels sold in 2017 and 2019. Since [] Bayles 

acknowledged the “practice” of [JOM] was not to pay property 

taxes on pieces of property until they were sold ([see N.]T[., 

9/17-22/21, at] 259 and 362), this practice was one basis for the 

jury finding [Bayles’s] lack of any contribution towards the 

delinquent taxes upon the sale of the three parcels was a breach 

of fiduciary duty that caused damage to [JOM].

[] Bayles also argues he cannot be liable for breach of 

fiduciary duty and cannot have caused damages to [JOM] because 

[] Hamrock did not involve [] Bayles in the transactions. However, 

the jury may have attributed [] Bayles’[s] non[-]involvement in

the transactions to him breaching his fiduciary duty by not keeping

in close enough contact with [] Hamrock. See [id. at] 541. It

would be inappropriate for [] Bayles to accept the benefit of his

part ownership of [JOM] to receive a portion of the natural gas

revenues but then avoid any responsibility for part of [JOM’s]

expenses. Accordingly, there was a basis for concluding that []

Bayles breached his fiduciary duty causing $14,661.97 in

damages to [JOM].

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 14-15 (some citations omitted).

 
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We discern no error or abuse of discern by the trial court in determining 

that Bayles owed Hamrock/JOM 40 percent of the amounts paid by Hamrock 

for delinquent taxes on the three JOM properties he sold in 2017 and 2019. 

The jury specifically found that Bayles breached his fiduciary duty to Hamrock 

and/or JOM. See Jury Verdict, 9/23/21, at 2. Given his 40 percent ownership 

interest in JOM, Bayles was responsible for 40 percent of JOM’s debts. Thus, 

we discern no error or abuse of discern by the trial court in concluding that 

Bayles owed Hamrock/JOM $14,661.97 in damages for delinquent taxes owed 

on JOM’s properties. Accordingly, Bayles’s first issue merits no relief.

In his second issue, Bayles contends that the trial court erred in failing 

to set aside the jury’s verdict insofar as it assessed no punitive damages 

against Hamrock. Our standard of review in assessing an award of punitive

damages is well-settled.

Punitive damages will lie only in cases of outrageous 

behavior, where defendant’s egregious conduct shows either an 

evil motive or reckless indifference to the rights of others. 

Punitive damages are appropriate when an individual’s actions are

of such an outrageous nature as to demonstrate intentional,

willful, wanton, or reckless conduct.

Pestco, Inc. v. Associated Prods., Inc., 880 A.2d 700, 709 (Pa. Super.

2005) (citation omitted). The determination of whether a person’s actions

rise to the level of outrageous conduct is within the sound discretion of the

fact-finder and will not be disturbed by an appellate court so long as that

discretion has not been abused. See J.J. Deluca Co. v. Toll Naval Assocs., 

56 A.3d 402, 415-16 (Pa. Super. 2021). In assessing punitive damages, the 
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trier of fact can properly consider the character of the defendant’s act, the 

nature and extent of the harm to the plaintiff that the defendant caused or 

intended to cause, and the wealth of the defendant. See Vance v. 46 & 2,

Inc., 920 A.2d 202, 206 (Pa. Super. 2007) (quoting RESTATEMENT (SECOND) 

OF TORTS § 908(2) (1979)). However, the wealth of the defendant is a proper 

consideration in the jury’s determination of the amount of punitive damages

to award, not in the jury’s determination of whether or not to impose punitive

damages in the first place. Id. Further, “[i]t should be presumed a plaintiff

has been made whole for his injuries by compensatory damages, so punitive

damages should only be awarded if the defendant’s culpability, after having

paid compensatory damages, is so reprehensible as to warrant the imposition

of further sanctions to achieve punishment or deterrence.” State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 419, (2003) (citation omitted).

Bayles asserts that the jury found that Hamrock’s actions were 

outrageous. On this basis, Bayles surmises that “Hamrock’s behavior reflected 

an evil motive or reckless indifference to the rights of others, specifically, . . . 

Bayles.” Bayles’s Brief at 32. According to Bayles, “[e]vidence of such 

conduct can be found in the forgery of the 1992 oil and gas deed, the recording 

of the forged deed with the Recorder of Deeds, the use of the deed to lease 

the rights to EQT[,] and the use of the deed to sell the rights to Divot and 

Cavallo.” Id. Bayles claims that Hamrock’s repeated forgeries and deception 

in this case warranted an award of punitive damages to punish and deter 
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future detrimental and illegal conduct. Bayles argues that the jury’s failure to 

award punitive damages is so contrary to the evidence as to shock one’s sense 

of justice. 

The trial court considered Bayles’s second issue and determined that it 

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

This argument is premised on the jury being required to 

award some amount of punitive damages since it found []

Hamrock’s conduct outrageous. [] Bayles cannot cite any legal 

authority that mandates an award of some amount of punitive 

damages when there is a finding of outrageous conduct. Indeed, 

in accordance with Pennsylvania Standard Suggested Jury 

Instruction (Civil) 8.00, [the trial court] instead instructed the jury 

it may award punitive damages if it finds outrageous conduct. The 

jury could have decided the award of compensatory damages 

would sufficiently punish [] Hamrock. The jury also could have 

been unable to determine what amount would punish him due to 

the lack of evidence of his wealth. . . . Therefore, [the trial 

court’s] decision not to set aside the award of $0 for punitive 

damages is correct.

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 15. 

We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in failing to set aside 

the jury’s verdict that no punitive damages should be assessed against 

Hamrock. As explained above, this Court must presume that Bayles has been

made whole for his injuries by compensatory damages. See Campbell, 538

U.S. at 419. The determination of whether Hamrock’s conduct warranted an

award of punitive damages fell within the sound discretion of the jury, and

this Court may not disturb that decision absent an abuse of that discretion. 

See J.J. Deluca Co., 56 A.3d at 415-16. Based on the record before us, we 

cannot conclude that the jury abused its discretion in assessing no punitive 
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damages against Hamrock. Therefore, Bayles’s claim that the trial court 

should have set aside the jury’s determination warrants no relief. 

In his final issue, Bayles contends that the trial court erred in relying on

the verdict slip in awarding him only 40 percent of the compensatory damages

awarded to JOM. Our standard of review of a trial court’s award of damages

is narrow:

In reviewing the award of damages, the appellate courts

should give deference to the decisions of the trier of fact who is

usually in a superior position to appraise and weigh the evidence.

If the verdict bears a reasonable resemblance to the damages

proven, we will not upset it merely because we might have

awarded different damages.

Witherspoon v. McDowell-Wright, 241 A.3d 1182, 1187 (Pa. Super. 2020)

(citation omitted).

Bayles argues that the verdict slip was ambiguous, incomplete, and 

should have been regarded by the trial court as merely advisory. Bayles points 

out that the trial court determined that Hamrock was a serial forger, and 

Hamrock’s only evidence of his purported 60 percent ownership percentage 

was the undated and unwitnessed stock certificates, which were under his 

exclusive control and in his personal possession, and on which he wrote his 

own name on the reverse of the certificates. Bayles asserts that JOM’s tax 

records reflect that there was a 50/50 ownership split for seventeen years.3 

____________________________________________

3 Bayles additionally argues that the determination of the ownership of JOM, 

as well as the dissolution and partition of the corporation, were equitable 

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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The trial court considered Bayles’s final issue and determined that it 

lacked merit. The court reasoned:

Question 2 in the verdict form simply asks does [] Bayles 

own 50% of the shares of [JOM’s] stock. Since [] Bayles took the 

position he owned 50% and [] Hamrock took the position [] Bayles 

owned 40% of the stock, the jury’s [“]no[”] answer was its finding 

that [Bayles] owned 40%. [See Jury Verdict, 9/23/21, at 1.]

There is no ambiguity. In any event, after the jury verdict was 

read in open court[,] Bayles’[s] counsel agreed with the jury’s 

40% stock ownership verdict. See [N.]T[., 9/17-22/21, at] 578-

[]79. Therefore, [the trial court] was correct in utilizing 40% in 

calculating Bayles’[s] compensatory damages. 

Trial Court Opinion, 7/5/22, at 15-16. 

We discern no abuse of discretion by the trial court in relying on the 

jury’s factual finding that Bayles did not own 50 percent of JOM. The jury was 

tasked with appraising and weighing the evidence and testimony to determine 

whether, as Bayles claimed, he and Hamrock each owned 50 percent of JOM, 

or whether, as Hamrock claimed, he owned 60 percent of JOM and Bayles 

owned 40 percent of JOM. By indicating on the verdict slip that Bayles did not 

own 50 percent of JOM, the jury implicitly expressed its factual finding that 

the parties agreed to change the ownership of JOM to a 60/40 split in 

Hamrock’s favor. As an appellate court, we must defer to the jury’s finding in 

this regard, as the finder of fact is usually in a superior position to appraise

____________________________________________

matters for the trial court—and not the jury—to decide. However, this issue 

was not raised in Bayle’s concise statement. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii)

(providing that issues not included in the concise statement are waived). 

Thus, as Bayles failed to preserve the issue for our review, we may not address 

it. 
J-A08022-23

- 36 -

and weigh the evidence. See Witherspoon, 241 A.3d at 1187. Moreover,

as the portion of damages awarded to Bayles (i.e., 40 percent) bears a

reasonable resemblance to the compensatory damages sustained by JOM as

proven at trial, we will not upset the verdict merely because we might have

awarded different damages. Id. Accordingly, Bayles’s final issue merits no

relief.

Judgment affirmed.

DATE: 10/18/2023