Principles of Bulk Petroleum Logistics

times, but the Army had always found it possible to meet requirements by
means of Treasury Procurement contracts and some special arrangements
by field commanders, with very little coordination from Washington.

The entrance of the United States into the war brought huge requisitions which
could not be filled by such means. Kaleidoscopic changes were initiated in
an effort to evolve an adequate organization for handling petroleum supply.
The need for centralization was apparent, and the first step in that direction
was the creation of the Petroleum Branch in the Procurement Division, OQMG.
Col. H.E. Rounds, the Chief of the Branch, had the task of building an
organization from scratch. So well did he succeed, that ultimately, on 1 June
1943, it evolved into the Fuels and Lubricants Division, an organization which
completed the integration of the supply of petroleum products for the Army.
The Division was given not only staff responsibilities, particularly in relation
to long-range planning, but also operating responsibilities covering the
procurement, supply, issue, and storage of petroleum products, containers,
and equipment for handling petroleum products. Despite the difficulties
inherent in creating an adequate petroleum organization during the war, the
QMC accomplished the task of procuring petroleum supplies, delivering them
to the right place at the right time, and insuring that, with some few exceptions,
they were of the right specifications needed for extreme variations of climate
and widely different items of equipment. This was a remarkable achievement.

SOURCE: Risch, Erna, QMC Historical Studies #9: Fuels for Global Conflict,
Historical Section, Office of the Quartermaster General, 1952 .

+ Expanding Distribution. As theater  d, Military Operations Other Than
requirements expand, rigid tactical War (MOOTW). The focus shift from
pipelines, tanks, and fixed pumping global to highly diverse regional conflicts
assemblies may be installed dependingon demands responsive petroleum support.
the volume of requirements, the expected 1MOOTW requires mobility, rapid response,
duration of the employment, and the type and tight control over fuel assets and
of operation (e.g., humanitarian inventories. These fuel requirements will
assistance or peacekeeping). Other vary and each situation will be unique.
delivery means, operated either by Elements that comprise the fuel support
military or commercial sources, such as_ spectrum between the developed and
tank trucks, barges, and aircraft may be undeveloped theaters can be tailored and
incorporated into the overall distribution applied to MOOTW. Emerging fundamentals
system depending on road, river, or for MOOTW fuel support are shown in
airport infrastructure. Figure I-4.

1-9



Appendix B

4. Distribution

a. Additional copies of this publication can be obtained through Service publication
centers.

b. Only approved pubs and test pubs are releasable outside the combatant commands,
Services, and Joint Staff. Release of any joint publication to foreign governments or
foreign nationals must be requested through the local embassy (Defense Attache Office)
to DIA Foreign Liaison Branch, C-AS1, Room 1A674, Pentagon, Washington D.C.
20301-7400.

c. Additional copies should be obtained from the Military Service assigned
administrative support responsibility by DOD Directive 5100.3, 1 November 1988,
“Support of the Headquarters of Unified, Specified, and Subordinate Joint Commands.”

By Military Services:
Army: US Amy AG Publication Center
2800 Eastern Boulevard

Baltimore, MD 21220-2898

Air Force: Air Force Publications Distribution Center
2800 Eastern Boulevard
Baltimore, MD 21220-2896

Navy: CO, Navy Aviation Supply Office
Distribution Division (Code 03443)
5801 Tabor Avenue
Philadelphia, PA 19120-5000

Marine Corps: Marine Corps Logistics Base
Albany, GA 31704-5000

Coast Guard: Coast Guard Headquarters, COMDT (G-REP)
2100 2nd Street, SW
Washington, D.C. 20593-0001

d. Local reproduction is authorized and access to unclassified publications is
unrestricted. However, access to and reproduction authorization for classified joint
publications must be in accordance with DOD Regulation 5200.1-R.

B-2 Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter III

Intentionally Blank

Ill-6 Joint Pub 4-03



JOINT DOCTRINE PUBLICATIONS HIERARCHY

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JOINT
WARFARE

JOINT PUB 0-2

UNAAF

JOINT PUB 1-0 JOINT PUB 2-0
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and
ADMINISTRATION

JOINT PUB 3-0 JOINT Pua 5.0 J JOINT PUB 6-0

INTELLIGENCE [ OPERATIONS MRee Sor} PLANS C4 SYSTEMS

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octine ple

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Program Directive

© The CINCS receive the pub and
begin to assess it during use

© 18 10.24 months following
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gent changes etre

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Assess-
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Approval

CJCS Approval
© Lead Agent forwards proposed pub to Joint Sth
© Jin taf takes responsty for pub, makes,

required changes and prepares pub for
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tiNcs

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references, milestones,
and who wil develop
seats

© 17 releases Pr
Dietve to Lead Agen.
Lead Agent can be
Sees ENE ort
(18) Directorate

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Project
Proposal

Program
Directive

‘Two Drafts

© Lead Agent selects Primary Review Authority
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(© PRAdevelops to draft pubs

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‘and Joint Staff



Principles of Bulk Petroleum Logistics

Services coordinate all fuels issues with the
appropriate JPO and DFSC during single-
Service, joint, and multinational operations
to ensure efficiency and avoid duplication of
effort. In some cases, the Services provide
for the distribution of bulk petroleum as
outlined in Chapter II, “Responsibilities.”

“It is impossible to measure the results
of fueling aircraft, ships, or armored
vehicles safely. No one can count the
fires that never started or the engine
failures that never took place. And no
‘one can neither evaluate the lives that
are not lost, nor plumb the depths of
the human misery we have spared. But
the men and women with the fueling
hose can find lasting satisfaction in the
knowledge they have worked wisely
and well, and that safety has been their
first consideration.”

Fuels Management Ode
(Author unknown)

6. Theater Support Concepts

a. General. Theater bulk petroleum
operations revolve around a push-pull
supply system. Land-based customers
(Service units, bases, and other types) request

fuel from direct support organizations of the
Army component or other Service component
assigned as the dominant user. At the same
time, these organizations schedule movement of
product forward from the corps support area
based on a combination of available storage and
anticipated customer demands. Sea-based
customers essentially perform the same
functions, but interface more directly with
terminal operators at Defense Fuel Support
Points. The basic stockage concept in theater
operations is to have sufficient storage to
support the most demanding operation,
and keep that storage as full as possible, while
using available transportation assets as
efficiently as possible. During peacetime
operations, this stockage concept may be
modified by actual day-to-day needs, economic
resupply concepts, threat conditions, and storage
objectives. However, iftankage is really no longer
required, it usually is inactivated. The theater
level JPO or Subarea Petroleum Office (SAPO)
slates additional products into the theater or joint
operations area (JOA) through the DFSC.
When demand exceeds availability, the
JPO devises an allocation system to
support the campaign or operation plan that
is approved by the geographic combatant
commander.

USS Camden AOE-2 carries enough fuel to go around the world about four times.

operations

Most of the fuel is destined to replenish other ships via underway refueling

13



Principles of Bulk Petroleum Logistics

+ Shore distribution systems to tactical fuel
systems and equipment; e.g., OPDS, IPDS,
AABFS, Tactical Airfield Fuel Dispensing
System, and fuel tanker vehicles.

Sustainability and Survivability. Both of
these concepts should be factored into the
plan to ensure petroleum logistic
feasibility. Assumptions made should be
critically reviewed. Where appropriate,
security requirements beyond general user
security must be identified,

Commercial Support. For MOOTW,
careful consideration must be given to
commercial into-plane and bunker
contracts that may be available to support
deployment and the JOA. Many potential
sources of petroleum supply will have
political, technical, and economic factors
that limit the availability of bulk petroleum
from these sources. These commercial
contracts and potential limiting factors
must be taken into account when
developing the plan to support the
deployment, execution, and redeployment
of forces.

Refilling a R-11 refueling unit.

9. Host-Nation Support

a. General. Geographic combatant
commanders should make maximum use
of host-nation capabilities to meet peacetime
and wartime requirements. This is especially
critical in contingencies when logistic support
from US units or equipment may not be
readily available or combat forces have
outpaced integral logistics capability. The
type and amount of fuels support provided
should, if possible, be specified in signed
agreements and included in logistic plans
of all nations concerned. The amount of
support, civil or military, a host nation can
provide depends on its national laws, industrial
capability, and willingness to give such
support. Although sometimes difficult to
obtain, HNS agreements should be
aggressively pursued.

b. Agreements. Several different
agreements may serve geographic
combatant commanders’ and Service
components’ needs depending on the degree
and type of support required and the specific
host nation.

1-13


GLOSSARY
PART I—ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

AABFS amphibious assault bulk fuel system (Marine Corps)
ACSA acquisition cross-Service agreement

AO area of operations

AOR area of responsibility

BPWRR bulk petroleum war reserve requirement
BPWRS bulk petroleum war reserve stocks

CICSI Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Instruction
DFR Defense Fuel Region

DFSC Defense Fuel Supply Center

DLA Defense Logistics Agency

DOD Department of Defense

HEMTT heavy expanded mobile tactical truck

HNS host-nation support

IMM integrated materiel management

IMP inventory management plan

IPDS Inland Petroleum Distribution System (Army)
IPDP inland petroleum distribution plan

J-4 Joint Staff Logistics Directorate

JLOTS joint logistics over-the-shore

JMPAB Joint Materiel Priorities and Allocation Board
JOA joint operations area

JPO Joint Petroleum Office

JSCP Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan

MOOTW military operations other than war

MPS marine prepositioning ships

MRC/LRC major regional contingency/lesser regional contingency
OPLAN operation plan

OPDS offshore petroleum discharge system (Navy)
OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense

POL petroleum, oils, and lubricants

POLCAP bulk petroleum capabilities report

POS primary operating stocks

REPOL petroleum damage and deficiency report; reporting emergency

petroleum, oils, and lubricants

GL-1



Table of Contents

GLOSSARY

Part I

Part I Terms and Definitions .......

Abbreviations and Acronyms...

FIGURE
I-1 Principles of Bulk Petroleum Operations
12 Bulk Petroleum Distribution System in a Developed Theater .. 14
J-3 Initial Petroleum Distribution System in an Undeveloped Theater 1-7
1-4 Military Operations Other Than War Fuel Support Fundamental 1-10
1-5 Planning Considerations ..
Il-1 Key Petroleum Responsibilities of the Geographic

Combatant Commanders .......

II-2 Petroleum Responsibilities of the Services . 4
Ill-1 Factors for Computing the Primary Operating Stocks ...... . W-2

iv

Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter III

FUEL DISTRIBUTION: THE “PATTON SOLUTION”

General George S. Patton probably never met a supply officer he liked. He
avoided his Third Army’s chief of logistics until the very last week of the war,
never conferring with him during the nine fuel-problem-plagued months when
Patton’s armor roared across Europe and kept running short of gasoline. Patton
abhorred the mundane details of supply. He demanded as much fuel as possible
and cared not where it came from or how. Fighting was his job. Others were
left to cope with logistical matters, although Patton sometimes devised
extraordinary means to keep his armor rolling.

The Third Army established a deserved reputation for unusual and even
unorthodox acquisition of supplies, as one observer reports:

“Roving foraging parties impersonated members of other units, trains and
convoys were diverted or highjacked, transportation companies were robbed
of fuel they needed for the return journey, and spotter planes were sent
hundreds of miles to the rear in order to discover fuel supplies.”

In September, Patton’s forces, despite their tendency for acquiring fuel at any
cost, finally ran out of gasoline after a historic dash eastward across France.
So did other Allied armies converging on Germany from the west. Fuel and
transportation facilities were still limited, and the Allied advance ground to a
halt. The stalled front stretched in an arc from Antwerp to the Moselle valley
near the French-Swiss border. Fuel had to move up to 300 miles from the
Normandy ports. Antwerp had just been taken and would not be ready as a
full-capacity terminal until late November. With the benefit of hindsight, it seems
apparent that the fuel crisis might have been averted and the war ended several
months earlier had the Allies stuck to their original plan of capturing the
excellent ports on the southern coast of Brittany on the Bay of Biscay. Not
only were off-loading facilities available for the biggest tankers, but the railroads
afforded direct transport to Paris and on into Germany. Instead of securing
the logistical bases on Quiberon Bay and the ports of Lorient and Saint-Nazaire,
US strength was concentrated on a direct path from Normandy along the
Channel coast and toward Paris.

Patton and the Third Army arguably had the best shot at spearheading the
drive into Germany. The Wehrmacht fought valiantly in all sectors, but it was
reeling from lack of supplies and attrition. German troops facing Patton were

Til-4 Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter I

MILITARY OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR
FUEL SUPPORT FUNDAMENTALS

I Minimization of the logistic "footprint"

i] Enhanced reliance on in-country civilian or host-nation

support fuel facilities

{Xl An ability to establish contracts, early during the
operation, with in-country fuel suppliers

] A capability to tailor fuel equipment and support
packages to the requirement

] Standardization and compatibility of fuel equipment to
support joint and combined fuel operations

[x] The necessity to maintain the theater joint petroleum
office or subarea petroleum office as the single fuel
manager with assistance provided by the Defense Fuel
Supply Center Regional Offices and Service

components

Figure |-4. Military Operations Other Than War Fuel Support Fundamentals

7. Integrated Materiel
Management (IMM)

a. General. Theconcept ofMM underlies the
principles in Joint Bulk Petroleum Doctrine.
Because IMM both supports and influences this
doctrine’s usage and interpretation, an
understanding of its conception and extent is
important.

b. Overview. In 1972, the Office of the
Secretary of Defense (OSD) designated DLA
as the integrated materiel manager for bulk
petroleum. DLA designated DFSC as its
agent to carry out these responsibilities. In
1973, DFSC became responsible for the
coordinated procurement, storage, and
distribution of bulk petroleum products to the
Services’ installation boundaries. In 1981,
DFSC was given responsibility to fund

military construction for certain bulk storage
facilities, and in 1985, to fund maintenance
and repair for these storage facilities. Finally,
DESC responsibilities greatly expanded in
1992 to include ownership of fuel in bulk
storage and funding responsibilities on
Services installations to achieve more
vertical integration of product management
down to the point of sale to the customer.

c. Defense Fuel Regions (DFRs). To
facilitate practical and responsible decisions
that ensured expeditious delivery of fuel
products to each Service, DFSC established
area DFRs. These DFRs maintain close
contact with customers to ensure their
particular needs are considered when
planning fuel support. In general, DFRs
coordinate delivery orders with industry,
resolve logistic problems, supply emergency

1-10

Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter II

those missions assigned by the National logistic responsibilities. Key responsibilities
Command Authorities. The geographic ofthe geographic combatant commanders that
combatant commander establishes a JPO and, _ influence joint petroleum principles and affect
if needed, a SAPO to discharge petroleum operations are shown in Figure II-1.

KEY PETROLEUM RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE
GEOGRAPHIC COMBATANT COMMANDERS

TM Plan and coordinate the receipt, storage, and
distribution of petroleum products in theater in
coordination with the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA)

§% Coordinate and prioritize petroleum military
construction and qualified maintenance and repair
projects and provide petroleum logistic planning and
policy guidance to component commanders

® Ensure fuel requirements, operations, and constraints
are addressed in the fuels annex of operation plans and
operation plans in concept format with assigned time-
phased force and deployment data

Negotiate, in coordination with DLA, formal host-nation
support and coordinate the development and release of
alliance or coalition petroleum planning information

® Release or reallocate theater war reserves in an
emergency

® May assume temporary operational control of DLA
elements overseas in a major emergency in accordance
with a coordinated memorandum of understanding

® Make maximum use of available stocks in adjacent
theaters to support regional contingencies

® Direct tactical movement of fuels by means available to
any Service component in a theater of operations

® Plan and coordinate the use of captured or abandoned
enemy bulk fuel assets

Figure Il-1. Key Petroleum Responsibilities of the Geographic Combatant Commanders

TI-2 Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter I

+ Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan
(JSCP). Theater contingency scenarios,
worldwide materiel distribution policies,
and other data outlined in the JSCP and
its associated supplemental instructions
should be considered in determining
specific theater requirements. The goal
is to ensure that, prior to D-day,
comprehensive petroleum support for
combat operations is available.

+ Fuel Requirements. Fuel requirements
to support the deployment force are
determined by the Services. Service
components of the geographic combatant
commanders (or other organizations
within each Service) use such factors as
troop strength; numbers and types of
aircraft, vehicles, or ships; deployment
times; and intensity and duration of
engagement to determine time-phased
petroleum requirements. Plans should
include these Service-generated
requirements, all pre-positioned stocks,
and sources for resupply. The Inventory
Management Plan (IMP), developed
annually by DFSC in coordination with
the Services and combatant commands,
details worldwide bulk petroleum war
reserve requirements (BPWRRs) and
storage availability by location. The
BPWRRs are sized based on resupply
sourcing assumptions and days-of-supply
factors developed by the Joint Staff and
approved by OSD.

+ Infrastructure. The capability of
installations and facilities resident in the
operational area to provide fuel, storage,
distribution, and laboratories can
significantly enhance initial and sustained
support for US forces. Size, capability,
and maintenance status of offshore
unloading facilities, terminals, distribution
points, and bases are important to the

logistic feasibility of the fuels plan.
Addressing this data can help determine
the need for and method of employment
of tactical terminals, pipelines, hoselines,
and other fuels handling equipment.

Equipment. To ensure that petroleum
handling and distribution equipment is
available for support of operations, fuels
deployment packages and operational
project stocks (e.g., IPDS, fuels
equipment on MPS and afloat pre-
positioning force) should be identified
and considered for use. In addition,
each Service’s operating units for the
specific petroleum handling systems
should be linked to those systems and
identified for movement in the plan.

Support Units. Identifying the type
and arrival dates of units not tied to
any specific equipment system and
needed for various support roles are
critical to any operational success.
Timely arrival of engineer units for
construction of petroleum facilities,
quality surveillance personnel for
running laboratories, and underwater
construction teams for OPDS setup are
just a few of the diverse types of support
units that must be identified.

Interoperability of Fuel Transfer
Systems. Interoperability should be
considered and resolved in the planning
process for at least the following interfaces:

++ Tanker or oiler to Navy receiving ship,
US Coast Guard receiving ship, seaport load
and off-load facilities, and JLOTS systems.

++ Air base fuel storage and dispensing
systems to receive fuel from aircraft
tankers and issue fuel to Service
component and coalition aircraft.

1-12

Joint Pub 4-03



Petroleum Stockage Management

among the weakest on the western front, and the Wehrmacht’s inability to
move units into pressure points would have made it difficult for the Germans
to ever stop the colorful general. Once the Third Army broke out of the
Normandy bridge head, Patton was certain he could cross the Rhine by October
if adequately supplied.

To read the daily reports of the Third Army is to appreciate the urgency of
Patton’s fuel situation in September 1944 when his gasoline rations had been
cut and a large number of his supply trucks had been diverted to other units.
Entries included pleas for emergency shipments as his fuel stocks dwindled
to a half-day supply. When his tanks and other armor finally ran dry, the Third
Army was across the Moselle, and the Rhine was within reach. From then on
until the end of October, Patton’s forces averaged less than a two-day supply
of gasoline. The army’s infantry divisions were rationed to 5,000 gallons a
day. Armored divisions received 25,000 gallons initially, but the allocation
was halved in October. Even these reduced rations were possible only because
four-engine bombers from England were diverted from regular missions to
ferry filled jerry cans to Patton. Other units also received airlifted fuel, but the
total never exceeded 60,000 gallons a day for the entire theater.

Patton was partly right in believing the share-alike short ages were not equally
applied. The First Army, for one, received greater allocations than the Third.
Its fuel reserves backed up to a two-day reserve. Possibly, Patton’s tank crews
may have been less conservation minded than those in the First Army, and
heavier consumption would have resulted in slower stockpiling. The records
on this are not clear, though there is little doubt all Allied forces were
frustratingly slowed because no one had enough fuel.

Reviews of what caused the basic fuel shortage of the Allies agree there was
a combination of factors. Allied armies moved faster and farther than
anticipated. Facilities for offloading tankers and for storing fuel in accessible
areas were lacking or insufficient. Finally, there were problems of distribution,
and they were greater in proportion to the distance between the Channel coast
and the front. There was always enough fuel somewhere, but not always
enough in the right place.

SOURCE: Goralski, Robert and Freeburg, Russell W., Oi! and War,
William Morrow and Company, 1987.

TI-5



Principles of Bulk Petroleum Logistics

OSEAN TANKER DISCHARGE 5 | PIPELINE [ete DNASION 5 | gn
MracTicaL PETROLEUW TERMINAL! * MOVEMENT SUBSYSTEM | WroLesaLe® | “pRECT suPPORP | SUPPORT

FUEL STORAGE
‘SUPPLY POINT

PETRL OP
TACTICAL

PETROLEUM
‘SUPPLY CO

LARGE VOLUME
‘COLLAPSIBLE TKS x

2 |
arenes
rt,

PoL
PETRL SUPPLY

on emo | C2
60K
a
.
jOK

2K =
1

HEMTT—HEAVY EXPANDED MOBILE TACTICAL TRUCK

Figure I-3. Initial Petroleum Distribution System in an Undeveloped Theater

+ Austere Location. When lines of requirements and is only used when
communications are not secure, or when other delivery means cannot meet
support of isolated areas of operations operational needs.

demand such, Service component
aircraft carrying fuel trucks, bladders, Pipeline Distribution. As in the
collapsible tanks, 500-gallon collapsible developed theater, bulk petroleum is

drums, or 55-gallon drums may be most efficiently moved from base
used. The aerial bulk fuel delivery terminals and rear storage locations
system enables cargo aircraft to transport to the combat zone by pipelines.
from 3,000 to 24,000 gallons of fuel to Coupled pipelines, as a part of IPDS, are
the tactical storage and issue systems. used when and if the beachhead is
Delivery amounts vary based on expanded. A tactical tank farm consisting
aircraft type, configuration, and of portable bladders is constructed at air
runway capability. The tactical fuel bases or other locations and connected
distribution systems typically are air to the main hoseline or pipeline. The air
transportable and consist of bladders, bases or other locations then employ
hoses, filters, and pumps. In addition, tactical servicing systems that have
Air Force tanker aircraft can deliver fuel hoses, pumps, and filters to issue the
to air base tactical systems, again product to the end user. These tactical
depending on runway capability and the issuing locations must also have the
threat. Transporting fuel by air greatly capability to test the fuel to ensure quality
limits the airlift available for other is maintained.

17



Executive Summary

Petroleum Contingency Report and Bulk Petroleum
Capabilities Report are submitted by the geographic
combatant commanders’ JPOs. In addition, the Bulk
Petroleum Facilities Report documents tankage data and
receiving and shipping capability. The information is
forwarded by the DOD components to the DFSC for
compilation.

CONCLUSION

This publication sets forth principles and establishes doctrine
for bulk petroleum support of US military operations. This
publication will aid combatant commanders in both planning
and training for joint operations. It will also serve to focus
training of personnel involved in bulk petroleum operations
and provide the Services guidance for organizing, training,
and equipping forces that provide bulk petroleum support.



Chapter HI

c. Stockage Locations. The location,
level of protection, and security of
BPWRS are prescribed by the combatant
commanders with recommendations from
the responsible Service component. To the
extent practicable, and consistent with
acceptable risk, stocks are positioned at
or near the point of intended use. When
possible, stocks are dispersed and held in
conventional hardened facilities in high-
threat areas. DLA plans for war reserve
storage are coordinated with the geographic
combatant commanders and fully
consistent with HNS programs such as the
North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s
infrastructure programs, the Combined
Defense Improvement Project in Korea
and the Japanese Facilities Improvement
Project.

3. Primary Operating Stocks

The fuel POS are the amount of product
required to sustain peacetime operations in
support of military demands. The fuel POS
levels are computed annually by DFSC for all
DFSPs and factors depicted in Figure II-1.

4. Inventory Management Plan

A worldwide IMP is developed and
issued annually by DFSC in coordination
with the Services and combatant commands.
The IMP identifies the required inventory
levels, both POS and BPWRR, and the
amount of fuel by location that is stocked to
cover those requirements. Because of storage
limitations, products can be stocked by one
combatant commander to cover another

FACTORS FOR COMPUTING THE PRIMARY
OPERATING STOCKS

Y Daily Demand Rate—The past and projected years
issues are used to calculate a daily demand rate
because a specific amount of days of supply is

authorized for storage

Economic Resupply Quantity—The economic resupply
quantity represents the amount of fuel delivered in
increments at the most optimum transportation mode.
Factors considered include usable storage capacity,
volume rates, depth of waterway, maximum vessel
capacity, and minimum tender acceptable

Unobtainable Inventory—That fuel needed to prime a
storage and dispensing system such as pipeline fill,
manifold fill, and tank bottoms below the suction line

Figure !ll-1. Factors for Computing the Primary Operating Stocks

fuel to
demand.

Joint Pub 4-03



Responsibilities

Joint forces secure fuel line fittings at a Fuel System Supply Point in Saudi
Arabia during Operation DESERT SHIELD / STORM .

II-5



Executive Summary

to plan, coordinate, and oversee all phases of bulk petroleum
support for US forces employed or planned for possible
employment in the theater.

Theater Support Concepts

Theater bulk petroleum Land-based customers (¢.g., Service units and bases) request

operations revolve around fuel from direct support organizations of the Army component

a push-pull supply system. _ ot other Service component assigned as the dominant user.
At the same time, these organizations schedule movement of
product forward from the corps support area based on a
combination of available storage and anticipated customer
demands. Sea-based customers essentially perform the same
functions, but interface more directly with terminal operators
at Defense Fuel Support Points. The basic stockage concept
in theater operations is to have sufficient storage to support
the most demanding operation, and keep that storage as full
as possible, while using available transportation assets as
efficiently as possible. :

Elements that comprise Ina developed theater, the established infrastructure supports
the fuel support spectrum — the supply and distribution of bulk petroleum. Stocks are
between the developed and moved from secure military or commercial sources to forward
undeveloped theaters can _ areas and terminals as demand or plans require. Pipeline is
be tailored and applied to the preferred method of inland fuel distribution and may be
military operations other supplemented by other means of bulk delivery. In an
than war. undeveloped theater, many support assets are not available.
Bulk petroleum may need to be received via joint logistic over-
the-shore operations. As theater requirements expand,
distribution system assets may be installed depending on the
volume of requirements, the expected duration of the
employment, and the type of operation (¢.g., humanitarian
assistance or peacekeeping). Military operations other than
war require mobility, rapid response, and tight control over
fuel assets and inventories. These fuel requirements will vary,
and each situation will be unique.

Integrated Materiel Management

The concept of Integrated The Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) is the integrated

Materiel Management materiel manager for bulk petroleum. The DFSC is DLA’s
underlies the principles in designated agent to carry out these responsibilities. DFSC is
Joint Bulk Petroleum responsible for the coordinated procurement, storage, and
Doctrine. distribution of bulk petroleum products to the Services as well

as ownership of fuel in bulk storage and funding responsibilities
on Services’ installations. To facilitate practical and responsible
decisions that ensured expeditious delivery of fuel products to
each Service, DFSC established area Defense Fuel Regions

vi Joint Pub 4-03

OOOO,


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
COMMANDER’S OVERVIEW

* Discusses Bulk Petroleum Concepts and Principles

* Outlines Theater Support Concepts

¢ Explains the Concept of Integrated Materiel Management
* Describes Planning for Bulk Petroleum Support

* Discusses Host-Nation Support

* Outlines Responsibilities at Each Level of Authority

* Describes Petroleum Stockage Management

Basic Concepts and Principles

Providing forces with the Although bulk petroleum is a common item of support, it

right fuel, in the right presents a significant logistic challenge in its movement,
place, and at the right storage, and distribution that must be met for sustaining joint
time, is the essence of operations. Bulk petroleum logistic tasks vary depending
petroleum logistics. on whether the theater is developed or undeveloped and

whether force employment is single-Service, joint, or
multinational. However, basic bulk petroleum doctrinal
concepts remain essentially unchanged. Any viable bulk
petroleum support concept must incorporate the principles of
standardization, flexibility, and interoperability.

Bulk petroleum requires Bulk petroleum inventory consists of war reserve materiel
special handling and stocks and primary operating stocks. Both inventories are
storage and has a demand _ sized based on a concept of having enough fuel on hand until
significantly larger than resupply can be assured. This approach minimizes stock levels
other supply classes. while maintaining an acceptable degree of support and
sustainability across the range of military operations.

The geographic combatant commander has the
predominant fuels responsibility within a theater, and this
responsibility is discharged by the Joint Petroleum Office
(JPO). The JPO works in conjunction with its Service
components and the Defense Fuel Supply Center (DFSC)



Chapter I

W.W.II; SOLVING FUEL PROBLEMS

Mobile warfare placed a premium on the adequate supply of petroleum
products to mechanized armies in the field. This was a trend that began in
World War | and developed into the “blitzkrieg” tactics of World War Il. The
mobility of armies was always a fundamental factor in military strategy and
tactics, but modern equipment provided greater fluidity of action than was
ever possible in any previous military campaign. Tanks, trucks, jeeps, and
tractors, however, required a steady flow of gasoline. The degree of an army’s
success in the field was in direct proportion to the adequacy of its petroleum
supply. In February 1943, when the 8th Army had just arrived in Tripoli in
pursuit of the retreating Germans, Maj. Gen. Edmund B. Gregory, The
Quartermaster General, visited General Sir Bernard L. Montgomery. He learned
that petroleum supply had been the main problem of the British throughout
the North African campaign. Lt. Gen. Neil M. Ritchie, who had been driven
back almost to the gates of Cairo, had been defeated because he had
disregarded the advice of his supply man, who had warned him that there
was not enough transportation to bring up an adequate supply of gasoline to
serve the tanks. The latter, their supply of gasoline exhausted, became easy
prey for the Germans. In modern war, a country deprived of its oil supply is
doomed to defeat.

The Quartermaster Corps realized at the outset of the war that furnishing oil
to the troops would be a major function, but it did not fully appreciate the
extent and nature of the problem until preparations for the North African
campaign were under way. Then, by mid-1942, the War Department found that
it was involved in a new and tremendous business. Petroleum constituted
approximately two-thirds of the total tonnage of shipments from the United
States to the North African Theater. For the first time in history, it was
necessary for the QMC to arrange for the supply of gasoline, diesel fuels, and
kerosene in the hundreds of thousands of 55-gallon drums and 5-gallon cans
required by the theater commander to keep supply lines moving over hundreds
of miles and to support operations for which there were no storage tanks,
gasoline pumps, or local warehouses available. The problem of containers
and equipment for handling petroleum products became vital. At the beginning
of the North African campaign, the British had used so-called “flimsies,” that
is, ordinary 5-gallon tin gasoline containers. As the name implied, “flimsies”
could not take the rough handling to which they were subjected, and
consequently at least half of the British supply had been wasted. It was not
until after the capture of a substantial number of 55-gallon drums and Jerry
cans from the Germans that their gasoline problem was somewhat simplified.
The procurement of suitable containers was a problem that also had to be
solved by the Office of The Quartermaster General.

Demands for petroleum products and containers increased enormously as
the war progressed, and the coordination and centralization of their
procurement, storage, and distribution became imperative in the face of
transportation difficulties and shortages of critical items. The War Department
had little or no petroleum organization before the war. The Army had depended
upon the distribution facilities of the petroleum industry to satisfy its needs
in the zone of interior. Maneuvers had created increased demands at different

1-8 Joint Pub 4-03



Executive Summary

administrator for energy management and integrated materiel
management oversight responsibility for fuel products. The
Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), in coordination
with DUSD(A&T), is responsible for establishing financial
policies and guidance for management of bulk petroleum
products. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is
primarily focused on wartime support and coordinates with
the Department of Defense, Services, and the combatant
commands to resolve petroleum issues. The Director for
Logistics (J-4), Joint Staff, is the primary agent of the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for all bulk petroleum
matters. The geographic combatant commanders are
responsible to ensure fuel support is provided to combat forces
to accomplish those missions assigned by the National
Command Authorities. The bulk petroleum mission of the
Commander in Chief, US Transportation Command, is to
plan for and provide air, land, and sea transportation of fuels
for the DOD across the range of military operations. The
Director, Defense Logistics Agency, is responsible for meeting
the petroleum support requirements of the combatant
commands and Services. These functional responsibilities have
been delegated to the Commander, Defense Fuel Supply
Center, and include procurement, ownership, quality
surveillance, accountability, budgeting, and distribution of bulk
petroleum stocks to the point-of-sale. To perform the petroleum
support mission, each Service provides a variety of functions
in addition to Service-specific responsibilities.

Petroleum Stockage Management

The overall intent of DOD bulk petroleum inventories consist of war reserve
stockage management is to materiel stocks and primary operating stocks. These two
maintain minimal categories of inventory guide sizing of the stock levels to supply
inventories of specific fuel to permit immediate and short-term operations across the
products at each location _ range of military operations. Their purpose is to sustain such
to safely support operations until resupply can occur. A worldwide inventory

operational requirements, management plan (IMP) is developed and issued annually
by DFSC in coordination with the Services and unified
commands. The IMP identifies the required inventory levels
and the amount of fuel by location that is stocked to cover
those requirements. There are various levels of responsibility
that govern the allocation of fuel during a national
emergency. These responsibilities are dependent on the theater
and worldwide commercial environment.

There are two key joint petroleum reports that are submitted
annually or more frequently at the direction of the Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. These two reports, called the Bulk

viii Joint Pub 4-03
ee!“



Chapter I

* Negotiations can occur with the host

nation under the auspices of an
Acquisition Cross-Service Agreement
(ACSA) ora stand-alone international
agreement. An ACSA is usually
negotiated by the combatant command
and is authorized under the acquisition
and cross-Service authorities, 10 United
States Code 2341-2350. A stand-alone
international agreement is usually
negotiated by DFSC ora Service through
the appropriate American Embassy as
authorized in DOD Directive 5530.3,
“{nternational Agreements.”

Replacement-in-kind and fuel exchange
agreements are negotiated with foreign
governments to provide fuel support in the

international arena and to improve relations
between the US and foreign militaries. In
these agreements, products are supplied on
a reciprocal basis, either with an exchange
of fuel or cash payment, between the
military organizations of both countries.
These agreements are operational tools that
enhance sustainability and readiness,
because countries routinely train and
support each other.

Fuel or storage support is also provided
by commercial sources within foreign
countries to US military forces. These
types of contractual arrangements are
routinely negotiated by DFSC to provide
fuel support at international air or sea
ports to meet military requirements.

1-14

Joint Pub 4-03


Joint Pub 4-03

Bulk Petroleum
Doctrine

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CHAPTER I
PRINCIPLES OF BULK PETROLEUM LOGISTICS

“It is very necessary to attend to all this detail and to trace a biscuit from
Lisbon into a man’s mouth on the frontier and to provide for its removal from
place to place by land or by water, or no military operations can be carried

out.”

1. General

a. Although bulk petroleum is a common
item of support, it presents a significant
logistic challenge in its movement, storage,
and distribution that must be met for
sustaining joint operations. Providing forces
with the right fuel, in the right place, and
at the right time, is the essence of petroleum
logistics. It involves determining peacetime
and wartime requirements, contracting and
allocating product, arranging for bulk storage,
moving products forward to and within the
theater, ensuring quality control, issuing and
accounting for the fuel, and maintaining
distribution equipment and facilities.

b. Joint bulk petroleum doctrine
provides the framework for fuels support
across the range of military operations.
Together with petroleum policy, the doctrine
guides development of procedures for various
types of fuels operations. Petroleum doctrine
isa subset of logistics doctrine and, therefore,
possesses all the innate principles associated
with logistically supporting joint operations.
However, petroleum doctrine focuses on a
single demanding commodity with Service
commonality, commercial application, and
worldwide usage. It is this focused
perspective that supports the application of
specific bulk petroleum concepts.

Attributed to the Duke of Wellington
Peninsular Campaign, 1811

2. Basic Concepts of Joint Bulk
Petroleum Operations

Bulk petroleum logistics has been a joint
operation for over two decades with the
Military Services developing complementary
tactical distribution systems and the
Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) providing
products to the combatant commands and
Services. Bulk petroleum logistics tasks vary
depending on whether the theater is developed
or undeveloped and whether force
employment is single-Service, joint, or
multinational. However, basic bulk petroleum
doctrinal concepts, as listed below, remain
essentially unchanged.

3. Principles

Bulk petroleum is common to both
commercial and military operations. It
requires special handling and storage and has
a demand significantly larger than other
supply classes. For these reasons, any viable
support concept must incorporate the
principles of standardization, flexibility,
and interoperability. See Figure I-1.

a. Standardization. The Department of
Defense (DOD) components should minimize
the number of bulk petroleum products
that must be stocked and distributed, plan

I-l



Executive Summary

Intentionally Blank

x Joint Pub 4-03



PART II—TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

bulk petroleum product. A liquid
petroleum product transported by various
means and stored in tanks or containers
having an individual fill capacity greater
than 250 liters. (Joint Pub 1-02)

petroleum, oils and lubricants. A broad
term which includes all petroleum and
associated products used by the Armed
Forces. Also called POL. (Joint Pub
1-02)

primary operating stocks. Logistics
resources on hand or on order necessary

to support day-to-day operational
requirements, and which, in part, can also
be used to offset sustaining requirements.
Also called POS. (Joint Pub 1-02)

slated items. Bulk petroleum and packaged
bulk petroleum items that are
requisitioned for overseas use by means
ofa consolidated requirement document,
prepared and submitted through joint
petroleum office channels. Packaged
petroleum items are requisitioned in
accordance with normal requisitioning
procedures. (Joint Pub 1-02)

GL-3



CHAPTER III
PETROLEUM STOCKAGE MANAGEMENT

‘[Fuel, replacements, spare parts, etc.]...must be asked for in time by the
front line, and the need for them must be anticipated in the rear.”

1. General

DOD bulk petroleum inventories consist
of WRMS and POS. These two categories
of inventory guide sizing of the stock levels
to supply fuel to permit immediate and short-
term operations across the range of military
operations. Their purpose is to sustain such
operations until resupply can occur. The
overall intent is to maintain minimal
inventories of specific products at each
location to safely support operational
requirements.

2. War Reserve Requirements
and Stocks

a. Bulk Petroleum War Reserve
Requirements. To ensure the supply of
petroleum products in the initial phases of
a contingency, the combatant commands
and the Services develop requirements to

~

General George S. Patton

properly size petroleum war reserve stocks.
The BPWRR is based on the need to
support specific joint operations until
normal lines of communications are
established. The Joint Staff develops
guidelines, approved by OSD, on days of
supply and appropriate assumptions on
secure sources of resupply. These
guidelines are provided to the Services and
combatant commanders and serve as the
basis for determining requirements. Using
these guidelines, the Services develop and
apply structured, auditable methods of
computing BPWRR for each OPLAN.

b. Bulk Petroleum War Reserve Stocks
(BPWRS). The BPWRS is the on-hand
product designated to satisfy the BPWRR.
This stockage is in addition to the POS for
each location. Combatant commanders are
authorized to release or reallocate BPWRS
in emergency situations.

Fuel System Supply Point in the Saudi Arabian desert,

Operation DESERT SHIELD / STORM.

Til-1



Chapter IT

Intentionally Blank

II-6 Joint Pub 4-03



Executive Summary

(DFRs). These DFRs maintain close contact with customers
to ensure their particular needs are considered when planning
fuel support. In general, DFRs coordinate delivery orders with
industry, resolve logistic problems, supply emergency products,
and ensure customers have a continuous and reliable source
of fuel.

Planning for Bulk Petroleum Support

The petroleum supply
system must be designed

"for the operations and
climate of the specific
theater.

Geographic combatant
commanders should make
maximum use of host-
nation capabilities to meet
peacetime and wartime
requirements.

Bulk petroleum
management
responsibilities are
assigned to theDepartment
of Defense, Joint Staff,
combatant commands,
Defense agencies, and
Services.

The supported geographic combatant commander’s Joint
Petroleum Office is responsible for the overall planning of
petroleum logistic support for joint operations within their area
of responsibility. The subarea petroleum office is responsible
for petroleum, oil, and lubricants planning and execution
matters within their joint operations area. This level of planning
focuses on support for each Service component and produces
the inland petroleum distribution plan and base support
plans.

Strategic, operational, and tactical plans should consider
at least the following: the mission, Joint Strategic Capabilities
Plan, fuel requirements, infrastructure, equipment, support
units, interoperability of fuel transfer systems, sustainability
and survivability, and commercial support.

Host-Nation Support

Host-nation support is especially critical in contingencies
when logistic support from US units or equipment may not be
readily available or combat forces have outpaced integral
logistics capability. The type and amount of fuels support
provided should, if possible, be specified in signed agreements
and included in logistic plans of all nations concerned. The
amount of support, civil or military, a host nation can provide
depends on its national laws, industrial capability, and
willingness to give such support.

Responsibilities

Each level of authority has specific responsibilities to ensure
bulk petroleum support is efficiently and effectively provided
to US military forces across the range of military operations.
The Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition
and Technology (DUSD(A&T)) is responsible for establishing
policies for management of bulk petroleum stocks and facilities
and providing guidance to other Department of Defense (DOD)
agencies, the Joint Staff, and Services. The Deputy Under
Secretary of Defense for Logistics will serve as the central

vii



Principles of Bulk Petroleum Logistics

products, and ensure customers have a
continuous and reliable source of fuel. DFRs
are located in the continental United States,
the US Pacific Command, the US European
Command, and the US Central Command.
DFR-Pacific, DFR-Europe, and DFR-
Middle East support the respective
geographic combatant commanders.

8. Planning for Bulk Petroleum
Support

a. Overall Theater Planning

+ General. The supported geographic
combatant commander’s JPO is
responsible for the overall planning of
petroleum logistic support for joint
operations within their area of
responsibility (AOR). This planning
occurs at the strategic level and usually
is embodied in the petroleum appendix
to the logistics annex of the Major
Regional Contingency/Lesser Regional
Contingency (MRC/LRC) operation
plan (OPLAN). The petroleum appendix
covers theater-wide fuel requirements,
resupply, and distribution. The format
for fuels planning is prescribed in Joint
Pub 5-03.2, “Joint Operations Planning
and Execution System, Vol II (Planning
and Execution Formats and Guidance)”
to become CJCSI 3122.03. The DFRs
and Service components support the JPO
in developing a practical, sustainable
petroleum support concept and plan.

+ Inland Petroleum Distribution Plan
(PDP) and Base Support Plans. Just
as the JPO is responsible for theater
petroleum planning, the SAPO is
responsible for petroleum, oil, and
lubricants (POL) planning and execution
matters within their JOA. This level
of planning focuses on support for each
Service component. It’s products are
the IPDP and base support plans. The
IPDP complements the intratheater and

intertheater planning efforts of the JPO
and forms the tactical basis of the
petroleum portion of the command’s plan
for its MRC/LRC. The base support
plans focus on internal, air base logistics
and may or may not be appended to the
IPDP. The IPDP is published either as
an annex to the petroleum appendix of
the OPLAN orasa stand-alone document.

b. Planning Considerations. The
petroleum supply system must be designed
for the operations and climate of the specific
theater. Strategic, operational, and tactical
plans should consider at least the following
points. (See Figure I-5.)

PLANNING
CONSIDERATIONS

MISSION
JOINT STRATEGIC
CAPABILITIES
PLAN
FUEL REQUIREMENTS
INFRASTRUCTURE
EQUIPMENT
SUPPORT UNITS

INTEROPERABILITY OF FUEL
TRANSFER SYSTEMS

SUSTAINABILITY AND
SURVIVABILITY

COMMERCIAL SUPPORT

Figure I-5. Planning Considerations

* Mission. The mission and the planned
size and composition of the joint forces
to be supported should be guiding
parameters for planning efforts.

I-11



Appendix A

Intentionally Blank

A-2 Joint Pub 4-03



APPENDIX B

Al STRATIVE INSTRUCTIONS

1. User Comments

Users in the field are highly encouraged to submit comments on this publication to the
Joint Warfighting Center, Attn: Doctrine Division, Fenwick Road, Bldg 96, Fort Monroe,
VA 23651-5000. These comments should address content (accuracy, usefulness,
consistency, and organization), writing, and appearance.

2. Authorship

The lead agent and Joint Staff doctrine sponsor for this publication is the J-4, Director
for Logistics.

3. Change Recommendations

a. Recommendations for urgent changes to this publication should be submitted:

TO: JOINT STAFF WASHINGTON DC//J4/J7/JDD//
INFO: SECDEF WASHINGTON DC//ASD(PA):DPL//

Routine changes should be submitted to the Director for Operational Plans and
Interoperability (J-7), JDD, 7000 Joint Staff Pentagon, Washington, D.C. 20318-7000.

b. When a Joint Staff directorate submits a proposal to the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff that would change source document information reflected in this
publication, that directorate will include a proposed change to this publication as an
enclosure to its proposal. The Military Services and other organizations are requested
to notify the Director, J-7, Joint Staff, when changes to source documents reflected in
this publication are initiated.

c. Record of Changes

CHANGE COPY DATEOF DATE POSTED
NUMBER NUMBER CHANGE ENTERED BY REMARKS

B-1



Responsibilities

5. Commander in Chief, US
Transportation Command
(USCINCTRANS)

The bulk petroleum mission of
USCINCTRANS is to plan for and provide
air, land, and sea transportation of fuels
for the Department of Defense across the
range of military operations. These efforts
will supplement and not replace the primary
responsibilities assigned to the Services and
DLA, especially with regard to intratheater
and inland fuel movement and distribution.
USCINCTRANS is not required to have a
JPO.

6. Defense Logistics Agency and
Defense Fuel Supply Center

The Director, DLA, is responsible for
meeting the petroleum support requirements
of the combatant commands and Services.
These functional responsibilities have been
delegated to the Commander, DFSC, and
include procurement, ownership, quality
surveillance, accountability, budgeting, and
distribution of bulk petroleum stocks to the
point-of-sale. Key functions of the DFSC
that influence joint petroleum principles
and affect operations are as follows:

a. Plan, program, budget, and fund facility
maintenance and repair and construction
of new fuel facilities.

b. Design and execute maintenance,
repair, construction, and eligible
environmental remediation projects in
coordination with the Services and combatant
commands.

c. Plan, program, budget, and fund for
contract storage and associated services for
bulk petroleum support.

d. Negotiate and conclude international
agreements in conjunction with the
geographic combatant commanders to
provide bulk petroleum support overseas.

e. Develop contingency support plans in
concert with the supported commander to
acquire the necessary petroleum products,
storage, and services.

f. Provide technical support involving
military specifications.

g. Allocate resources in support of
WRMS, compute POS requirements, and
develop an IMP that identifies inventory
levels, storage, and covered requirements.

h. Develop the annual quantity of bulk
petroleum war reserves requested for
funding in any fiscal year.

i. Continuously evaluate the petroleum
market and advise OSD, the Joint Staff, and
the Services of resupply issues critical to
peacetime and wartime operations and
planning.

j. Acquire, in a contingency situation, the
necessary petroleum product, storage, and/
or services to support military requirements.

7. Services

To perform the petroleum support mission,
each Service is responsible for the items
shown in Figure II-2.

II-3



TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...

CHAPTER I
PRINCIPLES OF BULK PETROLEUM LOGISTICS

* General .. Ll
* Basic Concepts of Joint Bulk Petroleum Operations Ll
+ Principle: Ll
* Stockage 12
* Major Participants 12

Theater Support Concepts
Integrated Materiel Management (IMM)
Planning for Bulk Petroleum Support
Host-Nation Support ...

CHAPTER II
RESPONSIBILITIES

General ..
+ OSD...
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Geographic Combatant Commanders .....
+ Commander in Chief, US Transportation Command (USCINCTRANS)
Defense Logistics Agency and Defense Fuel Supply Center ....
Services ....
Service-Specific Responsibilities

CHAPTER III

PETROLEUM STOCKAGE MANAGEMENT
+ General ...... T-1
+ War Reserve Requirements and Stocks .. Il-1
* Primary Operating Stocks ... Il-2
+ Inventory Management Plan Tl-2
+ Emergency Allocations of Petroleum .. Tl-3

I-3
Il-3

CICS Petroleum Reporting Requirements
Bulk Petroleum Facilities Report

APPENDIX

A References...
B Administrative Instructions

iii



Glossary

Intentionally Blank

GL-4 Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter I

b. Developed Theater. In a developed
theater, the established infrastructure
supports the supply and distribution of bulk
petroleum. Stocks are moved from secure
military or commercial sources to forward
areas and terminals as demand or
plans require. The movement and
redistribution of assets are accomplished
through a joint effort involving the combatant
commands, Service components, and DFSC.
DFSC interfaces with components of the US
‘Transportation Command for product movement
outside the area of operations (AO) as necessary.
Actual procedures to accomplish the delivery
of products to the end user depend on the
sources of product and the conditions in the
AO. The developed theater normally has
available some host-nation support (HNS) assets
(ie., fuel sources, terminal facilities, pipelines,

railways, trucks) that should be used to the
maximum extent possible to help offset US
requirements. Because the capabilities of allies
or coalition partners are theater unique, the JPO
is responsible for assessing these potential
capabilities and integrating them into
appropriate plans and operations. Figure I-2
is an example of a bulk petroleum distribution
system in a developed theater.

+ Pipeline Distribution. Pipeline is the
preferred method of inland fuel
distribution. A fully developed theater
fuel distribution system includes ship
discharge ports (with moorings and
piping manifolds), seaside and inland tank
farms, pump stations, and pipelines.
Large-scale combat operations may
justify the construction of coupled

BULK PETROLEUM DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
INA DEVELOPED THEATER

HEMTT—HEAVY EXPANDED MOBILE TACTICAL TRUCK.

Figure I-2. Bulk Petroleum Distribution System in a Developed Theater

1-4

Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter I

The Offshore Petroleum Discharge System (USS Chesapeake, full view shown in lower picture)

lists while launching the Single Anchor Leg Moor during OCEAN VENTURE 92.

supply unit. Figure I-3 is an example of an
initial petroleum distribution system in an
undeveloped theater.

* General. In the early stages, the theater
infrastructure may only consist ofa JOA,
Marine air-ground task force, or Army
division support area. The rear area

communications zone, including tactical
air bases, may never be formed
depending on the duration and
geographic expansion of the operation.
As in the developed theater, direct
support units may provide fuel on an area
basis to some or all allied forces
comprising a combined task force.

1-6

Joint Pub 4-03


Preface

Intentionally Blank

ii Joint Pub 4-03



APPENDIX A
REFERENCES

1. DOD Directive 3110.6, “War Reserve Materiel Policy.”
2. DOD Directive 4140.25, “DOD Bulk Petroleum Management Policy.”

3. DOD Manual 4140.25-M, “DOD Management of Bulk Petroleum Products, Natural Gas
and Coal.”

4. DOD Directive 5530.3, “International Agreements.”
5. Joint Pub 1-02, “DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms.”
6. Joint Pub 4-0, “Doctrine for Logistic Support of Joint Operations.”

7. JP S-03.2, “Joint Operations Planning and Execution System, Volume II (Planning &
Execution Formats and Guidance).” To become CJCSI 3122.03.

8. CJCSI 3110.01, “Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan FY96.”

9. CICSI 3150.14, “Joint Reporting Structure (IRS), Logistics”



CHAPTER II
RESPONSIBILITIES

“every good soldier in authority should be just as concerned with his
responsibility to help those under him make the right turns.”

1. General

To provide a basis for understanding the
doctrine in Chapter I, “Principles of Bulk
Petroleum Logistics,” bulk petroleum
management responsibilities currently
assigned to the Department of Defense,
Joint Staff, combatant commands, Defense
agencies, and Services are discussed in this
chapter. Each level of authority has
specific responsibilities to ensure bulk
petroleum support is efficiently and
effectively provided to US military forces
across the range of military operations.
These responsibilities are briefly discussed
below and further outlined in detail in DOD
4140.25-M, “DOD Management of Bulk
Petroleum Products, Natural Gas and
Coals.”

2. OSD

The Deputy Under Secretary of
Defense for Acquisition and Technology
(DUSD (A&T)) is responsible for
establishing policies for management of
bulk petroleum stocks and facilities and
providing guidance to other DOD agencies,
the Joint Staff, and Services. The Deputy
Under Secretary of Defense for Logistics
will serve as the central administrator for
energy management and IMM oversight
responsibility for fuel products. The Under
Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), in
coordination with DUSD(A&T), is
responsible for establishing financial
policies and guidance formanagement of
bulk petroleum products.

Major General Aubrey Newman
Follow Me

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff

3.

The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
is primarily focused on wartime support and
coordinates with the Department of Defense,
Services, and the unified commands to
resolve petroleum issues. The Director for
Logistics (J-4), Joint Staff, is the primary
agent of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff for all bulk petroleum matters. Key
responsibilities of the J-4 that influence joint
petroleum principles and affect operations are
listed below:

a. Act as the focal point for joint bulk
petroleum doctrine.

b. Make recommendations to the
Department of Defense on fuel wartime
sourcing and pre-positioning days of supply.

c. Prescribe combatant command
procedures for reporting bulk petroleum.
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Instruction (CJCSI) 3150.14, “Joint
Reporting Structure (JRS), Logistics,” details
these procedures.

d. Provide fuel inputs to the JSCP and
review fuels planning in prescribed OPLANs.

4. Geographic Combatant
Commanders

The geographic combatant commanders
are responsible to ensure fuel support is
provided to combat forces to accomplish

II-1



PREFACE

1. Scope

This publication sets forth principles and
establishes doctrine for bulk petroleum
support of US military operations. This
publication will aid combatant commanders
in both planning and training for joint
operations. It will also serve to focus training
of personnel involved in bulk petroleum
operations and provide the Services guidance
for organizing, training, and equipping forces
that provide bulk petroleum support.

2. Purpose

This publication has been prepared under
the direction of the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff. It sets forth doctrine and
selected joint tactics, techniques, and
procedures (JTTP) to govern the joint
activities and performance of the Armed
Forces of the United States in joint operations
as well as the doctrinal basis for US military
involvement in multinational and interagency
operations. It provides military guidance for
the exercise of authority by combatant
commanders and other joint force
commanders and prescribes doctrine and
selected tactics, techniques, and procedures
for joint operations and training. It provides
military guidance for use by the Armed Forces
in preparing their appropriate plans. It is not
the intent of this publication to restrict the
authority of the joint force commander (JFC)
from organizing the force and executing the
mission in a manner the JFC deems most
appropriate to ensure unity of effort in the
accomplishment of the overall mission.

3. Application

a. Doctrine and selected tactics,
techniques, and procedures and guidance
established in this publication apply to the
commanders of combatant commands,
subunified commands, joint task forces,
and subordinate components of these
commands. These principles and guidance
also may apply when significant forces
of one Service are attached to forces of
another Service or when significant forces
of one Service support forces of another
Service.

b. The guidance in this publication is
authoritative; as such, this doctrine (or
IJTTP) will be followed except when, in the
judgment of the commander, exceptional
circumstances dictate otherwise. If
conflicts arise between the contents of this
publication and the contents of Service
publications, this publication will take
precedence for the activities of joint forces
unless the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, normally in coordination with the
other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
has provided more current and specific
guidance. Commanders of forces
operating as part of a multinational
(alliance or coalition) military command
should follow multinational doctrine and
guidance ratified by the United States. For
doctrine and procedures not ratified by the
United States, commanders should
evaluate and follow the multinational
command’s doctrine and procedures,
where applicable.

For the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff:

PTIC QUALITY INSPECTED 4

WALTER KROSS
Lieutenant General, USAF
Director, Joint Staff



Petroleum Stockage Management

combatant commander’s OPLAN. Although
not desirable, this is allowed when products
can be delivered within the required OPLAN
timeframe and before normal commercial
resupply is planned.

5. Emergency Allocation of
Petroleum

There are various levels of
responsibility that govern the allocation
of fuel during a national emergency.
These responsibilities are dependent on the
theater and worldwide commercial
environment.

a. Theater. Within a geographic
combatant commander’s AOR, the JPO
will direct the allocation of petroleum
products as needed. This includes using
BPWRS to meet peacetime operations.
Actions taken will be coordinated with
DFSC and the Services. DFSC is
responsible for providing the combatant
commander with the needed information on
the overall fuel situation and efforts under
way to overcome deficiencies.

b. Worldwide. If the Services or the
combatant commanders are not satisfied
with the allocation of products by DFSC
during constrained fuel availability, they
may request the activation of the Joint
Materiel Priorities and Allocation Board
(JMPAB). The JMPAB will act for the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in
all petroleum allocation matters.
Establishment of the JMPAB to allocate
fuel is made only under extreme
situations where there are worldwide fuel
shortages that will result in ultimate supply
failure or in unacceptable degradation of
wartime sustainability. Specific
information that the Service or combatant
commanders must provide to the JMPAB
includes current inventory, resupply
forecast, and impact on both peacetime and
wartime operations.

6. CJCS Petroleum Reporting
Requirements

There are two key joint petroleum
reports that are submitted annually or
more frequently at the direction of the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
These two reports, called the Bulk
Petroleum Contingency Report
(REPOL) and Bulk Petroleum
Capabilities Report (POLCAP) are
submitted by the geographic combatant
commanders’ JPOs. Information on how
to complete these reports is outlined in
CICSI 3150.14, “Joint Reporting
Structure (JRS), Logistics.”

a. The REPOL provides the Joint Staff,
Services, and DFSC with summary
information on bulk petroleum inventories,
damage to and damage assessment for bulk
petroleum distribution systems, and other
strategic information pertaining to bulk
petroleum support posture. During
contingencies, a REPOL can be submitted
as frequently as daily.

b. The POLCAP provides the Joint
Staff, Services, and DFSC with an
assessment of bulk petroleum support
capabilities for contingency requirements
in a specific theater.

7. Bulk Petroleum Storage
Facilities Report

The bulk petroleum storage facilities
report documents tankage data and
receiving/shipping capability. The
information is forwarded by the DOD
components to the DFSC for compilation.
This report documents bulk storage
facilities of 500 barrels or more capacity,
or banks of manifolded, fixed tanks that
collectively have a total capacity of 500
barrels or more for a single product. This
report provides a data base for analyzing
worldwide storage capabilities.

IIl-3



Glossary

SAPO subarea petroleum office

USCINCTRANS Commander in Chief, US Transportation Command
USD(A&T) Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition & Technology
WRMS war reserve materiel stocks

GL-2 Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter II

PETROLEUM RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE
: SERVICES
om

+ Provide for the operation of petroleum facilities under
Service ownership

Implement fuel standardization policies

« Assist the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA) in selection
and assignment priority of fuel military construction
projects and provide base-level technical support for

DLA-funded maintenance, repair, and construction at

its fuel facilities

Manage military-unique or

heater-assigned bulk

petroleum transportation assets

Compute wartime petroleum demands based upon
combatant commander operation plans, wartime fuel
consumption rates, war reserve requirements by
location, and establish daily wartime demand profile

+ Organize, train, and equip fuel support forces

Figure II-2. Petroleum Responsibilities of the Services

8. Service-Specific
Responsibilities

a. Army. The Army shall provide
management of overland petroleum
support, including inland waterways, to US
land-based forces of all the DOD
components. To ensure wartime support, the
Amy shall fund and maintain tactical storage
and distribution systems to supplement
existing fixed facilities. The Army shall be
responsible for inland distribution during
wartime to include providing the necessary
force structure to construct, operate, and
maintain inland petroleum distribution
systems. In an undeveloped theater, this also
includes providing a system that transports
bulk petroleum inland from the high-water
mark of the designated ocean beach.

b. Air Force. The Air Force shall provide
distribution of bulk petroleum products by
air within a theater where immediate support
isneeded at remote locations. Itshall maintain
the capability to provide tactical support to
Air Force units at improved and austere
locations.

c. Navy. The Navy shall provide seaward
and over-water bulk petroleum shipments
to the high-water mark for US sea and land-
based forces ofall DOD components. It shall
maintain the capability to provide bulk
petroleum support to the Navy’s afloat and
ashore forces.

d. Marine Corps. The Marine Corps shall
maintain a capability to provide bulk
petroleum support to Marine Corps units.

II-4

Joint Pub 4-03



Chapter I

PRINCIPLES OF BULK
PETROLEUM
OPERATIONS

STANDARDIZATION
FLEXIBILITY
INTEROPERABILITY

Figure 1. Principles of Bulk Petroleum
Operations

to use fuels readily available worldwide,
and minimize the military-unique
characteristics of DOD fuels. The
determination of required fuel is dependent
upon the types of equipment deployed and
must also take into account the maturity of
the theater’s petroleum production and
distribution infrastructure.

b. Flexibility. Military weapon systems
and equipment must be capable of using
alternate fuels. Land-based aircraft and
equipment deployed to a theater must be
capable of sustaining acceptable performance
using a kerosene-based product such as a JP-8
type fuel. Corresponding sea-based aircraft
and equipment must perform acceptably on
JP-5 type fuel. Conventionally powered ships,
whenever possible, should use a distillate fuel
such as F-76 for propulsion.

c. Interoperability. Military fuels
handling equipment and connectors must
beinteroperable among Services and, where
possible, with allies and coalition partners.
This interoperability allows timely weapon
system support in joint operations without
duplication of effort and material. This
concept is also extremely important in
combined operations where one nation may

be designated as lead for petroleum logistics.
Consequently, to foster interoperability, DOD
fuels handling equipment should be of
common or compatible design, material,
and size whenever practical.

4. Stockage

Bulk petroleum inventory consists of war
reserve materiel stocks (WRMS) and
primary operating stocks (POS). Both
inventories are sized based on a concept of
having enough fuel on hand until resupply can

# be assured. This approach minimizes stock

levels while maintaining an acceptable
degree of support and sustainability across
the range of military operations. Inventory
levels are independently determined for each
location or, where practical, for a defined area.
Chapter III, “Petroleum Stockage Management,”
will provide additional information on how
fuel requirements are determined.

5. Major Participants

a. The geographic combatant commander
has the predominant fuels responsibility
within a theater, and this responsibility is
discharged by the Joint Petroleum Office
(JPO). The JPO works in conjunction with
its Service components and the Defense Fuel
Supply Center (DFSC) to plan, coordinate,
and oversee all phases of bulk petroleum
support for US forces employed or planned
for possible employment in the theater.

b. DFSC, a field activity of DLA, is the
integrated materiel manager for bulk
petroleum. As such, DFSC is responsible
for the acquisition of bulk petroleum products
and providing product support to the
geographic combatant commands and
Military Services as outlined in Chapter II,
“Responsibilities.”

c. Each Service provides for product
handling at its operational locations. The

1-2

Joint Pub 4-03



Principles of Bulk Petroleum Logistics

pipelines using the Army’s Inland
Petroleum Distribution System (IPDS)
to move bulk petroleum from rear area
storage locations forward to the combat
zone. These lines may supplement existing
Service or host-nation infrastructure

commonly move fuel from terminals or
corps area storage to the Service
component direct support unit (i.e. non-
divisional supply units for the Army, bulk
fuels companies for the Marines, base
fuels flights for the Air Force, and naval

Hot pit refueling an F-16 aircraft.

pipelines. Air bases and Service beddown
sites are also serviced by pipeline
systems when tactically feasible.
Hoselines may be used to service smaller
or temporary, large volume sites. The
pipeline system extends as far forward as
possible, usually into the designated corps
rear area, with hoseline extensions into
corps storage sites.

Other Distribution. The pipeline
system may be supplemented by other
means of bulk delivery, such as barges,
rail tank cars, aircraft, bulk truck
transports, and commercial distribution
equipment provided by the host or
occupied nation. These distribution
systems are used to move products
from the rear or intermediate areas to
the multi-Service direct support
echelons. Bulk truck transports

construction force units for the Navy).
Some local distribution is also made by
tank trucks that are organic to these direct
support units.

c. Undeveloped Theater. Inanundeveloped
theater, in-place and operational tankage, on-
hand product, road nets, rail lines, and easily
traversed lines of communications normally
are not available. Bulk petroleum may need
to be received via joint logistics over-the-
shore (SLOTS) operations. Such operations
use various combinations of the offshore
petroleum discharge system (OPDS),
maritime prepositioned ships (MPS),
amphibious assault bulk fuel system
(AABFS) and IPDS. The OPDS, MPS, or
AABFS deliver fuel to tactical storage located
immediately ashore and operated by a Marine
Corps bulk fuel company, Army pipeline and
terminal operating unit, or Army petroleum

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