Dear Friends,

In your hands  literally and figuratively  is the future of Glacier National Park. We have carefully listened to your comments over the past several years and have used them to develop this plan. Our guiding overall

management philosophy is to continue to manage Glacier as a classic western national park and keep it like itis. To do this will be costly and not without controversy.

This overview summarizes the Draft General Management Plan and Environmental Impact

Statement. Not everyone will like our alternatives or will agree with our assessments, but we have done our bestto air the issues, develop alternative solutions, and select a preferred alternative using the best information available. 

We look forward to receiving your comments on this draft plan. All comments received will be considered

before a final decision is made. There will be a 90-day comment period. All comments are due by November 30,1998. If you would like a copy of the complete Draft General Management Plan and EnvironmentalImpact Statement, send your request to: Superintendent, GMP/EIS Project, Glacier National Park, WestGlacier, Montana 59936 or call (406) 888-7911. For further information, including a schedule for publicmeetings, call or visit our website at http://www.nps.gov/glac.

Like you, we believe Glacier to be one of the most treasured places in the world and ask you to join with us

in charting its future.Butch FarabeeActing Superintendent
iii

5

nd Geographic Areas 11

r Managing Glacier 13

er 23

d Corridor 27

ives Considered 41

Glacier National Park 43
k is a legacy to the American people and to the world. It allows rare

world and holds superb examples of western cultural history. It was the

l peace park.

erent things to different people. For some, its importance is based in its

t of native plants and animals. For others, it is a reminder of the human

written record and continuing through this countrys westward expansion.

ousands of years beneath these peaks; many nations include them in their

 Indians still revere the mountains that are the spiritual backbone of their

k exemplified the value of wilderness long before wilderness became rare.

d trails and sleep in its grand lodges and backcountry chalets, they gain

 they take away an appreciation of the wild and a reverence for its beauty.

ns can learn how special this place is, and in so doing, they may be able to

 of peace away with them. People from places torn by strife can be

here two countries, sharing an undefended boundary, prove that people can

k is part of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park and is at the apex of

e divide) that bound the North American continent. The park encompasses

of breathtaking mountain scenery in northwestern Montana. Its jagged

es are remnants of extensive glaciation from the last ice age, and nearly 50

e park. The unsurpassed scenery attracts almost two million visitors a year

a.

e expanses of wild land and is the relatively undisturbed core of a large

a wide variety of plants and animals. Glacier is one of the few places in the

3

Far away in northwestern Montana, hidden from

view by clustering mountain peaks, lies anunmapped corner  the Crown of the Continent slow-moving ice rivers still plow their deliberateways, relics of mightier glaciers, the stiffenedstreams which in a past age fashioned the majestic scenery of today.George Bird GrinnellCentury Magazine, September 1901
world where all native predators and most of their prey survive in the wild. Threatened and endangered species find safe haven at Glacier. Gray wolves, grizzly bears, peregrine falcons, bald eagles,

and bull trout live in the park. 

Glacier has become an increasingly popular destination for visitors with a wide range of abilities

and expectations. Visitors to Glacier are able to enjoy the park in their own vehicles and drive thefamous Going-to-the-Sun Road across the triple divide and other scenic roads. They choose suchrecreational activities as horseback riding, canoeing, and fishing; they take boat tours on the lakesand stay in historic hotels or campgrounds. Visitors can hike on 735 miles of trails throughout thepark.

This document presents an overview of the Draft General Management Plan and Environmental

Impact Statement for Glacier National Park. The plan will guide management decisions for the next20 or more years. It presents a management philosophy and a strategy to guide future decisions.This strategy involves six geographic areas. Each has a management philosophy and managementzones; appropriate types of development and activities are described for those zones. The plan thenfocuses on eight critical issues and alternatives for addressing those issues.

tment in the her

ry mission is the

ural and cultural

 that current and

rtunity to experi

nd the legacy of

onal Peace Park.

ent Performance

ission statement
Principles

es that follow would steer most aspects of park management at Glacier

ance is consistent with the legislation that established the park, NPS poli

directives that form the basis for decision making.

egislation that established Glacier National Park and subsequent legislation,

 are to:

t natural and cultural resources unimpaired for future generations

es to experience, understand, appreciate, and enjoy Glacier National Park

preservation of resources in a state of nature

ng peace, friendship, and goodwill among nations, recognizing the need for

rld of shared resources

ANCE

nts explain Glaciers importance relative to its natural and cultural heritage.

 distinctive qualities and place them in their regional, national, and inter

matically illustrates an exceptionally long geologic history and the many

sociated with mountain building and glaciation.

assemblage of visible ice age alpine glacial features in the contiguous 48

vely accessible, small-scale active glaciers. 

5
Glacier provides an opportunity to see evidence of one of the largest and most visible overthrustfaults in North America, exposing well-preserved Precambrian sedimentary rock formations.Glacier is at the apex of the continent and is one of the few places in the world that has a tripledivide with water flowing to three different oceans.

n Glacier offers relatively accessible spectacular scenery and increasingly rare primitive wilderness

experiences.

The Going-to-the-Sun Road is one of the most scenic roads in North America and is a nationalhistoric landmark.Glaciers backcountry offers a challenging primitive wilderness experience.

n Glacier is at the core of the Crown of the Continent ecosystem, one of the most ecologically intact

areas remaining in the temperate regions of the world.

In response to wide variations in elevation, climate, and soils, five distinct vegetation zones overlap in Glacier and have produced strikingly diverse habitats that sustain plant and animal populations, including numerous threatened and endangered, rare, and endemic species.Glacier is one of the few places in the contiguous 48 states that continues to support naturalpopulations of all indigenous carnivores and most of their prey species.Glacier provides an outstanding opportunity for ecological management and research in one ofthe largest areas where natural processes predominate. As a result, the park has been designatedas a biosphere reserve and Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park is now a world heritagesite.

n Glaciers cultural resources chronicle the human activities (prehistoric people, American Indians,

early explorers, railroad development, and modern use) that show that people have long placedhigh value on the area.

American Indians had a strong spiritual connection with the area long before its designation as anational park. From prehistoric times to the present, American Indians have identified places inthe area as important to their heritage.
ets, and hotels symbolize early 19th century western wilderness experi

historic structures are still in use today. 

e has a spiritual value for all human beings  a place to nurture, replen

elves.

 worlds first international peace park.

ral scenic beauty of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park symbolizes

d that peace can be achieved through cooperation and goodwill.

and Waterton Lakes National Park offer an opportunity for both countries

e to resolve resource issues that cross the international boundary.

 INTERNATIONAL PEACE PARK

k and Waterton Lakes National Park together are the worlds first interna

32, largely through the work of the Alberta and Montana chapters of

e Canadian Parliament and the United States Congress designated the two

er International Peace Park. This honor fosters the long relationship and

nada and the United States. The peace park illustrates the need for coop

ited resources. It is a symbol of the peace shared by two great nations and

 others to work for peace for all people.

TE

n-Glacier International Peace Park was designated as a world heritage site,

e area has great value to people throughout the world. The recognition

on for resources because Canada and the United States have agreed to

at could damage the other countrys world heritage site. They have also

sures necessary within their own laws to protect their own sites

Guiding Principles

7
BIOSPHERE RESERVE

In 1976 Glacier National Park was designated as a biosphere reserve under the Man and

Biosphere Programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.Waterton Lakes National Park was designated three years later. The two main tenets of the Man andBiosphere Programme are preservation and sustainable ecosystems.PROPOSED WILDERNESS

A wilderness study for Glacier was conducted, and findings were presented to Congress in

1974. Approximately 95 percent of the park was identified as suitable for preservation as wilderness in the national wilderness preservation system. However, Congress has not formally designatedany land in Glacier as wilderness. Policy requires that the proposed wilderness land in Glacier bemanaged as wilderness until such time as Congress either formally designates the land as wildernessor rejects the designation.

[Proposed wilderness areas] shall be administered for the use of the American people in such manneras will leave them unimpaired for future use and enjoyment as wilderness areas

INTERPRETIVE, EDUCATIONAL, AND OUTREACH PROGRAMS

One goal of the National Park Service is to connect parks to people by offering the highest

quality services possible. These interpretive, educational, and outreach programs provide understanding and support for preservation of park resources and facilitate thoughtful use of park lands.

None of this can be accomplished without the help of others. Educational partners include

Waterton Lakes National Park, Glacier Natural History Association, Crown of the ContinentEnvironmental Education Consortium, the U.S. Forest Service, local school districts, universities,the tourism industry, chambers of commerce, civic groups, clubs, and organizations. There is anongoing formal relationship between Glacier National Park and the Glacier Institute, a local nonprofit educational organization.
ATURAL RESOURCES

ould be managed to understand natural processes and human-induced

l and realized effects; monitor ongoing and future trends; protect existing

es populations, communities, systems, and processes; and interpret these

processes to the park visitor (NPS Management Policies). Natural resource

would be conducted in a cooperative spirit with other agencies and

nclude research, mitigation, monitoring, and protection.

ULTURAL RESOURCES 

k is the steward of some of Americas most important cultural resources.

Organic Act of 1916, which established the National Park Service, Glacier

 to preserve the resources unimpaired for the enjoyment of present and

ese resources are degraded or lost, so is the essence of Glacier. Cultural

eum collections, would be managed in accordance with NPS guidelines

arch, planning, and stewardship.

ELATIONS

ational parks, was recognized as a special place long before it was formally

 natural heritage of the United States. American Indians still revere Glacier

ontact with European people. The park has many sites that are sacred to

ties between these tribes and the United States were in 1855. While these

ses, they resulted in the cession of land to the United States and the reser

bes.

ould continue to work with the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes to

. Where contemporary goals are mutual, an effort would be made to use

he tribe under its self-governance status. The park would continue to work

to recognize tribal rights and to work toward resolution of issues on which

plete agreement. In addition, the park would continue to work proactively

Guiding Principles

9
with tribal governments on economic development in cases where such activities serve national

park objectives and needs.MANAGING IN AN ECOSYSTEM ENVIRONMENT

Glacier cannot achieve its resource goals without the cooperation of its neighbors. Neither can

the park staff forget that actions in the park can have impacts beyond park boundaries. TheNational Park Service is committed to cooperating with other agencies and adjacent landowners toavoid adverse impacts on park resources from adjacent land uses and to avoid adverse impacts onadjacent land caused by park management.FIRE MANAGEMENT

Throughout the 20th century fire management policy has evolved in response to land and

resource management needs, the growing knowledge of the natural role of fire, and the increasedeffectiveness of fire suppression. Fire in Glacier National Park is managed to achieve a balancebetween suppression to protect life, property, and resources and its use to achieve healthy ecosystems. Glacier would use the full range of fire management, from aggressive suppression to management-ignited fires with very specific weather and fuel prescriptions, to achieve desired goals andspecific resource objectives.RESEARCH

One goal of research in Glacier National Park is to provide a sound basis for decisions. Glacier

provides a nearly pristine location for scientists to improve human understanding of physical, biological, and cultural resources. Science should contribute to the general body of knowledge. TheNational Park Service places particular research emphasis on conservation of biodiversity andgenetic resources, on detection of ecosystem changes, and on thought that could be applicable tobiosphere reserves in other regions of the world.

Research in the park must comply with policy and help achieve Glaciers scientific and resource

management goals. It cannot harm park resources. In most instances research cannot be overlyintrusive on wildlife, easily visible to visitors, or in conflict with the goals of other park projects.
HE DRAFT GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

L IMPACT STATEMENT

s project in March 1995. At that time a letter to the public announced that a new general man

d. Initially, two newsletters were sent to the public and nine open houses were held in the region.

e Salish-Kootenai Culture Committees, and the Flathead and Lewis and Clark National Forests

Over 2,300 comments were received. Although a range of comments was received, the general

ations favored limited growth in the park and removing facilities to enhance wilderness values.

ment to move development out of the park and to restrict the number of visitors to prevent over

cier is a special wild area that must be preserved.

expressed after the initial publications and open houses, a third newsletter offered three prelimi

Glacier National Park. Twelve public meeting were then held in Montana and Canada, all of

residents and considerable media attention. Between July 1996 and fall 1997 over 1,600 people

ird newsletter. The majority disagreed with many of the ideas in Newsletter 3. The National Park

nt and has developed the following strategy and alternatives for review.

Philosophy

ging Glacier

majority of the people who commented during the development of this

have indicated that they would like to keep Glacier the way it is. Public

at Glacier National Park should be managed to retain its classic western

philosophy is to manage large portions of the park for their wild charac

ditional visitor services and facilities in areas that have historically sup

rs would be able to embrace the wildness of the park from many vantage

 be managed to preserve resources and provide opportunities to experience,

enjoy the park. Cooperation with park neighbors would be emphasized in

urces.

13

This Draft General Management Plan is the first

phase of planning and decision making forGlacier National Park. Before any specific management actions are taken, a detailed, site-specific analysis of that action would be required tocomply with the National Environmental PolicyAct.This overview was developed in conjunction withthe preparation of a detailed Draft GeneralManagement Plan and Environmental ImpactStatement that is available on request at parkheadquarters.
With this overall philosophy in mind, a strategy was developed to guide management decisions

over the next few decades. This strategy recognizes the singular character of individual geographicalareas in the park and the suitability of various zones in these areas for a range of visitor experiences.For example, some areas of the park are better suited for intensive visitor uses and development(such as the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor), while other areas are more suited to backcountryexperiences (such as the North Fork).GEOGRAPHIC AREAS

The park has been divided into six geographic areas, each with its own management philosophy: Many Glacier, Goat Haunt-Belly River, the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor, Two Medicine,

Middle Fork, and North Fork.MANAGEMENT ZONES

The six geographic areas are divided into management zones. The four management zones are

visitor service, day use, rustic, and backcountry. Each has a different set of desired resource conditions and visitor experiences, management activities, and development.Visitor Service Zone

This zone includes developed areas, paved roads, and campgrounds with potable water and sanitation facilities. Natural resources would be managed to protect visitor health and safety, promote

enjoyment of the setting, and mitigate the effects on surrounding areas. In this zone a range ofservices and facilities would continue to be provided to support the visitors ability to experiencethe recreational and scenic opportunities in the surrounding area. Visitors would find a social, relatively safe, and comfortable atmosphere for sightseeing, trip planning, visiting with family andfriends, and relaxation. The focus would be on providing educational and interpretive opportunities. Lakes in this zone would be managed for a high level of use, including large tour boats andmotorized craft. Most facilities would be fully accessible to people with disabilities. Culturalresources would be managed to preserve historic districts, landmarks, and national register properties and the elements that contribute to their designations. Visitors could expect congested conditions.
Day Use Zone

This zone includes selected areas that visitors could reach easily within a day from visitor use

zones. Natural resources would be managed to ensure a high degree of resource integrity, enhancedby the proper location and design of trails and facilities. Natural processes would be allowed toproceed unimpaired to the extent possible with relatively high levels of use. Resource degradationwould not be allowed outside the trail corridor. Some parts of this zone would be in the parksproposed wilderness. Travel could be by boat, foot, or horseback. Trails could be developed forpeople with disabilities, and the standards of trail maintenance would be high. Wider travel surfacesand tread improvements would accommodate a higher level of use while protecting resources.There would be a high encounter rate with other people in this zone. Docking areas would be provided on selected lakes. Conflicts between visitors and wildlife would be managed by exploring arange of strategies from relocation to closure; the goals are to protect wildlife and provide for visitor safety. A quality experience would continue with interpretive hikes to identified destinations as aprincipal activity and other educational interpretation would be encouraged. Cultural resourceswould be preserved and protected.Rustic Zone

This zone includes primitive facilities and campgrounds representative of early park development and visitor experiences in Glacier National Park. Modest impacts on natural resources would

be tolerated, mostly near campgrounds and other facilities. Travel along road corridors is intendedto be slow; there would only be limited improvement to surfaces and corridors. This wouldenhance wildlife security where roads are extensively used by many species. The facilities also serveas frontcountry staging areas for use of the surrounding wilderness. While modest in scale, thiszone would allow understanding and appreciation of both the human and natural histories of thepark. Most facilities in this zone would be fully accessible. Visitors would find a slow-paced atmosphere and could learn about the backcountry. Natural quiet would predominate. Fewer visitorswould be encountered than in the visitor service zone. Cultural resources would be managed topreserve historic values. Conflicts between visitors and wildlife would be managed by strategiesranging from relocation to closure of an area. No concession facilities would be permitted in thiszone.
ral resources would focus on protection and restoration of natural process

e would be characterized predominantly by pristine natural conditions with

such as trails and campsites. It would offer outstanding opportunities for

Natural quiet would predominate. The expectations of the users would be

other users most of the time and for a variety of hiking and climbing expe

ral resources would be confined to trail corridors and designated camping

 would be preserved and protected in accordance with the law and policy.

educational opportunities would be minimal and in keeping with the quali

. Conflicts between visitors and wildlife would be managed to minimize

et provide for visitor safety. In most cases, trails would be closed to visitors

mals would rarely be removed from the area. No commercial activity

il.

General Philosophy for Managing Glacier

17
acier

 of the park massive glaciers have carved a series of U-shaped valleys that

o the broad floor of the Many Glacier Valley. As the glaciers receded, the

stern extension of the prairie grassland to the east, offering a direct entry

owering snow-covered peaks, cold mountain streams, crystalline lakes, and

any Glacier Valley provide excellent summer and winter range for elk,

ghorn sheep, grizzly bears, and wolves. At the intersection of the five tribu

acier Valley also serves as a major wildlife migration corridor.

of this century, the Great Northern Railroad sought to develop the area as a

argest of the parks grand old hotels, the Many Glacier Hotel, was built in

iftcurrent Lake. As the reputation of Many Glacier grew, Swiftcurrent

unds were provided as well.

19

PHILOSOPHY: Many Glacier would be managed

to preserve its wild character while providing visitors with opportunities to experience such activities as observing wildlife, hiking, camping, andsightseeing. Nationally significant historicresources would be preserved and managed tomaintain the grand hotel and family lodge traditions.
How this area would be managed:

 Resources would be managed to prevent degradation of high quality habitat, including winter

range, and to prevent conflicts with visitor use.

 Two separate developed areas, Swiftcurrent and the Many Glacier Hotel, would be managed to

provide traditional visitor services as well as support services for concession operations.

 Some of the area would be managed to accommodate high levels of day use, while the rest

would provide greater solitude and fewer visitor encounters.

 Many Glacier would be divided into a visitor service zone, a day use zone, and a backcountry

zone.

The visitor service zone would include the roads and two developed areas. It would be

managed to continue to provide a range of services and facilities, including food, gift shops, rangerstations, campstores, and overnight accommodations. Significant cultural resources would be managed to preserve historic structures and their traditional uses and to retain their ambiance. A rangeof developments would continue in this zone from hotels to administrative structures for park andconcession management.

The day use zone would include Swiftcurrent Lake and trails and Josephine Lake and trails,

trails to Apikuni and Red Rock Falls, Grinnell Lake, and Iceberg Lake. It would be managed fortraditional recreational experiences such as hiking, boat tours, and horseback rides. Conflictsbetween hikers and horse users would be reduced. Interpretive services such as guided hikes andexhibits would be available. Development would be limited to trails, signs, waysides, bridges,boardwalks, overlooks, and sanitation facilities. Social and resource indicators and standards and amonitoring program would be developed to ensure that desired resource conditions and visitorexperiences were achieved and protected.

The backcountry zone would encompass the remainder of the Many Glacier area. It would

be managed to maintain natural processes. Visitor use would consist mostly of hiking and camping,and leave no trace ethics would be encouraged. Development would be restricted to trails, primitive signs, campsites, sanitation facilities, and other low-impact developments. Historic structureswould be maintained. Indicators and standards and a monitoring program would be developed toensure that desired resource conditions and visitor experiences were achieved and protected.
Many Glacier

21
nt-Belly River

n Lakes National Park, Goat Haunt is a pristine area that epitomizes the

 status of Waterton-Glacier. The area possesses a long undefended interna

des refuge for wildlife that depend on habitats on both sides of the border,

onal nature of the area. 

Goat Haunt as a resource for visitors is that it remains largely unspoiled.

r resource with few facilities or amenities; there are only primitive trails,

backcountry campsites. The area has many archeological sites because the

ng been used by American Indians. Chief Mountain is important to con

dians.

managed:

 managed to protect the pristine character of the area and the integrity of

ties.

mmodations or food services would be provided at Goat Haunt.

e supported by the full range of services at Waterton Townsite. Boat land

ion, information and interpretation services, backcountry access, and

ties would be at Waterton Townsite, at Goat Haunt, and along the Chief

23

PHILOSOPHY: The area would be managed for

its international importance to park visitors, for itswildlife, and for the shared natural and culturalresources of adjoining nations. As in other areasof the park, management actions would emphasize cooperation and coordination in the spirit ofthe international peace park, world heritage site,and man and the biosphere designations.
 The international peace park and world heritage site designations would be emphasized as primary interpretive themes.

 The Goat Haunt-Belly River area would be divided into a visitor service zone, a day use zone,

and a backcountry zone.

The visitor service zone at Goat Haunt and along the Chief Mountain Highway would be

managed as staging areas for access to the surrounding backcountry. Services would be limited toproviding information and interpretation as well as customs and immigration. Development wouldbe limited to that necessary to support those functions. Interpretive needs would be met withkiosks, exhibits, and personal services.

The day use zone in the Goat Haunt-Belly River area would include Waterton Lake and the

lakeshore trail, the trail to Goat Haunt overlook, the trail to Rainbow Falls, and the trail to theBelly River Ranger Station. It would be managed to continue the traditional boat tours and guidedhikes. Developments would be limited to trails, bridges, overlooks, and sanitation facilities.Indicators and standards and a monitoring program would be developed to ensure that desiredresource conditions and visitor experiences were achieved and protected. Cultural resources wouldbe protected.

The backcountry zone would encompass the remainder of the Goat Haunt-Belly River area.

It would be managed to maintain natural processes. Visitor uses would be hiking, horseback riding,and backcountry camping. Leave no trace skills and ethics would be encouraged. Developmentswould include trails, campsites, primitive signs, sanitation facilities, and patrol cabins. Historicstructures would be maintained. Indicators and standards and a monitoring program would bedeveloped to ensure that desired resource conditions and visitor experiences were achieved andprotected.
Goat Haunt-Belly River

25
the-Sun Road Corridor

tional Park, the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor allows convenient access

aried resources that in many ways define the park. The road begins in the

 landscape of Lake McDonald, proceeds through an open, expansive alpine

nds in the drier forests and prairies of the eastern slope. Designed as a

perience, the Going-to-the-Sun Road is traveled by thousands of people

e independence and choices offered.

ign and a remarkable engineering achievement, the Going-to-the-Sun

national historic landmark. The alignment and width, masonry guardrails

fully designed pullouts, and bridges all demonstrate the approach of defin

through road design. Visitor facilities are available along the road corridor.

es of the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor reflect a broad range of eleva

nd habitats. The variety of wildlife is exceptional and the area has the

 rare plants in the park.

managed:

ological diversity found in this corridor would be protected to ensure its

27

PHILOSOPHY: The Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor would be managed to provide all visitors with

an opportunity to experience the scenic majestyand historic character of the park through a widerange of visitor activities, services, and facilities.The cultural significance and traditional use of theGoing-to-the-Sun Road would be emphasized.
 A full range of visitor services would be provided at Apgar Village, Lake McDonald Lodge (a

national historic landmark), Rising Sun, and at St. Mary.

 Sperry and Granite Park Chalets (national historic landmarks) would provide traditional

accommodations.

 As a national historic landmark, the Going-to-the-Sun Road would be managed to allow

opportunities for visitors to experience the parks magnificent scenery and historic character.

 The Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor would be divided into a visitor service zone, a rustic

zone, a day use zone, and a backcountry zone.

The visitor service zone includes the road corridor, adjacent developed areas, and administrative facilities. They would be managed to provide the traditional recreational opportunities for

which the road was designed. Driving the Going-to-the-Sun Road would remain one of the premiervisitor experiences of Glacier National Park. The corridor would continue to accommodate interpretive opportunities, overnight use, food services, boat tours, hiking, and horseback riding. Theroad and Lake McDonald Lodge would be managed as a historic resource in keeping with theirnational landmark status. Other historic properties would be managed to preserve their historicqualities. Development would serve a broad range of visitor facility, concession, and park administrative needs.

The day use zone would include such popular trails and locations as the Highline Trail, trails

to Avalanche Lake, McDonald Falls, St. Mary Falls, and Sperry and Granite Park Chalets.Recreational opportunities such as hiking, boat tours, and horseback rides would be available.Conflicts between hikers and horse users would be minimized. Interpretive activities would includeorientation to the park at the two primary entrances, guided walks, and modest exhibits. While thiszone would be managed to serve a larger number of visitors than the adjacent backcountry, management of natural resources would seek to achieve nearly pristine conditions. Developments wouldbe restricted to interpretive waysides, directional signs, trails, boardwalks, bridges, and sanitationfacilities. Indicators and standards and a monitoring program would be developed to ensure thatdesired resource conditions and visitor experiences were achieved and protected.

The rustic zone in the Going-to-the-Sun Road area would include the Apgar Lookout Road;

the 1913 Ranger Station, and the Quarter-Circle Bridge. Management would concentrate on adaptive use of historic structures. There would be minimal interpretive services and exhibits.Development would be limited to sanitation and administrative facilities, small parking lots, trailsand trailheads, and unpaved roads.
zone would be managed to maintain natural processes. Visitor use would

ng, horseback riding, and camping, and visitors would be encouraged to

 skills and ethics. Development would be limited to trails, campsites, and

cators and standards and a monitoring program would be developed to

urce conditions and visitor experiences were achieved and protected.

Going-ti-the-Sun Road Corridor

29
cine

rea has dramatic mountain and prairie scenery with both natural and cul

ortant geological attractions (the Lewis overthrust) and also provides

dlife and plants. Two Medicine borders the early railroad alignment and is

g links to Glaciers railroad-sponsored tourism and the development of

Blackfeet Indians retain a strong cultural tie to the area.

managed:

 managed to protect the wild character of the area, particularly the area of

plains and mountains.

e is a developed area, it would remain small and would not provide all

area would be divided into visitor service, day use, rustic, and backcountry

 zone includes the entrance road, picnic area, campground, ranger station,

 administrative support. It would continue to provide traditional recre31

PHILOSOPHY: The area would be managed to

preserve its culturally significant resources, wildcharacter, and important wildlife habitat.Frontcountry and backcountry camping wouldcontinue. Traditional visitor services would beavailable in the Two Medicine Valley
ational and visitor services, including camping. Adaptive use of the historic lodge could include

overnight accommodations.

The day use zone would include Two Medicine Lake and its associated trails. It would be

managed to provide such traditional recreational uses as hiking and boat tours. Interpretive servicessuch as guided hikes would continue. Development would be limited to interpretive exhibits, waysides, signs, overlooks, trails, boardwalks, bridges, and sanitation facilities. Indicators and standardsand a monitoring program would be developed to ensure that desired resource conditions and visitor experiences were achieved and protected. 

The rustic zone encompasses the Cut Bank Road, ranger station, and campground. This zone

would be managed to provide interpretive services and exhibits that describe early use of the area.Historic resources and traditional uses would be preserved. Development would be limited toprimitive campgrounds, sanitation facilities, administrative offices, park employee housing, smallparking lots, trails and trailheads, and unpaved roads.

The backcountry zone would be managed to maintain and understand natural processes.

Visitor use would primarily consist of hiking and camping, and visitors would be encouraged topractice leave no trace skills and ethics. Development would be limited to trails, campsites, sanitation facilities, and primitive signs. Indicators and standards and a monitoring program would bedeveloped to ensure that desired resource conditions and visitor experiences were achieved andprotected.
Two Medicine

33
ork

by the Highway 2 corridor, the railroad alignment, and the Middle Fork of

 of the Middle Fork remains isolated because there is no road or bridge

the most remote and challenging wilderness experiences in Glacier. The

mmer and winter range for a variety of species, wildlife travel corridors,

bitat.

managed:

 managed to preserve their remote and pristine character; visitor access

ould be limited and challenging in most of the area.

ilities, hitching posts, primitive signs, and campsites would be the only

d in the backcountry.

nd travel corridors would be protected and interpreted through coopera

ere appropriate.

 Station would serve the management and visitor needs of the area.

ckcountry would be managed to allow for camping in undesignated areas

e opportunities for off-trail travel.

ea would be divided into a visitor service zone and backcountry zone.

35

PHILOSOPHY: The area would be managed to

preserve its remote and wild character through arange of primitive visitor experiences. Visitor andadministrative facilities would only be allowedalong Highway 2.
The visitor service zone would include the Highway 2 corridor, the Walton Ranger Station,

and Goat Lick. It would be managed to provide information and interpretive services.Developments would include the highway, signs, trails, trailheads, waysides, sanitation facilities,parking lots, pullouts, picnic areas, exhibits, and staging areas. 

The backcountry zone would constitute the majority of the Middle Fork area and would be

managed to maintain natural processes. Visitor use would consist primarily of hiking, horsebackriding, and backcountry camping, and visitors would be encouraged to practice leave no traceskills and ethics. Development would include trails, sanitation facilities, and campsites. A portion ofthe backcountry would be managed to allow camping in undesignated areas. Indicators and standards and a monitoring program would be developed to ensure that desired resource conditionsand visitor experiences were achieved and protected.
Middle Fork

37
rk

the northwestern part of the park bordering Canada, has a landscape domi

ntain peaks. The North Fork remains critical to wolf populations and their

tates and provides important habitat for many other species, including

here. Because of its outstanding qualities, the North Fork of the Flathead

the wild and scenic river system.

managed:

 managed to preserve the wild character of the area and its important links

Valley, including the international portion, for wildlife conservation.

pment or new commercial activities would not be permitted.

pgrounds would continue at Kintla Lake, Quartz Creek, Bowman Lake,

ork Road would remain narrow and unpaved.

uld be divided into visitor service, rustic, and backcountry zones.

e zone would encompass the corridor of the Camas Road, Polebridge, and

l. It would be managed to provide informational and interpretive services

39

PHILOSOPHY: The North Fork would be preserved to contribute to the integrity and primitive

character of the transboundary watershed.Management actions would reflect the importance of interagency and international cooperation. Visitor facilities would be rustic and wouldpreserve a national park quality and style ofdevelopment that has become increasingly rare.Management actions would preserve the areasprimitive character.
and camping. Developments would include paved roads, pullouts, trails, entrance stations, exhibits,and parking lots.

The rustic zone would encompass the corridor of the inside North Fork Road and roads to

Bowman and Kintla Lakes. It would be managed to provide informational and interpretive servicessuch as exhibits and waysides. Cultural resources would be preserved. The inside North Fork Roadwould be managed as a motorized nature trail. The narrow width of the road and current approximate alignment would be maintained. Developments would include informational and interpretivesigns, employee housing, ranger stations, campgrounds, sanitation facilities, small parking lots, trailsand trailheads, small boat launching facilities, and paved and unpaved roads.

The backcountry zone would encompass the remainder of the North Fork area. It would be

managed to maintain natural processes. Visitor use would consist primarily of hiking and camping.Visitors would be encouraged to practice leave no trace skills and ethics. Developments wouldinclude trails, primitive signs, campsites, primitive administrative facilities and sanitation facilities.Indicators and standards and a monitoring program would be developed to ensure that desiredresource conditions and visitor experiences were achieved and protected.
ssues Facing

ational Park

 GOING-TO-THE-SUN ROAD

ling the Going-to-the-Sun Road is the premier park experience for over

s to Glacier National Park. It was built in the 1920s and 1930s, and in

e National Register of Historic Places. In 1985 it was declared a national

 landmark, and in 1996 it was designated as a national historic landmark.

43

a management philosophy and the management area framework, the Draft

n and Environmental Impact Statement addresses several critical issues for the

Park. The public, other agencies, Indian tribes, special interest groups, and

 critical issues during this planning effort. They are:

oing-to-the-Sun Road

Going-to-the-Sun Road

oric hotels and visitor services

(jet skis)

hazard

 center and museum

 favored by the National Park Service at this time, is identified for each of the

other alternatives considered and evaluated in this document.
Because of its historic value, it is important to maintain its width, scenic vistas, and classic rockwalls. Its character is part of a spectacular driving experience that should be preserved.

The Going-to-the-Sun Road is the only route directly linking the parks east and west sides,

and its value is immeasurable. Each year hundreds of thousands of tourists are drawn to the areaand drive this scenic route. Changes in access to the road could greatly affect local and regionaleconomies.

Because the road is the only extensive automotive route through the park, it defines the basic

circulation pattern. The road accesses principal points of interest and offers many stunning views.Use has increased from less than 40,000 cars in 1933 to over 660,000 cars annually. High trafficvolume is causing overcrowding at pullouts and parking areas along the road. Visitors pull off andpark in undesignated areas, causing resource damage and safety problems. Current pullout locationsmay not allow access to desired areas.

Issue. In July and August the Going-to-the-Sun Road approaches its peak capacity. Traffic is

congested, and demand for parking often exceeds available spaces. In 1994 a visitor use studyshowed that 43 percent of summer visitors felt that traffic congestion and parking shortagesdetracted from their visits, and many felt that this was unacceptable. 

Red coach public transportation has been available on the Going-to-the-Sun Road to visitors

who arrive without vehicles, with overlength vehicles, or who do not want to drive. Early in the history of Glacier National Park, a shuttle service was initiated to serve the visiting public. Some people believe that the shuttle system has not been effective because of high cost, limited capacity, anda limited schedule. Others think that the shuttle system works well but would like to see it expanded to increase its usefulness. The management challenge is to continue private vehicle use, asdesired by the public, while improving transportation services. 

In recent years bicycle use has become popular in the park. Bicycles present a safety hazard

when combined with heavy automobile traffic on narrow sections of the road without shoulders.The challenge is to manage all the visitor uses while maintaining the traditional driving experience,ensuring the safety of users, and retaining the historic character of the road.
ervice would continue to manage the Going-to-the-Sun Road as the pre

er National Park. The preferred alternative would be to continue to man

retive trail. Focus would remain on maintaining the character of the road,

national landmark status, as well on the experience of driving through the

 Park. This alternative would retain the freedom of choice for visitors to

nd stop at various viewpoints along the road.

uire or would prefer to use a transportation system, an efficient and con

ould be provided. A study would determine how best to implement the sys

ot been economically viable, so a government subsidy might be necessary.

e done to determine whether parking facilities for the shuttle system would

de the park. If so, the parking facilities would be developed according to

f the Going-to-the-Sun Road corridor.

 conditions at Logan Pass, use would be dispersed along the length of the

itors to pull off, park, and take short walks would be provided. Protection

historic landmark would be ensured. Past actions along the road have

uts and turnoffs to improve safety and restore the roads historic width.

 places that visitors could stop and park along the road has probably con

n and parking problems at areas such as Avalanche and Logan Pass.

d transportation system

 pullouts

s

e during peak periods

th and width restrictions

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

45

and Visitor Opportunities
This alternative would address the issue of increasing use and congestion by constructing a

larger parking lot at Logan Pass either underground or aboveground. Logan Pass is considered theprimary destination and attraction for most visitors to Glacier National Park.

Actions to be taken: continue to correct safety problems and to reduce or eliminate the pullouts and turnoffs expand Logan Pass parking area retain shuttle service retain bicycle restrictions during peak periods retain vehicle length and width restrictionsThe National Park Service would continue to manage the Going-to-the-Sun Road as the principal way for visitors to experience the park. Private vehicle use would continue. No change in road

capacity, design character, or day use would be made in the corridor. Policies of past years wouldcontinue, and the following actions would continue:

 correction of safety problems and reduction or elimination of pullouts and turnoffs  shuttle service red coach transportation service bicycle restrictions during peak periods vehicle length and width restrictionThe preferred alternative is alternative A because it offers the best way to manageincreasing use while protecting resources and without limiting the number of cars.This alternative retains the historic visitor experience while providing more opportunities to stop and enjoy the park. It also offers the best way to manage congestion atLogan Pass and other popular areas.

Alternative B: Expand Logan PassAlternative C: Status Quo
Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

47

ty, energy consumption, and noise levels would increase as use increased.

uired to implement the various alternatives would impact both wildlife and

ations throughout the corridor. Construction at Logan Pass would impact

n that have not been previously disturbed. Cultural resources would remain

HE GOING-TO-THE-SUN ROAD 

e the road was completed in 1933, the upper elevations have not been sub

, that section of the road is in need of major rehabilitation. In the past 15

s have been funded in Glacier. Approximately $18 million has been spent

 miles of the road. The completed portions have mostly been in lower sec

mile of the high-mountain section has been completed. 

5-1996 Logan Pass reconstruction project, it was evident that funding lev

nsure long-term use of the Going-to-the-Sun Road. Visitors experienced

ys, and contractors had difficulty repairing the road and maintaining traffic.

 Pass led Federal Highway Administration engineers to conclude that

would be needed to finish repairing the road if the current approach were

me segments of the road would fail during that time and it would not be

d open consistently. The heart of the issue is that road construction can

 and fall, which is when most visitors experience the park. 

ervice and the Federal Highway Administration have jointly developed

construction program based on the following criteria:

ric character and significance of the Going-to-the-Sun Road

on visitors

on the local economy

epairs before the road fails

 of the reconstruction

on natural resources
There are approximately 30 miles of the road that still must be reconstructed. An 11-mile critical section was identified and studied as the controlling element in any long-range program to

repair the road. The alpine section between the west side tunnel and Siyeh Bend (on the east sideof the Continental Divide) is the most spectacular part of the road and was determined to be in themost critical need of reconstruction. Reconstruction on this section has the greatest potential toimpact both visitors and the local economy. There are many historically significant stone masonryfeatures, including 119 retaining walls and 3 miles of guardwalls. The narrow road corridor, shortconstruction season, and extreme weather conditions affect both the integrity of the road and thereconstruction effort. Avalanches, snow creep, and repeated freezing and thawing continually deteriorate road features and jeopardize public safety. 

The three alternatives that follow describe options for a comprehensive plan for reconstructing

the Going-to-the-Sun Road and upgrading visitor facilities for the next 10-20 years. The workincluded in each of the alternatives covers both the 11-mile alpine section and the other 19 milesof lower elevation sections on the east and west sides below the alpine section.

In this alternative a 4-6 year reconstruction scenario would be necessary for rehabilitating the

road and repairing the historic stone retaining walls. During this period, Logan Pass would remainaccessible from one side or the other, but there would be no through traffic. For two years the roadfrom Avalanche to Logan Pass would be closed, then would reopen while the section betweenLogan Pass and Rising Sun closed. Logan Pass would remain open to the public during the construction period but only from one side at a time; travel across the park would not be possible.

A west side staging area at Logan maintenance pit and an east side staging area at Sun Point

would be required for the contractors operations. The total cost of this alternative is $70-$85 million, which is significantly more than the average $2 million per year that is currently expended onGlaciers road reconstruction program. Accelerated construction with total road closure wouldprobably start no earlier than 2004 because of the need for extensive engineering design and earlycontracts for material production and stockpiling. The need to schedule around the states Lewisand Clark Bicentennial celebration is also a major consideration.

Alternative A: Fast-Track Reconstruction (4-6 Years)
ve 10± years would be required to complete all of the repair work. A vari

ld be needed, including night closures for excavation and hauling large

There would be limited daytime closures and delays due to one-lane clo

ay traffic across the Going-to-the-Sun Road would be accommodated for

sure after Labor Day could also be required. 

ing areas on both the west and east sides for construction operations and

se areas would probably be at Logan maintenance pit and at Sun Point.

ted to cost approximately $90-$105 million during the 10± years of

than the average $2 million per year that is currently expended on road

r. Accelerated construction using the partial closures would probably start

e to the time required for the major engineering design, the early contracts

and stockpiling, and the need to schedule around the states Lewis and

ration.

road reconstruction would continue. Approximately $2 million would be

take approximately 50 years and $195-$210 million to complete repair of

 visitor use of the Going-to-the-Sun Road during construction to the

 rely on a series of small, site-specific construction projects spread out

uired improvements could be completed, the sections completed earlier

and additional rehabilitation would be required. There would be construc

 52 miles of road at all times because the rate of deterioration would

vement.

Service prefers an alternative that preserves the historic character

tes the repairs before the road fails, minimizes impacts on natural

 and the local economy, and minimizes the costs. Based on the

mation, alternative A appears to best satisfy those criteria. If new

ion that would better respond to the criteria, a different alternative

n the final plan.

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

49

tus Quo

elerated Reconstruction (10+ Years)
Impact Synopsis

For the two action alternatives, preservation of the road as a national historic landmark would

be ensured. For the status quo approach some loss of historic elements of the road, such as stonewalls, would be expected, and it is likely that the road would fail before the construction was complete. For all alternatives the road would continue to serve the visiting public. Impacts on vegetation and wildlife would be confined to the period and location of construction and mitigationwould reduce the impacts on most resources. Grizzly bears might be temporarily displaced duringconstruction. PRESERVATION OF HISTORIC HOTELS AND VISITOR SERVICES

Background. Glacier has a long tradition of visitor service and hospitality. Early visitors came

by train and then traveled by tour boat to Lake McDonald Lodge. They arrived first by stage andthen by automobile at the Many Glacier Hotel. Early in the parks history the many chalets allowedvisitors to stay overnight in the backcountry. Later lodging was provided at Swiftcurrent, RisingSun, and Apgar. Much of the original lodging is gone, and what remains is recognized as historicallysignificant. Three of the remaining buildings 3⁄4 Many Glacier Hotel, Lake McDonald Lodge, andTwo Medicine Chalet 3⁄4 have been designated as national historic landmarks. These and many otherstructures are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Issue. About 100 historic structures are operated by the concessioner and provide for lodging

and food services. All these structures require some level of rehabilitation to address deficienciesand to keep them functioning as visitor accommodations over time. The deficiencies must beaddressed if the concessioner is to continue to provide services in a safe, healthy, and acceptablemanner. Rehabilitating the structures would be expensive. Several solutions have been consideredover the past 10 years, and cost estimates vary depending on the approach taken to correct theproblem. If the estimates are updated for inflation, the cost could be close to $100 million to rehabilitate the historic hotels, lodges, and other facilities.

Investigations are ongoing to determine which engineering and architectural repairs are necessary. The cost of solutions has been estimated at $80-$100 million to rehabilitate the historic

structures and the concession facilities throughout the park.

Lake McDonald Lodge is the oldest guest lodge in the park and has been designated as a

national historic landmark. It provides 100 guestrooms of varying types, two restaurants, a lounge,
Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

51

st office. It was partially renovated in the 1980s, but much remains to be

not meet current fire and electrical codes, pose risks from asbestos, and

ple with disabilities. Parking is inadequate. The 1960s-era restaurant is

tecturally inappropriate to the historic district. The facilities and utility sys

 Many of the employee dorms are not adequate to meet current needs.

ents are $23-$36 million.

 Hotel provides 211 guestrooms and a restaurant, lounge, gift shop, and

opment surrounding the hotel is listed as a historic district on the National

es. The hotel has been designated a national historic landmark. The facili

, including electrical systems that do not meet modern fire codes; failing

 as exterior balconies, walls, floors, and foundations; inadequate and ineffi

bestos hazards and bat infestations; inadequate utility systems, poor pedes

access for people with disabilities. There are no operable elevators; rooms

ms and no soundproofing or insulation. Employee housing is inadequate.

s these concerns would cost $35-$48 million.

or Inn developed area is also a designated historic district. It provides 62

ithout bathrooms, a restaurant, a campstore, public showers, and a laun

include possible asbestos hazards, inadequate public shower facilities, inad

 with disabilities, and poor pedestrian circulation. Improvements to address

st $3-$8.3 million.

 Inn developed area is largely a designated historic district. The motor inn

s and 35 cabins, a restaurant, a campstore, and public showers. Problems

s for people with disabilities, structural deterioration, and possible asbestos

mprovements to the Rising Sun area are $5-$10 million.

alet is designated a national historic landmark and currently houses a

. Recognized problems include asbestos, accessibility, and structural cor

ut $600,000.

a government-owned 36-room motel on the shore of Lake McDonald.

ens the integrity of the motel and presents a hazard to guests. No cost esti

ervice would ensure the preservation of the national landmark properties

dging in Glacier National Park. Congressional appropriations would be
sought for rehabilitation. This approach would encourage historic preservation and continue the

tradition of hospitality at Glacier. A detailed analysis of lodging would be undertaken to determinethe overall capacity, location, and appropriate mix. Since rehabilitation could result in a reductionin the number of rooms (for example, installation of elevators for accessibility would eliminatesome rooms), some increase in the number of rooms would be allowed.

Actions to be taken: conduct a new structural analysis where required develop site-specific design plans for all properties develop a commercial services plan rehabilitate all structures upgrade utilities, concession employee housing, and infrastructure where required upgrade the visitor accommodations to better meet expectations provide access for people with disabilities at all facilities evaluate the Village InnThe current course of action would continue. The concessioner would continue to invest a

minimum of 6 percent of the annual gross receipts in capital improvements to park facilities(roughly $600,000 annually) and an equal amount in maintenance of the facilities. Repairs andpiecemeal improvements would continue, and operations would proceed until visitor health orsafety was compromised or viability of the operations suffered. As the buildings age and continue todeteriorate, capital improvements and general upkeep would fall farther behind. Guest satisfactionwould continue to decline. At some point the concession would become unprofitable and wouldcease to operate, or the buildings would deteriorate to a point where life safety issues would resultin their closure. Overnight lodging would no longer be provided in the park or would be limited.

Alternative A: Rehabilitate National Landmarkand Other Historic Visitor FacilitiesAlternative B: Status Quo
be continued:

facilities and make repairs to correct health and safety deficiencies as fund

ties and accommodations as long as possible

native is A because it provides for the preservation of these impor

e parks history and continues needed visitor services.

would be under alternative B if the eventual loss of national landmark and

ies resulted from insufficient funding for repairs. In the preferred alterna

ies would be rehabilitated. The impact on the natural environment would

itation would consist of actions taken within the already disturbed area.

rbed at Lake McDonald as a consequence of rehabilitation actions taken at

ge. No other impacts are expected to threatened or endangered species. 

mercially operated scenic air tours began in the early 1980s in Glacier with

been as many as five or six vendors, primarily on the west side, who adver

offered to fly visitors over the park.

 Administration regulates aviation throughout the United States, including

nal parks. The National Park Service and the Federal Aviation

oping regulations to guide aviation activities in national parks.

k visitors, including those who have disabilities, flying over the park can be

rience the grandeur of Glaciers interior. For others, aircraft are a noisy,

 their park experience. Scenic air tours are not the only way that visitors

deur of the park. An available alternative is the Going-to-the-Sun Road,

de access to the interior of Glacier for those unable to hike or ride horse

as built, Glacier was available only to those who had the time and physical

e the parks interior. The road made Glacier National Park available to all;

ence that is actually comparable to seeing the park by air. The unparalleled

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

53
heights and spectacular vistas along the road have thrilled visitors for decades. Most importantly,

this experience is available to everyone, including the elderly or those unable to hike into the backcountry.

Scientific research completed elsewhere has concluded that airplanes and helicopters flown

near the ground cause disturbance to wildlife. This disturbance is detrimental or harmful whenwildlife panic, stampede, or abandon nesting or hunting sites. Research has not been done inGlacier to determine at what altitude aircraft might operate that would result in no harm.

Glaciers enabling legislation states the park is to be for the benefit and enjoyment of the people and should be regulated to provide for the preservation of the park in a state of nature and

for the care and protection of the fish and game within. While commercial sightseeing toursbenefit some visitors, they reduce the enjoyment of others. Such air tours may not meet the affirmative responsibilities to preserve a state of nature or to properly care for or protect parkwildlife. Therefore, under this alternative, the Federal Aviation Administration would be requestedto prohibit all scenic air tours over Glacier National Park.

Actions to be taken: request that the Federal Aviation Administration prohibit all new scenic air tour operators

who would operate over Glacier National Park

 develop a plan with the Federal Aviation Administration and the public to phaseout current

commercial operators over time to achieve the alternative

To preserve Glacier in a state of nature and yet provide for public enjoyment of the park, it

might be appropriate for scenic air tours to be available over some portions of the park. Such usemight be appropriate only over the portion of the park that is heavily used in order to preserve natural state in the wilder portions. 

Alternative A: No Commercial Sightseeing Toursover Glacier National ParkAlternative B: Allow Commercial Sightseeing Toursonly in Certain Parts of the Park
d reflect the desires of the majority of the visitors. For example, the

hrough the Federal Aviation Administration) might permit tours over the

corridor and east of the Continental Divide over the Many Glacier Valley.

ce would request that the Federal Aviation Administration prohibit scenic

Fork, Middle Fork, Two Medicine, and Goat Haunt-Belly River areasracter and because visitors are especially able to experience solitude in

k.

 Aviation Administration to manage scenic air tours over some parts of the

them over others

ir tour management plan

ld continue in Glacier National Park under the authority of the Federal

 Recommendations (such as flying 2,000 feet above ground level) would

AA emphasis on safety to protect the visitors using the tour services. The

operators would be determined by the marketplace as a result of supply

k values. The National Park Service would monitor impacts on park values

he Federal Aviation Administration require measures that would mitigate

d continue to be taken:

 monitoring of air tour activity throughout the park

on park values and work with the Federal Aviation Administration to miti

ts

native is A, to prohibit all commercial sightseeing flights over the

values and significance that should be considered before any visi

owed that could impact traditional national park recreational activi

s operating in backcountry areas where peace and solitude are

the visitor experience. Wildlife populations might not be directly

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

55

tus Quo
affected, but the effects on some animals have been documented, and the effects of

indirect disturbance are unknown. Because the park is mandated to regulate use topreserve these resources in a state of nature, until such time as the aircraft industrycan prove that their activity poses no harm to park resources, scenic air tours shouldbe prohibited.

Impact Synopsis

The impacts of scenic air tours are primarily on wildlife and visitor use. No impact is anticipated on cultural resources. An impact on wildlife and natural quiet would result from continued air

tours. Gray wolves, bald eagles, and grizzly bears could be disturbed by continuing overflights, particularly by helicopters at low levels. Prohibiting scenic air tours would deny some visitors theopportunity to experience the park in this manner.PERSONAL WATERCRAFT

Background. Personal watercraft are small vessels that use inboard motors powering water jet

pumps. They are known by such trade names as Jet-Ski, Waverunner, and Sea-Doo. Personal watercraft are high-performance vessels, are designed for speed and maneuverability, and are often usedto perform stunts. They typically have 50-100 horsepower (hp) and are capable of traveling morethan 60 mph. Under park regulations, all boats with motors over 10 hp are prohibited on all butLake McDonald, St. Mary Lake, Lake Sherburne, and Upper Waterton Lake.

Issue. Personal watercraft use has increased dramatically nationwide. In 1996 Glacier implemented a temporary prohibition on personal watercraft in the park. This ban was intended only as

an interim measure pending review of the issue in a general management plan. Waterton LakesNational Park banned personal watercraft in 1994 because local residents felt that they were inappropriate in the park and interfered with other boaters.

Use of personal watercraft is being considered in the Draft General Management Plan and

Environmental Impact Statement because when the temporary ban was initiated in 1996, it included acommitment to further study the issue (including public input) before a permanent strategy wasput into place. It is the policy of the National Park Service to prohibit personal watercraft unlessspecifically authorized by a park superintendent.
aft would be permanently banned from the park. This regulation would be

deral Regulations. This alternative would preserve the natural quiet and

ude on all park waters. 

ry ban on personal watercraft permanent

ld lift the temporary ban on personal watercraft and would permit their

otors of 10 hp or more are allowed. Personal watercraft would then be

ake McDonald, St. Mary Lake, and Lake Sherburne. Personal watercraft

same regulations regarding safety and noise as other boats on these lakes. 

n on personal watercraft 

 to allow use of personal watercraft on portions of Lake McDonald, St.

ake Sherburne that are open to other motorboats

native is A, which would permanently ban personal watercraft

 from all park waters. The National Park Service considers use

aft to be inconsistent with the purposes for which the park was

ational Park Service is mandated by the Organic Act and other

nd guidelines to ensure the preservation of the park in a state of

protect natural and cultural resources. The use of personal water

preserving a state of nature and protecting resources. 

be positive, primarily on wildlife and visitor use. Aquatic resources and

om a ban on personal watercraft. Bald eagles are known to be disturbed by

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

57

 Personal Watercraft on All Park Waters

us Quo
boats, and gray wolves and grizzly bears could be disturbed as well. A ban on personal watercraftwould reduce the potential for disturbance of threatened and endangered species. However, somevisitors would be denied this recreational opportunity if a ban were imposed. No impact on cultural resources would result from either alternative.WINTER USE 

Background. Glacier National Park has long provided for visitor use in winter. Quiet recreational activities such as camping, cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, and hiking have long been part

of the enjoyment of the park in winter. 

Issue. Increasing development and expanding regional populations will probably result in more

winter use of the park. Increasing summer visitation has encouraged many visitors to visit the parkduring fall, winter, and spring. During winter, parking at the head of Lake McDonald becomes congested on many weekends. Winter visitor numbers are not high; however, a plan for increased useis needed.

This alternative would respond to the potential increase in visitors during the winter by preparing for increased use. Opportunities would be expanded for day users as winter visitation continues

to increase.

Actions to be taken: plow only to Lake McDonald Lodge and provide parking plow the road to the 1913 Ranger Station and provide parking allow a facility to provide snacks and possibly ski rentals plow parts of the Camas Road and provide sanitation facilities and parking  plow the Two Medicine and Many Glacier Roads to the park boundary, provide parking and

sanitation facilities

 monitor wildlife impacts

Alternative A: Prepare for More Winter Day Use
ased winter use of the park and to provide a winter experience not found

Glacier National Park would support certain day use activities and plan for

ns in some areas of the park. These would be provided when demand

me economically feasible.

ility of opening Lake McDonald Lodge and the Village Inn for winter use

 McDonald Lodge and Rising Sun Motor Inn, where adequate parking

Camas, Two Medicine, and Many Glacier Roads and provide parking and

s

k would continue to offer a winter experience to day users and to those

he backcountry overnight. As use increased, the park staff would react to

 concerns.

ontinue to be taken:

head of Lake McDonald and to Rising Sun as weather and snow depth

 facilities and trailhead information

native is A, which would prepare for a potential increase in winter

mproved parking facilities and designated parking areas. Overnight

ould not be opened due to the excessive cost of winterization,

mic viability, and possible impacts on wildlife. In addition, the

ce is concerned about future demands associated with opening

e winter, including requests for snow coaches. Not providing win

es is also more in accordance with the overall management

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

59

and Winter Opportunities

ght Accommodations

tus Quo
philosophy. Critical wildlife wintering areas would be avoided, particularly at St. Mary.

Using the Lake McDonald parking lot would allow more parking and easier plowing,permit day use of the campstore, and provide more skiing and snowshoeing opportunities in safer terrain using the trails in the area as well as the road. 

Impact Synopsis

The alternative of increasing winter use opportunities, including overnight accommodations,

would cause the most impacts. Wildlife disturbance would increase with additional use in winter.This disturbance would include bald eagles, gray wolves, and grizzly bears, so increases in use wouldproceed with caution in areas where there is winter wildlife activity, and wildlife impacts would bemonitored. Winterization of some lodges would be undertaken, which could have a positive effecton the historic properties. Accommodating overnight use in the winter would provide visitors withan experience that is not currently available.DIVIDE CREEK FLOOD HAZARD

Background. At St. Mary the administrative, historic maintenance, and employee housing

facilities are in the flood hazard zone of Divide Creek and are subject to dangerous floods that risklife and property.

Issue. There are facilities, including housing, in a flood hazard zone. To ensure safety Divide

Creek is being manipulated, which is in conflict with National Park Service policy.

Development, including employee housing, the administration building, and the historic maintenance facility, would be relocated. These structures would be moved out of the flood hazard zone

of Divide Creek to a site inside or outside the park. Alternative locations and the cost of movingthe facilities would be explored. Housing and administrative facilities could be separated from themaintenance facilities.

Alternative A: Relocate Structures Out of the Floodplain
on for the facilities

hority and acquire property if the selected location is outside the park

uct replacement housing and administrative and maintenance facilities

fing and all structures and allow Divide Creek to follow its natural channel

al facilities needed for park operations

ion to the flood hazard at Divide Creek would be sought. This would pro

 future floods to the extent possible.

permits from the Blackfeet Indian tribe and other agencies

cessary section of Divide Creek

ervice would continue to maintain a monitoring program to ensure human

k facilities at Divide Creek and other locations. However, no action would

ties from the flood hazard area.

ontinue to be taken:

hazard

wall of Divide Creek

native is A, which offers the best protection for resources, visitors,

is in accordance with policy. Divide Creek is extremely unpre

require massive stabilization. Stabilization, particularly of this mag

conflict with policy on management of resources. The safety of park

milies, and any visitors in this area cannot be adequately provided

ving these facilities also provides the National Park Service with the

cate operations to more convenient areas. Maintenance, housing,

would not have to be all in one place.

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

61

annelize Divide Creek

tus Quo
Impact Synopsis

Channelization of Divide Creek would cause impacts on wildlife, vegetation, and aquatic

resources. No known threatened or endangered species would be affected. Removal and relocationof facilities from the flood hazard zone would adversely affect historic properties in the St. Marymaintenance area. WEST SIDE DISCOVERY CENTER AND MUSEUM

Background. The Draft General Management Plan and Environmental Impact Statement addresses

interpretation and the parks broader role in local and national outreach activities, types of interpretive facilities that may be needed and their general location, and ways to improve the storage ofcultural and natural resource artifacts. 

Issue. The need for an adequate west side discovery center has long been recognized. The visitor contact station at Apgar is difficult to find, lacks adequate parking, and is too small to serve the

many visitors who use it every day during the summer. The facility at Apgar was meant to serve as ashort-term solution. The result has been that the first visitor center many people see is at LoganPass, which contributes to the congestion and the parking problems there. For over 20 years, avariety of west side visitor center locations both inside and outside the park have been studied anddocumented, but funding has never been obtained to begin construction.

The inventory of cultural artifacts has grown. Items are stored in scattered locations, not all of

which are providing adequate protection. Some storage areas are inconveniently located, and accesscan be difficult. The collection will continue to grow. It requires adequate storage space with environmental and physical protection. By combining a new visitor center and the museum collectionin one location, more public access to those items would be possible, and better protection wouldbe provided.

This alternative would involve construction of a new discovery center and museum on the west

side of the park. The facility would be built north of the T-intersection of the Going-to-the-Sunand Camas Roads. The discovery center would replace the visitor contact station at Apgar. It would

Alternative A: Construct a West Side Discovery Centerand Museum Inside the Park
nd would offer information, interpretive programs, innovative exhibits,

d museum space.

ide discovery center and museum

section to improve traffic flow

sitor uses, services, and needs

nd museum would be located conveniently outside of the west entrance.

rtunity to pursue a joint operation with other agencies or to use an existing

outside the park for a new facility, or adaptively use an existing facility 

ship with others

ns would remain at Apgar. The problems of this facility would continue. It

nadequate, and it is difficult for visitors to locate.

tion center and visitor contact station at Apgar

native is A. A west side discovery center and museum is needed to

mation and education for the more than 60 percent of the visitors

er through West Glacier. Because it is not easily located and is too

sitor contact station does not attract or adequately serve the public.

Critical Issues Facing Glacier National Park

63

ate Discovery Center

ctions Outside the Park

tus Quo
A new discovery center would be best located along the main park road where most

visitors entering the park can easily access the facility. The area north of the T-intersection area is favored because the facility could be built adjacent to current development. The facility would be within walking distance of Apgar.

Impact Synopsis

Construction of the west side discovery center and museum would result in localized impacts

on natural resources, including a loss in vegetation and disturbance to wildlife. No known threatened or endangered wildlife species would be affected. Mitigation would be developed to avoidadversely affecting a state-listed rare plant species. Cultural resources would not be disturbed byany of the three alternatives. Museum collections would be benefitted by alternatives A or B. Theprovision of enhanced visitor services either inside or outside the park would benefit visitors.