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IN THIS ISSUE

Bats Can Be Menace

Canal's Future Shaped

Schooling For "Tomorrow"

An Historic Arch

Vol. 1 3, No. 5

December 7, 11 ". . . antJ of ?|i« feitifiiiom tijere gijall tie no cnb.

>
Robert J. Fleming, Jr., Governor-President

W. P. Leber, Lieutenant Governor

Will Arey

Panama Canal Information Officer

Ofiicial Pinimi Canal Publication

Published Donlbljr al Balboi Heighrs, C.Z.

Printed at the Printing Plant, Mount Hope, C.Z.

Joseph Connor, Acting Press Officer

Publications Editors Robert D. Kerr and Julio E. Briceno

Editorial Assistants Eunice Richard, Tobi Bittel, and Tomas A. Cupas

On sale at all Panama Canal Service Centers. Retail Stores, and the Tivoli Guest House for 10 days after publication date at 5 cents each. Subscriptions, fl a year; mall and back copies, 10 cents each.

Postal money orders made payable to the Panama Canal Company should be mailed to Box M. Balboa Heights. C.Z.

Editorial Offices are located in the ,\dministration Building, Balboa Heights. C.Z.

Uradition . .

.

. . . iVe Share

Our Cultured

THE BEAUTIFUL traditional nacimiento, or nativity scene, on the cover of The Panama Canal Review this month, was photographed at the Campo Alegre home of

Miss Genita B. Icaza by Panama City photographer John

F. Flatau. This nacimiento is much-visited during the

hohday season, and a few years ago, when Panama had

a contest for nacimientos, was awarded first prize.

Most of the figures in the scene have come from Spain

and France and many are more than a half a century old,

handed down from mother to daughter in the family.

Miss Icaza's grandmother arranged the original nacimiento, and each year new figures have been added. The

largest figures and the castle came to Panama from Barcelona. The little flying angels are from France. This

year Miss Icaza's friends have added, from their travels,

water from the River Jordan, stones from the Dead Sea,

and earth brought from Bethlehem.

The family nacimiento usually is ready by Christmas

Eve, and each day the figures of the Three Kings are moved toward the stable in Bethlehem so as to arrive on

January 6, the Day of the Three Kings. Many of the

children in Latin America receive gifts then instead of on Christmas Day.

The nacimiento formerly was set up in the patio of

the Icaza home, but due to uncertain weather conditions

at Christmas and New Years, the Nacimiento has been

arranged indoors in recent years.

Visitors from the Canal Zone and Panama are always

welcome to visit the nacimiento, lovingly set up each

year by Miss Genita Icaza at the home of her parents,

Mr. and Mrs. Octavio A. de Icaza on Manuel Maria de

Icaza Avenue, which was named for her grandfather.

Tours of the nacimientos in the Canal Zone and Pan- ama usually are made each year by members of the

women's clubs.

The "faces" of the Canal Zone. And the "faces" of

Panama. What are they?

Worn with worry? Strained with anxiety? Smug, selfish,

disinterested, disdainful, or warm and friendly and

confident?

How the faces look to others depends somewhat on

the eye of the beholder. And at the, Christmas season, beholders' views are modified by an image of One

whose face no accurate reproduction exists—only artists' conceptions.

Thus are understandings born, mutual understandings,

partly through sharing of cultures. For a sketch of this sharing on the Isthmus, see the tree-decorated story on Page 5.

"... and of His kingdom there shall be no end."

(Luke 1:33.) Index

Bats Can Be Menace 3

Sharing of Cultures 5

Cut Widening, Housing, Electric Work Advance 6

Schooling for the Future 8

Famed Flat Arch 10

Canal History, Retirements 11 New Equipment for Railroad 12

Anniversaries 13

Promotions and Transfers 14

Safety 15

Shipping 16

2 December 7, 1982
The

Mad

Bats

Dr. Nathan Gale, Public Health Veterinarian, with species of fruit-eating bat with a4-inch wingspan. Two rabies-infected bats of this species recently were found near Morgan Avenue.

NOT ALL BATS on the Isthmus are

infected with rabies. But some are. Far too many, in the opinion of Canal

Zone Health Bureau authorities, for employees not to inform themselves

and their families about the potential menace these creatures may carry. "We've got to live with the threat of

this disease—rabies—just as we live with

polio and malaria and tuberculosis," a Canal health ofificial said recently.

The watchful aid of individuals is needed.

Modem medicine may do much for the person who comes down with paralytic polio, malaria, or tuberculosis. But

there is no hope for the patient who

develops rabies. Hence the Health Bureau considers it important that the alertness of two resi- dents of Morgan Avenue, Balboa,

resulted recently in the collection of two

sick bats. The Environmental Health

They Can Be A Menace

To Your Family, Pets

Perhaps not rabid, certainly not friendly.

The Panama Canal Review 3

Branch, U.S. Army, recently turned in two discovered at Fort Clayton. On

laboratory analysis, all of these bats were found to have rabies. This served to alert the Health Bureau to a flare-up of infection in the bat population. At this time, rabies in the Canal Zone is confined to bats. But

other susceptible mammals, both do- mestic and wild, could conceivably

become infected. The danger from rabid bats is both

direct and secondary. They may bite people. Or they may bite animals which

in turn bite humans.

Fortunately, bats very rarely bite dogs or cats. But if one dog does become

infected, a dog-to-dog cycle can occur with great rapidity, because dogs run about over a wide area. Canal Zone regulations require anti- rabies inoculation for all dogs every 3

years. Many Canal employees provide

the same immunization for pet cats, which need new shots every year. Another protection is the 4-month

quarantine for imported dogs and

cats. This is enforced to prevent the

introduction of infected animals from

countries in which rabies is common.

Fresh instructions, summarized on page 4, were recently explained to safety personnel whose help might be

sought by a person who sees a bat acting

as if it may be sick. Or one who fears a bat may have bitten him.

On the Isthmus, rabies was first reported in 1907, but by 1910 it had

apparently disappeared. As time went

on, one man died at Gorgas Hospital

in 1933 after a dog-bite in Peru, and

another in 1943 after having been

bitten in Nicaragua. But there was no known instance of rabies of local origin

until 1957. Then two laboratory-confirmed cases

of rabies in cattle occurred on the

Isthmus. Others were reported through

1961. Meanwhile, a bat seen behaving

abnormally on the Canal Zone was

found by the laboratory of Panama's Departamento de Salud Animal as having been rabid. A year-long survey was started in July 1960 by the Canal's Division of Veterinary Medicine.

The Veterinary Division of the Health Bureau caught or collected 4,571

bats of 35 species from 61 locations on or near the Canal Zone. Of the specimens analyzed, 43 were

positive. Two of these were fruit-bats found flapping and struggling in a densely populated area. Others were

bats which had established colonies in

(See p. 4)
At Chilibre Cave east of the Canal Zone

an automatic trapping device originated in the famous Carlsbad Caves of New Mexico was adapted for Isthmian use. It consists of a grid of piano wires strung tightly

above an automatic hopper. The detection

apparat\is of many bats flying out of the cave does not pick up the wires rapidly

enough to prevent a collision. Once a bat

hits a wire he slides down into the hopper.

TO AVOID RABIES

• Caution children not to play with bats, or permit their pets to do so. • Instruct both children and domestic employees to be on the lookout

for any bats to be seen on the ground, either dead or alive, and to report

the presence of these animals to you. • If you find a dead or sick bat, do not touch it. Using a brush, broom,

or other instrument, put bat in a firm box or glass jar and deUver it to the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Corozal, or the Northern

District Sanitation Office, Bolivar Road, Cristobal. If you cannot deUver

the specimen promptly, refrigerate it until you are able to make delivery. • If you have any reason to think you or a member of your family has

been bitten by a bat—or had any personal contact—take the individual

to the admitting office at Gorgas or Coco Solo Hospital and report

the circumstances. • Keep the inoculation of your animals up to date.

Samuel Hait of the Veterinary Division removing a bat from a hand net in one of the tunnels under the Madden Road. Wingspread dwarfs ruler.

{Continued from p. 3)

attics. Some were netted under eaves

or hanging from the under sides of palm

leaves. At Fort Clayton, a man collected one from his living room floor. Two

were caught in the radio station at Fort

Clayton, and a third found hanging on

a window screen at the PX. Other incidents underlined the bat menace.

In Fort Kobbe pool, a rabid bat bit a child. Four months later, at dusk, a woman bather was bitten. Both were

treated with anti-rabies vaccine, and

neither sufi^ered ill effects. For practical purposes, bats may be

divided into two types: (1) The free- living or solitary kind, which roost singly or in small groups under trees, palms,

or eaves, and (2) The gregarious or

"colonial" kind, which are found in

attics, sometimes in groups of several hundred. Since many of these nocturnal

creatures can squeeze through a crack

of three-eighths of an inch, such as a space between roof tiles, access is not

difiicult. Their presence is made known by

an objectionable odor, by hearing them

as they crawl across the attic floor, and

by debris that may drift through ceiling cracks from time to time. Ridding an entire area of all bats would be impossible, health men say, and perhaps not desirable. For one

thing, bats help control insects. As with other potential health

hazards, here and elsewhere, the best protection against rabies—bat-bome or otherwise—is a watchful understanding

by the general public.

Republic of Panama and Canal Zone

health authorities are constantly ex- changing information about rabies and

its spread by bats.

4 December 7, 1962
Procedures

In Adverse

Action Appeals

A PANEL of hearing examiners has

been established by Governor Fleming

for hearings on Adverse Personal

Actions. The hearing examiners are Sylvester D. Callender, C.W. Chase, Jr., Norman

B. Davison, Rubelio D. Quintero, Harry

D. Raymond, Paul Robbins, Bruce G.

Sanders, Jr., and J. Bartley Smith.

Adverse Personnel Actions procedure

is detailed in Executive Regulation No. 70, effective July 1, 1962. Actions which may be appealed are: Discharges, suspensions for more than

30 days, furloughs without pay, and

disciplinary demotions.

Here, in brief, are the procedural

steps: The employee generally will be given

at least 30 days' written notice of the proposed action and reasons for it. The employee has the right to answer,

within 10 days. An extension may be

requested to afford ample opportunity

for preparation of the answer. A hearing is scheduled if the employee desires one and makes written

request.

The hearing is to give the employee

a chance for an impartial, objective

review of his case by persons detached

from the events that led to the proposed

adverse action, and gives the employee

a chance to be heard and present

evidence.

The hearing is before a single hearing

examiner chosen by the employee, from

the panel, for each case. The hearing examiner's findings and

recommendations are used by the ofiBcial acting on the appeal in making his decision. This decision may sustain the earlier decision, modify it, or reverse it.

Notification to the employee of the appeal decision also must advise the employee of his appeal rights, if any,

to the Civil Service Commission.

Personal copies of Executive Regulation No. 70, "Procedure Governing

Adverse Personnel Action," are to go

out sometime after the first of the year.

AT CHRISTMAS TIME

V/e Share Our Cultures

# # #

AT NO SEASON does the cosmopolitan

heritage of the Crossroads of the Americas stand forth more convincingly than

at Christmas, when almost every Isth- mian home invites the blessings of the season with both a Panamanian naci- miento and a temperate-latitude Christ- mas tree—often a balsam or spruce from the northern part of the United

States or Canada.

With a fine disregard for purist; the peoples of the Isthmus ha\'eAar

generations been enthusiastic; gaged in trading customs and folkjxSys

each December along with a^JFelices Pascuas" and a "Merry Chrjstmas."

Traditionally in Pjjj^ma, December 25 is the feast day uf Bl ?"f1^ Dios. And it is not Santa Claus b;j*Tne Christ

Child who visits homes,»f^ood children

as they lie asleep^,J«^'ing toys or other

gifts at the,^b6aside. This custom is unaffected Sst^hp years of assofiatinn

just as the filling of Chrisjjnas stockings

by Santa Claus still hoJ«K for the young

children of North A«rlerican or European

parentage But thej*tf3ding and dressing of the

TO to representnflt merely the Holy I^iiiily uii J j Tfia^er, but often the town and townsf^ of Bethlehem

and its surroundijig^illages, is a custom

adopted readjly^y gringos and other newcornej»f'^any families form a per- manerl^collection ofjiblical personages, angels, and rarni/Wiimals that are treasured from yea^o year. Nor does a ]P^amanian child see anything str^^fge in going to market to help se]^<!T a spicy smelling

treerfnd then decking it cial hicli I iiiiiiiii (iiiliiirTrii ill I tinse and lights. Santa Claus himself is thought of by

the smaller fry in his usual guise of a jolly red-clad St. Nick with a white

beard. But they expect him to step out

of an airplane or a helicopter—as he

often does at military posts or in the

Interior—rather than to make his flight

by sleigh across the jungle treetops. Nor

is much said at these Crossroads about

chimneys and fireplaces, except in the few homes where an artificial red brick mantel is part of the holiday decorations. Filled stockings hang just as well on a bed frame or door. The spirit of Christmas seems to be

launched in the cities of Panama on the evening of December 7—the night before the religious feast of the Immaculate Conception. Special household

shrines of the Virgin are arranged on

balconies and in windows. Images consisting of either paintings or statuary are y^isplayed in a frame of flowers set

ofiv^j'ith brilliants and illuminated by

or special lights. The day fol- lo^mg is marked in Panama as Mothers'

Day JkkI is a national holiday.

Chrishnas trees are dressed, stockings

hung, andS^acimientos first lighted on

Christajas Evfexjyhich for many resi- dents o^^5ti»-j**«%dictions is the occasion of a imdnight church service. In Panama, afteKihis Misa de Gallo, or

cock's mass, a Rast is served for the

adults. It may be a light>siipper or a full meal, but al'i"''y ";;liiHi'''^T'r"i'°'' and

often contimjes until dawTi. An observanbBspracticed only in Pan- ama coincides witn'^ElDla de los Ino- centes (the day on whravjGng Herod

decreed the slaying of male^isf^ts )

.

Oddly perhtes;—dau2i_lii£'-«^tituries

December 28 r^s come to be the annual

day for playing^anks and tricks. It corresponds to April-fools' Day in many

lands, and here serves ro^sQund the note

for the noisy midnight welcoihe»<jLthe

New Year 3 days later. The Day of thL Tlu'ixj kuigli Twelfth

Night—is not ov^looked. Children

receive fruits, nuts, asd little gifts. In

soHie nacimientos, the Hgiires of the K ingsof~d»e.^ast are placed T&SvQn the o itskirts of lliiTTPTii (in CIh i stmas . ^ ich day the householder moves them

a little closer to the manger until on

January 6 they arrive before the Christ

Child. After Twelfth Night, most nacimientos and Christmas trees are dismantled. But by then the dried out balsam or spruce has almost surely been promised

to some neighborhood child for one

final rite—the community burning.

The Review could not learn how

these January bonfires started in Pan-

(See p. 12)

The Panama Canal Review
Dredging total for year above 4^ million cubic yards.

Year Of Progress Shapes Canal's Future

CONTINUED modernization and improvement of the Panama Canal to better serve world shipping resulted in capital expenditures for the 1962 fiscal year exceeding $16 million for the second straight year. Total capital

expenditures since reorganization on

July 1, 1951, amount to $108.1 million. The 1962 capital expenditures of approximately $16.1 million were about

$700,000 under the peak expenditures

figure established the previous year. Largest single item of capital expenditures for fiscal 1962 was $5.9 million

Locks wall, bank lighting extension continued.

toward widening of Empire Reach

within Gaillard Cut. A total of $22.8

million has been spent for channel improvement during the past few years. This improvement is expected to cost an additional $21 million before completion, which is scheduled for 1966-67. More than 4.5 million cubic yards of earth and rock were removed in fiscal 1962 canal widening work, 2,722,369

by contract and 1,788,000 on Dredging

Division projects. Maintenance dredging during die year accounted for an

additional 3,063,700 cubic yards. This

work was in Gaillard Cut, Atlantic and

Pacific entrances, Balboa harbor, Gatun

Lake, Miraflores Lake, south of Miraflores locks, and at Docks 14 and 15. Cut-widening projects from 1929

through 1962 have accounted for removal of 32,291,318 cubic yards of earth and rock and there are approximately another 14.5 million cubic yards

to be excavated on widening projects

planned from now through 1967. Dredging from 1915 through fiscal 1962 was 377,405,432 cubic yards,

with total dredging from the start of Canal construction through fiscal '62

at 663,691,560 yards. Useful French

excavation is listed at 29,908,000 and

U.S. dredging 1904 through 1915 at 256,378,128.

Other major expenditures in 1962

6 December 7, 1962
included $2.3 million on the housing

replacement program, $1.3 million for an additional electric generating plant, more than $600,000 on the central air conditioning plant for the Pacific ter- minal area, and more than $500,000 for locks towing locomotives and cranes. The quarters replacement program

capital investment was on the Pedro

Miguel, Corozal, and Los Rios projects.

The electric generating plant project

will increase the Zone's power output

capacity 39 percent. Work is in progress

at the Miraflores diesel station, where

old diesels are being removed to be

replaced bv two 11,000 kw. gas tur- bines. The new generating plant is expected to be in operation in February. For comparison, the new Miraflores

facility will have a total of 22,000 kw.

output capacity. The Madden Dam

power installation is rated at 24,000 kw.

and Gatun at 18,000 kw. There are a (See p. 12) One of three new 1J200 horsepower locomotives.

New Pedro Miguel housing development.

Miraflores electrical plant work. Base for new turbine in foregroujid.

'I'lit P.\NAMA Canal Review

Aston M. Parchment is principal of the Paraiso Elementary School. All his teaching career, since 1929, has been

with the Canal Zone schools, He was graduated first in

his class at Xavier University in New Orleans in 1959, with the degree of bachelor of science in secondary education in the field of physical education. He is a son of John Parchment, one of the pioneers in the Canal Zone

school system, and former teacher and principal of the Camboa school.

Mrs. Ethlin L. Fawcett, who has been with the Canal Zone school system since 1944, has charge of orientation of new teachers at the Pedro Miguel Elementary School. She was graduated from the Normal School at La Boca

and has been a teacher in the schools at Gatim, Red

Tank, La Boca, and Paraiso. Mrs. Fawcett is the

senior member of the Pedro Miguel Elementary School

teaching staff.

Grafton Conliffe is principal of the Santa Cruz Elementary School. He was graduated from the Canal Zone

junior College, La Boca Extension in 1952 and has been

teaching for 10 years. He taught schools in Red Tank,

Catun, and La Boca before being transferred to Santa Cruz in 1957. He obtained a bachelor of science degree, with specialization in education, at the University of Nebraska in 1961 and has summer school credits from

the University of Panama. He plans to go to the United

States next year to obtain a master's degree in education.

A newcomer on the teaching staff at the Paraiso Elementary School is Miss Alicia Sdenz, who is from Pocri, Aguadulce, and a graduate of the Juan Dem6stenes

Arosemena Normal School in Santiago, Veraguas. She

started teaching the first grade of this Canal Zone Latin American school in May 1962 after having taught in Santiago, Focri, and Panama. She was graduated from

the University of Panama in I960 as professor of pedagogy and is delighted with her new work in Paraiso.

Mi^

Miss Myrtle Mulcare, teacher in the Santa Cruz Elementary school, has been teaching 27 years in the Canal Zone

school system. She was graduated in Jamaica in 1926 and studied in education courses at the University of Panama, later obtaining a bachelor of science degree, with specialization in education, from the University of Nebraska. From 1950 to 1952 she was a member of the Panama National Conservatory Orchestra, playing violin. Before coming to Santa Cruz, she tau^t schools in Catun and La Boca. She plans to go to Nebraska next

year to obtain a master's degree in education.

Alfredo Cragwell, principal of the Rainbow City Junior- Senior High School, is a graduate of the National Institute of Panama City in the class of 1932. He received a degree

in economic science, with specialization in commerce, at the University of Panama in 1953. He was supervisor in the Panama Tourist Department in 1946. From 1948 to 1952 he was first alternate Assemblyman and from 1952

to 1956 Assemblyman in the Panama Nationaj Assembly. He was a music teacher in Catun and then studied Admmistration and Direction of Schools at New York

University. His father, Clarence Cragwell, was a teacher

for 45 years in the Canal Zone schools.

t^:r •"'"""'ysii"

»

f

A new game, a combinatt>i pf baseball and football, is being played by a groupnjtiie school playground- In

this game the pitcher toss; fee ball, the "batter kicl«

it as in football and the aies are run as in baseball.

.if

LATIN AMERICAN SCHOOLS:

GEARED TO CHILDREN'S FUTURE

CANAL ZONE Latin American schools

stress an educational orientation to the

students' native country of Panama, in a program designed to prepare the Pan- amanian students in the Canal Zone

for their eventual assumption of the

obligations of Panamanian citizenship.

Since 1956, when a committee of prominent Panamanian educators eval- uated the educational system in the Canal Zone Latin American schools, the programs in these schools have coin- cided with those of Panama, with the

objective that a student in any Canal Zone Latin American school may enter any Panamanian school in the same

grade and academic level. Instruction is entirely in Spanish, with the English language only a subject in the

curriculum.

Teachers and Panamanian professors, with university degrees obtained at the

University of Panama and at universities

in other countries, principally in the United States, teach in the Canal Zone

Latin American schools and are selected

according to their teaching credits. The Ministry of Education of Pan- ama collaborates with the Canal Zone

Division of Schools in establishing the

scholastic program in the schools.

Enrollment in the Canal Zone Latin American schools is 3,886, divided as

follows: Rainbow City, 1,716; Paraiso,

1,464; Santa Cruz, 617; and Pedro

Miguel, 89. The teaching staff in the Canal Zone

Latin American schools totals 154. Of

this number, 67 teach in the Rainbow

City schools; 59 in Paraiso; 22 in Santa

Cruz, and 6 at Pedro Miguel. The si.x

school principals also are Panamanians. One is assigned to each of the primary

(Sec p. 10)

Carlos A. Vaz, Jr., of Colon is acting principal at Paraiso High School. He was graduated from Abel Bravo High

School in Colon in 1950; from the University of Panama

in 1955; and from the University of Denver, Colo., in 1960 with a master's degree in secondary education. In 1960 he began teaching in the Canal Zone as Spanish

instructor in the Latin American Schools on the Pacific side of the Isthmus. He was a member o( the Paraiso School staff and then acting principal at Rainbow City High School. Prior to teaching m the Canal Zone, be was

a professor at Justo Arosemena Institute in Panama

City from 1956 to 1958.

Mrs. Tbelma Cordoba de Quintero, who comes from Los Santos, teaches chemistry and physics at Paraiso High

School. She was graduated in 1951 with a bachelor of science degree from the Panama National University and

in 1957 was graduated from Panama University as a

professor of biology and chemistry. She taught in the

Professional School, the Liceo de Seiioritas, and at Juan Demostenes Arosemena Normal School before joining the Canal Zone teaching stafi. Since 1959 she has been

teaching in Paraiso. This year she participated as an

invited guest in a teachers program at Orchard Park,

Buffalo, N.Y.

Mrs. Soledad de Epifanio has been teaching Spanish at Rainbow City High School for only 4 months. She was

graduated from Juan Demostenes Arosemena Normal

School, Santiago, Veraguas, obtained a degree in Spanish

at the University of Panama, and her doctor's degree in romantic languages at the University of Madrid, Spain. She has tau^t at Las Tablas, at the Maria Inmaculada

International School, at the Panama National Institute, and in Chilibre, Bocas del Toro, and La Chorrera.

William Wilkie is principal of the Rainbow City Elementary School. He was graduated in 1929 from the Kingston, Jamaica, High School and began teaching at Rambow

City the same year. In 1946 he was promoted to principal

of the school. He is retiring at the close of the present

school year.

'4

Miss Violet Bingham, first grade teacher m the Rauibow

City Elementary School for 36 continuous years, wil

retire from teaching at the close of the present school

year. She is a graduate teacher of Jamaica and began her

teaching carreer on the Isthmus in 1921 at San Josi School in Colon. In 1926 she joined the teachmg staff at Rainbow City and has taught there ever smce.

Miss Ana Bennett is the acting principal at the Pedro mSicI Elementary School. She was graduated from the La^La Normal School, the University of P«""»»-

"^.^^ the University of Michigan, where she received » masters

degree in English literature. She has taught school m

El^Bocl the Panama Professional School, *« J"n^

College at Bocas del Toro, Chitre High School, La Sera Junior College, Rainbow City, and Paraiso.

December 7, 1962 The Panama Canal Review 9
Front of ruins of church, showing portion

of flat arch through doorway.

Schools For Children's Future

{Continued from p. 9)

schools at Rainbow City, Paraiso, Pedro

Miguel, and Santa Cruz and the sec- ondary schools at Rainbow City and

Paraiso. The schools at Paraiso, Rainbow City,

and Santa Cruz each have a library,

where the students do their research. The teaching staff stresses participation by pupils in Panamanian cultural

affairs, such as Book Week, which has been observed with considerable enthu- siasm in the Latin American student body in the Zone. For the recreation programs, there are gymnasiums in Rainbow City, Santa

Cruz, and Paraiso; a stadium at Mount

Hope, with lighting facilities for night

games; playgrounds at the three school

centers; swimming pools at Rainbow

City and Paraiso, and two tennis courts, one at Santa Cruz and the other at Paraiso. The sports program, similar to that

in the Panama schools, stresses the for- mative-gymnastic and recreation-sports

aspects of sports. The students practice volleyball,

basketball, football, baseball, softball,

all types of athletics, swimming, tennis,

and weight-lifting. There's also a folklore program, with

typical Panamanian dances taught the

pupils and each school has its own

folldore group under the direction of physical education teachers.

Famed flat arch ui ruins of Church of Santo Domingo

IN RUINS OF CHURCH

Arch Spans Centuries

THE FACT THAT the flat arch in the

ruins of the Church of Santo Domingo

has stood for 3 centuries without support is said to have had a part in the

decision to build the interocean canal

in Panama.

Continued sturdiness of the arch

reportedly led engineers to believe Panama to be less subject to earthquakes

than Nicaragua, which had been subjected to periodic seismic tremors. Legend says that the Catholic friar in charge of construction of the arch stood under it when it went up for the third

time. It had collapsed on two previous

occasions. The third time it stayed up, the legend says, asserting that his faith had held the "impossible arch" up. But

not before it had sagged slightly, which

made it a "flat" arch. It had been

designed as a regular keystone arch. Santo Domingo, originally the most

splendid religious temple in the rebuilt

city, was destroyed by fire in 1761. The

ruins are on Third Street at Avenue A.

The City of Panama was founded

August 15, 1519. It was sacked by

Morgan and his pirates January 28,

1671, and rebuilt, the ceremony marking its rebuilding being held January 21, 1673. The city abounds in relics of

colonial days.

On Cathedral Plaza at the beginning

of Central Avenue is the new Cathedral. Construction began in 1688 and it was

finished in 1796. Its bells were brought

over from the ruined Cathedral of Old

Panama. It is said that when the Spanish

queen visited Badajoz, Spain, upon

being told that they were casting the

bells for use in the capital of the Kingdom of Tierra Firme (Panama), "threw

her Royal finery of purest castilian gold

into the melting pot, there to mix with

the bronze."

In San Jose Church at Eighth Street and Avenue A is the renowned Golden

Altar, saved from the greed of Morgan's

pirates and transferred to its present

site unharmed.

10 December 7„ 1962
CANAL HISTORY

50 ^eari G4go

GATUN LAKE'S commercial value

already has been established, although

surface level still is 31 feet below its

final height. A man from Gatun has

fitted out a large launch for sightseeing

parties; the lighthouse service uses the

lake in construction work; launches and

canoes, some rigged with sails, already

are making venturesome trips. Natives from far back in the bush

are bringing their products to market

in cayucos that, instead of following

the old river courses, are gliding over

fields that were cultivated only a few

months ago. Strangers to the Canal work do not understand why the trees have not been

cut in the area (164 square miles)

which the lake covers. To clear this would require an expenditure of about

$2 million. The ship channel and the

great anchorage basin at Gatun have

been cleared. Erecting of Lock gates is progressing,

with work under way on all but 4 of the 40 leaves at Pedro Miguel and on

12 of those at Miraflores. There are 92 leaves to the 46 gates on all of the Canal Locks, and work is advancing on 70 of these. Reaming of rivet holes for 5,750,000 rivets, and driving the rivets, will be required before the work is completed.

25 yieari <^90

WITH 1,581,400 PASSENGERS and

316,107 vehicles carried, the Thatcher

Ferry broke all previous records during

the past fiscal year. Two men were under arrest for cutting down more than 3,000 feet of telegraph wires, weighing about 250

pounds, for sale as scrap. Part of the copper wire had been melted into

ingots. Telegraph service into the

Interior was disrupted.

A norther moved in from the Caribbean bringing 6% inches of rain within

24 hours and 36 mile gales. The downpour sent the Chagres River on a rampage, pushing Gatun Lake level to 85.8 feet. Ten of the 14 spillway gates were opened as waters rose. Six south- bound ships were unable to transit and

19 ships were at piers with more to come.

iO yiearJ c^fffo WORK IS RAPIDLY nearing completion on construction of 56 family quarters in Ancon which comprise the largest

single construction project of the year. The Housing Division announced that assignments to the 16 houses slated

for early completion were made from

approximately 250 applications.

The last load of coal to be sold at the Cristobal Coaling Plant was loaded

to stoke the boilers of the SS Arraiz,

which is en route from Chile to Santander, Spain, with a load of nitrate and

copper. It was planned 2 years ago that the coaling plant would be closed at the end of 1951, but sale of bunker coal

to ships has been so sporadic that it has

required almost an extra year to sell the stock remaining.

Individual dial telephones will be

used at the Motor Transportation Division garage in Ancon instead of switchboard telephones, beginning next week.

One year c4^o

THE FIRST THREE of the Panama

Canal's new streamlined towing loco- motives have been loaded aboard the American Export Line freighter Pioneer

Myth in Yokohama for delivery to the Canal Zone in January. The 55-ton mules were loaded with the ship's own

boom and will be unloaded at Gatun

by the same method.

Francis Cardinal Spellman, military

vicar for the Catholic personnel of the Armed Forces of the United States and Archbishop of New York, visited military patients at Gorgas Hospital

during a 2-day stay on the Isthmus. Bids were opened on construction of

a central chilled water air-conditioning

system in the Pacific Terminal area.

"This is the first major step in a long range plan to provide air conditioning to the Canal's public buildings by means

of a single-pipe loop system through

which water will be pumped from a

central plant.

RETIREMENTS

RETIREMENT certificates were pre- sented at the end of October to the employees listed below, with their positions at time of retirement and years of Canal service: Juan Aguilar, Stevedore, Terminals Division; 12 years, 8 months.

Juvenal Arias C, Stevedore, Terminals

Division; 16 years, II months, 25 days. Francis J. Aurelien, Storekeeping Clerk,

Coco Solo Hospital; 37 years, 5 months,

16 days. Clarence Belgrave, Supervisory Cargo

Checker, Terminals Division; 46 years, 21 days.

Walpert J. Bernard, Storekeeping Clerk, Supply Division; 46 years, 4 months,

21 days.

David Burkett, Oiler, Electrical Division; 38 years, 10 months, 11 days. Rixford U. Chase, General Medical Technician, Gamboa Medical Clinic; 38 years, 2 days.

Elden W. Coffey, Leader Lock Operator, Locks Division; 21 years, 2 months, 5 days.

Edgar F. Drayton, Labor Leader, Supply

Division; 45 years, 1 month, 18 days. Adolfo Esquivel, Oiler, Navigation Division; 25 years, 4 months, 15 days.

Harold M. Fraser, Central Office Repair- man, Electrical Division; 37 years, 7

months, 15 days.

Sotero Fuentes C, Boatman, Locks Division; 18 years, 1 month, 8 days.

Malcolm I. Gatheral, Chief Engineer, SS

Cristobal; 20 years, 5 months, 28 days.

Harold T. Cordon, Stevedore, Terminals

Division; 25 years, 9 months, 12 days. Mrs. Helen F. Heim, Cargo Claims Clerk, Terminals Division; 32 years, 11 months,

20 days. Oscar Johnson, General Foreman Lock

Operator, Locks Division; 21 years, 10 months, 26 days.

Fitz N. Jordan, Maintenancemen, Maintenance Division; 44 years, 7 months, 26 days.

Eugene F. Kleasner, General Foreman,

Lock Operations, Locks Division; 26

years, 3 months, 4 days. Mrs. Julia Loupadiere, Nursing Assistant, Gorgas Hospital; 18 years, 8 months,

7 days.

Samuel A. Muir, Laborer Cleaner, Printing

Plant; 37 years, 2 months, 9 days. Jose A. Pimentel, Oiler, Navigation Division; 35 years, 8 months, 23 days. Wallace E. Rushing, Lock Operator Electrician, Locks Division; 18 years, H

months, 1 day. Alberto C. Smith, Utility Worker, Supply

Division; 25 years, 1 month, 9 days. Miss Helen M. Starr, Elementary School

Principal, Schools E>ivision; 28 years,

1 month, 11 days.

Edward C. Wilson, Carpenter, Maintenance Division; 35 years, 2 months,

1 day.

Thf Panama Canal Review 11
Sleek new refrigerator car dwarfs earlier style. Movable doors can compartmentalize interior. New Rolling Refrigerators'

Capacityj^ ^^Endurance^' Up

THE PANAMA RAILROAD has some new rolling stock that's "real cool"—two

refrigerator cars, or "reefers," as they're

known to railroaders. The cars' capacity of 3,305 cubic feet

is almost three times that of the cars already in use and they have four times

as much diesel fuel capacity (400

gallons ) for the mechanical refrigeraton

units. That means they can operate

safely up to 160 hours on a single fueling

and there'll be less "down time" for servicing and maintenance.

They're steel construction, higher and

longer than the older cars and have

aluminum inner doors and aluminum

floor gratings. Their capacity is listed at

136,000 pounds and their rated load hmit is 137,700 pounds.

The aluminum inner doors can be

placed flat against the walls or used to make as many as three separate compartments which can be loaded or unloaded separately without affecting

temperature level in other compartments. Platform level outer doors also mean easier loading.

The cars are equipped with Timken

roller bearing trucks, which will make

possible less frequent inspection and

will eliminate "hot boxes." The cars were manufactured by Pacific Car &

Foundry Co., Renton, Wash.

Cultures Shared

(Continued from p. 5)

ama, but the practice seems to have come directly from the northern countries of Europe. It is known in the United States only in recent years. Legend has it that the origin dates back

to the pre-Christian era when, during

the dark afternoons following the winter

solstice, the ancient Huns lighted bonfires as a hopeful portent of spring.

Whatever their origin. Isthmians like the burnings, where youngsters dart about and parents keep a watchful eye. Food is often served, something like wieners or snacks—but never the fruit- cake and eggnog of the holidays to which the bonfire puts an honest-to- goodness end.

Huge Stone Figures

Discovered in Caves

AMONG IMPORTANT historical and

archeological objects of Panama to be

found in the National Museum (Ave.

Cuba) beside numerous gold ornaments and colorful ceramics, are huge stone carved figures discovered in the caves

of Barriles, Chiriqui Province, as well

as many household utensils and artifacts which date from pre-Colombian days.

Maya, Chibcha, and Carib aboriginal

cultures left their imprint, in successive waves, upon the Isthmus. Samples of these indigenous groups' skills still are being dug from "huacas" or burial grounds throughout the Provinces of Code, Chiriqui, and Veraguas.

Year Of Progress

{Continued from p. 7)

number of 2,000 kw. generating diesel

units. As improvements to the watei"way

continued. Marine Bureau ofiicials were

able to report that during the past year

it was possible to cut the average time

a transiting ship spends in Canal Zone

waters by a full hour. It is now 15.5 hours versus 16.5 the previous year. This represents a possible saving of

$.50 to $100 an hour in vessel operating

costs. Panama Canal capital outlay for

transit operations projects included, as major items, more than $200,000 each on the marine traffic control system, new

launches and launch engine replacement, and more than $300,000 for locks track conversion and other track work

in connection with the new towing

locomotives.

In addition to the major Empire

Reach channel project, smaller capital

outlays were also listed for Paraiso and

Las Cascadas-Bas Obispo widening

work and extensions of locks wall lighting. Replacement of Dock 14 at Cris- tobal was the main item in maritime

services projects and construction of a community center at Rainbow City

accounted for more than $200,000

capital outlay.

Replacement of Panama Railroad

rolling stock and replacement of the trans-Isthmian telephone cable from

Gatun to Gamboa made up nearly

$400,000 of the capital expenditures for transportation and utilities services

projects.

Also spent in 1962 was $10,806,000

toward the $20 million cost of the Thatcher Ferry Bridge. This expenditure was from funds appropriated by

the U.S. Congress for the bridge project.

12 December 7, 1962
ANNIVERSARIES

(On th* basis of total Federal Service)

ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH

Aubrey L. Reid

Hand Cmatk

ENGlf

CONSTRUCTK

Roland E. Willi; Distribution Syste; Maintenanceman

Joseph C. Noble

Maintena. Joseph C. Sair

Maintenan^

Naphtali W. McLean

Paver

MARINE BUREAU

Cecil O. Brooks

n Iiffor3T4^odney

CE OF

PTROLLER

D COMMUNITY

ICE BUREAU

Gamuel E. Brathwaite Maintenanceman

ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH

Marie T. Lindh

Clerical Assistant CIVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU

Charles S. Smith

Police Lieutenant Walter H. Alves, Jr. Police Sergeant

Lewis W. Barker

Police Sergeant

Charles C. Fears

Police Sergeant

Elmer W. Bierbaum

Police Private Richard K. Soyster

Police Private Darwin E. Grier Finance Branch

Superintendent

Rochelle H. Head

Stenographer

Robert A. Wainio Customs Inspector

ENGINEERING AND

CONSTRUCTION BUREAU

Roger E. Hamor

Water System Controlman

Augustus Gayle

Dstribution Systems

Maintenanceman

Julian Julio Crane Hookman

Andrew D. Desousa Toolroom Attendant

Joaquin P. Cossani

Navigational Aid Worker

Aureliano Bejarano

Heavy Laborer HEALTH BUREAU

Domingo Quiiiones

Heavy-Pest Control Laborer Ramon G. Madrigal

Hospital Laborer Roy R. Clarke

Clerk

S. Carballo Heavy-Pest Control Laborer Aubrey Batson

Hospital Laborer Hector Henningham

Heavy-Pest Control Laborer

MARINE BUREAU

Arthur J. O'Donnell

Lead Foreman Locks

Control House

Beresford F. Baxter Marine Traffic Clerk

Eliseo Lemos

Seaman

Garfield A. Yarde

Deckhand

William T. O'Connor

General Foreman Docking

and Undocking

Reynold Yearwood

Helper Lock Operator

Maximino Herrera Boatman Wilmut A. Clare Deckhand

elisario Ramos

Eckhand

Painter, Maintenance

Carlos E. Ortega

Seaman

Urelmo Martinez

Deckhand

Antonio E. Cardoze

Linehandler

Marcial A. Barcenas

Floating Plant Oiler Clarence A. Butcher Deckhand

Charles W. Hammond

Lead Foreman Painter

Leslie R. Loga

Towboat or Ferry Master John Van Der Heyden

Shipwright

Odilio F. Gordon

Line Handler

SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY

SERVICE BUREAU

Ramon Flores Leader Laborer Cleaner Alonso Lopez

Sales Clerk

Clotilde Gonzalez Meat Packager

Gladys V. Ramage

Sales Clerk Adina Fargurson

Cook

Nettie C. Howell

Pantryman

Franklin M. Reece Meat Cutter

Cristina P. Samuels

Sales Section Head

Ricaurte Arosemena Heavy Laborer Maximo Gutierrez Warehouseman

Helen Cecily Cabey

Sales Clerk Alexandrina John

Laborer Cleaner Simon Cortes Warehouseman

Eduvigis Rangel

Grounds Maintenance

Equipment Operator

Fermin Maroto Grounds Maintenance

Equipment Operator

TRANSPORTATION AND

TERMINALS BUREAU

Edgar A. Hodgson

Leader Heavy Laborer

Gilberto Carranza Truck Driver Aubrey Judge

Leader Heavy Laborer James J. Belcourt Lead Foreman, Railroad Yards

F. R. Hollowell Automotive Machinist Bernardo C. Polanco Automotive Equipment

Serviceman

Edward Allen Truck Driver Evielyn E. Collins Water Service Man

The Panama Canal Review 13
PROMOTIONS AND TRANSFERS

October 5 through November 5

EMPLOYEES promoted or transferred between October 5 and November 5 are

listed here. Within-grade promotions

and job reclassifications are not listed: ADMINISTRATIVE BRANCH

Edna A. Kovel, Clerk-Typist, to Printing Clerk (Typing). Ernesto A. Harrison, Utility Worker,

Supply Division, to Messenger.

Cirilo Alexander, Duplicating Unit Supervisor, Printing Plant, Balboa, to Bindery

and Finish Worker, Printing Plant, Mount Hope.

CrVIL AFFAIRS BUREAU

Daniel L. Jenkins, Recreation Assistant

(Sports), Division of Schools, to Police

Private, Police Division.

Fire Division Enoch L. Hooper, Fire Sergeant, to Fire Lieutenant. Hugh D. Hale, Fire Sergeant, Class 3 to Fire Sergeant, Class 4.

Postal Division Carl W. Hoffmeyer, Distribution Clerk,

to Clerk, Mail Handling Unit. Robert J. Balcer, Window Clerk, to Clerkin-Charge, Window Services. Division of Schools Josephine A. Morris, Substitute Teacher,

to Elementary and Secondary School

Teacher.

Leticia C. Mendez, Substitute Teacher,

U.S. Schools (Spanish), to Elementary

and Secondary School Teacher. Yolanda V. Kelson, Substitute Teacher,

Latin American Schools, to Elementary

Teacher, Latin American Schools. ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION

BUREAU

Hubert B. Pryor, Construction Inspector

(General) to Supervisory Construction

Inspector (General), Contract and In- spection Division. Eustaquio Herrera, Laborer (Cleaner) to Surveying Aid, Engineering Division. Dredging Division James E. Hayden, James M. Walsh, Master, Towboat or Ferry, from Navigation

Division. James N. Duffus, Charles R. Gibson, Electrician, to Leader Electrician (Lineman).

Howard Green, Leader Navigational Aid

Maintenanceman, to Leader Mainte- nanceman (Distribution Systems).

Joseph B. Atkinson, Pablo G. Romero,

Lascelle F. Williams, Navigational Aid

Maintenanceman, to Maintenanceman

(Distribution Systems). Nathaniel Brown, Leonard W. McBean,

George Murray, Hubert Tilley, Israel Watkins, Navigational Aid Worker, to Maintenanceman (Distribution Systems). Luis G. Fields, Leader (General), to Leader Maintenanceman (Distribution Systems). Walter N. Babb, Vivian L. Osavio, from

Navigational Aid Worker, to Navigational Aid Maintenanceman.

Miguel A. Garcia, Rub^n E. Sandoval,

Oiler (Floating Plant), from Navigation

Division. Pedro Osses, Helper (General), to Fireman

(Floating Plant). Joseph N. James, Ramp Operator, Navigation Division, to Helper (General).

Ulysis Jordan, Laborer (Cleaner), Community Services Division, to Mess

Attendant.

Electrical Division Robert C. Stanley, Senior Operator (Generating Station) to Power System Dispatcher.

George A. Folger, Leader Electrician (Lineman) to Foreman (Transmission

Lines). Bruce M. Morrow, Lock Operator (Machinist) Locks Division, to Shift Engineer

(Mechanical).

Evelyn G. Faulkner, Order Filler, Philatelic, Substitute, Postal Division, to Accounting Clerk. Roy A. Dudley, Helper Machinist (Marine),

Industrial Division, to Helper Machinist

(Maintenance).

Isidoro C. Fagout, Dock Worker, Terminals Division, to Helper Machinist

(Maintenance). James A. Scantlebury, Utility Worker,

Supply Division, to Laborer (Cleaner). Maintenance Division Dorothy D. Douglas, Clerk-Stenographer,

Industrial Division, to Supervisory Clerical Assistant. Henry E. May, Machinist (Marine), Industrial Division, to Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Mechanic.

Sylvester Rouse, Leader Maintenanceman,

Supply Division, to Maintenanceman.

Jaime L. Martinez, Truck Driver (Heavy),

from Motor Transportation Division. TomAs E. Obeso, Helper (General), Industrial Division, to Electrical Equipment

Repairman.

Jos^ E. Ovalle, Laborer (Heavy), from

Locks Division. HEALTH BUREAU

Lucila G. Rivera, Staff Nurse, to Staff Nurse (Medicine and Surgery), Coco Solo

Hospital.

Gorgas Hospital

Shirley C. Havasi, Jane E. Pauk, Stall Nurse, to Staff Nurse (Medicine and

Surgery).

Henry V. Ross, Medical Equipment Repair- man, to Inspector (Hospital Medical

Equipment).

Raimundo Vergara, Hospital Attendant, to Ward Service Aid. MARINE BUREAU

Navigation Division Drummond McNaughfon, Master, Towboat

or Ferry (Pilot Trainee), to Pilot-in- Training.

Edgar R. McCollin, Heavy Laborer, to Launch Seaman.

Gerardo Davidson, Heavy Laborer, Maintenance Division, to Deckhand.

Manuel S. Ponce, Leader Heavy Laborer,

to Leader Maintenanceman.

Locks Division Arthur J. O'Donnell, Lead Foreman (Locks

Control House), to General Foreman

(Lock Operations).

Clifford S. Asbury, Lead Foreman (Lock

Operations), to General Foreman (Lock

Operations). Albert B. Abreu, Arnold W. Jackson,

Leader Lock Operator (Electrician), to Lead Foreman (Locks Control House).

Robert J. Blair, Lock Operator (Electrician), to Leader Lock Operator (Electrician). James J. Boughner, Joseph A. Plaisance,

William R. Ward, Electrician, to Lock

Operator (Electrician). James A. Jones, Painter, to Leader Painter. William Hall, Leader Carpenter (Maintenance), to Leader Carpenter. Arturo G. Lopez, Carpenter, to Leader

Carpenter. Raul Calderon, Helper Lock Operator, to Carpenter (Maintenance).

Camilo Polanco, Helper Lock Operator, to Truck Driver. Leonardo A. Illueca, Vernon R. Peart, Helper Lock Operator, to Painter (Maintenance). Luis Rosero, Floating Plant Oiler, Dredging Division, to Line Handler.

Perfecto Conis, David A. Taylor, Estanislao Urriola, Jr., Seaman, Dredging Division, to Line Handler. Gerardo Gill, Launch Seaman, Dredging

Division, to Line Handler.

Luis A. Gutierrez, Theodore McEntosh,

Gilbert W. McZeno, Clifford E. Prescott, Felipe Smith, Line Handler, to Helper

Lock Operator. Walter E. Kellman, Heavy Laborer, Rail- road Division, to Line Handler.

Industrial Division Harry E. Townsend, General Foreman Machinist (Marine), to Chief Foreman

Machinist (Marine). Carlos Grenard, Package Boy, Supply

Division, to General Helper.

OFFICE OF THE COMPTROLLER

John B. Morton, Jr., Accountant, Accounting Division, to Accounting Policies and

Procedures Staff. Accounting Division George T. Damall, Jr., General Engineer

(Estimates), Engineering Division, to Valuation Engineer (General). Helen A. Adams, Clerk-Stenographer, Administrative Branch, to Accounting Technician. Dora W. Ung, Sales Clerk, Supply Division, to Accounting Technician. SUPPLY AND COMMUNITY SERVICE

BUREAU

Supply Division

Florence M. Bums, Accounting Clerk, to Accounting Assistant. Mauricio J. Lovell, Clerk-Typist, to Supply

Clerk (Sales; Typing).

Samuel D. Toppin, Leader Maintenance- man, from Navigation Division. Jorge T. Viisquez, Laborer, Dredging Divi-

.sion, to Laborer (Cleaner). Community Services Division Arthur C. Payne, Housing Project Assistant

(Assistant Manager, Cristobal Housing

Office), to Administrative Services Assistant. Nelson Marquinez, Laborer, from Dredging Division. Marcelino Urena, Laborer, to Heavy

Laborer.

14 December 7, 1962
TRANSPORTATION AND TERMINALS

BUREAU

Augustus Lemon, Truck Driver, to Heavy

Truck Driver, Motor Transportation

Division. Nicolas E. Calderon, Laborer, to Helper

Carman (Wood and Steel), Railroad

Division. Terminals Division Jan Mirrop, Leader Liquid Fuels Wharfman, to Liquid Fuels Dispatcher. Alburt Watson, Winchman, to Leader

Stevedore (Ship). Leonardo Velarde, Dock Worker, to Stevedore. Marcus Aird, Edward J. Atherton, Cargo

Clerk, to Cargo Control Clerk. John R. Bumham, Package Boy, Supply

Division, to Cargo Marker.

Felix Rios, Laborer, Dredging Division,

to Cargo Marker.

Jose Sosa, Milker, Supply Division, to Dock

Worker. OTHER PROMOTIONS which did not

involve changes of title: Joseph L. Hickey, General Engineer, Industrial Division. Herbert A. Greene, Jr., Admeasurer, Navigation Division. George H. Moore, Time, Leave, and Payroll Clerk, Accounting Division. Robert G. Orvis, Marine Traffic Controller, Navigation Division. Juan J. Saint Malo, Cartographic Compilation Aid, Engineering Division. Mario Pezzoti, Service Center Supervisor,

Supply Division. Luis E. De Leon, Bookkeeping Machine

Operator, OflBce of the Comptroller.

Jorge Hernandez, Surveying Aid, Engineering Division.

Tankers* Size

Has Doubled

OCEAN TANKERS' average size doubled in a period of 10 years. This is because unit cost of tanker transportation (both building and operating costs) tends to decrease as size of the vessel increases-up to a point. For example,

cost of carrying crude oil from the Caribbean to Western Europe is cut approximately in half if 47,000-ton

supertankers are used instead of the 16,600-ton T-2 tankers of wartime

fame. Above about 70,000 tons incentive to build larger ships levels off, as potential economies are smaller. And,

of course, the larger the vessel, the fewer the ports open to her. Lloyd's Register of Shipping now lists 11 tankers with beams of 116% feet or more, ranging up to 133 feet 5 inches. Panama Canal lock chamber width is 110 feet. Length of these super-tankers ranges up to nearly 950 feet and deadweight tonnage up to 104,520 tons.

SAFETY

For, Against

. . or Neutral?

IS SAFETY a waste of time? organized Safety over the past 50 years What, if anything, has an organized —years in which there were fantastic safety effort really accomplished in '"creases in automobile tra\el, factory

improving the American way of life? Production, population, and home

' ownership.

These are quesHons which might well Tra^c-Despite fantastic increases in be asked by the Amencan public after travel, death rates have come steadily

having taken a stand /or, and Mipported, down.

Miles Death

Vehicles Traveled Death Rate' 1921 1 million 550 billion 13,900 25

1946 34 million 341 billion 33,411 10

1961 76 million 735 billion 38,000 5

' Deaths per 100 million miles traveled. Home-In 1912 there were 21 million Despite this, accidental work deaths homes, and an estimated 26,000 to decreased from an estimated 18,000-

28,000 persons were killed in home 20,000 to 13,000, and the death' rate accidents. per 100,000 population d.opped from

By 1961, the number of homes had 21 to 7. more than doubled, to 54 million, but From these brief statistics can be

accidental deaths still totaled only drawn a number of conclusions as to 26,500 and the death rate was lowered what benefits have resulted from safet\'. 46 percent (from 28 per 100,000 to But probably the most thought-provok15 per 100,000). ing fact embodied in these statistics is Pi/bZic-Despite a population increase that there are literally hundreds of

of nearly 100 percent since 1912, and an thousands of men, women, and children "explosion" in many forms of recrea- alive today, making valuable contribution, accidental deaths in public places tions to oiir national effort, to society,

decreased almost 50 percent by 1961 and to American home life who would

(from an estimated 28,000-30,000 down not even ha\e been bom if their parents

to 16,500), as the death rate decreased had allowed themselves to become acci- 50 percent from 30 percent per 100,000 dent statistics during the past 50 years,

to 9 percent per 100,000. It is not at all unlikely that you and I are Work—The work force not only among that fortunate group. If we are, doubled from 1912 to 1961, but it so are our children and, in turn, so will produced four times as much goods. their children be who are to come.

,—ACCIDENTS'

THIS MONTH

AND

THIS YEAR

OCTOBER

ALL UNITS

YEAR TO DATE

C2

234

'•I 261

2451 3049(6991

•2

7

••1

11 103 111(4)

/
SHIPPING

Ships' Names Match

Theme of Christmas

CHRISTMAS ARRIVALS in the Canal

couldn't have been more appropriate if they had been planned. The Northern

Star, a 1,400 passenger liner in roundthe-world service, will arrive at Balboa

December 23 and will transit December 24. The SS Jerusalem will berth

in Cristobal after the Northern Star

transits. Christmas time will mark the second

time the Northern Star visits the Canal. The new Shaw, Savill liner came here on her maiden voyage September 12. The Northern Star carries no cargo. The

liner is completely air-conditioned and

is equipped with closed-circuit tele- vision in the public rooms. En route to the Panama Canal, the Northern Star

will round the Cape at South Africa,

and will have visited Australia and NewZealand, said W. Andrews & Co., local agents for the liner. The SS Jerusalem of the Tjm Lines

will visit Cristobal December 26 on a 13-day Christmas-New Year cruise of seven Caribbean ports. The fully air- conditioned liner, which will sail from

the Port of Miami, carries 350 pasTRANSITS BY OCEAN-GOING

VESSELS IN OCTOBER

laes 1961 Commercial 882 935

U.S. Government 17 20

Free 9 2

Total 908 957

TOLLS

Commercial $4,412,721 $4,647,565

U.S. Government 56,964 82,336

Total $4,469,685 $4,729,900

CARGO"

Commercial 4,890,308 5,284,258

U.S. Government 19,973 65,050 Free 51,676 3,901

Total 4,961,957 5,353,209

•Includes tolls on all vessels, ocean-going and small.

"* Cargo figures are in long tons.

sengers. The ship has an outdoor pool, a movie theater, a duty-free shopping

center, two dance orchestras, and live entertainment. Ninety-five percent of the cabins are outside ones. The SS Jerusalem is to dock at 7 a.m. December 26 and will depart at 4 p.m.

that day, according to word received by

the United Fruit Co., the local agents.

An expected Christmas Eve arrival will be the Zeider Kruis, on a round-the

world cruise. Another arrival close to Christmas will be the Moore-McCormack line SS Argentina, due to arrive

at Cristobal December 27 at 8 a.m. The State of Maine, the Maine Maritime Academy's schoolship, commanded

by Capt. A. F. Coffin, is due to visit Cristobal and Balboa January 25 to January 28. The State of Maine, prior

to entering a sea career as a schoolship, was the former Panama Line SS Ancon. The SS Elizabethport, a new 630-foot jumbo container ship operated by Sea- Land Service, Inc., whose route took

her through the Panama Canal on a voyage from Newark, N.J., to Long

Beach and Oakland, Calif., inaugurated

the first intercoastal container ship trade and the United States' most revolutionary freight lift (truck-sea-truck) in many years. The vessel, a former T-2

tank ship, was the first ship to be

jumboized at a shipyard in the port of New York. The Todd Shipyards Corp.'s Hoboken

plant performed the extensive jumboizing and conversion operation, which

involved removing the center portion of the vessel and then fitting the bow

and stem sections to a new 417-foot German-built midbodv.

Commuter craft's first trip long one.

FERRYBOATS have been a familiar Canal Zone sight the past 30 years as they traveled back and forth between

the east and west banks of the Canal,

prior to the opening of the $20 million Thatcher Ferry Bridge. But a fenyboat

transiting the Canal from south to north merited second and third looks by

ferryboat fans. The unusual Canal customer was the Carquinez, traveling with the tug Capt.

Lew S. Russell, Jr., en route from

Portland, Oreg., to Jacksonville, Fla. The Carquinez is larger than the Panama Canal's former sister ferry- boats Presidente Amador and President

Roosevelt, an overall length of 125 feet. The Carquinez measures 180 feet and

is 67"^ feet wide. The tug towing the Carquinez is 149 feet long and 33 feet wide.

The ferryboat and tug docked at Pier 15 for engine repairs, water, and fuel before the Canal transit.

16 December 7, 1962



1
9?(o.300S

P 187

LATIN AWERkfck

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA

3 1262 04820 4829