# Patent

## Title
Gapped-plate capacitor

## Abstract

In a semiconductor device, a capacitor is provided which has a gap in at least one of its plates. The gap is small enough so that fringe capacitance between the sides of this gap and the opposing plate at least compensates, if not overcompensates, for the missing conductive material that would otherwise fill the gap and add to parallel capacitance. As a result, the capacitance of a storage device can be increased without taking up more die area. Alternatively, the size of a capacitor can be reduced with no decrease in capacitance. Various gap configurations and methods for providing them are also within the scope of the current invention.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/853,851, filed on May 25, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,958,901; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/286,715, filed on Nov. 1, 2002 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,774,421; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/652,837, filed on Aug. 31, 2000 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,498,363; which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/229,857 filed on Jan. 13, 1999 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,326; which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/148,032 filed Sep. 3, 1998 and issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,018,175.


TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates generally to semiconductor devices and, specifically, to charge storage devices and methods for forming the same. Even more specifically, this invention relates to capacitors and a method for forming them as they are used in decoupling devices, charge pumps, delay elements, regulators, and the like.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Oftentimes, the formation of capacitors as part of semiconductor circuitry involves (1) forming an oxide layer over a semiconductive substrate, such as a silicon substrate; (2) forming a plate over the oxide; and (3) doping the active area around the plate. The plate/oxide/substrate combination acts as a capacitor, which can serve many uses in semiconductor circuitry. For example, when placed in electrical communication with the connection pads of a die, such a capacitor can be used to filter voltage transients which may be generated by lead frame connection wires that also lead to the connection pads. In such cases, it is beneficial to form a depletion mode capacitor, wherein, between steps (1) and (2), a depletion well is implanted under the plate site with dopants of the same type as the dopants that are to be used in step (3) but at a lesser concentration. As a result, the depletion well is depleted of current carriers (electrons or holes).
As another example, capacitors can be used as part of a charge pump, which provides a current at a potential greater than the potential initially supplied to the circuit. Charge pumps often comprise an oscillator coupled to a capacitor. The capacitor, in turn, is coupled to an output node leading to other circuitry, such as a memory array. As the capacitor receives a signal from the oscillator that rises in voltage, the charge held by the capacitor is pumped to a level above VCC (commonly referred to as VCCP). This charge is subsequently discharged to the output node and used to drive circuitry external to the oscillator.
In a third example, capacitors can be used in delay circuitry, such as RC delay circuits. In such circuits, a resistive element is interposed between an input node and an output node, and one plate of the capacitor is coupled to the output node and to the resistive element, with the other plate coupled to a reference voltage node. The output node's ability to respond to a change in voltage at the input node is delayed by the charging or discharging of the capacitor during that change.
As yet another example, capacitors can be incorporated into various types of regulator circuits such as reference voltage regulators. Examples of such can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,089 (FIG. 6 and accompanying text) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,581,206.
Regardless of the particular use for a capacitor, there is a constant need in the art to increase capacitance without increasing the die area used by the capacitor. It would also be desirable to maintain or even increase capacitance as the size of capacitors decreases in order to help fit more die on one wafer.
It is noteworthy that, in determining the capacitance of a storage device, prior art often focuses on the capacitance generated between the parallel portions of opposing plates, otherwise known as parallel capacitance. Nevertheless, it is also known that fringe capacitance exists at the sides of the plates and results from the non-uniform electric field at those sides. Further, it is known that this fringe capacitance can play a factor in increasing the total capacitance of a storage device. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,901, two plates located side-by-side are added to the existing plates and are used to “fine tune” the total capacitance by allowing relatively small increases in the total capacitance of the storage device. As another example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,583,359, by Ng et al., discloses a capacitor having interleaved plates—wherein the material of one plate extends into a gap within the other plate. The capacitance between the extended portion of the first plate and the laterally adjacent sides of the other plate serves to increase the total capacitance to a point beyond that demonstrated by prior art capacitors with non-interleaved plates.
Another method for increasing capacitance is to create microstructures on the surface area of one of the electrodes, such as by forming hemispherical silicon grain (HSG) thereon. U.S. Pat. No. 5,554,557, by Koh, describes such a method. The bottom electrode consists of a conductive layer with HSG deposited thereon. In the disclosed LPCVD process, grains having a diameter of about 800 angstroms are formed on the conductive layer. (Koh at column 6, lines 45–56.) A dielectric is then conformally layered onto the HSG at a thickness ranging from 40 to 60 angstroms. (Koh at column 6 line 63-column 7 line 7.) Finally, the top electrode is formed over the dielectric. (Koh at column 7, line 8.) However, given the general size of the grains, the conformal nature of the overlying materials, and the thinness of the dielectric, the top electrode extends into the gap defined by the grains of the bottom electrode. As a result, capacitors using HSG are analogous to the interleaved plates discussed above.
In calculating the capacitance between non-interleaved plates, however, fringe capacitance is often disregarded in the prior art. See, for example, DAVID HALLIDAY & ROBERT RESNIK, FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICS 620 (1988 3d ed.).
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The current invention provides a gap within a conductive member of a charge storage device, such as a capacitor. Regardless of whether this gap is termed a slot, slit, cavity, bore, trench, nonconformity, discontinuity, or other designation, it is an opening sized in relation to the dimensions of the capacitor's components so that the fringe capacitance between the sides of the gap and the opposing non-interleaved conductive member results in at least as much capacitance per a unit of measurement as results from parallel capacitance. In some embodiments, the gap is in the form of an elongated groove or slot extending through a conductive plate of the capacitor. In one embodiment of this type, the slot is aligned along the width dimension of the plate, whereas another embodiment may have the slot aligned perpendicular to the width. Still another embodiment has an orientation somewhere between the two alignments described above. In other embodiments, there is a plurality of slots within the conductive plate. These embodiments include ones wherein there are slots intersecting each other. Additional embodiments include capacitor plates with gaps having a shape other than slots, such as cylinder-shaped gaps. Included in these types of embodiments are capacitor plates with a single non-slot gap and capacitor plates with multiple non-slot gaps. Combinations of slots and non-slot gaps on one plate are also within the scope of the invention, as are gaps that do not extend completely through the thickness of the plate. Moreover, the current invention also includes methods for forming the embodiments described above.
In distinction from devices having interleaved electrodes, including those devices that interleave on a small scale, such as HSG capacitors, the current invention includes within its scope embodiments wherein one electrode defines an opening that is separate from or does not include, surround, envelop, or intersect with the other electrode. Also covered are embodiments comprising a capacitor electrode having a surface that is generally conformal to the surface of another electrode (to the extent necessary to maintain parallel capacitance) except for at least one nonconformity. Also included are embodiments wherein one capacitor plate is generally continuous for purposes of generating parallel capacitance with a corresponding plate, with the exception of a discontinuity included within the capacitor plate. In one such exemplary embodiment, the face of one capacitor plate is planar and parallel to the face of the corresponding plate (which is also planar) except for a nonparallel portion. In a more specific embodiment, this nonparallel portion is vertically offset from the corresponding plate and, in an even more specific embodiment, is perpendicular to the corresponding plate.
Concerning distinctions from HSG capacitors in particular, the invention's embodiments include those that are generally free of texture or microstructures to the extent that such textures or microstructures are not deliberately created and, if they exist as an inherent result of the creation process, do not substantially contribute to the total capacitance.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A through 1H depict the formation of a capacitor as is known in the art.
FIG. 2 illustrates a top-down view of a capacitor as known in the prior art.
FIG. 3 is a side-view of the cross-section of a depletion-mode capacitor found in the prior art.
FIG. 4 is a circuit diagram demonstrating a first use of a capacitor as known in the prior art.
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram demonstrating a second use of a capacitor as known in the prior art.
FIG. 6 is a circuit diagram demonstrating a third use of a capacitor as known in the prior art.
FIG. 7A is a top-down view of a first exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 7B is a cross-sectional side view of the first exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 7C is a cross-sectional side view of a second exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of a third exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side view representing an in-process device undergoing a first exemplary process within the scope of the current invention.
FIGS. 10A through 10I demonstrate a second exemplary process within the scope of the current invention.
FIG. 11 is a top-down view of a fourth exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 12 is a top-down view of a fifth exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 13 is a top-down view of a sixth exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 14 is a top-down view of a seventh exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIGS. 15A and 15B are top-down views of an eighth and ninth exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention, respectively.
FIG. 16 is a top-down view of a tenth exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 17 is a top-down view of a eleventh exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 18 is a top-down view of a twelfth exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 19 is a top-down view of a thirteenth exemplary apparatus embodiment of the current invention.
FIGS. 20A through 20F demonstrate a third exemplary process within the scope of the current invention.
FIG. 21 demonstrates a fourth exemplary process within the scope of the current invention.
FIG. 22 demonstrates a fifth exemplary process within the scope of the current invention.
FIG. 23 demonstrates a sixth exemplary process within the scope of the current invention.
FIGS. 24A through 24F illustrate additional exemplary embodiments of the current invention.
FIGS. 25A through 25F depict more exemplary embodiments of the current invention.
FIGS. 26A through 26G show still more exemplary embodiments of the current invention.
FIGS. 27A through 27G display other exemplary embodiments of the current invention.
FIG. 28 represents yet another exemplary embodiment of the current invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
FIGS. 1A through 1H illustrate the general steps known in the art for making a capacitor. As seen in FIG. 1A, an initial layer of oxide 20 is grown over the surface of a substrate 22. In the current application, the term “substrate” or “semiconductor substrate” will be understood to mean any construction comprising semiconductor material, including but not limited to bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductor wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). Further, the term “substrate” also refers to any supporting structure including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above.
Returning to the process, a first mask 30, depicted in FIG. 1B, is provided through methods known in the art to cover a portion of the oxide 20 and expose the rest. In FIG. 1C, field oxide 32 is then grown from the exposed portions of the oxide 20. In FIG. 1D, the first mask 30 is removed, and a blanket conductive layer 34 is deposited. This conductive layer could be comprised of conductively doped polysilicon, silicided polysilicon (such as tungsten silicided polysilicon), and other conductive materials as well as combinations of conductive materials. For purposes of explaining the current invention, it is assumed that the conductive layer 34 is further comprised of a layer of polysilicon 76 under a layer of tungsten silicide 78. It is further assumed that the polysilicon layer 76 is approximately 0.15 microns thick and the tungsten silicide layer 78 is approximately 0.12 microns thick.
FIG. 1E illustrates that a second mask 36 is subsequently layered. In FIG. 1F, the second mask is patterned, thereby defining a plate site 37 inside the perimeter of which a capacitor plate will be formed. Accordingly, in FIG. 1G, a conductive plate 38 defined by the second mask 36 of the prior step is etched from the conductive layer 34. The second mask 36 is removed after the plate 38 is formed. The conductive plate 38, in turn, defines a boundary of a diffusion region 40 resulting from an implant indicated by a set of arrows 42 in FIG. 1H. The implantation could be used to create a p-type or an n-type diffusion region 40 within the substrate 22. For purposes of demonstration, an n-type diffusion region is assumed in FIG. 1H, resulting from the phosphorous or arsenic implant 42.
The steps described above result in a standard capacitor, wherein the substrate 22 and the conductive plate 38 serve as electrodes and the intervening oxide 20 acts as a dielectric. FIG. 2 illustrates a top-down view of the capacitor, wherein the plate 38 overlies a portion of the substrate 22. The n+ diffusion region 40 is part of substrate 22 that lies beyond the coverage of the plate 38. Those skilled in the art can appreciate that the oxide 20 is not labeled in this and other top-down figures for purposes of clarity.
It is also possible to form a depletion mode capacitor, shown in FIG. 3, by following the steps in FIGS. 1A through 1H with the addition of a well-implant step interposed between growing the oxide 20 (FIG. 1A) and providing the first mask 30 (FIG. 1B). In a depletion mode capacitor, doping to form the well 26 involves using the same type of implant as that used to create the diffusion region 40. Thus, since n-type dopants were used in FIG. 1H to form diffusion region 40, phosphorous or arsenic is once again used as an implant to create the n-well 26.
Regardless of the type of capacitor developed by these steps, processing continues as dictated in the prior art, including electrically connecting the plate 38 and the diffusion region 40 to different portions of the circuit. These connections are determined by the capacitor's role in a particular circuit. In the schematic of FIG. 4, for example, a pair of capacitors are used as decoupling capacitors 44. As part of an integrated semiconductor device, a die 46 is often electrically connected to external devices through a connection wire 48, which may be made of gold. Because of the length of the wire 48 relative to its width, the wire 48 will function as an inductor. As current through the wire 48 switches on and off, voltage spikes may occur. To reduce the effects of voltage transients, decoupling capacitors 44 are connected as shown. When used in this way, the capacitors 44 provide a low impedance path to ground. The use of capacitors in this fashion is further detailed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,266,821 and 5,307,309, among others.
A capacitor made by the process described above may also be used in a charge pump, as depicted in FIG. 5. The capacitor 50 receives a signal from an oscillator 52 through an inverter 54. When the voltage of the signal reaching the capacitor 50 is low, transistor 56 establishes a voltage at node 58 of VCC minus the threshold voltage Vt of transistor 56. As the voltage of the signal reaching the capacitor 50 increases to VCC, the charge on the capacitor 50 is pumped to an even higher voltage VCCP. As a result, a signal of voltage VCCP is discharged through transistor 60 and ultimately to the access transistors of a memory array 62. The role of capacitors in charge pumps is disclosed further in U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,428.
As yet another example, a capacitor can be used as part of a delay circuit, a basic version of which is shown in FIG. 6. An input node 64 is configured to receive a signal having a voltage VIN and transmit changes in that voltage to an output node 66 in the form of a signal of voltage VOUT. Interposed between these two nodes 64 and 66, however, is a transistor 68, configured to act as a resistive device, and a capacitor 70. As VIN increases, the corresponding increase in VOUT is delayed due to the charging of capacitor 70. Conversely, as VIN decreases, the discharging of capacitor 70 delays the decrease of VOUT. Such delay circuits are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,557,579 and 5,274,591.
The capacitance of the storage devices used in the examples described above, as well as other devices, can be increased using embodiments of the current invention. Alternatively, embodiments of the current invention could be used to decrease the size of the storage devices while maintaining the capacitance found in larger plates without gaps. One such embodiment appears in FIG. 7A. As in FIG. 2, the top-down view of this exemplary embodiment illustrates a conductive plate 38 over a substrate 22. However, whereas the prior art calls for at least some amount of plate material throughout a defined area or volume, the current invention allows for a gap within that volume having no plate material. FIG. 2, for instance, illustrates a rectangular plate 38. The plate is continuous in that the conductive material making up the plate 38 completely fills the plate site 37 previously defined by the second mask 36 in FIG. 1F. On the other hand, the exemplary embodiment depicted in FIG. 7A allows for a gap through a portion of the plate 38. As a result, the plate in this embodiment does not completely fill the plate site 37 defined in FIG. 1F. Rather, the gap forms a discontinuity within the plate. In this case, the gap is in the form of a slot 72 extending inward from the edge of the plate 38. As seen in a side view in FIG. 7B, the slot 72 in this embodiment also extends from the top of the plate 38 all the way through to the bottom. While the slot 72 does not contain conductive material, it is preferred that the slot be filled with a dielectric material 74 such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), as shown in FIG. 7C. Further, it is preferred, although not required, that the diffusion region 40 extend under the slot 72, also shown in FIG. 7C. It should also be noted that, in FIG. 7C and other figures, the dimensions are not necessarily to scale; rather, they are proportioned to better illustrate the embodiments of the invention. For example, the slot 72 in FIG. 7B or 7C is not necessarily as wide as depicted in relation to the width W of the conductive plate 38.
It is axiomatic that the conductive material making up a capacitor plate plays a substantive part in generating capacitance. Thus, one of ordinary skill in the art would conclude that adding a gap within the plate, thereby reducing the amount of conductive material, would necessarily result in reducing capacitance. This is, in fact, true if the gap is big enough. However, if the gap is small enough relative to other dimensions of the capacitor, the current invention demonstrates that the often neglected factor of fringe capacitance serves to at least compensate for the lack of conductive material.
These assertions are supported by two-dimensional simulations performed on the Atlas Device Simulator, version 3.0.0.R, by Silvaco International. The parameters represented in the simulation are depicted in FIG. 7C, wherein W represents the total width of the conductive plate 38; T represents the thickness of the conductive plate 38; H stands for the height of the dielectric (in this case the oxide 20); and S indicates the slot width. For simulation purposes, it was assumed that H=0.01 microns, W=1 micron, and T=0.27 microns (0.15 microns of polysilicon plus 0.12 microns of tungsten silicide). Initially, S was assumed to be 0 in order to demonstrate the capacitance that would be generated by prior art devices. These parameters are represented by the data illustrated in Table 1 for the Atlas Simulator:







TABLE 1







#MESH define









mesh
rect
nx=47 ny=34 smooth=1  diag.flip


x.m
n=1
l=−2.5


x.m
n=9
l=−0.5


x.m
n=14
l=−0.1


x.m
n=24
l=0


x.m
n=34
l=+0.1


x.m
n=39
l=+0.5


x.m
n=47
l=+2.5


y.m
n=1
l=−2.5


y.m
n=12
l=−0.28


y.m
n=27
l=−0.01


y.m
n=30
l=0


y.m
n=32
l=0.3


y.m
n=34
l=0.5







#REGION define











region num=1
y.min=−2.5
oxide




region num=2
y.min=0
y.max=0.3
mat=aluminum


region num=3
y.min=+0.3
mat=silicon


region num=4
y.min=−0.28
y.max=−0.01
x.min=−0.5 x.max=+0.5
mat=aluminum







#ELECTRODE define











elec
num=1 name=M2
y.min=−0.28
y.max=−0.01 x.min=−0.5
x.max=+0.5


elec
num=2 name=M1
y.min=0
y.max=0.3


elec
num=3 name=bulk
substrate


save
outf=solid.str master







#model selection


modelsprint temp=300 srh fermi


# *********** Initial Solution ***********








symb
newton carriers=2


method
xnorm itlimit=30 trap atrap=.5 autonr


solve
initial


log
outf=solid.log acfile=solid.aclog master


solve
v1=0 v2=0 v3=0 vstep=0.5 vfinal=5 elec=2 ac freq=1e5 term=2


end









The simulation calculated a capacitance of 4.42241*10−15 farads/micron, including fringe capacitance from the sides, for a capacitor having a whole plate.
Concerning the syntax for the simulator, the “#” symbol indicates that comments from the programmer will follow. While the simulator program ignores the text in the line after a “#,” such comments do allow the programmer to express to others what the following commands will do. For example, “#MESH define” indicates that the following commands will define the two-dimensional grid or mesh in which the capacitor will be simulated. Accordingly, the next line begins that definition. The command “mesh rect” in that line indicates that the simulation will take place in a rectangular mesh. The “nx” and “ny” commands determine how many x and y reference points, or nodes, will be used within the mesh. For example, “nx=47” means that a total of 47 reference nodes will be along the x-axis horizontally bisecting the mesh. The following series of “x.m” (standing for x-mesh) commands determine the spacing of those nodes along the x-axis. Thus, the line “x.m n=1 l=−2.5” sets node 1 at the left-most end of the axis, which ranges in value from −2.5 to 2.5. The next line “x.m n=9 l=−0.5” sets node 9 at the x-axis value of −0.5. As a result, nodes 2 through 8 are assigned to be between the x-axis values of −2.5 and −0.5. Similarly, the “ny=34” portion in the second line establishes 34 nodes along the y-axis, and the “y.m” commands under the series of “x.m” commands determine the spacing of those points along the y-axis.
Returning to the second line, the “smooth=1” portion fixes all region boundaries that will be defined later. The “diag.flip” establishes that all of the diagonals in the mesh will be in the same direction.
After the “y.m” commands, the “#REGION define” comment indicates that various regions of the mesh are about to be defined in terms of the types of material that are to be simulated. The second line in this section establishes that areas having a y value of at least −2.5 will be assumed to be an oxide. Since no maximum y value and no x values are offered, and since −2.5 is actually the absolute minimum y value as defined in the “y.m” commands above, this command establishes that all areas of the mesh that are not further specified will act as an oxide in the simulation. Of course, other regions are specified, including an aluminum region ranging from y=0 to y=0.3, as seen in line 3 of this section. This region is analogous to part of the bottom plate of the capacitor. Next, an underlying layer of silicon is defined to extend from y=0.3 to the maximum value of y (in this case, y=0.5). It should be noted that, concerning y coordinates, higher positive values represent lower points in the mesh. The fifth line of this section sets x and y parameters for an aluminum portion corresponding to the top conductive plate of the capacitor.
Subsequently, the electrodes of the simulated capacitor are defined, as expressed by the “#ELECTRODE define” comment. It is no accident that the first designated electrode has the same x and y parameters as the top conductive plate region defined above. Similarly, the second electrode refers to the bottom plate, and the third region identifies the bulk substrate as the third electrode.
The command line beginning with “save” saves the defined structure to an output file.
The “#model selection” section helps define the environment in which the defined device will be simulated. This is initiated by the “models” command. The “fermi” command at the end of the line establishes parameters for simulated electrons and holes. The “print” parameter will cause the printing of the status of the model as well as a variety of coefficients and constants. The “temp” parameter establishes the simulation temperature in degrees Kelvin.
The final section denoted as “#*******Initial Solution*******” begins by commanding that a symbolic factorization be performed, hence the “symb” command. The “newton” parameter is a particular algorithm that will be used to perform the factorization. Setting “carriers” equal to 2 simulates both holes and electrons as carriers. The line beginning with the “method” command sets the precision of the solution. Next, the “solve” command instructs the simulator to perform a solution for one or more specified bias points. The “initial” parameter sets the voltages for all bias points to zero. The line beginning with “log” dumps the results into a particular file. The following “solve” command establishes initial voltages for each electrode, as well as the ramp up voltages and particular ac/dc parameters. The “end” command speaks for itself.
The next simulations were run using different values for the slot width S. Table 2 contains an example of the pertinent Atlas Simulator data for a 0.02 micron slot:







TABLE 2







#MESH define









mesh
rect
nx=47 ny=34 smooth=1  diag.flip


x.m
n=1
l=−2.5


x.m
n=8
l=−0.5


x.m
n=23
l=−0.01


x.m
n=24
l=0


x.m
n=25
l=+0.01


x.m
n=40
l=+0.5


x.m
n=47
l=+2.5


y.m
n=1
l=−2.5


y.m
n=12
l=−0.28


y.m
n=27
l=−0.01


y.m
n=30
l=0


y.m
n=32
l=0.3


y.m
n=34
l=0.5







#REGION define











region num=1
y.min=−2.5
oxide




region num=2
y.min=0
y.max=0.3
mat=aluminum


region num=3
y.min=+0.3
mat=silicon


region num=4
y.min=−0.28
y.max=−0.01
x.min=−0.5 x.max=−0.01
mat=aluminum


region num=5
y.min=−0.28
y.max=−0.01
x.min=+0.01 x.max=+0.5
mat=aluminum







#ELECTRODE define













elec
num=1
name=M21
y.min=−0.28
y.max=−0.01
x.min=−0.5
x.max=−0.01


elec
num=2
name=M22
y.min=−0.28
y.max=−0.01
x.min=0.01
x.max=0.5


elec
num=3
name=M11
y.min=0
y.max=0.3


elec
num=4
name=bulk
substrate








# save structure
file


save outf=slot.str
master











#model

selection




models
print
temp=300
srh
fermi







# ***********Initial Solution ***********


symb newton carriers=2


method  xnorm itlimit=30 trap atrap=.5 autonr








solve
initial


log
outf=slot.log acfile=slot.aclog master


solve
v1=0 v2=0 v3=0 v4=0 vstep=0.5 vfinal=5 elec=3 ac freq=1e5 term=3


end









It should be noted that there are five regions and four electrodes defined in this simulation, as opposed to four regions and three electrodes established by the parameters in Table 1. This is because the slot simulated in these parameters creates an extra region and hence an extra electrode by effectively splitting the top conductive plate into two parts. Based on these entries and other entries corresponding to other slot widths, the Atlas Simulator calculated the capacitance results depicted in Table 3:










TABLE 3







Slot width
Total capacitance









 0.2 microns
3.89 * 10−15 farads/micron



 0.1 microns
4.20 * 10−15 farads/micron



0.04 microns
4.43 * 10−15 farads/micron



0.02 microns
4.53 * 10−15 farads/micron










The simulation indicates that, as the slot width S decreases, capacitance actually begins to exceed the capacitance of a storage device without a slot in a plate. Thus, the slot can be configured to generate fringe capacitance that meets or exceeds the parallel capacitance of the capacitor per a unit of width.
This result is further supported by an alternate method of calculating capacitance: on page 183 of volume ED-30, No. 2 of IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES (February 1983), T. Sakurai and K. Tamaru propose a formula for calculating capacitance C:

C/EOX=1.15*(W/H)+2.80*(T/H)0.222,

wherein EOX is the dielectric constant. For SiO2, EOX is 3.4535*10−17 farads/micron. Just as discussed above, the variables W, T, and H stand for the width of the conductive plate 38, the thickness of the conductive plate 38, and the height of the dielectric (oxide 20), respectively. Multiplying both sides by EOX yields the solution for the capacitance of a storage device having a whole plate CWHOLE:

CWHOLE=EOX*[1.15*(W/H)+2.80*(T/H)0.222].

Using the same values as those used in the Atlas Simulator, the capacitance under the Sakurai formula for a storage device having whole conductive plates works out to be 4.1725*10−15 farads/micron, compared to 4.42241*10−15 farads/micron determined by the Atlas Simulator. Sakurai claims that the relative error is within 6 percent for 0.3<W/H<30 and 0.3<T/H<30. Nevertheless, even though W/H is 100 in this case, the difference between Sakurai's result and Atlas' result is only 5.64 percent.
Using Sakurai's formula for a capacitor having a slot in a plate, it is assumed, as shown in FIG. 8, that the slot 72 separates the conductive plate 38 into two portions A and B having an equal width W2. It should be understood that these portions are not completely separated, as the top-down view of FIG. 7A demonstrates that the portions rejoin at another cross-section. Nevertheless, given the side view in FIG. 8, the two-dimensional capacitance for each portion A and B of the conductive plate 38 may be calculated separately. Further, because the two portions have equal widths W2, equal thickness T, and are above the same dielectric height H, the capacitance of portion A (CA) will be the same as the capacitance of portion B (CB).
With the configuration of FIG. 8, the total width W of the conductive plate 38 can be described written as follows:

W=W2+S+W2

or

W=2W2+S.

Solving for W2 yields:

W2=(W−S)/2.

The total capacitance of the storage device depicted in FIG. 8 is the capacitance of portion A plus the capacitance of portion B, or

CTOTAL=CA+CB.

Because, CA=CB, the equation can be simplified to

CTOTAL=CA+CA

or

CTOTAL=2*CA.

Based on Sakurai's equation, the term CA can be expanded, so that

CTOTAL=2*EOX[1.15*(W2/H)+2.80*(T/H)0.222].

However, because W2=(W−S)/2, the equation can be rewritten as

CTOTAL=2*EOX[1.15*(W−S)/(2H)+2.80*(T/H)0.222].

Multiplying the “2” factor throughout the equation yields

CTOTAL=EOX[2*1.15*(W−S)/(2H)+2*2.80*(T/H)0.222].

In the first part of the equation, the “2” in the numerator cancels the “2” in the denominator, simplifying the equation to

CTOTAL=EOX[1.15*(W−S)/H+2*2.80*(T/H)0.222].

The first part of the equation can be expanded to

CTOTAL=EOX[1.15*(W/H)−1.15*(S/H)+2*2.80*(T/H)0.222].

The second part of the equation may also be expanded:

CTOTAL=EOX[1.15*(W/H)−1.15*(S/H)+2.80*(T/H)0.222+2.80*(T/H)0.222].

Rearranging terms within the brackets results in the following:

CTOTAL=EOX[1.15*(W/H)+2.80*(T/H)0.222+2.80*(T/H)0.222−1.15*(S/H)].

Multiplying EOX throughout the equation yields

CTOTAL=EOX[1.15*(W/H)+2.80*(T/H)0.222]+EOX[2.80*(T/H)0.222−1.15*(S/H)].

It is noteworthy that the first part of this latest equation represents the capacitance of a storage device having a whole plate CWHOLE, thus

CTOTAL=CWHOLE+EOX[2.80*(T/H)0.222−1.15*(S/H)].

This equation indicates that, if the second part of the equation EOX[2.80*(T/H)0.222−1.15*(S/H)] is greater than 0, then the capacitance of a storage device with a slot in the conductive plate 38 will exceed the capacitance of a storage device with a whole conductive plate 38. In other words, greater capacitance requires the following equation to be true:

EOX[2.80*(T/H)0.222−1.15*(S/H)]>0.

Solving for S in this equation will reveal the maximum slot width that will allow greater capacitance. Accordingly, dividing both sides by EOX results in the following equation:

2.80*(T/H)0.222−1.15*(S/H)>0.

Adding 1.15*(S/H) to both sides results in

2.80*(T/H)0.222>1.15*(S/H).

Finally, multiplying both sides of the equation by H/1.15 yields

(H/1.15)*2.80*(T/H)0.222>S,

or

H*2.434*(T/H)0.222>S.

Plugging in the given values of H=0.01 microns and T=0.27 microns into this final equation reveals that a slot width S that is less than 0.0506 microns, or 506 angstroms, will increase capacitance.
As for forming a slot-plate capacitor (or a capacitor with any gap within the plate) the steps for doing so in one embodiment initially track the process known in the prior art. The steps illustrated in FIGS. 1A through 1E, for example, would be the same. At that point, however, patterning the second mask 36 can differ, as shown in FIG. 9. In addition to defining the outer boundaries of a plate site 37, the pattern of the second mask 36 also defines a space 82 where the slot will be etched from the conductive layer 34.
One method for patterning the slot 72 into the conductive layer 34 is illustrated in FIGS. 10A through 10I. FIG. 10A is the same as FIG. 1E, wherein the second mask 36 blanket layer is assumed to be a layer of silicon nitride. It is also assumed for purposes of explanation that it is desired to form a capacitor having a top plate 1 micron, or 10,000 angstroms, wide and a slot through the plate that is 500 angstroms wide. It is further assumed that the minimum dimension achievable for a feature or a space between features is only 0.18 microns, or 1800 angstroms, given a particular lithography technology to be used in this example. Under these assumptions, the process is as follows. As seen in FIG. 10B, the second mask 36 is patterned with a space 82 that is 1800 angstroms wide, leaving 3,450 angstroms worth of mask material on either side. Subsequently, a hard mask material 84, such as one made of silicon dioxide, is conformally deposited over the second mask 36 and the conductive layer 34. This hard mask material is approximately 650 angstroms thick, for reasons that will be come clear below. FIG. 10D shows that the hard mask material 84 is subsequently anisotropically etched to the point where both the conductive layer 34 and the top of the second mask 36 are exposed. As a result, all that is left of the hard mask material 84 are spacers 86 surrounding the second mask 36. Due to the anisotropic etch, the bottom of these spacers 86 is approximately equal to the initial thickness of the conformal layer of hard mask material 84–650 angstroms. Thus, the spacers 86 serve to narrow the space 82 to 500 angstroms (1800 angstroms minus 1300 angstroms covered by the inner spacers 86) as well as extend the total width of the plate site 37 to a full 10,000 angstroms (1300 angstroms covered by the outer spacers 86+the 1300 angstroms covered by the inner spacers 86+3450 angstroms covered by one portion of the second mask 36+3450 angstroms covered by the other portion of the second mask 36+the 500 angstrom space 82). A similar procedure for allowing sub-critical dimension features is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,103,680. Further, given the enabling steps above, it follows that the same space 82 can be created by patterning different widths of second mask 36 portions and a correspondingly different thickness of the hard mask material 84. For instance, second mask portions, each having a width of only 3,400 angstroms, would warrant layering a hard mask material 84 that is 700 angstroms thick. Moreover, it would be possible to resize the portions of the second mask 36 and the thickness of the hard mask material 84 to form a space 82 that is less that than 500 angstroms wide.
Returning to the process, a selective isotropic etch of the conductive layer 34, using the spacers 86 and the second mask 36 as guides results in the conductive plate seen in FIGS. 10E and 10F, having an overall width W of 10,000 angstroms including a slot 72 that is 500 angstroms wide.
The conductive plate 38 with its slot 72 serves to guide the optional implant step, shown in FIG. 10G and once again indicated by arrows 42. This step establishes the diffusion regions 40 external to the conductive plate 38 and coincident with the gap 72, as, shown in FIGS. 10G and 10H. Subsequently, a trench-filling insulative material 88 such as silicon dioxide can be conformally deposited in FIG. 10I. This insulative material 88 not only fills the slot 72 but also covers the entire device and may be subsequently planarized. Further procedures known in the art are also carried out to connect the capacitor in FIG. 10I to other devices.
Charge storage devices with configurations other than the slot-plate enabled above can be realized with the techniques just described. With a different pattern for the second mask 36, multiple slots could be added. FIG. 11, for example, has two slots, 72 and 72′, through conductive plate 38. Alternatively, a slot 72 could be added to the conductive plate 38 that is oriented along a particular reference—in this case the width dimension W. Such a configuration can be seen in FIG. 12 and is contrasted from the embodiment in FIG. 10H, which has a slot 72 running transverse to W. Another embodiment, depicted in FIG. 13, illustrates that the slot 72 need not extend to the edge of the conductive plate 38; rather, it can be totally encompassed within the perimeter of the conductive plate 38. FIG. 14 demonstrates that the slot 72 could run diagonally relative to the width dimension W and that the slot 72 could have a rounded end 90 or an angled end 92.
Furthermore, conductive plates having multiple slots are within the scope of the current invention. FIG. 15A displays a cross-hatched pattern of slots throughout the conductive plate 38, wherein one set of parallel slots 94 are perpendicular to W and a second set of parallel slots are parallel to W. FIG. 15B shows a pattern of diagonally cross-hatched slots 98.
In addition, it is not necessary that the gap in the plate be in the shape of an elongated groove such as a slot. As seen in FIG. 16, for example, a cylindrical opening 100 in the conductive plate 38 could be added. It follows that several openings 100 could be provided throughout the conductive plate 38, as shown in FIG. 17. FIG. 18 shows that there can be openings 100–104 of various shapes. Combinations of different gaps also fall within the scope of the current invention. FIG. 19 demonstrates a conductive plate 38 having a plurality of slots 72, 72′, 72′′, having different orientations, as well as a plurality of openings 100. It should be understood that the gaps of the conductive plate in these and other embodiments should be small enough to allow fringe capacitance to at least match if not overcome the lack of parallel capacitance in those areas.
It is also possible to provide gaps that do not span the entire thickness of the conductive plate. Keeping in mind that the conductive layer 34 can comprise two layers—a tungsten silicide layer 78 over a polysilicon layer 67 (seen in FIG. 1D)—the process depicted in FIGS. 20A through 20F may be carried out. After growing the field oxide 32 as depicted in FIG. 1C and removing the first mask 30, the polysilicon layer 76 alone is deposited. Masking steps similar to those disclosed in FIGS. 9 and 10 are used to form the slot 72 through the polysilicon layer 76. FIG. 20C indicates that the trench-filling insulative material 88 is then used to fill the slot 72. In FIG. 20D, the tungsten silicide is then formed over the polysilicon and the insulative material 88 by methods known in the art. The second mask 36, depicted in FIG. 20E, is then used to define the outer boundaries of the plate site 37. The configuration depicted in FIG. 20F results: the conductive plate 38 of the capacitor has a slot 72 that extends only partially through the thickness T of the plate 38. Accordingly, the slot in this embodiment allows for both fringe capacitance as well as parallel capacitance between an area of the plate 38 above the slot 72 and the substrate 22.
Additional steps may be included in order to provide diffusion areas under the configuration illustrated in FIGS. 20A through 20E. After the step depicted in FIG. 20B, for example, an implant step could be used to create a diffusion region 40. This step is shown in FIG. 21, wherein the implant is once again indicated by a group of arrows 42. The process could then continue as depicted in FIGS. 20C through 20F. Further, a second implant step could be performed once the conductive plate is completed in order to create diffusion regions 40 between the plate 38 and the field oxide 32, as seen in FIG. 1H. Alternatively, the polysilicon layer 76 could be patterned to define the outer boundary of the plate site 37, as shown in FIG. 22. This would allow one implantation step 42 to form all of the desired diffusion regions 40.
One skilled in the art can appreciate that, although specific embodiments of this invention have been described above for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, gaps that do not span the entire thickness of the conductive plate could be used in patterns similar to those depicted in FIGS. 11 through 19. In addition, other processes could be used to form gaps in the conductive plate. For instance, X-ray lithography could be used to add a space 82 in the second mask layer 36, as depicted in FIG. 9. This would eliminate the need for using spacers to supplement other lithography processes that could not provide sufficient resolution. As another option, a laser beam could be used to oxidize a portion of the conductive plate. Thus, for example, after the step depicted in FIG. 1G, a laser may be used to form an oxidized region 106 throughout the thickness T of the conductive plate 38. The result of this step is shown in FIG. 23.
Nevertheless, if it is desired to use some form of spacer (in order to create sub-critical dimension features using lithography, for example), there are options other than the ones disclosed above that also fall within the scope of the current invention. One such option is disclosed in FIGS. 24A through 24F. FIG. 24A discloses a first conductive layer 108 (which may comprise polycrystalline silicon) that lies over a dielectric layer 111, such as some sort of oxide. As in previous embodiments, the dielectric layer 111 overlies the substrate 22. Further, a recess 109 has been etched from the first polysilicon layer 108. Again, as seen with the slot 72 in previous embodiments, this recess 109 does not completely separate that layer 108 into separate portions. See, for example, FIG. 7A. It merely appears that way in FIG. 24A due to the particular cross-section chosen. FIG. 24B illustrates that an insulator 110, such as SiO2, is subsequently layered, and FIG. 24C indicates that the insulator 110 is then anisotropically etched to form insulating spacers 112. Next, a second conductive layer 114 pictured in 24D (which may also comprise polysilicon) is provided. Known patterning and etching steps may then be taken to remove portions of the second conductive layer 114, resulting in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 24E. In this embodiment, the slots 72 found in prior embodiments appear in the form of the dielectric spacer between the two conductive layers 108, 114. As in previously discussed embodiments, the total width of the slot 72 should be small enough to at least compensate for the absence of conductive material. In this embodiment, the total width of slots 72 is preferably 300 to 500 angstroms. Furthermore, if desired, an implant step may be performed at some point during the process, such as after the step in FIG. 24A, to provide diffusion regions 40, as seen in FIG. 24F.
A second option using spacers is demonstrated in FIGS. 25A through 25F. Rather than provide an insulating spacer, this embodiment teaches using a conductive spacer. As seen in FIG. 25A, the process begins in a manner similar to the process step shown in FIG. 24A. Specifically, FIG. 25A shows the first conductive layer 108 defining a recess 109. FIG. 25B, however, indicates that the next step is to provide the second conductive layer 114 over the patterned first conductive layer 108. An anisotropic etch of the second conductive layer 114 forms the conductive spacers 116 depicted in FIG. 25C. Only then is the insulator 110 layered (FIG. 25D) and patterned and etched (FIG. 25E). In this embodiment, the slot 72 comprises the space between elements 108 and 116. Also in this embodiment, it can be seen that the width of slot 72 is generally the width of the recess 109 minus twice the thickness of one spacer portion 116. One skilled in the art can also appreciate that the width of the slot 72 varies in any particular embodiment of this type given the curvature of the spacers 116. Assuming a recess 109 of 0.18 microns, it is preferred in this embodiment that the spacer 116 be 0.08 microns at its thickest point, thereby providing a slot generally 0.02 microns wide (wherein slot width=recess width−(2×spacer thickness)). As in the previous embodiment, an implant step may be performed at some point in order to create diffusion regions 40 illustrated in FIG. 25F.
Moreover, as an alternative to etching a slot from a metal layer and filling the slot with a dielectric, it is also possible to etch a dielectric layer and fill the etched areas with metal in a manner similar to damascene processes used to create interconnects and other structures. Such an alternative is illustrated in FIGS. 26A through 26G. In FIG. 26A, a dielectric layer 118 is provided over the substrate 22. FIG. 26B shows that this layer is subsequently patterned and etched to define the plate site 120, as well as the slot 72. At least some insulation should remain over the substrate 22 to act as a dielectric. FIG. 26C shows that one or more layers of conductive material 122, 124, are then deposited. These layers 122, 124 can be planarized to a level even with the surface of the dielectric as depicted in FIG. 26D. Alternatively, conductive material may remain above the dielectric, as seen in FIG. 26E. Etching to define the perimeter of the conductive plate 126 can then be performed as desired. One result of such a step appears in FIG. 26F. Moreover, it may once again be desired to provide diffusion regions 40 under the slot 72 and around the perimeter of the conductive plate 126 at some point. FIG. 26G displays these regions 40. Such regions 40 may be provided in a non-self-aligned manner before depositing the dielectric layer 118.
In addition, it is noteworthy that the previous embodiments have addressed providing a slot in the upper plate of a capacitor. The current invention, however, also includes within its scope providing a slot in the lower plate. FIGS. 27A through 27G illustrate a method for doing so assuming the bottom plate is a semiconductor substrate, although one skilled in the art will appreciate that the same procedures would apply to other conductive or semiconductive layers. In FIG. 27A, a mask layer 128 is deposited over the substrate 22. FIG. 27B indicates that this mask layer is patterned and etched to define a site 130 where the slot or notch will be etched from the substrate 22. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 27C, an etch step creates at least one slot 72 within the substrate. Implantation steps known in the art, including angled implants, can be used to create a diffusion region 40 around the slot 72 (FIG. 27C). Once the mask layer 128 is removed, a dielectric layer 132 is grown or deposited, followed by the deposition of one or more conductive layers 134 (FIG. 27D). The conductive layer 134 is then patterned and etched to achieve a plate 136 of a desired shape; the result is illustrated in the cross-section of FIG. 27E and in the top-down view of FIG. 27F. Once again, diffusion regions 40, such as those illustrated in FIG. 27G, may be provided as desired.
It follows that the current invention also includes within its scope embodiments having slots in both the top plate and the bottom plate, so long as the fringe capacitance is sufficient to at least make up for the absence of conductive material. As depicted in FIG. 28, the conductive plate 138 has a first slot 140 filled with a dielectric material 142, while the substrate 22 has a second slot 144 also filled with a dielectric material 146. The substrate 22 also has diffusion regions 40 in areas corresponding to the first slot 140, the second slot 144, and the perimeter of the conductive plate 138. Yet another portion of dielectric material 148 separates the conductive plate 138 from the substrate 22. Insulation 150 also covers the device. Additional steps known in the art can be performed, including etching openings through the insulation 150 down to the diffusion regions 40 at the perimeter of the conductive plate 138. Conductive material could then fill those openings, thereby allowing electrical communication between the capacitor and other devices.
Further, the apparatus embodiments of the current invention may then be used in circuits such as those pictured in FIGS. 3 through 6 as well as any other circuit incorporating a charge storage device, including a memory cell. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as stated in the claims.

## Claims

1. A storage device, comprising:
an oxide layer;
a bottom electrode under said oxide layer; and
a top plate over said oxide layer and further comprising:
a first portion over said bottom electrode and defining a first cavity, wherein said first cavity is a slit, and
a second portion defining a second cavity, wherein said second cavity is a slit and intersects said first cavity.

2. The storage device in claim 1, wherein said second cavity intersects said first cavity at an angle of generally 90 degrees.

3. The storage device in claim 1, wherein said top plate defines:
a first plurality of slits; and
a second plurality of slits intersecting said first plurality of slits.