Filed 10/16/15 In re Juan P. CA2/3

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

In re JUAN P., a Person Coming Under the 

Juvenile Court Law.

 B261829

LOS ANGELES COUNTY 

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN 

AND FAMILY SERVICES,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

JUAN P.,

Defendant and Appellant.

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. DK07238)

APPEAL from orders of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 

Marquerite Downing, Judge. Reversed.

Jamie A. Moran, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

No appearance for Plaintiff and Respondent.

_________________________
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INTRODUCTION

Juan P., Sr., appeals from the jurisdiction and disposition orders of the juvenile 

court declaring his six-year-old son, Juan P., Jr., a dependent of the court under Welfare 

and Institutions Code section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b).

1

 We reverse.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

The child lives with mother and visits father every other weekend pursuant to a 

family law order giving the parents joint legal and physical custody. When mother 

picked the child up from father’s house on a Sunday in August 2014, she noted a red 

mark around the child’s neck. Asked what happened, father explained that the child was 

playing with the dog when the leash got caught around the child’s neck. 

The parents took the child to the hospital. Dr. Ludlow treated the child for a 

“ ‘neck abrasion’ ” and declared him to be “ ‘fine.’ ” Dr. Ludlow found the child did not 

appear ill and presented no acute distress. He had no peripheral edema or ecchyrmosis. 

His airway was normal and clear. In all respects, the child appeared normal, alert, and his 

mood and behavior were normal, “playful [and] happy.” Suspicious, mother filed a 

report with the Sheriff. She also obtained a restraining order to protect the child. 

However, until this incident, mother never had any concerns about child abuse or neglect

in father’s home. 

The record contains numerous accounts of what caused the mark on the child’s 

neck. Mother reported overhearing the child telling mother’s attorney’s receptionist that 

father tied a belt around his neck and choked him. Mother also overheard the child 

telling his half sibling that father choked him with a belt because he ate Jello that he was 

not supposed to eat and did not listen. Mother claimed that the child was scared of father 

and did not want to visit him anymore. The child showed the social worker a belt and 

explained that “ ‘my dad ties the belt on my neck and pulled me back’ ” because “ ‘he 

got mad because I ate all the food.’ ” The child was always able to breathe. He told the 

social worker that he was scared of and angry at father and did not want to see father 

 

1 All further statutory references are to the Welfare and Institutions Code.
3

“ ‘ever ever never again.’ ” The child told a sheriff’s detective that the dog’s leash 

became tangled around his neck when the child was playing with the dog. The child was 

unable to distinguish between the truth and a lie when tested by the social workers. 

Father’s description of the events to the detective and the social worker remained 

unchanged: the child became entangled in the dog’s leash. The dog’s leash is a rope. A 

paternal uncle reported watching the child attempt to tie the dog to a door and became 

entangled in the rope. Father immediately responded to the child’s screams and soothed 

him. 

In the opinion of the detective, the marks were consistent with a rope. The 

emergency room record indicates that the child suffered minimal, sharp pain. The injury 

was caused by a dog leash that got caught around the child’s neck. Dr. Miller, the 

forensic examiner at the Martin Luther King, Jr. HUB suspected physical abuse by father. 

He opined that the marks on the child’s neck were consistent with a belt being put around 

his neck and pulled from behind. The injuries would be highly unlikely to have resulted 

from a dog leash. The doctor found the child’s report to be credible. 

The parents have no criminal record, no history of domestic violence, and no prior 

reports of any kind of abusive behavior by father. No charges were filed against father 

for the incident. 

The Department filed a petition under section 300, subdivision (a) only, alleging 

that father physically abused the child by choking him with a belt and inflicting marks on 

the child’s neck. 

The juvenile court declared father was the presumed father and ordered the child 

detained from him. The court initially awarded father monitored visits but liberalized 

that order to unmonitored day and overnight visits, every other weekend, as had been the 

family’s schedule before the Department’s involvement. 

At the adjudication hearing, the dependency investigation social worker testified 

that she found father’s explanation of the incident to be credible and believed the petition 

should be dismissed. The only reason the Department did not recommend dismissal of 
4

the petition was that the forensic examiner believed that the marks were consistent with 

physical abuse. 

As father speaks Spanish, the record was confusing about whether the child was 

choked by a leash or a rope. Father testified that his Chihuahua has a nine foot leash 

measuring a quarter inch in diameter. On the day of the incident, the child was following 

the dog and trying to tie the rope to the dog. The child tied one end of the rope to a door

and maneuvered the other end around his waist, but without realizing it, he put the rope 

around his neck. As the dog passed by, the rope tightened. Father was standing about 

five feet away from the boy. Father consoled the child and called the police to ask what 

to do. 

At the close of the hearing, the juvenile court found that if father did not abuse his 

child, then he was neglectful. The court noted that the words “rope” and “belt” were used 

interchangeably. The court took a break to “figure out what language conforms to the 

evidence,” but stated it was going to sustain the petition. After the break, the court 

amended and sustained a petition under section 300, subdivisions (a) and (b) alleging that 

father “physically abused the child by choking the child with a belt inflicting marks to the 

child’s neck or in the alternative while the child was under the care and supervision of 

the father . . . choked himself playing with a rope.” (Italics added.) 

As for disposition, the court declined to order the child to be placed with father but 

left the custody arrangement established by the family law court unaltered, namely that 

the parents have joint legal and physical custody, with mother having primary custody 

and father having weekend overnight visits. Father timely appealed.

CONTENTIONS

Father contends the jurisdiction and disposition orders were made in error. The 

Department concedes the orders should be reversed.

DISCUSSION

Subdivision (a) of section 300 authorizes juvenile court jurisdiction over any child 

who “has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical 
5

harm inflicted nonaccidentally upon the child by the child’s parent or guardian.” 

(Italics added.) 

Subdivision (b) of section 300 authorizes dependency jurisdiction when, “[t]he 

child has suffered, or there is a substantial risk that the child will suffer, serious physical 

harm or illness, as a result of the failure or inability of his or her parent . . . to adequately 

supervise or protect the child, or the willful or negligent failure of the child’s 

parent . . . to adequately supervise or protect the child from the conduct of the custodian 

with whom the child has been left . . . .” (§ 300, subd. (b)(1), italics added.) 

Hence, both subdivisions (a) and (b) of section 300 require that, before the 

juvenile court may exert jurisdiction over a child, there be evidence indicating that the 

child has suffered, or is at substantial risk of suffering serious physical harm or illness. 

“ ‘In determining what constitutes a substantial risk of serious physical harm [under 

section 300, subdivision (b)], some general guidance may be drawn from subdivision 

(a) . . . .” (§ 300, subd. (a).)’ [Citation.]” (In re Alysha S. (1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 393, 

399, quoting In re Rocco M. (1991) 1 Cal.App.4th 814, 823.) A substantial risk of 

serious future injury may be found “based on the manner in which a less serious injury 

was inflicted, a history of repeated inflictions of injuries on the child or the child’s 

siblings, or a combination of these and other actions by the parent . . . which indicate the 

child is at risk of serious physical harm.” (§ 300, subd. (a).)

In re David H. (2008) 165 Cal.App.4th 1626 determined that striking a sevenyear-old child with a belt and cord, leaving “bruises, linear red marks, welts, and broken 

skin . . .” constituted serious physical harm under section 300, subdivision (a). (In re 

David H., at pp. 1644-1645.) The court in In re Mariah T. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 428, 

held striking a three-year-old child on the stomach and forearms and leaving deep purple 

bruises constituted serious physical harm. (Id. at pp.438-439; see also In re N.M. (2011) 

197 Cal.App.4th 159, 169 [child hit numerous times on ribs and on back with broom and 

pipe].)

Here, the petition contains no allegations, and the record contains no evidence,

that the child has suffered, or is at substantial risk of suffering serious physical harm or 
6

illness from the alleged choking to justify sustaining the petition under either 

subdivisions (a) or (b) of section 300. Dr. Ludlow in the Emergency Department found 

the child was suffering no acute distress and did not appear ill. He had no peripheral 

edema or ecchyrmosis. The child’s airway was normal and clear. In all respects, the 

child appeared normal, alert, and his mood and behavior were normal, “playful [and]

happy.” The child stated he never lost his breath. All that the sustained petition alleges 

is that the child sustained “marks.” This does not amount to the serious physical harm or 

illness required to declare a child a dependent under subdivisions (a) and (b) of section 

300, regardless of whether father’s conduct was intentional or neglectful. (In re 

David H., supra, 165 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1644-1645; In re Mariah T., supra, 

159 Cal.App.4th at pp. 438-439.) 

Another reason jurisdiction is not warranted here is that there are no allegations or 

evidence indicating that “ ‘the acts may continue in the future. [Citations.]’ ” (In re

Rocco M., supra, 1 Cal.App.4th at p. 824.) “[E]vidence of past events may have some 

probative value in considering current conditions. But under section 300, subdivision (b) 

this is only true if circumstances existing at the time of the hearing make it likely the 

children will suffer the same type of ‘serious physical harm or illness’ in the future. This 

is so because under subdivision (b) a child may be considered dependent ‘only so long as 

is necessary’ to protect the child from risk of suffering serious physical harm or illness. 

For this reason, ‘the past infliction of physical harm by a caretaker, standing alone, does 

not establish a substantial risk of physical harm, “[t]here must be some reason to believe 

the acts may continue in the future.” ’ ” (In re Janet T. (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 377, 388, 

fns. omitted.) 

Here, although the juvenile court did not appear to believe father, there was ample 

evidence in the record from other witnesses showing that father acted appropriately. 

Father immediately responded to the child’s screams and soothed the child. The child 

was always able to breathe. Father accompanied the child to the hospital and even called 

the police for advice. Father has no criminal record, no history of violence, and no prior 

history of any kind of abusive behavior. There is no record of repeated inflictions of 
7

injuries on any child that would indicate this child is at risk of any harm, let alone serious 

physical harm. Even mother stated that until this incident, she had no concerns about 

child abuse or neglect in father’s home. No charges were filed against father for this 

incident. The treating physician declared the child to be “ ‘fine.’ ” The record shows that 

this was a one-time incident and there is no evidence that it will recur. There is simply 

no reason for state interference in this family.

Father also challenges the disposition order. However, because we reverse the 

jurisdiction order, the disposition order is automatically reversed.

DISPOSITION

The orders appealed from are reversed.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS

ALDRICH, J.

We concur:

EDMON, P. J.

JONES, J.

 



Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.