UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

PANAMA CITY DIVISION

MARIA DOMINIQUE TURNER

other

MARIA THOMPSON,

Plaintiff,

v. CASE NO. 5:20cv199-MCR-MJF

ZACHARY WESTER,

LOUIS S ROBERTS, III,

Defendants.

_________________________________/

ORDER

Plaintiff Maria Dominique Turner, now known as Maria Thompson

(“Thompson”), filed this civil rights suit against Defendant Louis S. Roberts, III, 

individually and in his official capacity as Sheriff of Jackson County, Florida, and 

Defendant Zachary Wester, a former deputy sheriff, individually. Thompson alleges 

that Wester, while acting as a deputy sheriff, fabricated evidence and criminal

charges against her, and she asserts several causes of action against each Defendant 

arising under state law and federal constitutional law, see 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Now 

pending is Defendant Roberts’s Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint, 

addressing the individual capacity claims against him, ECF No. 21, and his Motion 

to Strike and/or Dismiss Plaintiff’s Claims for Punitive Damages, ECF No. 22. 

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Thompson opposes both motions. Having fully considered the matter, the Court 

denies the motion to dismiss the individual capacity claims and grants in part and 

denies in part the motion to strike.

Background

Viewing the allegations of the complaint as true, see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 

U.S. 662, 678 (2009), on July 14, 2017, Thompson was operating a vehicle owned 

by her fiancé (now husband), James Thompson, on Highway 90 in Cypress, Florida, 

when she was pulled over by Deputy Wester for no reason. He had been driving in 

the opposite direction. He made a U-turn after going past her and turned on his 

emergency lights behind her. Thompson pulled over but asserts that Wester had no 

basis to believe she had committed any traffic offense, let alone a crime. The 

Complaint alleges that Wester approached her driver-side window and announced 

that he pulled her over because, “as I passed you, I smelled the aroma of marijuana.” 

ECF No. 15, at 3. Thompson asserts this was false, and when she informed him she 

had not smoked marijuana, Wester slapped the window frame and said, “I know 

somebody has been smoking marijuana in this truck today. I got a call about it.” Id.

at 4. Thompson asserts this was also false as she had been at work all day. 

Thompson informed Wester that she was on probation, was drug tested regularly, 

and did not use illegal drugs.

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Wester allegedly took Thompson’s driver’s license and returned to his police 

vehicle. When he returned to Thompson, he informed her that her license was 

suspended for unpaid child support, which she also contends was false. He also 

stated that her tags were expired. Wester placed Thompson in the back seat of his 

police vehicle, purportedly for her safety, and said he would call her probation 

officer to determine whether she could be let off with a warning. He then searched 

her vehicle under the pretense that he had smelled the odor of marijuana, which, 

again, Thompson asserts was false.

Wester searched the vehicle and falsely claimed that he found a “white in 

color crystal substance.” Id. at 5. According to the Complaint, Wester did not find 

the substance in Thompson’s vehicle but instead brought the substance to her vehicle

and also falsely claimed to have performed a field test revealing it to be 

methamphetamine. He also falsely claimed to have found a “color Ziploc bag 

containing a green leafy residue,” which he identified as marijuana. Thompson 

alleges that he then typed up an affidavit from the police vehicle, which took over 

two hours. Wester arrested Thompson for possession of methamphetamine and drug 

paraphernalia and took her to the Jackson County Jail. She was charged with 

possession of methamphetamine, possession of drug paraphernalia, driving with a 

suspended license with knowledge, and violation of state probation.

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Thompson maintained that Wester had no probable cause to arrest or charge 

her and no reasonable basis to believe that he did because he planted false evidence. 

She was held in jail and felt forced to enter a plea of no contest on August 31, 2017. 

She was sentenced to a term of 21 days in the county jail, one year of community 

service, two years of Drug Offender Probation, and assessed $1,100 in court costs.

Thompson was released from jail on September 21, 2017. Her former employer 

complained to Wester’s immediate supervisor and was told that Wester was “a good 

ole boy and if he said something happened then that’s what happened,” and nothing 

was done. ECF No. 15 at 9. It is further alleged that on September 20, 2018, after 

the Florida Department of Law Enforcement had tested the white substance and 

determined that no controlled substances were found, Thompson was allowed to 

withdraw her plea agreement, and her sentence was vacated. 

It is also alleged that during his career with the Jackson County Sheriff’s 

office, Wester made over 100 arrests that have been subsequently determined to be 

false. His arrest rate was “more prolific than the arrest rate of any other deputy,” 

and it is alleged that because Wester’s drug arrest rate was so inflated, his 

supervisors, including Roberts, could not have believed he was acting lawfully. 

Thompson also alleges that multiple people complained, but Roberts continued to 

allow Wester to make false arrests and ignored the complaints. Thompson lists over 

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30 civil suits filed against Wester on the same grounds of false arrest and falsified 

evidence. Thompson contends that Wester’s conduct was widespread and was 

permitted to continue, consistent with the customs, policy and practice of the Jackson 

County Sheriff’s Office. It is further alleged that Roberts knew of, approved of, and 

expressly and implicitly authorized Wester’s conduct with respect to Thompson.

Roberts moves to dismiss the claims against him in his individual capacity for 

the failure to state a claim or on grounds of qualified immunity. Roberts also seeks

to strike the claims for punitive damages and attorney’s fees asserted against him in 

his official and individual capacities. 

Discussion

A. Motion to Dismiss

A complaint must “include sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state 

a claim of relief that is plausible on its face,’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 

(2009) (citing Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 547 (2007)), and if not, the 

complaint is subject to dismissal. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). Federal pleading 

rules require only “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader 

is entitled to relief,” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2), not detailed allegations. See Iqbal, 556 

U.S. at 677–78. The “plausibility standard” requires a showing of “more than a sheer 

possibility” that the defendant is liable on the claim. Id. The plaintiff must show 

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enough factual content to raise the asserted right to relief above the level of 

speculation, but legal conclusions are not accepted as true. See id.; Twombly, 550 

U.S. at 555. Determining plausibility is “a context-specific task that requires the 

reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 

U.S. at 679. 

Qualified immunity shields a public official from individual liability for 

damages arising out of the official’s performance of discretionary duties, unless the 

official’s conduct violated clearly established constitutional rights of which a 

reasonable official should have known. See Hadley v. Gutierrez, 526 F.3d 1324, 

1329 (11th Cir. 2008) (citing Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). The 

government official bears the initial burden of raising the defense and “showing ‘he 

was acting within his discretionary authority.’” Cozzi v. City of Birmingham, 892 

F.3d 1288, 1293 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1194 (11th 

Cir. 2002)). If the government official was acting within the scope of his 

discretionary authority, then the burden shifts to the plaintiff to establish: (1) that the 

allegedly wrongful conduct violated a constitutional right, and (2) that the right at 

issue was clearly established at the time the alleged misconduct occurred. See 

Gilmore v. Hodges, 738 F.3d 266, 272 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing Pearson v. Callahan, 

555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009)). Addressing the qualified immunity inquiry in this order 

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is no longer required, and courts may exercise discretion to decide which inquiry to 

address first in light of the circumstances of a particular case. Id. (citing Pearson, 

555 U.S. at 232). Because qualified immunity is a defense from suit as well as

liability, courts are instructed to “ascertain the validity of a qualified immunity 

defense as early in the lawsuit as possible.” Id. 

Supervisory officials are not liable under § 1983 for the unconstitutional acts 

of their subordinates on the basis of respondeat superior or vicarious liability. 

Keating v. City of Miami, 598 F.3d 753, 762 (11th Cir. 2010). However, they may 

be liable individually for their own misconduct. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77 (noting 

the term “supervisory liability” is a misnomer in the context where supervisors may 

not be held liable for the misdeeds of their agents or subordinates). Actionable 

misconduct occurs where the supervisor “personally participate[d] in the alleged 

constitutional violation” or where “there is a causal connection between actions of 

the supervising official and the alleged constitutional violation.” Keating, 598 F.3d 

at 762. In the absence of personal participation, the causal connection can be shown

where a supervisor’s policy or custom results in deliberate indifference to 

constitutional rights, or where “the facts support an inference that the supervisor 

directed the subordinates to act unlawfully or knew that the subordinates would act 

unlawfully and failed to stop them from doing so.” Cottone v. Jenne, 326 F.3d 1352, 

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1360 (11th Cir. 2003) (internal marks omitted). To demonstrate causation through 

custom requires a showing that the supervisor was on notice of a “history of 

widespread abuse”—one that was “obvious, flagrant, rampant and of continued 

duration”—sufficient to put a “responsible supervisor” on notice of the need to 

correct the alleged constitutional deprivations and the failure to do so. Doe v. Sch. 

Bd. of Broward Cnty., Fla., 604 F.3d 1248, 1266 (11th Cir. 2010); see also Cottone,

326 F.3d at 1360. 

Roberts argues that Thompson failed to allege a plausible, non-conclusory 

factual basis to show either his personal involvement or knowledge. The Court 

disagrees. The Second Amended Complaint alleges that Wester made over 100 false 

arrests and lists 30-some civil cases similar to Thompson’s, which demonstrates

widespread abuse.1

 It further alleges that Roberts knew of Wester’s misconduct,

because of having received complaints and having had notice of his “prolific” record

of arrests, and that Roberts acquiesced in and declined to prevent the misconduct.

Some allegations are conclusory in nature, but on the whole, taken as true, there are 

1 The Court takes judicial notice that the arrests in several of the cases listed in the 

Complaint are alleged to have occurred on a date prior to Thompson’s arrest. See Grayson v. 

Warden, Comm'r, Alabama Doc, 869 F.3d 1204, 1225 (11th Cir. 2017) (noting that a court may 

take judicial notice of filings in other litigation).

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sufficient factual assertions to raise a plausible inference that Roberts was on notice 

of the misconduct and either failed to correct it or acquiesced in it. Heightened 

pleading is not required. See Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 710 (11th Cir. 2010);

2

see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b) (knowledge need not be pled with particularity). Also, 

although “[t]he standard by which a supervisor is held liable in [his] individual 

capacity for the actions of a subordinate is extremely rigorous,” Cottone, 326 F.3d 

at 1360 (quoting Gonzalez v. Reno, 325 F.3d 1228, 1234 (11th Cir. 2003)), that is a

standard of proof, not pleading. The allegations are sufficient to state a claim. 

For the same reason, qualified immunity must be denied at this stage. 

Assuming the facts alleged as true and inferences in Thompson’s favor, Roberts’s 

conduct of failing to take action while on notice of, and having received complaints

of, Wester’s widespread misconduct caused the violation of Thompson’s

constitutional rights to be free from an unreasonable search and seizure. And, 

Roberts does not argue that supervisory liability based on such a causal connection

was not clearly established. Because the Second Amended Complaint sufficiently 

alleges the violation of clearly established constitutional rights, qualified immunity 

2 In Randall, the Eleventh Circuit held and has since reaffirmed, “that ‘whatever 

requirements our heightened pleading standard once imposed have since been replaced by those 

of the Twombly– Iqbal plausibility standard. . . . [which] applies to all civil actions. . . .” Hoefling 

v. City of Miami, 811 F.3d 1271, 1276 (11th Cir. 2016) (quoting Randall, 610 F.3d 701, 707 n.2).

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must be denied at this stage. The issue may be raised again on a fully developed 

record. 

B. Motion to Strike

Roberts seeks to strike or dismiss all claims for punitive damages and 

attorney’s fees asserted against him in his official and individual capacities, as 

alleged in the following Counts: 

• II (§ 1983 unlawful seizure, individual capacity), 

• III (§ 1983 unlawful seizure, official capacity), 

• V (§ 1983 unlawful detention, individual capacity),

• VI (§ 1983 unreasonable detention, official capacity), 

• VII (§ 1983 unreasonable search, individual capacity), 

• IX (§ 1983 unreasonable search official capacity), 

• XI (§ 1983 excessive force, individual capacity), 

• XII (§ 1983 excessive force, official capacity), 

• XIV (fabrication of evidence, individual capacity),

• XV (§ 1983 fabrication of evidence, official capacity), 

• XVII (§ 1983 false arrest, individual capacity), 

• XVIII (§ 1983 false arrest, official capacity), 

• XX (§ 1983 malicious prosecution, individual capacity),

• XXI (§ 1983 malicious prosecution, official capacity),

• XXII (state law malicious prosecution, official capacity), and

• XXIII (state law false arrest/false imprisonment official capacity).

Punitive damages may be awarded under § 1983 “when the defendant’s 

conduct is shown to be motivated by evil motive or intent, or when it involves 

reckless or callous indifference to the federally protected rights of others.” Smith v. 

Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56 (1983). Thompson has alleged that Roberts deliberately 

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ignored complaints about Wester’s unconstitutional conduct and that he knew of the 

conduct and authorized it or failed to take action to correct it, which caused the 

violation of Thompson’s rights. Taking the allegations as true, they are sufficient to 

infer recklessness or callous indifference to Thompson’s constitutional rights, and 

therefore the request for punitive damages on § 1983 claims against in Roberts in 

his individual capacity will not be stricken. Thompson agrees that punitive damages 

may not be recovered under § 1983 on the official capacity claims, so the motion 

will be granted as to Counts III, VI, IX, XII, XV, XVIII, XXI.

As to punitive damages under state law, Roberts argues, and Thompson 

agrees, that leave of court under Florida law, Fla. Stat. § 768.72(1), is required before 

pleading punitive damages, so the pleading of punitive damages is premature. The 

Court disagrees and will not dismiss or strike the claims based on an incorrect 

statement of law (even if undisputed). The Eleventh Circuit has held that the federal 

pleading rules within Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(3) (requiring a demand for the relief 

sought) “preempt § 768.72’s requirement that a plaintiff must obtain leave from the 

court before including a prayer for punitive damages.” Porter v. Ogden, Newell & 

Welch, 241 F.3d 1334, 1340 (11th Cir. 2001); see also Cohen v. Office Depot, Inc., 

184 F.3d 1292, 1299 (11th Cir. 1999), aff’d in part and vacated in part on other 

grounds, 204 F.3d 1069 (11th Cir. 2000). Thus, the pleading of damages is governed 

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by federal rules, and while a factual basis is required to state a cause of action, there 

is no requirement for court approval before pleading punitive damages. As already 

concluded, the Second Amended Complaint sufficiently alleges grounds to support 

a claim for punitive damages, and therefore, the state law punitive damages claims 

will not be stricken.

Attorney’s fees are available to a prevailing party on a § 1983 claim, see 42 

U.S.C. § 1988(b), but no grounds are asserted that would justify attorney’s fees 

under state law. Thompson agrees that attorney’s fees are only recoverable under 

§§ 1983 and 1988(b) and that the request should be stricken from the state law 

claims of Counts XXII and XXIII. 

Accordingly:

1. Defendant Roberts’s Individual Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second 

Amended Complaint, ECF No. 21, is DENIED. 

2. Defendant Roberts’s Motion to Strike and/or Dismiss Plaintiff’s Claims 

for Punitive Damages and Attorney’s Fees, ECF No. 22, is GRANTED in part and 

DENIED in part, as follows:

a. GRANTED as to the § 1983 claims for punitive damages against 

Roberts in his official capacity, as alleged in Counts III, VI, IX, XII, XV, XVIII, and 

XXI, which are STRICKEN.

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b. GRANTED as to the state law claims for attorney’s fees, as 

alleged in Counts XXII and XXIII, which are STRICKEN. 

c. In all other respects, the motion is DENIED.

DONE AND ORDERED this 21st day of April 2021.

M. Casey Rodgers M. CASEY RODGERS

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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