23-1305-cv

Frentzel et al. v. Mohr et al.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. 

CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS 

PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE 

PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A 

SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST 

CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH 

THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the 

Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the

8th day of April, two thousand twenty-four.

Present:

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

Chief Judge,

REENA RAGGI,

BETH ROBINSON,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________

PATRICIA A. FRENTZEL, NANCY J. ANDERSON,

WENDY A. VALINT, EVAN J. VALINT, SCOTT M.

HENDERSON, CATHY A. HENDERSON, AND ERIK J.

ANDERSON,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v. 23-1305-cv

RALPH M. MOHR,JEREMY J. ZELLNER, ERIE COUNTY 

BOARD OF ELECTIONS, GEORGE M. HAUSS,ROGER A.

COOK, LETITIA JAMES, KATHY HOCHUL, PETER S.

KOSINSKI, DOUGLAS A. KELLNER, ANDREW J.

SPANO, ANTHONY J. CASALE, AND NEW YORK STATE 

BOARD OF ELECTIONS,

Defendants-Appellees.

_____________________________________
For Plaintiffs-Appellants: CHAD A. DAVENPORT (James J. Graber on the brief), 

Rupp Pfalzgraf LLC, Buffalo, NY.

For Defendants-Appellees: SARAH L. ROSENBLUTH, Assistant Solicitor General

(Barbara D. Underwood, Solicitor General, Jeffrey W. 

Lang, Deputy Solicitor General, on the brief), on behalf 

of Kathy Hochul, Governor, Letitia James, Attorney 

General, State of New York.

Appeal from an order of the United States District Court for the Western District of New 

York (Sinatra, J).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND 

DECREED that the appeal is DISMISSED.

Patricia A. Frentzel (“Frentzel”), along with six registered members 1 of the Working 

Families Party (“WFP”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) appeal from an interlocutory order of the 

district court, denying, in relevant part, their request for a preliminary injunction concerning the 

June 27, 2023, WFP primary election for Town Clerk of Grand Island, New York. Plaintiffs 

sought a preliminary injunction to restrain the Erie County Board of Elections (“ECBOE”), and 

all relevant officials, from enforcing New York Election Law § 8-308(4) and invalidating the 

write-in ballots cast for Frentzel during the WFP primary.2 Plaintiffs also sought a declaratory 

judgment, stating that Section 8-308(4) is facially unconstitutional or that certifying Hauss as the 

winner of the primary was unconstitutional as a matter of law. Following oral argument, the 

district court denied Plaintiffs’ requests to restrain ECBOE from enforcing Section 8-308(4) and 

1 Nancy J. Anderson, Wendy A. Valint, Evan J. Valint, Scott M. Henderson, Cathy A. Henderson, and Erick J. 

Anderson. 

2 Plaintiffs also sought, in the alternative, to prevent ECBOE from certifying George Hauss as the winner of the 

primary, and requested an award of litigation costs and any further relief as the district court considered just and 

proper. The district court granted Plaintiffs’ request to prevent ECBOE from certifying Hauss as the winner of the 

primary, and Plaintiffs do not in this appeal challenge that aspect of the district court’s preliminary injunction order.
to order ECBOE to count all write-in votes cast for Frentzel. Because the district court only 

addressed Plaintiffs’ request for preliminary injunctive relief and because the primary and general 

elections have long since concluded, this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ interlocutory 

appeal. We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of 

the case, and the issues on appeal, which we discuss here only as necessary to explain our 

determination to dismiss this appeal as moot.

The WFP primary election has concluded. Frentzel won the November general election 

and was re-elected to the position of Town Clerk in Grand Island, New York.3

 We lack Article 

III jurisdiction because these intervening events “make[] it impossible for the court to grant ‘any 

effectual relief whatever’ to a prevailing party.” ABC, Inc. v. Stewart, 360 F.3d 90, 97 (2d Cir. 

2004) (quoting Church of Scientology v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 12 (1992) (internal quotation 

marks omitted)). Although there is an exception to the mootness doctrine for cases that are 

“capable of repetition, yet evading review,” Southern Pac. Terminal Co. v. ICC, 219 U.S. 498, 515 

(1911), because Plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction pertains only to the June 2023 WFP 

primary election, the alleged harm addressed by the text order on appeal is not “capable of 

repetition,” see Indep. Party of Richmond Cnty. v. Graham, 413 F.3d 252, 256 (2d Cir. 2005). 

This Court has recognized, moreover, that “[t]o apply the ‘capable of repetition yet evading 

review’ exception to otherwise moot appeals of preliminary injunctions would . . . impermissibly 

evade the ordinary rule . . . that appellate courts review only ‘final decisions’ of a lower court.”4

 

Id. 

3 While Frentzel did not appear on the WFP’s ballot, she ran as the Republican and Conservative parties’ nominee. 

4 In Pope v. County of Albany, 687 F.3d 565 (2d Cir. 2012), we declined to dismiss an otherwise moot request for 

preliminary injunction because it was feasible to “restore the status quo” by vacating the elections at issue. Id. at 

569. But Plaintiffs have not requested such relief here. 
A facial challenge to the constitutionality of an election law may be reviewed even if the 

election at issue has concluded. See Lerman v. Bd. of Elections in Cty. of New York, 232 F.3d 

135, 141 (2d Cir. 2000) (applying the mootness exception to evaluate, in the context of a facial 

challenge to a New York election law, only the constitutional questions presented, and forgoing 

analysis on any of the factors related to preliminary injunctive relief). Plaintiffs raise their facial

challenge to Section 8-308(4) squarely in their request for declaratory relief. The district court 

never issued a final judgment regarding that request.

5

 Thus, this request for declaratory relief, 

though raising “the same underlying legal questions that are being argued in this appeal,” still 

“remain[s] pending before the district court,” and “review by our court would unnecessarily and 

inappropriately preempt the district court’s resolution of th[at] controversy.” Indep. Party of 

Richmond Cnty., 413 F.3d at 256, 257. 

* * *

Accordingly, we DISMISS this appeal of the district court’s text order entered on 

September 12, 2023, as moot. 

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk

5 While the court opined on the constitutionality of Section 8-308(4), it did so only in the context of evaluating 

Plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction, in connection with its analysis of Plaintiffs’ likelihood of success on 

the merits, the balance of hardships, and the interest of the public. Supplemental App’x at 75.