### *National Evaluation of Welfare-to-Work Strategies*

##   How Effective Are Different Welfare-to-Work Approaches?  Five-Year Adult and Child Impacts for Eleven Programs

U.S. Department of Health and HumanServicesAdministration for Children andFamiliesOffice of the Assistant Secretary for Planningand Evaluation
U.S. Department of EducationOffice of the DeputySecretaryPlanning and EvaluationServiceOffice of Vocational and AdultEducation
December 2001
*Prepared by:*Gayle Hamilton, Stephen Freedman, Lisa Gennetian,Charles Michalopoulos, Johanna Walter, Diana Adams-Ciardullo,and Anna Gassman-PinesManpower Demonstration Research Corporation
Sharon McGroder, Martha Zaslow, Jennifer Brooks, andSurjeet AhluwaliaChild Trends
*with*Electra Small and Bryan RicchettiManpower Demonstration Research Corporation
*This report is available on the Internet at:*http://aspe.hhs.gov/hsp/NEWWS/5yr-11prog01
Obtaining a Printed CopyContents
**Executive Summary**
Acknowledgements & DedicationFunding
**Chapters:**-  Introduction    -  A Framework for Understanding Program	Results  Research Questions and DesignProgram Environments
-  Program Features    -  Self-Sufficiency Approaches  Degree of Participation Mandate EnforcementOther Program Features
-  Program Changes in the Last Two Years of the	Five-Year Follow-Up Period  Control Group Treatment Over TimeA Brief Review of Two-Year Impact Results
-  Contents of This Report   Research Design, Sample Characteristics, Data Sources,    and Analysis Issues-  Research Design    -  Random Assignment Designs   Random Assignment Periods and ProceduresAnalysis Samples and Sample Characteristics
Analysis Samples
-  Sample Characteristics   Data SourcesAnalysis Issues
Calculating Impacts
-  Control Group Treatment Over Time    Impacts on Employment-Related Services and Degree    Receipt-  Key Findings  Analysis IssuesReview of Two-Year Findings
-  Five-Year Control Group Participation Patterns  Five-Year Impacts on Participation-  Impacts for the Full Sample  Impacts by Education SubgroupImpacts on Participation in Year 5
-  Trends Over Time in Participation Impacts  Five-Year Impacts on Degree Receipt-  High School Nongraduates  High School GraduatesConclusions
-  Impacts on Employment and Earnings    -  Key Findings  Expected EffectsImpacts on Employment and Earnings
Employment and Earnings Over Five Years
-  Employment by Year  Earnings by YearEmployment Stability and Earnings Growth
-  High School Graduates and Nongraduates   Comparing Results for the LFA and HCD ProgramsEffects on Employment and Earnings Impacts by the	End of the Control Group Embargo
-  Impacts on Public Assistance    -  Key Findings  Expected EffectsWelfare Receipt and Payments
Welfare Receipt and Payments Over Five Years
-  Welfare Receipt by Year  Comparing High School Graduates and	    NongraduatesFood Stamp Payments and Receipt
-  Comparing the Effects of the LFA and HCD Programs   Impacts on Income and Self-Sufficiency-  Key Findings  Analysis Issues-  Defining Self-Sufficiency  Direct and Indirect Effects on Self-Sufficiency	    and IncomeMeasurement Issues
-  Impacts on Income    -  Combined Income Over Five Years  Combined Income by YearImpacts on Combined Income for Educational Attainment	    Subgroups
-  Impacts on Employment and Welfare Status Over Five	Years  Comparing the Effects of the LFA and HCD Programs	on IncomeImpacts on Respondent and Household Income at the	End of Year 5
Additional Sources of Income for Respondents
-  Household Income    What Works Best for Whom: Economic Effects by    Subgroup-  Key Findings  Analysis IssuesImpacts by Subgroup
Welfare History
-  Recent Work Experience  Composite Level of DisadvantageRace and Ethnicity
-  Comparing the LFA and HCD Programs  What Has Been Learned?Impacts on Health Care Coverage
Key Findings
-  Expected Effects  Health Care Coverage at the End of Year 5-  Employment and Employer-Provided Coverage  Public Versus Private Coverage for RespondentsCoverage for Children
-  Transitional Medicaid Use During the Five-Year	Follow-Up  Loss of Coverage by the End of Year 5Conclusions
-  Impacts on Household and Personal Circumstances    -  Key Findings  Measurement Issues-  Marital Status and Household Composition  Moving and Housing StatusEmployment-Related and Domestic Abuse
-  Effects of Welfare-to-Work Approaches on Marital	Status  Effects of Welfare-to-Work Approaches on Fertility	and Household Composition-  Fertility  Household CompositionEffects of Welfare-to-Work Approaches on Housing	Status
-  Effects of Welfare-to-Work Approaches on	Employment-Related and Domestic Abuse  Links Between Effects on Household and Personal	Circumstances and Particular Program Practices or Program Effects on	EmploymentImpacts on Child Care and Child Activities
Key Findings
-  Analysis Issues    -  Mothers' Employment and Child Care Use  Children's Experiences in Child Care and	    ActivitiesChild Care Use as a Support for Employment
Control Group Levels of Child Care
-  Impacts on Child Care Use as a Support for	    Employment   Child Care as a Context for Development-  Control Group Levels of Child Care  Impacts on Child Care UseConclusions
-  Impacts on the Well-Being of All Children    -  Key Findings  Measurement IssuesThe Effect of Welfare-to-Work Approaches on Child	Outcomes
Any Child in the Family
-  Toddlers  Preschool-Age ChildrenYoung School-Age Children
-  Adolescents   Links Between Effects on Child Outcomes and Program	Practices or Particular Effects-  Comparing LFA and HCD Approaches  ToddlersAdolescents
-  Conclusions   Impacts on Young Children-  Key Findings  Analysis Issues-  Child Outcomes Examined  Multiple ReportersImpacts on Children
Social Skills and Behavior
-  Academic Functioning  Health and SafetyOther Outcome
-  "Mapping" Child and Adult Impacts Found in the	Child Outcomes Study Sample    -  Educational Attainment  Employment and EarningsCumulative Income and Poverty Status
-  Child Care   Discussion and ConclusionsCosts and Benefits
Key Findings
-  Issues in the Cost Analysis  Major Components of the Cost AnalysisExpenditures for In-Program Employment-Related	Services
Welfare Department Expenditures
-  Non-Welfare Agency Expenditures   Expenditures for Out-of-Program Employment-Related	Services-  Welfare Department Expenditures  Non-Welfare Agency ExpendituresGross Costs
Gross Costs for Program Group Members
-  Gross Costs for Control Group Members   Net Costs-  Results by Educational Attainment Subgroups  LFA-HCD Program DifferencesAnalytical Approach for the Benefit-Cost	Analysis
Accounting Methods
-  Analytical Perspectives  Limitations of the AnalysisEffects for Sample Members
Earnings and Fringe Benefits
-  Personal Taxes  Transfer Payments and BenefitsNet Gains and Losses by Accounting Perspective
Welfare Sample Members
-  Government Budgets   Sensitivity of the ResultsConclusions
**Appendices**-  Appendix A:  Notes for Tables and Figures  Appendix B:  Supplementary Tables to Chapter    3Appendix C:  Supplementary Tables to Chapter    4
-  Appendix D:  Supplementary Tables to Chapter    5  Appendix E:  Supplementary Tables to Chapter    6Appendix F:  Supplementary Tables to Chapter    7
-  Appendix G:  Survey Response Analysis  Appendix H:  A Comparison of Impacts Estimated    from Survey and UI Earnings DataAppendix I:  Impacts on Employment, Welfare,    Income, and Related Outcomes for the Client Survey,    Child Outcomes Study Survey, and    Teacher Survey Samples
-  Appendix J:  Child Outcome Measures   References
List of Table and Figures
Dedication
Obtaining Printed Copies of Reports
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Updated:  02/21/02