Water-Quality Data Collected at Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia, 1997-1999

Kathryn M. Conko, Margaret M. Kennedy, and Karen C. Rice

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Open-File Report 00-481

Reston, Virginia 

2000
Contents

ABSTRACT ..............................^^

INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................^

FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS.................................................................................... 3

Precipitation................................................................................................................................. 3

Streams and Lake Water.............................................................................................................. 5

LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODS................................................................................ 9

Sample Analysis Trace Elements............................................................................................... 9

Precipitation.............................................................................................................................. 9

Streams and Lake Water......................................................................................................... 11

Sample Analysis Major Cations and Anions........................................................................... 12

Quality Assurance...................................................................................................................... 14

Field Collection...................................................................................................................... 14

Instrument Parameters............................................................................................................ 15

Blanks...........................^ 16

Sample Replicates.................................................................................................................. 17

Standard Reference Materials................................................................................................. 17

Sample Spikes........................................................................................................................ 18

Data Validation....................................................................................................................... 18

SUMMARY................................................................................................................................... 19
Figures

gage

1. Map showing the location of Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia .................................... 2

2. Map showing the locations of the sampling sites at Lake Anne ............................... 4

3. Graph showing the efficiency of the automated precipitation collector ...................... 15

Tables (all at the end of text)

gage

1. The sampling parameters for the Lake Anne precipitation ..................................... 22

2. The sampling parameters at Lake Anne inlet stream RELAC ................................ 23

3. The sampling parameters at Lake Anne outlet stream LAOUT ............................... 24

4. Sampling parameters for the occasionally sampled tributaries ................................ 25

5. Sampling parameters for Lake Anne ............................................................. 25

6. Methods of sample preparation for trace elements (TE) and major ions (MI) .............. 26

7. Comparison of the phase differentiation of trace elements in the Lake Anne

precipitation ......................................................................................... 27

8. The results of the analysis of trace elements in the Lake Anne precipitation ............... 28

9. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in the stream RELAC ............. 29

10. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in the stream RELAC .................... 30

11. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in the stream LAOUT ............. 31

12. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in the stream LAOUT ................... 32

13. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in the occasionally sampled

tributaries ........................................................................................... 33

14. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in the occasionally sampled

tributaries ............................................................................................ 33

15. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in Lake Anne ...................... 34

16. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in Lake Anne ............................. 35

17. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the Lake Anne

precipitation ......................................................................................... 36

18. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the stream RELAC .. 37
Tables Continued

19. The results of the analysis of total maj or cations in the stream REL AC .................... 38

20. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the stream LAOUT . 39

21. The results of the analysis of total major cations in the stream LAOUT ..................... 40

22. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the occasionally

sampled tributaries .................................................................................. 41

23. The results of the analysis of total major cations in the occasionally sampled tributaries . 42

24. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in Lake Anne ........... 43

25. The results of the analysis of total major cations in Lake Anne ...............................44

26. Detection limits for the trace element analysis conducted by ICP-MS (Inductively

coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy) ............................................................ 45

27. Detection limits for the cation analysis conducted by ICP-OES (Inductively coupled

plasma - optical emissions spectroscopy) ........................................................ 45

28. Detection limits for the anion analysis conducted by 1C (Ion chromatography) ............ 45

29. Mean concentration and standard deviation (std. dev.) of the trace elements in

the precipitation and field blanks ................................................................. 46

30. The results of the analysis of SRM (Standard Reference Materials) used during ICP-MS 

accuracy checks ..................................................................................... 47

31. The results of the analysis of SRM used during the ICP-OES accuracy checks ............ 48

32. The results of the analysis of SRM used for accuracy checks during the GF-AAS 

(Graphite Furnace-Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) accuracy checks for As and 

Cu in the total (digested) water samples .......................................................... 48

33. List of sample spikes and recovery of arsenic during the ICP-MS analysis ................ 49
Water-Quality Data Collected at Lake Anne, Reston, Virginia, 1997-1999

Kathryn M. Conko, Margaret M. Kennedy, and Karen C. Rice

ABSTRACT

Samples from the Lake Anne watershed were collected and analyzed to assess the water 

quality from December 1997 through January 1999. Lake Anne is a stream impoundment in 

suburban Northern Virginia and its outflow is a sub-tributary of the Potomac River. Samples of 

wet deposition (precipitation), lake water, and streamwater that drain into and from Lake Anne 

were collected and analyzed. Trace-element clean sampling and analysis protocols were followed 

throughout the project. This report is a compilation of the precipitation, lake-water, and 

streamwater data collected in the Lake Anne watershed and the associated quality 

assurance/quality control data. Concentrations of the trace elements arsenic, barium, cadmium, 

chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, strontium, vanadium, and zinc, and of the major 

inorganic ions, aluminum, bicarbonate, calcium, chloride, hydrogen ion, iron, magnesium, 

potassium, nitrate, sodium, and sulfate are reported.

INTRODUCTION

Lake Anne is a stream impoundment in the planned community of Reston in Fairfax 

County, Virginia. The lake is located between State Route 7 (Leesburg Pike) and State Route 267 

(which parallels the Dulles Airport Access Road), approximately 26 kilometers (km) west of 

Washington, D.C., and approximately 13 km east of Washington Dulles International Airport 

(figure 1). Lake Anne is a real-estate lake (built for the purpose of attracting residents to buy 

waterfront property) and was created by damming an unnamed tributary of Difficult Run. It is 

situated roughly west (upstream) to east (downstream) and is retained by a 13.7-meter (m) high, 

152-m long earthen dam, which is crossed by Wiehle Avenue (Netherton, 1989). The climate of 

Fairfax County is characterized by warm, humid summers, and mild winters with an annual 

average air temperature of 10° C (Pavich and others, 1989). Long-term (1964-1996) average 

annual precipitation measured at Washington Dulles International Airport is 104.8 centimeters 

(cm) (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000).

1
40° -

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Figure 1. The location of Lake Anne
This report presents the sampling and analytical techniques and the data collected on the 

quantity and chemical quality of the water samples collected from the Lake Anne watershed from 

December 1997 through January 1999. The imports (precipitation and stream inflow) to and 

exports (stream outflow) from the watershed, as well as lake water were collected and analyzed 

for major and trace cations and major anions. This study provides initial data on the watershed as 

a base line for future studies of this or other urban and suburban watersheds.

The authors would like to thank the following people: Edward Callender, USGS, for 

assistance with this project; Carol J. Skeen and Michael W. Doughten, USGS, for analytical and 

editorial assistance; Christopher L. Baumgartner, James Madison University, for technical 

assistance; Roger M. Moberg, USGS, for installing the stream gages and precipitation collection 

station; Eugene D. Powell, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, for assistance with the 

stream discharge records; Brian C. Norton, James Madison University, for graphical assistance 

and Randall Orndorff and Chester Zenone, USGS, for editorial assistance.

FIELD DATA COLLECTION METHODS 

Precipitation

A precipitation collection station was installed on August 1, 1997 on the judge's tower 

overlooking the tennis courts on top of the Reston Lake Anne Air Conditioning Corporation 

(RELAC) building at the intersection of North Shore Drive and Washington Plaza near the 

RELAC stream-gaging station (figure 2). The amount and timing of rainfall were recorded from 

October 1, 1997 through February 19, 1999 with a tipping-bucket rain gage connected to a
Campbell Scientific, Inc. CRIOX data-logger. The amount of precipitation collected during 1998 

was 91.9cm.

Precipitation Collection Site 

j§ Routine Stream Collection 

rj Occasionally Sampled Tributaries (trib) 

A Lake Water Collection

Figure 2. Location of the sampling sites at Lake Anne.

Precipitation samples were collected in the wet side of an Aerochem Metrics (ACM) 

Model 301 automatic wet-dry precipitation collector, beginning in December 1997 and ending in 

January 1999. The site was serviced every other Tuesday resulting in a two-week integrated 

sample. The dates and times of the individual precipitation samples as well as the field 

parameters measured are listed in Table 1.

The collector was modified for trace-element precipitation collection by encasing the lid in 

plastic and covering the support arms with Teflon® tape. Three pre-cleaned, two-liter (L) Teflon® 

coated wide-mouth plastic bottles were placed in a polyethylene bucket in the collector to capture
samples of wet-only precipitation to be analyzed for trace-element concentrations. All 

precipitation collection occurred with vinyl-gloved hands and care was taken to limit the exposure 

of the sample bottles to ambient air and other potentially contaminating substances. The samples 

were kept on ice until return to the laboratory (within one hour) and were processed immediately.

All sample collection and storage vessels were cleaned using a validated method 

(Scudlark and others, 1992). This procedure involved washing the bottles with laboratory soap, 

rinsing with Acetone, and then soaking for three successive days in the following acids: 6N nitric 

acid (HNOs), 10% hydrochloric acid (HC1), and 0.5% HC1. Between each step, the vessels were 

rinsed three times with laboratory prepared 18-mega ohm laboratory deionized (DI) water. The 

sample containers were dried in a class 1,000 laminar-flow clean bench and doubly bagged in 

polyethylene bags for storage.

Three 200-milliliter (mL) wide-mouth polyethylene bottles were placed in between the 

two-L bottles for trace elements to collect precipitation for determination of major inorganic 

anion concentrations. The sample collection bottles for major inorganic anions were initially 

cleaned with laboratory soap and rinsed three times with DI water. The bottles were soaked in DI 

water for two weeks prior to deployment in the sampler.

Streams and Lake Water

Samples of stream water were routinely collected at two sites, the major inflow to the lake, 

RELAC, and the outflow from the lake, LAOUT, downstream of the dam (figure 2). The 

sampling dates, times, and field parameters are listed in Tables 2 and 3.

The watershed area for RELAC is 70.3 hectares (ha), and the watershed area for LAOUT 

is 267 ha. The lake area is 10.9 ha, and the lake watershed area is 235 ha. The lake covers
&

slightly less than 5% of the watershed. Standard USGS stream-gaging stations were installed at 

the RELAC site on August 29, 1997 and at the LAOUT site on August 27, 1997. The streamgaging stations were dismantled on February 19, 1999. The procedures used for measuring and 

calculating discharge of the streams and for computing stream flow records are detailed in Rantz 

(1982a; 1982b).

Although standard methods were used to make discharge measurements of the streams, 

several factors could have introduced error into the measurements, including the small size of the 

streams, the short time of operation of the gaging stations, and other physical factors of the 

measuring sites. The measuring section was not ideal at RELAC, and the downstream control 

was not ideal at LAOUT. Despite these difficulties, the daily mean discharges for the two sites 

were well correlated with discharge at two nearby stream-gaging stations that are operated by 

Virginia Department of Environmental Quality with continuous records and well-established 

rating curves. These two stations are Difficult Run near Great Falls, a downstream site with a 

continuous record from 1934 to present (USGS station number 01646000), and Accotink Creek 

near Annandale, a nearby site with a continuous record from 1947 to present (USGS station 

number 01654000). Standard methods such as application of shifts to the rating curves of 

RELAC and LAOUT, and analysis of data from the nearby stations, brought the estimated error in 

the streamflow records for Lake Anne to near 10%.

Streamwater samples were collected as grab samples from the point of maximum flow 5- 

to 10-meters (m) upstream of each of the gaging stations. These samples for analysis of trace 

elements and major anions were collected monthly or bi-monthly from December 1997 through 

January 1999. Samples were collected in Teflon® coated wide-mouth plastic bottles, cleaned by 

the same procedure as described for the precipitation collection bottles. Upon return to the
laboratory, these samples were filtered through 0.1 -um (micrometer) pore-size Gelman® capsule 

filters using positive pressure created by a peristaltic pump. The 0.1 -um pore size was used as a 

compromise between eliminating as much colloidal material as possible and the practicality of 

filtration through a small pore size. In addition to the "dissolved" samples, a second set of 

samples was collected for a "total" analysis. This total analysis is a measure of trace-element 

concentrations of the dissolved ions plus the particulate phase. Particulate material as defined in 

this study includes suspended sediment, inorganic colloidal material, and naturally occurring 

organic matter that would be retained on a 0.1-(am filter.

Streamwater samples were collected during three storms and one extended high-flow 

period and were processed as described above. Four to six samples per storm were collected, 

spaced out over the duration of the storm in an attempt at sampling as close to peak stream flow 

as possible for each storm. Grab samples of another smaller tributary to the lake, as well as an 

additional outflow site, also were collected during storms. These two small streams had minimal 

flow except during storm events. One other sample was collected at the RELAC site, on the 

wooden spillway where the stream enters the lake. The locations of the occasionally sampled 

streams are shown in Figure 2. Data for these other tributaries are listed in Table 4.

Lake-water samples were collected to determine whether there were seasonal differences 

in lake-water chemistry and to determine the degree of mixing of the lake. Lake-water samples 

were collected in cleaned plastic bottles as surface grab samples from a rowboat. Three surface 

samples were collected from the lake, one at the head of the lake, one approximately at the midpoint of the lake, and the third at the lower end of the lake near the lake outlet. A set of lakewater samples (three surface samples) was collected five times during the study. Twice during 

the study, an additional sample of lake water was collected at depth using a peristaltic pump and
««h

pre-cleaned Tygon tubing. The tubing was weighted with a plastic- and tape-wrapped lead 

weight and lowered over the side of the boat to a depth of approximately five meters. The lake 

sampling dates and times as well as the field parameters are listed in Table 5.
LABORATORY ANALYTICAL METHODS 

Sample Analysis Trace Elements

Precipitation

Samples were collected from the field site and returned to the laboratory within minutes of

collection. The individual sample collection vessels were weighed and the empty weight of the 

bottle was subtracted to determine the volume of precipitation collected. The sample was 

acidified to 0.5% volume/volume (v/v) with Fisher Optima® double-distilled HNOs (to a pH less 

than 2) to increase the stability of the cations in solution. The acidified sample was allowed to sit 

in a class-1,000 clean bench for one week to desorb any elements from the walls of the collection 

container (Scudlark and others, 1992). After one week, the samples were homogenized and 

transferred to an appropriate-sized cleaned low-density polyethylene (LDPE) storage bottle. The 

bottle was rinsed three times with the sample, filled, and capped tightly. The sample bottle was 

stored in a sealed polyethylene bag to minimize contamination from ambient dust collection on 

the bottle.

This sample preparation method is considered a "total" method for analysis of minor and 

trace elements in precipitation (Church and Scudlark, 1992). The sample preparation and storage 

method for this project was designed to be comparable to other atmospheric deposition studies in 

the Mid-Atlantic region, which include the longest continuous record of trace metals in 

precipitation (Church and Scudlark, 1992; Scudlark and others, 1993; Scudlark and others, 1994; 

Church and others, 1998; Kim and others, 1999). This sample treatment is termed "unfiltered 

acidified" (UFA) and is the usual sample preparation method for all of the precipitation samples 

in this study. A summary of the types of sample treatments and preservations are listed in Table 

6.
** 

Because the volume of sample necessary for analysis was minimal (<15 mL) it was 

possible to have a sample analysis for nearly every two-week interval for which there was a 

precipitation event. Only one sampling interval (10/20/98 - 11/03/98) had an insufficient volume 

for analysis other than pH. This is important because small-volume events could contain much 

higher concentrations of elements due to an initial "wash-out" of the atmosphere. The high 

concentrations of very small events are included in this study thereby minimizing potential errors. 

If these very small events were not analyzed due to insufficient volumes, it is possible that 

loading calculations of elements would be underestimated.

For six separate events the precipitation volume was sufficient to attempt a phase 

differentiation within the precipitation samples. For this determination, approximately one-third 

of the sample was filtered through a 0.1-jim pore-size Gelman® capsule filter and acidified to 

0.5% volume/volume (v/v) with Fisher Optima® double-distilled HNOs for the dissolved or 

filtered acidified (FA) fraction. This method is identical to the preparation and storage for 

dissolved analytes in the streamwater and lake-water samples. A second aliquot was unfiltered 

and acidified (UFA), as described previously. The remainder of the sample was processed using a 

method for total elements that is described later in the next section of this report. The 

comparisons of the phase differentiation for these samples are listed in Table 7.

Dissolved (FA), UFA, and total concentrations of trace elements in precipitation were 

analyzed using a Perkin Elmer Elan 6000 inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The instrument parameters were set according to those required by the EPA Method200.8 

for the Analysis of Drinking Waters (Perkin Elmer Corporation, 1995). The results of the UFA 

analysis for the precipitation are listed in Table 8.

10
Streams and Lake Water

The stream water and lake water samples were returned to the laboratory within minutes

of collection and processed immediately. An aliquot of water was removed for pH determination 

and allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to measurement. The pH was measured with 

a Beckman O32 pH meter and a Corning High Performance Glass Combination electrode. The 

electrode was calibrated prior to sample measurement using buffers of pH 4.00 and 7.00.

Approximately 800 mL of the sample were filtered through a 0.1 -jim pore-size Gelman® 

capsule filter. The sample bottle and filter were rinsed with the first 20 to 50 mL of filtrate. After 

rinsing, 500 mL of sample were collected into the storage bottle and acidified to 0.5% v/v with 

Fisher Optima® double-distilled HNOs for dissolved-element analysis. The remaining 900 mL 

were transferred to a storage bottle and acidified to 1% v/v with Fisher Optima® double-distilled 

HNOs for a total analysis.

Because of the very low amount of suspended sediment in the streams and lake during 

non-storm conditions and because of the potential for error due to contamination or loss of sample 

from filter leakage, a non-traditional method for total element determination was used. The 

digestion of an unflltered "whole-water" stream or lake-water sample provided the total 

(dissolved plus particulate) element concentration.

After collection and acidification of the total sample, the sample bottle was left uncapped 

on a Teflon® lined hot-plate (40° C) in a class 1,000 laminar-flow clean bench. The sample was 

allowed to evaporate gently to an approximate volume of 20 mL. The sample was then 

transferred to a Teflon® digestion vessel and was completely digested using a combination of 

concentrated Fisher Optima® double-distilled HNOs and hydrofluoric (HF) acids in a laboratory 

microwave oven (MDS 2100, CEM Corporation). The samples were brought to 10% of the 

original volume with deionized water. To reduce the concentration of salts and acids prior to

11
ICP-MS analysis for some samples, an aliquot was diluted (1:5) with deionized water yielding an 

acid concentration in the sample of approximately 4% HNOs and 0.2% HF.

Dissolved and total concentrations of barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), 

nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), and zinc (Zn) as well as dissolved concentrations of 

chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) were also analyzed by ICP-MS. To overcome potential 

analytical interferences in the total element sample-matrix, concentrations of arsenic (As) and 

copper (Cu) in these samples were analyzed using a Perkin Elmer 5100 GFAAS (Graphite 

Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). Results of the total concentrations of the stream and 

lake samples are listed in Tables 9 through 16.

Sample Analysis Major Cations and Anions

Analyses of the dissolved and total concentrations of major cations: sodium (Na*), 

potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), aluminum (A13+), iron (Fe2+), and silica 

(SiCh), in the precipitation, stream, and lake samples were determined by inductively coupled 

plasma -optical emissions spectroscopy (ICP-OES) using a Perkin Elmer, P-2. The results of the 

cation analysis for precipitation are listed in Table 17. Streamwater and lake-water samples are 

listed in Tables 18 through 25. These analyses were conducted on the same FA samples that were 

collected for the determination of dissolved trace elements.

To facilitate the ion balance calculation, the dissolved major cations were converted to 

microequivalents per liter (ueq/L) and are reported as such. In order to calculate the sum of the 

ueq/L of cations, aluminum was assumed to have a 3+ oxidation state. The assumed oxidation 

states were based upon the most abundant species of each ion that was present in the sample at the

12
particular pH of the sample. The pH of all the samples analyzed indicated that the A13+ form of 

aluminum and the Fe2+ form of iron were the most abundant species (iron oxidation to Fe3+ is 

very slow, kinetically, at low pH).

The samples collected for the analysis of major anions for all sites in this study were 

returned to the laboratory along with the trace-element samples within minutes of collection. An 

aliquot was removed for pH determination as described previously. The remainder of the sample 

was filtered through a 0.1-jam pore-size Gelman® capsule filter into an appropriately cleaned 

polyethylene bottle. The samples were stored in a refrigerator (about 10 C°) until analytical 

determination.

Total dissolved concentrations of anions nitrate (NOs~), sulfate (SC^2'), bicarbonate 

(HCOs~), and fluoride (F") were determined using a Dionex 21 lOi ion chromatograph. It was 

necessary to estimate the chloride (Cl~) concentrations for the stream and lake samples. This 

estimation was accomplished by using the difference between the cation and anion concentrations 

in the ion balance. The concentrations in |aeq/L of dissolved anions are listed in Tables 18 

through 25. Samples for which the concentration of the constituents was below the analytical 

detection limit are shown as "less than" (<) the detection limit. Samples for which the constituent 

was not analyzed are designated as n.a. in the tables.

Alkalinity determinations were performed using Radiometer's Titra Lab 90 System 

(consisting of a TIM900 Titration Manager, and ABU93 Triburette and a SAC80 Sample 

Changer). This automated incremental titration system uses equivalence points and a second 

derivative calculation. Total alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of water to neutralize a 

specific quantity of acid. In this titration all bicarbonate (HCOs") is measured as well as the small 

amount of carbonate (COs2") that may be present. Acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) can be

13
operationally defined as the equivalent sum of all the base that can be titrated with a strong acid to 

an equivalence point. It measures the net deficiency of protons. In a carbonate system of natural 

water with a pH range of the samples in this study, it can be assumed that the terms alkalinity, 

bicarbonate concentration, and positive ANC are equivalent.

Quality Assurance

To ensure the analytical quality of the data generated during this project, it was imperative 

that all field collection, sample preparation and analysis strictly followed a Quality Assurance 

Program (QAP). This QAP consists of several important components: (i) the ACM collector 

efficiency was tracked to make sure that the precipitation collected was representative of the 

deposition to the watershed; (ii) trace-element clean procedures were followed during all field 

collection, sample manipulation, and analysis; (iii) routine analysis of field, laboratory, and 

analytical blanks was conducted, and (iv) routine analysis of standard reference materials (SRM), 

replicate samples, and sample spikes was conducted.

Field Collection

Collector efficiency was measured to determine the relationship between the amount of

precipitation collected for chemical analysis and the amount collected in the tipping-bucket gage. 

It is possible that the ACM collector could under-collect precipitation due to delays between the 

beginning of rainfall and the collector lid opening. A significant under-collection could occur 

during very light or sporadic events, during high wind, and during freezing conditions. Figure 3

14
shows the correlation between the actual volume of precipitation collected in the sample 

containers and the predicted volume using the following equation:

7 "\

precipitation SUrfaCC 3.TQ3. collector bottles (191 Cm ) = Cm predicted2500

g ^

S $ 2000 I"

| | 1500

1000

500

°- 0

o o 

So

O ffi 

5 =3 ui o

y = 1.036x+ 13.165 

R2 = 0.9462 .

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

ACTUAL PRECIPITATION (CUBIC CENTIMETERS)

Figure 3. The efficiency of the automated precipitation collector.

Instrument Parameters

Quality assurance and quality control of the laboratory analyses were continuously carried

out through a series of approved methods (Pirkey and Glodt, 1998; Rice and others, 1996). The 

quality assurance directly related to instrument analysis included the following: daily calibration, 

verification of the calibration and running blanks and SRMs periodically during the analytical 

run. For each analyte a four- or five-point standard concentration (including blank) curve with an 

r2 value of 0.999 or better was constructed. At the beginning and end of each analytical session, 

the standard calibration was verified by running additional standard solutions and SRMs. During

15
the analysis, known standard solutions and SRMs were run periodically (every fifth to tenth 

sample) to verify the accuracy of the analysis and to monitor instrument drift.

Detection limits were calculated for analysis performed on the ICP-MS and the 1C. The 

detection limit is the lowest concentration that can be detected with a 95% confidence and is 

determined by a statistical calculation of the signal and electronic noise of the instrument. The 

detection limits for the trace-element (table 26), major-anion (table 27), and major-cation (table 

28) analyses are listed. When the concentration of any ion of interest in the sample had a higher 

concentration than those that formed the standard curve, a quantitative dilution of the sample was 

made and it was reanalyzed.

Blanks

To determine the type and amount of potential contamination, several types of blanks

were routinely conducted during each stage of sample-collection and analysis. Field blanks for 

precipitation samples were created with sample containers that had been deployed in the ACM 

collector during a period of no precipitation. Only once during the year was there a completely 

dry two-week sampling period which would produce a completely representative precipitation 

blank. Other (two sets) precipitation field blanks were conducted during shorter dry periods. All 

precipitation field blanks were processed similarly.

The sample-collection vessels were returned to the laboratory and 500 mL of DI water 

were added to each vessel. The blanks were acidified to 0.5% v/v with Fisher Optima® doubledistilled HNOs and allowed to desorb for 1 week and processed as a sample. Laboratory blanks 

for precipitation used sample-collection vessels that had not been deployed and were processed in 

the same manner.

16
Field blanks were used to evaluate the potential contamination in both the field sampling 

and subsequent processing, as well as during the analytical steps. Blanks for the stream and lake 

sampling were composed of two-liter wide-mouth Teflon® coated bottles initially filled with DI 

water, taken into the field during sample collection and opened for approximately one minute. 

This procedure attempted to approximate exposure of the field blanks to the same ambient air 

conditions as the samples. The blanks were returned to the laboratory and processed exactly as 

the samples. The results of the precipitation- and field-blank analyses for trace elements are 

shown in Table 29.

Analytical blanks were used to assess the contamination associated with the laboratory 

processing and the instrument analysis of the samples. These blanks contained DI water and 

0.5% v/v Fisher Optima® double-distilled HNOs and were conducted for precipitation, stream, 

and lake waters. These blanks were used to assess and correct the potential contamination 

associated with the acid and laboratory water.

Sample Replicates

When a large volume (> 1,000 mL) of precipitation occurred, field triplicate samples were

collected to give an indication of possible field-collection contamination as well as to evaluate 

sample homogeneity. These triplicate samples were collected and treated in the same manner as 

usual samples except that they were not homogenized before transfer and were stored and 

analyzed separately.

Standard Reference Materials

The fourth component of the QAP was the routine analysis of SRMs. Care was taken to

choose SRMs that were similar in both concentration and analytical matrix to the expected range

17
of the samples. The" following reference materials were used: SLRS 3 and SLRS 4; National 

Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 1634; National Institute of Standards and 

Testing, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA. WW-11; Environmental Resource Associates, Arvada, 

Colorado, USA. T-155 and T-145; USGS, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, 

Colorado, USA. CRM-ES and CRM-soil; High Purity Standards, Charleston, SC, USA. 

The results of the SRM analyses are listed in Tables 30 through 32.

Sample Spikes

One specific concern was the accuracy of the As analysis due to a potential molecular

interference. To verify that the correction equation (Perkin Elmer Corporation, 1995) could 

accurately compensate for the interference, a 200-ppm Cl" standard was routinely analyzed and 

monitored. An additional test of sample spikes was used to ensure the accuracy of the As 

analyses. Ten samples were randomly chosen and spiked with 0.2 jig/L As prior to the analysis 

by ICP-MS. The results of the spiked samples and the calculated recovery are listed in Table 33.

Data Validation

Data validation for laboratory data was done by double-checking the values obtained from

the instruments against the reported values in the laboratory computer data files. Once the 

laboratory computer data files were validated, the data were imported into project computer data 

files. The project data files were validated by comparison to both the instrument files and the 

laboratory computer data files. As a final check, ion balances were calculated in the project data 

files and were compared to those calculated in the laboratory data files.

18
SUMMARY

To assess water quality in the Lake Anne watershed in Reston, Virginia, precipitation, 

streamwater, and lake-water samples were collected from December 1997 through January 1999. 

The samples were collected, processed and analyzed using ultra-clean protocols. Strict quality 

control was maintained throughout and is documented here. The concentrations of aluminum, 

arsenic, barium, cadmium, calcium, chloride, chromium, copper, hydrogen ion, iron, magnesium, 

manganese, nickel, nitrate, silicate, sodium, sulfate, strontium, vanadium, and zinc have been 

reported along with the associated field parameters, precipitation volume, and stream discharge.

19
REFERENCES

Church, T.M. and Scudlark, J.S., 1992, Trace elements in precipitation at the Middle Atlantic 

coast: A successful record since 1982. In: The deposition and fate of trace metals in our 

environment: Proceedings of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program, U.S. Forest 

Service, Philadelphia, Pa. General Technical Report NC-150, p. 45-56.

Church, T.M., Scudlark, J.R., Conko, K.M., Bricker, O.P., and Rice, K.C., 1998, Transmission of 

atmospherically deposited trace elements through an undeveloped, forested Maryland 

watershed: Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, Report CBWPMANTA-AD-98-2, 87 pp.

Kim, G., Scudlark, J.R. and Church, T.M., 1999, Atmospheric wet deposition of trace elements to 

Chesapeake and Delaware Bays: Atmospheric Environment, 34 (2000) 3437-3444.

Netherton, Nan, 1989, Reston: A new town in the Old Dominion: Norfolk/Virginia Beach, The 

Donning Company Publishers, 208 p.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Web Site, 

http ://www.ncdc.noaa. gov/ol/climate/online/coop-precip.html

Pavich, M.J., Leo, G.W., Obermeier, S.F., and Estabrook, J.R., 1989, Investigations of the 

characteristics, origin, and residence time of the upland residual mantle of the Piedmont of 

Fairfax County, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1352, 58 p.

Perkin Elmer Corporation, 1995, Application note: EPA Method 200.8 for the Analysis of 

drinking waters., Norwalk, CT., Order No. ENVA-300. 11 pp.

Pirkey, K.D., and Glodt, S.R., 1998, Quality control at the U.S. Geological Survey National 

Water Quality Laboratory: U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet FS-026-98,4 p.

Rantz, S.E., 1982a, Measurement and computation of stream flow: Volume 1. Measurement of 

stage and discharge: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply-Paper 2175, 284 p.

____, 1982b, Measurement and computation of stream flow: Volume 2. Computation of 

discharge: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply-Paper 2175, p. 285-631.

20
Rice, K.C., Kennedy, M.M., Carter, C. A., Anderson, R.T., Bricker, O.P., 1996, Hydrologic and 

water-quality data for two small watersheds on Catoctin Mountain, North-Central Maryland, 

1987-1993. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 95-151, 195 p.

Scudlark, J. S., Church, T.M., Conko, K.M. and Moore, S.M., 1992, A method for the automated 

collection, proper handling and accurate analysis of trace metals in precipitation, In: The 

deposition and fate of trace metals in our environment: Proceedings of the National Atmospheric 

Deposition Program, U.S. Forest Service, Philadelphia, Pa. General Technical Report NC-150, p. 

57-71.

Scudlark, J. R., Church, T.M. and Conko, K.M., 1993, The utility of trace elements in 

precipitation as emission source indicators, Maryland Power Plant Research Program: Report 

PR112-89-004, Annapolis, MD, 98 pp.

Scudlark, J.R., Conko, K.M. and Church, T. M., 1994, Atmospheric wet deposition of trace 

elements to Chesapeake Bay: CHAD Study Year 1 results: Atmospheric Environment 32(14/15): 

2453-2465.

21
Table 1. The sampling parameters for Lake Anne precipitation

The list includes the beginning and end date for the precipitation collected -usually a two-week 

integrated sample, except for 2/03/98 to 2/05/98, which was an individual storm event. Also 

listed is the amount of precipitation (in centimeters) recorded with the tipping-bucket rain gage as 

well as the pH of the precipitation at the time of sample retrieval; pH has been converted to 

microequivalents of hydrogen ion per liter (ueq/L).

Date 

Start

12/23/97

01/06/98

01/20/98

02/03/98

02/05/98

02/17/98

03/03/98

03/17/98

03/31/98

04/14/98

04/28/98

05/12/98

06/02/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/14/98

07/28/98

08/11/98

08/24/98

09/08/98

09/22/98

10/06/98

10/20/98

11/03/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

12/30/98

Date 

End

01/06/98

01/20/98

02/03/98

02/05/98

02/17/98

03/03/98

03/17/98

03/31/98

04/14/98

04/28/98

05/12/98

06/02/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/14/98

07/28/98

08/11/98

08/24/98

09/08/98

09/22/98

10/06/98

10/20/98

11/03/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

12/30/98

01/09/99

Precip 

cm

2.06

3.68

9.50

6.81

0.83

10.25

2.69

9.86

4.24

3.12

7.67

0.58

8.36

4.04

1.12

1.40

2.62

PH 

units

4.28

4.33

4.25

4.63

4.29

4.47

4.50

4.24

4.06

4.28

4.28

H+ 

fieq/L

52.5

46.8

56.2

23.4

51.3

33.9

31.6

57.5

87.1

52.5

52.5

insufficient volume for pH

4.73

3.69

3.98

3.12

3.96

18.6

204.2

104.7

758.6

109.6

no precipitation -field blank collected

1.32

4.32

0.20

2.59

0.15

0.97

1.32

2.90

0.97

3.94

3.89

3.78

3.34

3.74

3.30

3.99

3.82

4.24

3.91

4.26

128.8

166.0

457.1

182.0

501.2

102.3

151.4

57.5

123.0

55.0

22
ai

Table 2. The sampling parameters at Lake Anne inlet stream RELAC 

The list includes the date and time sampled, instantaneous discharge (Q) in cubic feet per 

second (cfs) and liters per second (L/s), the temperature (degrees C) and pH of the water at 

the time collected, "n.a." indicates a parameter not determined at that time.

Date 

sampled

12/09/97

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1100

1100

1030

1045

1420

1815

1410

1110

1045

1540

1235

1110

1055

1525

1145

1130

1145

0835

1110

1020

1250

0953

1433

1715

1245

1135

1245

1943

1040

1145

1430

1120

Inst Q, 

cfs

0.990

0.207

0.275

6.62

8.29

8.48

1.76

0.760

0.500

0.321

0.433

0.663

1.67

0.433

0.235

0.181

0.137

0.433

0.137

0.119

0.137

8.29

1.76

0.663

0.207

0.181

0.137

0.137

1.19

2.91

1.84

0.207

Inst. Q, TemperL/s ature, °C

28.03

5.862

7.787

187.5

234.7

240.1

49.84

21.52

14.16

9.090

12.26

18.77

47.26

12.26

6.654

5.125

3.879

12.26

3.879

3.370

3.879

234.7

49.84

18.77

5.862

5.125

3.879

3.879

33.70

82.40

52.16

5.862

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

12.5

14.5

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

18.0

19.5

n.a.

n.a.

21.0

21.5

21.0

17.5

17.8

18.2

9.5

9.5

7.5

2.0

0.5

0.5

1.0

n.a.

pH 

units

n.a.

6.58

6.38

6.24

7.90

7.16

6.55

6.55

6.74

6.73

6.89

7.05

7.11

6.78

6.61

6.69

6.97

7.05

6.80

6.98

6.44

6.36

6.43

6.49

6.68

6.66

6.30

6.39

6.47

6.42

6.32

6.89

23
Table 3. The sampling parameters at Lake Anne outlet stream LAOUT

The list includes the date and time sampled, instantaneous discharge (Q) in cubic feet per second 

(cfs) and liters per second (L/s), the temperature (degrees C) and pH of the water at the time 

collected "n.a." indicates a parameter not determined at that time.

Date 

sampled

12/09/97

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1030

1030

1015

1107

1435

1800

1425

1125

1015

1530

1250

1050

1125

1540

1115

1405

1200

0815

1030

0945

1220

0942

1458

1725

1213

1330

1320

1957

0923

1125

1404

1107

Inst. Q, 

cfs

0.353

0.404

0.696

24.7

42.7

65.9

15.2

3.40

0.797

1.43

0.601

0.961

2.35

0.647

2.57

0.328

0.163

0.904

0.142

0.121

0.100

3.15

2.46

0.255

0.100

0.163

0.121

0.961

1.51

3.15

3.66

1.08

Inst Q, 

L/s

9.996

11.44

19.71

700.0

1210

1867

431.3

96.19

22.57

40.49

17.02

27.21

66.66

18.32

72.72

9.288

4.616

25.60

4.021

3.426

2.832

89.11

69.66

7.221

2.832

4.616

3.426

27.21

42.82

89.11

103.5

30.50

Temperature, °C

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

15.0

18.0

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

23.0

25.0

n.a.

n.a.

21.0

21.0

22.0

n.a.

19.0

18.2

11.0

11.5

8.5

2.5

2.0

2.0

2.5

n.a.

PH, 

units

n.a.

*6.74

6.39

6.46

8.02

7.18

6.68

6.77

6.79

6.89

6.69

7.18

7.16

7.18

6.74

6.62

7.24

6.96

6.68

6.97

6.48

6.31

6.40

6.48

6.75

6.65

6.37

6.37

6.24

6.31

6.60

7.37

24
K,

Table 4. The sampling parameters for the occasionally sampled tributaries at Lake Anne

The list includes the date sampled, the temperature (degrees C), and pH of the water at the time

collected, "n.a." indicates a parameter not determined at that time.

Date Location Time Temper- pH,

sampled____of sample_______ature, °C units

02/03/98 LAOUT, tributary 1017 n.a. 6.49

02/03/98 RELAC, tributary 1033 n.a. 6.37

02/03/98 RELAC, wooden spillway 1035 n.a. 6.51

07/28/98 RELAC tributary 1500 24 7.38

10/08/98 LAOUT tributary 0944 n.a. 6.35

10/08/98 RELAC tributary 0955 n.a. 6.76

01/09/99 LAOUT tributary 1128 0.5 6.28

01/09/99 RELAC tributary 1144 0.5 6.47

01/09/99 LAOUT tributary 1405 n.a. 6.49

01/09/99 LAOUT, tributary 1406 n.a. 6.64

01/09/99 RELAC tributary 1435 n.a. 6.58

Table 5. The sampling parameters for Lake Anne

The list includes the date sampled, the temperature (degrees C), and pH of the water at the time 

collected, "n.a." indicates a parameter not determined at that time. Samples colleted on 11/30/98, 

"Lower-a" and "Lower-b", are field replicates.

Date Location Tempersampled of sample ature, C

04/02/98

04/02/98

04/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower-a

Lower-b

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

27.0

27.5

27.5

25.5

30.0

29.8

29.0

26.0

26.0

27.0

27.0

10.0

9.7

10.0

10.0

pH, 

units

6.93

6.93

6.95

7.10

7.11

7.09

7.01

7.49

7.51

7.42

7.41

7.40

7.44

7.39

6.68

6.71

6.79

6.77

25
Table 6. Methods of sample preparation for trace element (TE) and major ions (MI) 

UFA is unfiltered acidified and FA is filtered acidified.

Type of Sample Treatment and Preservation

TE- Precipitation (UFA) Acidify an unfiltered sample to 0.5% HNO3, leach 1 week, transfer to storage bottle 

TE- Precipitation dissolved (FA) Filter through 0.1pm filter into storage bottle, acidify to 0.5% HNO3 

TE- Precipitation (total) Acidify to 1% HNO3 , transfer to storage bottle, digest with cone. HNO3and HF 

Ml- Precipitation Filter through 0.1 pm filter into storage bottle, refrigerate

TE- Stream/Lake Filter through 0.1 pm filter into storage bottle, acidify to 0.5% HNO3

TE- Stream/Lake whole-water Filter through 0.1 pm filter into storage bottle, refrigerate

Ml- Stream/Lake Filter through 0.1 pm filter into storage bottle, refrigerate

26
Table 7. Comparison of the phase differentiation of trace elements in the Lake Anne precipitation 

The type of sample is listed: FA - filtered and acidified, UFA -unfiltered and acidified (usual 

method of precipitation sample treatment as described in the text) and Total -which is a digested 

method of sample treatment designed to breakdown all particulate matter in the precipitation. The 

concentrations are listed in micrograms per

Sample type 

Date

6/16/98 FA

UFA

Total

9/22/98 FA

UFA

Total

10/20/98 FA

UFA

Total

11/16/98 FA

UFA

Total

12/14/98 FA

UFA

Total

1/10/99 FA

UFA

Total

As 

pg/L

0.1

0.1

1.1

0.2

0.2

1.3

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.9

0.5

0.1

0.6

0.1

0.1

0.9

Ba 

H9/L

0.4

0.9

7.0

0.6

1.5

20

0.3

0.5

2.1

3.5

1.1

5.0

0.3

0.8

9.0

0.1

0.5

10

Cd 

H9/L

0.03

0.03

1.0

0.43

0.45

1.6

0.16

0.15

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.22

0.02

2.2

0.85

0.84

0.48

Cr 

M9/L

0.2

0.2

4.3

0.1

0.3

13

0.1

0.2

5.5

0.3

0.4

5.1

0.1

0.3

6.6

0.2

0.2

11

Cu 

H9/L

0.8

0.3

6.3

1.3

1.3

15.0

0.5

0.7

4.0

1.7

2.3

4.4

1.5

2.1

7.8

0.3

0.2

5.2

Mn 

H9/L

2.2

2.1

23

6.5

6.6

56

0.7

0.6

3.3

6.6

6.5

12.2

1.0

0.9

15.6

0.6

0.9

33

Ni 

H9/L

0.2

0.1

2.0

0.5

0.6

7.7

0.2

0.2

2.3

0.8

0.5

4.2

0.2

0.3

5.6

2.4

0.2

4.3

V 

H9/L

0.1

0.2

6

0.4

0.6

20

0.2

0.2

3.8

0.3

0.5

5.1

0.1

0.2

5.6

0.3

0.5

15

Pb 

H9/L

0.16

0.38

0.96

0.21

0.96

8.6

0.13

0.29

1.2

0.29

0.77

2.9

0.26

0.53

3.0

0.10

0.43

4.8

Zn 

|ig/L

4

3

38

8

7

47

3

3

11

6

7

20

3

2

25

3

8

29

Fe 

H9/L

8

40

620

10

70

300

9

20

150

7

50

300

7

30

130

10

30

400

27
Table 8. The results'of the analysis of trace elements in the Lake Anne precipitation 

The sampling date indicated is the end date of the sample collection time. Data are presented in 

micrograms per liter (|ig/L). A "less than" (<) indicates that the analyte concentration is lower 

than the limit of detection for that element; "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for 

that particular element.

Date 

Sampled

01/06/98

01/20/98

02/03/98

02/05/98

02/17/98

03/03/98

03/17/98

03/31/98

04/14/98

04/28/98

05/12/98

06/02/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/14/98

07/28/98

08/11/98

08/24/98

09/08/98

09/22/98

10/06/98

10/20/98

11/03/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

12/30/98

01/09/99

As 

pg/L

0.1

0.1

0.1

<0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.3

0.3

no

0.2

0.2

1.0

<0.1

Ba Cd Cr 

M9/L pg/L M9/L

1.5

0.9

0.3

0.4

1.7

0.5

1.1

0.6

1.0

1.1

0.8

2.3

1.0

1.0

1.9

1.5

1.2

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

11 <1

01 <1

07 <1

02 <1

03 <1

02 <1

02 <1

01 <1

02 <1

04 <1

03 <1

08 <1

02 <1

06 <1

10 <1

08 <1

08 <1

Cu

1.1

0.3

0.2

0.3

1.0

0.3

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.5

1.6

0.8

1.2

1.6

1.6

2.6

Mn

1.7

0.5

0.4

0.5

2.4

0.9

2.1

0.7

3.5

5.9

2.5

8.8

2.1

2.6

3.6

6.6

3.6

Ni 

pg/L

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.6

0.1

0.5

0.5

0.9

0.7

Pb 

M9/L

0.76

0.39

0.30

0.32

0.61

0.35

0.45

0.26

0.43

0.55

0.56

1.1

0.38

0.48

1.0

0.54

0.74

Sr 

pg/L

0.6

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.8

0.3

0.5

0.2

0.6

1.1

0.4

1.8

0.4

0.6

0.9

1.2

0.7

V 

pg/L

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.8

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.6

0.7

0.4

0.8

0.2

0.6

0.9

3.4

1.0

Zn 

pg/L

9

6

3

3

6

2

7

3

4

4

4

11

3

5

11

11

9

precipitation - field blank collected

1.5

1.4

7.5

0.5

insufficient

0.1

0.3

<0.1

0.3

0.1

3.8

0.9

3.1

0.3

1.0

0.

0.

0.

0.

05 <1

45 <1

19 <1

15 <1

0.9

1.3

5.4

0.7

4.9

6.6

20

0.6

0.6

0.6

1.5

0.2

0.66

0.96

3.1

0.3

1.2

0.6

3.7

0.5

1.1

0.6

3.5

0.2

15

7

3

3

volume for analysis

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

10 <1

08 1

02 <1

06 1

04 <1

2.3

3.4

2.1

1.8

0.3

6.5

4.0

0.9

7.0

0.8

0.5

0.6

0.3

0.7

0.2

0.77

1.0

0.53

1.0

0.43

0.5

0.8

0.2

1.3

na

0.5

0.7

0.2

0.9

0.4

7

6

2

9

3

28
Table 9. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in the stream RELAC

The sampling date and time are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per liter (ng/L), a "less

than" (<) indicates that the analyte concentration is lower than the limit of detection for that

element.

Date Time

01/06/98 1100

02/03/98 1030

02/04/98 1045

02/04/98 1420

02/04/98 1815

02/05/98 1410

02/06/98 1110

03/17/98 1045

04/02/98 1540

04/30/98 1235

05/05/98 1110

05/12/98 1055

05/18/98 1525

06/16/98 1145

06/30/98 1130

07/23/98 1145

07/26/98 0835

07/28/98 1110

08/24/98 1020

09/22/98 1250

10/08/98 0953

10/08/98 1433

10/08/98 1715

11/16/98 1245

11/30/98 1135

12/14/98 1245

01/08/99 1943

01/09/99 1040

01/09/99 1145

01/09/99 1430

01/10/99 1120

As

Hg/L

0.1

0.1

0.8

1.2

1.5

0.8

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.3

0.5

0.1

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.6

0.8

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.3

0.3

<0.1

<0.1

Ba

Hg/L

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.6

0.6

<0.1

0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.3

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.1

0.3

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.3

Cd

pg/L

0.03

0.01

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.02

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.07

0.06

0.1

0.02

0.5

0.09

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.03

0.04

0.06

0.06

0.9

1.2

1.2

0.5

Cr

Hg/L

1

1

1

1

1

8

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

1

<1

1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

Cu

Hg/L

0.6

0.9

4.1

4.1

4.0

4.5

2.7

0.8

2.3

1.1

2.0

8.6

1.2

4.0

1.5

1.6

6.1

0.9

0.8

3.6

12.4

13

9.5

1.3

1.4

2.9

0.8

1.4

7.2

3.5

2.0

Mn

Hg/L

0.26

16

5.3

3

3.6

8.7

12

69

75

40

66

42

98

110

160

160

170

90

78

250

120

20

65

230

80

44

110

540

330

400

140

Ni

1.8

2.0

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.9

2.3

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.9

2.2

1.9

2.2

1.6

2.1

2.0

0.8

1.1

1.8

1.4

1.6

1.4

1.1

0.9

0.9

2.3

9.5

6.4

9.2

6.1

Pb

pg/L

0.01

0.02

0.10

5.1

0.10

0.10

0.07

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.03

0.20

0.06

0.27

0.12

0.13

0.15

<0.05

0.05

0.20

0.52

0.50

0.30

0.08

0.05

0.17

0.06

0.15

0.38

0.20

0.08

Sr

65

54

28

19

17

31

46

49

47

54

50

35

56

46

56

64

60

58

59

60

22

24

22

56

57

44

88

400

350

420

220

V

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.6

0.6

<0.1

0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.3

0.7

0.5

0.5

0.1

<0.1

0.3

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.3

Zn

pg/L

9

7

9

9

8

11

11

8

- 5

5

7

8

6

6

6

7

10

2

5

6

10

9

9

5

4

5

8

70

90

90

50

29
Table 10. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in the stream RELAC

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per liter (ng/L); "n.a."

indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular element.

Date

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1100

1030

1045

1420

1815

1410

1110

1045

1540

1235

1110

1055

1525

1145

1130

1145

0835

1110

1020

1250

0953

1433

1715

1245

1135

1245

1943

1040

1145

1430

1120

As

H9/L

0.

0.

0.

1

2

1

15

42

82

.3

.8

.5

4.4

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

1

0.

08

24

15

30

79

33

74

41

62

.1

40

0.41

0.64

1

1

.3

.5

0.57

0.41

0.20

0.22

1 .6

0.36

0

0

0

.47

.25

.05

Ba

H9/L

29

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

46

23

n.a.

n.a.

23

18

n.a.

n.a.

24

97

21

32

85

22

24

79

55

28

25

21

20

20

33

180

130

150

50

Cd

M9/L

0.03

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0.16

0.04

n.a.

n.a.

0.02

0.02

n.a.

n.a.

0.05

0.1

0.07

0.08

0.1

0.02

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.1

0.1

0.03

0.04

0.06

0.06

0.9

1.2

1.2

0.5

Cu

M9/L

1.5

2.8

7.9

6.0

14.0

4.5

2.9

2.8

3.8

4.0

3.8

13

2.4

22

2.4

2.8

21

1.7

1.8

16

24

18

16

1.7

1.4

4.2

0.80

4.8

7.2

7.7

2.0

Mn

H9/L

78

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

110

57

n.a.

n.a.

79

50

n.a.

n.a.

140

590

190

390

650

170

170

900

150

64

50

270

97

50

120

560

350

450

190

Ni

H9/L

3.4

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

6.0

4.8

n.a.

n.a.

3.2

5.0

n.a.

n.a.

8.3

13.0

2.6

4.8

8.0

2.3

2.8

8.8

6.0

4.8

3.6

2.6

2.3

2.5

4.8

11.0

7.2

10

7.8

Pb

M9/L

0.2

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

3.7

0.4

n.a.

n.a.

0.5

0.6

n.a.

n.a.

0.8

7.3

0.5

1.2

0.4

0.4

0.6

2.4

4.6

2.3

2.5

0.3

0.2

0.5

0.5

0.8

1.4

0.5

0.1

Sr

H9/L

72

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

56

48

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

65

170

65

68

230

68

65

190

28

32

34

59

60

54

90

410

420

450

250

Zn

H9/L

13

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

36

16

n.a.

n.a.

9

10

n.a.

n.a.

12

40

7

12

36

7

20

26

28

20

16

7

6

8

12

88

98

130

72

30
Table 11. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in the stream LAOUT

The sampling date and time are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per liter (ng/L). A

"less than" (<) indicates that the analyte concentration is lower than the limit of detection for that

element.

Date

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1030

1015

1107

1435

1800

1425

1125

1015

1530

1250

1050

1125

1540

1115

1405

1200

0815

1030

0945

1220

0942

1458

1725

1213

1330

1320

1957

0923

1125

1404

1107

As 

Hg/L

0.5

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.8

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.2

<0.1

0.5

0.5

Ba

7

12

10

11

11

11

11

18

11

12

12

10

11

6

14

18

24

21

18

17

7

6

8

14

17

16

13

220

110

26

16

Cd Cr 

M9/L pg/L

0.01 1

0.01 <1

<0.01 <1

<0.01 <1

<0.01 1

<0.01 1

0.01 1

0.07 <1

0.03 <1

0.01 <1

0.01 <1

0.01 <1

0.01 <1

0.01 <1

0.07 <1

0.09 <1

0.12 <1

0.07 <1

0.78 <1

0.08 <1

0.45 <1

0.11 <1

0.09 <1

0.03 <1

0.08 <1

0.10 <1

0.02 <1

0.79 <1

0.54 <1

0.11 <1

0.50 <1

Cu

Hg/L

1.5

1.9

2.1

2.2

2.2

2.4

2.4

2.4

2.3

2.4

2.0

2.6

2.3

2.4

1.6

1.0

0.6

0.7

0.5

1.0

4.6

6.4

3.7

0.6

1.1

0.6

1.6

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.5

Mn

Hg/L

0.56

170

2.1

4.9

1.5

1.5

6.1

250

170

370

220

180

320

97

800

1200

350

1300

1800

2000

180

140

200

2600

3000

2300

300

470

360

170

240

Ni

0.5

0.9

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.9

1.8

1.0

0.9

0.9

1.1

1.0

0.6

1.2

1.7

3.2

1.6

1.8

2.4

1.2

1.2

0.9

1.8

2.0

1.5

0.9

4.9

3.7

1.3

1.1

Pb

ug/L

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.04

0.02

0.03

0.07

0.05

0.33

<0.05

0.12

0.14

0.45

0.33

0.13

<0.05

<0.05

0.24

<0.05

0.06

0.11

0.09

0.06

Sr 

Hg/L

38

37

32

32

32

30

32

34

29

36

37

33

38

35

50

58

72

66

62

59

23

23

34

56

58

48

42

320

190

62

46

V

Hg/L

0.2

0.8

0.1

0.3

<0.1

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.4

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.3

<0.1

<0.1

0.5

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.8

0.8

0.4

<0.1

0.2

0.3

<0.1

<0.1

0.2

0.2

<0.1

Zn

2

4

3

3

2

3

3

20

3

2

2

2

2

<1

5

6

20

6

3

7

8

9

9

3

4

5

4

40

40

10

7

31
Table 12. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in the stream LAOUT

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per liter (ug/L); "n.a."

indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular element.

Date

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1030

1015

1107

1435

1800

1425

1125

1015

1530

1250

1050

1125

1540

1115

1405

1200

0815

1030

0945

1220

0942

1458

1725

1213

1330

1320

1957

0923

1125

1404

1107

As

HQ/L

0.59

0.76

0.97

0.80

0.90

0.92

0.80

0.56

0.61

0.48

0.54

1.1

0.65

0.80

1.2

0.79

0.32

0.79

0.30

0.28

0.59

0.96

0.30

0.37

0.24

0.31

0.67

0.36

1.1

0.58

0.87

Ba

M9/L

16

24

66

n.a.

16

18

n.a.

19

14

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

11

15

24

56

21

28

33

46

140

36

18

17

17

27

270

940

36

17

Cd

M9/L

0,.01

0.04

0.08

n

0.

.a.

04

0.04

n

0.

0.

n

n

n

n

.a.

07

03

.a.

.a.

.a.

.a.

0.02

0.

0

0,

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

.07

.12

.12

.08

.96

.11

.42

.12

.16

.03

.09

.09

.08

.80

.62

.12

.54

Cu

H9/L

3.2

4.4

5.6

9.6

7.3

3.5

4.4

2.9

3.0

2.7

2.2

2.6

3.0

4.2

2.0

1.6

8.4

0.7

1.0

1.8

7.2

16

6.8

1.3

1.1

0.7

4.4

2.2

58

4.0

2.0

Mn

Hg/L

670

600

240

n.a.

100

150

n.a.

330

230

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

230

940

1300

440

1500

2000

4200

380

540

1600

3200

4100

2600

700

890

440

220

290

Ni

Hg/L

1.9

3.6

6.0

n.a.

3.2

3.2

n.a.

1.8

1.6

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

1.4

1.9

4.0

7.0

2.7

2.7

5.9

6.0

10

6.4

4.0

4.4

2.5

4.8

150

4.4

4.4

3.2

Pb

H9/L

0.3

0.8

4.1

n.a.

0.9

0.7

n.a.

0.3

0.3

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

0.5

0.3

0.5

3.9

0.1

0.6

0.3

4.0

11.0

1.7

0.3

0.1

0.1

0.6

2.8

0.4

1.2

0.4

Sr

H9/L

40

56

60

n.a.

38

36

n.a.

37

32

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

38

49

60

60

64

63

110

32

48

80

64

68

52

76

320

720

64

50

Zn

H9/l6

12

20

n.a.

8

8

n.a.

25

5

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

3

4

8

30

5

7

13

24

44

24

6

4

5

12

46

48

16

8

32
Table 13. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in the occasionally sampled

tributaries

The sampling date and location are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per liter (ug/L). A

"less than" (<) indicates that the analyte concentration is lower than the limit of detection for that

element. The locations listed indicate the tributary sampled (refer to figure 2 for exact locations).

Date Location 

sampled

02/03/98 LAOUT Tributary

02/03/98 RELAC Tributary 

RELAC Wooden 

02/03/98 Spillway

07/28/98 RELAC Tributary

10/08/98 LAOUT Tributary

10/08/98 RELAC Tributary

01/09/99 LAOUT Tributary

01/09/99 RELAC Tributary

01/09/99 LAOUT Tributary

01/09/99 LAOUT Tributary

01/09/99 RELAC Tributary

As

ug/L

0.6

0.06 

0.13

0.7

0.3

1.5

<0.1

0.7

<0.1

0.6

1.5

Ba

ug/L

11

21 

21

27

6

12

190

160

98

13

28

Cd

ug/L

0.02

0.02 

0.02

0.07

0.12

0.38

1.2

0.93

0.45

0.03

0.20

Cr Cu 

ug/L ug/L

0.5 2

0.6 0. 

0.7 0.

<1 4

<1 3

<1 2

<1 2

<1 2

<1 2

<1 1

1 3

.4

82 

96

.4

.8

.4

.8

.8

.7

.8

.9

Mn 

H9/L

180

15 

18

60

970

140

390

540

210

130

90

Ni

ug/L

0.9

2.4 

2.0

1.6

1.1

1.5

6.3

9.5

3.5

0.8

1.3

Pb

ug/L

0.03

0.02 

0.03

0.08

0.29

0.96

0.13

0.15

0.18

<0.05

0.12

Sr

ug/L

35

54 

53

160

22

19

32

48

170

47

46

V 

ug/L

0.1

0.1 

0.1

0.9

0.9

0.8

<0.1

<0.1

<0.1

0.2

0.5

Zn

ug/L

4

9 

8

4

9

10

80

70

40

7

20

Table 14. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in the occasionally sampled

tributaries

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per liter (ug/L). The

locations listed indicate the tributary sampled (refer to figure 2 for exact locations).

Date 

sampled

02/03/98

02/03/98

02/03/98

07/28/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

Location

LAOUT Tributary

RELAC Tributary

RELAC Wooden

Spillway

RELAC Tributary

LAOUT Tributary

RELAC Tributary

LAOUT Tributary

RELAC Tributary

LAOUT Tributary

LAOUT Tributary

RELAC Tributary

Time

1017

1033

1035

1500

0944

0955

1128

1144

1405

1406

1435

As 

ug/L

0.97

0.27

0.31

1.1

1.1

31

0.20

1.8

0.40

0.83

1.8

Ba 

ug/L

45

39

42

27

52

760

190

160

98

16

44

Cd 

H9/L

0.04

0.04

0.08

0.07

0.12

0.46

1.2

0.98

0.45

0.04

0.20

Cu 

ug/L

8.8

2.1

1.9

7.0

7.2

71

23

14

16

2.8

6.4

Mn

ug/L

680

560

110

60

980

870

390

600

210

280

94

Ni

ug/L

4.0

5.6

6.0

1.6

5.6

42

6.3

40

3.5

4.4

5.6

Pb

ug/L

0.2

0.9

0.3

0.1

4.0

41

0.2

9.3

0.2

0.6

3.0

Sr

ug/L

140

92

100

160

32

64

320

56

170

46

46

Zn

ug/L

16

16

16

4

24

84

80

70

40

8

36

33
Table 15. The results of the analysis of dissolved trace elements in Lake Anne 

The sampling dates and location of samples are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per 

liter (ug/L). A "less than" (<) indicates that the analyte concentration is lower than the limit of 

detection for that element. The locations listed indicate the area of the lake sampled (refer to 

figure 2 for exact locations). The samples collected on 11/30/98, "Lower-a" and "Lower-b", are 

field replicates.

Date Location 

sampled

04/02/98 Upper

04/02/98 Middle

04/02/98 Lower

06/02/98 Upper

06/02/98 Middle

06/02/98 Lower

06/02/98 Depth

07/28/98 Upper

07/28/98 Middle

07/28/98 Lower

09/22/98 Upper

09/22/98 Middle

09/22/98 Lower

09/22/98 Depth

11/30/98 Upper

11/30/98 Middle

11/30/98 Lower-a

11/30/98 Lower-b

As 

H9/L

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.8

1.0

1.1

1.0

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.4

0.7

0.7

0.8

0.7

Ba 

H9/L

11

14

10

5

4

4

4

6

6

6

7

7

7

9

11

10

11

11

Cd 

H9/L

0.04

0.07

0.03

0.01

0.01

<0.01

<0.01

<0.01

0.04

0.04

0.03

0.13

0.12

0.11

0.04

<0.01

0.03

0.06

Cr 

H9/L

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.5

<1

<1

<1

< 1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

<1

Cu 

H9/L

3.1

3.9

2.6

2.8

2.6

2.5

2.4

3.8

5.0

2.9

3.7

3.8

3.0

2.4

2.5

2.2

2.1

2.1

Mn 

H9/L

66

59

48

1.2

0.7

0.7

1.0

3.7

4.8

5.7

5.1

1.7

3.5

82

7

10

6

8

Ni 

H9/L

1.1

1.7

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.2

Pb

H9/L

0.03

0.04

0.01

0.03

0.03

0.02

0.02

0.13

0.13

0.06

0.08

0.10

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

<0.05

0.06

0.06

Sr

28

27

27

36

35

35

36

42

43

40

44

43

45

43

40

40

40

39

V

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

Zn

4

10

3

1

<1

<1

<1

2

4

3

2

3

1

2

<1

<1

<1

1

34
Table 16. The results of the analysis of total trace elements in Lake Anne 

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in micrograms per liter (ng/L); "n.a." 

indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular element. The locations listed 

indicate the area of the lake sampled (refer to figure 2 for exact locations). The samples collected 

on 11/30/98, "Lower-a" and "Lower-b", are field replicates. Upper, Middle and Lower samples 

were collected at the surface. Samples labeled "Depth" were collected at the Lower site at 2-3 

meters of water depth.

Date 

sampled

04/02/98

04/02/98

04/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

Location

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower-a

Lower-b

As

H9/L

0.92

1.0

1.2

3.2

4.0

0.79

1.1

3.1

1.5

1.2

1.8

2.1

2.1

2.7

0.90

0.71

0.80

0.90

Ba

H9/L

25

15

12

29

32

n.a.

13

20

10

8

10

13

7

24

13

n.a.

n.a.

12

Cd

M9/L

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

n

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.

n

n

0.

10

12

03

05

17

.a.

02

05

03

04

14

14

13

10

05

.a.

.a.

06

Cu

H9/L

3.8

4.3

3.9

12

14

11

3.8

8.0

5.0

3.5

4.4

4.0

4.2

6.0

2.7

3.1

2.8

2.1

Mn

H9/L

190

120

410

890

900

n.a.

480

440

260

190

160

220

36

370

90

n.a.

n.a.

65

Ni

H9/L

2.8

2.4

1.4

3.9

4.5

n.a.

1.2

2.0

1.2

1.1

1.4

1.5

1.4

2.1

1.2

n.a.

n.a.

1.1

Pb

H9/L

0.7

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.5

n.a.

0.2

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.4

0.3

0.3

1.4

0.3

n.a.

n.a.

1.0

Sr

H9/L

55

31

38

110

140

n.a.

38

72

58

120

45

43

45

44

40

n.a.

n.a.

40

Zn

H9/L

12

11

3

20

10

n.a.

2

3

4

3

7

3

1

8

2

n.a.

n.a.

2

35
Table 17. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the Lake Anne

precipitation

The sampling date shown is the end date of precipitation collection. Data are presented in

microequivalents per liter (ueq/L). A "less than" (<) indicates analyte concentration is lower than the

limit of detection for that element. "ISA" indicates that there was insufficient volume for the sample to be

analyzed for that particular analyte.

End 

Date

01/06/98

01/20/98

02/03/98

02/05/98

02/17/98

03/03/98

03/17/98

03/31/98

04/14/98

04/28/98

05/12/98

06/02/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/14/98

07/28/98

08/1 1/98

09/08/98

09/22/98

10/06/98

10/20/98

11/03/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

12/30/98

01/09/99

H* 

Meq/L

52.5

46.8

44.7

23.4

51.3

33.9

33.9

57.5

87.1

87.1

50.1

ISA

18.6

204.2

104.7

758.6

109.6

128.8

166.0

457.1

182.0

501.2

102.3

151.4

57.5

123.0

55.0

Ca2* 

Meq/L

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

13

5.0

22

5.0

24

10

25

10

13

10

55

30

5.0

10

15

2.5

5.0

5.0

Mg2* 

Meq/L

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

8.2

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

8.2

2.0

2.0

2.0

5.9

0.82

2.8

0.82

8.2

0.41

22

2.0

2.0

0.41

1.8

2.0

2.0

3.8

Na+ 

Meq/L

7.0

4.8

6.1

5.2

28

2.6

2.8

0.22

2.5

9.1

19

5.2

1.2

9.6

0.22

0.22

0.22

24

0.22

24

16

3.0

0.44

4.4

2.2

3.0

35

K* 

Meq/L

2.6

2.3

1.5

1.5

3.8

4.9

1.8

1.5

7.4

4.6

2.6

2.6

2.6

1.8

10

14

16

2.5

15

10

3.6

7.7

13

17

6.6

7.2

11

Fe2* 

Meq/L

2.5

<0.2

0.7

0.7

1.8

1.1

1.4

0.7

1.4

1.8

1.4

3.6

1.1

1.1

5.3

5.2

5.9

2.5

1.3

27

0.2

0.5

0.9

7

0.04

0.5

1.1

AI3+ 

Meq/L

11

5.6

5.6

6.0

5.6

<5.5

11

6.0

5.6

5.6

5.5

22

5.6

<5.5

13

12

13

11

3.7

72

<5.5

<5.5

3.8

16

<5.5

<5.5

3.9

Cl" 

Meq/L

13.3

8.7

6.2

3.61

2.71

ISA

1.37

10.3

7.2

26.1

3.9

ISA

4.5

1.5

ISA

ISA

17

ISA

6.3

ISA

20

ISA

14.2

97.8

3.4

30.6

52.3

NO3 

Meq/L

34.3

16.4

16.4

16.7

37.3

ISA

30.2

48.8

57.2

95.4

31.6

ISA

25.5

3.1

ISA

ISA

41.7

48.2

66.3

ISA

32.2

ISA

31.3

120

21.2

62.3

43

SO42' 

Meq/L

43.9

36.2

37.4

34.0

111

ISA

39.2

66.0

86.6

167

50.4

ISA

49.1

13.1

ISA

ISA

155

57.2

197

660

232

500

29.0

150

65.5

123

114

36
Table 18. The result's of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the stream RELAC 

The sampling date and time of collection is shown. Data are presented in microequivalents per 

liter (jieq/L) and mg/L for SiC>2. A "less than" (<) indicates analyte concentration is lower than 

the limit of detection for that element; "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that 

particular element. The chloride (Cl~) concentration was determined by difference between the 

cation and anion balance.

Date 

sampled

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1100

1030

1045

1420

1815

1410

1110

1045

1540

1235

1110

1055

1525

1145

1130

1145

0835

1110

1020

1250

0953

1433

1715

1245

1135

1245

1943

1040

1145

1430

1120

Ca2+ 

Meq/L

580

480

220

180

220

320

480

440

460

520

480

320

510

490

520

540

560

540

560

520

200

260

270

560

530

440

660

2300

2200

1740

1420

Mg*

Meq/L

390

350

75

66

99

140

280

300

290

350

320

160

330

280

340

360

350

340

400

310

74

82

66

400

370

290

470

1200

950

700

810

Na+ 

Meq/L

1900

770

1500

570

1200

520

780

590

680

660

570

460

630

530

590

560

520

560

570

460

230

290

340

540

550

510

2800

40000

52000

35000

13000

K+ 

Meq/L

41

36

56

46

61

49

46

28

38

38

41

49

41

51

36

43

46

36

33

51

66

54

54

49

51

46

55

460

530

300

150

AI3+ 

Meq/L

4.4

7.6

7.8

8.9

6.7

10

5.6

3.8

5.6

<3.0

<3.0

5.6

18

11

<3.0

11

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

3.9

3.1

<3.0

5.3

5.3

6.0

7.6

5.7

Fe2+ 

peq/L

4.9

3.4

1.1

1.1

2.2

1.8

2.5

1.9

2.2

0.7

2.9

8

6.9

25

11

72

3.4

0.4

1.8

7.2

2.5

2.2

2.2

4.0

4.6

7.2

5.3

17

9.0

6.0

6.8

SiO2 

mg/L

12

11

2.1

1.9

2.0

5.1

9.4

n.a.

9.8

12

11

n.a.

n.a.

5.2

13

13

13

13

13

12

2.8

3.6

3.8

n.a.

n.a.

10

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

Cl 

Meq/L

2400

710

1550

600

1300

660

990

750

980

860

780

360

n.a.

820

860

830

680

710

n.a.

690

220

260

n.a.

n.a.

770

n.a.

2600

32000

55000

36700

n.a.

NO3' 

peq/L

40.2

47.2

17.9

12.7

10.0

9.70

39.4

44.7

32.8

48.1

37.2

33.0

n.a.

112

40.0

11.0

240

29.7

n.a.

40.5

43.9

52.4

n.a.

n.a.

25.4

n.a.

93.8

2960

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

SO42 

Meq/L

61.5

79.9

45.3

40.1

30.9

36.2

130

82.9

68.2

73.1

62.5

75.6

n.a.

71.5

50.0

38.7

290

41.7

n.a.

93.9

89.2

120

n.a.

n.a.

59.9

n.a.

780

8220

415

345

n.a.

HCO3 

Meq/L

459

517

250

223

272

335

444

490

402

592

62.5

75.6

n.a.

392

560

716

274

705

n.a.

534

227

257

n.a.

n.a.

653

n.a.

487

395

200

735

n.a.

F 

peq/L

1.4

n.a.

n.a.

1.2

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.3

n.a..

n.a.

n.a.

1.7

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

1.2

n.a.

n.a.

1.2

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

37
Table 19. The results of the analysis of total major cations in the stream RELAC

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or

micrograms per liter (fig/L); "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular

element.

Date

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1100

1030

1045

1420

1815

1410

1110

1045

1540

1235

1110

1055

1525

1145

1130

1145

0835

1110

1020

1250

0953

1433

1715

1245

1135

1245

1943

1040

1145

1430

1120

Ca2+

mg/L

9.6

n.a.

3.9

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

7.7

7.4

7.7

n.a.

n.a.

6.3

9.0

n.a.

n.a.

8.6

8.0

8.5

9.3

9.1

3.4

3.2

n.a.

9.3

8.8

n.a.

10.7

34.2

35.7

28.4

23.5

Mg2+

mg/L

4.3

n.a.

1.2

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

3.0

3.6

3.2

n.a.

n.a.

2.0

4.0

n.a.

n.a.

3.7

3.5

3.7

4.2

4.0

1.3

1.3

n.a.

4.2

4.1

n.a.

5.0

11.5

9.8

7.4

8.5

Na+

mg/L

38

n.a.

29

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

14

12

13

n.a.

n.a.

9.2

13

n.a.

n.a.

10

8.8

11

11

11

5.3

5.0

n.a.

11

11

n.a.

53

900

1200

780

350

K+

mg/L

1.4

n.a.

2.2

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

1.6

1.4

1.5

n.a.

n.a.

1.9

1.6

n.a.

n.a.

1.8

2.5

1.2

1.3

1.3

3.8

3.8

n.a.

1.9

1.8

n.a.

2.4

16.0

22.3

12.6

5.9

AI3+

ug/L

150

210

3900

4700

4600

370

1400

70

370

520

300

1900

4900

990

120

1060

3750

200

330

820

6800

2300

2460

150

140

260

180

620

1900

1200

110

Fe2+

pg/L

540

560

2400

2700

2800

450

1100

330

600

780

900

1700

1200

1240

1300

2260

4820

1600

1440

1300

3900

1600

1790

1340

790

550

510

840

1600

800

220

38
Table 20. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the stream LAOUT 

The sampling date and time of collection is shown. Data are presented in microequivalents per liter 

(ueq/L) and mg/L for 8162. A "less than" (<) indicates analyte concentration is lower than the limit 

of detection for that element; "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular 

element. The chloride (Cl~) concentration was determined by difference between the cation and 

anion balance.

Date Time 

sampled

01/06/98 1030

02/03/98 1015

02/04/98 1107

02/04/98 1435

02/04/98 1800

02/05/98 1425

02/06/98 1125

03/17/98 1015

04/02/98 1530

04/30/98 1250

05/05/98 1050

05/12/98 1125

05/18/98 1540

06/16/98 1115

06/30/98 1405

07/23/98 1200

07/26/98 0815

07/28/98 1030

08/24/98 0945

09/22/98 1220

10/08/98 0942

10/08/98 1458

10/08/98 1725

11/16/98 1213

11/30/98 1330

12/14/98 1320

01/08/99 1957

01/09/99 0923

01/09/99 1125

01/09/99 1404

01/10/99 1107

Ca2+ 

peq/L

420

400

340

340

340

330

350

360

320

330

330

380

400

390

500

570

550

600

630

530

110

120

270

610

560

480

410

1600

1100

410

430

Mg2+ 

Meq/L

230

210

160

140

140

120

160

190

160

210

200

170

200

190

330

450

360

510

550

440

60

60

130

550

510

420

240

690

440

230

230

Na+ 

Meq/L

1000

860

850

770

780

740

790

660

490

480

440

500

550

490

630

790

590

860

920

660

100

110

310

840

810

710

960

49000

40000

6100

1500

K+ 

Meq/L

64

67

61

59

64

61

61

44

51

54

56

56

57

61

51

49

100

110

36

45

59

51

49

39

44

44

67

150

110

77

77

Al3* 

Meq/L

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

4.4

4.8

4.2

3.7

Fe2+ 

Meq/L

16

2.7

1.6

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.7

2.7

3.2

1.1

<1.0

<1.0

11

27

1.1

48

0.11

0.38

16

2.2

1.6

3.8

2.7

38

48

50

76

42

38

4.8

SiO2 

mg/L

5.4

3.0

1.3

n.a.

2.8

2.6

3.0

n.a.

3.0

3.6

3.6

n.a.

n.a.

3.0

4.9

7.3

6.2

7.1

6.4

6.2

1.2

1.4

3.6

n.a.

6.2

5.8

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

6.6

Cl" 

Meq/L

1200

1040

990

840

870

760

900

770

594

610

520

590

720

610

810

1100

850

1300

2100

840

96

78

720

1000

1100

310

1100

51000

41000

6200

1300

NO3" 

peq/L

26.3

27.1

28.3

28.7

23.2

28.3

20.8

20.3

19.1

20.2

19.2

16.6

14

56.3

15.1

11.0

245

35.2

8.5

14.7

27.6

30.2

3.4

3.3

5.2

9.5

15.3

98.5

48.5

114

220

SO42 

peq/L

81.6

88.4

93.1

94.5

87.8

96.1

91.6

91.9

90.5

87.3

87.9

90.5

64.3

75.6

56.8

38.7

283

55.3

2.02

67.2

59.5

77.1

34.0

33.9

38.6

63.7

120

360

340

207

360

HCO3" 

Meq/L

425

385

305

353

331

385

340

371

348

358

404

405

413

397

661

716

274

661

2.02

769

262

235

34.0

972

836

1330

458

350

276

373

360

F" 

Meq/L

2.1

2.2

1.8

n.a.

1.8

2.1

1.7

1.4

1.3

1.8

1.9

1.9

1.6

2.3

2.1

1.7

1.4

1.2

n.a.

1.8

1.4

2.1

2.0

2.0

2.3

1.8

0.8

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

39
Table 21. The results of the analysis of total major cations in the stream LAOUT

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or

micrograms per liter (|ig/L); "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular

element.

Date

01/06/98

02/03/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/04/98

02/05/98

02/06/98

03/17/98

04/02/98

04/30/98

05/05/98

05/12/98

05/18/98

06/16/98

06/30/98

07/23/98

07/26/98

07/28/98

08/24/98

09/22/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

11/16/98

11/30/98

12/14/98

01/08/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/10/99

Time

1030

1015

1107

1435

1800

1425

1125

1015

1530

1250

1050

1125

1540

1115

1405

1200

0815

1030

0945

1220

0942

1458

1725

1213

1330

1320

1957

0923

1125

1404

1107

Ca2*

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

6.2

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

6.3

9.1

9.0

7.4

9.4

10.4

10.3

2.5

2.8

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

7.0

27.3

18.0

8.2

n.a.

Mg2+

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.4

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.2

4.8

4.6

3.3

5.0

5.7

5.5

1.1

1.6

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.7

7.8

4.8

2.8

n.a.

Na+

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

13

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

8.8

15

14

9.1

16

18

17

2.5

3.0

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

19

1200

1000

140

n.a.

K*

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

1.8

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.2

1.4

1.7

4.2

1.6

1.5

1.5

3.9

6.5

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.6

5.0

5.0

3.0

n.a.

AI3+

Mg/L

170

890

7400

1900

2300

1500

990

220

1500

290

210

180

240

120

750

120

420

1200

1800

2100

350

460

1400

3300

2900

3100

360

190

40

130

250

Fe2*

Mg/L

1000

1300

4300

1300

1500

1100

950

660

550

660

640

640

640

580

1200

1600

4200

1400

3000

260

3600

9000

2000

3000

1700

2100

470

430

6200

910

390

40
Table 22. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in the occasionally 

sampled tributaries

The sampling date and location of collection is shown. Data are presented in microequivalents 

per liter (ueq/L) and mg/L for SiC>2. A "less than" (<) indicates analyte concentration is lower 

than the limit of detection for that element, "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for 

that particular element. The chloride (Cl~) concentration was determined by difference between 

the cation and anion balance. The locations listed indicate the tributary sampled (refer to figure 2 

for exact locations).

Date 

Sampled

02/03/98

02/03/98

02/03/98

07/28/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

Location 

of sample

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

RELAC

spillway

RELAC

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

Time

1017

1033

1035

1500

0944

0955

1128

1144

1405

1406

1435

Ca2+ 

Meq/L

400

470

490

1300

80

160

1300

420

750

400

360

Mg2+ 

Meq/L

180

350

210

700

41

42

490

120

350

200

120

Na+

Meq/L

870

810

770

420

61

35

44000

11000

3500

810

6400

K+ 

Meq/L

60

24

36

110

66

56

170

280

130

74

260

Al* 

peq/L

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

<3.0

6.2

5.6

5.6

5.9

6.4

4.0

4.6

Fe2+ 

Meq/L

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.1

3.4

1.7

2.8

2.8

3.6

2.7

2.4

SiO2 

mg/L

2.8

12

12

2.5

3.6

0.7

6.4

n.a.

1.1

6.4

13

Cl" 

Meq/L

1000

1200

n.a.

1800

94

145

45000

11000

4200

748

6900

NO," 

Meq/L

27.1

24.7

n.a.

29.7

35.8

15.5

110

145

88.9

n.a.

43

so«2"

Meq/L

88.4

84.3

n.a.

41.7

54.4

65.3

507

292

299

298

75.5

HCO," 

Meq/L

385

313

n.a.

705

202

73.0

112

147

127

446

92.6

F" 

Meq/L

n.a.

1.7

n.a.

n.a.

0.7

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

41
Table 23. The results of the analysis of total major cations in the occasionally sampled tributaries 

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or 

micrograms per liter (fig/L); "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular 

element. The locations listed indicate the tributary sampled (refer to figure 2 for exact locations).

Date 

sampled

02/03/98

02/03/98

02/03/98

07/28/98

10/08/98

10/08/98

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

01/09/99

Location

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

RELAC

Wooden Spillway

RELAC

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

LAOUT

Tributary

RELAC

Tributary

Time

1017

1033

1035

1500

0944

0955

1128

1144

1405

1406

1435

Ca2*

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

2.0

n.a.

1.6

3.1

26

7.2

15

6.7

7.1

Mg2*

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

13

n.a.

0.5

0.5

5.9

1.5

4.2

2.5

1.5

Na+

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

5.7

n.a.

1.4

0.8

1000

300

80

16

120

K*

mg/L

n.a.

n.a.

24

n.a.

2.6

2.2

6.8

11

5.2

2.9

9.7

Al3*

ug/L

980

n.a.

140

n.a.

660

n.a.

n.a.

24000

n.a.

660

4800

Fe2*

ug/L

1200

n.a.

390

n.a.

3200

n.a.

n.a.

11000

n.a.

790

2500

42
Table 24. The results of the analysis of dissolved major cations and anions in Lake Anne 

The sampling date and location of collection is shown. Data are presented in microequivalents 

per liter (neq/L). A "less than" (<) indicates analyte concentration is lower than the limit of 

detection for that element, "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular 

element. The chloride (Cl~) concentration was determined by difference between the cation and 

anion balance. The locations listed indicate the area of the lake sampled (refer to figure 2 for 

exact locations). The samples collected on 11/30/98, "Lower-a" and "Lower-b", are field 

replicates.

Date 

sampled

04/02/98

04/02/98

04/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

Location 

of 

sample

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower-a

Lower-b

Ca2* 

peq/L

330

320

310

430

400

390

400

440

440

430

440

460

440

440

440

440

440

370

Mg2* 

Meq/L

160

160

150

210

190

220

190

200

200

200

210

210

210

210

210

210

210

210

Na* 

Meq/L

500

490

460

530

510

510

510

500

470

480

510

510

480

490

490

480

490

420

K* 

Meq/L

60

54

54

61

61

72

59

66

59

64

66

69

61

74

72

66

66

56

Al3* 

Meq/L

3.8

4.0

4.7

3.4

3.8

17.8

3.9

<3.0

<3.0

<3.0

3.1

3.6

3.8

4.1

24.5

6.7

4.4

4.2

Fe2* 

Meq/L

1.8

1.8

2.3

2.6

2.8

12.9

1.9

0.5

0.4

0.2

1.6

1.1

1.1

0.3

4.3

0.9

0.7

0.8

Cl 

Meq/L

690

620

570

670

620

680

620

630

620

570

680

700

650

690

610

580

580

430

NO3 

Meq/L

13.3

12.9

13.5

11.9

16.7

13.4

9.59

4.39

5.11

4.53

4.22

2.62

1.03

n.a.

11.4

9.20

9.35

9.67

SO42 

Meq/L

75.2

83.3

85.4

85.3

84.7

85.4

86.0

65.8

67.2

67.1

64.7

62.5

51.4

47.2

101

101

101

100

HCO3 

Meq/L

280

312

313

468

441

444

449

473

478

532

480

492

492

485

521

515

516

520

Fpeq/L

n.a.

1.31

1.13

1.8

1.76

1.84

1.79

2.04

2.1

1.91

2.41

2.27

1.72

1.42

2.04

2.06

2.17

2.38

43
Table 25. The results of the analysis of total major cations in Lake Anne 

The sampling date and times are shown. Data are presented in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or 

micrograms per liter (|ig/L); "n.a." indicates that the sample was not analyzed for that particular 

element. The locations listed indicate the area of the lake sampled (refer to figure 2 for exact 

locations). The samples collected on 11/30/98, "Lower-a" and "Lower-b", are field replicates.

Date 

sampled

04/02/98

04/02/98

04/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

06/02/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

07/28/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

09/22/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

11/30/98

Location

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower

Upper

Middle

Lower

Depth

Upper

Middle

Lower-a

Lower-b

Ca2+

mg/L

5.6

5.4

5.3

6.6

6.7

n.a.

6.7

2.1

6.9

6.4

8.2

8.3

8.7

8.7

7.7

7.5

7.5

7.4

Mg2+

mg/L

1.9

1.9

1.8

2.3

2.3

n.a.

2.3

6.3

2.3

2.2

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.9

2.7

2.6

2.5

2.5

Na+

mg/L

9.6

9.7

9.3

9.6

9.7

n.a.

9.8

8.2

8.7

8.5

10

11

10

11

10

9.7

9.6

9.7

K+

mg/L

2.3

2.0

2.1

2.2

2.2

n.a.

2.3

2.0

2.2

2.1

2.7

2.8

3.2

3.2

2.8

2.7

2.5

2.4

AI3+

H9/L

190

230

100

330

230

n.a.

170

180

120

30

860

250

420

1700

220

310

350

180

Fe2+

pg/L

350

470

450

1200

1200

n.a.

500

1100

610

250

2100

800

1500

2100

50

70

70

42

44
Table 26. Detection limits for the trace-element analysis conducted by ICP-MS 

(Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy) 

Concentrations are listed as micrograms per liter (ug/L).

Mg/L pg/L

As

Ba

Cd

Cr

Cu

Mn

0.1

0.2

0.01

1

0.1

0.1

Ni

Pb

Sr

V

Zn

0.1

0.01

0.1

0.2

1

Table 27. Detection limits for the cation analysis conducted by ICP-OES 

(Inductively coupled plasma - optical emissions spectroscopy) 

Concentrations are listed as milligrams per liter (ueq/L).

mg/L

Ca2* 0.1

Mg2* 0.05

Na* 0.5

K* 0.1

Fe2* 0.01

Al3* 0.05

Table 28. Detection limits for the anion analysis conducted by 1C (Ion

chromatography)

Concentrations are listed as microequivalents per liter (ueq/L).

peq/L

F 0.6

cr 1.2

0.4

SO42 0.8

45
Table 29. Mean coritentration and standard deviation (std. dev.) of the trace elements in the

Precipitation and Field Blanks

The "n" indicates the number of blanks analyzed.

Precipitation Blanks

Mean

std. dev.

V

ug/L

0.05

0.08

Cr

ug/L

0.09

0.1

Mn

ug/L

0.01

0.03

n=6

Ni

Hg/L

0.2

0.3

Cu

ug/L

0.03

0.06

Sr

Hg/L

0.01

0.01

Cd

Hg/L

0.00

0.01

Zn

Hg/L

0.5

0.6

As

Hg/L

0.01

0.02

Ba

ug/L

0.01

0.02

Pb

ug/L

0.01

0.02

Field Blanks 

V 

ug/L

Mean 

std. dev.

0.05 

0.01

Cr 

ug/L

0.05 

0.09

Mn 

ug/L

0.03 

0.04

n=7 

Ni

H9/L

0.2 

0.2

Cu 

ug/L

0.20 

0.08

Sr

ug/L

0.3 

0.3

Cd

ng/L

0.04 

0.03

Zn

ug/L

0.4 

0.3

As 

M9/L

0.00 

0.00

Ba

Hg/L

0.2 

0.1

Pb

ug/L

0.05 

0.04

46
Table 30. The results of the analysis of SRM (Standard Reference Materials) used during ICPMS accuracy checks

The literature values and standard deviation (where available) and the mean and standard 

deviation results of the SRM analyses are listed. Data are listed in micrograms per liter (jig/L).

SLRS-3

Literature

Lit std. dev.

mean

std. dev.

SLRS-4

Literature

Lit std. dev.

mean

std dev.

1634d

Literature

Lit std. dev.

mean

std. dev.

T-155

Literature

Lit std. dev.

mean

std. dev.

T-145

Literature

Lit std. dev.

mean

std. dev.

WW-11

Literature*

mean

std. dev.

V 

Hg/L

N=7

0.3

0.02

0.3

0.03

N=5

0.32

0.03

0.5

0.03

n=10

35.1

1.4

35.5

1.50

N=4

25.4

1

26.1

1.82

N=4

11.7

1.7

11.6

0.80

N=6

31.4

33.8

0.55

Cr 

Hg/L

0.3

0.04

0.3

0.03

0.33

0.02

0.3

0.02

18.53

0.2

18.5

0.36

8.49

0.78

8.5

0.53

15.3

1.4

15.5

0.90

11.9

12.9

0.88

Mn 

Hg/L

3.9

0.3

4.0

0.10

3.4

0.18

3.6

0.11

37.66

0.83

37.9

0.90

50.9

2.4

51.2

2.35

20.9

1.5

21.8

0.74

43.2

43.9

0.66

Ni

Hg/L

0.83

0.08

0.8

0.04

0.67

0.08

0.7

0.01

58.1

2.7

56.6

1.14

8.3

1.5

8.2

0.13

11

1.3

11.2

0.15

32.4

32.6

0.27

Cu 

Hg/L

1.35

0.07

1.5

0.05

1.8

0.08

1.8

0.04

20.5

3.8

20.4

0.22

38

2.4

37.7

0.78

11

1.4

11.1

0.29

23.8

24.1

0.14

Sr

ug/L

28.1

nr

32.0

0.63

26.3

3.2

28.4

0.62

294.8

3.4

294.2

4.66

363

14

361.5

5.07

203

9

201.0

3.46

55.1

56.5

0.85

Cd

Hg/L

0.013

0

0.0

0.002

0.012

0.002

0.0

0.001

6.44

0.37

6.3

0.11

11.4

0.8

11.4

0.13

9.33

0.82

9.4

0.25

5.95

6.0

0

Zn

»jg/L

1.04

0.09

1.0

0.11

0.93

0.1

1.1

0.11

72.5

0.65

72.6

0.70

58.7

4.1

57.2

1.02

10

2.4

9.2

0.70

11.9

12.0

0.10

As

Hg/L

0.72

0.05

0.8

0.04

0.68

0.06

0.7

0.01

56

0.73

55.3

0.69

32.9

2.8

33.1

0.19

9.88

1.04

10.1

0.12

3.24

3.4

0.04

Ba

Hg/L

13.4

0.6

13.9

0.38

12.2

0.6

12.4

0.16

506.5

8.9

504.6

4.30

21.8

1.1

21.7

0.17

37.1

1.9

37.2

0.35

29.7

29.5

0.38

Pb

Hg/L

0.07

0.01

0.1

0.00

0.09

0.007

0.1

0.005

18.2

0.64

18.2

0.12

18.8

1.7

18.4

0.17

12.7

1.2

12.5

0.15

64.9

64.8

0.63

* Literature standard deviation not available.

47
Table 31. The results of the analysis of SRM (Standard Reference Materials) used during ICPOES accuracy checks

The literature values and the mean and standard deviation results of the SRM analyses are shown. 

Data are listed in milligrams per liter (mg/L).

CRM-ES

Literature

Mean

Std. dev.

CRM-soil

Literature

Mean

Std. dev.

Ca2* 

mg/L

n=6

80

83

1.3

n=5

350

368

8.3

Mg2* 

mg/L

100

99

2.5

70

70

1.7

Na+ 

mg/L

200

191

1.2

70

75

2.1

K* 

mg/L

150

142

3.4

200

165

6.2

Al3* Fe2* 

mg/L mg/L

not used 350

346

4

not used not used

Table 32. The results of the analysis of SRM (Standard Reference Materials) used for accuracy 

checks during the GF-AAS analysis for As and Cu in the total (digested) water samples 

The literature values and the mean and standard deviation results of the SRM analyses are shown. 

Data are listed in micrograms per liter (ug/L).

T-155 n=5 T-145 n=5

As Cu As Cu

______ug/L ug/L______ug/L ug/L

Literature 33 38 9.9 11

Mean 31.2 36.7 10 10.8

Std. dev. 1.3 1.1 0.71 0.56

48
Table 33. Listof sample spikes and recovery of arsenic during the ICP-MS analysis 

The list includes the type of sample and the date of sample collection. Recovery was 

calculated as the theoretical (sample concentration + 0.2 ug/L) divided by the actual 

(spiked concentration) multiplied by 100%. Spike recoveries within +/- 10% of the 

expected value are considered within the analytical reproducibility of the instrument.

ID

Blank

Precip

Precip

Precip

Precip

Precip

Precip

Laout

Laout

L-trib

Relac

Date

06/30/98

06/30/98

07/14/98

09/22/98

10/06/98

10/20/98

11/30/98

09/22/98

12/14/98

07/28/98

07/23/98

Sample 

Cone 

M9/L

0.0

0.2

0.3

0.2

1.0

0.1

0.3

0.2

0.2

0.7

0.3

Spiked 

Cone 

M9/L

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.5

1.2

0.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

1.0

0.5

Recovery

%

100

100

125

80

100

150

125

100

100

90

100

49