e

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Forest Service

An Annotated Bibliography of

Thinning Literature

Southern Forest

Experiment Station

Bryce J. Stokes

New Orleans,

Louisiana

General Technical Report

so-91

December 1992

. .._
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author would like to acknowledge and express his

appreciation to the many people who worked on this

manuscript. Many thanks go to Clayton Adams, John

Bates, Steve Crowley, James Dowdell, John Klepac, Cindy

Rawlins, Glenn Smith, Dennis Shaw, and Preston Steele

for their many contributions. A special note of appreciation goes to Ruby Sanderson for her tireless efforts in

producing a publishable manuscript.
CONTENTS

Introduction ......................... 1

Bibliographic References ................. 2

Year Index .......................... 155

Keyword Index ....................... 1.58

Author Index ........................ 167

i

An Annotated Bibliography of Thinning Literature

Bryce J. Stokes

INTRODUCTION

Thinning of both natural and plantation softwood

stands has become somewhat of an embattled topic for

foresters and scientists. Strong opinion and controversy

have surrounded the decision of whether to thin and how

to thin. However, most managers are now recognizing

that, when properly applied, thinning has a great potential for improving forest holdings.

This bibliography is a general review of thinning, with

an emphasis on harvesting in the Southern United States.

The bibliography was developed to aid the decision-making process of foresters and as a basis for continued research on thinning of pine stands. Much information is

available for the formulation of policies and strategies, as

well as for the premises of innovative concepts and ideas.

Some silvicultural aspects are included, but these are not

intensively reviewed.

References were compiled from many sources. Abstracts and associated information are included for each

publication. The citations are displayed in computer

fields. Publications are listed alphabetically by primary

author, and an index by year, keywords, and author has

been included.

Hryce J. Stokes is a research engineer and project leader, Engineering Systems for Intensive Forest Management, U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment StatIon, Auburn, AL 36849.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

AUTH Abetz, P.

TITL The European stem-number-experiments in Norway spruce.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 201-206.

YEAR 1969

ABST Position of trees with view to accessibility of harvester and

trends in stand growth are given.

KEYW Forecasts, growth and yield, machinery, silviculture

2 AUTH Adamovich, L.L.

TITL Present and planned research and development work on logging

techniques in thinnings in North America.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO Meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 236-241.

YEAR 1969

ABST Describes research on thinning and lists types of research

underway.

KEYW Damage, forecasts, machinery, Northeast, South, systems, West

3 AUTH Adamovich, L.L.

TITL Problems in mechanizing commercial thinnings.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 69-127. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 24 p.

YEAR 1968

ABST The reasons for thinning mechanization lagging behind the

revolutionary developments that have taken place in the logging

industry are given as economic, silvicultural, and technical. It

is necessary to compromise between silvicultural methods and

mechanization to extend the revolution in operations to

intermediate cuttings. Thinning methods are proposed that lend

themselves to mechanization. Harvesting efficiency could be

increased if conventional uniform thinnings were changed to methods

based on systematic layout and changing intensity. The effectiveness of

such systematic thinning systems may be evaluated by simulation

techniques. Research on mechanics of trees provides useful parameters

for machine design and logging technology.

KEYW Cable system, economics, equations, machinery, marking, methods, row

thinning, selective thinning, spacing, whole-tree

4 AUTH Adams, T.C.

TITL Production rates in commercial thinning of young-growth Douglas-fir.

PUBL Res. Pap. PNW-41. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 35 p.

YEAR I967

ABST Time studies were made of the individual steps in the thinning

operation, including felling and bucking, skidding, and loading.

Calculated times per unit of production were related to log and tree
volumes, in both cubic feet and board feet, and to skidding distance,

type of equipment, and other variables. These production rates,

combined with labor and machine rates, permit estimation of unit costs

related to log size.

KEYW Economics, equations, felling, labor, machinery, processing, skidder,

West

5 AUTH Ager, B.H.

TITL On the choice of logging systems for thinning.

PUBL In: Proceedings of XIV IUFRO meeting. 1967 [Month and date unknown];

Munich, Germany. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]:

740-755.

YEAR 1967

ABST Systematical treatment of some factors important to consider in the

choice of logging systems for thinning equations.

KEYW Damage, economics, equations, labor, machinery, row thinning, selective

thinning, strip thinning, systems

6 AUTH Ager, B.H.

TITL Thinning and mechanization, some views on the research problem and an

analysis of harvesting costs.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization; Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 2-20.

YEAR 1969

ABST Harvest and future treatment of stands intended for thinning within the

next 10 to 15 years are discussed and harvest cost analysis is

presented.

KEYW Economics, equations, machinery, selective thinning, shortwood,

silviculture, strip thinning, systems

7 AUTH Alig, R.J.; Kurtz, W.B.; Mills, T.J.

TITL Financial return estimates of alternate management strategies for 9- to

15-year-old southern pine plantations in Mississippi.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(l): 3-7.

YEAR 1981

ABST Generally no significant difference in estimated present net worth

(based on a 6-percent discount rate) was found between passive

management and immediate treatment of southern pine plantations in

Mississippi 9 to 15 years old. The immediate management strategy

produced considerably larger financial returns only in plantations that

contained high hardwood basal areas. Management regimes that delayed

treatment until the stand was 30 years old produced lower financial

returns than either the passive or immediate treatment regimes.

Increases on site index and conifer stocking generally led to higher

present net worth for all management strategies.

KEYW Economics, loblolly, plantation, slash

pine, South

8 AUTH Alig, R.J.; Mills, T.J.; Shackelford, R.L.

TITL Most soil bank plantings in the South have been retained; some need

followup treatments.

3
PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 4(l): 60-64.

YEAR 1980

ABST Report of progress of plots in 91 pine plantations established in

1956-61 as part of the soil bank program in Georgia, Mississippi, and

South Carolina.

KEYW Diseases, loblolly, plantation, slash pine, South

9 AUTH Allen, J.F.

TITL The Westvaco thinning system.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economics workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC:

Southern Forest Economics Workers: 87-91.

YEAR 1980

ABST An environmentally sound thinning system for young pine plantations in

South Carolina is described. System utilizes a five-man crew, including

two chain saw cutters and two portable winch operators.

KEYW Labor, methods, plantation, safety, South, systems

1 0 AUTH Allen, J.F.; Harmon, M.

TITL Westvaco-Nordfor thinning operation.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 79-R-68. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 6

P.

YEAR 1968

ABST Directional felling, cable skidding, and whole-tree chipping were used

in this South Carolina thinning operation. Operation and skidding

patterns are also described. There was no damage to the residual stand

and there was minimal ground disturbance.

KEYW Biomass, chipping, damage, felling, machinery, methods, site, skidder,

training, whole-tree

11 AUTH Anderson, W.C.

TITL Faster thinning with less manpower.

PUBL Southern Lumberman. 231(2872): 75-76.

YEAR 1975

ABST Test of three harvesters (Timber Line TH-100, Cat 950, and Soderhamn) in

a slash pine plantation in north Florida on dry sandy soil on flat

terrain.

KEYW Harvester, longwood, machinery, plantation, shortwood, slash pine,

South, systems, whole-tree

12 AUTH Anderson, W.C.; Granskog, J.E.

TITL Mechanized row-thinning systems in slash pine plantations.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-103. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 12 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST Machine times and tree measurements were taken on row-thinning

operations in slash pine plantations. Equations were developed to

estimate productivity of harvesters in shortwood, longwood, and

whole-tree systems. Output and costs were calculated for specific stand

conditions.
KEYW Economics, equations, felling, harvester, longwood, machinery,

plantation, processing, row thinning, shortwood, skidder, slash pine,

South, systems, whole-tree

13 AUTH Anderson, W.C.; Guldin, R.W.; Vasievich, J.M.

TITL Assessing the risk of insect attack in plantation investments.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 85(l): 46-47.

YEAR 1987

ABST Risk of insect attack is discussed as another factor that must be taken

into consideration when making investments in forestry rather than in

other areas. Monte Carlo simulation is used to quantify the chances of

a reasonable return.

KEYW Damage, management, models, South

14 AUTH Andersson, S.O.

TITL Harvesting full trees in thinnings --should the logging residue be

removed?

PUBL In: Corcoran, Thomas J.; Gill, Douglas R., eds.Proceedings of COFE/IUFRO

conference; 1984 August 11-18; Orono, ME: University of Maine: 241-243.

YEAR 1984

ABST Some companies today are harvesting full trees during thinnings. In a

short-term perspective this method offers certain advantages; in the

long term, scientists are not sure of the advantage. Sven-Olof

Andersson, giving an account here of investigations made by himself and

other Nordic scientists, concludes that apparently there is a definite

trend. Certain losses of increment of growing stock can be expected if

the logging residue is not left on the ground.

KEYW Growth and yield, silviculture

15 AUTH Andersson, S.O.

TITL Row and strip thinning.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization; Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 98-107.

YEAR 1969

ABST The advantages and disadvantages are reported of row thinning and stand

development after thinning. The distribution of trees by diameter after

strip and selective thinning is analyzed.

KEYW Growth and yield, machinery, row thinning, selective thinning, strip

thinning

16 AUTH Andrulot, E.R.; Blackwell, L.P.; Burns, P.Y.

TITL Effects of thinning on yield of loblolly pine in central Louisiana.

PUBL Bulletin 6. Ruston, LA: Louisiana Technical University, School of

Forestry. 45 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST Individual trees in a 17-year-old natural stand were measured

periodically until 47 to 53 years after undergoing one of the following

treatments; (a) no thinning, (b) thinning four or five times from 17 to

19 years, and (c) thinning first at 35 to 38 years and, in some cases,

several years later. Gross cubic volume yield was not significantly

different for any plot or treatment, although net cubic volume yield was

5
17

20 percent higher for thinned stands. This is believed to result from

salvage of material that would otherwise have been suppressed. No

significant difference between treatments was found in the relative

density of wood, although trees in thinned stands grew in diameter and

at a more uniform rate than those in the control plots. The form of

trees in thinned stands was slightly better than in the unthinned

stands.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, methods, natural stand, South

AUTH Anonymous

TITL Agricultural tractor and grapple attachment show promise for smallwood

extraction.

PUBL [Forest Service Reprint]. Rotorua, New Zealand: New Zealand Industrial

Forest Research Institute. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Grapple for agricultural tractor was studied using four methods.

Estimates of cost and production rate were developed.

KEYW Economics, machinery, skidder, systems

18 AUTH Anonymous

TITL Looking for profit in production thinning.

PUBL In: Forest Research Institute looks at mechanization. New Zealand

Forest Service Reprint. [Date of meeting unknown]; [Place of meeting

unknown]. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]: 977.

YEAR 1975

ABST Economics of removing smallwood from final crop stands are presented for

two approaches to harvesting thinnings--long-term and short-term.

Equipment and methods are discussed and field trials are reviewed.

KEYW Economics, machinery, systems

19 AUTH Anonymous

TITL Mechanized shortwood crew drawn from family members.

PUBL Forest Industries. 109(l): 46-47.

YEAR 1982

ABST System consists of feller-buncher, grapple skidder, and

delimber-slasher-loader. An 18-year-old pine stand was thinned for the

first time to produce 7,000 cords; average d.b.h. was 7 inches.

KEYW Feller-buncher, harvester, machinery, skidder, strip thinning, systems

20 AUTH Anonymous

TITL Mechanized small-diameter harvesting.

PUBL Southern Lumberman. August; 15: 11-12.

YEAR 1976

ABST A program is described initiated by St. Regis Paper Company to study

mechanizing the harvesting of small plantation wood in tree-length

form. Goals were: (a) to develop an economical system of mechanical

thinning, (b) to research means of thinning mechanically without damage,

(c) to investigate the types of equipment and number of people

necessary, and (d) to discover the cost-productivity of such a system.

KEYW Damage, economics, plantation, South, systems, whole-tree
21 AUTH Anonymous

TITL Needed: A peewee yarder.

PUBL [Leaflet]. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service;

Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. [Not paged].

YEAR 1976

ABST A small, highly portable yarder is described that can be used to thin

young timber stands on steep slopes.

KEYW Cable system, damage, steep slopes

22 AUTH Anonymous

TITL New method for the conversion of softwood during first and second

thinning operations.

PUBL Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift. 7: 136.

YEAR 1985

ABST Descriptions are given of the Jackie extraction equipment (JAVO), a

hydraulic winch system designed to mount on a 60-horsepower agricultural

tractor, and the Jackie small processor (JAPRO), a trimmer/cross cutter

designed for mounting on a 90-horsepower agricultural tractor.

Operating cost and production rates are given for the machine.

KEYW Cable system, economics, equipment, skidder

23 AUTH Anonymous

TITL New system for harvesting pulpwood.

PUBL Forest Industries. lOO(12): 117.

YEAR 1973

ABST In this description of the Morbark total chip harvester system, little

crown damage to stand, no high stumps, and no residual tops or slash are

reported. Production was 250 to 300 tons of chips in 6 hours.

KEYW Chipping, feller-buncher, machinery, selective thinning, systems,

whole-tree

24

25

ALJTH Anonymous

TITL Pulpwood dealer, plantation owners approve harvester.

PUBL Pulpwood Production and Timber Harvesting. 10: 17,20,24.

YEAR 1974

ABST The Timberjack RW-30 exceeded expectations by yielding more than

conventional cutting methods. The three-man crew averaged 25 cords per

day.

KEYW Economics, harvester, machinery, plantation, pulpwood, systems, volumes

AUTH Anonymous

TITL Row thinning--some guidelines.

PUBL Forest Farmer. 3(13): 6-7.

YEAR 1971

ABST Because economic factors and labor shortages in the woods now dictate

economics of harvesting methods, they form a new and key variable in the

decision-making process causing the current trend toward mechanization,

incorporating faster processes in harvesting wood products and

dispatching them to sites of primary manufacture. The task force agrees

that individual tree selection is silviculturally the best method of
thinning but, believing it will be uneconomical in many areas of the

South, recommends row thinning for most cases now and in the future.

Row thinning is economical because it makes mechanical harvesting

possible. Because of unprecedented tree planting reports in the South

since 1950, more than 1 million acres of pine plantations will reach

thinning age each year--starting now. As a result, all but small

landowners will be forced to select some sort of row thinning for

economic reasons.

KEYW Economics, machinery, row thinning

26 AUTH Anonymous

TITL The second time around Burrow Logging Company made thinning work.

PUBL Timber Harvesting. 34(12): 42-43.

YEAR 1986

ABST Equipment used in plantation thinning is described.

KEYW Feller-buncher, skidder

27 AUTH Anonymous

TITL Small wood--small machines.

PUBL [Newsletter]. 5(6). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. [Not paged].

YEAR 1980

ABST Two machines from New Zealand: Bell infield logger (three wheeler and

overhead grapple) and Iwate Fuji T20 skidder (a four-wheel-drive,

articulated steering, rubber-tired skidder with double-drum winch and

log-loading forks) are described. Advantages of the Bell three wheeler

are maneuverability and versatility; the disadvantage is a lack of

traction on slopes greater than 10 degrees and on wet soils. Traction

may improve with chains. Fuji T-20 has good traction, maneuverability,

and versatility. Both machines are good alternatives for small timber.

KEYW Machinery, skidder, steep slopes

28 AUTH Anonymous

TITL Thinning southern pine.

PUBL The Logger and Lumberman. 25(6): 6-7.

YEAR 1986

ABST Different aspects of southern pine thinning are presented.

KEYW Growth and yield, methods, spacing

29 AUTH Anonymous

TITL Two-man crew moves 200 cords per week.

PUBL Forest Industries. 105(7): S-l, S-2.

YEAR 1978

ABST Two-man crew uses one Melroe Bobcat with a 16-inch shear, Clark 666

grapple skidder, a shop-built delimbing gate, and Barko 140 hydraulic

loader. Hauling was contracted with truck drivers doing the loading.

KEYW Machinery, systems

30 AUTH Arola, R.A.; Hillstrom, W.A.

TITL Mechanical thinning of northern hardwoods.
31

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Experiments in mechanical thinning of pole size northern hardwoods have

demonstrated about 50 green tons per acre can be recovered at a loss of

about $11.50 per ton. Early evaluations show this damage is

acceptable. It appears that energy requirements may provide the needed

market for green chips.

KEYW Chipping, damage, economics, growth and yield, machinery, models

AUTH Arvidsson, A.

TITL Thinning, a financial affair.

PUBL APA Tech. Pap. 80-p-5. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association.

[Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1980

ABST Author deals with some fundamental rules and facts of silviculture in

Scandinavia.

KEYW Economics, felling, machinery, precommercial thinning, silviculture

32 AUTH Arvidsson, A.; Knutell, H.

TITL Mechanized felling in thinnings under winter conditions.

PUBL Res. Note 120. Garpenberg, Sweden: Department of Operational

Efficiency, Royal College of Forestry. 2 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST The effects of winter conditions on mechanized felling in thinnings are

investigated. The factors studied were: time consumption, selection

(thinning quality), damage to the remaining stand, and stump height.

KEYW Damage, machinery, row thinning, selective thinning

33 AUTH Ashmore, C .; Stokes, B.J.; Izlar, B.

TITL Lokoma cone saw felling heads.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 84-R-38. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 2

P.

YEAR 1984

ABST The Lokoma cone saws are unique new felling heads developed and

manufactured by Rauma-Repola Oy of Finland and marketed in the United

States by Forrex, Inc., in Jackson, MS. The saw blades are tapered

involute cones that advance into the trees when the blade is rotated on

its turntable. The cut of the saws is perpendicular to the shaft of the

tree near groundline. This sawing action prevents common butt shatter

that can be caused by conventional shears. Because the saw's singular

revolution occurs only while cutting, there are no inertial imbalances

during swing or dumping.

KEYW Felling

34 AUTH Ashmore, C .; Stokes, B.J.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Thinning performance of the Hydro-Ax 411 in fifth-row removal.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 83-1604. Presented at the winter meeting of the American

Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1983 December 13-16; Chicago, IL. St.

Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 19 p.

9
YEAR 1983

ABST The Hydro-Ax 411 with the 41-centimeter (16-inch) high-speed

feller-buncher head was evaluated as a first-pass felling machine for

removing corridor rows in a row-select thinning operation. Prediction

equations were developed on a time-per-tree basis for position and

shear, move-to-tree, and move-to-dump, and dump. The estimated cost for

felling and bunching trees from the corridor row was $2.89 per cubic

meters ($8.22 per cunit).

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery, plantation, row thinning, selective thinning,

silviculture

35 AUTH Aulerich, E.D.; Peters, P.A.; Sedlack, S.P.

TITL Thinning with the Kollar multispan carriage.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide. Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST An Austrian multispan carriage manufactured by Keller Kufstein was used

with intermediate supports to thin Douglas-fir. Data were gathered on

the tension developed in the skyline and support cables, and production

data were gathered for evaluation of the feasibility of thinning with

multispans.

KEYW Cable system, economics, whole-tree

36

37

AUTH Axelsson, J.; Eriksson, L.

TITL Estimation of thinning--computerized simulation of biological and

economic effects of different thinning methods.

PUBL Rep. 166. Garpenberg, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural

Science, Department of Operational Efficiency. 7 p.

YEAR 1986

ABST The computerized simulation of biological and economic effects resulting

from different types of thinnings are reported, with a discussion of the

results.

KEYW Economics, volumes

AUTH Bailey, R.L.; Abernathy, N.C.; Jones, E.P., Jr.

TITL Diameter distribution models of repeatedly thinned slash pine

plantation:

PUBL In: Barnett, James P., ed. Proceedings of the first biennial southern

silvicultural research conference; 1980 November 6-7; Atlanta, GA. Gen.

Tech. Rep. SO-34. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 115-126.

YEAR 1981

ABST Results of an effort to determine if traditional diameter distribution

methods of modeling can be applied to repeatedly thinned pine

plantations are reported. Data are from 297 plots in slash pine

plantations thinned and remeasured up to five times over a period of

about 20 years. The Weibull distribution fitted diameter distributions

quite well--as well as it and other distributions have fitted data from

unthinned stands. Models were developed to predict and project the

24th, 63rd, and 93rd percentiles of distributions for unthinned stands,

stands after first thinning, and following a growth period of variable

10
38

39

length. An analysis of distributions before and after thinning showed

no differences except at the first thinning. The first thinning,

primarily a thinning from below, tended to shift the distribution toward

large trees (more negative skewness). An example shows the models

applied to project the distributions before and after thinning at ages

15, 20, and 25, and final distribution at age 30.

KEYW Equations, models, plantation, slash pine, South

ALJTH Baker, J.B.

TITL The Crossett Farm Forestry Forties after 41 years of selection

management.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 10: 233-236.

YEAR 1986

ABST Timber management was initiated in 1937 to determine whether selection

management could be used to rehabilitate understocked loblolly-shortleaf

pine stands while providing an income to the landowner. Results of this

experiment are reported.

KEYW Hardwood, loblolly, management

AUTH Baker, J.B.; Cain, M.D.

TITL Precommercial thinning of pine regeneration in uneven-aged stands.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-1117. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 17 p.

YEAR 1980

ABST Study of precommercial thinning of understory pine to determine extent

of effects, if any, on growth of overstory pine in natural stands.

KEYW Growth and yield, natural stand, precommercial thinning, selective

thinning

40 AUTH Ballard, R.; Duzan, H.W. Jr.; Kane, M.B.

TITL Thinning and fertilization of loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL In: Barnett, James P., ed. Proceedings of the first biennial southern

silvicultural research conference; 1980 November 6-7; Atlanta, GA. Gen.

Tech. Rep. SO-34. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 100-104.

YEAR 1981

ABST Over a 4-year period gross volume response to nitrogen fertilization in

12 loblolly pine plantations averaged 197 cubic feet per acre for

thinned areas and 157 cubic feet per acre for unthinned areas. The

greater fertilizer response advantage in thinned stands was more

pronounced and consistent when assessed in terms of net volume, sawlog

volume, and mean diameter. Periodic volume responses to thinning and

fertilization are modelled in terms of stand and site variables.

KEYW Equations, fertilization, growth and yield, loblolly, models,

plantation, South

41 AUTH Balmer, W.E.; Utz, K.A.; Langdon, O.G.

TITL Financial returns from cultural work in natural loblolly pine stands.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(4): 111-117.

YEAR I978

11
ABST

KEYW

42 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

43 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

44 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

Yields from naturally regenerated stands of loblolly in Virginia and

North Carolina were compared under different cultural treatments. In

one study there were three treatments, A, B, and C, of 37-acre areas: A

= control burning before harvest, B = A + controlling hardwoods with

d.b.h. of 5 inches or more, and C = A + B + precommercial thinning of

pine at 6 years and removal of small broadleaves. In a second study,

the plots under treatment C in the first study were further thinned at 7

to 8 years to give 288 to 540 pines per acre, and at 14 years, basal

area was reduced to 60 to 100 square feet per acre. All small

broadleaves were removed on half of these plots. Pine production and

financial returns increased progressively with intensity of treatment:

under treatment C, yields were three and four to six times greater than

under treatments A and B respectively. Under the second study, when all

hardwoods were controlled from an early age, the yield (financial

return) was more than double the returns from the other treatments.

Economics, growth and yield, loblolly

Balmer, W.E.; Williston, H.L.

The need for precommercial thinning.

[Forest Management Bulletin]. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Area, State and Private

Forestry. 6 p.

1973

Discussion of the importance of stocking level and various methods of

achieving a desired level.

Machinery

Barclay, H.J.; Pang, P.C.; Pollard, D.F.W.

Aboveground biomass distribution within trees and stands in thinned and

fertilized Douglas-fir.

Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16(3): 438-442.

1986

Nine years after heavy thinning and fertilization with Urea, 34-year-old

Douglas-firs were destructively sampled. Dry weights of seven

components aboveground (wood, bark, dead branches, new or old foliage,

new twigs, and live branches) were determined and regression equations

from d.b.h. were developed. Thinning reduced the proportion of wood,

bark, and dead branches. Fertilization increased the proportion of

branches but had negligible effect on the proportions of other

components.

Fertilization

Barnes, R.L.

Growth and yield of slash pine plantations in Florida.

Res. Pap. 3. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida, School of Forestry.

3 P.

1955

A study was undertaken to establish relationships of growth and yield to

age, spacing, and site quality, for planted slash pine in Florida.

Methods of determining site quality for slash pine plantations are

described, and growth and yield data are presented.

Growth and yield, plantation, site, slash pine, South, spacing

12
45 AUTH Barrett, J.W.

TITL Thinning east of the Cascades--opportunities, tree response, methods,

equipment, and costs.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Current thinning practices in eastern Oregon and Washington are

summarized for those unfamiliar with Pacific Northwest thinning and

slash disposal practices. The potential land base for thinning, old

growth harvesting necessary before thinning, the response of different

species to precommercial and commercial thinning, density regulation,

slash disposal, and associated costs involved in these operations are

several of the topics that are addressed.

KEYW Diseases, economics, precommercial thinning, West

46 AUTH Baskerville, G.L.

TITL Silviculture, logging, and money.

PUBL Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada. 67(2): WR49-WR50.

YEAR 1966

ABST The author reports that not only the value of increased wood production,

traditionally considered, but also savings in harvesting costs should be

considered as part of the return on silvicultural investment.

KEYW Economics, silviculture

47 AUTH Bassett, J.R.

TITL Growth of widely spaced loblolly pine.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 67(9): 634-636.

YEAR 1969

ABST At age 21, plots of loblolly pine thinned to 10 square feet of basal

area at age 9 yielded a total of 88 cubic feet per acre per year. They

supported 76 trees per acre averaging 12.9 inches d.b.h. and containing

6,400 board feet of sawtimber. Plots thinned to 85 square feet of basal

area cubic feet per acre per year. They supported 251 trees per acre

averaging 7.8 inches d.b.h. and containing 300 board feet of sawtimber.

Thinning did not affect height growth, form class, or wood specific

gravity.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, South, spacing

48 AUTH Bassett, J.R.

TITL Seasonal diameter growth of loblolly pines.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 64(10): 674-676.

YEAR 1966

ABST From 1960 through 1964, seasonal diameter growth of 30-year-old loblolly

pine stands, thinned to 55, 80, and 125 square feet of basal area per

acre, were recorded on loessial soils in southeast Arkansas (site 90 to

100). These pines completed 53 percent of their annual growth by May

31, and 68 percent by July 15. In dry years proportionately more growth

occurred by these dates than in wet years. Dominants and codominants

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grew longer and faster in lightly stocked stands than in heavily stocked

stands.

Growth and yield, loblolly, site, South

Baumgras, J.E.

Predicting product yields from thinnings in Appalachian hardwoods.

Journal of Forestry. 82(l): 43-46.

1984

Fifty to TO-year-old stands of mixed hardwood in Virginia and West

Virginia were thinned, and product volumes of trees 5 inches or greater

in d.b.h. were measured for 113 plots in 17 stands using multiple

regression, volumes per acre of sawlogs, sawbolts, pulpwood, and fuel.

Hardwood, Northeast, volumes

Beers, T.W.

Components of forest growth.

Journal of Forestry. 60(4): 245-248.

1962

Discussion of the use of continuous forest inventory and all components

of forest growth including formulas for the calculation of growth.

Growth and yield

Bella, I.E.

A new competition model for individual trees.

Forest Science. 17(3): 364-372.

1971

The model represents mathematically competitive interaction between

individual trees. It consists of two basic components: (1) the

influence zone of each tree (which is a function of its size), and (2)

the amount and nature of interaction (which depends on the distance

between and relative size of the competing tree and its competitors and

also on a power of relative tree sizes). Optimum model parameters were

obtained by interactive procedures on a computer, combined with

regression analyses for pure, even-aged, fully stocked stands of

Douglas-fir, jack pine, red pine, aspen, and for an even-aged stand of

eucalyptus growing at a range of stand densities. The model

satisfactorily described competition effect for the five stands studied

and accounted for a greater portion of variation in tree growth than

some of the earlier competition indices.

Equations, growth and yield, models, West

Bennecke, K.

Whole tree harvesting in young Norway spruce stands.

Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift. 19: 464.

1985

A cable line-thinning method was used in a 46-year-old stand (partly

accessible by road) and a 38-year-old stand (on a steep slope).

Operating cost and production information are included.

Cable system, economics, equipment, steep slopes

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53 AUTH Bennett, F.A.

TITL Growth and yield of slash pine plantations.

PUBL Res. Pap. SE-l. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 23 p.

YEAR 1963

ABST Although slash pine has the most limited range of the major southern

pines, more has been planted than any other southern pine. Because most

of this planting is recent, information on the growth and yield has been

lacking. The purpose of this paper was to summarize information on

slash pine growth and yield.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, slash pine, South

54 AUTH Bennett, F.A.

TITL Growth and yield research with application in the field of thinning and

mechanization.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 207-216.

YEAR 1969

ABST Evaluation of the relationships of growth and total yield, expressed in

various product forms, to age, site index, and stand density.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, hardwood, loblolly, longleaf, machinery,

plantation, processor, slash pine, South, spacing, volumes

55 AUTH Bennett, F.A.

TITL How should pine plantations be thinned?

PUBL Forest Farmer. June 1971: [Page number unknown].

YEAR 1971

ABST Consideration of thinning methods from several stand points suggests

that the grower who has a specific product objective should choose a

spacing tailored to his needs and not rely on intermediate thinnings as

a primary means of developing the product.

KEYW Methods, plantation, pulpwood, spacing

56 AUTH Bennett, F.A.

TITL International l/b-inch board-foot volume tables for old-field slash pine

plantations in the middle coastal plain of Georgia.

PUBL Res. Note 126. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 2 p.

YEAR 1959

ABST International l/b-inch board-foot volume tables are presented for use in

old-field slash pine plantations in the middle coastal plain of

Georgia. The increasing number of plantations reaching sawtimber size

in this region emphasizes the need for such tables.

KEYW Plantation, slash pine, South, volumes

57 AUTH Bennett, F.A.

TITL The role of thinning and some other problems in management of slash pine

plantations.

PUBL Res. Pap. SE-86. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 14 p.

YEAR 1971

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In the management of slash pine plantations, the role of thinning is

changing from its traditional use as a silvicultural tool developed for

natural stands. For pulpwood production, many owners are selecting

spacings that will not require thinning during the rotation. Others

insist that thinning must be financially advantageous even in pulpwood

rotations by yielding an early recovery of establishment costs. Length

of rotation, as related to growth rates, is also a point in question,

and early liquidation may be a temptation to those unaware of production

rates at various ages. To help solve some of these problems, production

figures at yearly intervals for unthinned slash pine plantations are

outlined here, as the possible effect of thinning on growth, and the

role of thinning in the management of these plantings is

Growth and yield, plantation, slash pine, South, spacing

evaluated.

Bennett, F.A.

Spacing and early growth of planted slash pine.

Journal of Forestry. 58(12): 966-967.

1960

The age at which competition begins in slash pine plantations is one of

the factors that influences the forest manager in his spacing decision.

The slash pine spacing study, reported in this paper and conducted on

the George Walton Experimental Forest, Dooly County, GA, establishes

relationships between plantation spacing and competition. A secondary

feature is the comparison of square and rectangular spacings.

Growth and yield, plantation, slash pine, South, spacing

Bennett, F.A.

Thinning slash pine.

In: A guide to loblolly and slash pine plantation management in

Southeastern U.S. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council: 111-116.

1965

A thinning is a cutting made in an immature stand to increase the growth

of the residuals and the total production of the stand. Clearings,

improvement cuttings, and salvage cuttings are considered separate and

distinct silvicultural operations. However, the first thinning in a

plantation will probably be a combination of the various intermediate

cuttings. In discussing thinning, the author bears in mind that,

although thinning objectives will dominate, they will not exclude aims

of the improvement cut and the salvage cut because these also contribute

to good management and good silviculture.

Diseases, plantation, silviculture, slash pine, South, spacing

Bennett, F.A.

Yields and stand structural patterns for old-field plantations of slash

pine.

Res. Pap. SE-60. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 81 p.

1970

Yield estimates for slash pine plantations have been available since

1955, but they do not provide detailed information on stand structure as

influenced by age, site, and stand density. For example, all the yield

studies presented here indicate an almost continuous increase in

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cordwood volume as number of trees per acre is increased, but give

little information on tree sizes (other than average d.b.h.), or the

number of trees that may be below the minimum merchantable size at given

ages. Increased yields from the denser stands may be more than offset

by the increased cost of harvesting the smaller tree sizes. Some

logging cost records indicate 5- and 6-inch trees are submarginal, or at

best marginal. Some knowledge on diameter ranges in these plantations

would be invaluable in management programing.

KEYW Growth and yield, multiproduct, plantation, slash pine, South

AUTH Bennett, F.A.; Clutter, J.L.

TITL Multiple-product yield estimates for unthinned slash pine

plantations--pulpwood, sawtimber, gum.

PUBL Res. Pap. SE-35. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 21 p.

YEAR 1968

ABST Optimal growing space depends upon management objectives and financial

policy. Although the amount and distribution of growing stock can be

controlled through planting, management may be ineffective without

information on multiple-product yields. Wide spacing is needed in slash

pine stands for optimal sawtimber and gum yields, whereas close spacing

is necessary to maximize pulpwood yields. However, if the objective of

management is to maximize returns in dollars and cents, some compromise

may be required between the two extremes. Optimal density and rotation

age for predicting multiple-product yields are determined for

combinations of plantation age, site index, and stand density; and yield

tables were developed for old-field, unthinned pine plantations.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, multiproduct, plantation, pulpwood, slash

pine, South, spacing

AUTH Bennett, F.A.; Lloyd, F.T.; Swindel, B.F.; Whitehorne, E.W.

TITL Yields of veneer and associated products from unthinned, old-field

plantations of slash pine in the north Florida and south Georgia

flatwoods.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~~-176. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 80 p.

YEAR 1978

ABST Mixed yields of veneer, pulpwood, studs (from veneer cores), and chips

are predicted for unthinned, old-field plantations of slash pine in the

south Georgia and north Florida flatwoods. Data on stand area and stand

age, an estimate of site index, and the present number of trees per acre

are required to make predictions. The yield model used here allows

specification of the minimum scaling diameter (inside bark) for peeler

blocks, the top diameter (outside bark) merchantability limit, the

average stump height, the average trim allowed when cutting peeler

blocks, and the minimum number of blocks (usually equal to one) for a

tree to be considered merchantable for veneer. However, only a single

set of utilization standards are used in the yield table presented.

Pulpwood volume comes from veneer-tree topwood and from merchantable (5

inches or larger at breast height) nonveneer trees. Since all yields

are broken down by diameter classes, quality assessment is possible.

KEYW Growth and yield, multiproduct, plantation, slash pine, South

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63 AUTH Bennett, F.A .; McGee, C.E .; Clutter, J.L.

TITL Yield of old-field slash pine plantations.

PUBL Pap. 107. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 19 p.

YEAR 1959

ABST Yields are given of plots of design, a randomized complete block with

two replications in each field. Plot size was approximately l/4 acre in

the larger field and l/5 acre in the smaller field.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, natural stand, precommercial thinning,

slash pine, South, spacing

64 AUTH Blonsky, J.E.

TITL Power tine grapple.

PUBL [Harvesting Research Project]. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood

Association. 21 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST Provides a description of the research, development, design, testing,

and manufacturability of the power tine grapple developed to reduce the

manual labor and production costs associated with the harvesting of

small diameter pulpwood trees on small volume tracts and to improve the

safety of harvesting operations. The grapple is designed for quick

attachment to the standard three-point hitch of farm tractors. The

tractor-mounted, hydraulically operated grapple performs the functions

of grasping, raising, and skidding bundles of small trees to a suitable

location for further processing. Use of this grapple can solve many

problems with small wood harvesting. It eliminates the intensive manual

labor required to attach chokers or chains to individual trees. In

addition, it does not require wire rope and chain chokers, which are

often overloaded and become hazardous.

KEYW Economics, labor, machinery, pulpwood, skidder

65 AUTH Bonicelli, B.; Bonnafous, J.C.; Villeger, A.

TITL A robot arm for forest thinning.

PUBL Agrotique. [Vol. unknown]: 37-45.

YEAR 1986

ABST Details are given of the French Bref Programme to develop a thinning

robot; an automatic feller-buncher which consists of a special forest

tractor equipped with a robot arm.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery

66 AUTH Bower, D.R.

TITL Volume-weight relationships for loblolly pine sawlogs.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 60(6): 411-412.

YEAR 1962

ABST Regression equations are determined for tree volumes and truckload

volumes.

KEYW Loblolly, South, volumes

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67 AUTH Boyette, W.G.; Brenneman, D.L.

TITL Thinning and fertilization in a 25-year-old natural upland hardwood

stand in the southern Appalachians--5-year results.

PUBL Forestry Note 48. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Forest Service, Division

of Forest Resource. 5 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Initial tree diameter was the most important influence on tree growth

response to thinning and fertilization in a 25-year-old natural stand of

upland hardwoods. After adjustment between treatments for unequal

initial tree diameters, the growth in d.b.h., basal area, and especially

volume was seen to respond to fertilizer treatment, while thinning gave

no better volume growth than no treatment, although it did give better

d.b.h. and basal area growth. Thinning produced less growth in height

than fertilization. Neither treatment is feasible in pole-sized upland

hardwood stands on marginal sites.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, hardwood, natural stand, site

68 AUTH Brender, E.V.; Clutter, J.L.

TITLE Yield of even-aged natural stands of loblolly pine.

PUBL Rep. 23. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council. 7 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST Growth and yield data of 179 even-aged loblolly pine stands were

gathered over a 22-year period. The data collected were analyzed by a

least squares regression procedure developed by A. D. Sullivan. Yields

were projected for natural stands of loblolly with initial age 20, 30,

or 40. Per acre volume was also calculated for stands at age 20.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, natural stand, South

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70

AUTH Brender, E.V.; McNab, W.H.

TITL Precommercial thinning of loblolly pine by fertilization.

PUBL Res. Pap. 90. Macon, GA: Georgia Forestry Research Council. 7 p.

YEAR 1978

ABST An investigation of the effect of fertilization upon natural thinning

and diameter, recording growth of dominant and codominant trees in a

19-year-old loblolly pine stand in Georgia. Heavy fertilization

(nitrogen 230 pounds per acre; phosphorus 3.5 pounds per acre) increased

mortality of suppressed trees over 2 to 3 years and improved the growth

of the better trees. The authors suggest that periodic applications of

fertilizer could maintain accelerated growth of the upper canopy while

increasing mortality of the lower canopy.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, loblolly, methods, precommercial

thinning

AUTH Broderick, S.H.; Thurmes, J.F.; Klemperer, W.D.

TITL Economic evaluation of old-field pine plantation management

alternatives.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 6(l): 9-15.

YEAR 1982

ABST A revised version of a plantation simulator was used with data from

Virginia to maximize the net present value (at planting date) given

different product mixes and prices, interest rates, spacings, harvest

ages: and intensity, frequency, and timing of thinnings. Inflation was

excluded from the model, and the alternate rate of return was used as a

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discount rate. Results indicated that economically operated management

should include spacings greater than 6 by 6 or 6 by 8 feet; for pulpwood

production, clear felling at 20 years with no thinning; and, for

harvesting pulpwood, sawlogs, and peelers, thinning to about xx-percent

volume at 15 years with clear felling after 30 years.

KEYW Economics, loblolly, plantation, systems

AUTH Brown, J.E.

TITL New silvicide proves potent for thinning dense stands.

PUBL Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada. July; 3: 77-79.

YEAR 1970

ABST A silvicide, cacodylic acid, and a hatchet injector as a means of

applying the chemical were tested on 11 eastern Canadian tree species.

The combination was found to be an effective means of thinning dense

young stands.

KEYW Chemicals, precommercial thinning

AUTH Brown, M.W.; Nebeker, T.E.; Honea, C.R.

TITL Thinning increases loblolly pine vigor and resistance to bark beetles.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 11(l): 28-31.

YEAR 1987

ABST Changes of growth in height and diameter, and of oleoresin exudation

pressure are presented for the first 3 years following thinning.

Introducing southern pine beetles into the plots resulted in a

significantly lower proportion of successful attacks in thinned plots in

the first 2 years following thinning. It was concluded that increased

tree vigor, along with the increase in tree spacing following thinning,

reduces susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack when stands are

thinned to a basal area of 100 square feet per acre or less.

KEYW Diseases

73 AUTH Bryan, R.W.

TITL Planting machine expanding horizons.

PUBL Forest Industries. 97(10): 46-47.

YEAR 1970

ABST A description is given of general operating characteristics of a

Franklin feller-buncher equipped with a V-shaped bunk.

KEYW Feller-buncher

74 AUTH Bryan, R.W.

TITL Prehaulers enable pulpwood producer to get out volume in plantation

thinning.

PUBL Forest Industries. 103(3): 88-89.

YEAR 1976

ABST Account of the use of Soderhamn hydraulic-grapple forwarders by a small

logging enterprise in Louisiana, during row thinnings in slash pine,

including notes on a successful system of labor management on a

piece-work basis.

KEYW Labor, machinery, pulpwood, row thinning, shortwood, South, systems

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AUTH Bullard, S.H.; Klemperer, W.D.

TITL Thinning optimization for mixed-species forests.

PUBL In: New forests for a changing world: Proceedings of the 1983 Convention

of the Society of American Foresters; 1983 October 16-20; Portland, OR.

Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters. [Number of pages

unknown].

YEAR 1983

ABST An approach is summarized for estimating optimal thinning and final

harvest age for existing, mixed-species stands. The method involves

stand-table projection with upgrowth and mortality equations, formulated

as an integer-nonlinear programming problem. Random search methods are

proposed for estimating optimal cutting prescriptions. Such solution

methods warrant further study in forestry, because their use enables

broad application of stand-specific modeling results.

KEYW Growth and yield, models

AUTH Bullard, S.H.; Sherali, H.D.; Klemperer, W.D.

TITL Estimating optimal thinning and rotation for mixed-species timber stands

using a random search algorithm.

PUBL Forest Science. 3l(2): 303-315.

YEAR 1985

ABST The problem of optimal density over time for even-aged, mixed-species

stands is formulated as a nonlinear-integer programming problem with

numbers of trees cut by species and diameter class as decision

variables. The model is formulated using a stand-table projection

growth model to predict mixed-species growth and stand-structure.

Optimal solutions are estimated for problems with eight initial

species/diameter class groups, projected for up to three discrete growth

periods.

KEYW Growth and yield, models

AUTH Burkhart, H.E.; Cloeren, D.C.; Amateis, R.L,.

TITL Yield relationships in unthinned loblolly pine plantations on cutover,

site-prepared lands.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. q(2): 84-91..

YEAR 1985

ABST Data were collected in unthinned loblolly pine plantations across much

of the South. Regression relationships were developed between yield of

planted loblolly pine and measurements of the planted pine and competing

vegetation. The relationships of yield and site preparation methods to

physiographic regions were assessed. These analyses showed that the

yield of the planted pine component could be predicted adequately from

age, average height of dominant and codominant trees, and number of

surviving planted trees per unit area.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, site

78 AUTH Burkhart, H.E.; Haney, H.L., Jr.; Newberry, J.D.; Leuschner, W.A.;

Morris, C.L.; Reed, D.D.

TITL Evaluation of thinning for reduction of losses from southern pine beetle

attack in loblolly pine stands.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. lO(2): 105-108.

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YEAR 1986

ABST Previously published models for growth and yield of loblolly pine and

probability of infestation by southern pine beetle were used to compute

expected volume losses for three site indices, three sizes of beetle

population and four thinning regimes. An economic analysis is presented

of the losses prevented by thinning. Results showed that thinning can

be expected to reduce losses on average and better sites.

KEYW Damage, growth and yield, loblolly

AUTH Burkhart, H.E.; Sprinz, P.T.

TITL Compatible cubic volume and basal area projection equations for thinned

old-field loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL Forest Science. 30(l): 86-93.

YEAR 1984

ABST Compatible equations for predicting cubic volume and basal area growth

were developed by simultaneously estimating the coefficients in both

models. The simultaneous estimation procedure gave stable estimates for

the basal area projection equation regardless of the merchantability

definitions imposed in the volume projection equation. Prediction

equations were fitted using the simultaneous estimation procedure with

growth data from thinned loblolly pine plantations established on

old-field sites in the Piedmont and coastal plain of Virginia.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, plantation, South, volumes

80 AUTH Burrows, J.O.; Olsen, E.D.; Kellog, L.D.

TITL. Swinging and processing whole trees in a Douglas-fir thinning.

PUBL Transactions of the ASAE. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of

Agricultural Engineers. 29(l): 31-33.

YEAR 1986

ABST Procedures, crew size, and machines suitable for swinging and processing

whole Douglas-firs during cable thinning were evaluated. A rubber-tired

cable skidder and a hydraulic knuckleboom loader were compared for

efficiency in swinging logs. Costs were lower for the skidder than the

loader.

KEYW Economics, machinery

81 AUTH Burton, J.D.

TITL Managing for high-value poles in the loblolly-shortleaf belt.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. l(1): 11-15.

YEAR 1977

ABST A report on a long-term study of the effect of thinning methods and

stand density on pole (assortment) yields and values, begun in 1950 in

20-year-old unthinned, second-growth Pinus taeda/P. echinata stands near

Crossett, AR. Thinning treatments (from above or below) were applied to

O.l-acre plots over 25 years. Results showed that thinning from above

produced more poles per acre (av. 85 to 113, including thinnings,

compared with 71 to 99), while thinning from below produced larger poles

and consequently higher pole values. Implications for forest management

are discussed, especially of stands managed primarily for sawtimber.

KEYW Loblolly, methods, shortleaf, silviculture, South

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AUTH Burton, J.D.

TITL Thinning and pruning influence glaze damage in a loblolly pine

plantation.

PUBL Res. Note SO-264. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST An old-field plantation was thinned and pruned at age 11 and again at

age 14 to four basal area levels and three crown percent levels. A

survey was made to determine how damage by an ice storm at age 15 was

influenced by treatment. Severe damage was heaviest in the densest

stands and in stands with the shortest crowns, while the percent of

stand destroyed was least under the heaviest thinning and lowest

pruning. However, basal area and stems per acre in remaining growing

stock were greatest under the lightest thinning and lowest pruning.

KEYW Damage, pruning

AUTH Burton, J.D.; Shoulders, E.

TITL Fast grown, dense loblolly pine sawlogs: a reality.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 72(lO): 637-641.

YEAR 1974

ABST In a g-year-old loblolly pine plantation in southeast Arkansas, 25

well-spaced crop trees were marked in each of twelve 0.25-acre plots and

the effects of four thinning treatments were compared: (a) intensive

thinning at ages 9, 19, and 24 to leave, respectively, 100, 76, and 64

trees per acre; (b) intensive thinning at ages 9, 12, and 15 to remove

noncrop trees whose crowns were within 5 feet of the crowns of crop

trees and to leave 100 trees per acre, and at age 19 to leave 80 trees

per acre; (c) intensive thinning at ages 12 and 24 to leave,

respectively, 100 and 80 trees per acre; and (d) light thinning to a

residual basal area of 85 square feet every 3 years (residual stocking

712 stems per acre at age 12 and 197 at age 24). In treatments (a),

(b), and Cc), crop trees were pruned to 50 percent of total height when

thinning began and every 3 years thereafter until the clear bole

averaged 333 feet at age 24: after age 19 the understory was controlled

by mowing every 2 years. At age 27 , mean d.b.h. was 14 to 15 inches and

standing volume 11,900 board feet per acre under intensive thinning but

10 inches and 5,300 board feet per acre under (d). Product value was

greater under (d) up to age 18 but at age 27 the cumulative value of

stands under intensive thinning exceeded that under (d) by 24 to 29

percent. Specific gravity of the wood at age 27 was unaffected by the

treatments. The implications of these results for an early harvest of

loblolly pine sawlogs is discussed.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, methods, pruning, silviculture, South

AUTH Camisa, L.H.

TITL Sivicultural aspects of thinning loblolly pines in eastern Tennessee and

northern Georgia.

PUBL APA Tech. Pap. 76-p-1. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 1

P.

YEAR 1975

ABST Loblolly pine plantations established since 1952 showed signs of

overstocking by 1967, including mortality and a reduction in crown

(length) to below a 35-percent ratio. Selective thinning from below in

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order to maintain uniform stocking was begun in 1970 by mechanized

crews. Results showed a reduction in total logging costs and an

increase in average tree size and quality at the final harvest.

KEYW Loblolly, plantation, South

85 AUTH Cao, Q.V.; Burkhart, H.E.; Lemin, R.C., Jr.

TITL Diameter distributions and yield of thinned loblolly pine plantation.

PUBL FWS l-81. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Resources. 62 p.

YEAR 1982

ABST A growth and yield model for thinned loblolly pine plantations was

developed using data from 128 0.2-acre permanent plots in the Virginia

Piedmont and coastal plain. The Weibull function, used to characterize

stand diameter distributions, was searched to insure that the resulting

total basal area and average d.b.h. estimates were identical to those

predicted from stand variables using regression equations. The program

within was written in standard Fortran to provide stand and stock tables

for thinned old-field loblolly pine plantations. Trials with different

thinning intensities indicated reasonable trends, as compared with

published studies.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, plantation, South

86 AUTH Carbonnier, C.

TITL Current Scandinavian thinking on thinning practice and yield.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 357-361.

YEAR 1976

ABST Report on study of growth of spruce stands. The share of thinning in

Scandinavian countries has diminished in favor of final cut volumes.

Thinning schedules published by the Swedish National Board are based on

basal area and top height. It foresees one to three low thinnings

during a stand's rotation span.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, systems, volumes

87 AUTH Carlestal, B.; Dehlen, R.

TITL Thinning methods for private forest owners.

PUBL Res. Note 105. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry, Department

of Operational Efficiency. 2 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST Some present-day thinning methods that may be applicable for the private

forest owner are presented and compared.

KEYW Damage, economics, forwarder, labor, machinery, safety, strip thinning

88 AUTH Cawrse, D.C.; Betters, D.R.; Kent, B.M.

TITL A variational solution technique for determining optimal thinning and

rotational schedules.

PUBL Forest Science. 30(3): 793-802.

YEAR 1984

ABST An optimal control modeling approach is utilized to formulate a timber

harvest scheduling problem for even-aged stands. The harvest problem

involves simultaneously determining the optimal thinning and rotation

schedule. The criterion of optimality utilized is the maximization of

24
present net value over an infinite series of rotations. Under

appropriate assumptions, a variational solution technique is employed to

develop an explicit optimal solution, to illustrate the formulation, and

to show numerical results.

KEYW Models, silviculture

89 AUTH Chandler, K.C.

TITL Extraction thinning operations in young radiata pine at Kaingaroa

Forest.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 193-199.

YEAR 1976

ABST The past and present problems of extraction thinning on a large exotic

forest of predominately easy topography are discussed in relation to

previous silviculture and other competing logging operations. Despite a

background of successful extraction thinning of other species and old

crop Monterey pine, thinning of young Monterey pine has only recently

become a silviculturally successful and economically viable operation.

The relatively small tree size and high labor and capital content per

unit volume produced are seen as the cause of poor past performances in

this operation.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, silviculture, steep slopes

90 AUTH Chibisov, G.A.; Moskaleva, S.A.

TITL The effect of thinning on the technical properties of spruce wood.

PUBL Lesnoe Khozyaistvo. 4: 12-14.

YEAR 1984

ABST Investigations were made in 50-year-old birch and spruce stands that had

been thinned twice previously at ages 18 and 24. Data were tabulated on

the physical and mechanical properties of the wood of large- and

mean-diameter trees on each plot. Tracheid length of the spruce wood

developing after thinning was also recorded. The results show that

thinnings increase the late-wood percent, and that late-wood percent and

wood density are not always closely related to ring width.

KEYW Juvenile wood

91 AUTH Choong, E.T.; Chang, B.Y.

TITL Effects of cultural treatments on density and growth in a loblolly pine

plantation.

PUBL Wood Utilization Notes 25. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University.

4 P.

YEAR 1974

ABST Report of a study of the effects of initial spacing and of pruning and

thinning treatments on the specific gravity and growth (radial

increment) of loblolly pine assessed at age 22 in a Louisiana

plantation. Spacing had a significant effect on radial growth rate, the

greatest growth occurring at the widest spacing. Thinning at age 5 had

no effect on growth; the effect of pruning, however, was significant 5

years after treatment. Thinning at age 11 significantly increased

growth. Thinning had no significant effect on specific gravity. (Some

difference in specific gravity found after thinning is attributed to the

influence of spacing before thinning).

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, pruning, South, spacing

25
92

93

94

AUTH Clark, A., III

TITL Total tree and its utilization in the southern U.S.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 28(10): 47-52.

YEAR 1978

ABST Equations for predicting weight of wood and bark in main stem and crown

for red oak, yellow poplar, and the four major species of southern

pine. Equations used to show various methods of harvest, what portion

is removed, and what is left as residue. Full forest harvest can

increase biomass yields 30 to 300 percent. Procedures for estimation

are outlined. Results give percentage of different tree components and

utilization for different species.

KEYW Biomass, chipping, equations, forecasts, growth and yield, hardwood,

loblolly, longleaf, plantation, shortleaf, slash pine, South, systems,

whole-tree

AUTH Clason, T.R.

TITL Hardwood eradication improves productivity of thinned loblolly pine

stands.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 8(4): 194-197.

YEAR 1984

ABST A single hardwood eradication treatment in a T-year-old loblolly pine

stand along with pine stocking control increased growth and yield over a

lo-year period. Herbaceous vegetation control had no detectable effect

at ages 12 and 17. Treated plots had smaller stems, which could be

controlled more readily by fire, although the number of understory stems

was similar for all treatments. Mean annual radial and merchantable

volume growth on treated plots surpassed controls by 30 percent. Future

stand values were enhanced by removing hardwood competition. Residual

stand sawtimber volumes on the treated plots were twice those of the

control.

KEYW Growth and yield, hardwood, loblolly, plantation, South

AUTH Clason, T.R.

TITL Removal of hardwood vegetation increases growth and yield of a young

loblolly pine stand.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(x): 96-97.

YEAR 1978

ABST A study in a natural 7-year-old stand of loblolly pine, with an

overstory also dominated by sweetgum and water oak, and an understory

including poison sumac, Smilax rotundifolia, winged elm, and willow

Oak. Four treatments, A, B, C, and D, were applied after precommercial

thinning from 350 to 400 pines per acre: A = removal of broadleaf and

herbaceous vegetation, B = removal of broadleaf vegetation only, C =

removal of herbaceous vegetation only, and D = no treatment. Data are

presented to show annual radial increment over 5 years, and stocking,

d.b.h., height, and volume after 5 years of treatment. Treatment A

significantly increased radial and volume increment (36 and 63 percent,

respectively, more than controls), B accounted for increases of 23 and

45 percent, respectively, due to broadleaf control, and C concluded that

removal of herbaceous vegetation has little effect. The removal of

26
hardwood in conjunction with precommercial thinning had an optimal

increase in growth.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly

95 AUTH Clephane, T.P.

TITL The growing importance of southern timber.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations; southern forest economics

workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC: Southern Forest

Economics Workers: 56-68.

YEAR 1980

ABST The changing timber demand is discussed together with its expected

impact on timber prices and on the structure of the forest products

industry. Some major conclusions are drawn for the future.

KEYW Economics, forecasts, growth and yield, South

96

9 7

AUTH Clutter, J.L.

TITL Compatible growth and yield models for loblolly pine.

PUBL Forest Science. V(3): 354-371.

YEAR 1963

ABST Past studies in loblolly pine mensuration have resulted in the

development of numerous analytic models for growth and yield. Most have

treated growth and yield as essentially independent phenomena with no

attempt to develop models that possess the logical compatibility that

must exist between growth and yield observations. The present study

develops models intended to express the relationships between growth and

yield realistically. As an initial step, previously used basal area and

cubic-foot yield models were examined and screened for use in the

analysis. The yield models selected for use were differentiated with

respect to age to produce models for cubic-foot and basal area growth.

The resulting growth models, together with the selected model for

cubic-foot yield were then fitted to data obtained in the 5- and lo-year

remeasurements of 102 permanent sample plots located in three states.

Equations were developed for cubic-foot yield, basal area growth,

cubic-foot growth, basal area projection, and cubic-foot volume

projection. Three of these equations can be used to predict total per

acre production for various rotation ages and thinning regimes.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, South

AUTH Cohan, D.; Haas, S.; Roussopoulos, P.J.

TITL Decision analysis of silvicultural prescriptions and fuel management

practices on an intensively managed commercial forest.

PUBL Forest Science. 29: 858-870.

YEAR 1983

ABST The interactions between timber and fuel management activities suggest

that decisions regarding these activities should be considered jointly.

A decision analytic approach is used to identify important interactions

and develop a general model integrating the natural processes, economic

factors, and management activities central to these classes of

decision. The model and analytical process are demonstrated in a case

study application to a 2800-hectare plantation on the Stanislaus

National Forest, where the most intensive of six treatment combinations

examined--thinning and weeding the entire plantation combined with

27
98

complete fuel treatment--is preferred on the basis on net present

value. Sensitivity analysis is used to evaluate the impact of

uncertainties in data and model assumptions. The approach is

potentially useful in a variety of forest situations.

KEYW Economics, models, silviculture

AUTH Cole, D.M.

TITL An indirect method for determining the order of expected thinning

response among overstocked lodgepole pine stands.

PUBL Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16(5): 875-879.

YEAR 1986

ABST Relationships for representing relative thinning response potential

among overstocked lodgepole pine stands were investigated with data from

31 stands in 4 National Forests in Idaho.

KEYW Growth and yield, West

99 AUTH Cooley, J.H.

TITL Thinning and fertilizing red pine to increase growth and cone

production.

PUBl, Res. Pap. NC-42. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST Cone production and growth were increased more by heavy thinning than by

fertilizing in 53- and 55-year-old natural red pine stands growing on

medium sites, and in a 20-year-old plantation on a good site.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, plantation, red pine

100 AUTH Cowdrick, R.M.; Gibson, H.G.; Cassens, D.L.

TITL Systems for biomass harvesting from natural hardwood stands.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 81-1597. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 21 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST With the increasing demand for utilization of logging residues as

biomass energy sources, hardwood logging residues have become a more

viable source of wood fiber. Authors present a systems analysis of

selected mechanical harvesting equipment for thinning natural hardwood

stands, with the intent of utilizing the harvested material as biomass

for use in fuelwood burners, multifuel systems, and for alcohol

production, thus recovering the material at a profit.

KEYW Biomass, chipping, economics, feller-buncher, felling, hardwood,

machinery, skidder, systems

101 AUTH Cremer, K.W.; Meredith, E.M.

TITL Growth of radiata pine after row thinning compared with selective

thinning.

PUBL

YEAR

t;;;ralian Forestry. 39(3): 193-200.

ABST In a replicated trial near Canberra, first thinnings in a 16-year-old

plantation of Monterey pine were made by felling every second row,

felling every third row, felling every fifth row plus selected trees of

poor vigor or form in intermediate rows, and felling selected trees. At

28
KEYW

102 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

103 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

104 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

the time of thinning, mean dominant height was 73.1 feet and basal area

181.6 square feet per acre before thinning and 88.9, 121.5, 105.0 and

106.7 square feet per acre after the second row, third row, fifth row

and selected tree thinnings respectively. During the 6 years after

thinning, there was no significant difference in growth between fellings

of second row and of third row or between fellings in intermediate rows

and of selected trees. A highly significant difference between row and

selection thinnings (volume growth was 17 percent less in row thinnings)

was attributed to the greater percentage of small trees remaining after

row thinnings: growth of the 102 largest trees per acre did not vary

between treatments.

Growth and yield, machinery, plantation, row thinning, selective

thinning

Crookston, W.L.

Users guide to the event monitor: an addition to the prognosis model.

Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-196. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 36 P.

1985

The monitor offers an alternative method of scheduling management

activities. During the simulation, specific conditions are monitored

and appropriate management activities are scheduled. Examples show the

use of the monitor to schedule thinning and regeneration and to create

decision trees.

Economics, management

Crow, A.B.

Intermediate treatment in pine plantations: current biological state of

knowledge.

Timber Harvesting Rep. 3. Gulfport, MS: National Space Technology

Laboratory. 17 p.

1977

Discussion at length on applied thinning to immature pine plantations

for the purpose of stimulating growth and to increase total yield of

useful material from the stand. Considers three important aspects of

thinning applications: (1) method, (2) intensity, and (3) frequency or

cycle. The effects of thinning on tree growth, yield, quality, site,

soil, insect damage, and disease are also discussed. Thinning and other

intermediate treatments can have profound biological effects on

plantation development and derived benefits.

Growth and yield, juvenile wood, methods, plantation

Crow, A.B.

Why thin pine stands?

Forest Farmer. 23(2): 8, 15-16.

1963

An experiment in a slash pine plantation in southeastern Louisiana

illustrates accomplishments and methods of thinning.

Plantation, slash pine

29
105 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

106 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

107 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

Crowe, M.

Can-car hydrostatic clipper.

Canberra, Australia: Machine Evaluation Harvesting Research Group,

Division of Forest Research, CSIRO. p. 4, 3 Pl., 3. 1 p.

1975

The large (Canadian) feller-buncher is mounted on a rubber-tired

articulated chassis and incorporates a felling head on a knuckle-boom

mounted on a turntable over the front axle. Results of a s-day field

trial of the machine in a 20-year-old Monterey pine plantation in

Stromlo Forest near Canberra indicate some of the merits and limitations

of the clipper and provide evidence of its productivity in a thinning

operation. The manufacturer's specifications are given.

Feller-buncher, machinery, plantation

Cubbage, F.W.

Are small-scale harvest systems cost competitive?

ASAE Pap. 81-1588. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 16 p.

1981

Average southern pine pulpwood harvest costs are determined for

alternative scale harvest systems using computer simulation. Secondary

costs and benefits are discussed. General conclusions are made

regarding the economic feasibility of small-scale systems.

Economics, models, pulpwood, South, systems

Cubbage, F.W.; Granskog, J.E.

Harvesting systems and costs for southern pine in the 1980%.

Forest Products Journal. 32(4): 37-43.

1982

Timber harvesting systems and their costs are a major concern for the

forest products industries. Harvest costs per cord are estimated, using

computer simulation, for current southern pine harvesting systems. The

estimations represent a range of mechanization levels. The sensitivity

of systems to factors affecting harvest costs--machine costs, fuel

prices, wage rates, tract size, and planted stands--is examined to

determine trends in harvest systems and costs. Highly mechanized

full-tree systems are the most cost-efficient and should increase in

number in the 1980%. Tree-length systems and labor-intensive systems

fall at the next average cost level, partially mechanized systems having

the highest average costs. Adoption of highly mechanized harvest

operations will be inhibited by increasing real costs for machines and

interest, high average costs on small tracts, and depressed markets.

Yet this type of system will retain a substantial cost advantage for

average harvest. Decreasing labor availability and continued need for

plantation thinning also favor use of mechanized full-tree systems. If

sufficient progress is made toward the adoption of the most efficient

systems, logging costs could rise less than the general inflation rate.

Real cost increases may occur if depressed economic conditions and high

machine costs prevent loggers from adopting highly mechanized systems

because such systems must maintain stable, high volumes of output.

Economics, labor, longwood, machinery, models, plantation, shortwood,

South, systems

30
108 AUTH Czerepinski, F.P.

TITL Evaluation of harvesting systems used in pine plantations in the

Southeast.

PUBL APA Tech. Pap. 78-p-7. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association.

P.

YEAR 1978

ABST Equipment, procedures, and output are presented for five harvesting

systems. Advantages and disadvantages of the systems are described.

KEYW Clearcut, growth and yield, plantation, systems

109 AUTH Czerepinski, F.P.

TITL Trends of the eighties.

PUBL APA Tech. Pap. 81-p-31. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 8

P.

YEAR 1981

ABST The past and present state of logging in the South is described, and its

needs in the decade of the 80's are predicted. The problems that must

be overcome are also described along with the types of equipment that

must either be developed or come into greater use to deal with these

problems.

KEYW Damage, economics, forecasts, machinery, methods, South, systems

110 AUTH Dahlin, B.O.

TITL Winding strip-roads in first thinnings.

PUBL Rep. 136. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry, Department of

Operational Efficiency. 2 p.

YEAR 1980

ABST For lack of strip-roads, some trees that should be left for the final

felling (target trees) have to be cut in thinnings. By winding

strip-roads between these target trees, it is possible to decrease the

number that have to be cut. Simulations were done in order to study the

benefits and drawbacks of winding strip-roads.

KEYW Damage, machinery, models, strip thinning

111 AUTH Daniels, R.F.

TITL Spatial patterns and distance distributions in young seeded loblolly

pine stands.

PUBL Forest Science. 24(2): 260-266.

YEAR 1978

ABST Spatial patterns were examined for forty 5- to 12-year old loblolly pine

stands of seed origin using point-to-plant distance methods. The stands

had been regenerated by seed tree, natural (old-field), aerial, or

broadcast seeding. Pielou's nonrandomness index indicated that clumping

was prevalent in all regeneration methods. Index values were not

correlated with age, stand density, or average tree size, and

differences could not be attributed to regeneration method. Observed

distance frequencies were further described by continuous distributions

derived from poison and negative binomial assumptions of plant

distribution used in quadrat (plot) sampling. The Pearson type XI

distribution, derived from the negative binomial assumption, fits the

observed distances well and should prove useful in spatial modeling.

KEYW Equations, loblolly, models, South, spacing

31
112 AUTH Daniels, R.F.; Burkhart, H.E.

TITL Simulation of individual tree growth and stand development in managed

loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL FWS-5-75. Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University, School of Forestry and Wildlife Resources. 69 p.

YEAR 1975

ABST A Fortran-based simulator, PTAEDA, was developed to model growth in

managed loblolly pine plantations, using individual trees as the basic

growth units. In PTAEDA, trees are assigned coordinate locations in a

stand and grown annually as a function of their size, the site quality,

and the competition from neighbors. Growth increments are adjusted by

stochastic elements representing genetic and microsite variability.

Mortality is generated stochastically through Bernoulli trials.

Subroutines were developed to simulate the effects of site preparation,

thinning, and fertilization on tree and stand development. Comparisons

with published yields showed close agreement for thinned and unthinned

old-field plantations. Results indicated that, compared to stand-level

models used in the past, the simulator is more flexible in terms of

growth and yield estimation and evaluation of alternatives under a wide

range of management regimes.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, loblolly, models, plantation, South

113 AUTH Daniels, R.F.; Burkhart, H.E.; Strub, M.R.

TITL Yield estimates for loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 77(g): 581-583, 586.

YEAR 1979

ABST Three stand models, representing a range of alternatives for loblolly

pine yield estimation, were evaluated and compared with independent data

on the basis of merchantable cubic-foot yield estimates. The

comparisons included a multiple regression model, a diameter

distribution model, and an individual tree simulation model. Using

observed number of trees and average height of dominants and codominants

on the test plots, analysis of deviations of estimated from observed

yields revealed that (1) all three models provided accurate estimates;

(2) all models were free from prediction bias resulting from stand

conditions; and (3) the regression and diameter distribution models were

more precise than the individual-tree simulation model. Selection of a

model depends on the amount of stand detail desired and the management

practices to be evaluated.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, plantation, South

114 AUTH Danielsson, B.

TITL Harvesting and transportation of small, whole trees in Sweden.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 83-1599. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 17 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST Tree-section harvesting is an increasingly important method of

thinning. Information is provided about technique, productivity, and

costs compared with other methods of harvesting, transportation, and

processing.

KEYW Economics, methods, processing, shortwood, whole-tree

32
115 AUTH Dargavel, J.B.

TITL Evaluating the role of thinning in development forestry.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 242-252.

YEAR 1976

ABST The problems encountered in evaluating the role of thinning are

displayed by considering a simple general development model for the

creation of new forest industries and their associated plantations.

Thinning is seen as having an important role in achieving objectives.

The current position in developing models to aid decisions is explored

by reviewing models used at the stand, plantation, and national levels

in Australia and New Zealand.

KEYW Economics, models, plantation

116 AUTH Dell, T.R.; Driver, C.H.

TITL The relationship of d.b.h. to fusiform stem cankering in old-field slash

pine plantations.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 61(11): 872.

YEAR 1963

ABST The occurrence of stem cankers was investigated as related to tree

d.b.h. in planted slash pine. The diameter distribution data from

fifty-four l/4-acre plots showed that tree size was not related to the

occurrence of stem cankers. Thus a sanitation thinning of stem-cankered

trees should not affect the normal distribution of diameter classes of

similar stands.

KEYW Diseases, plantation, slash pine

117 AUTH Denninger, W.

TITL For thinning operations in the central German highlands. Foma

1984--demonstration of efficient mobile harvesting systems.

PUBL Holz-zentralblatt. 110: 1412-1413.

YEAR 1984

ABST The study evaluated the following methods: Swedish bench method (chain

saw conversion and extraction using a crane-equipped forwarder); Brunett

mini 678~ processor along skidding lane; Wolfegg method for one-man

cable line thinning and conversion using a Steyr trimmer/cross cutter;

Makeri 33T harvester; whole tree chipping along skidding lane; and

transport of large timber using a Steyr KSK 16 cable crane.

KEYW Cable system, forwarder, harvester, processor, systems

13-8 AUTH Dennington, R.W.; Westbrook, R.F.; Dillard, P.W.

TITL Modern technology can improve strategy for thinning timber.

PUBL Forest Farmer. September: 12-13.

YEAR 1986

ABST The effects of chip-and-saw markets on thinning strategies are

discussed.

KEYW Row thinning, strip thinning

33
119 AUTH Dickerson, B.P.

TITL Changes in the forest floor under upland oak stands and managed loblolly

pine plantations.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 70(9): 560-562.

YEAR 1972

ABST Plots in a 33-year-old loblolly plantation (mean basal area 130 square

feet per acre) in northern Mississippi were either: (a) clearfelled, (b)

thinned to 75 square feet per acre, or (c) left untreated as controls.

Three years later, the forest floor under (a) averaged 3 tons per acre

less, under (b) 1 l/2 tons per acre less than under (c). Annual litter

fall showed an 18-percent decline in (b). A related study in an

80-year-old mixed hardwood stand consisting mainly of oak showed that

killing the hardwood overstory with injections of 2-4-D caused a rapid

breakdown of the forest floor. However, lesser vegetation rapidly

invaded the treated plots, and material clipped from this vegetation was

nearly equal in weight to the average annual litter on untreated control

plots.

KEYW Chemicals, damage, loblolly, plantation, site, South

i20 AUTH Diggle, P.J.; Knutell, H.

TITL "Kniggle," a new method for estimating strip-road width.

PUBL Rep. 125. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry, Department of

Operational Efficiency. 2 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST As a method for reliable and objective estimation of strip-road width,

the "Kniggle" method is described along with other estimation methods

and performances.

KEYW Machinery, models, strip thinning

121

122

AUTH Dostal, D.

TITL A new logging system for smallwood on steep slopes.

PUBL Holz-zentralblatt. iii(113): 1610-1612.

YEAR 1985

ABST Work studies were performed during thinning operations in two Norway

spruce stands that were ages 35 and 37, respectively. The equipment

used was a skidder equipped with a boom and winch. Hours were recorded

for man and machine to produce cost and production rates throughout the

different phases of harvesting.

KEYW Machinery, selective thinning, skidder

AUTH Drakenberg, K.; Kardel, L.

TITL Winch thinning and the forest-recreation environment.

PUBL Res. Note 80. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry, Department

of Operational Efficiency. 2 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST The damage to soil and vegetation that usually appears after

conventional (strip-road) thinnings is deleterious. To find out if such

damage could be reduced, winch thinning was tested in two forest stands.

KEYW Damage, economics, site, strip thinning, systems

123 AUTH Dunfield, J.D.

TITL Mechanized precommercial thinning of dense trees.

34
PUBL Info. Rep. FMR-X-64. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Forest Management

Institute. 47 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST An account is given of the historical background of mechanical,

precommercial thinning and of the work undertaken by the Forest

Management Institute in developing a prototype mechanical thinning

machine. The report includes descriptions of a number of commercial

brush cutters and their field tests in corridor-thinning dense, young

softwood stands in eastern Canada.

KEYW Damage, economics, machinery, precommercial thinning

124 AUTH Dunham, P.H.

TITL Will a thinning cut pay?

PUBL Forest Farmer. 45(10): 10-11.

YEAR 1986

ABST Information is provided to help decide if thinning is a variable

management tool, together with discussion of advantages and

disadvantages of early thinning.

KEYW Forecasts, management, silviculture

125 AUTH Dutrow, G.F.; Daiser, H.F.

TITL Economic opportunities for investments in forest management in the

Southern United States.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 8(2): 76-79.

YEAR 1984

ABST There are investment opportunities on 88 million acres of Southern

forest lands that offer competitive financial rates of return. Some of

these investments will yield positive rates of return above inflation

even with declining stumpage prices. Opportunities included stocking

control, stand conversion, and harvesting and regeneration of mature

stands.

KEYW Economics, silviculture, South

126 AUTH Dykstra, D.P .; Aulerich, E.D.

TITL Prebunching to reduce helicopter logging cost.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 76(6): 362-364.

YEAR 1978

ABST One effort is described to quantify rates and costs of helicopter

production for thinning young-growth Douglas-fir in Oregon. The logs in

a small sale were skidded to landings by horse, and then flown about

2,400 feet. Total logging costs were $265 per thousand board feet

instead of $440 per thousand board feet.

KEYW Bunching, damage, economics, helicopter, steep slopes, systems

127 AUTH Enghardt, H.G.

TITL Early thinning--by individual trees or by rows?

PUBL In: Symposium on planted southern pines; 1948 October 22-23; Cordele,

GA. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southeastern Area, State and Private Forestry: 84-91.

YEAR 1968

35
ABST Reports of the advantages and disadvantages of selective and row

thinning.

KEYW Diseases, growth and yield, plantation, row thinning, selective

thinning, South, spacing

128 AUTH Enghardt, H.G.

TITL Row or selection thinning.

PUBL Forest and People.(l9(2): 34-45.

YEAR 1969

ABST Discussion is presented of advantages and disadvantages of both row and

selective thinning, including advice on which to use for given stand

conditions and final product.

KEYW Plantation, row thinning, selective thinning

129 AUTH Enghardt, H.G.; Mann, W.F., Jr.

TITL Ten-year growth of planted slash pine after early thinnings.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~0-82. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 11 p.

YEAR 1972

ABST Volume growth of slash pine between ages 17 and 27 was directly related

to residual basal area per acre after thinning. Diameter growth was

inversely related to stand density, and very heavy cutting was required

to attain a rate of 3 inches in 10 years.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, slash pine, South, volumes

130 AUTH Erdmann, A.

TITL Further development of thinning technologies for middle-aged Scats pine

stands--problems and tendencies.

PUBL Beitrage Fur Die Forstwirtschaft. 19(l): 18-24.

YEAR 1985

ABST A discussion of the possibilities of mechanization during thinning of

pine stands in East Germany and of a theoretical analysis of the

percentage of stems accessible to a boom used in conjunction with a

Makeri 33T feller-buncher. Thirty- to 80-year-old stands were

classified into four groups based on passibility by machine.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery

I3 AUTH Eriksson, L.

TITL Single-tree competition models predicting stand development after

cleaning.

PUBL Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, College

of Forestry, Department of Operational Efficiency. 34 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST Study was aimed to gain information on stand development after treatment

for single trees. Increments of about 300 pine and spruce trees at

heights between 4 and 33 feet were estimated by several different

competition models.

KEYW Equations, forecasts, growth and yield, models, precommercial thinning,

selective thinning, strip thinning

36
132 AUTH Eriksson, L.

TITL Strip roads and damages caused by machines when thinning stands.

PUBL Rep. 137. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish University of Agricultural

Sciences, Royal College of Forestry, Department of Operational

Efficiency. 2 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Discussion is presented of damage to stands caused by strip-roads.

KEYW Roads

133 AUTH Evans, S.

TITL Modifying small crawler tractors for thinning.

PUBL Tech. Rel. 6(l). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST Discussion of the modifications made to two Caterpillar D3B's and two

Komatsu D31A's for thinning radiata pine stands.

KEYW Machinery, precommercial thinning, radiata pine, row thinning, selective

thinning, steep slopes, strip thinning, systems

134 AUTH Farrar, R.M., Jr.

TITL Density control--natural stands.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the symposium on the loblolly pine ecosystem (west

region): 1984 March 20-22; Jackson, MS. [Place of publication unknown]:

[Publisher unknown]. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1984

ABST Background and definitions for density control in selection stands of

loblolly-shortleaf pine are discussed. Density control methods are

presented in the context of two methods of regulating the cut in

uneven-aged stands: a volume-guiding diameter limit and a

basal-area--maximum-d.b.h.-Q me%hod. Applications are illustrated

graphically. Submerchantable stand density and unwanted vegetation

control considerations are also discussed.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, selective thinning, silviculture

135 AUTH Farrar, R.M., Jr.

TITL Southern pine site index computing program.

PUBL Res. Note SO-197. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

YEAR 1975

ABST A Fortran program is described whereby site index (or height) tables for

southern pines may be computed for any index age and array of integer

age and height (or site index). The program uses interpolation

equations developed for the site index curves in United States

Department of Agriculture Misc. Pub. 50.

KEYW Models, site, South

136 AUTH Farrar, R.M., Jr.

TITL Southern pine site index equations.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 71(11): 696-697.

YEAR 1973

37
137

ABST Equations are presented for the site index curves in United States

Department of Agriculture miscellaneous publication 50. They make

possible computer calculation of site index for the four major southern

pines.

KEYW Equations, loblolly, longleaf, shortleaf, site, slash pine, South

AUTH Farrar, R.M., Jr.

TITL Status of growth and yield information in the South.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 3(4): 132-137.

YEAR 1979

ABST An overview of the status of stand growth and yield information for the

South. Included are: a chronological review of the development of

prediction systems for Southern timber types; state-of-the-art examples

from the literature; and an assessment of future needs in growth and

yield information.

KEYW Forecasts, growth and yield, South

138 AUTH Feduccia, D.P.

TITL Growth and yield of planted slash pine on cutover sites in the West

Gulf.

PUBL In: Proceedings of symposium on management of young pines; 1974 December

3-5; Charleston, SC. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 97-107.

YEAR 1974

ABST Summary and commentary on recent publications dealing with initial

planting spacing, timing of first thinnings, and choice of thinning

intensity. Results show: (a) volume growth was directly related to

number of stems planted and residual basal area per acre after thinning,

(b) diameter growth was inversely related to planting rate and stand

density, (c) early and heavy thinning reduced volume growth, and (d)

cordwood growth excelled on unthinned plots in early years.

KEYW Growth and yield, methods, slash pine, South, spacing

139 AUTH Feduccia, D.P.

TITL Ten-year growth following thinning of slash pine planted on medium to

poor cutover sites.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-137. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 6 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST For slash pine planted on medium to poor cutover sites and selectively

thinned, periodic annual cubic-foot volume and basal area growth were

directly related to residual basal area per acre and site index, and

inversely related to age during two 5-year growth periods. Higher

densities caused a decrease in diameter for dominant trees and for all

trees.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, plantation, selective thinning, site, slash

pine, South

140 AUTH Feduccia, D.P.

TITL Thinning pine plantations.

PUBL Forest Farmer. 42(10): 10-11.

38
YEAR 1983

ABST Brief explanations and recommendations are given on southern plantations

for thinning methods, timing, and intensity.

KEYW Methods, plantation

141 AUTH Feduccia, D.P.

TITL Thinning planted slash pine on cutover flatwood sites in the West Gulf.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~0-158. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Southern Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST Eight thinning regimes started at age 17 and an unthinned control were

compared for slash pine planted on a productive cutover site in

southwest Louisiana. Over 20 years, cubic-foot volume growth increased

directly with residual basal area. Growth of the check plots fell below

that of the thinning treatments because of high mortality between ages

27 and 37. Diameter increment was related inversely to stand density,

and growth of merchantable trees did not exceed 0.28 inch yearly in any

treatment. Sawtimber production generally followed the trend of

cubic-foot volume, only four thinning treatments produced more standing

volume by age 37 than did the control.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, slash pine, South

142 AUTH Feduccia, D.P.; Dell, T.R.; Mann, W.F., Jr.; Campbell, T.E.; Polmer,

B.H.

TITL Yields of unthinned loblolly pine plantations on cutover sites in the

West Gulf region.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~0-148. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 88 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST Equations and tables are developed to help predict yields on loblolly

pine plantations specifically in the West Gulf region.

KEYW Equations, forecasts, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, South

143 AUTH Feduccia, D.P.; Mann, W.F., Jr.

TITL Bark thickness of 17-year-old loblolly pine planted at different

spacings.

PUBL Res. Note SO-210. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 2 p.

YEAR 1976

ABST Loblolly pine were planted at five initial spacings on plots with site

indices of 77 to 111 feet in southwest Louisiana. Data collected during

the first thinning showed that d.b.h. was the only variable affecting

bark thickness at the bottom and at the midpoint of the merchantable

stem. Bark thickness at the 4-inch top was not correlated with d.b.h.

KEYW Equations, loblolly, South, spacing

144 AUTH Feduccia, D.P.; Mann, W.F., Jr.

TITL Black turpentine beetle infestations after thinning in a loblolly pine

plantation.

PUBL Res. Note ~0-206. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 3 p.

39
145

146

147

YEAR 1975

ABST Black turpentine beetle infestations can be reduced substantially by

minimizing injuries to residual trees during logging and avoiding

harvesting on waterlogged soils to prevent excessive root damage. After

thinning, losses can be minimized by spraying visibly injured trees

immediately with lindane, checking susceptible stands frequently for

infestations, and applying lindane as soon as beetles are discovered.

KEYW Chemicals, damage, loblolly, plantation, South

AUTH Feduccia, D.P.; Mann, W.F., Jr.

TITL Growth following initial thinning of loblolly pine planted on a cutover

site at five spacings.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-120. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

YEAR 1976

ABST Following first thinning, cubic-foot volume growth between ages 17 and

22 for loblolly pine planted at various initial spacings was directly

related to residual basal area per acre and site index. Diameter growth

was inversely related to number of merchantable trees per acre after

cutting at age 17. Regression equations are given to predict these

parameters.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, spacing

AUTH Fender, D.E.

TITL Thinning alternatives in pine plantations.

PUBL In: Management of pine plantations: Proceedings of 7th Auburn Forestry

Forum; 1968 [Month unknown]; Auburn, AL: Auburn University, Cooperative

Extension Service: 29-39.

YEAR 1968

ABST On examining reasons for thinning, and some aspects of thinning, the

author concludes that thinning normally stocked slash and loblolly pine

plantations can increase net income by providing an early return on

investment and shortening the rotation.

KEYW Diseases, economics, loblolly, methods, plantation, row thinning,

selective thinning, slash pine, South

AUTH Fenton, R.H.

TITL The economics of thinning.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 273-282.

YEAR 1976

ABST The economic evaluation of thinning should include the interaction of

tree-stand, utilization, linked economic, and local management factors.

Needed tree-stand data include malformation percentage, mortality rates,

stand volume, piece-size projections, changes in timber quality, and

hydrological and ground cover effects. Utilization data include the

differential costs and returns of each piece-size class. Linked

economic data include differential haul rates, returns to scale of

utilization plants, and economic multiplier effects through time. Local

influences include biological, climatic, and topographic

considerations. Opportunity costs can include reduction in final crop

increment rate, postponement of cash flows from greater volumes of

clearfellings, and postponement of linked utilization benefits. As

40
thinning is a more complex operation than clearfelling, the postponement

of the greater yields forgone should be justified when production

thinning is prescribed.

KEYW Damage, economics, growth and yield, safety, volumes

148 AUTH Fenton, R.H.; Bond, A.R.

TITL The silvics and silviculture of Virginia pine in southern Maryland.

PUBL Res. Pap. NE-27. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 37 p.

YEAR 1964

ABST Virginia pine is primarily a pulpwood species because of small size,

coarse and persistent branches, and susceptibility to heart rot at a

fairly young age. At present, thinning and pruning are not recommended,

although thinning has unproven long-term value.

KEYW Growth and yield, pulpwood, silviculture

149 AUTH Field, R.C.; Clutter, J.L.; Jones, E.P., Jr.

TITL Predicting thinning volumes for pine plantations.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. l(2): 59-61.

YEAR 1978

ABST Equations are presented for estimating the volume removed in thinning

from below when the desired reduction in basal area or number of stems

is known. The estimators are based on data from slash pine plantations

but the methods may be useful for other species.

KEYW Equations, forecasts, models, plantation, slash pine, South, volumes

-50 AUTH Fitzgerald, C.H.; Fortson, J.C.

TITL Release and precommercial thinning of natural loblolly pine seedlings

with Bromacil.

PUBL Athens, GA: University of Georgia, School of Forest Resources. 2 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST In trials for loblolly pine release on an upland site in Piedmont

Province, Wilkes County, GA, three replications of two Bromacil

treatments were given as spot applications to O.l-acre plots, and the

remaining stand area was injected. The Bromacil treatments compared

favorably with standard 2.4-D-Amine injection treatments and reduced

pine seedlings to densities more favorable to growth while eliminating

hardwoods and tall, nonmarketable pine whips.

KEYW Chemicals, loblolly

151 AUTH Flick, W.A.; Bowers, J.R.; Trenchi, P., III

TITL Loblolly pine plantations in southern highlands: some financial guides.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 4(2): 107-113.

YEAR 1980

ABST The profitability of growing loblolly pine plantations in the southern

highlands of Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee is analyzed and graphical

guides are presented. All calculations show before-tax profitability.

Present net worth ranges from $200 to over $1,000, depending on initial

conditions. Internal rates of return range from 2 to 11 percent. The

effect of professional forestry decisions on profitability is discussed.

KEYW Economics, loblolly, plantation, South

41
152 AUTH Folkema, M.P.

TITL Evaluation of Kockums 880 Tree King feller-buncher.

PUBL Tech. Rep. TR.13. Quebec, Quebec, Canada: Forest Engineering Research

Institute of Canada. 16 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST A wheeled feller-buncher with chain saw head was capable of high

productivity under a variety of conditions. It operated on 30-percent

slopes, but had flotation problems in wetlands.

KEYW Economics, feller-buncher, machinery

153 AUTH Foran, W.M.; Wells, C.G.

TITL Steep country thinning systems.

PUBL LIRA Rep. 6(4). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST An assessment is given of systems used to thin steep country in New

Zealand.

KEYW Cable system, economics, helicopter, longwood, shortwood, skidder, steep

slopes

154 AUTH Fountain, M.S.; Burnett, F. E.

TITL Ice damage to plantation grown loblolly pine in south Arkansas.

PUBL Arkansas Farm Research. 28(3): 3.

YEAR 1979

ABST Damage caused to a 32-year old plantation by an ice storm in 1978-79 is

reported. The plantation had been thinned in the year preceding the

storm to a basal area of 85 square feet per acre. Following the storm,

the basal area was reduced to 46 square feet per acre, with 40 percent

of damaged trees in the higher size classes. It is recommended that in

vulnerable stands thinnings should start at an early age and be light

and frequent, that trees infected by rust should be removed, and that

trees with symmetrical crowns be retained.

KEYW Damage, diseases, loblolly, plantation, silviculture, South

155 AUTH Fowler, G.D.

TITL A method to log small woodlots.

PUBL The Northern Logger and Timber Processor. 28(3): 16-17.

YEAR 1970

ABST A small woodlot logging system utilizing a Kubota Model 245 tractor and

a Farmi JL20 winch is described.

KEYW Damage, machinery, skidder

156 AUTH Fox, W.; Edwards, J.L.

TITL Evaluation of brush-cutters: Hydro Ax and Kershaw.

PUBL [Unnumbered]. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Region. 14 p.

YEAR 1973

ABST Number of stems per acre, average d.b.h., and production rates are given

for sites in the south and portions of the Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and

42
Ozark highlands; also a discussion of benefits to wildlife and a

manufacturer's report on changes in equipment design of the machines

used.

KEYW Machinery, precommercial thinning, wildlife

157 AUTH Francois, F.; Andre, P.; Devillez, P.

TITL Effect of thinning intensity on extinction of solar radiation in young

white spruce stands.

PUBL Annales Des Sciences Forestieres. 42(x): 323-337.

YEAR 1985

ABST A study was made of the quantitative and qualitative changes in the

solar radiation penetrating below the canopy. When stand density was

reduced, the visible light increased by 185 percent, while the total

solar radiation increased 96 percent.

KEYW Silviculture

-58 AUTH Freese, F.

TITL A collection of log rules.

PUBL Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL 1. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 65 p.

YEAR 1973

ABST A brief description is given of a number of log rules that have been

used in the United States and Canada, also some general volume formulas,

lumber measures, and foreign log rules.

KEYW Damage

159 AUTH Fridley, G.E.; Fridley, J.L.; Jorgensen, J.E.; Mann, C.N.

TITL Analysis and design of long booms for feller-bunchers in thinning

operations.

PUBL Transactions of the ASAE. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of

Agricultural Engineers. 29(x): 696-701.

YEAR 1986

ABST A long boom attached to a feller-buncher is beneficial for thinning

trees on steep slopes where prime-mover mobility is restricted. Design

parameters that affect the ability of an operator to address and lift

individual trees were identified by analyzing boom/vehicle tipover

stability, boom structural integrity, and the time required to address

an individual tree.

KEYW Feller-buncher, steep slopes

161 AUTH Fridley, J.L.; Garbini, J.L.; Jorgensen, J.E.; Peters, P.A.

TITL An interactive simulation for studying the design of feller-bunchers for

forest thinning.

PUBL Transactions of the ASAE. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of

Agricultural Engineers. 28(3): 680-686.

YEAR 1985

ABST An interactive numerical simulation method is described employing a

stand map, thinning prescription, and a model harvest vehicle.

Geometric parameters and an operating strategy are used to generate a

feasible cutting path for a feller-buncher. Results indicate that the

43
technique is suitable for evaluating design and operational parameters

and their effects on thinning system performance.

KEYW Feller-buncher, selective thinning

161 AUTH Fridley, J.L.; Jorgensen, J.E.

TITL Geometric modeling to predict thinning system performance.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 81-1594. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 14 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Thinning system performance is analyzed in terms of stand and machine

system parameters. These are identified and relationships developed to

describe their effects. The relationships developed can be used to

evaluate new and different concepts in thinning. A feller-buncher for

use on steep slopes is used to illustrate the models.

KEYW Equations, feller-buncher, forecasts, machinery, models, steep slopes,

systems

162 AUTH Fridley, J.L.; Jorgensen, J.E.

TITL Identification and analysis of operational characteristics of

feller-bunchers thinning on steep slopes.

PUBL Tech. Rep. FE-UW-8102. Seattle, WA: University of Washington, College of

Engineering. 36 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Discussion of operational characteristics of feller-bunchers applying

thinning treatments on steep slopes.

KEYW Feller-buncher, steep slopes

163 AUTH Fridley, R.B.; Holtman, J.B.

TITL A machine for selective stocking control in plantations.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 84-1606. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 14 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST A machine was developed to selectively thin plantations with row

integrity. One model was demonstrated to be effective for stocking

control without recovery of cut stems. A second model demonstrated the

feasibility of gathering the stems.

KEYW Equipment, plantation, selective thinning

164 AUTH Fries, J.

TITL Value of residual stand: principal views.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 21-27.

YEAR 1969

ABST Reasons for choosing a thinning program are discussed.

KEYW Equations, forecasts, growth and yield, methods

165 AUTH Froelich, R.C.; Hodges, C.S., Jr.; Sackett, S.S.

TITL Prescribed burning reduces severity of annosus root rot in the South.

PUBL Forest Science. 24(l): 93-100.

YEAR 1978

44
ABST Prescribed burnings of 14 loblolly and slash pine plantations in the

coastal plain of the Southern United States often reduced losses to

Heterobasidion annosus root rot. Plots on which losses were reduced

were burned twice before initial stand thinning, and one to three times

after thinning. The beneficial effect of fire was greatest where stump

infection was assured by inoculation of all fresh stumps with spores of

the fungus. Trichoderma spp., fungal competitors of Heterobasidion

annosus, increased in soil after burning on burned plots. A heavy

legume cover, Sericea lespedeza, does not provide better disease control

than burning alone.

KEYW Chemicals, diseases, loblolly, plantation, slash pine, South

166 AUTH Gaskin, J.E.

TITL Organized felling for thinning radiata pine.

PUBL LIRA Rep. 8(12). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 19%

ABST Discussion of how organized felling techniques for production thinning

of radiata pine have been applied and the advantages and disadvantages

of production thinning.

KEYW Felling, radiata pine, row thinning, selective thinning, site, skidder

167 AUTH Gilmore, A.R.; Boggess, W.R.

TITL Growth and yield from row thinning in a shortleaf pine plantation in

southern Illinois.

PUBL Forestry Note 126. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, Agricultural

Experiment Station. 3 p.

YEAR 1969

ABST Three l/5-acre row-thinned plots were established in 1951. The results

of thinning applications are reported and the total growth and yield

since thinning compared with those of adjacent shortleaf pine plots that

were thinned by a crown method to 80 square feet of basal area or left

unthinned as controls. Volumes were determined from local volume tables

constructed from the thinned trees.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, row thinning, shortleaf

168 AUTH Gleason, A.P.; Stulen, J.A.

TITL Prebunching in thinnings.

PUBL LIRA Rep. q(3). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST A report is given of thinnings using the Bell logger with discussions of

prebunching productivity and its effect on the productivity and cost of

the entire operation.

KEYW Bunching, economics, felling, machinery, selective thinning, skidder

169 AUTH Gobel, J.R.; Warner, J.R.; Van Lear, D.H.

TITL Periodic thinning in loblolly pine stands: growth, yield, and economic

analyses.

PUBL Forest Res. Series 28. Clemson, SC: Clemson University, Department of

Forestry. 11 p.

45
170

171

172

YEAR 1974

ABST Loblolly pine plantations established in the late 1930's in the South

Carolina Piedmont have been studied for the past 20 years to evaluate

effects of periodic thinnings on growth and yield. With pulpwood

rotations, economic analyses indicate no advantage from thinnings,

although thinnings resulted in marked increases in diameter growth.

Thinning should be economically advantageous when growing loblolly pine

on longer rotations by reducing the time required for residual trees to

reach sawtimber size with high value growth.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation

AUTH Gordon, R.D.

TITL A new cable logging concept for thinning.

PLJBL Tech. Rel. l(4). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST Discussion of a new cable logging concept and machine (Steyr

Timber-veyer) introduced for mechanized thinning in steep country,

including the general specifications and operating principle of this

comparatively different cable logging concept.

KEYW Cable system, machinery, selective thinning, steep slopes

AUTH Graham, J.N.; Bell, J.F.; Herman, F.R.

TITL Response of sitka spruce and western hemlock to commercial thinning.

PUBL Res. Pap. PNW-334. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 17 p.

YEAR 1985

ABST Relatively light commercial thinning in a 100-year-old mixed stand on

the Cascade Head Experimental Forest near Otis, OR, was prescribed to

preserve wind firmness of the stands, reduce or arrest all mortality and

concentrate potential growth on selected trees. Thinning regimes

applied between 1947 and 1951 removed 15 to 25 percent of basal area.

Measurements were made between 1947 and 1964. Unthinned natural stands

averaged about 30 percent more gross growth and 10 percent more net

growth than thinned stands. It is concluded that stands with a small

(less than 20 percent) component of western hemlock may not respond as

well to commercial thinning as stands with a larger (greater than 35

percent) component. Gross growth seemed to be greater in stands of

higher density, both thinned and unthinned. In the least dense stand,

however, with about 340 square feet per acre of basal area, gross growth

was enhanced by thinning.

KEYW Growth and yield

AUTH Grammel, R.

TITL Summary of present and planned research and development projects on

harvest in thinning stands in the Federal Republic of Germany.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 242-244.

YEAR 1969

ABST A list is given of research projects in Germany.

KEYW Economics, labor, pulpwood, systems

46
173 AUTH Grano, C.X.

TITL Growth of planted loblolly pine after row and selective thinning.

PUBL Res. Note SO-123. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 3 p.

YEAR 1971

ABST A combination of row and selective thinning was practical and cubic

yields were similar to those from selective thinning in a loblolly pine

plantation in southern Arkansas. Removing alternate rows in two cuts

resulted in smaller tree diameters than selective thinning.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, row thinning, selective

thinning, South

174 AUTH Grano, C.X.

TITL Precommercial thinning of loblolly pine.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 67(11): 825-827.

YEAR 1969

ABST Machine and hand thinnings beginning at age 7 increased height growth

and yield in an over-dense loblolly pine stand. It appears that in

order to be most profitable, precommercial thinning should be done by

machine at age 2 or 3 to at least an 8- by 8-foot spacing.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, loblolly, precommercial thinning, South,

spacing, systems

175 AUTH Grano, C.X.

TITL Small hardwoods reduce growth of pine overstory.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-55. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 9 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST Dense understory hardwoods materially decreased the growth of a

53-year-old and a 47-year-old stand of loblolly and shortleaf pines.

Hardwood eradication with chemicals increased average annual yield from

the 53-year-old stand by 14.3 cubic feet, or 123 board feet per acre

over a 14-year period and from the 47-year-old stand by 32.6 cubic feet,

or 342 board feet per acre, over an ll-year period.

KEYW Chemicals, growth and yield, hardwood, loblolly, shortleaf, South

176 AUTH Granskog, J.E.

TITL Harvesting costs for mechanized thinning systems in slash pine

plantations.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-141. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p.

YEAR 1978

ABST Harvesting costs of four tree harvester systems are estimated for row

thinning slash pine plantations. Systems incorporating a full-tree type

harvester had lower harvesting costs per cord than shortwood and

tree-length harvester systems in l+year-old plantations.

KEYW Economics, machinery, plantation, row thinning, slash pine, systems,

whole-tree

47
177 AUTH Granskog, J.E.

TITL Labor for thinning--trends and prospects.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economics workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC:

Southern Forest Economics Workers: 105-116.

YEAR 1980

ABST Discussion is presented of labor for thinning, with a review of improved

efficiency from investment in labor and equipment, increased industry

support for worker training, management assistance, economic research,

and programs that reduce workers' compensation cost.

KEYW Forecasts, labor, South, training

178 AUTH Granskog, J.E.

TITL Tree harvesting productivity studied in slash pine plantations.

PUBL Forest Industries. 102(10): 49-50.

YEAR 1975

ABST Three tree harvesters were studied: TH-100 Thinner-harvester,

Caterpillar 950 tree harvester and Soderhamm Go Go harvester. Time

study data were gathered on each machine to develop regression equations

for predicting processing times under various conditions. Equations

were developed to calculate hourly production rates.

KEYW Equations, harvester, machinery, plantation, row thinning, slash pine,

South

179 AUTH Granskog, J.E.; Anderson, W.C.

TITL Dense undergrowth reduces feller-buncher productivity in shortleaf pine

plantations.

PUBL Res. Note SO-274. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Production rates of a feller-buncher are shown for row thinning pine

plantations with light and dense undergrowth conditions. Dense

undergrowth reduced machine output by about 20 percent.

KEYW Row-thinning, timber harvesting, tree harvester

180 AUTH Granskog, J.E.; Anderson, W.C.

TITL Harvester productivity for row thinning loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~0-163. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 5 p.

YEAR 1980

ABST Two tree harvesters currently being used to thin southern pine

plantations were evaluated to determine effects of stand characteristics

on machine productivity.

KEYW Economics, equations, harvester, loblolly, machinery, plantation, row

thinning, South

181 AUTH Grayburn, A.W.

TITL Kinleith thinning operations of N.Z. Forest Products Unlimited.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 214-220.

YEAR 1976

ABST Assuming the decision had been made to carry out production thinning at

various ages, the scope and development of the thinning operations in

48
the Kinleith Forests are traced since they first started on a production

scale in 1958. The evolution of extraction techniques is discussed as

well as the significance of the thinning volume in the overall wood

supply to the Kinleith integrated mills. Crew production is discussed

and the way in which the contract payment rates were determined is

described. A table of the thinning prescription is included. The

various limitations on such an operation are dealt with as they occur in

the forest, during loading and transporting, as well as in the mill yard

and plant. So long as labor can be obtained for this work and costs can

be contained by overall efficiency, the higher cost thinning wood will

be acceptable in the total wood supply mix for the mill.

KEYW Economics, labor, loading, longwood, machinery, shortwood, skidder,

systems, volumes

182 AUTH Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Geometric simulation of feller-bunchers in southern pine plantation

thinning.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 84-1612. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 17 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST Interactive simulation is used to simulate the activities of a

drive-to-tree feller-buncher in plantation thinnings. An inexpensive

microcomputer with simple graphics capability provides adequate detail

to model the workings of a feller-buncher in dense stands.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery, models, plantation, South

183 AUTH Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL A grapple processor for plantation thinning.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 35(3): 60-64.

YEAR 1985

ABST Small boom-mounted grapple processors are popular in Scandinavia where

they eliminate manual delimbing, bucking, and piling of trees. One such

machine, the Valmet 940 grapple processor, was tested in a first

thinning of loblolly pine in Alabama. The processor followed a small

feller-buncher which built large bunches (16 stems) at about 27-foot

intervals along an access corridor. The processor delimbed and bucked

the wood into 7.5-foot bolts, forming a neat pile at the side of the

access corridor for subsequent forwarding. Production averaged 2.5

stems per minute. Regression equations were developed to predict

processing time per tree, moving time per tree, and total time per

tree. Processing time per tree was greatly dependent on average tree

size. Moving time per tree was closely related to the distance traveled

from the previous bunch and the number of trees in the current bunch.

Total time per tree was almost identical to processing time which formed

the major component of total time. Slash piles remaining after

forwarding were much smaller with this system than with manual methods

because tops were deposited in the access corridors where subsequent

machine traffic reduced the slash. Such a processor appears well suited

to southern pine thinnings where it can replace dangerous and physically

demanding manual operations.

KEYW Machinery, plantation, thinning

49
184 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

185 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

186 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

187 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.

A grapple processor for plantation thinning.

Journal 9-84651. Auburn University, AL: Alabama Agricultural Experiment

Station. 20 p.

1985

A Volvo BM Valmet 940 GP grapple processor was examined in a first

thinning of loblolly pine in southern Alabama. The processing head

delimbs, bucks, and piles single or multiple stems and can be mounted on

most conventional front-end loaders. Production averaged 2.5 stems per

minute when working from large piles (16 stems) built by a

feller-buncher. Equations for processing time and moving time are

presented. Use of such a processor appears to offer more safety and

silvicultural benefits than manual delimbing, bucking, and piling.

Machinery, plantation, processor

Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.

Potential for second thinnings in southern pine plantations.

In: Shoulders, Eugene, ed. Proceedings of the third biennial southern

silvicultural research conference; 1984 November 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen.

Tech. Rep. SO-54. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 212-215.

1984

In a recent survey, most forest products firms in the South indicated

plans to thin their pine plantations two or more times in a rotation.

Additional research is necessary to improve methods for second and later

thinnings.

Economics, plantation, selective thinning

Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.; Hool, J.N.

Potential product volumes from second thinnings of southern pine

plantations.

Forest Products Journal. 37(3): 8-12.

1987

Compatible taper and volume equations were used to estimate the

potential of market for products from trees harvested during the second

thinning of a southern pine plantation. Estimates were produced for

products obtained from both tree-length and product-length logging.

Management, pulpwood, selective thinning, shortwood

Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.; Myaytka, E.F.

Stand and operating effects on feller-buncher productivity in second

thinnings of southern pine.

Forest Products Journal. 37(3): 27-34.

1987

The effects of stand and operating factors on the productivity of a

small feller-buncher in second-thinning applications were studied in an

intensive experiment using interactive simulation. Three first-thinning

treatments, three levels of stand density prior to second thinning,

three levels of stand density after second thinning, two spacings

between corridors, and three target bunch sizes were considered in a

fully replicated experiment.

KEYW Feller-buncher, forwarder, loblolly, plantation

50
188 AUTH Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Productivity of the Valmet 940 GP grapple processor in southern pine

plantation thinning.

PUBL In: Corcoran, Thomas J.; Gill, Douglas R., eds. Proceedings of the

COFE/IUFRO conference; 1984 August 11-18; Orono, ME: University of

Maine: 105-108.

YEAR 1984

ABST A Valmet 940 grapple processor was added to a mechanized thinning crew,

replacing three sawhands and improving the quality of wood produced.

Addition of the processor slightly improved the productivity of the

forwarders and provided a better method for disposal of the remaining

slash after delimbing and bucking. Such processors appear promising to

replace dangerous and less productive manual delimbing and bucking

operations in the South.

KEYW Plantation, processor, South

189 AUTH Greene, W.D.; Lanford, B.L.; Tufts, R.A.

TITL Evaluation of harvesting systems for the second thinning of southern

pine plantations.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 37(6): 9-14.

YEAR 1987

ABST Six thinning systems were examined to determine their ability to perform

second thinnings. The systems included tree-length and product-length

material using skidders or forwarder. System performance was measured

while conducting simulated second thinning treatments.

KEYW Equipment, feller-buncher, forwarder, limbing, loading, multiproduct,

plantation, skidder, systems

190 AUTH Griffin, G.

TITL Mechanized thinning crew requires precision landing.

PUBL Forest Industries. 114(3): 22-23.

YEAR 1987

ABST Small thinning operation is discussed together with equipment,

production rates, startup, and operating procedures.

KEYW Equipment, feller-buncher, limbing, skidder

191 AUTH Griffin, G.

TITL Right machinery key to thinning crew's success.

PUBL Forest Industries. 113(8): 18-19.

YEAR 1986

ABST Discussion is presented of starting and operating a thinning crew, and

equipment and methods used by the logger.

KEYW Equipment, methods, row thinning

192 AUTH Griffin, G.

TITL Swedish processors aid thinning crew's operation.

PUBL Forest Industries. lll(11): 23-25.

YEAR 1984

51
193

194

195

196

ABST

KEYW

AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

A modern thinning operation is discussed utilizing: (1) two Volvo GP

940's mounted in JD 444 units, (2) two Morbell feller bunchers, (3)

three Gafner 5050 iron mule prehaulers, and (4) a JD 544 front-end

loader.

Equipment, safety, shortwood

Griffin, G.

Young thinning crew sets high standards.

Forest Industries. 113(8):

1986

Discussion of starting and

equipment and methods ,used

Equipment, feller-buncher,

Grinchenko, V.V.

16-17.

operating a small thinning crew, and

by the logger.

silviculture, skidder

Damage to trees during thinnings.

I;;;l;oe Khozyaistvo. [Vol. unknownl(l2): 23-25.

Tables show the incidence and severity of damage to residual trees

during thinnings in 17 stands of Scats pine ranging from 19 to 71 years.

Damage, selective thinning

Grosenbaugh, L.R.

New measurement concepts: height accumulation, giant tree, taper, and

shape.

Occasional Pap. 134. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 31 p.

1954

An entirely new concept of tree measurement was announced by the author

in 1948. Because the original theory and applications have subsequently

been broadened considerably, the entire development is published here in

readily usable form, along with other material helpful in tree

measurement. A giant-tree table also is made available for the first

time, and tree taper and shape are discussed.

Volumes

Grosenbaugh, L.R.

Tree form: definition, interpolation, extrapolation.

Forestry Chronicle. 42(4): 13.

1966

Definition of tree form requires numerous measurements of height and

stem radius or diameter distributed over the entire tree stem. Further

definition may involve a graphic plot of stem profile, an analytic

expression of radius as a polynomial or rational polynomial function of

distance from apex, or the direct numeric evaluation of the major

integrals of tree form (length, surface, volume). Linear, quadratic, or

harmonic interpolation over short intervals can assume a monatomic

one-parameter function without introducing serious error. Extrapolation

should employ a two-parameter function passing through the origin and

based on three measured pairs of coordinates. Appropriate surface and

52
volume integrals are given for the convex right hyperbola and the

concave parabola.

KEYW Equations, volumes

197 AUTH Gruschow, G.F.; Evans, T.C.

TITL The relation of cubic-foot volume growth to stand density in young slash

pine stands.

PUBL Forest Science. 5(l): 49-55.

YEAR 1959

ABST Data from seven studies in northeastern Florida and southeastern Georgia

are analyzed relating growth to stand density in young slash pine

stands.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, slash pine, South

198 AUTH Guttenburg, S.

TITL Growth and mortality in an old-field southern pine stand.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 52(3): 166-168.

YEAR 1954

ABST The effects of several cutting treatments are compared in a dense

old-field stand of loblolly and shortleaf pine, demonstrating that such

stands are capable of good response, even when they are well past the

age at which the first thinning for sawlog production should be made.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, shortleaf, South

199 AUTH Haberle, S.

TITL Logging techniques in thinnings today and tomorrow in western

middle-Europe with special reference to Germany.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 83-85.

YEAR 1969

ABST In this part of Europe, stands have been densely planted. Thinning

intervals are 3 to 5 years beginning at age 10. A summary of different

layouts is included. Time and costs are reported for manual felling

with tractor skidding.

KEYW Forecasts, labor, machinery, methods

200 AUTH Hafley, W.L.; Buford, M.A.

TITL A bivariate model for growth and yield prediction.

PUBL Forest Science. 31(l): 237-247.

YEAR 1985

ABST An application of Johnson's SBB distribution is made to growth and yield

prediction. Mathematical techniques are detailed for describing stand

structure and projecting yield for thinned and unthinned stands of

loblolly pine in plantations.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield

201 AUTH Hagerdon, C.W.; Wong, C.P.

TITL Thinning in exchange for firewood.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 84(7): 44-46.

YEAR 1986

53
ABST A successful trial was held in which the public was allowed to fell

marked trees in dense ponderosa pine stands that required thinning. In

1984, thinning by the public cost $18 per acre, whereas hire of a

thinning crew cost $54 per acre.

KEYW Economics

202 AUTH Haggstrom, B.

TITL Thinning practice in Sweden.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 34-38.

YEAR 1969

ABST Discussion of the nature of thinning stands, types of thinning, and

their economics.

KEYW Economics, methods, silviculture

203 AUTH Haines, S.G.

TITL Site preparation and cultural treatments affect growth of planted Pinus

taeda L.

PUBL Tech. Rep. 60. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, School of

Forest Resources. 1 p.

YEAR 1978

ABST A comparison of 10 combinations of (a) discing, (b) fertilization, (c)

herbicide application, (d) soil fumigation, (e) subsoiling, (f) mowing,

and (g) irrigation, either before planting on an old-field in North

Carolina (Piedmont zone) or during the first growing season (1975).

Data are tabulated for the growth response after one and two growing

seasons. Treatment had no significant effect on survival. The other

data, including biomass components and their nutrient contents, showed

no significant difference between treatments until the second year, when

positive response was generally greater for treatments involving (c) and

least for (a), (f), and controls. After multivariate analysis of

variance for each biomass variable, root collar diameter was selected as

giving the most accurate measure of effect. Inclusion of any other

combination of variables did not improve the analysis, possibly because

the planting stock was superior and of uniform size. An economic

analysis was made for three forest management options: all treatments

except (d) and (g) appeared feasible for industrial forests, but (e) was

feasible only in combination with options involving thinning.

KEYW Biomass, chemicals, economics, fertilization, growth and yield,

loblolly, methods, plantation, silviculture

204 AUTH Hakansson, S.G.

TITL Space requirements for forwarders in thinning.

PUBL Res. Note 114. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry, Department

of Operational Efficiency. 2 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST Calculations are made that describe the influence of vehicle dimensions,

obstacle height, and maximum steering on space requirement. Simple

geometric calculation models are used.

KEYW Damage, forwarder, machinery, spacing, strip thinning

54
205 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

206 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

207 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

208 AUTH

TITL

PURL

YEAR

ABST

Hakkila, P.

Whole-tree chipping in thinning operations: an industrial point of view.

In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 180-184.

1969

Report on the use of green chips in Finland.

Chipping, machinery, whole-tree

Hakkila, P.; Kalaja, H.; Slalkari, M.; Valonen, P.

Whole-tree harvesting in the early thinning of pine.

Folia Forestalia. 333: 1-58.

1977

The techniques of felling, bunching, chipping, and hauling of whole

Scats pine trees in early thinning are described. Attention is paid to

the composition of the biomass in a young Scats pine stand, the

measurement of whole-tree raw material, and truck transport. The

productivity of work and costs are compared with those for alternative

harvesting schedules.

Biomass, economics, juvenile wood, machinery, whole-tree

Hakkila, P.; Leikola, M.; Slalkari, M.

Production, harvesting, and utilization of small sized trees.

[Place of publication unknown]: The Finnish

and Development: 46B. 163 p.

1979

Discussion of short-rotation of hardwood in

intensive production methods and whole-tree

Bunching, chipping, damage, feller-buncher,

plantation, whole-tree

National Fund for Research

Finland, and Rep. on

harvesting.

felling, machinery,

Hall, M.J.

A plantation simulation model for radiata pine.

Appita. 27(b): 25-261.

[Year unknown]

Measurements from all the company's spacing and thinning trials have

been pooled, growth models calculated, and a program called predict

developed that simulates stand development, estimates assortments,

growing costs, net present values, and mean harvesting costs for various

thinning schedules and rotations. Each thinning can be identified as to

age and intensity of thinning on the basis of thinning either to a

residual basal area or to a volume to be cut per acre. Options on

thinning type enable simulations of mechanical thinning (all diameter

classes), thinnings from below (small diameter classes), thinnings from

above (large diameter classes), or a combination of mechanical with

either below or above as would occur in a thinning involving removal of

rows for access and selection thinning. A series of runs on this model

within the bounds of the data used indicate that Pinus radiata is a very

flexible species. The type of thinning does affect final crop tree size

but does not greatly affect growing costs or volume production: as

thinning intensity is raised, volume production is lost, but this does

not affect growing costs greatly as the economic benefit from larger

earlier returns compensates for lower productivity where thinnings are

55
heavy. Net present values fall as stocking per acre is increased,

although volume production rises. As rotation age increases to 20

years, volume production rises steadily while harvesting costs fall

rapidly. Extrapolating the data beyond 20 years indicates a maximum net

present value at 30 to 35 years.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, models, plantation, spacing, volumes

209 AUTH Halls, L.K.

TITL Managing deer habitat in loblolly-shortleaf pine forest.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. Tl(l2): 752-757.

YEAR 1973

ABST Recommendations are given for the management of shortleaf and loblolly

pine forests in the southern United States to improve the habitat for

the whitetail deer. Available food can be increased by wide spacing,

frequent thinning, maintaining hardwoods on drainage ways, prescribed

burning, regulating the size, shape, and distribution of clearfellings,

providing openings in the forest, and encouraging preferred food plants.

KEYW Loblolly, shortleaf, South, spacing, wildlife

210 AUTH Hamilton, D.A., Jr.

TITL A logistic model of mortality in thinned and unthinned mixed conifer

stands of northern Idaho.

PUBL Forest Science. 32(4): 989-1000.

YEAR 1986

ABST A mortality model is described based on a series of thinned and

unthinned sample plots, some of which have been measured for 70 years.

Independent variables are d.b.h., stand basal area, annual diameter

growth, relative d.b.h., and species.

KEYW Damage, diseases

211 AUTH Hamilton, G.J.

TITL Line thinning.

PUBL England: Linney's of Mansfield. 27 p.

YEAR [Year unknown]

ABST The effects are given of line thinning on growth and yield, crop

stability, damage risk, and harvesting of sitka spruce, including

discussion of soil moisture, wind damage, extraction damage, soil

damage, and other effects on soil, and snow and ice damage. Different

types of thinning systems are also reported.

KEYW Cable system, damage, economics, equations, forwarder, growth and yield,

machinery, methods, skidder, systems

212 AUTH Hannelius, S.

TITL Summary: initial tree spacing in Norway spruce timber growing--an

appraisal of yield and profitability.

PUBL Folia Forestalia. 359: 1-51.

YEAR 1978

ABST The investigation examined initial tree spacing in the cultivation of

Norway spruce as it affected yield, timber production, and

profitability. Lower densities improved the diameter increment at burst

height and dominant height. Higher initial densities increased the

56
growth of basal area and volume. Tapering of trees was least in the

most densely planted plots. Profitability calculations showed 1,500 to

1,800 plants per hectare to be the most recommended densities in spruce

plantings on good sites in southern Finland.

KEYW Growth and yield, spacing

213 AUTH Hannula, 0.

TITL The effect of average stand diameter on tree length logging costs.

PUBL Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada. 72(2): 96-100.

YEAR 1971

ABST On tree-length clearcut pulpwood operations in western Alberta, the

average butt diameter has a definite effect on production and costs. In

spruce stands, production increases an average of 2.9 cords per day for

every l-inch increase in average butt diameter. Production in pine

increases an average of 3.7 cords per day for every l-inch increase in

average butt diameter up to 11 inches, where production levels off.

Consequently, logging costs decrease per cord as production increases.

KEYW Clearcut, economics, longwood

214 AUTH Hapla, F.

TITL X-ray densitometric studies on wood properties of Douglas-fir from

experimental plots given various thinning treatments.

PUBL Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff. 43(l): 9-15.

YEAR 1985

ABST Studies were made on stem core samples taken in 1983 from 40 Douglas-fir

trees in a 53-year-old Douglas-fir/Norway spruce stand including plots

that had been lightly and moderately thinned. Growth, moisture content,

and wood density were analyzed to determine their effect on wood

properties.

KEYW Growth and yield, selective thinning

215 AUTH Hardie, I.W.

TITL Optimal management plans for loblolly pine plantations in the

mid-Atlantic region.

PUBL Pap. 906. College Park, MD: Agricultural Experiment Station. 107 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST The formulation of an economic management model is described for typical

loblolly pine plantations in the mid-Atlantic region, and the results of

over 100 runs of the model are presented. One purpose of the modeling

effort is to determine the maximum potential profitability of loblolly

pine plantations in the study region, another is to discover which

management practices will maximize net returns from the plantation

investment. Management practices tested by the model include length of

rotation, timing of thinnings and thinning intensities. Practices such

as fertilization and pruning are not considered. The report also gives

information about methodology as well as findings.

KEYW Loblolly, models

216 AUTH Harmon, G.R.

TITL Mechanization for the small timberland owner.

PUBL Forest Farmer. 30(l): 8-10.

57
217

21

YEAR 1970

ABST Discussion of the potential of multipurpose attachments to the farm

tractors used by small producers.

KEYW Machinery

AUTH Harms, W.R.

TITL Applying silvics to stand management.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the symposium on the loblolly pine ecosystem (west

region): 1984 March 20-22; Jackson, MS. [Place of publication unknown]:

[Publisher unknown]. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1984

ABST Three guiding concepts are proposed: (1) any silvicultural decision

affects all future silvicultural decisions. Failure to appreciate that

management actions influence basic physical and biological processes of

the site and thereby tree and stand growth in complex and long lasting

ways can result in costly errors that may be difficult if impossible to

correct; (2) bringing a growth-limiting factor closer to its optimum

level will increase production. Applying a knowledge of silvics to the

concept of limiting factors can enable the silviculturist to diagnose

and often correct site and stand conditions that prevent attainment of

potential growth; (3) silvicultural requirements change with stand

development. Five distinct stages of development can be recognized in

even-aged stands: regeneration/establishment, precompetition,

competition/ premortality, competition/self thinning/, and post

competition. At each stage there are needs and opportunities for

silvicultural intervention to maintain or improve growth. Taken

together, these concepts provide a basis for developing biologically and

economically sound silvicultural prescriptions.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, silviculture, site

8 AUTH Harms, W.R.

TITL Spacing--environmental relationships in a slash pine plantation.

PUBL Pap. SE-150. Ashville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 16 p.

YEAR 1962

ABST The influence of tree spacing on the relationship between diameter

growth and prevailing environmental conditions was investigated in a

6-year-old slash pine plantation. The study was designed to determine

whether differences in diameter growth were related to soil moisture,

rainfall, evaporation, wind, and soil and air temperature.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, site, slash pine, spacing

219 AUTH Harms, W.R.; Collins, A.B., III

TITL Spacing and twelve-year growth of slash pine.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 6X(12): 909-912.

YEAR 1965

ABST Comparison made at age 12 of eight spacings of old-field planted slash

pine showed that average tree diameter was positively correlated with

wider spacing. The relationship was linear; beginning in the 8th and

intensifying through the 12th year, the relationship was curvilinear.

Tree height was positively correlated with wider spacing. There was a

positive curvilinear relationship between crown ratio and wider

58
220

spacing. Wider configuration, whether square or rectangular spacings

were used, did not affect diameter growth. Merchantable cubic volume

yield did not show a clear relationship to spacing.

KEYW Growth and yield, slash pine, South, spacing

AUTH Harms, W.R.; Langdon, O.G.

TITL Development of loblolly pine in dense stands.

PUBL Forest Science. 22(3): 331-337.

YEAR 1976

ABST Annual measurements (stem number, total height, d.b.h.) were made on

twenty 0.04-hectare plots in a 3- to 14-year-old naturally regenerated

stand of loblolly pine in the lower coastal plain of South Carolina.

The plots were thinned at age 3 to density classes ranging from 2,500 to

40,000 uniformly spaced stems per hectare. In the 14th year, a sample

of each density treatment was harvested. Net aboveground dry matter

(biomass) yield per hectare was estimated by logarithmic regression

analysis. The influence of density on mortality, on growth in d.b.h.

and height, and on volume and biomass yield is shown in figures and

tables. The total biomass per hectare of the tree crown components

(branches and foliage) was less affected by stand density than was

biomass of the stemwood and stem bark.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly

221 AUTH Harms, W.R.; Lloyd, F.T.

TITL Stand structure and yield relationships in a 20-year-old loblolly pine

spacing study.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(3): 162-166.

YEAR 1981

ABST Further results from a study established in 1956-57 in South Carolina to

assess four spacings (6 by 6 feet, 10 by 10 feet, and 12 by 12 feet).

Height and d.b.h. were measured for all trees surviving at age 20.

Maximum merchantable volume (3,887 feet per acre) and a near maximum

basal area (187 square feet per acre) was produced by the 8- by 8-foot

spacing. All but the 6- by 6-foot spacing had sawtimber at age 20

whereas only the 12- by 12-foot spacing had sawtimber at age 15.

Sawtimber volume and survival both increased with spacing. The 8- by 8

and lo- by lo-foot spacings both promoted pulpwood and sawtimber

production, utilization of all surviving trees, and an early return from

thinning.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, South, spacing, volumes

222 AUTH Harrington, C.A.; Reukema, D.L.

TITL Initial shock and long-term stand developments following thinning in a

Douglas-fir plantation.

PUBL Forest Science. 29(l): 33-46.

YEAR 1983

ABST Responses have been monitored for 25 years following the application of

six precommercial thinning treatments to a 27-year-old Douglas-fir

plantation (2.4-meter spacing, height at age 100=24 meters). Spacing

after thinning ranged from 3.4 meters to 8.1 meters. Immediately

following thinning, trees exhibited thinning shock; that is, substantial

reduction of growth in height. The severity and duration of the shock

59
223

were partially related to the severity of thinning. From 15 to 25 years

following thinning, however, growth in height was positively related to

growing space with the best height growth at the wider spacings. Growth

in diameter increased following thinning, with the range in diameter

growth rates between spacings increasing over time. Basal area and

volume growth per hectare were reduced by treatment, but the differences

between spacings are decreasing.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, precommercial thinning, spacing, West

AUTH Harrison, W.C.; Burk, T.E.; Beck, D.E.

TITL Individual tree basal area increment and total height equations for

Appalachian mixed hardwoods after thinning.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. lO(2): 99-104.

YEAR 1986

ABST Data were collected on 66 permanent plots at the time of thinning and 5

years after thinning. Regression equations were developed to predict

growth response to thinning.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, hardwood

224 AUTH Harstela, P.; Jarvinen, J.; Tervo, L.; Aholainen, R.

TITL Summary: the study of some shortwood methods of cutting in thinnings

(cutting without bunching and scrape method).

PUBL Folia Forestalia. 310: l-29.

YEAR 1977

ABST A study was made to compare the cutting without bunching (scattered) and

the so-called scrape (Lleka) method in thinnings with the conventional

method of cutting to the side of the strip-road. In addition to the

output and costs of the work, the critical strain on the workers and the

residual growth were also studied.

KEYW Economics, equations, systems

225 AUTH Hartler, N.

TITL Raw material and technical development in the fiber industry.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 185-191.

YEAR 1969

ABST Discussion of wood properties and utilization of trees in Sweden.

KEYW Biomass, chipping, multiproduct, pulpwood

226 AUTH Hassler, C.C.; Sinclair, S.A.; Ferguson, D.J.

TITL Trends in pulpwood logging costs during the 1970's.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 31(V): 53-58.

YEAR 1981

ABST Laspeyres fixed weight, fixed base indexes were developed for four

hypothetical pulpwood logging firms for the years 1970 through 1979.

The cost indexes were compared with pulpwood price indexes and the

Bureau of Labor Statistics' Producer Price Index to determine if costs

had increased at a different rate than pulpwood prices or the producer

price index. The average cost increase from 1970 through 1979 for the

four hypothetical firms was 153.1 percent. The increase in the producer

price index was significantly smaller than the increase in costs for any

60
of the four firms. Increases in logging costs (indexes) were

significantly greater than increases in pulpwood prices (indexes) for

four selected Wisconsin pulpwood species. The most rapidly increasing

elements of logging costs were worker's compensation and fuel.

KEYW Economics, pulpwood

227 AUTH Haver, G.F.

TITL Intermediate cutting in pine plantations: future directions for research

and practices.

PUBL Timber Harvesting Rep. 3. Gulfport, MS: National Space Technology

Laboratory. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Because planting at heavier stocking levels results in more complete

utilization of the site, thinning is used as a means of increasing the

wood supply in the South. To answer questions regarding the exact

levels of stocking for various sites and methods of removing stems

during thinning, the approach used here is to view thinning as a system

combining three models (biological, harvesting, and handling), and build

an optimization model. The biological model supplies the values, the

harvesting and handling models the costs that are used as input to the

optimization model. This system approach can help evaluate many

questions concerning thinning. Presentation of the model highlights

some key research needs.

KEYW Economics, forecasts, models, plantation, silviculture, South

228 AUTH Hayden, W.Y.

TITL Rocky Creek Logging continues to hone thinning operation...Valmet 940

processors improve safety/productivity; limit damage.

PUBL

YEAR

t;;;ican Logger and Lumberman. g(5): 10-12.

ABST Discussion of recent improvements in the thinning operation at Rocky

Creek, and of the new Valmet 940 processors and the improvements in

productivity and safety resulting from their use.

KEYW Equipment, processor, row thinning

229 AUTH Hearst, A.L., Jr.

TITL Utilizing residues--more material from more trees.

PUBL In: Proceedings of Forest Research Society 28th annual meeting; 1974

June 23-27; Chicago, IL. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society.

[Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1974

ABST Discussion of new machines and work done in Montana.

KEYW Harvester, machinery, precommercial thinning, systems, whole-tree

230 AUTH Hedbring, 0.; Nilsson, P.O.; Akesson, H.

TITL Analysis of some logging systems for thinning.

PUBL Rep. 4. Stockholm, Sweden: Skogsarbeten Logging Research Foundation. 50

P*

YEAR 1968

61
ABST A systematic examination is made of some possible machines and logging

systems for thinning. Theoretical machine models are examined, and

production, cost, and labor requirements estimated.

KEYW Chipping, economics, equations, feller-buncher, harvester, labor,

machinery, models, processor, strip thinning, systems

231 AUTH Heden, S.

TITL Preliminary report on an investigation concerning the influence on yield

of tractor logging in thinnings.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 131-135.

YEAR 1969

ABST A completed study to determine whether production losses have occurred

in the remaining stand as a result of various kinds of mechanical damage

caused by wheeled tractors in the course of logging operations is

discussed.

KEYW Damage, growth and yield, machinery

232 AUTH Hedin, I.B.

TITL Lodgepole pine stand descriptions for strip thinning machine

development.

PUBL Tech. Note TN-89. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Forest Engineering Research

Institute of Canada. 4 p.

YEAR 1986

ABST Descriptions are given of target stand characteristics for the

mechanization of thinning in young (lo- to l+year-old) stands and in

older (15- to 40-year-old) stands of logging or wildfire origin together

with discussion of how the results of this study can help equipment

designers.

KEYW Damage, selective thinning, site

233 AUTH Heikuraninen, L.; Paivanen, J.

TITL The effect of thinning, clearcutting, and fertilization on the hydrology

of peatland drained for forestry.

PUBL Acta Forestolia Fennica. 23 p. Vol. 104.

YEAR 1970

ABST The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various

cutting intensities on the ground water level in drained peatlands. The

results show that cutting influences the rise of water level. High

thinning intensity raised the water level by reducing transpiration by

interception. Runoff is greater from areas with a high ground water

level than from areas with a low ground water level. The rise of water

level caused by cutting, therefore, depends not only on the cutting

intensity but also on the intensity of drainage.

KEYW Clearcut, fertilization, silviculture

234 AUTH Heist, L.C.

TITL The place of thinning in southern forestry--an overview.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economics workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC:

Southern Forest Economics Workers: l-17.

62
YEAR 1980

ABST Growth of the plywood and lumber industry is discussed together with the

South's future dependence on softwood from plantation. The author notes

that pine pulpwood price has declined and sawtimber price has increased

in real terms, and includes estimates of number of trees per acre and

feet per acre thinned and unthinned.

KEYW Economics, forecasts, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, slash

pine, South, spacing

235 AUTH Hensel, J.S.

TITL Equipment configuration prospects for thinning plantations.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 80-R-77. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association.

24 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST Theoretical configuration and functions are presented for a specific

type of harvesting equipment that performs thinning.

KEYW Machinery, plantation

236 ALJTH Hensel, J.S.

TITL Timbco hydro buncher.

PLJBL APA Tech. Rel. 80-R-58. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 4

P.

YEAR 1980

ABST Report on a tracked machine that can fell, delimb, and bunch whole

trees, cut two trees per minute, and operate on steeper slopes than most

conventional equipment.

KEYW Bunching, feller-buncher, felling, limbing, machinery

237 AUTH Hickman, C.A.

TITL How to evaluate timber investment opportunities.

PUBL Forest Industries. ll3(2): 20-23.

YEAR 1986

ABST Thinning analysis of plantation management is discussed.

KEYW Economics

238 AUTH Hillstrom, W.A .; Steinhilb, H.M.

TITL Mechanized thinning shows promise in northern hardwoods.

PUBL The Northern Logger and Timber Processor. 24(12): 12-13, 32.

YEAR 1976

ABST In a study to investigate the profit possibilities when thinning a

Northern hardwood pole timber stand with a mechanized logging system,

strip-plus-selection thinning proved most promising after paying all

costs. A $125-per-acre profit may be realized with this method when

felling, skidding, chipping, and delivering to the mill, material

normally considered thinning residue. Injury to the remaining stand was

more severe than is found in a chain saw thinning (timber stand

improvement), but it was not unreasonable.

KEYW Damage, economics, machinery, selective thinning, strip thinning,

systems

63
239 AUTH Hilt, D.E.

TITL Diameter growth of upland oaks after thinning.

PUBL Res. Pap. NE-437. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 12 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST Diameter growth rates of the 40 largest trees per acre on 154 permanent

plots in Kentucky, Ohio, Missouri, and Iowa were analyzed to determine

the effects of thinning in upland oak stands. The plots were

established over a wide range of stocking levels, stand age, and site

conditions. Thinning resulted in increased diameter growth of the

residual trees, regardless of age or site. The heavier the thinning,

the greater the response. Diameter growth rates, and growth response

after thinning relative to a control, were better in younger stands.

Growth rates were higher on better sites, but the growth response

relative to a control was not influenced much by site. In most

instances, the largest 40 trees per acre responded as well or better to

thinning than the second 40 largest.

KEYW Growth and yield, hardwood

240 AUTH Hilt, D.E.; Dale, M.E.

TITL Stem form changes in upland oaks after thinning.

PUBL Res. Pap. NE-433. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST Results of two independent studies were analyzed to determine whether

residual stocking after thinning had any effect on change in stem form

of upland oak. Neither study showed significant differences in stem

form changes that could be related to residual stocking. The change in

stem form was significantly correlated with the initial form for all

stocking levels. Trees with the best form were more likely to

deteriorate in form while the poorly formed trees were most likely to

improve, regardless of the residual stocking level.

KEYW Damage, hardwood

241 AUTH Hodges, C.S., Jr.

TITL Symptomatology and spread of Fomes annosus in southern pine plantations.

PUBL Res. Pap. SE-114. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 10 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST Examination of O.l-acre study plots established in plantations of slash

pine and loblolly pine in South Carolina and Georgia showed that the

number of trees infected by Fomes annosus in a center of infection

increased for the first 4 to 8 years after thinning (at ca. 15 years)

and decreased thereafter. On high-hazard sites, most infected trees

died before any progressive crown symptoms or conks developed. This

tendency, coupled with the facts that only a few trees die in each

center during a year and that centers are usually scattered through the

plantation, make salvaging of dead or infected trees difficult. Notes

are included on resinosis of bark and wood, barkbeetle attack, natural

regeneration in disease centers, root symptoms, and windthrow.

KEYW Diseases, loblolly, plantation, slash pine, South

64
242 AUTH Hoffman, B.F.

TITL Precommercial thinning.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 85(3): 16-18.

YEAR 1987

ABST This article discusses economic values of precommercial thinning.

KEYW Economics, precommercial thinning, silviculture

243 AUTH Hoffman, B.F.

TITL Skidding with small tractors.

PUBL The Northern Logger and Timber Processor.28(10): 18-20.

YEAR 1980

ABST A method of skidding is described using an agricultural tractor with a

Farmi JL-25 winch mounted on the three-point hitch. Production data for

tree-length skidding are given. The method is also used for shortwood

bunching. Suggestions are given for minimizing damage when skidding

with a small tractor.

KEYW Bunching, damage, machinery, Northeast, shortwood, skidder

244 AUTH Hoffman, B.F.; Wedge, D.C.; Gadzik, C.J.

TITL Scandinavian thinning techniques in a natural Northeastern softwood

stand.

PUBL Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 4(l): 38-42.

YEAR 1987

ABST The applicability of Scandinavian thinning techniques to small-diameter

Northeastern softwood stands was tested. Cutting used motor manual

techniques in which the cutter felled, limbed, bucked, and piled 8-foot

bolts for extraction to trailside by a small tractor and winch.

Sixteen-foot lengths were also cut in order to compare the relative

merits of the two sizes. It was determined that costs are unacceptable,

but the technique may be viable for woodlot owners with limited

equipment and low wage requirements.

KEYW Cable system, equipment, Northeast

245 AUTH Hoffman, R.E.; Lanford, B.L.; Iff, R.H.

TITL Evaluation of the Holder A55 logging tractor.

PUBL Bull. 539. Auburn, AL: Alabama Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn

YEAR

;;;;ersity. 33 p.

ABST Objectives of the study were (a) to determine productivity of a holder

A55 as a skidder, (b) to evaluate environmental effects on productivity,

(c) to compare the actual performance of the machine to performance

predicted by a model, (d) t o investigate alternate hooking equipment and

estimate changes in productivity resulting from use of alternate

equipment, (e) to analyze operating cost for machine, relate cost to

production, and estimate changes in cost associated with alternate

hooking equipment.

KEYW Economics, equations, machinery, models, skidder

246 AUTH Holemo, F.

TITL Site preparation methods for regenerating southern pines.

65
PUBL Circ. ANR-275. Auburn, AL: Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn

University. 4 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST Mechanical, chemical, and prescribed burning as tools for site

preparation are discussed.

KEYW Clearcut, hardwood, site

247 AUTH Horne, R.; Robinson, G.; Gwalter, J.

TITL Response increment: a method to analyze thinning response in even-aged

forest.

PUBL Forest Science. 32(l): 243-253.

YEAR 1986

ABST Response of basal area growth to density changes is examined by

partitioning increment from ranked strata within a stand into increment

that is dependent on density change and that which is not. This allows

resolution of the curve of total increment against density into a number

of definite and recognizable segments. The partitioned

increment/stocking relations are found to be closely approximated by

modified Wiebull density and distribution functions.

KEYW Growth and yield

248 AUTH Howard, T.E.

TITL An economic model for thinning natural stands of Eastern white pine.

PUBL In: New forests for a changing world; Proceedings of the 1983 convention

of the Society of American Foresters; 1983 October 16-20; Portland, OR.

Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1983

ABST Extensive acreage of slash pine plantations in the Southeast are

infected with fusiform rust and other diseases resulting in lost

growth. A scheduling model for optimal thinning and final harvest is to

assist in stand management, and it should allow for disease infection

and growth losses affecting the marginal value growth of the stand. A

dynamic simulation model incorporating an individual

tree/distance-dependent growth model can be utilized to develop

alternative management strategies correlated to a level of disease

infection and its special distribution.

KEYW Economics, harvester, methods, models

249 AUTH Hughes, E.L.

TITL Regeneration after logging in the maritime provinces.

PUBL Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada. 71(10): 73-78.

YEAR 1970

ABST A review of regeneration surveys in the maritime provinces indicated

tolerable levels of stocking and number per acre after most kinds of

logging operations including tree-length, wheeled skidder, and full-tree

systems. However, most new stands are either too dense or have

unstacked and poorly stocked portions, and in many, the species and

species-mixes of the new stands are undesirable. Large-scale

application of silvicultural treatments such as cleaning, thinning,

planting, and fertilizing are recommended to increase production of

usable wood and reduce future harvesting costs. Such treatments are

essential to meet future demand for wood.

KEYW Damage, silviculture, site, systems

66
250

251

AUTH Hughes, J.H.; Herschelman, J.W.

TITL Density regulation-- the plantation thinning equation.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the symposium on the loblolly pine ecosystem (West

region): 1984 March 20-22; Jackson, MS. [Place of publication unknown]:

[Publisher unknown]. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1984

ABST Plantation thinning is the silvicultural treatment used to reallocate

growth potential to selected crop trees and to maintain a healthy,

vigorous stand. This forest management practice can increase net

revenue by enhancing quality sawtimber production in the final crop.

However, the real world makes thinning a complex issue. Market

economics, silvicultural requirements, thinning equipment limitations

and plantation, soil, and topographic characteristics are variables in

the plantation thinning equation that determine if, when, and how to

thin each particular stand.

KEYW Clearcut, diseases, loblolly, machinery, plantation, precommercial

thinning, row thinning, selective thinning, silviculture, site, strip

thinning, volumes

AUTH Hull, R.B., IV; Buhyoff, G.J.

TITL The scenic temporal distribution method: an attempt to make scenic

beauty assessments compatible with forest planning efforts.

PUBL Forest Science. 32(2): 271-286.

YEAR 1986

ABST Regression analysis was used to determine the effects of initial stand

density, site index, and rotation length on the scenic beauty of four

management practices in loblolly pine. Natural stands were of the

highest scenic quality; lightly thinned plantations were the least

scenic. In general, scenic beauty increased with decreasing initial

stand density and site productivity and increasing stand age.

KEYW Natural stand

252 AUTH Hunt, F.M.; Mader, D.L.

TITL Low density management--a means to increase timber yields while using

less soil moisture.

PUBL Bull. 588. Amherst, MS: Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station,

University of Massachusetts.24 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST A thinning experiment in two 22-year-old white pine stands involved

removal of either 81 or 30 percent of the basal area on treated plots.

Over a 6-year period, diameter growth of selected crop trees was more on

treated plots than on control plots by 230 percent and 70 percent,

respectively. A growth response was observed in the first season after

thinning. The heavily thinned plots had more available moisture in the

30-inch soil profile during late season droughts and continued growth

later in the season. Heavy thinning appeared to increase tree growth

and accelerate timber yield while conserving soil moisture.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, site

67
253 AUTH Hutte, P.

TITL Investigations concerning the influence of thinnings on the resistance

of spruce stands against winds.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting: 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 158-162.

YEAR 1969

ABST Information collected on swaying of spruce depending on thinning grade,

soil, wind conditions, and wet soil is given.

KEYW Damage, site

254 AUTH Huyler, N.K .; Koten, D.E.; Lea, R.V.; Quadro, A.P.

TITL Productivity and cost of three small fuelwood skidders.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 82(11): 671-674.

YEAR 1984

ABST Three small Q-wheel-drive tractors were tested for suitability for

skidding mixed hardwood fuelwood from a thinned stand in New York. The

equipment used was: a 993 Pasquali 30-horsepower diesel with a Farmi

JL-25 single-drum winch; an A-60 Holder 48-h orsepower diesel with an

Igland 3000 double-drum winch; and a Forest Ant 12-horsepower,

air-cooled four-stroke engine with a clam bunk, and a knuckleboom loader

with a jaw grapple. Each machine was compared with others as to

production and operating cost.

KEYW Biomass, economics, equipment, hardwood

255 AUTH Hyland, J.; Kucera, B.

TITL Southern pine beetle and annosus root rot management.

PUBL Alabama's Treasured Forests. 4(l): 17-19.

YEAR 1985

ABST The authors discuss how to recognize the symptoms of southern pine

beetle attack and annosus root rot infection, and how thinning can

reduce the risks of attack or infection.

KEYW Damage, diseases, silviculture, South

256 AUTH Hypes, T.L.

TITL The relationships between tree size, harvesting cost, and productivity:

summary and conclusions.

PUBL APA Tech. Pap. 79-P-30. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 3

P.

YEAR 1979

ABST Using simulation methods, this study of the impact of tree size on

production and cost of harvesting in the South was restricted to the

analysis of longwood systems in clearcut harvesting of natural and

plantation pine stands. Tree size was found to have a significant

impact on harvesting productivity.

KEYW Bunching, economics, feller-buncher, longwood, processing, skidder,

South, systems

257 AUTH Hypes, T.L.; Stuart, W.B.

TITL Preliminary analysis of harvesting cost by diameter class questionnaire.

68
PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

258 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

259 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

260 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

Blacksburg, VA: School of Forestry and Wildlife Resources, Industrial

Forestry Operations, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University. 43 p. [Rough draft].

[Year unknown]

Graphs show time per tree plotted against d.b.h. for felling; limbing

and topping; limbing, topping and bucking; bucking; hand piling;

shortwood processing; knuckleboom loading; big stick loading at the deck

and in the woods. Also given aresummaries of cost information regarding

labor rate, woods equipment, trucking, and data on machine availability.

Chipping, economics, feller-buncher, forwarder, labor, loading,

machinery, skidder

Ievin, I.K.; Kazhemak, A.J.; Mezhal, J.V.

Logging techniques in thinning today and tomorrow in the USSR.

In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 85-86.

1969

A fully mechanized logging system for thinnings is being developed and

introduced in the Soviet Union. The project is still at the prototype

stage, but the system is expected to have widespread application in the

future. The system is based on selective thinning, using strip-roads

2.5 to 3 meters wide at lo-meter intervals in young stands and at 20

meter intervals in older stands, the same strip-roads being used during

the whole lifetime of the stand. The key machine is the Dyatel (the

Woodpecker) which can be used as a feller-buncher or feller-skidder.

The Dyatel-L is constructed for work in young stands, and it can take

trees with maximum stump diameter of 18 centimeters and maximum weight

of 200 kilograms. The corresponding figures for Dyatel-2, which is

designed for work in older stands, are 42 centimeters and 800 kilograms.

Feller-buncher, machinery, methods, selective thinning, skidder, strip

thinning, systems

Izlar, B.

Farmi JL 456 skidding winch.

APA Tech. Rel. 84-6-24. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 1

P.

1984

Specifications, cost, and operation of the Farmi JL 456 skidding winch

are described. Winch can be attached to the three-point hitch of any

medium-size farm tractor and is ideal for select cutting on small

woodlots and plantation thinnings.

Machinery, skidder

Izlar, B.

Rome high speed shear operating in east-central Mississippi.

APA Tech. Rel. 80-R-21. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 1

P.

1980

Mechanical arms grab and pull the tree into shear blades of the machine

that can shear and accumulate trees with an average butt diameter of 15

to 18 inches. An average of 75 cords per day can be cut in natural

stands with an average d.b.h. of 8 inches.

Feller-buncher, machinery

69
261 AUTH Izlar, B.; Domenech, D.; Czerepinski, F.P.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Makeri 33T harvester.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 83-R-14. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 3

P.

YEAR 1983

ABST Features, applications, specifications, and cost of Makeri 33T harvester

are given, and production and time studies are reported.

KEYW Feller-buncher, harvester, machinery, processor

262 AUTH Izyumskii, P.P.

TITL Thinning in young hardwoods using new technology.

PUBL Lesnoe Khozyaistvo. 12: 19-23.

YEAR 1984

ABST A review of Russian experience with the thinning of young oak

plantations and recommendations is presented. Recommendations are made

on the organizational and technical aspects of mechanized thinning.

KEYW Hardwood, harvester, selective thinning

263 AUTH Jackson, B.D.; Hackfield, M.C.; Jenkins, M.W.

TITL Using a Makeri harvester to thin a natural loblolly pine stand for the

first time.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 8(3): 132-135.

YEAR 1984

ABST The Makeri, a small tracked harvester, was performance tested in the

first commercial thinning of a 14-year-old natural loblolly pine stand

in the flatwoods of Louisiana. Productivity of the machine was studied

in winter conditions on wet, poorly drained soils. Results from work

sampling and a time study indicated a 73-percent utilization rate and an

hourly output of 45.9 trees or 88.1 cubic feet.

KEYW Damage, harvester, loblolly, machinery, natural stand, selective

thinning, South, strip thinning,

264 AUTH Jackson, B.D.; Schmitt, W.R.

TITL Specific equipment needs and potential for development.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of forest economic

workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC: Southern Forest

Economics Workers: 92-103.

YEAR 1980

ABST Specific equipment needs depend on company objectives. The analytical

tools used in establishing a system and the potential for developing new

machines for thinning are discussed. Effects on time, cost, labor, and

markets of making design changes in a machine are reviewed.

KEYW Economics, labor, machinery, South, systems

265 AUTH Jackson, L.W., Jr.

TITL Growth of unthinned loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine plantations in

Georgia.

PUBL Pap. 63. Macon, GA: Georgia Forest Research. 11 p.

70
YEAR 1970

ABST Data on stem growth are given in terms of basal area increment. Types

of tree were dominant for longleaf, intermediate or dominant for slash

and loblolly. Ages were 25 for loblolly, 28, 33, and 36 for longleaf,

and 28 for slash.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, longleaf, plantation, slash pine, South

266 AUTH Johnson, J.A.; Hillstrom, W.A.; Miyata, E.S.; Shetron, S.G.

TITL Strip selection. Method of mechanized thinning in northern hardwood

pole-size stands.

PUBL The Northern Logger and Timber Processor. 28(u): 26-27, 58-60.

YEAR 1980

ABST To determine the economic and silvicultural implications of a mechanized

harvesting system, strips were thinned from a basal area in Michigan of

116 square feet to 68 square feet per acre.

KEYW Chipping, damage, economics, feller-buncher, machinery, methods,

selective thinning, skidder, strip thinning, systems

267 AUTH Johnson, L.R.

TITL Production of wood from precommercial thinning: a cost assessment.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 77-1573. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 24 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST Economic incentive for recovery of the material produced during

precommercial thinning does not exist under current market conditions

when conventional harvesting systems are used for recovery. The most

significant lack is a skidding system that can efficiently handle small,

scattered material. The cost revenue comparison made here does not

include any allowance for the reduction in fire and disease hazard

achieved by removing the thinned material. If these risks are high

enough, then the extra cost incurred in material recovery may be

justified.

KEYW Chipping, diseases, economics, precommercial thinning, skidder, systems

268 AUTH Jonas, A.

TITL Wood chip production in combination with stand tending.

PUBL Holz-Zentralblatt. llO(21): 313-314.

YEAR 1984

ABST A selective thinning operation was conducted in two Norway spruce

stands. A 17-year-old stand was thinned, and severed stems were left

leaning on stems in the remaining stand. A 22-year-old stand was

thinned, trimmed, and stored in stacks outside to dry. The latter gave

better results indicating that stems should be felled in late autumn or

winter, stored until the following late summer, and then chipped.

KEYW Chipping, felling, selective thinning, silviculture

269 AUTH Jones, E.P., Jr.

TITL Precommercial thinning for slash and loblolly pines.

PUBL In: Proceedings of symposium on management of young pines; 1974 December

3-5; Charleston, SC. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 229-233.

71
270

YEAR 1974

ABST Precommercial thinning by age 5 is recommended for overstocked slash and

loblolly pine stands. Overstocking is not precisely defined in the

research literature, and threshold values range from 1,500 to 5,000

stems per acre. Residual densities of 500 to 750 trees per acre are

recommended. Selected studies of slash and loblolly pines show volume

gains of 4.5 cords per acre and more after 12 to 15 years. Such

increases easily justify the cost of mechanical precommercial thinning.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, precommercial thinning, slash pine

AUTH Jones, E.P., Jr.

TITL Precommercial thinning of naturally seeded slash pine increases volume

and monetary returns.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~~-164. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 12 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST A naturally seeded slash pine stand with up to 50,000 stems per acre was

precommercially thinned at age 3. Two methods leaving either single

trees or clumps of six to eight trees spaced 10 by 10 feet apart were

compared with an unthinned original stand. After 20, the single-tree

and clump plots had substantially more commercial volume than the

unthinned plots. Such gains in commercial volumes can justify a sizable

investment in precommercial thinning. Thinning by age 5 to less than

1,500 trees per acre is recommended. Growth in diameter and height was

inversely related to stand density. Thus adjustments for trees per acre

may be needed when evaluating or comparing slash pine site indexes over

a broad range of densities.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, natural stand, precommercial thinning,

slash pine, South

271 AUTH Jones, S.B.; Broerman, F.S.

TITL Thinning and fertilization of sixteen-year-old loblolly pine.

PUBL Res. Note 34. Macon, GA: Woodlands Research Department. 2 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST Stand characteristics are tabulated for a lowland plantation of loblolly

pine in North Carolina before treatment in 1973 and 4 years later.

Thinning (selective removal of about 40 percent of the basal area) and

NPK fertilizing, separately or combined, caused gains in height and

d.b.h. increment (over controls) that were nearly additive in the

combined treatment.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, selective

thinning, South

272 AUTH Kammenga, J.J.

TITL Whole-tree utilization system for thinning young Douglas-fir.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 81(4): 220-224.

YEAR 1983

ABST The Washington State Department of Natural Resources is commercially

thinning naturally established 40-year-old Douglas-fir stands that were

once considered too small to be merchantable. Efficient, cost-effective

thinning is accomplished by whole-tree chipping in the woods. The

logging system includes a portable chipper, a chain-flail delimber, two

72
rubber-tired grapple skidders, and three rubber-tired or tracked

tree-to-tree feller-bunchers with accumulators. This system provides

total utilization of the harvested material. An average of 100 to 125

green tons of pulp chips with less than 7-percent bark can be produced

in an 8-hour shift. Approximately 1,000 stems per acre, averaging 4

inches in diameter at breast height, are removed to leave 200 of the

best trees. This stocking gives adequate growing space and provides

operational maneuverability. The feller-buncher operators are trained

to select trees by following rules that describe leave trees. Stand

damage can be kept within acceptable limits, preferably under 5 percent

of the leave trees, by requiring prelocated skid trail systems and rub

trees. Successful tree selection and avoidance of stand damage depend

upon operator cooperation.

KEYW Chipping, damage, feller-buncher, machinery, processing, skidder,

systems, West, whole-tree

273 AUTH Karkkainen, M.

TITL A study of tree injuries caused by mechanized timber transportation.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting: 1969

September: Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 136-140.

YEAR 1969

ABST Statistics are given on trees damaged during mechanized transportation.

KEYW Damage, equations, machinery

274 AUTH Keister, T.D.; Crow, A.B.; Burns, P.Y.

TITL Results of a test of classical thinning methods in a slash pine

plantation.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 66(5): 409-411.

YEAR 1968

ABST Results of a thinning experiment that compared four European thinning

methods and unthinned control, initiated in a 13-year-old slash pine

plantation in Louisiana, were studied over a 27-year period. The

greatest net growth was made by the lightly thinned plots. Average

stand diameter was increased by thinning, but thinning had no

appreciable effect on the height of the dominant stand. Thinning

resulted in trees with slightly less taper and fewer knots on the butt

log but did not affect the specific gravity of the outermost 10 growth

rings or the proportion of pole and piling trees. Thinning was

financially advantageous.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, plantation, South

275 AUTH Keister, T.D.; McGriff, J.A.

TITL Thinning dense young loblolly pine stands with a granular herbicide.

PUBL Forestry Note 107. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University. 4 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST Tordon 10k (= picloram) in pelleted form was applied at rates of 10, 20,

or 40 pounds per acre in strips through a dense stand of 3-year-old

seedlings of loblolly pine. It reduced the stocking significantly, but

insufficiently for the young trees in the untreated strips to show a

rapid response. The applications affected height growth in the

untreated strips to a small extent, but caused deaths among the widely

spaced seed-trees in the overwood. The authors suggest that the

73
276

277

treatment might have been more effective if it had been applied when the

seedlings were younger.

KEYW Chemicals, loblolly, precommercial thinning, South, strip thinning

AUTH Kellison, R.C.; Gingrich, S.

TITL Loblolly pine management and utilization--state of the art.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 8(2): 88-96.

YEAR 1984

ABST A summary is given of topics discussed at the symposium on the loblolly

pine ecosystem (East region) held in Raleigh, NC, on December 8-10,

1982. The east region comprises Virginia, North Carolina, South

Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. A second symposium is scheduled for

spring 1984 to cover the remaining natural range of loblolly pine.

Plantations constitute about 27 percent of the loblolly pine resource of

the East region, about two-thirds of the area belonging to forest

industry. Natural stands can be established for about one-third the

cost of plantations, where plans are made for natural regeneration.

Optimal value is realized from plantations where site preparation is

complete and where pests, competing vegetation, and stocking are

controlled. Genetically improved planting stock, fertilization, and

thinning are integral parts of plantation forestry. Maintaining site

productivity is one of the greatest challenges facing the forest

industry.

KEYW Damage, diseases, growth and yield, loblolly, machinery, plantation,

silviculture

AUTH Kellog, L.D.

TITL Thinning young timber stands in mountainous terrain.

PUBL Res. Bull. 34. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, School of

Forestry. 17 p.

YEAR 1980

ABST The Forest Engineering Department has evaluated systems for thinning

young timber stands on steep terrain. Research findings from 1972 to

1979 are discussed on felling and bucking as well as yarding. Felling

and bucking production increased with thinning intensity. Tractor

yarding production decreased with steeper slopes. Total skyline logging

cost from 1.5 to 1.67 times as much as tractor logging on slopes up to

40 percent. Removing prebunched logs to the skyline corridor increased

yarding production.

KEYW Bunching, cable system, economics, felling, juvenile wood, processing,

skidder, steep slopes, systems

278 AUTH Kerruish, C.M.

TITL Harvesting in Australian radiata pine plantations: current practice and

future development.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting: 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 87-88.

YEAR 1969

ABST Manual short-wood systems predominate today. Mechanization is

increasing and tree length harvesting is gaining acceptance. Selective

thinnings are the usual method.

74
KEYW Forwarder, machinery, plantation, processor, radiata pine, row thinning,

selective thinning, shortwood, skidder, systems

279 AUTH Kerruish, C.M.

TITL Technological developments relevant to the thinning of plantations.

PUBL In: Norwegian IUFRO Congress Committee: Proceedings of XVI IUFRO World

Congress; Division III; 1976 June 20-July 2; Oslo, Norway: International

Union of Forestry Research Organization: 330-340.

YEAR 1976

ABST This author reviews progress during the past three years in the

mechanization of plantation thinning operations in Australia.

Significant developments include the introduction of fully mechanized

row harvesting equipment, some exploratory trials with various

feller-bunchers and a processor, and the development and introduction of

a means of mechanizing the selective removal of unwanted stems in

noncommercial thinning operations. However, it is estimated that not

more than 2 to 3 percent of the 1977 early thinning cut will be made

with such tools. There is recognition of the need to train the cutter

work force. Forwarders are now the main means of transporting wood to

roadside.

KEYW Feller-buncher, felling, forwarder, harvester, machinery, plantation,

precommercial thinning, processor, pruning, row thinning, selective

thinning, shortwood, systems, training

280 AUTH Kerruish, C.M.

TITL Thinning techniques applicable to radiata pine plantations.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 200-213.

YEAR 1976

ABST A review is given of the various thinning methods and equipment

available to the forest manager for a range of silvicultural practices,

including thinning to waste. Considerable increases in the productivity

of conventional chain saw based techniques have been obtained by

variations of wood specification, the introduction of forwarders for

extraction, and the training of the cutter force. The introduction of

more mechanized techniques has commenced but acceptance has been slow.

Mechanization of early thinnings is considered most likely to be

economical under favorable stand treatment and terrain conditions where

simpler and less costly machines can be used. The mechanization of

these operations can be facilitated by increasing the stem size of the

trees by reducing wood specification to permit multiple stem harvesting.

KEYW Cable system, chipping, feller-buncher, felling, forwarder, harvester,

machinery, plantation, precommercial thinning, processing, processor,

row thinning, selective thinning, skidder, systems

281 AUTH King, A.L.

TITL Measuring soil compaction in mechanically thinned pine plantations.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 79-1600. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 8 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST Samples showed that soil did not compact in four of six sites where five

different machines had thinned pine plantations. The author concludes

75
that use of heavy machinery in tree harvesting does not harm forest

soil.

KEYW Damage, machinery, plantation, site

282 AUTH King, A.L.; Haines, S.G.

TITL Soil compaction absent in plantation thinning.

PUBL Res. Note SO-251. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST A TH-105 thinner harvester used with two forwarders to thin a slash pine

plantation caused no detectable soil damage. Moderate ground pressure

together with the distribution of branches on the soil in front of the

machine contributed to the absence of soil compaction. The Troxler 3411

nuclear moisture density meter consistently overestimated soil moisture

by 3 to 5 percent and underestimated soil bulk density by 0.3g/cc (18.7

lb/ft) compared to the gravimetric method.

KEYW Damage, forwarder, harvester, machinery, plantation, site, slash pine,

South

283 AUTH King, J.E.

TITL The development and status of thinning in Douglas-fir forests of the

Pacific northwest.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST The historical development of research and practice in thinning

Douglas-fir is summarized. A background and current status of thinning

as practiced in the Pacific northwest is provided.

KEYW Selective thinning, West

284 AUTH Kirk, D.G.; Breeman, L.G.; Zobel, B.J.

TITL A pulping evaluation of juvenile loblolly pine.

PUBL Tappi. 55(ll): 1600-1604.

YEAR 1972

ABST Summary of the results of several general studies on pulping juvenile

wood (which has unique properties that could prove useful in the

manufacture of various special products). A specific study on wood of

12-year-old loblolly pine trees selected for low, average, and high

specific gravity is described. The short, thin-walled traceids of

juvenile wood produced pulp of unusually high tensile and burst

strength, fold endurance, apparent density and smoothness of sheet

surface, and unusually low tear strength and capacity. The low specific

gravity of the wood and low pulping yield restrict mill output and

impose higher manufacturing costs. Young thinning and clearfelled young

plantation crops are the only practical sources of juvenile pine at

present available. Clearfelling of young plantations results in less

wood volume per cord and in greatly increased harvesting costs per cord

or per ton of wood, while the low pulp yield (which is equally poor

whether based on dry weight, wet weight, or volume) adds considerably to

the amount of wood required to produce a ton of pulp. The manufacturing

cost of a ton of juvenile wood is estimated to be 65 percent more than

76
KEYW

285 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

286 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

287 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

288 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

that of a ton of mature wood, most of the cost differential resulting

from the higher cost of the wood.

Economics, juvenile wood, loblolly, pulpwood, silviculture, South

Klemperer, W.D.

Economic analysis applied to forestry: does it short-change future

generations?

Journal of Forestry. 74(9): 609-611.

1976

When it is desired to allocate use of resources over time, an interest

rate performance indicator can help determine an optimal mix of outputs

without maximizing any particular one.

Economics, forecasts

Klemperer, W.D.

Inflation and present value of timber income after taxes.

Journal of Forestry. 77(2): 94-96.

1979

Where a guiding rate of interest fluctuates with the inflation rate but

remains constant in real terms, present values of future timber income

after property taxes or yield taxes tend to be independent of

inflation. After capital gains taxes, however, present values decline

with increases in the projected inflation rate. The decline becomes

less significant with lengthening payoff periods.

Economics

Kluender, R.A.

Farmi JL-45 skidding winch.

APA Tech. Rel. 76-R-54. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 2

P.

1976

Description of the Farmi JL-45 and JL-30 winches which can be attached

to the three-point hitch of any suitably large tractor and used for

skidding, together with specification, cost, and method of operation.

Machinery, skidder, South

Kluender, R.A.; Pennanen, O.H.

The use of a small agricultural tractor in plantation thinnings.

Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

Department of Forestry, Industrial Forestry Operations. [Number of pages

unknown].

[Year unknown]

Small agricultural tractors may be viable alternative tools for use in

plantation thinnings in which larger equipment may injure the remaining

trees and involve high fuel costs. A Kubota 295DL with a winch attached

to the three-point hitch was the basic tractor tested in this study.

Productivity of the skidder is given and the operation analyzed.

Machinery, plantation, skidder, South

77
289 AUTH Knight, D.K.

TITL Thinning challenge untangled.

PUBL Timber Harvesting. 34(12): 32-34.

YEAR 1986

ABST Author describes a plantation thinning crew, their methods and

equipment.

KEYW Economics, equipment, feller-buncher, skidder

290 AUTH Knight, H.A.; McClure, J.P.

TITL Opportunities for increasing timber supplies in the Southeast.

PUBL Resour. Bull. ~~-28. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST The role of thinning in slash pine plantations, thinning in natural

stands, and the importance of early thinning is given.

KEYW Natural stand, plantation, precommercial thinning, slash pine, South,

spacing

291 AUTH Knight, H.A.; Sheffield, R.M.

TITL Thinning opportunities in pine plantations in the Southeast during the

1980%.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economics workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC:

Southern Forest Economics Workers: 18-26.

YEAR 1980

ABST Approximately one-third of the pine stands in the Southeast are

plantations. Fifty-nine percent are in Florida and Georgia, 50 percent

of which are owned by industry. An increase in commercial thinning is

reported. Comparisons are made of each state with each of the other

Southeastern States.

KEYW Loblolly, plantation, site, slash pine, South, volumes

292 AUTH Knoebel, B.R.; Burkhart, H.E.; Beck, D.E.

TITL A growth and yield model for thinned stands of yellow poplar.

PUBL [Forest Science Monograph] (27):62. Bethesda, MD: Society of American

Foresters. 41 p.

YEAR 1986

ABST The model, which produces estimates of number of stems, basal area, and

volume per acre by stand and diameter class, can be used to predict

growth and yield of future stands.

KEYW Growth and yield, selective thinning, volumes

293 AUTH Knutell, H.; Sundin, T.

TITL Felling and bunching small trees from thinnings with small scale

equipment.

PUBL Project IEA-FE-PCG-CPC7. [Pl ace of publication unknown]: Institutionen

for Skogsteknik. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1982

ABST Swedish thinning stands and their needs are described, and ownership of

Swedish forest lands is specified. Current Swedish thinning systems,

problems, current research and developments, as well as future research

and development plans, are described.

7 8
KEYW Feller-buncher, harvester, machinery, processor, systems

294 AUTH Knutson, D.; Tinnin, R.

TITL Effects of dwarf mistletoe on the response of young Douglas-fir to

thinning.

PUBL Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16(l): 30-35.

YEAR 1986

ABST Trees with light infections showed a significant increase in radial

increment after thinning whereas more heavily infected trees did not.

KEYW Damage, West

295 AUTH Koch, P.

TITL Concept for southern pine plantation operation in the year 2020.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 78(2): 78-82.

YEAR 1980

ABST Fertilization, close spacing, very early thinni_ng, and application of

new harvesting and manufacturing technology over a 35-year rotation

could yield 146 tons per acre (ovendry basis) of pulp, 2-by-4 studs,

random-length conventional lumber, millwork and structural laminated

wood, long-wide structural lumber laminated from veneer, sheathing

plywood, structural flakeboard, and animal food supplement (muka). At

$200 per product ton (ovendry basis, 1979 dollars), each acre could

yield a gross realization of about $29,200 from these products per

35-year rotation; additionally, about 47 tons (ovendry basis) of fuel

would be harvested over the 35-year rotation.

KEYW Economics, fertilization, forecasts, plantation, pulpwood, South,

spacing

2% AUTH Kramer, H.

TITL Existing and planned growth and yield experiments with the purpose to

rationalize the management of Norway spruce.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 232-235.

YEAR 1969

ABST The aim of the experiments presented is to determine optimal financial

yield and safety of the stands. Planting, cleaning, and thinning are

also emphasized.

KEYW Growth and yield, row thinning, selective thinning

297 AUTH Kramer, H.

TITL Some experience in Norway spruce thinning in the Federal Republic of

Germany.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting: 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST From the silvicultural point of view, thinning is very important in

young, dense Norway spruce stands. The author deals with different

selective and geometrical treatments in first thinning of spruce.

Regarding biological, technical, and economical aspects, a combined

79
geometrical (strip or line) thinning and selective crown thinning is

recommended for the first thinning.

KEYW Precommercial thinning, selective thinning, silviculture, strip thinning

298 AUTH Krogstad, I.

TITL Felling and bunching small trees from thinning with small scale

equipment. Status and planning report.

PUBL Project IEA-FE-PGC-CPC7. Vollebekk, Norway: Norwegian Forest Research

Institute. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1982

ABST A general description of the energy situation, the role of forest

energy, and the energy supply from small trees is given in Chapter 1,

along with a description of forestry in Norway. Stands needing thinning

are described in Chapter 2. The systems used to thin these stands are

described in Chapter 3. Thinning patterns, technique, and equipment for

felling, bucking, and conversion are described and the productivity for

some of the methods for felling and bunching are indicated. In Chapter

4, current research and development for felling and bunching of small

trees is described. The following subjects are mentioned: bunching with

long boom cranes on processors, thinning systems for tree-sections, and

bunching with small skidders. An outline of methods, equipment, and

machinery that require research and development, small machines for

conversion in the stand, bunch conversion, a mechanized cleaning in

early thinning stands, and methods and equipment for difficult terrain

conditions are described. Plans for future research and development are

described and given priority.

KEYW Bunching, felling, machinery, processor, skidder, systems

299 AUTH Kubasak, E.

TITL Problem of thinning technique in the socialist states of Europe.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 89-90.

YEAR 1969

ABST Fifth-row thinning in young stands is discussed. Mechanization is

increasing and much attention is given to extraction.

KEYW Felling, processing, row thinning, shortwood, systems, volumes

300 AUTH Kuhlman, E.G.; Hodges, C.S., Jr.; Froelich, R.C.

TITL Minimizing losses to Fomes annosus in the Southern United States.

PUBL Res. Pap. SE-151. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 16 p.

YEAR 1976

ABST Recommended practices to control annosus root rot in southern pine

plantations are summarized. Among them are wide spacings, reduced

thinnings, and the application of borax to stump surfaces immediately

after harvesting. The disease can be easily and economically controlled

in the Southern United States if recommended practices are followed.

KEYW Chemicals, damage, plantation, South

301 AUTH Kushlyayeu, V.F.

TITL Study of fellingless method of tree cutting.

80
PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting: 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 245-246.

YEAR 1969

ABST A Dyatel-machine is being developed by the Soviet Union for complete

mechanization of tree cutting.

KEYW Felling, machinery

302 AUTH Lane, R.A.

TITL An evaluation of operational harvesting techniques and systems

applicable to the commercial thinning of southern pine plantations.

PUBL Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University,School of Forestry and Wildlife Resources, Industrial

Forestry Operations. 139 p. M;S. thesis.

YEAR 1981

ABST An annotated bibliography was compiled that identified procedures for

thinning in numerous geographical locations from the simulation of two

harvesting systems, then production and cost trends were developed.

Production was found to be influenced by the thinning pattern, system,

and stand characteristics.

KEYW Plantation, systems, thinning

303 AUTH Lanford, B.L.

TITL Application of a small forwarder in plantation thinning.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 6(4): 183-188.

YEAR 1982

ABST A description is given of a timed study of two forwarder models in three

locations. Travel speed, loading, and cost implications also are

discussed.

KEYW Damage, economics, equations, forwarder, loading, machinery, plantation,

South, systems

304 AUTH Lanford, B.L.

TITL Performance of the TJ30 in row thinning.

PUBL In: Proceedings of harvesting small timber: waste not, want not; 1981

April 28-30; Syracuse, NY. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research

Society: 63-71.

YEAR 1982

ABST In Alabama, during the summer of 1980, thinning studies were conducted

which included Timberjack model TJ30 and model RW30 feller-bunchers

cutting in a row pattern. Factors such as tree size, load size, stand

density, and brush were examined for influence over production rates.

Only d.b.h. and trees per acre significantly affected the productive

time to fell and bunch trees. The TJ30 and its predecessor, the RW30,

were found to have similar production rates. Row cutting was the only

method used. Selection from both sides and selection from one side were

also compared.

KEYW Equations, feller-buncher, machinery, row thinning, selective thinning

305 AUTH Lanford, B.L.

TITL Productivity and costs of the Timberjack 30 feller-buncher.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 33(l): 62-66.

81
YEAR 1983

ABST Time and production studies were conducted on the Timberjack 30

feller-buncher during row thinning in a pine plantation and natural

stands. Factors such as tree size, load size, stand density, and brush

were examined for influence on production rates. Only d.b.h. and trees

per acre significantly affected the productive time to fell and bunch

trees. Cutting methods--row only, selection from both sides, and

selection from one side--were compared. Cutting only the row was more

productive than either of the side selection methods, but the increase

did not make multiple passes more productive than a single pass where

both row and selective trees were cut. In one test stand, felling and

bunching costs averaged $10.43 per cunit. A qualitative evaluation of

the Timberjack 30 was also included.

KEYW Economics, feller-buncher, machinery, methods, row thinning

306 AUTH Lanford, B.L.; Hoffman, R.E.; Iff, R.H.

TITL A small skidder for thinning: the Holder A55 F tractor.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(3): 161-165.

YEAR 1983

ABST The growing need for small equipment to thin young plantations prompted

a study of a small skidder--the Holder A55 F. Time and production data

were collected in a thinning application of the skidder equipped with a

Farmi JL-30 cable winch. Cost averaged $15.63 per cunit for a 200-foot

skid. The replacement of the winch with a small hydraulic grapple, such

as the power tire grapple, was simulated. Costs per unit volume were

decreased by adding the grapple ($11.13 per cunit for a 200-foot skid).

KEYW Damage, economics, machinery, skidder

307 AUTH Lanford, B.L.; Sirois, D.L.

TITL Drive-to-tree rubber-tired feller-buncher production studies.

PUBL Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-45. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 14 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST The increasing use of machines to fell trees has created a need for

better understanding of this process and what factors affect

production. This report provides information on feller-buncher

activities and presents means for estimating production rates for

rubber-tired drive-to-tree machines. Four types of machines were tested

and were found to have different production rates. Total productive

felling and bunching time per tree increased with increasing d.b.h. and

distance between trees, and decreased with larger accumulations. During

the test, the average production per productive machine-hour ranged from

109 to 214 trees per hour.

KEYW Feller-buncher, harvesting, time study

308 AUTH Lanford, B.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Biologically based thinning systems: state-of-the-art.

PUBL IN: Proceedings of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper

Industry; Research and Development Division conference; 1982; Asheville,

NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest

Experiment Station: 281-286.

YEAR 1982

82
ABST Thinning pine plantations is a major problem facing forest landowners in

the South. Thinning alternatives, including different thinning patterns

as well as different equipment and systems, were investigated in this

study. Row and selective approaches were evaluated and found to be

comparable in unit cost. Selective patterns left larger residual trees

than row patterns. As tree size decreased, marginal unit cost increased

rapidly with all alternatives.

KEYW Cable system, economics, feller-buncher, machinery, plantation, row

thinning, selective thinning, silviculture, skidder, systems

309 AUTH Lanford, B.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Performance of Timbco Hydro-buncher on steep terrain.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the 1984 Mountain logging symposium; 1984 June 5-7;

Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press: 282-291.

YEAR 1984

ABST In evaluating the Timbco Hydro-buncher, field tests were made in

west-central Alabama both on level slopes and on steep slopes of

loblolly pine. Production estimates are developed for the machine to

operate up, down, and across slopes and on level ground, and

recommendations are given.

KEYW Feller-buncher, loblolly, machinery, steep slopes

310 AUTH Lanford, B.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Techniques for silvicultural thinning.

PUBL In: Proceedings of thinning southern pine plantations workshop; 1984

October 30-November 1; Long Beach, MS. Washington, DC: Forest Industries

Training and Education Council, American Pulpwood Association: 65-70.

YEAR 1985

ABST The various methods of thinning southern pine plantations are described,

and production and cost of each method are given.

KEYW Economics, machinery, selective thinning, systems

311 AUTH Lanson, N.I.

TITL Thinning increases growth of 60-year-old cherry maple stands in West

Virginia.

PUBL Res. Pap. NE-571. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Northeast Forest Experiment Station. 8 p.

YEAR 1985

ABST Previously unmanaged cherry maple stands were thinned to 60-percent

relative stand density. Thinning reduced stand mortality, distributed

growth onto fewer, larger stems, and increased individual tree growth.

Periodic basal area growth of individual trees was greater in thinned

stands than in control stands. Relative stand density in the thinned

stands increased 1.6 percent annually.

KEYW Harvester, marking, natural stand, selective thinning

312 AUTH Lapointe, G.B.

TITL Precommercial thinning in the Atlantic provinces.

PUBL In: Proceedings of harvesting the South's small trees; 1983 April 18-20;

Biloxi, MS. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society: 49-57.

YEAR 1984

83
ABST Precommercial thinning in dense, young stands is carried out for an

estimated 6,000 to 8,000 hours annually in Atlantic Canada, and this

figure could double in the next few years. The work is performed

manually with brush saws. Man-day productivity typically averages 0.33

hectare and costs about $330 per hour. Interest in mechanization is

high but as yet no trends are evident. After mechanization, the

resulting increase in merchantable volume growth and reduction in

rotation age will assist in offsetting a predicted wood shortage,

provided appropriate forest protection policies are in place.

KEYW Labor, precommercial thinning, spacing

313 AUTH Leary, R.A.; Stephans, R.F.

TITL Direction fields for stand management decision-making.

PLJBL Journal of Forestry. 85(2): 16-17.

YEAR I987

ABST This article discusses the development of direction fields and their use

in projecting future yields.

KEYW Growth and yield, volumes

314

315

AUTH Ledoux, C.B.

TITL Cable yarding residue after thinning young stands: a break-even

simulation.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 34(9): 5-40.

YEAR 1984

ABST A break-even analysis and a simulation model allow logging contractors

to develop residue removal guidelines using various yarding equipment.

Break-even contours are illustrated showing three zones and the minimum

piece size that the operator could harvest to break even in each zone.

KEYW Biomass, cable system, economics, equipment, models

AUTH Ledoux, C.B.; Brodie, J.D.

TITL Maximizing financial yields by integrating logging and silvicultural

techniques.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 80(11): 717-720.

YEAR 1982

ABST Substantial gains in yields of merchantable volume and profits from

Douglas-fir stands in mountainous terrain can be achieved by considering

logging and silvicultural techniques simultaneously. To maximize

financial yield, managers must consider not only the length of the

rotation, timing of entries, and volume removal per entry but also the

proper harvesting equipment, precommercial and commercial thinning

treatments, and fertilizer applications. The joint returns from

combinations of techniques are greater than the sum of returns from each

technique applied independently.

KEYW Cable system, economics, fertilization, machinery, models, precommercial

thinning, silviculture, steep slopes, West

316 AUTH Ledoux, C.B.; Starnes. L.W.

TITL Cable logging production rate equations for thinning young-growth

Douglas-fir.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 36(5): 21-24.

84
317

318

319

YEAR 1986

ABST A cable-logging thinning simulation model and field study data from

cable-thinning production studies have been assembled and converted into

a set of simple equations. These equations can be used to estimate the

hourly production rates of various cable-thinning machines operating in

mountainous terrain. The equations include seven cable yarders and are

applicable to uphill thinnings of Douglas-fir from low to high volume

removals. The equations can be used to develop reasonable

approximations of delay-free hourly production for several cable yarders

operating in thinnings under a variety of site and stand conditions.

KEYW Cable system, models, site, West

AUTH Lee, Y.J.; Barclay, H.J.

TITL Ten-year growth response of a 25-year-old and a 55-year-old Douglas-fir

stand to thinning and urea fertilization.

PUBL Info. Rep. BC-x-260. Vancouver, Canada: Pacific Forest Research Center.

14 p.

YEAR 1985

ABST Ten years after, thinning had almost doubled growth in diameter but

affected growth in net volume only; gross volume was only minimally

affected. Fertilization in the 25-year-old stand significantly

increased growth in mean d.b.h. in the 2nd and 3rd year and

significantly increased volume growth in the first 3 years with

diminishing effect thereafter. Growth responded most to combined

thinning and fertilizer treatment. Thinning significantly decreased

mortality, on which fertilizer had negligible effect.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, volumes

AUTH Lemin, R.C., Jr.; Burkhart, H.E.

TITL Predicting mortality after thinning in old-field loblolly pine

plantations.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(l): 20-23.

YEAR 1983

ABST Four equations were compared for predicting mortality after thinning in

old-field loblolly pine plantations. Survival curves for thinned,

old-field loblolly pine plantations in coastal plain and Piedmont

Virginia are given.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, plantation, South

AUTH Lenhart, D.J.; Clutter, J.L.

TITL Cubic foot yield tables for old-field loblolly pine plantations in the

Georgia Piedmont.

PUBL Series 3, Rep. 22. Macon, GA: Georgia Forest Research Council. 12 p.

YEAR 1971

ABST During the period 1948 through 1967, nearly 2.5 million acres of pine

plantations were established in the State of Georgia. This

establishment effort has, for the most part, been concentrated on

old-field sites and has primarily involved slash pine and loblolly

pine. Detailed information on the yield and stand structure of slash

pine plantations has been published. Similar information for planted

stands of loblolly pine is given.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, South

85
320 AUTH Lennane, I.

TITL Thinning steep country using plastic chutes.

PUBL LIRA Tech. Rel. 2(l). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1980

ABST High-density, polyethylene chutes (Alkathene) were tested. A

disadvantage was the difficulty of shifting chute lines through slash.

Advantages were minimal bark damage to residual trees and few dominant

trees felled. The method appears to be flexible; cost competitive with

cable thinning, requiring low capital investment; and to have

silvicultural advantages.

KEYW Machinery, steep slopes, systems

32

322

AUTH Levesque, R.

TITL Short-term evaluation of the Timbco 2518 feller-buncher in eastern

Canada.

PUBL Tech. Note TN-72. Vancouver, B.C., Canada: Forest Engineering Research

Institute of Canada. 27 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST The note describes the Timbco 2518 feller-buncher and gives

specifications. Short-term productivity based on time studies is given

as well as some data on longer-term performance. The ergonomics of the

machine and some of its uses are discussed in the note.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery, steep slopes

AUTH Liechty, H.O.; Mroz, G.D.; Reed, D.D.

TITL The growth and yield responses of a high site quality red pine

plantation to seven thinning treatments and two thinning intervals.

PUBL Canadian Journal of Forest Research.

16(3): 51X-520.

YEAR 1986

ABST Ten years after seven thinning treatments had been carried out, diameter

growth responses to thinning were similar to those reported on poor and

medium red pine sites. Periodic basal area increment was maximized at a

lower and much broader range of residual densities than on lower quality

sites.

KEYW Growth and yield, red pine, site

323 AUTH Little, S .; Mohr, J.J.

TITL Five-year effects from row thinning in loblolly pine plantations in

eastern Maryland.

PUBL Res. Pap. NE-12. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 15 p.

YEAR 1963

ABST In 1954, four thinning treatments were investigated in a 17-year-old

loblolly plantation. Five-year data indicated that diameter increment

after thinning was related to original diameter, crown class, crown

ratio, and degree of release. Thinning every other row produced

greatest growth stimulation but, in spots, left an insufficient number

of desirable crop trees. Fourth- and fifth-row thinning produced little

stimulation. Third-row thinning was not recommended.

86
KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, Northeast, plantation, row thinning

324 AUTH Little, S.; Somes, H.A.

TITL Results 18 years after planting loblolly pines at different spacings.

PUBL Forest Res. Note NE-80. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 3 p.

YEAR 1958

ABST In 1939, a test of four spacings in a planting of loblolly pine

seedlings was begun in an abandoned field on Maryland's eastern shore.

The spacings were 4, 5.7, 8, and 11.3 feet between trees; each spacing

was replicated on four lOO-foot-square plots. In the 4- and 8-foot

spacings, rows and trees within rows were 4 or 8 feet apart, with trees

opposite in adjoining rows. In the other two spacings, trees in

adjoining rows were staggered. Trees 8 feet apart staggered in rows 4

feet apart gave the 5.7-foot spacing; trees 16 feet apart in rows 8 feet

apart gave the 11.3-foot spacing.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, spacing

325 AUTH Lloyd, F.T.; Jones, E.P., Jr.

TITL A thinning rule for slash pine plantations on a medium site.

PUBL In: Barnett, James P., ed. Proceedings of the first biennial southern

silvicultural research conference; 1980 November 6-7; Atlanta, GA. Gen.

Tech. Rep. SO-34. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 131-136.

YEAR 1981

ABST The aim was to determine, after thinning, residual densities that

produce near maximum periodic growth for medium plantation sites with an

average height of 63 feet at age 25. Net 5-year growth (in pounds of

dry wood per acre) was fitted to the corresponding values of Stahelin's

percent stocking obtained from unthinned stands covering a wide range of

densities. This approach is based on the assumption that the growth of

the thinned stand will quickly recover to that of an unthinned stand of

the same percentage stocking. The stand ages at which thinnings should

be made were also established. This age is defined as the point where

the annual accretion of expected yield from a first thinning begins to

decrease.

KEYW Growth and yield, methods, plantation, slash pine, South

326 AUTH Lohrey, R.E.

TITL Growth of longleaf pine plantations after initial thinning.

PUBL Res. Note SO-175. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 5 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST Periodic annual volume growth after the first thinning (at age 25)

increased with residual density, exceeding two cords per acre with a

basal area of above 70 square feet. Diameter and volume growth of

individual trees was related to stand density and initial d.b.h.

KEYW Growth and yield, longleaf, plantation, South

327 AUTH Lohrey, R.E.

TITL Growth responses of loblolly pine to precommercial thinning.

87
PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. l(3): 19-22.

YEAR 1977

ABST Results up to age 16 are reported for a study comparing four

precommercial thinning intensities and two thinning methods (strip

and/or selective) in a loblolly pine stand. Mean d.b.h. and

merchantable volume were inversely related to stand density. The

optimal density for maximum merchantable pulpwood volume was 750 trees

per acre; this was the lowest density in the trial. Strip thinning is

preferred to selective thinning on economic grounds, at least to a

residual density of 1,450 stems per acre.

KEYW Diseases, economics, growth and yield, loblolly, precommercial thinning,

selective thinning, South, strip thinning

328 AUTH Lohrey, R.E.

TITL Precommercial thinning increases diameter and height growth of slash

pine.

PUBL Res. Note SO-152. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.

YEAR 1973

ABST Precommercial thinnings in a 3-year-old slash pine stand with about

5,000 stems per acre increased diameter growth of trees in all crown

classes and increased height growth of dominants and codominants. For

maximal growth, residual densities of 750 trees per acre or less were

needed. At residual stocking levels of 1,400 and 2,800 trees per acre,

strip and selective thinnings were equally effective.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, precommercial thinning, selective thinning,

slash pine, South, strip thinning

329 AUTH Lohrey, R.E.

TITL Precommercial thinning of direct-seeded loblolly pines.

PUBL Res. Note SO-139. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.

YEAR 1972

ABST In 1961, nine thinning treatments were applied to O.l-acre plots of

loblolly pine 3 years old. The treatments were four intensities of

selective thinning: three strip thinnings to simulate machine thinning;

a combination of strip and selective thinning; and an unthinned

control. At 1 year, mean d.b.h. was inversely related to stand density

and directly related to the mean height of dominant and predominant

trees. Response to thinning was most pronounced at 1,500 trees per

acre.

KEYW Loblolly, precommercial thinning, selective thinning, South, strip

thinning

33( AUTH Lohrey, R.E.

TITL Precommercial thinning of direct-seeded slash pine.

PUBL Progress Rep. Summary FS-~0-1102-3.8. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 1

P.

YEAR 1978

ABST The purpose of this study was to determine the response of slash pine to

several methods and intensities of precommercial thinning. The 12

88
331

332

treatments being tested included an unthinned check, 5 intensities of

selective thinning, 4 strip or row thinnings, and 2 combinations of

strip plus selective thinning. All treatments were applied at stand age

3 and were replicated three times in a completely randomized design.

KEYW Methods, plantation, precommercial thinning, row thinning, selective

thinning, slash pine, South, strip thinning

AUTH Lohrey, R.E.; Bailey, R.L.

TITL Yield tables and stand structure for unthinned longleaf pine plantations

in Louisiana and Texas.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-133. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 53 p.

YEAR 1976

ABST Detailed tables of trees per acre, basal area, and cubic-foot yields in

eight volume categories by l-inch diameter classes are presented for

several combinations of site index, age from planting, and trees per

acre at age 15.

KEYW Growth and yield, longleaf, plantation, South

AUTH Lynch, D.W.

TITL Mechanical thinning of young conifer stands.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 71-174. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 10 p.

YEAR 1971

ABST Thinning dense stands using hand tools or power saws was all but

physically impossible. Furthermore, economic justification for such a

costly precommercial treatment was questionable. Consequently,

foresters generally have left these stands untreated. The product loss

of timber and pulp has been significant. Mechanical thinning measures

have been used but problems still exist.

KEYW Machinery, precommercial thinning, West

333 AUTH Lysons, H.H.

TITL Harvesting thinnings on steep ground.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST A critical need exists for a system suitable for harvesting small

commercial thinnings on steep slopes to meet management plans for

intensive forestry. An analysis of the cost structure of small log

harvesting is reviewed relative to the operational requirements for

commercial thinning. A new yarding system, currently under development,

is presented as a promising approach to solving major problems of

harvesting small logs.

KEYW Economics, juvenile wood, selective thinning, steep slopes

334 AUTH MacArthur, J.D.

TITL Logging methods for small forests.

89
335

336

PUBL Info. Rep. FMR-X-63. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Forest Management

Institute, Canadian Forestry Service, Department of the Environment. 27

P.

YEAR 1974

ABST This review of logging methods for small forests in eastern Canada and

the United States has been made from an analysis of the available

literature and from discussions of ownership with people in both

research and operations in this field. Recommendations are made that

the problem of mechanization of such logging operations should receive

considerably more attention by government and industry.

KEYW Chipping, damage, forecasts, forwarder, machinery, methods, processing,

skidder

AUTH MacDonald, M.A.; Soule, H.M.

TITL Evaluation of rotary cutting devices for thinning of regeneration

stands.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 85-1600. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

YEAR

F;rg;neers. 33 p.

ABST Six commercial and prototype rotary cutting mechanisms were evaluated

statistically and qualitatively for potential use in feller/chipper

harvesters. Empirical data were collected on the relationship between

cutting torque and specimen diameter for a fixed tooth blade, two

circular saw blades, and three rotary flails.

KEYW Chipping

AUTH MacKintosh, J.; Bunn, E.H.

TITL Current research into radiata pine thinning operations in New Zealand.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science.

6(2): 228-240.

YEAR 1976

ABST Economic evaluation of alternative silvicultural regimes for radiata

pine has shown that a substantial opportunity cost can be incurred if

the growth of the crop trees is penalized, and their date of harvest

deferred, in the interests of obtaining a sale for thinnings. The

effect is greatest when a pruned final crop element that has been

defined from an early age is allowed to be severely checked through

competition from unpruned neighbors. In this instance, the case for

production thinning depends largely on whether the unwanted trees can be

extracted before they markedly impinge on the growth of the final crop

trees. Such competition is apparent from an early age in selectively

pruned stands, to the extent that production thinning becomes difficult

to justify. However, the onset of competition may be delayed by

distinguishing the crop component of the stand from the thinnings

component from the outset, by separating the two elements as much as

possible, by applying treatments to the crop that will give it a

distinct competitive advantage, and by arranging the thinnings in ways

that favor mechanization and cheap extraction of small diameter

material. Trials have been established to test the concept, and more

are planned.

KEYW Economics, machinery, plantation, silviculture, skidder, strip thinning,

systems

90
337

338

339

AUTH Maki, T.E.

TITL Developing pine plantations in relation to harvesting systems.

PUBL APA Tech. Pap. 67. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 5 p.

YEAR 1968

ABST Harvesting system trends and the amount of regeneration necessary to

meet future demands with respect to length of rotation are outlined for

an uncertain future. Spacing, limb diameter and knot size, stand

structure, and thinning are also covered.

KEYW Machinery, plantation, silviculture, spacing

AUTH Maki, T.E.

TITL Major considerations in thinning southern pines.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO Meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 63-68.

YEAR 1969

ABST Several major considerations in thinning of pines in the Southern United

States have been discussed principally in the context of manmade

forests. It has been emphasized that currently there is no unanimity

among foresters and land managers concerning either the feasibility or

even the need for thinning. Nevertheless, it appears fairly certain

that in the intensive forestry being practiced in the southern pine

region today, thinnings can be used to maximize the production of usable

wood. Major considerations in thinning include choice of method,

spacing, species, timing, and assessment of site quality in relation to

stand establishment. In the future, advances in tree improvement will

also have an important bearing on stand management and may well point

toward increasing rotation lengths, thus further accentuating the

importance of thinnings as a cultural measure in forest production.

KEYW Methods, plantation, row thinning, selective thinning, site, South,

spacing

AUTH Mallonee, E.H., Jr.

TITL Effects of thinning and seasonal time of nitrogen fertilization on the

growth of pole-sized loblolly pine.

PUBL Dissertation Abstracts International. Ann Arbor, MI: Xerox University

Microfilms. 205, 36(8): 3698-3699.

YEAR 1976

ABST Thinning was combined with different dates of fertilizing to give a

total of six treatments, applied to a 17-year-old loblolly pine

plantation of medium site quality in North Carolina. Responses were

assessed over 2 years by measuring annual dry wood yield per hectare;

foliar nitrogen and phosphorus; needle length and weight; stem form; and

diameter growth, percentage earlywood and latewood, and wood density for

breast height and upper stems. A modified ge-xrd x-ray diffraction

apparatus was used to study intraring and interring wood density. A

beam of x rays was passed through a thin wood sample into a

scintillation counter; variations in wood density were recorded directly

on a strip chart recorder.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation

91
340

341

342

343

AUTH Mann, W.F., Jr.

TITL Early yields of slash pine planted on a cutover site at various

spacings.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~0-69. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 16 p.

YEAR 1971

ABST Tabulation of basal areas, cordwood and cubic-foot volumes, average

d.b.h., and diameter distributions for 14-year-old slash pine planted in

central Louisiana is given, with regression equations developed to

predict these parameters.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, plantation, slash pine, South, spacing

AUTH Mann, W.F., Jr.

TITL Response of loblolly pine to thinning.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 50(6): 443-446.

YEAR 1952

ABST How and when should loblolly pine be thinned? It is suggested that

thinning practices best suited to sawlog production are not necessarily

the most profitable where pulpwood is the main objective.

KEYW Growth and yield, pulpwood, silviculture, South

AUTH Mann, W.F., Jr.; Dell, T.R.

TITL Yields of a 17-year-old loblolly pine stand planted on a cutover site at

various spacings.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-70. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 9 p.

YEAR 1971

ABST Tabulation of cubic-foot volumes, diameters, and basal areas for

loblolly pines planted in southwest Louisiana on a cutover area

representing a wide range of site indices is given, with regression

equations for predicting these parameters.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, South, spacing

AUTH Mann, W.F., Jr.; Enghardt, H.G.

TITL Growth of planted slash pine under several thinning regimes.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~0-76. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 10 p.

YEAR 1972

ABST Three intensities of thinning, each started at 10, 13, and 16 years,

were applied to slash pine planted on a highly productive, cutover site

in central Louisiana. Over a g-year period, early and heavy thinnings

increased diameter growth but reduced volume growth. The longer initial

thinnings were deferred, the slower was the response in diameter

growth. Growth on unthinned plots was good.

KEYW Growth and yield, methods, plantation, slash pine, South

344 AUTH Mann, W.F., Jr.; Feduccia, D.P.

TITL Tree sizes harvested in different thinnings--another look.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-131. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 6 p.

YEAR 1976

92
ABST In loblolly planted at lo- by lo-feet spacing, plots given light or

medium thinning had slightly more sawtimber-sized trees and board-foot

volume than unthinned and heavily thinned plots at all ages. Average

diameters of all trees were largest on control plots, followed by

lightly thinned plots. Trends were similar for 32-year-old slash pine

planted at 6- by 7-foot intervals.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, methods, plantation, slash pine, South

345 AUTH Mann, W.F., Jr.; Lohrey, R.E.

TITL Precommercial thinning of southern pines.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 72(9): 557-560.

YEAR 1974

ABST After reviewing 25 years of research on precommercial thinning, the

authors conclude that all southern pine stands with 5.000 or more stems

per acre should be thinned. To minimize costs and prevent reduction in

live crowns, stands should be strip thinned at about age 3. A residual

stocking of 500 to 750 stems per acre will give rapid diameter growth

without reducing volume production.

KEYW Growth and yield, methods, precommercial thinning, selective thinning,

South, strip thinning, wildlife

346 AUTH Manthy, R-S.; Lemmien, W.A.; Rudolph, V.J.; James, L.M.

TITL A time study of two logging techniques for thinning red pine

plantations.

PUBL Pap. 49(3). East Lansing, MI: Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan

State University. 16 p.

YEAR 1967

ABST Time study data are used to compare the labor costs of two stem

selection logging methods commonly used to harvest pulpwood in the

second and third thinnings of a red pine plantation. Logging methods

compared are: (1) a conventional 2-man boltwood operation, and (2) a

2-man tree-length logging operation. Labor costs for the boltwood method

were found to be significantly lower than for the tree-length method.

Using the boltwood method, a cord of pulpwood was harvested and stacked

at roadside for a labor cost of $10.26 (5- inch trees) to $6.57 (9-inch

trees). Labor costs for the tree-length method were $10.98 (5-inch

trees) to $7.65 (9-inch trees).

KEYW Longwood, plantation, systems

347 AUTH Markstrom, D.C.; Troxell, H.E.; Bolat, C.E.

TITL Wood properties of immature ponderosa pine after thinning.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 33(4): 33-36.

YEAR 1983

ABST Trees from growing stock levels of 20, 60, and 100 in sapling and pole

stands were sampled at three vertical positions--O, 25, and 50 percent

of total height above the l-foot stump. Wood grown during the lo-year

period after initial thinning was compared for growth and wood

properties. Wide differences in radial growth, produced by thinning

treatments, were not accompanied by significant differences in specific

gravity, latewood percentage, tracheid length, nor microfibril angle.

However, all properties except microfibril angle were significantly

affected by vertical position on the stem.

KEYW Growth and yield

93
348 AUTH Martin, J.W.

TITL Implementing a plantation thinning harvesting system.

PUBL In: Proceedings of harvesting the South's small trees; 1983 April 18-20;

Biloxi, MS. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society: 103-108.

YEAR 1984

ABST The requirement to deliver wood from plantation thinning with a 5-foot

3-inch stick length or clean chip specification is an economic obstacle

to mechanized thinning operations. The impact of thinning in a 5-foot

3-inch wood system greatly increases the cost of handling the already

numerous small trees. At American Can, an intensive study was conducted

to determine the best method of accomplishing plantation thinning under

the mill and yard constraints imposed. The system implemented, based on

study results, consisted of a six-man crew equipped with a Case

Uni-loader feller-buncher, Iron Mule 4500F prehauler, haul truck with

two bundle bucker trailers and two chain saws for delimbing. The

operation was geared to cutting meandering corridors spaced about 60

feet apart with selective thinning in between in accordance with a

marked leave-tree approach. The crew cut lo-foot stick lengths for the

forwarder. The lo-foot wood was slashed into 5-foot 6-inch segments

with a bundle bucker slasher before mill delivery. Moving lo-foot wood

in the woods proved very cost-effective compared to moving 5-foot 3-inch

wood direct from the stump.

KEYW Plantation, South, systems

349 AUTH Mason, R.R.

TITL Behavior of Ips populations after summer thinning in a loblolly pine

plantation.

PUBL Forest Science. 15(4): 390-398.

YEAR 1969

ABST The effects of summer thinning on the population behavior of Ips avulsus

(Eichh.) and Ips grandicollis (Eichh.) were investigated in a loblolly

pine plantation in Tennessee. Thinning attracted large numbers of both

Ips species, which infested slash in the experimental area. Beetles

that invaded the thinning did not attack living trees; they only

colonized fresh slash. Window-trap collections of flying beetles were

significantly correlated with the intensity of attacks on slash. The

flight of I.-____ avulsus into each new thinning was briefer and more intense

than the flight of I. grandicollis. -~ Daytime temperatures and light also

strongly influenced the flight intensity of I. avulsus. Newly emerged --____

beetles, instead of accumulating in the old thinning, dispersed to new

sources of attraction. Dispersal of I.- avulsus was much more rapid than

that of I. grandicollis. - It is concluded that in pulpwood stands in the

Midsouth, Ips species are rarely a hazard to healthy living trees

because of summer thinning.

KEYW Diseases, loblolly, plantation, South

350 AUTH Matney, T.G.; Sullivan, A.D.

TITL Compatible stand and stock tables for thinned and unthinned loblolly

pine stands.

PUBL Forest Science. 28(i): 161-171.

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351

YEAR 1982

ABST Procedures are presented for estimating diameter distributions in

thinned and unthinned old-field plantation loblolly pine stands.

Compatible equations for projecting per acre (hectare) values of number

of trees, basal area, and total tree cubic foot (meter) volume from

initial stand condition are first developed. Three Weibull distribution

representations of diameter distributions are then calculated, so that

when integrated for per acre (hectare) basal area and cubic foot (meter)

volume, the result is the same as predicted or observed. A Fortran

computer program utilizing the procedures developed is available from

the authors on request.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, management, South

AUTH McClay, T.A.

TITL Loblolly pine growth as affected by removal of understory hardwoods and

shrubs.

PUBL [Series number unknown]. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. [Number

of pages unknown].

YEAR 1955

ABST An opportunity arose to determine the early reaction of a pine overstory

to several understory treatments developed from a hardwood control study

initiated in 1946. One of three treatments in this study resulted in

the elimination or annual removal of the understory in a pine stand.

The treatments were: (1) annual summer burning, (2) annual winter

burning, and (3) annual summer foliage spray with chemicals following an

initial burn. Each treatment, as well as a control treatment where

nothing was done to the understory, consisted of three replicated

l/Q-acre plots as part of a randomized block design.

KEYW Chemicals, growth and yield, hardwood, loblolly

352 AUTH McClurkin, D.G.

TITL Soil moisture trends following thinning in shortleaf pine.

PUBL In: Proceedings of Soil Science Society. Madison, WI: Soil Science

Society: 135-138.

YEAR 1961

ABST In 19-year-old shortleaf pine plantations in northern Mississippi,

thinning markedly increased available soil moisture in the middle and

latter part of the growing season. In the second year after thinning,

the moisture increase was associated with more rapid and more prolonged

diameter growth. Regardless of the amount of moisture available,

diameter growth rates decreased during periods of rapid depletion of

soil moisture.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, shortleaf, site, South

353 AUTH McConchie, B.D.; Groome, J.G.

TITL Factors which influence companies in forest management decisions.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 292-298.

YEAR 1976

ABST Factors that generally influence companies in making forest management

decisions include company strategy, policy and objectives, anticipated

wood demand-supply situation, financial considerations, and government

95
incentives. Decisions regarding production thinnings will also be

affected by the cost and value of the thinnings, the long-term forest

management strategy particularly with respect to stand parameters and

the wood properties and quality of thinnings. Responses to these

factors largely depend on the nature of the companies growing forests.

Three types are recognized, based upon the relationship between annual

sales and the value of the fixed assets. Most sawmilling companies are

in the first group where annual sales are greater than the value of the

fixed assets. Pulp and paper companies exemplify the second group,

whose annual sales have comparable fixed assets and value. The final

group, with annual sales less than the value of the fixed assets,

includes purely forest-growing companies with no processing interests.

KEYW Economics. silviculture

354 AUTH McCracken, F.I.

TITL Decay following thinning of sweetgum sprout clumps: 26-year results.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. q(1): 26-28.

YEAR 1985

ABST Butt rot in living sweetgum stems was observed 15 and 26 years after the

companion living stems were cut in a 55-year-old stand of sprout

origin. It was concluded that decay risk associated with thinning

sprout clumps can apparently be eliminated by undercutting and taking

care to prevent splitting during felling.

KEYW Damage, diseases

355 AUTH McCulley, R.D.

TITL Thinning in conifers of the Western United States.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO Meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 49-57.

YEAR 1969

ABST Discussion of amount of thinning in ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine and

Douglas-fir and thinning specifications, practices, and problems.

KEYW Damage, diseases, methods, precommercial thinning, West

356 AUTH McCulley, R.D.

TITL Thinning practice for conifers in the Lake States and the Northeast in

the United States.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1.969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 58-62.

YEAR 1969

ABST Eastern white, red, and jack pine species are discussed. No statistics

are given on amount of thinning done. The author records that spacing

is 6 feet by 6 feet; market and economic considerations have little or

no influence on density of planting; some stands are thinned

precommercially.

KEYW Economics, methods, Northeast, plantation, red pine, silviculture,

spacing

357 AUTH McKee, B.

TITL All aged? Even aged?

PUBL Alabama's Treasured Forests. 4(l): q-11.

96
YEAR 1985

ABST Comparison of yield and financial returns which explains the workings of

all-aged and even-aged management options.

KEYW Economics, silviculture, systems

358 AUTH McKee, B.

TITL Site, stocking and expected yields of loblolly and slash pine

plantations.

PUBL Circ. ANR-398. Auburn, AL: Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn

University. 8 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST The amount of wood that can be grown on a given area of land depends on

many factors: species, age, number and size of trees, length of

rotation, and quality of land are all important. The production of wood

can be affected by changing or adjusting some of these factors.

Planting improved seedlings, rather than common nursery stock, generally

increases wood yield. Periodic thinnings can control the number and

size of trees to assure acceptable growth rates.

KEYW Loblolly, plantation, pulpwood, site, slash pine, volumes

359 AUTH McNab, W.H.

TITL An overcrowded loblolly pine stand thinned with fire.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. l(1): 24-26.

YEAR 1977

ABST A low-intensity backfire in an 18-year-old pine stand in central Georgia

reduced the number of stems by 65 percent. The relationship between

bark thickness and tree survival by diameter class showed that the

results of the fire were silviculturally desirable; no tree larger than

4 inches at the groundline or with bark over 0.7 inch thick died after

the fire. It is suggested that low-intensity fires should be considered

as a precommercial thinning technique but only for stands with a wide

range of diameters.

KEYW Damage, loblolly, precommercial thinning, silviculture, South

360 AUTH McTague, J.P.; Bailey, R.L.

TITL Compatible basal area and diameter distribution models for thinned

loblolly pine plantations in Santa Catarina, Brazil.

PUBL Forest Science. 33(l): 43-51.

YEAR 1987

ABST A simultaneous prediction is developed for basal area growth and yield

based on diameter percentiles. It is suggested that the diameter

distribution percentiles essentially provide a description of stand

history. A noniterative technique is demonstrated for recovering the

Wiebull distribution parameters and generating a diameter distribution

consistent with basal area.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, loblolly, silviculture

361 AUTH Megille, X.De

TITL Report on mechanized thinning in the French forests.

97
362

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry. [Number of

pages unknown].

YEAR 1969

ABST A large part of the harvest in French forests has traditionally come

from selective cuts in older stands or thinnings in young stands; the

latter type receives increased attention today. On flat land,

tree-length systems have been used so far. The introduction of the

articulated tractor has favored this system. In mountainous regions,

several types of cable systems have been developed for thinnings, those

of the multiple-cable type being the most popular today.

KEYW Machinery

AUTH Meyers, R.K.

TITL Firewood yields from thinning an immature Piedmont oak stand.

PUBL Forestry Bull. 40. Clemson, SC: Clemson University, Department of

Forestry. 5 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST A 15-acre, 40-year-old upland oak stand in the Clemson experimental

forest was thinned to leave 60 to 80 crop trees per acre. Six to nine

cords per acre of high quality wood was removed in thinning.

KEYW Hardwood, selective thinning

363 AUTH Miles, J.A.; Tilt, S.M.; Hartsough, B.R.

TITL Modeling an improved logging carriage for downhill thinning.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 85-1601. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 21 p.

YEAR 1985

ABST A computer model was developed to analyze the three-dimensional motion

of alternative skyline yarder carriages. The model predicted that a

clamping carriage would cause less damage during breakout and lateral

yarding, but increase tension in the haulback line between the carriage

and the tailhold.

KEYW Cable system, damage

364 AUTH Minin, N.S.; Moskaleva, S.A.

TITL Effect of thinning on the physical and mechanical properties of wood in

Scats pine plantations.

PUBL Lesnoi Zhurnal. 2: 68-71.

YEAR 1986

ABST Investigations were made of wood properties from 42-year-old plantations

that had been thinned out at various intensities, 12 and 30 years

previously. Data are presented on wood density, compression, and static

bending strength. Results show that wood density did not decrease when

15-25 percent of the standing volume was removed.

KEYW Plantation, selective thinning

365 AUTH Minko, G.

TITL Cost of thinning regeneration in second-rotation radiata pine

plantations with a motorized brushcutter and with a hand slasher.

PUBL Australian Forest Research. 15: 515-520.

98
YEAR 1985

ABST A brushcutter and a hand slasher were evaluated for thinning l- to

6-year-old regeneration of radiata pine. The productivity of both

implements was negatively and significantly related to the base diameter

of measured trees and the number of stems per acre.

KEYW Precommercial thinning, Monterey pine

366 AUTH Mitchell, R.G.; Waring, R.H.; Pitman, G.B.

TITL Thinning lodgepole pine increases tree vigor and resistance to mountain

pine beetle.

PUBL Forest Science. 29(l): 204-211.

YEAR 1983

ABST Thinned and unthinned stands of lodgepole pine in eastern Oregon were

evaluated in 1980 to determine their vigor and susceptibility to attack

by outbreak populations of the mountain pine beetle. Application of a

vigor rating system, based on amount of stem growth per square meter of

crown leaf area, showed that thinnings from below improved vigor of

residual stand and reduced beetle attack. Beetle mortality was

significant in unthinned and lightly thinned stands where current annual

growth of stemwood of residual trees averaged less than 80 grams per

square meter of foliage. Stands with mean vigor ratings of about 100

were beginning to suffer beetle attack. There was no mortality in

heavily thinned stands where vigor ratings exceeded 120. These findings

suggest that lodgepole pine can be managed through stocking control to

obtain fast-growing, large-diameter trees and to avoid attack by the

mountain pine beetle.

KEYW Diseases, West

367 AUTH Moehring, D.M .; Ralston, C.W.

TITL Diameter growth of loblolly pine related to available soil moisture and

rate of soil moisture loss.

PUBL In: Proceedings of Soil Science Society of America. 31: 560-562.

YEAR 1967

ABST In six sawtimber stands in northeastern Louisiana, loblolly pine

diameter growth was related to the amount and weekly rate of change of

available soil moisture from June through August. Regardless of the

amount of moisture available during the summer, growth was curtailed

when loss of soil moisture was rapid. Consequently, the soil moisture

content at which tree growth ceased was highly variable.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, loblolly, site, South

368 AUTH Moini, S.; Miles, J.A.

TITL Analysis of shaking techniques for harvesting conifer cones.

PUBL In: Proceedings of Symposium on engineering systems for forest

regeneration; 1981 March 2-6; Raleigh, NC. St. Joseph, MI: American

Society of Agricultural Engineers: 334-343.

YEAR 1981

ABST This study quantifies various parameters affecting the vibrational

behavior of conifer trees. The initial experiments determined the

linear and torsional forces required for cone detachment from limbs.

The effects of various factors such as amplitude, direction, duration,

and number of applications were investigated.

KEYW Chipping, loblolly, machinery, plantation, pruning, skidder

99
369

370

37 1

AUTH Morey, J.

TITL Conservation and economical harvesting of wood fiber by using the whole

tree.

PUBL Tappi. 58(5): 94-97.

YEAR 1975

ABST Ninety pulp mills now use whole-tree chips, and statistics prove the

feasibility of such use. Whole-tree utilization provides two

significant improvements: twice as high a fiber yield is realized

because previously unmerchantable stands are harvested: and raw material

costs are drastically lowered. Whole chips can be delivered to the mill

at $6.22 per ton, compared to $20 to $30 per ton with conventional

harvesting. Half the acreage is required, fewer laborers are needed,

and the land is immediately ready for replanting. Equipment needed

includes a feller-buncher with a shear, grapple skidders, and a

whole-tree chipper. The latter chips material up to 22 inches in

diameter, takes whole trees with limbs and tops intact, and is

completely portable. A six-man crew using this equipment can produce

280 tons of chips per day in one shift. The operation is very effective

in pine thinning, in selective cutting of hardwoods, and in cleaning up

after logging operations.

KEYW Chipping, economics, feller-buncher, machinery, pulpwood, skidder,

systems, whole-tree

AUTH Morley, P.M.

TITL Optimizing the wood resource study of integrated logging operations in

eastern Canada.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 28(10): 73-76.

YEAR 1978

ABST Determination of change from single product to multiproduct operations.

Four systems of slashing and sorting are discussed and wood flow for

each is illustrated. Logging terminology is defined and factors

affecting processing outlined.

KEYW Multiproduct, systems

AUTH Muntz, H.H.

TITL Ice damage to pine plantations.

PUBL Southern Lumberman. 175(2201): 142-145.

YEAR 1947

ABST Description of damage from leaning and breakage caused by ice storms in

1944 and 1947 to slash pine that was planted out of natural range and to

longleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf pines. Species susceptibility is

considered.

KEYW Damage, loblolly, longleaf, plantation, shortleaf, slash pine

372 AUTH Naslund, B.

TITL Optimal rotation and thinning.

PUBL Forest Science. 15(4): 446-451.

YEAR 1969

100
ABST Discussion of the problem of simultaneous determination of optimal

rotation and thinning. First, the classical conditions for optimal

rotation are derived using continuous discounting. These derivations

assume that the current net receipts (positive or negative) for the

growing forest are given. At the same time that the optimal rotation is

derived, a managerial decision on the optimal time for the first

thinning is allowed for and the interdependence of the two decisions is

discussed. Finally, the management of the forest is treated as a

continuous process when the problem is to determine at each point the

optimal activity, such as the amount of thinning, together with the

determination of optimal rotation. Restrictions may be imposed, such as

by limited manpower, or by the fact that the amount of thinning cannot

be negative or larger than the available amount of timber. As a result,

the problems must be solved subject to side conditions that are often

functions of the decision variable. The possibility of using the

solution as a device for decentralized decisionmaking in a forest

enterprise is discussed.

KEYW Economics, silviculture

373 AUTH Neilson, D.A.

TITL A preliminary study of the production potential of the Iglend-Jones

mini-alp in second growth Douglas-fir.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of ILJFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Results of a recent study indicate that a four-man crew thinning second

growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) can produce 1,550 to-l.850

cubic feet (44 to 52 centimeters) per day on slopes of 10 to 50 percent,

average skyline distances of 150 to 300 feet (46 to 91 meters), and

average lateral distances of 30 to 50 feet (9 to 15 meters). The use of

intermediate supports can extend both yarding distances and deck

capacity.

KEYW Cable system, selective thinning, West

374 AUTH Nelson, T.C.

TITL Early competition in slash pine plantations.

PUBL Res. Note 10. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Experiment Station. 2 p.

YEAR 1952

ABST Although it is well known that early growth of planted southern pine is

affected by initial spacing, there is not much information to show when

competition begins or how great an effect it exerts upon growth.

Results of a study in slash pine indicated that mutual competition in 6-

by 6-foot plantations begins as early as third year after planting.

Diameter growth of individual trees is reduced, but growth in height

after 7 years in the field is not affected.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation, slash pine, South, spacing

375 AUTH Nelson, T.C.

TITL Influence of thinning on risks in the southern pinery.

101
376

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 163-168.

YEAR 1969

ABST Thinning affects risk from diseases, insects, glaze, and wind.

KEYW Damage, diseases, methods, selective thinning, site

AUTH Nelson, T.C.

TITL Thinning systems and yield.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 110-117.

YEAR 1969

ABST Light, frequent thinning beginning at an early age appears best for

maximizing both quantity and quality of growth and yield of loblolly,

slash, longleaf, shortleaf, and Virginia pines.

KEYW Forecasts, growth and yield, loblolly, longleaf, methods, row thinning,

selective thinning, shortleaf, slash pine, South

377 AUTH Nelson, T.C.; Lotti, T.; Brender, E.V.; Trousdell, K.B.

TITL Merchantable cubic-foot volume growth in natural loblolly pine stands.

PUBL SO-127. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southeastern Experiment Station. 12 p.

YEAR 1961

ABST A series of 153 plots were selected in 20- to 60-year-old stands of

natural loblolly pine with a wide range in site index and density, in

Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia. Approximately one-third of the

plots were thinned at the time of plot establishment to a range of

residual densities. These plots were rethinned and another one-third

received their first thinning at the end of the first 5-year growth

period. The authors discuss results of analyses of the 5- to lo-year

cubic-foot volume growth.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, natural stand, South

37'8 AUTH Newnham, R.M.

TITL A Fortran program to simulate pulpwood harvesting machines.

PUBL Info. Rep. FMR-X-7. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Forestry Service,

Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Forest Management Institute. 32 p.

YEAR 1967

ABST Using the simulation model, it is possible to obtain estimates of

harvesting time for machines of different size and operating

characteristics working in a wide range of stand conditions. A

description of how the Fortran computer program may be used to perform

any desired test is given.

KEYW Machinery, models, pulpwood

379 AUTH Newnham, R.M.

TITL Productivity of harvesting machines designed for thinning estimation by

simulation.

PUBL Infor. Rep. FMR-X-25. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Forestry

Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Forest Management

Institute. 25 p.

YEAR 1970

102
ABST Using a model developed to simulate mechanized thinning (Newnham and

Sjunnesson, 1969), the parameters describing the B 105 feller-processor

and its method of operation have been tested over a range of values in

order to estimate the potential productivity of the machine and to

suggest areas in which its design could be improved. The most important

factors affecting pine are machinery, systems felling and extraction,

boom in/out speed and boom slewing speed. Recommendations are made for

improvements to the harvesting machine to decrease the felling-cycle

time, which with the basic machine was 90 percent of the total time, and

thus significantly reduced the harvesting time.

KEYW Economics, feller-buncher, felling, models, processor, row thinning,

strip thinning

380 AUTH Newnham, R.M.; Sjunnesson, S.

TITL A Fortran program to simulate harvesting machines for mechanized

thinning.

PUBL Info. Rep. FMR-X-23. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Forestry Service,

Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Forest Management Institute. 6 p.

YEAR 1969

ABST A computer program is described written in Fortran IV that simulates the

passage of a harvesting machine through a forest stand that is being

thinned. It is used to study the effects of machine size,

configuration, and operating speeds on productivity. The basic machine

has a felling shear mounted at the end of a boom and a processing unit

for delimbing and bucking. The model may be used to simulate

feller-processors, feller-bunchers, or strip-road processors of

different designs. The type of stand data required for the model is

described, and examples of the input and output of the program are

given.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery, models, processor

381 AUTH Nicolls, M.

TITL Bunching to increase skidder productivity.

PUBL Tech. Rel. 3(l). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Discussion of trial conditions, existing logging methods, results,

comments, cost, and conclusions.

KEYW Bunching, economics, machinery, skidder, systems

382 AUTH Nilsson, P.O.

TITL Logging techniques in thinning today and tomorrow in Sweden.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 91-92.

YEAR 1969

ABST The author discusses first-time thinning using short-wood and Rep.s on

three mechanized systems.

KEYW Damage, forecasts, shortwood, systems, volumes

383 AUTH Nilsson, P.O.; Hyppel, A.

TITL Studies on decay in scars of Norway spruce.

103
384

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 141-143.

YEAR 1969

ABST An investigation was conducted on the spread of fungi in trees after

they had been scarred.

KEYW Damage, diseases, machinery

AUTH Okuma, M.

TITL Manufacturing of plywood from small diameter logs.

PUBL [Place of publication unknown]: Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research. 14 p.

YEAR 1985

ABST A laminated veneer board was developed as a substitute for plywood in

Japan. Laminated veneer board is manufactured from small pieces of

veneer from Japanese-grown softwood thinnings. Laminated veneer board

panels are suitable for floor sheathing.

KEYW Labor, machinery, processing

385 AUTH Ollerenshaw, S.

TITL The role of thinning in the management of privately owned plantations.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 283-291.

YEAR 1976

ABST The role of thinning is considered from the time of the decision to

commence investing capital in plantations. Thinnings provide raw

material for use by a firm's log-conversion plants and contribute to the

cash flow. They reduce the cost of growing wood in the plantation by

reducing the debt on the plantation and by reducing the time taken to

grow trees of a desired diameter. Capital is returned in the form of

reinvestment and a larger annual increment earned on a smaller invested

capital. Thinning gives a flexibility to the products cut from, and

overall wood resource represented by, the plantation. Silvicultural

roles express themselves in the well-being of the total enterprise. The

effect upon the condition and size of the knots is the most important of

these roles. Thinning reduces the likelihood of attack by pathogens.

For decisionmaking in the future, we need a tool that correlates the

effect of thinnings on a plantation with the effect on the industrial

wood-converting side of the enterprise.

KEYW Diseases, economics, forecasts, plantation, silviculture

386 AUTH Omberg, H.

TITL The formation of tracks made by forwarders on forest soil.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 144-150.

YEAR 1969

ABST Summary of experiments performed in Sweden to throw light on track

formation. Technical and biological studies including measurement

techniques are discussed.

KEYW Damage, forwarder, machinery, site

387 AUTH Omule, S.A.Y.

TITL Response of coastal Douglas-fir to precommercial thinning on a medium

site in British Columbia.

104
PUBL Res. Note 100. Victoria, BC, Canada: Ministry of Forests. 56 P.

YEAR 1985

ABST Thinning regimes were studied ranging from no thinning to frequent,

heavy thinning. All thinning regimes increased growth of residual trees

trees and produced trees of greater merchantable volume than no thinning

KEYW Growth and yield, volumes

388 AUTH Omule, S.A.Y.

TITL Results from a correlated curve trend experiment on spacing and thinning

of coastal Douglas-fir.

PUBL Res. Note 93. Victoria, BC, Canada: Ministry of Forests. 22 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST Analysis showed that diameter, height, and growth increased with a

decrease in density. Mortality, basal area, tota! volume,

and basal area growth decreased as density decreased.

Stand merchantable volume was not affected by density except at extremes.

KEYW Growth and yield, volume

389 AUTH Opie, J.E.

TITL Predictability of individual tree growth using various definitions of

competing basal area.

PUBL Forest Science. 14(3): X14-322.

YEAR 1968

ABST Methods are reviewed for evaluating the competition experienced by

individual trees in terms of surrounding basal area. The properties

of an ideal method are outlined. A new model, zone count, is presented,

together with an approximation allowing quick field work. The various

methods, each for a wide range of plot sizes or basal area factors, are

then compared as follows: each definition (method by size) is used in

turn in a regression predicting basal area increment for individual trees

of an even-aged stand of eucalyptus, the residual mean square providing

criterion.

KEYW Forecasts, growth and yield, models

390 AUTH Outslay, G.

TITL Methods and equipment development for thinning young forest.

PUBL In: Proceedings of advances in reforestation: Western Reforestation

Coordinating Committee; 1968 December 3; San Francisco, CA. Portland, OR:

Western Forestry and Conservation Association: 32-34

YEAR 1968

ABST Discussion of new machinery and principles to use so that thinning small

trees in Western United States can be economical.

KEYW Economics, machinery, West

391 AUTH Pearson, R.G.; Weir, R.J.; Smith, W.D.

TITL Utilization of pine thinnings.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economic workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC: Southern

Forest Economics Workers: 124-151.

YEAR 1980

ABST Report on the quantity and quality of wood. Stem size, fusiform wood,

compression wood, and juvenile wood characteristics are discussed.

Tests of wood are also discussed for properties such as static bending,

105
compression parallel to grain, and toughness on clear wood loblolly.

Types of utilization are sumnarized taking into consideration thinning

for fuel board material?, structural applications, and changes in the

future for diameter trees.

KEYW Forecasts, juvenile wood, loblolly, pulpwood, South

392 AUTH Pease, D.A.

TITL Stand treatment, thinning have major role in Finnish forestry.

PUBL Forest Industries. 108(l): 26-27.

YEAR 1981

ABST Discussion of thinning damage and the operation of the Makeri 33T.

KEYW Damage, Irecommercial thinning, processor

393 AUTH Perkins, R.H.; Lynn, K.D.

TITL Procedure for estimating bunching and swinging distances in roading

operations.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 29(3): 19-23.

YEAR 1979

ABST This computerized method that incorporates irregularitis of terrain was

developed for estimation of average skidding distance. The method is

applicable to a two-step bunching and skid system and direct stump-tolanding. It is based on a 3-D space system procedure for calculation

and is written in Ratfor and Fortran IV language.

KEYW Bunching, economics, models, roads, skidder

394

395

AUTH Persson, P.

TITL The influence of various thinning methods on the risk of windfalls,

snowbreaks, and insect attacks.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 169-174.

YEAR 1969

ABST An account of experiments in Sweden where damage surveys have been

made. Damage by windfalls, snowbreaks, and icing are discussed and a

brief section is included on insects.

KEYW Damage, diseases, methods, site

AUTH Petrov, A.P.; Tikhonov, A.S.; Smirnova, A.I.

TITL Evaluating the effectiveness of thinning.

PUBL Lesnoe Khozyaistvo. 12: 26-28.

YEAR 1984

ABST Details are given on the economics of thinning middle-aged Scats pine in

Latvia. Three thinning techniques are compared. All trees were felled

a chain saw. The three different methods of skidding used are compared.

KEYW Bunching, felling, methods, selective thinning

396 AUTH Phillips, D.R.; Sheffield, R.M.

TITL The small timber resource in the southeast.

PUBL In: Proceedings of Harvesting the South's small trees; 1983 April 18-20;

Biloxi, MS. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society: 7-17.

YEAR 1984

106
397

398

ABST The five Southeastern States from Virginia to Florida contain 87.4

million acres of commercial forest land. Approximately 56 percent of

these acres support primarily small timber (seedling-saplings or

poletimber). On a volume basis, small timber accounts for 31 percent

of softwood growing stock and 37 percent of hardwood growing stock.

Where total-tree biomass is concerned, Small

timber represents 40 percent of above ground total tree weight for

softwoods and 50 percent for hardwoods. Small timber trees occur in

many forest conditions. Where they represent young growing stock for

the future, they should not be cut, but where they are inhibiting, or

are incidental to, more valuable trees they should be removed. It is

not always economical to remove small stems either in a partial cut or

sawtimber cut, but when evaluating small trees, one should consider not

only their biomass yield, but the detrimental effect they can have on

the residual stand if they are left standing.

KEYW South, volumes

AUTH Pienaar, L.V.

TITL Analyzing alternative management strategies for unthinned plantations.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2: 26-32.

YEAR 1977

ABST When a tract of land is used to produce timber by planting and

clearcutting plantations of a single species, the expected financial

return depends on the choice of species, planting density, and harvest age

as well as establishment and interest costs. An analytical procedure

will aid these decisions rather than provide an explicit optimal

solution is demonstrated for old-field slash pine plantations in the

coastal region of Georgia.

KEYW Economics, Forecasts, models, plantation, silviculture, slash pine,

south

AUTH Pienaar, L.V.

TITL An approximation of basal area growth after thinning based on growth in

in unthinned plantations.

PUBL Forest Science. 25(2): 223-232.

YEAR 1979

ABST Any evaluation of plantation management regimes that include one or more

thinnings required information on the response of growth and yield to

thinning. A procedure is proposed by which the predicted basal area

growth and yield in thinned plantations is derived from unthinned

plantations of the same age, site index, and number of stems per hectare

as remain in the thinned plantation immediately after thinning. An

estimate of growth after thinning is obtained by adjusting the predicted

growth of the unthinned plantation to allow for the degree of suppression

that existed in the thinned plantation, relative to the unthinned

counterpart. Different thinning intensities and thinning methods can be

accommodated within the proposed general formulation, so that it can be

used to evaluate the potential role of thinning in plantation management

KEYW Growth and yield, planation, row thinning, selective thinning, slash

pine plantation

399 AUTH Pienaar, L.V.; Bailey, R.L.; Clutter, M.L.

TITL Pine plantation thinning practices.

PUBL Georgia Forest Res. Pap. 51. Athens, GA: Univeristy of Georgia, School

of Forest Resources. 5 p.

YEAR 1984

107
ABST A survey was made of 39 thinning operations in loblolly and slash pine.

Age at thinning was 13 to 27 years with an average age of 22.

Plantations were thinned by row or by a combination of row and

selectively. Plantation and thinning operation data are shown by

thinning method and by number of previous thinnings; production rates,

costs, and revenues are shown by thinning operation (shortwood,

treelength, or whole-tree chipping). and by species. Shortwood

operators caused considerably less damage to site and residual trees.

KEYW Row thinning, selective thinning, site, whole-tree

400 AUTH Pienaar, L.V.; Shiver, B.D.; Grider, G.E.

TITL Predicting basal area growth in thinned slash pine plantations.

PUBL Forest Science. 31(3): 731-741.

YEAR 1985

ABST A single projection model for both thinned and unthinned plots, based on

basal area and age at the start of the projection period, was found to

be inappropriate. The precision of the basal area projections was

significantly improved when a measure of thinning intensity was included

in the model. Results contradict the common assumption that basal area

growth in thinned stands will be the same as in unthinned stands.

KEYW Growth and yield, models, plantation, slash pine

401 AUTH Pierrot, V.C.

TITL Thinning-- manual or mechanical.

PUBL In: Proceedings of harvesting the South's small trees; 1983 April 18-20;

Bilozi, MS. Madison, WI: Forest Proucts Research Society: 38-45.

YEAR 1984

ABST The author investigates the relative advantages of mechanical and manual

thinning methods, evaluating the various mechanical systems in economic

and silvicultural terms.

KEYW Economics, silviculture, systems

402 AUTH Powell, L.H.

TITL Evaluation of logging-machine protoypes: Drott feller-buncher.

PUBL Woodlands Rep. No. WR/29. Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada: Pulp and Paper

Research Institute of Canada. 10 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST The Drott feller-buncher was studied in June 1970. Detailed timing

during the harvesting of 58 premeasured plots provided the specific

insformation on tree and stand factors expected to affect the

productivity of the feller-buncher. The average harvesting time per

tree was 41 cmin. The most important factor affecting harvesting times

was volume per tree. The harvesting time increased by 1 cmin for an

increase in volume per tree of 2 cubic feet. Average volume per tree

was 7.3 cubic feet. Average volume per bunch was 78 cubic feet. The

results showed also that the volume per bunch could be increased from 54

to 96 cubic feet without any significant effect upon harvesting time per

tree. Average productivity as calculated from the average time per tree

was 10.5 cunits per productive machine-hour.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery

108
403 AUTH Powell, L.H.

TITL Evaluation of new logging machines: Timberjack RW-30 timber tree-length

harvester.

PUBL Logging Research Rep. LRR/60. Pointe Claire, Quebec, Canada: Pulp and

Paper Research Institute of Canada. 20 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST The machine, originally designed in Australia for thinning pine

plantations and now manufactured and marketed by Eaton Yale Ltd.,

Woodstock, Ontario, Canada, was tested in Abies balsamea/Picea mariana

forest in Quebec in June 1974. The average volume per tree during the

study was 0.08 cubic meter (2.9 cubic feet). The average harvesting

time per tree was 0.85 minute, and the average output, calculated from

average time and average volume per tree, was 5.8 cubic meters (2.05

cunits) per productive machine hour. The most important factors

influencing harvesting time were differences between operators, volume

per tree, and slope in the direction of travel. The harvester produced

bunches of tree lengths, which were neatly arranged for movement to

roadside piles by a grapple skidder. Average bunch volume was 0.93

cubic meters (33 cubic feet), with an average of 11 trees per bunch.

KEYW Bunching, damage, economics, machinery, plantation

404 AUTH Powers, D.W .; Skelly, J.M.

TITL Growth loss due to Fomes annosus (Heterobasidion annosum) in loblolly

pine as associated with increasing levels of disease incidence and

severity.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society; 1975 March

19-21; Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1976

ABST In thinned stands of loblolly pine sampled on three high-hazard and

three low-hazard sites, the lowest incidence of Heterobasidion annosum

was 72 percent on a high-hazard and 52 percent on a low-hazard site.

Total increment since thinning 10 and 15 years prior to harvest was

measured. Some negative correlations between total increment and the

length of infected primary or secondary roots were significant on the

high-hazard but not on the low-hazard sites. Another comparison

indicated a reduction in annual increment as severity increased on a

high-hazard site.

KEYW Diseases, growth and yield, loblolly

405 AUTH Prebble, R.L.

TITL Chain strops in skidder thinning.

PUBL Rep. 7(7). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research Association.

4 P.

YEAR 1982

ABST Trials were set up to assess the viability of chain strops in skidder

thinning. The results of these trials in production situations are

summarized.

KEYW Economics, radiata pine, row thinning, selective thinning, skidder,

systems
406 AUTH Price, C.

TITL The distribution of increment and the economic theory of thinning.

PUBL Quarterly Journal of Forestry. 79(3): 159-168.

YEAR 1985

ABST Examination of the effectiveness of thinning in concentrating volume

increment onto the more valuable stems suggests that only early, low

thinning is advantageous. In terms of discounted revenue, a heavy crown

thinning is justified. It is concluded that distribution of volume

increment is not a very important criterion for decisionmaking.

KEYW Economics, precommercial thinning

407 AUTH Putkisto, K.

TITL Research on the mechanization of harvesting thinning timber in Finland.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 247-248.

YEAR 1969

ABST Discussion of problems with rising labor cost, and need for

mechanization and research.

KEYW Economics, labor, machinery

408 AUTH Putnam, N.E.; Kellog, L.D.; Olsen, E.D.

TITL Production rates and costs of whole-tree, tree-length, and log-length

skyline thinning.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 34(6): 65-69.

YEAR 1984

ABST Production rates and costs were determined for harvesting smallwood by

different methods of skyline yarding: whole-tree (yarding with limbs and

tops) 9 tree-length (bucking done on the landing), and log-length

(limbing, topping, and bucking done on the slope). A rubber-tired

skidder was used to swing and sort the variously cut trees from the

landing to a site on the haul road for further processing. The

production rates for the felling and yarding cycles of each logging

method were predicted from regression equations. Felling production

rates were 3.60 cubic meters per hour for log-length, 4.70 cubic meters

per hour for tree-length, and 6.17 cubic meters per hour for

whole-tree. Yarding production rates were 5.52 cubic meters per hour

for log-length and 5.83 cubic meters per hour for both tree-length and

whole-tree. Cost analysis indicated that, where feasible, cold decking

(stacking in front of the yarder) of log-length material is the most

cost-effective method because it eliminates the need for a skidder to

swing the logs. However, where cold decking is not feasible and a

skidder is used, the whole-tree method is the next least expensive: cost

per unit is 12 percent less than log-length yarding.

KEYW Economics, juvenile wood, longwood, selective thinning, shortwood,

skidder

409 AUTH Ramanauskas, R.P.

TITL New machines for tending fellings.

PUBL

YEAR

;;es;oe Khozyaistvo. 8: 36-39.

ABST A description is given of the universal telescopic grapple developed in

Lithuania for mechanization of thinning operations. The machine can

help in many forestry operations such as felling, loading, stacking, and

off-loading. It will also handle materials such as chips, gravel,

logging debris, slash, etc. It can also be used in planting stock grown

110
in large containers on felled areas where the stumps have not been

removed.

KEYW Biomass, equipment, felling, loading

410 AUTH Randall, R.M.; Darr, D.R.

TITL Douglas-fir thinning values sensitive to price-diameter relationships.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST The impact of four alternative price-diameter relationships on the

present net worths obtained from an evaluation of commercial and

precommercial thinning is examined in Douglas-fir stands varying in age

and site class. Of special interest are how different relationships

affect the magnitudes of projected returns and how rankings are

affected. Alternative assumptions can produce large differences in

present net worth values in some cases, changing the financial

desirability of thinning stands of Douglas-fir. Analysis shows that

large differences persist over a wide range of interest rates.

KEYW Economics, precommercial thinning, site

411 AUTH Raymond, O.H.

TITL The introduction of the RW30 Windsor tree harvester into early pine

thinnings.

PUBL Appita. 29(6): 453-456.

YEAR [Year unknown]

ABST The development of the Windsor tree harvester is outlined and production

and availability statistics are given. Mechanical problems and, where

possible, their solutions are discussed, as well as nonmechanical

problems associated with the introduction of any mechanized harvesting

system. A series of theoretical cost is also given.

KEYW Economics, harvester, machinery

412 AUTH Raymond, O.H.

TITL Mechanical tree selection in thinning.

PUBL Tech. Rel. 5(7). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST The mechanical tree selection method used in Australia is described.

KEYW Row thinning, selective thinning

413 AUTH Raymond, O.H.

TITL Unmarked pine thinnings--a commercial option.

PUBL Australian Forestry. 48(3): 193-198.

YEAR 1985

ABST Methods of systematic thinning are described that are being applied to

pulpwood production of radiata pine on relatively poor soils. The first

method takes every fifth row and a staggered pattern of every fourth

tree in the other rows. Second thinnings are being done where they

first take every third row, and a prescribed pattern is shown. For

mechanized thinnings, every fifth row is cut and also groups of three

trees adjacent to the fifth row, alternately to right and to left.

Subsequent selection thinnings are semisystematic, taking one in three

of the remaining trees.

KEYW Pulpwood, radiata pine, row thinning, selective thinning

111
414 AUTH Reich, R.; Dippon, D.

TITL Stand level optimization via a dynamic simulation model for slash pine

plantations.

PUBL In: New forests for a changing world: Proceedings of the 1983 convention

of the Society of American Foresters; 1983 October 16-20; Portland, OR.

Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1983

ABST A break-even economic model incorporating the opportunity cost of

capital as a guide for thinning existing stands of eastern white pine

was created for interactive use on microcomputers by field foresters.

Basal area stocking for each time period was set at the highest level

capable of earning the alternate stocking levels exceeded the discount

rate. For the extremes of stand and market parameters examined, young

stands (40 years) could be thinned once or twice depending on discount

rate. Older stands (80 years) should be final harvested immediately.

The economic basal areas determined in the model can be used to modify

individual tree-marking guidelines.

KEYW Diseases, models, plantation, South

415 AUTH Reisinger, T.W.

TITL The impact of future markets, management regimes, and mechanized

harvesting systems on commercial thinning investments in plantations of

loblolly pine.

PUBL Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

School of Forestry and Wildlife Resources. 146 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST The controversy regarding commercial thinning continues to intensify as

pine plantation acreage in the South increases. The controversy has

caused industrial and nonindustrial landowners to reexamine the economic

returns from their plantation investments. The present study was

undertaken to develop investment guidelines for the management of

loblolly pine plantations. Computer simulation was used to evaluate the

effect three management regimes and three mechanized thinning systems

can have on current thinning investments when the economic returns from

thinning are compared with a no-thin management regime. Simulation

results indicate that long-term investment advantages favor thinning

only slightly, regardless of the future price/market scenario assumed.

This slight difference suggests that such factors as wood flow, tax

advantages, and future product requirements of manufacturing facilities

are primary in determining profits from commercial thinning. Generally,

shortrun cost and production differences between thinning systems are

more significant than the long-term investment effects. Consequently,

the type of mechanized thinning system employed has a negligible impact

on the total investment.

KEYW Economics, silviculture, systems

416 AUTH Reisinger, T.W.

TITL A simulation approach to evaluating mechanized thinning systems in pine

plantations.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 84-1613. St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 17 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST Computer simulation techniques were used to evaluate mechanized thinning

systems on intensively managed pine plantations. Four simulation

programs were linked to predict tree growth and stand development and to

model intermediate thinnings and final harvests. Results of a

row-select thinning with a mechanized shortwood system are presented to

illustrate this approach.

112
KEYW Growth and yield, models, plantation, row thinning, selective thinning,

systems

417 AUTH Reisinger, T.W.

TITL A simulation-based approach to evaluating commercial thinning decisions

in loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 9(4): 211-216.

YEAR 1985

ABST Four computer simulation programs (Ptaedar, Ptaeda, Genmac, and H SS)

were linked to predict tree growth per stand development and to model

mechanized thinning and final harvest. Simulated results were then

combined with an investment analysis program to calculate the net

present worth of a wide range of strategies (spacing, rotation ages,

etc.). An example analysis is given.

KEYW Growth and yield, models

418 AUTH Reisinger, T.W.; Stuart, W.B.; Walbridge, T.A.

TITL Simulation of the input of future market prices on the management of

loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 35(3): 26-30.

YEAR 1985

ABST Four simulation programs were combined to predict tree growth and stand

development and model intermediate thinnings and final harvest for an

economic analysis of management alternatives for an average loblolly

pine plantation. This data may be helpful in determining the correct

time for commercial thinning.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, loblolly, models, South, systems

419 AUTH Rennolls, K.; Peace, A.

TITL Flow models of mortality and yield for unthinned forest stands.

PUBL Forestry. 59(l): 47-58.

YEAR 1986

ABST Previous work on the modeling of forest mortality caused by

self-thinning is reviewed and discussed.

KEYW Models

420 AUTH Reukema, D.L.

TITL The Wind River Douglas-fir spacing trial.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Discussion of the effects of spacing on number of trees, height, basal

area, and cubic volume.

KEYW Plantation, spacing

421 AUTH Riitters, K.; Brodie, J. D.

TITL Implementing optimal thinning strategies.

PUBL Forest Science. 30(l): 82-85.

YEAR 1984

ABST Optimal thinning regimes for achieving several management objectives

were derived from two stand-growth simulators by dynamic programming.

Residual mean tree volumes were then plotted against stand density on

density management diagrams. The results support the use of density

management diagrams for comparing, checking, and implementing the

results of optimization analyses.

KEYW Growth and yield, models, silviculture, West 113
422

423

AUTH Riitters, K.; Brodie, J.D.; Kao, C.

TITL Volume versus value maximization illustrated for Douglas-fir with

thinning.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 80(2): 86-89,107.

YEAR 1982

ABST Economic and physical criteria for selecting rotation length in

even-aged stands are reviewed with examples of their optimization. To

demonstrate the tradeoff between physical volume, economic return, and

stand diameter, examples of thinning regimes for maximizing volume,

forest rent, and soil expectation are compared with an example of

maximizing volume without thinning. The soil expectation criterion

consistently accounts for the market premium and logging and other

silvicultural costs.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, volumes, West

AUTH Ritter, H.

TITL Whole-tree harvesting of Norway spruce smallwood with the aid of a small

portable winch.

PUBL Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift. 5: 88-90.

YEAR 1985

ABST Guidelines are given for the use of the Miller portable winch for log

extraction during first thinnings in spruce stands. Performance and

cost data are presented based on 2 years experience in West Germany.

KEYW Cable system, whole-tree

424 AUTH Rockell, A.L.

TITL The influence of silviculture and the role of thinning on a region's

wood supply.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 253-258.

YEAR 1976

ABST The Bay of Plenty region in the central North Island is well endowed

with plantations of radiata pine, which are grossly uneven in age-class

distribution. The older stands are needed until 1990 to sustain

supplies until the much younger stands can take over. Instability in

the older stands and susceptibility of other pines to disease has

induced a high level of cutting now and a critical supply situation

about 1990 even after rotations have been shortened to the point where

utilization of thinnings is no longer viable. Relatively short

rotations are proposed for radiata pine for post-1990 wood supply from

state forests. These rotations are primarily to produce sawlogs, some

of high quality resulting from intensive silviculture, the rest of

lesser quality from minimal silviculture. The end result will be

sawlogs from the butts producing about 40 percent of the yield with the

untended tops destined for chips and pulpwood.

KEYW Diseases, plantation, silviculture

425 AUTH Rogers, W.A., Jr.

TITL The effect on productivity of the TH-100 harvester.

PUBL Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University, School of Forestry and

Wildlife Management. 60 p. M.S. thesis.

YEAR 1971

114
ABST This study was designed to develop tables for predicting the harvesting

time and the efficiency of the TH-100 thinner-harvester in slash pine

plantations. Time studies were made on 5 machines harvesting 668

trees. The harvesting cycle was divided into six steps measured

separately. The times for each step of the harvesting cycle were

subjected to an analysis of variance, and an analysis of regression

where this was indicated. The results of these analyses were combined

into prediction equations, which were used to produce tables of

harvesting times by diameter and height of the trees to be cut. Two

types of tables are presented. The first is a table of predicted

harvesting times by tree size (diameter and height), and the second is a

table of predicted times to harvest one cubic foot of solid wood by tree

size. The study indicates that increasing tree size causes the harvest

time to increase. This increase in time is proportionately less than

the associated increase in volume so that the machine efficiency also

increases with tree size.

KEYW Harvester, machinery, plantation, pulpwood, row thinning, slash pine,

South, systems

426 AUTH Roise, J.P.

TITL An approach for optimizing residual diameter class distributions when

thinning even-aged stands.

PUBL Forest Science. x2(4): 871-881.

YEAR 1986

ABST The determination of optimal residual diameter class distributions along

with optimal timing of thinning and harvest is formulated as an

unconstrained nonlinear program, and the results are discussed.

KEYW Economics

427 AUTH Roper, G.D.

TITL Heavy thinning of forest trees.

PUBL Quarterly Journal of Forestry. x18(2): 173-175.

YEAR 1974

ABST A guideline for thinning.

KEYW Growth and yield, plantation

428 AUTH Ross, E.W.

TITL Fomes annosus in the Southeastern United States: relation of

environmental and biotic factors to stump colonization and losses in the

residual stand.

PUBL Tech. Bull. 1459. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 26 p.

YEAR 1973

ABST A report of two studies. In the first, spores of (a) Fomes annosus, (b)

Peniophora gigantea, and (c) Trichoderma species were trapped in 18 pine

plantations and natural stands from New Hampshire to Florida between

September; 1967 and October 1968. Deposition of spores of (a) and (b)

was least between June and October and was inversely correlated with

temperature. In another study, stumps in two newly-thinned young slash

and loblolly plantations were inoculated with (a). Stump colonization

was greatest during autumn and winter and least in spring and summer; no

colonization occurred in stumps inoculated in July and August. The

115
stumps were also examined for the presence of (b) and (c), neither of

which showed any seasonal pattern of occurrence. After 5 years, losses

in the residual stand in the slash plantation were significantly

correlated with the percentage of stumps infected 2 months after stump

inoculation; losses in the loblolly plantation were negligible. It is

concluded that thinning in spring and summer is a practical and

effective means of controlling (a).

KEYW Diseases, loblolly, plantation, slash pine, South

429 AUTH Roth, F.A.,II

TITL Thinning pine stands for top returns.

PUBL Circular ANR-396. Auburn, AL: Alabama Cooperative Extension Service,

YEAR

;;4;rn University. 3 p.

ABST Properly done, thinning results in increased quality and economic

potential.

KEYW Economics, natural stand, pulpwood, row thinning

430 AUTH Rummer, R.B.

TITL Analysis of the productivity, costs, and site impacts of a second

generation small-log skidder.

PUBL Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, Graduate School. [Number of pages

unknown]. M.S. thesis.

YEAR 1982

ABST A low-horsepower, rubber-tired skidder designed for the efficient

removal of thinning residues has been developed at the University of

Idaho. This thesis draws on the results of two previous small-log

skidder projects: a computer simulation model and testing of the

original miniskidder design. The project continues with the testing and

analysis of an improved design.

KEYW Damage, economics, machinery, models, skidder

431 AUTH Sakai, H.; Kamizaka, M.

TITL Prehauling systems for logs from thinnings.

PUBL Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society. 67(3): 82-91.

YEAR 1985

ABST Analysis of the mechanics and operational efficiency of a manual

prehauling system (downhill), and two methods using portable

radio-controlled winches.

KEYW Machinery, selective thinning

432 AUTH Samset, I.; Bjaanes, H.

TITL Full tree strip thinning.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry. [Number of

pages unknown].

YEAR 1969

ABST Logging systems are adapted to early thinnings in Norway.

KEYW Damage, felling, machinery, processing, selective thinning, skidder,

strip thinning, systems, whole-tree

116
433 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

434 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

435 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

436 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

Sander, I.L.; Rogers, R.

Growth and yield of shortleaf pine in Missouri: 21-year results from a

thinning study.

In: Proceedings of symposium for the management of pines of the interior

South; 1978 November 7-8; Knoxville, TN. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service: 14-27.

1978

Net cubic foot and board foot volume yields of 30-year-old shortleaf

pine stands thinned twice at lo-year intervals to the same basal area

were significantly higher when thinned to a basal area of 90 square feet

per acre or more than when thinned to lower densities. The density at

which periodic annual net volume growth was greatest increased with

time. Basal area growth was lowest for plots thinned to a basal area of

50 square feet per acre and varied little for plots at higher

densities. The presence of hardwoods reduced growth and yield by 8 to

12 percent.

Growth and yield, shortleaf, silviculture, South

Santesson, M.; Sjunnesson, S.

Simulation model for thinning machines.

Rep. 49. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry. Department of

Operational Efficiency. [Number of pages unknown].

1972

In 1967, a research and development project called "full mechanization

of the first thinning" was started at the Department of Operational

Efficiency at the Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm. The present

work forms part of this project. Part 1 of the report gives an account

of alterations and an extension made to a computer program for a

simulation model of thinning systems. The model has been simplified and

the program has, to a large degree, been rewritten in order to suit the

available data processing system better. In addition to this, the model

has been modified so that it is also able to simulate a thinning system

where the thinning machine can simultaneously handle several trees on

the felling head (bouquet-handling). Part II is composed of a series of

simulation tests with models of bouquet-handling of trees.

Feller-buncher, machinery, models, systems

Sarles, R.L.

Production and cost--chainsaw fellings

Northern Journal and Timber Processor.

1985

in hardwood thinnings.

34(2): 24-57.

Four overstocked hardwood stands were thinned by three man crews.

Production rates were determined from tree volume and felling times per

tree for given distances between successively felled trees. Production

costs were also calculated.

Felling, hardwood, limbing, selective thinning

Sarles, R.L.; Wartluft, J.L.; Whiteneck, K.R.

Chain saw felling in hardwood thinnings.

In: Proceedings of Harvesting the South's small trees; 1983 April 18-20;

Biloxi, MS. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society: 58-65.

117
YEAR 1984

ABST Production and efficiency rates were computed from time study and stem

measurement data from four hardwood thinning operations in the central

Appalachians. Felled trees averaged 9 to 10 inches in d.b.h. and 38 to

45 feet in merchantable length. Hourly production rates were determined

from a regression equation expressing productive felling time as a

function of merchantable volume and distance between successively felled

trees. The average production rate for the combined operations was 2.4

cords per hour at an average felling efficiency of 49 percent.

Efficiency was inversely related to delay time. Causes of delay--the

largest time block in each felling cycle--were analyzed. Specialized

training in thinning methods and techniques was recommended to increase

worker efficiency and productivity.

KEYW Felling, hardwood, methods, South

437 AUTH Sarna, R.P.

TITL Husqvarna thinning saw workshop.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 80-R-47. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 2

P.

YEAR 1980

ABST A sponsored workshop on the use of the Swedish thinning saw. The saw

cuts trees of up to a 3-inch diameter with one cut and up to a 6-inch

diameter with two cuts.

KEYW Felling, machinery, methods, training

438

439

AUTH Sarna, R.P.

TITL Seven islands thinning operation.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 77-R-53. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association.

[Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST An account of thinning spruce and fir in Maine, attempting to make

commercial operations in these stands feasible, felling by different

methods and debarking on site of small trees. This, the first real

project of its type, needs work but has potential.

KEYW Felling, systems

AUTH Sassaman, R.W.; Barrett, J.W.; Twambly, A.D.

TITL Financial precommercial thinning guides for northwest ponderosa pine

stands.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Financial precommercial thinning guides for Pacific Northwest ponderosa

pine stands are reported for an infinite number of combinations of crop

tree size and vigor, site quality, thinning costs, stumpage prices, and

three discount rates. These guides are the result of a cooperative

effort between the Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station

and Region Six of the National Forest System. The guides represent a

flexible forest management tool that is based on financial returns from

increased timber production expressed as benefit per cost ratios; they

are of most use to National Forest system managers.

KEYW Economics, precommercial thinning, site, West

118
440 AUTH Savage, M.

TITL Getting fat off thinning.

PUBL Timber Harvesting. 34(12): 36-37.

YEAR 1986

ABST Description of plantation thinning operations performed with a Makeri

34T.

KEYW Equipment, plantation, processing, red pine

441 AUTH Savelle, I.W.

TITL A simulation model for thinning plantations.

PUBL Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University, Department of

Forestry. 117 p. M.S. thesis.

YEAR 1982

ABST The computer simulation model was developed to evaluate the production

of mechanized thinning systems. The model deals primarily with felling,

skidding, and loading stems. The model provides a stand generator and

marking routines. Production estimates are based on input variables.

KEYW Felling, skidder

442 AUTH Schaap, L.

TITL Is full-tree logging an economic method for producing fuel from

noncommercial thinnings?

PUBL Nederlands Bosbouwtijdshkamp. 57(4): 134-142.

YEAR 1985

ABST Cost and yields of this method were compared to other methods of

noncommercial thinnings in dense young stands of Scats pine and

Douglas-fir. However, at the present price of fossil fuel, green chips

cannot be produced competitively from small material.

KEYW Economics, precommercial thinning, whole-tree

443 AUTH Schallau, C.H.

TITL An economic analysis of accelerating road construction in the Bureau of

Land Management's Tillamook Resource Area.

PUBL Res. Pap. PNW-98. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific

Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST Acceleration of road construction in the Bureau of Land Management's

Tillamook Resource Area would not be economically feasible. Although

doubling the current rate of construction would increase thinning

yields, added stumpage revenues would not compensate for higher

interest, timber sale administration, and maintenance charges. In fact,

investment in such a plan would earn a minus 1.25-percent rate of

return.

KEYW Economics, roads, West

444 AUTH Schechtner, K.

TITL The Brossaur method--a new harvesting technique using a wheeled tractor.

PUBL Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift. 96(2): 32-33.

119
YEAR 1985

ABST A report on an Australian system which extracts whole stems through

felling and skidding to a forest road. Features include a two-man chain

saw, wheeled skidders or agricultural tractors equipped with double-drum

winches, and extensive use of remote control and radio communications

during thinning operations or harvesting of large timber.

KEYW Felling, skidder, whole-tree

445 AUTH Schmitt, D.; Bower, D.R.

TITL Volume tables for young loblolly, slash, and longleaf pines in

plantations in south Mississippi.

PUBL Res. Note SO-102. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 6 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST Data in T-year-old plantations are the basis for tables of total

cubic-foot volume, inside bark, for loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine

ranging from 1 to 8 inches in diameter.

KEYW Loblolly, longleaf, slash pine, South, volumes

446 AUTH Schnekenburger, F.; Brown, K.M.; Barker, J.E.

TITL Effects of nitrogen fertilization and low thinning on snow damage in

jack pine.

PUBL Forest Science. 31(3): 552-556.

YEAR 1985

ABST A nitrogen fertilization-thinning trial was established in a 12-year-old

stand of jack pine. Treatments consisted of two levels of

nitrogen-fertilization and two levels of low thinning. Snow damage was

analyzed and it was concluded that nitrogen-fertilized trees, because of

their longer needles, accumulated more snow and as a result suffered

heavier snow damage than did trees that received no nitrogen. Low

thinning reduced the size of the population at risk to snow damage, but

it had no effect on the distribution of trees among four classes of snow

damage severity.

KEYW Damage, fertilization

447 AUTH Scholander, J.

TITL Vegetation wear-tested with an electronically equipped tractor.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 151-155.

YEAR 1969

ABST An account of how to get the most out of the soil surface in Sweden

before breaking it into pieces. Description of large soil deformations,

including vegetation and test equipment.

KEYW Damage, machinery, site

448 AUTH Schroering, J.S.; Lanford, B.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Franklin 105 feller-buncher: fifth-row thinning application.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. V(2): 110-113.

YEAR 1985

ABST Franklin 105 feller-buncher equipped with a Tidewater DL-12 accumulating

shear was studied in a fifth-row thinning application to determine

120
variables affecting machine operation and productivity. Production

costs were higher for selective thinning than for row/corridor

harvesting.

KEYW Damage, feller-buncher, plantation, spacing

449 AUTH Schultz, R.P.

TITL Part 2. Intensive culture of southern pines: maximum yields on short

rotations.

PUBL Iowa State Journal of Research. 49(3): 325-33'7'.

YEAR 1975

ABST For maximal pine-volume growth on most sites in the South, at least 750

healthy southern pine seedlings should be planted where competing

vegetation has been destroyed but where topsoil and organic matter have

not been removed from the immediate rooting zone. By use of 1-O

planting stock and present planting techniques, early mortality will

average 30 percent. Interplanting, even 1 year after initial planting,

will not improve yields unless the replanted patches exceed one-tenth of

an acre. Fertilization (combined with intensive cultivation, water

control, and genetic improvement) can greatly increase the productive

potential of southern pines. A minimal basal area of 100 square feet

should be maintained in pole-sized stands to ensure maximal growth.

Thinnings before the age of 25 cannot be expected to improve yields, but

may be advantageous if large-product sizes are required.

KEYW Growth and yield, silviculture, South

450 AUTH Scott, R.W.S.

TITL Application of line thinnings in practice.

PUBL South African Forestry Journal. 102: 67-72.

YEAR 1977

ABST The discussion covers the need to change our present system of

harvesting pine timber thinnings in order to increase productivity. The

author points out that this productivity increase can only be achieved

through technical innovation and by the introduction of machinery suited

to do the job. The machinery and work methods call for a type of

neutral thinning in conjunction with a selective thinning or followed by

a selective thinning. The advantages of this type of thinning are

illustrated, as practiced in South Africa.

KEYW Machinery, row thinning, selective thinning, strip thinning

451 AUTH Sessions, J.

TITL Logging techniques in mountains of Jamaica.

PUBL Unasylva. 26(105): 18-22.

YEAR 1974

ABST Analysis of costs for thinning and clear cutting in subtropical,

mountainous Carib pine plantation and comparison of the use of two

pieces of light equipment, one truck-mounted, and the other on skids,

for skyline logging.

KEYW Cable system, clearcut, economics, equations, plantation, steep slopes,

systems, volumes

452 AUTH Seymour, R.S.; Ebeling R.A.; Gadzik, C.J.

TITL Operational control density control in spruce-fir sapling

stands--production of a mechanical swath cutter and brush-saw workers.

121
PUBL CFRU Res. Note 14. Orono, ME: University of Maine, College of Forest

Resources. 26 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST Discussion of combined mechanical and manual thinning which appears to

be an efficient means of reducing stand density in young stands without

sacrificing residual stand quality.

KEYW Damage, precommercial thinning

453 AUTH Seymour, R.S .; Gadzik, C.J.

TITL A nomogram for predicting precommercial thinning costs in overstocked

spruce-fir stands.

PUBL Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(2): 81-83.

YEAR 1985

ABST A simple graphical method is described for quickly estimating costs of

precommercial thinning using brush saws in dense young stands. The

effects of varying stand density, labor, costs, and prior treatment by

mechanical felling of swaths can be analyzed.

KEYW Economics, precommercial thinning, strip thinning

454 AUTH Shartle, S.A.

TITL An analysis of southern plantation characteristics relevant to future

equipment design.

PUBL Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

School of Forestry and Wildlife, Industrial Forestry Operations

Program. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Over three-quarters of southern softwood will be harvested from

plantations by the year 2000. Plantation parameters are relevant to the

choice of equipment. Equipment design is analyzed. Data collected at

over 50 percent of southern plantations were secured by an industry

questionnaire which investigated spacing, acreage, age, slope, tree

size, and trafficability and gathered information on present and

expected plantation harvesting systems. After analysis of annual

production, use of advanced equipment and use and form of wood

harvested, the only harvest problem illuminated is for small tracts on

lower coastal plain. The analysis provides information on equipment

design criteria to aid in development of more productive plantation

harvesting machinery.

KEYW Forecasts, harvester, machinery, plantation, South, spacing, systems

455 AUTH Shelton, M.G.; Switzer, G.L.

TITL The development of unthinned loblolly pine plantations at various

spacings.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economic workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC:

Southern Forest Economics Workers: 53-54.

YEAR 1980

ABST Results of spacing at 5 by 5, 7 by 8, and 9 by 10 feet are discussed at

age 20. Mean tree size is larger at 9 by 10 than at 5 by 5 feet by 40

percent for d.b.h., 110 percent for stem volume, and 100 percent for

122
crown. Differences in growth and spacing are Rep.ed. Stem quality was

lower in a 9 by 10 foot spacing. A density of 700 to 800 trees per acre

was reasonable utilization of site.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, South, spacing

4% AUTH Shepherd, R.K., Jr.

TITL Biological constraints to thinning practice.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 152-157.

YEAR 1976

ABST Biological factors, both inherent to the individual tree and caused by

tree-site interactions, impose constraints on thinning practice. The

very fast early growth rate of radiata pine makes early thinning

desirable to avoid problems of competition, disease and insect

susceptibility, and instability to wind. Correct silvicultural

techniques have been devised to meet many of these problems and tree

breeding offers solutions to others. However, there are still many

natural risk factors that cannot be avoided, but can be minimized by

careful planning.

KEYW Damage, diseases, growth and yield, plantation, silviculture

457 AUTH Shepherd, R.K., Jr.

TITL Growth of thinned and non-thinned loblolly pine stands.

PUBL Louisiana Agriculture. 17(4): 10-12.

YEAR 1974

ABST Comparison is made of growth of several stands, thinned and non-thinned,

at different spacings with emphasis on rapid production of high-quality

sawlogs.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, selective thinning,

South, spacing

458 AUTH Shepherd, R.K., Jr.

TITL Ice storm damage to thinned loblolly pine plantations in northern

Louisiana.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(3): 83-85.

YEAR 1978

ABST A single ice storm caused heavy damage to row-thinned loblolly pine

stands during the preceding year, but more than 200 undamaged trees per

acre were left in all stands. A second ice storm the following year

virtually destroyed half of the stands and left only a marginal number

of trees in those remaining. Stands thinned from below suffered only

light damage.

KEYW Damage, loblolly, plantation, row thinning, South

459 AUTH Shepherd, R.K., Jr.

TITL Thinning practice in Australian plantations.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting: 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 69-77.

YEAR 1969

ABST Thinning techniques in Australian plantations are based on European

concepts but have been adapted to suit local conditions. Where climatic

conditions are mild, both native and exotic species grow fast and

123
require relatively early and severe thinning regimes to promote the

growth of selected final crop trees. Although much emphasis in thinning

technique is directed towards favoring those selected trees, the aim is

to obtain reasonable financial returns from each thinning.

KEYW Growth and yield, methods, radiata pine, slash pine

460 AUTH Shibuya, K.

TITL Logging techniques in thinnings today and tomorrow in Japan.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 93-94.

YEAR 1969

ABST Discussion of thinning applied in planted forest, thinnings beginning at

age 15, and selective thinning in Japan, where two-thirds of the forest

is on steep slopes.

KEYW Forecasts, plantation, selective thinning, systems

461 AUTH Shirley, J.W.; Coker, R.J.

TITL Scheduling silviculture at Kaingaroa.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry. 30(z): 194-198.

YEAR 1985

ABST In order to produce large diameter sawlogs with a small defect core,

each individual crop tree must be pruned at an age which will minimize

the defect core diameter and have minimal effect on subsequent growth.

A scheduling system for silvicultural treatment has been developed using

a forest database into which field measurements of individual stands are

input. The data are used in a height forecasting system that models the

monthly variation in height growth and estimates the expected

predominant mean height for pruning.

KEYW Pruning

462 AUTH Shoulders, E.

TITL Growth of slash and longleaf pines after cultivation, fertilization, and

thinning.

PUBL Res. Note SO-59. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 3 p.

YEAR 1967

ABST In a study in central Louisiana, pines of commercial size were thinned

and then fertilized and cultivated annually. Objectives of the test

were to determine how seed production and growth responded to these

intensive practices. This note reports effects on growth. Volume

growth of slash pines of pulpwood and sawlog size was decreased by

disking and heavy thinning and increased by fertilization. Diameter

growth was boosted by fertilization and heavy thinning, but space was

decreased by disking. Similar but less marked results were obtained

with longleaf.

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, longleaf, silviculture, slash pine

463 AUTH Sirois, D.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Production and cost of the Makeri harvester.

PUBL In: Proceedings of harvesting the South's small trees; 1983 April 18-20;

Biloxi, MS. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society: 133-138.

124
YEAR 1984

ABST A small Finnish harvester, a Makeri 33T, was evaluated during thinning

of loblolly pine in southern Louisiana. Production data were obtained

to determine the effect of harvesting procedures and product length on

production. Spacings between narrow 12-foot-wide corridors ranged from

30 to 100 feet. Equations were determined to estimate production and

cost.

KEYW Economics, harvester, loblolly, machinery, South

464 AUTH Sjunnesson, S.

TITL Simulation, a tool for evaluating mechanized thinning systems.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 254-266.

YEAR 1969

ABST A simulation model can help choose the best thinning schedule and

machine system in any type stand and give an estimate of profitability

of operation.

KEYW Machinery, models, processor

465 AUTH Sjunnesson, S.

TITL Some remarks on logging systems for the first commercial thinning of a

stand.

PUBL In: Proceedings of a symposium on the mechanization of harvesting of

small-sized wood and logging residues; 1969 Jan 30; [Place of meeting

unknown]. FAO/ECE/LOG/REV. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher

unknown]. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1969

ABST (Manual) power saw felling and limbing and piling were 80 percent of the

system cost and forwarding costs accounted for the remaining 20 percent.

KEYW Chipping, economics, machinery, processing, row thinning, shortwood,

systems

466 AUTH Skelly, J.M.; Alexander, S.A.; Bradford, B.M.

TITL Predicting the infection level in loblolly pine stands as caused by

Heterobasidion annosus.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the American Phytopathological Society; 1977 August

14-18; Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State

University: 120-121. Vol. 4.

YEAR 1978

ABST Roots of loblolly pine were evaluated for infection by Heterobasidion

annosus after extraction from l-foot cube of soil taken from the center

of 0.05-acre plots in 16 plantations in Virginia, North Carolina, and

Georgia: other measurements included tree height, crown class, d.b.h.,

symptom rating, m.a.i. since thinning, soil texture, stand basal area,

and conks of Heterobasidion annosus. Finally, root systems of all trees

in the sample plots were excavated and evaluated for infection. Lengths

of healthy and infected roots in the l-foot cube of soil and in the

whole plot were the same (85 percent and 15 percent, respectively).

Further analysis of all data may lead to a nondestructive sampling

system.

KEYW Diseases, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation

125
467 AUTH Skold, B.O.

TITL The future potential market for thinning machines.

PUBL Res. Note 65. Stockholm, Sweden: Department of Operational Efficiency,

Royal College of Forestry. 2 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST Inventory of existing thinning stands is taken and analyzed.

Productivity and costs of mechanized systems to thin these stands is

analyzed and the future market for thinning machines estimated.

KEYW Economics, forecasts, forwarder, harvester, machinery, processor,

shortwood, systems, whole-tree

468 AUTH Smalley, G.W.; Bailey, R.L.

TITL Yield tables and stand structure for loblolly pine plantations in

Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia highlands.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~0-96. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 81 p.

YEAR 1974

ABST Tables are given showing expected cubic-foot yields, basal area, average

height, and number of stems per acre by l-inch diameter classes for all

combinations of: planting density 500 to 2,500 trees per acre in

increments of 250; site index (base age 25) 40 to 70 feet in steps of

10; age from seed 10 to 40 years by intervals of 5.

KEYW Equations, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, South

469 AUTH Smith, C.R.; Johnson, J.D.; Riley, L.F.

TITL Economics of precommercial thinning of jack pine.

PUBL Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-194. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 12 p.

YEAR 1986

ABST Precommercial thinning trials were established in 1970 in 9- and

22-year-old jack pine stands managed for sawlog production in northern

Ontario. Stocking, density, height, and d.b.h. were recorded before

thinning and 10 years after treatment.

KEYW Precommercial thinning

470 AUTH Smith, H.W.; Baird, C.O.

TITL Results of thinning in a 27-year-old eastern white pine plantation on

the southern Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee.

PUBL In: Proceedings of symposium for the management of pines of the interior

South; 1978 November 7-8; Knoxville, TN. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service: 143-150.

YEAR 1978

ABST In a 27-year-old eastern white pine plantation near Sewanee, Tennessee,

thinning twice at 11-year intervals increased board foot growth 150

percent, but did not increase cubic foot growth compared to an unthinned

plot. Thinning three times at 7-year intervals caused a 110 percent

increase in board foot growth, but a decrease of 81 percent in cubic

foot growth. A mean average increment of 800 board feet per acre may be

anticipated with thinning on average sites on the southern Cumberland

Plateau of Tennessee. These data are unreplicated.

126
KEYW Diseases, growth and yield, plantation, precommercial thinning, pruning,

site, South

471 AUTH Smith, N.J.

TITL A model of stand allometry and biomass allocation during the

self-thinning process.

PUBL Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 16: 990-995.

YEAR 1986

ABST A growth model is developed to describe the relationship between any

measure of size and number of stems in even-aged, monospecific plant

populations during self-thinning. Allometric relationships between

plant dimensions are shown to change over time, finally approaching a

stable value defined by a generalized self-thinning rule. A new

approach for constructing stand density programs is presented.

KEYW Biomass, models, silviculture

472 AUTH Smith, W.D.; Hafley, W.L.

TITL Evaluation of a loblolly pine plantation thinning model.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 10(l): 52-63.

YEAR 1986

ABST The model, which can simulate row thinning and row thinning from below

or for spacing, was mathematically derived from a bivariate unthinned

plantation yield model. The model was tested using data from thinning

studies across the natural range of loblolly pine and showed the model

to be accurate and consistent.

KEYW Loblolly, row thinning

473 AUTH Somberg, S.I.; Haas, R.E.

TITL Heavy thinnings can increase income from east Texas loblolly pine

stands.

PUBL Texas Forestry Pap. 10. Nacogdoches, TX: Stephen F. Austin State

University, School of Forestry. 4 p.

YEAR 1971

ABST A study of thinning on 17-year-old loblolly stands which gives soil

characteristics and treatments.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, loblolly, natural stand, selective

thinning, South

474 AUTH Sommerville, M.C.; Lanford, B.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Mechanized piling during pine plantation thinning.

PUBL Forest Products Journal. 34(4): 45-49.

YEAR 1984

ABST Piling cut bolts is necessary when utilizing forwarders during southern

pine plantation thinning. Although often done manually, piling may also

be accomplished using machinery. A small three-wheeled machine, the

Morbell logger, seems particularly well-suited for this task. In this

study, the productivity and costs of the logger are examined while

piling. Multiple linear regression techniques were used to estimate

piling time per tree based on time study data collected in the summer of

1981. Costs per hour were developed and combined with productivity

rates to determine cost per unit of production. It was concluded that

127
piling time per tree was significantly influenced by the number of cut

and residual trees per acre. Also, larger piles could be built as

efficiently as smaller ones. No statistically significant effects could

be found between bolt length or slope and piling time; however, the

logger was observed to have difficulty in negotiating slopes greater

than 20 percent.

KEYW Economics, forwarder, plantation, selective thinning

475 AUTH Speechly, H.T.; Helms, J.A.

TITL Growth and economic returns after precommercial thinning nonuniform

white-fir stands in California.

PUBL Forest Ecology and Management. 11: 111-130.

YEAR 1985

ABST Problems associated with describing young-growth stands and modeling

their growth following thinning are examined. The study indicated that

precommercial thinning can be a highly profitable operation which,

depending on the prescription chosen, may give a net increase in the

stand's present net worth.

KEYW Economics, models

476 AUTH Spurr, S.H.

TITL Row thinnings.

PUBL In: Proceedings of Society of American Foresters; 1947 December 17-20;

Minneapolis, MN. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters:

YEAR Z377.

ABST Many overstocked stands of timber remain unthinned because of the cost

and technical difficulty of silvicultural treatment. By cutting out

rows or strips, effective release can frequently be obtained

economically. Row thinnings of several types have been tried in pine

and spruce plantations of the Harvard forest with excellent results.

The method is particularly useful in first thinning and should prove

applicable under a wide variety of forest conditions.

KEYW Economics, plantation, row thinning, strip thinning

477 AUTH Staaf, A.

TITL Present and planned research and development work on logging techniques

in thinning in Sweden.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 249-251.

YEAR 1969

ABST Research project in Sweden is outlined.

KEYW Economics, forecasts, machinery, models, systems

478 AUTH Stajniak, J.

TITL Harvesting techniques in thinnings--today and in the future.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry. [Number of

pages unknown].

YEAR 1969

128
ABST

KEYW

479 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

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ABST

KEYW

480 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

481 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

482 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

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ABST

KEYW

483 AUTH

TITL

PUBL

YEAR

ABST

KEYW

Axes were used for felling and debarking in Poland. Developing trends

include tree length and mechanization.

Chipping, forecasts, systems

Stanek, W.; Hopkins, J.C.; Simmons, C.S.

Effects of spacing in lodgepole pine stands on incidence of atropellis

canker.

Forestry Chronicle. 62(2): 91-95.

1986

Thinning is recommended for controlling cankers giving acceptable growth

and yield at site index of 59 to 69 feet.

Diseases, growth and yield

Sterle, J.R.

Case 450 and S.A. Allen 16" shear.

APA Tech. Rel. 73-R-44. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 4

P.

1973

Gives brief technical details for this combination of front-end loader

and 16-inch shear, which was used for line thinning in a 15-year-old

slash pine plantation in Florida. Price $21,000 U.S.

Feller-buncher, loading, machinery, methods

Stewart, I.

Fitting an Igland winch to a Clark skidder.

Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research Association. 4 p.

1982

A different approach for mounting an Igland Compact 5OOO/2H to a Clark

Ranger 664B skidder is described.

Machinery, skidder, systems

Stockel, J.

Technological studies on a cable crane/processor combination.

Wissenschaftliche Dresden. 33(3): 229-230.

1984

A report on a mobile cable crane and trimmer/cross cutter designed by

the Austrian Federal Forest Service and used in thinning a 65-year-old

stand on steep slopes.

Cable system, equipment, steep slopes

Stokes, B.J.

Flail delimbing of loblolly pine--a case study.

Res. Note SO-315. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Depar,tment of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p.

1985

Flail delimbing was tested using a prototype flail mounted on a Clark

skidder in loblolly pine. Production rates and cost were determined by

comparing skidding-flailing with skidding only.

Economics, processor, skidder

129
484 AUTH Stokes, B.J.

TITL Productivity of chain saws, feller-bunchers, and bobtail truck loading

on thinning pine plantations.

PUBL Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University, Department of

Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 54 p. M.S. thesis.

YEAR 1978

ABST Thinning operations were studied to determine production rates for

different equipment. Functions studied were chain saw felling, chain

saw felling-limbing-bucking, feller-bunchers, and bobtail truck

loading. Prediction equations were developed for the functions. The

equations were used to develop production tables.

KEYW Feller-buncher, felling, limbing, plantation, pulpwood, shortwood, South

485 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Koger, J.L.; Pickle, F.J.

TITL Mor-bell logger: skidding case study.

PUBL Res. Note SO-290. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST A production equation was developed for the Mor-bell logger for skidding

while thinning a loblolly pine plantation. Production and costs for

skidding and iron gate delimbing were determined for a range of

operating conditions.

KEYW Economics, loblolly, machinery, plantation, processing, skidder

486 AUTH Stokes, B.J .; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Evaluation of Timbco Hydro-buncher in southern plantation thinning.

PUBL Transactions of the ASAE. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of

Agricultural Engineers. 28(2): 378-381.

YEAR 1985

ABST A swing feller-buncher was evaluated for thinning loblolly pine on level

terrain up to 58 percent slope. Production estimates were developed for

the machine working up and down and across the slope. Also, the time to

fell and bunch to the front and rear of the machine was

estimated/recorded.

KEYW Feller-buncher, felling, harvester, loblolly, pulpwood

487 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Evaluation of Timbco Hydro-buncher in southern plantation thinning.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 83-1600. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

engineers. 11 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST A swing feller-buncher was field-evaluated for thinning loblolly pine on

level terrain up to 58 percent slope. Production estimates were

developed for the machine to operate up, down, and across slopes and on

level ground. Also, the effect of piling to the front and to the rear

was examined in all the models.

KEYW Feller-buncher, loblolly, machinery, steep slopes

488 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Manual delimbing and bucking of bunched wood in thinnings.

130
PUBL Forest Products Journal. 37(3): 23-26.

YEAR 1987

ABST Chain saw delimbing and bucking of bunched trees was studied for five

thinning operations. Prediction equations were developed for each

element of the function. Total delimbing and bucking time per tree was

significantly affected by average d.b.h. and bolt length. Productivity

and cost analyses were completed. Average production was 3.6 cords per

productive machine hour at a cost of $4.63 per cord.

KEYW Feller-buncher, forwarder, limbing, loblolly, methods

489 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Patterns and equipment for selective thinning.

PUBL In: Proceedings on Workshop on thinning southern pine plantations; 1982

May 24-26; Long Beach, MS. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. [Number

of pages unknown].

YEAR 1982

ABST Discussion and debate over the reasons for and expected results of

thinning southern pines continues. A prevalent question concerns the

selection of systems and techniques for obtaining the desired results.

A comparison of five patterns is made: third row, ninth row, selective

with skidder, selective with yarder, and selective with forwarder.

KEYW Cable system, economics, forwarder, machinery, row thinning, selective

thinning, silviculture, skidder, systems

490 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Prebunching and skidding functions in thinnings.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 85-1594. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 9 p.

YEAR 1985

ABST Prebunching with a logger was tested in loblolly pine plantation

thinning. Trees were skidded with the logger using narrow (9.84 feet)

corridors. The trees were consolidated into large bundles for removal

with a grapple skidder using wider corridors. Production rates were

developed for the logger and the skidder.Skidder production included

skidding and iron gate delimbing. A cost analysis was completed.

KEYW Bunching, skidder

491 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Production and cost of manual delimbing, bucking, and piling in

thinnings.

PUBL Res. Pap. SO-223. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 11 p.

YEAR 1986

ABST Studies were made of chain saw delimbing and bucking with manual piling

of bunched trees to determine productivity rates and costs for each

function.

KEYW Economics, feller-buncher, felling, limbing

492 AUTH Stokes, B.J .; Lanford, B.L.

TITL Timbco feller-buncher visits the South.
PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 83-R-91. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 2

P.

YEAR 1983

ABST The Timbco model 2518 hydro-buncher was evaluated and design features

are discussed. Preliminary results indicated a productivity of 144

trees per hour.

KEYW Feller-buncher, loblolly, machinery, plantation

493 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Lanford, B.L.; Sirois, D.L.

TITL Mor-bell thinning system: feller-buncher, skidder, and loader.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 82-1590. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 12 p.

YEAR 1982

ABST The Mor-bell feller buncher and logger were field-evaluated in thinning

loblolly pine plantations. Prediction equations were developed for the

different functions. A productivity and cost analysis was completed for

the Mor-bell system.

KEYW Economics, feller-buncher, loading, loblolly, machinery, plantation,

skidder, South, systems

494 AUTH Stokes, B.J.; Sirois, D.L.

TITL Operational characteristics of a harvester in intermediate cutting.

PUBL In: Jones, Earle P., Jr., ed. Proceedings of the second biennial

southern silvicultural research conference: 1982 November 4-5; Atlanta,

GA. Gen Tech. Rep. SE-24. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 240-246.

YEAR 1982

ABST The felling and processing capabilities of the Makeri 33T, a small

Finnish harvester, were evaluated in a thinning operation in a southeast

Louisiana loblolly plantation. Cutting patterns tested were selective

thinning with and without access corridors. The effect of product

length on production was also evaluated. Regression analyses were used

to establish production rates for the alternatives. Highest production

was for tree-length product length at close corridor spacing. Residual

stand damage and soil compaction were measured for each operating

procedure. There was a slight soil bulk density increase in areas where

the machine operated. An average of 32 percent of all residual trees

per acre had some type of bole damage.

KEYW Damage, harvester, selective thinning

495 AUTH Strickland, J.R.

TITL Logging techniques in thinning today and tomorrow in the Southeastern

United States.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; September

1969; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry. [Number of pages

unknown].

YEAR 1969

ABST The stands intended for thinning in the Southeastern United States are

generally planted pine stands with 1,300 to 2,100 trees per hectare and

an average d.b.h. of about 13 to 17 centimeters. The choice of logging

techniques is different for the large industrial forest owner and the

small tract owner-- the two main owner categories in the Southern United

132
States. Techniques used today are predominately manual operations

incorporating a very low degree of mechanization. The management

objectives of the small tract owner vary greatly, but, generally

speaking, the aim is for a multiproduct output. A considerable part of

the wood produced will be acquired through thinning--mainly selective

thinning, even in the future. Mechanization will probably be

comparatively slow. For the large industrial owner, aiming mainly at

pulpwood production, thinning will be a questionable measure in the

future. Economic restrictions will make thinning impossible unless it

can be mechanized drastically. Several prototype machines are

available; these show considerable promise for row or swath thinning.

KEYW Forecasts, machinery, methods, multiproduct, row thinning, selective

thinning, South

4% AUTH Strickland, J.R.

TITL Matching equipment to the thinning task--current options and potential

products including thinnings for energy.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economics workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC:

Southern Forest Economics Workers: 69-77.

YEAR 1980

ABST Discussion of when thinning equipment and personnel need to travel

onsite. Thinning is defined: below, crown, selective, and mechanical.

More information is needed to select among options, especially thinnings

for energy.

KEYW Economics, longwood, shortwood, systems

497 AUTH Strub, M.R.; Burkhart, H.E.

TITL A class-interval-free method for obtaining expected yields from diameter

distributions.

PUBL Forest Science. 21(l): 67-69.

YEAR 1975

ABST Yields per unit area can be estimated from diameter frequency

predictions. Frequencies are usually predicted for arbitrarily chosen

diameter class intervals. Dependence on class intervals may be

eliminated by computing yield as the product of the expected volume of a

single tree in a given stand times the number of trees per unit area in

that stand. Examples of this class-interval-free method for obtaining

yields are presented for the cases where the transformed Beta and

Weibull are assumed to be the population density for tree diameter at

breast height.

KEYW Growth and yield, volumes

498 AUTH Strub, M.R.; Feduccia, D.P.; Baldwin, V.C.,Jr.

TITL A diameter distribution method useful in compatible growth and yield

modeling of thinned stands.

PUBL In: Barnett, James P., ed. Proceedings of the first biennial southern

silvicultural research conference; 1980 November 6-7; Atlanta, GA. Gen.

Tech. Rep. SO-34. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 127-130.

YEAR 1981

133
ABST Two growth and yield forecasting techniques have been combined to

develop equations that predict the change in diameter distribution in

thinned loblolly pine plantations. The equations are based on the

concept of compatible growth and yield applied to a diameter

distribution model for unthinned loblolly pine plantations. This

produces a generalization of the unthinned equations that projects size

distribution in thinned plantations. The forecasts are compared with

stand tables from a thinned plot from a spacing-thinning study located

at Merryville, Louisiana.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, plantation, South

499 AUTH Stuart, W.B.; Perumpral, J.V.; Walbridge, T.A.; Shartle, S.A.

TITL Pine plantation data for future equipment design.

PUBL Transactions of the ASAE. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of

Agricultural Engineers. 30: 568-571.578.

YEAR 1981

ABST Results of three different surveys are presented and discussed. Surveys

concerned the extent of existing southern pine plantations, their site

preparation techniques, planting spacings, and projected harvesting

plans.

KEYW Machinery, plantation, South, spacing, volumes

500 AUTH Stulen, J.A.

TITL Forwarders in smallwood?

PUBL LIRA Rep. 8(l). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1983

ABST A look at forwarders and systems for their use. Features of

purpose-built forwarders are briefly summarized. Forwarder with skidder

systems are compared and factors affecting the productivity of forwarder

systems are examined. Based on the work studies done, guidelines are

given for improving forwarder productivity in thinning systems.

KEYW Economics, forwarder, machinery, methods, radiata pine, row thinning,

shortwood, systems

501 AUTH Sullivan, A.D.

TITL Loblolly pine growth and yield in the Mid-South.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the symposium on the loblolly pine ecosystem (west

region); 1984 Mar. 20-22; Jackson, MS. [Place of publication unknown]:

[Publisher unknown]. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1984

ABST Very sophisticated growth and yield models have been developed and

applied to loblolly pine, but model application varies with stand

conditions. Predictions for even-aged natural stands and unthinned

old-field plantations are reasonably comprehensive. Information is

available for thinned plantations, but no adequate model for thinned

plantations on prepared sites is available. Present and future research

efforts will extend the coverage of state-of-the-art models to more

stand types and incorporate modern management practices.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, plantation, volumes

134
502 AUTH Sullivan, A.D.; Clutter, J.L.

TITL A simultaneous growth and yield model for loblolly pine.

PUBL Forest Science. 18(l): 76-86.

YEAR 1972

ABST A model to project cubic-foot volume from initial age, site index, and

basal area is developed for natural stands of loblolly pine. For a

projection period of zero years, the model predicts current yield and is

thus a simultaneous growth and yield model. Statistical procedures to

obtain a single estimate of the parameters of the model, using data from

remeasured plots, are considered under two assumptions about the error

correlations of such data. Parameter estimates for each case are

obtained and compared, using data from the Eastern Forest Experiment

Station's loblolly pine stand density study. Parameter estimates for a

basal area projection model are also obtained. When taken together,

these fitted models are a numerically consistent set of prediction

equations for cubic-foot yield, cubic-foot volume projection, and basal

area projection.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, models, South

503 AUTH Sullivan, A.D.; Williston, H.L.

TITL Growth and yield of thinned loblolly pine plantations in loessial soil

areas.

PUBL Tech. Bull. 86. Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University. 16

P.

YEAR 1977

ABST Age, site index, basal area, and volume before and after thinning were

determined for stands of loblolly pine which were established at high

initial density (more than 1,000 stems per acre) on abandoned farm land

between 1929 and about 1970. Data were used to predict the growth and

yield of stands of varying site class and initial basal area using the

Sullivan/Clutter model. The estimates are used to predict the yield at

age 35 of a 15-year-old stand of 130 square feet per acre basal area

thinned to a residual basal area of (a) 80, (b) 100, or (c) 110 square

feet per acre at ages 15, 21, and 28. The predicted yields were (a)

4,681 cubic feet per acre, (b) 4,990 cubic feet per acre, and (c) 5,124

cubic feet per acre.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, South, systems

504 AUTH Sundberg, U.

TITL Interim report on study of the full mechanization of the first thinning.

PUBL Rep. 43. Stockholm, Sweden: Department of Operational Efficiency, Royal

College of Forestry. 18 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST A summary is given of results when about half of the project has been

carried out. The purpose is to explore problems of the first thinning

in fully mechanized forestry. Manual felling or handling are excluded.

Review includes a survey of man-machine systems, trials of machine

components, work on prototype machines, and total optimization of first

thinning.

KEYW Economics, machinery, row thinning, spacing, strip thinning, systems

135
505 AUTH

TITL

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506 AUTH

TITL

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507 AUTH

TITL

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508 AUTH

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KEYW

Sutton, W.R.

Comparison of alternative silvicultural regimes for radiata pine.

New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 350-356.

1976

Unthinned radiata pine plantations on long rotations incur serious risk

of insect or disease attack. Economic analysis of a silvicultural

regime that incorporated a production thinning revealed that a pulpwood

thinning contributed a negligible net return and had the effect of

substantially extending the rotation. This led to the development of an

alternative regime giving similar volume yields, but economically and

silviculturally superior. This regime incorporated wide initial

spacing, heavy early thinning (without yield) and severe pruning.

Damage, diseases, economics, growth and yield, pruning, silviculture,

spacing, volumes

Tamm, C.O.

Site damages by thinning due to removal of organic matter and plant

nutrients.

In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 175-179.

1969

A discussion of loss of nutrients and organic matter and its effect on

the forest with respect to different soil types from Sweden.

Damage, fertilization, silviculture, site, whole-tree

Taylor, H.T.

Automated thinning for southern pine plantations--a concept.

ASAE Pap. 71-178. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 22 p.

1971

The concept of an automated system for felling thinnings in southern

pine tree plantations is described and a conceptual design is

developed. Trees are felled by a machine without an operator and the

machine is guided by tree locations and by tree spacings in the stand.

Felling, machinery, plantation, row thinning, South, spacing

Taylor, S.C.

A model for evaluating the suitability of fixed shear harvesting

machines for selectively thinning plantations.

Mississippi State, MS: Mississippi State University, Department of

;;;;;stry. 73 p. M.S. thesis.

A Fortran computer simulator model was written to evaluate fixed shear

harvesting machines for thinning plantations. The model simulated a

rubber-tired, articulated machine selectively thinning a plantation.

Machine performance was evaluated by the number of marked trees missed

and unmarked trees that were cut. Results indicated factor improving

performance.

Feller-buncher, machinery, models, plantation, selective thinning,

spacing

136
509 AUTH Taylor, S.C.; Matthes, R.K.; Weaver. G.H.: Watson, W.F.

TITL A model for evaluating the suitability of fixed shear harvesting

machines for selectively thinning plantations.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 79-1598. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

engineers. 18 p.

YEAR 1979

ABST A stand model was used to generate plantations to test the impact of

length of the machine, width of the machine, and angle of articulation

on the effectiveness of thinning. The results of this study indicated

that the most effective machine should be as narrow as is feasible and

have a maximal articulation angle, and the most effective plantation

should have at least lo-foot row spacing with straight rows and trees

accurately spaced within rows.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery, models, plantation, selective thinning,

spacing

510 AUTH Tessier, J.P.

TITL Logging techniques in thinnings today and tomorrow.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry. [Number of

pages unknown].

YEAR 1969

ABST Increasingly, thinning is being applied in the forests of the North

American west coast. A significant feature of the forests intended for

thinning there, is that the trees are comparatively big. A typical

figure for logs produced in thinnings is 12 to 15 cubic feet per piece.

Because topography generally is steep, the main attention in logging

development is paid to cable systems. A special skyline system has been

developed for thinnings. A typical thinning layout in 30- to

50-year-old stands consists of clear-cut skyline roads 12 to 20 feet in

width at the tail tree. These strips or skyline roads are spaced 200 to

300 feet apart, generally perpendicular to the road and extending 600 to

1,000 feet, depending on deflection. Trees marked for thinning in the

intervening strips are felled towards or away from the skyline road,

generally at about a 45-degree angle to the skyline road. For the

future, the author stresses the need for equipment that is lighter, more

mobile, and hopefully less expensive, and also the need for highly

skilled labor and management.

KEYW Cable system, methods, steep slopes, West

511 AUTH Thomas, C.E.; Birdsey, R.; McWilliams, W.

TITL The small timber resource in the Midsouth.

PUBL In: Proceedings of harvesting the South's small trees; 1983 April 18-20;

Biloxi, MS. Madison, WI: Forest Products Research Society: 18-28.

YEAR 1984

ABST An analysis of coastal pine forest region revealed 40 billion of that

total in merchantable poletimber. Nearly 1.3 billion tons of material

are represented in poletimber and an additional half billion tons in

sapling-size trees. Detailed analysis tables summarize timber

availability by ownership, management opportunity class, and proportion

of softwood and hardwood stocking. Diameter distributions and future

prospects are also covered briefly.

KEYW Forecasts, South, volumes

137
5

5

5

12 AUTH Thomas, C.E.; Hedlund, M.S.

TITL Thinning opportunities in the Midsouth during the 1980's.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations; Proceedings of forest economic

workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC: Southern Forest

Economics Workers: 27-52.

YEAR 1980

ABST Report on the plantations, their inventory, acreage available, current

volumes, and basal area. A projection is developed of number of acres

for commercial thinning.

KEYW Forecasts, plantation, South, volumes

13 AUTH Tufts, D.M.

TITL Effects of tree size on felling and bunching with Rome Industries'

accumulator shear.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 77-R-4. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association: 6

P.

YEAR 1976

ABST Time study to develop a logging system in which small timber will not

adversely affect the cost of logging and that provides a safer method

than chain saws.

KEYW Bunching, feller-buncher, felling, systems

51

‘14 AUTH Tufts, D.M.

TITL Factors influencing the economics of thinning pine plantations.

PUBL Timber Harvesting Rep. 3. Gulfport, MS: National Space Technology Lab.

51 P.

YEAR 1977

ABST Eight different logging systems for thinning pine plantations are

described and the advantages and disadvantages of each system are

discussed in relation to several factors that influence production and

logging costs. Tree size is the most important factor and tables

showing costs per cord by d.b.h. have been worked out for each logging

system. The stump-to-stump system, using the bobtail truck and chain

saw, looks as good as most of the mechanized or semimechanized systems.

The whole tree chip system and the treeslength system, using a

feller-buncher, delimbing gate, and grapple skidder, appear to have the

most promise for utilizing small-size trees.

KEYW Chipping, economics, feller-buncher, longwood, plantation, skidder,

systems, whole-tree

-5 AUTH Tufts, R.A.; Sirois, D.L.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Productivity and cost of grapple skidders performing gate delimbing.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the fourth biennial southern silvicultural research

conference; 1986 November 4-6; Atlanta, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-42.

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 313-318.

YEAR 1987

ABST Six different types of skidders were studied in clearcut and thinning

applications. Regression analysis was used to develop total time cycle

equations. Estimates of cost per cord were also developed.

KEYW Clearcut, economics, models, plantation, skidder

138
516 AUTH Tufts, R.A.; Stokes, B.J.

TITL Productivity of rubber-tired, grapple skidders performing gate

delimbing.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the 1986 Society of American Foresters National

Convention; 1986 October 5-8; Birmingham, AL. Bethesda, MD: Society of

American Foresters: 348-352.

YEAR 1987

ABST Time study data were collected on grapple skidders performing gate

delimbing in clearcuts and thinnings. Equations were developed to

predict total cycle time.

KEYW Clearcut, equations, limbing, skidder

517 AUTH Tufts, R.A.; Tufts, D.M.

TITL Harvesting loblolly pine.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the symposium on the loblolly pine ecosystem (west

region); 1984 March 20-22; Jackson, MS. [Place of publication unknown]:

[Publisher unknown]: [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1984

ABST Seven typical harvesting systems used in loblolly pine stands are

described with their advantages, disadvantages, and best application.

Productivity and indexed cost data are also presented.

KEYW Economics, harvester, loblolly, machinery, methods, systems

518 AUTH Tustin, J.R.; Terlesk, C.J.; Fraser, T.

TITL Thinning in New Zealand Radiata pine plantations. Future practices and

research needs.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 333-349.

YEAR 1976

ABST Tending practice, being a function of management, depends as much on the

economic and physical background in New Zealand as on silvicultural

objectives to produce maximum volume or value yields. The background

facts relevant to plantation practice in New Zealand include a massive

planting program with a concomitant silvicultural commitment, a large

involvement by non-State agencies, an urgent need to diversify export

markets, often steep terrain, and high labor and machinery costs.

Tending practice that has been proven in the area for radiata pine is

limited. This is why many different silvicultural regimes have been

proposed, but few have survived. The simple plant and clearfell regime

has been applied most widely. For this reason the principles to adopt

in deciding how the species should be grown and harvested are most

important. Suggested principles are: define the target tree taking into

consideration markets, profitability and the technical requirements of

wood quality; minimize growing costs; simplify management wherever

possible but without sacrificing market flexibility; and reduce as much

as possible biological, physical, management, and market risk. The

background facts and these principles suggest a sawlog final crop is

logical for most New Zealand plantations, and trends indicate it will

normally be grown on a rotation of 20 to 30 years. A proportion of the

resource will be pruned to 6 m and stockings will be relatively low in

these stands. Production thinning is unlikely in steep country but the

practice will continue in state forests while old regimes grow through

139
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TITL

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ABST

to rotation end. Some private organizations will continue production

thinning because they believe it is in their interest to do so. Future

developments in production thinning are likely to include a geometric

approach to tree removal, a relaxation of unnecessarily rigid

specifications, intensive method improvement, and adoption of skidding

machinery that has high productivity in relation to its capital cost.

Research must continue to focus on overall evaluation of the growing and

harvesting system. This will highlight priorities for micro-economic

research by a balanced multidisciplinary team. Principal targets in the

Forest Research Institute program have a bias towards silviculture and

clearfelling, but this is seen to be appropriate.

Economics, forecasts, growth and yield, machinery, plantation,

silviculture, steep slopes

Van Lear, D.H.; Goebel, N.B.; Williams, J.G., Jr.

Performance of unthinned loblolly and slash pine plantations on three

sites in South Carolina.

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. l(4): 8-10.

1977

The performance of adjacent unthinned plantations of loblolly and slash

pine on three sites in South Carolina was evaluated after 16 growing

seasons. Sites ranged from a noneroded Piedmont soil to an excessively

drained sandy soil of the sandhills physiographic region. Growth and

survival varied widely between sites, with greatest productivity

occurring in the Piedmont and the lowest in the Congaree sandhills.

Despite the droughty nature of the latter site, survival after 16

growing seasons was over 80 percent for both species. On a volume

basis, loblolly pine outperformed slash pine at the upper Piedmont and

Aiken plateau sites, while slash pine was superior on the dry sandhills

site. Incidence of fusiform rust was much higher for both species at

the Aiken plateau than at the other sites.

Diseases, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, site, slash pine,

South

Van Lear, D.H.; Saucier, J.R.; Williams, J.G., Jr.

Growth and wood properties of longleaf pine following silvicultural

treatments.

Journal of Soil Science Society of America. 41(5): 989-992.

1977

Combinations of treatments were applied to 0.08-hectare plots in a

28-year-old longleaf pine plantation (average basal area 33.6 square

meters per hectare in South Carolina in early 1973: (a) thinning to

residual basal area 11.5, 18.4 and 25.3 square meters per hectare: (b)

fertilizing with 90 kilograms per hectare P and 168 kilogram per hectare

N: and (c) prescribed burning before (a) or (b). Data are tabulated

for: d.b.h., basal area, and height increments, and widths of early and

late wood and annual rings in 1973 and 1974; soil and foliar nutrient

contents in late 1974; and wood density at breast height before and 2

years after treatment. Radial increment was significantly increased by

(a), while (b) caused a smaller short-term increase; responses resulted

from formation of late and early wood respectively, so that wood density

was increased by thinning. Growth was not affected by (c).

KEYW Fertilization, growth and yield, longleaf, plantation, silviculture

140
521 AUTH Vasilev, V.D.

TITL The "Pioneer" light cableway with a single-drum winch.

PUBL

YEAR

T;;;;ko Stopanstvo. 40(l): 29-33.

ABST Details of design, specifications, and use of this machine are given.

Developed in Bulgaria for extracting thinnings downslope, the two-man

machine is powered by a Husqvarna 162 chain saw engine.

KEYW Machinery

522 AUTH Von Althen, F.W.; Stiell, W.M.; Forster, R.B.

TITL Effects of four thinnings on the growth, yields, and financial returns

of a 62-year-old red pine plantation.

PUBL Forestry Chronicle. 54(5): 253-260.

YEAR 1978

ABST Growth data for a 62-year-old plantation of red pine at Rockland,

Ontario, part of which was thinned four times between 1938 and 1972, and

part of which was left unthinned, are presented for the two stand

conditions, together with associated product yields and economic

implications of alternative treatments. The investment in thinning,

when based on historical costs and revenues, was attractive; the

thinning program increased net present worth at each stage. When based

on current costs and revenues, with no increase at an assumed inflation

rate, the investment in thinning was less attractive, and it was not

proved conclusively that the thinning program would be profitable.

Financial growth peaked at a rotation age of approximately 50 years.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, plantation, red pine

523 AUTH Vuokilam, Y.

TITL The effect of a radical thinning program on growth and yield.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 118-122.

YEAR 1969

ABST Radical thinning refers to a exceptionally heavy thinning. Only

theoretical calculations are available at this time.

KEYW Damage, growth and yield, silviculture

524 AUTH Vuokilam, Y.

TITL Present thinning practice in Finland.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 78-82.

YEAR 1969

ABST Types of trees to be thinned, intensity of thinning, and weight of

thinning trees are discussed.

KEYW Methods, selective thinning, silviculture

525 AUTH Wakeley, P.C.

TITL Single commercial thinnings in slash and loblolly pines.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 68(4): 223.

YEAR 1970

141
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527 AUTH

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528 AUTH

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KEYW

Three l-acre squares were planted with loblolly pine, one acre each at

8- by 8-, 6- by 6-, and 5- by 5-foot spacings. Later these tests were

duplicated with slash pine. Thinning on each plot was both heavy and

light. Final comparisons indicated that the wide spacing with less

thinning was financially preferable.

Diseases, loblolly, plantation, slash pine, South, spacing, volumes

Wakeley, P.C.

Single commercial thinnings in variously spaced slash and loblolly pine

plantations.

Res. Pap. ~0-48. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 12 p.

1969

In mid-June of 1940, the Southern Forest Experiment Station applied

light and heavy thinnings to slash pines that had been planted the

winter of 1924-25 at spacings of 8 by 8, 6 by 6, and 5 by 5 feet. Early

in March 1942, it made similar thinnings in loblolly pines that had been

planted at the same spacings in 1922-23. Final measurements were at age

30 in the slash plantations, and at age 34 in the loblolly. The

thinnings could not be shown to have significantly affected the pulpwood

yields within any one spacing of either species. Nevertheless, their

simultaneous application to three spacings, the comparison with

unthinned controls, and their final measurement at the end of

practicable pulpwood rotations have provided information not available

from previous studies of shorter duration.

Growth and yield, loblolly, methods, plantation, slash pine, South,

spacing, volumes

Walbridge, T.A.; Stuart, W.B.

Sensitivity of thinning cost to equipment, site, and stand conditions.

In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of Southern forest

economic workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC: Southern

Forest Economics Workers: 17-123.

1980

Study of effect on production of method of thinning. A bobtail system

was used for harvesting. Felling rates were determined for Bush

combine, Bobcat, John Deere, and TJ-30 felling machines.

Economics, felling, methods, South, systems

Wambach, R.F.

Compatibility of mechanization with silviculture.

Journal of Forestry. 67(2): 104-108.

1969

The upward turn in mechanization has raised some concern over the

practice of silviculture. In this paper, it is argued that silviculture

must be flexible. Two approaches are discussed, one to use machines as

a silvicultural tool, the other to modify our silvicultural goals and

practices to accommodate mechanization. There is compatibility of

mechanization with silvicultural choices regarding spacing in

plantations and stocking levels.

Machinery, row thinning, silviculture, spacing

142
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Ware, L.M.; Stahelin, R.

Growth of southern pine plantations at various spacings.

Journal of Forestry. 46(4): 267-274.

1948

Before engaging in the long-term enterprise of tree planting, landowners

rightly want clear-cut advice on what species to plant, what spacing to

use, and how to treat the growing plantation to obtain the greatest

revenue. Contributions to this knowledge are reported from 14-year-old

experimental plantations of southern pines at Auburn, Alabama.

Economics, growth and yield, loblolly, longleaf, plantation, selective

thinning, slash pine, South, spacing

Waring, R.H.; Pitman, G.B.

Modifying lodgepole pine stands to change susceptibility to mountain

pine beetle attack.

Ecology. 66(3): 889-897.

1985

The premise that mature forests of lodgepole pine are susceptible to

attack by mountain pine beetle when physiologically stressed was tested

by manipulating the canopy density and availability of nitrogen in a

120-year-old forest. Where canopy density was reduced, surviving trees

significantly increased their resistance over a 3-year period.

Increased resistance was reflected by changes in wood production per

unit of leaf area.

Damage

Watson, W.F.; Taylor, S.C.; Weaver, G.H.; Matthes, R.K.

Impact of feller-bunchers and plantation spacing on thinning.

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 9(2): 117-120.

1985

A simulation model was used to examine the effectiveness of rubber-tired

articulated machines for felling trees selectively marked for thinning.

The model contains three elements: thinning from below to produce a

uniform residual stand; a stand routine allowing variation in age and

spacing; and a movement element for feller-bunchers where length, width,

and angle of articulation can be varied.

Feller-buncher, machinery, selective thinning

Watson, W.F.; Weaver, G.H.; Karr, B.L.; Matthes, R.K.

Cost efficiency of Southern thinning systems.

In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

1977

Two timber harvesting systems are currently being used to thin pine

plantations in the Southern United States. One system is labor

intensive and more costly, but can accomplish selective thinnings. The

labor intensive system favors growth of superior trees of sawtimber and

plywood quality. The more mechanized system can selectively thin only

after corridors are established by row thinnings and is less expensive.

Current cost of thinning operations, current price for stumpage, and a

143
tree growth simulator were used to compare the cost of these thinning

systems over the rotation of loblolly pine plantations.

KEYW Damage, economics, labor, pulpwood, row thinning, selective thinning

533 AUTH Weaver, G.H.; Kluender, R.A.; Watson, W.F.; Reynolds, W.; Matthes, R.K.

TITL 1979 Pulpwood Producer Census.

PUBL Unnumbered series. Southwest and Southeast technical division of the

American Pulpwood Association. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood

Association. 11 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Overall census of pulp production in the East, with comparison to other

regions of country.

KEYW Pulpwood

534 AUTH Wells, C.G.

TITL Double-drum winches in thinnings.

PUBL LIRA Rep. 6(l). Rotorua, New Zealand: Logging Industry Research

Association. 4 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST Operation of single-drum and double-drum winches is compared and

evaluated. Potential for use of the double-drum winch in New Zealand is

considered.

KEYW Machinery, row thinning, selective thinning, skidder

535 AUTH Wells, C.G.; Jorgensen, J.R.

TITL Nutrient cycling in loblolly pine plantations.

PUBL Quebec, Canada: Les Presses de L'Universite Laval. 21 p.

YEAR 1975

ABST Report of quantitative studies in five old-field plantations of loblolly

pine in North and South Carolina during 1962-72. The stands were 5 to

39 years old, but most of the information presented refers to one

16-year-old stand. Data are given on the accumulation and distribution

of biomass and nutrients (N, P, K,Ca, Mg) in the stand and soil,

including some data for roots. Nutrient requirements and transfer rates

to litter, soil, etc. are estimated for the 16-year-old stand. The

effects of thinning on litter composition, litter fall, and throughfall

are reported and discussed, showing an increase on the rate of nutrient

release from litter deposited during and after thinning, with little

effect on the older litter.

KEYW Biomass, loblolly, plantation, South

536 AUTH Wells, C.G.; Jorgensen, J.R.; Burnette, C.E.

TITL Biomass and mineral elements in a thinned loblolly pine plantation at

age 16.

PUBL Res. Pap. ~~-126. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 10 p.

YEAR 1975

ABST Description of a study in North Carolina of 16 sample trees from a

16-year-old loblolly pine plantation to determine and analyze the stand

biomass, its components and their content of mineral elements. The tree

biomass (including roots) was found to be 192 tons per hectare, with

144
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mineral contents of 321 kilograms of nitrogen, 48 kilograms of

potassium, 239 kilograms of calcium and 68 kilograms of magnesium.

Analysis of a pulpwood thinning showed that the 22 tons per hectare of

logging residue contained more nitrogen than the pulpwood, but that the

quantities of other elements were similar to those in the pulpwood.

Clearfelling the plantation at age 16, and removing all the aboveground

material, would deplete the biomass at the rate of 9.8 tons per hectare

per year, and deplete nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and

magnesium at rates of 16, 2, 10, 12, and 3 kilograms per hectare per

year. This rate of removal might exceed the annual replenishment rate

for some nutrients, and might therefore deplete nutrients and fertility

on some sites.

Biomass, clearcut, damage, fertilization, loblolly, plantation,

silviculture, site, South

Wenger, K.F.; Evans, T.C.; Lotti, T.; Cooper, R.W.; Brender, E.V.

The relation of growth to stand density in natural loblolly pine stands.

Res. Pap. 97. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 10 p.

1958

Progress report on growing space requirements for natural stands of

loblolly pine. Effects are measured of residual stand density, obtained

naturally or by cutting, during intermediate ages, upon volume yield and

total production. Net return may be calculated and used to determine

optimal levels of stand density for various combinations of site,

product, and financial goal.

Growth and yield, loblolly, natural stand, South

Whayman, A.

Present and planned research and development work on logging techniques

in thinnings in Great Britain.

In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: 252-253.

1969

Trend to increased mechanization with rising labor cost has highlighted

need for further research. A list of projects is included.

Economics, machinery, processor, roads, row thinning

Whipple, S.D.

Early thinnings from pine plantations.

Progress Rep. Series 85. Auburn, AL: Agricultural Experiment Station,

Auburn University. 3 p.

1962

Large acreages of pine plantation have been established by many

landowners over the past two decades. New plantations are continually

being established while older plantations are ready for cutting. Some

key questions that the landowner must answer are: (1) what original

planting spacing will prove most profitable, (2) what type of cutting or

thinning should be followed and when should they be carried out, and (3)

what financial return will be realized? Answers to these questions vary

with circumstances of particular owners, and all cannot be covered in

restricted number of tests. Data presented represent results obtained

45
from tests made on the Fayette Experiment Forest of Auburn University

Agricultural Experiment Station. Conditions involved are typical of

upper coastal plain small acreage plantations.

KEYW Loblolly, row thinning, selective thinning, spacing, volumes

540 AUTH Whipple, S.D.

TITL Producing fence posts from thinning.

PUBL Circ. 137. Auburn, AL: Agricultural Experiment Station, Auburn

University. 1 p.

YEAR 1960

ABST Dense natural pine stands averaging 4 to 5 inch d.b.h. may be thinned

profitably for posts. Benefits are listed.

KEYW Multiproduct, natural stand

541 AUTH Wiant, H.V.

TITL Form class estimates--a simple guide.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 70(7): 421-422.

YEAR 1972

ABST Description and discussion of the "Wiant-F-C-Wedge," which is a simple

device that facilitates rapid form-class estimations.

KEYW Volumes

542 AUTH Wiant, H.V.; Walker, L.C.

TITL Cacodylic acid silvicides for thinning loblolly pine and controlling

hardwoods.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the 22nd annual meeting of the Southern Weed Science

Society. [Date of meeting unknown]. Raleigh, NC: Southern Weed Science

Society: 260-262.

YEAR 1969

ABST As single injections, cacodylic acid silvicides have been Rep.ed to show

promise for precommercial thinning of conifers and elimination of

hardwoods. Three studies were done using loblolly pine. Each was

treated with a 30-percent cacodylic acid silvicide. Three weeks after

treatments, it appeared that excellent kills would be obtained, and 96

percent of the trees showed some crown kill. After 2 years, kills, with

approximately 20 trees per treatment, were relatively poor, especially

at lower dosages. These results emphasize the need for considerable

delay before success of silvicide treatments can be accurately

evaluated. Also, greater dosages than used in the study may provide

more satisfactory kills.

KEYW Chemicals, hardwoo,d, loblolly, precommercial thinning, South

543 AUTH Williams, D.F.

TITL Quantity and distribution of forest fuels following first thinning in

radiata pine plantations.

PUBL Forestry Tech. Pap. 26. Victoria, Australia: Forests Commission. 3 p.

YEAR 1977

ABST Stands under two thinning regimes, A and B, were compared with unthinned

stands, 12 years old, in northeast Victoria: A = l-in-3 row thinning and

B = l-in-6 row thinning with selection between rows. Merchantable

volume removed was 9.3 cubic meters in A and 10.3 cubic meters in B.

146
Thinning reduced total tree fuels from 126 to 87 tons per hectare

ovendry weight in A and from 127 to 83 tons per hectare in B, but

increased total ground fuels from 28 to 46 tons per hectare ovendry

weight in A and from 22 to 48 tons per hectare in B.

KEYW Machinery, plantation, row thinning, selective thinning

544 AUTH Williamson, R.A.

TITL The levels-of-growing-stock studies.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST The effects of thinning on stand growth are examined for various levels

of growing stock at various ages.

KEYW Growth and yield, selective thinning, spacing, West

545 AUTH Williamson, R.A.

TITL Precommercial thinning.

PUBL In: Proceedings of symposium on management of young pines; 1974 December

3-5; Charleston, SC. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station: 72-76.

YEAR 1974

ABST Precommercial thinning in overstocked stands of loblolly pine is

discussed using a study in south Arkansas as background. Twenty years

of growth and stand development information is presented and some

observations are made about the results.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, precommercial thinning, South

546 AUTH Williston, H.L.

TITL Growth and yield to age 37 in north Mississippi loblolly plantations.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 3(3): 127-130.

YEAR 1979

ABST Loblolly pine plantations on site 80 and site VO (base age 50) were

thinned three times at 5-year intervals to basal areas (BA) of 70 and

100 square feet per acre beginning at age 17 years. Total production

per acre after 20 years of management was: site 90, BA 70--5,274 cubic

feet or 16,925 board feet (international l/4-inch rule); site 90, BA

loo--6,215 cubic feet or 18,910 board feet; site 80, BA 70--4,390 cubic

feet or 10,643 board feet; and site 80, BA 100--4,692 cubic feet or

9,230 board feet. Heavy thinning reduced cordwood yield 15 percent on

site 90 and 6 percent on site 80.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, selective thinning, South

547 AUTH Williston, H.L.

TITL Pros and cons of row thinning pine plantations.

PUBL Pulpwood Products and Saw Mill Logging. 20(6): 46.

YEAR 1972

ABST Row thinning has both advantages and disadvantages. Some of its

advantages are: it simplifies the marking of trees, makes mechanical

thinning possible, and merchantable wood is removed more easily. Some

disadvantages are: rows that are not easily identifiable cause a

147
problem, row thinning removes genetically superior trees, it removes

unmerchantable trees, and the average diameter of the stand is reduced.

The conditions of each stand must also be considered.

KEYW Marking, plantation, row thinning

548 AUTH Williston, H.L.

TITL A statistical history of tree planting in the South, 1925-1979.

PUBL Misc. Rep. SA-MR 8. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Area, State and Private Forestry. [Number of pages

unknown].

YEAR 1980

ABST Acres planted each year are listed by State, broken down into categories

of: (1) Federal land, (2) other public land, (3) industry, and (4)

nonindustrial private. Totals are listed for all the States, along with

the number of acres planted by State and year under the Agricultural

Conservation Program, Forestry Incentives Program, and Conservation

Reserve Soil Bank Program.

KEYW Plantation, South

549 AUTH Williston, H.L.

TITL Thinning desirable in loblolly pine plantations in west Tennessee.

PUBL Res. Note ~0-61. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p.

YEAR I967

ABST In loblolly pine plantations thinned at age 19 and at 5-year intervals

thereafter, growth during the 10 years following the first thinning was

independent of residual basal area within the range tested--67 to 174

square feet per acre. Thinning was economically attractive in 29-year

pulpwood rotations and appeared necessary in longer rotations.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, South

550 AUTH Williston, H.L.

TITL Thinning shortleaf pine plantations in northern Mississippi.

PUBL Southern Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(4): 137-140.

YEAR I978

ABST Residual basal areas did not have a significant effect on cubic volume

growth over a 20-year period in a thinning study established in

23-year-old shortleaf pine plantations. Basal area at age 38 years did

have a highly significant effect on board-foot volume growth during the

ensuing 5-year period. Total production at 43 years averaged 12,334

board feet per acre on site 80. The results suggest that for sawtimber

an 8- by 8-foot spacing would have been superior to the 6- by 6-foot

spacing employed in establishing these plantations.

KEYW Growth and yield, methods, plantation, shortleaf, silviculture, South

551 AUTH Williston, H.L.; Balmer, W.E.

TITL Managing for natural regeneration.

PUBL Forest Farmer. 35(3): 6-12.

YEAR I976

ABST On why and when to thin.

KEYW Natural stand

148
552 AUTH Williston, H.L.; Balmer, W.E.

TITL Managing for natural Virginia pine.

PUBL Rep. SA-FR-7. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1980

ABST Discussion of general management procedures of Virginia pine, giving

ages, spacing and methods for thinning with respect to use of stand

(i.e., pulp or sawtimber).

KEYW Diseases, growth and yield, methods, precommercial thinning, pulpwood,

silviculture, site, spacing, strip thinning

553 AUTH Williston, H.L.; Shropshire, F.W.; Balmer, W.E.

TITL Cypress management: a forgotten opportunity.

PUBL Report SA-FR-8. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1980

ABST Discussion of general management of cypress, giving growth rate of

several studies of thinned and unthinned stands.

KEYW Growth and yield, natural stand, plantation, silviculture, South,

spacing

554 AUTH Wilson, R.V.; Watt, A.J.

TITL An economic comparison of alternative silvicultural treatments in

radiata pine.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 318-331.

YEAR 19%

ABST Economic comparisons have been made of a number of alternative

silvicultural regimes in pinus radiata plantations in New South Wales,

Australia. These comparisons, done with the aid of computer simulation,

have indicated that relatively severe thinning regimes are financially

preferable to those incorporating light and frequent thinnings, and that

optimal financial rotations over a wide range of forest conditions are

in excess of 45 to 50 years. The critical factors influencing the

profitability are also discussed. For large plantation owners such as

the forestry commission of New South Wales, it is not feasible to treat

plantations by one optimal silvicultural regime. Meeting aggregate wood

demands requires application of a number of alternative silvicultural

regimes, some suboptimal, so that maximal benefits are obtained from the

total plantation in a defined geographical zone.

KEYW Economics, plantation, silviculture

555 AUTH Wimble, A.W.

TITL Machine, time utilization, maintenance and cost-terms and concepts.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 81-R-42. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association.

24 p.

YEAR 1981

ABST List of basic terms and concepts used internationally to describe

machine time, utilization and measures, and cost of maintenance.

KEYW Economics, machinery

149
556 AUTH Wimble, A.W.

TITL Thinning in the forestry of the future.

PUBL APA Tech. Rel. 73-R-53. Washington, DC: American Pulpwood Association. 7

P.

YEAR 1973

ABST Discussion of the why and how of thinning in the future, seven

mechanized thinning systems, techniques for mechanized thinning, future

potential for thinning machines, changes in silviculture, and

mechanization of thinnings in Finland.

KEYW Equations, machinery, methods, silviculture, systems

557 AUTH Winsauer, S.A.; Kofman, P.D.

TITL Simulation of the Kockums 81-11 feller-buncher.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 86-1608. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 11 p.

YEAR 1986

ABST A computer simulation model was developed following field trials with a

Kockums 81-11 feller-buncher. The effects of stand density, d.b.h., row

length, and thinning treatment on the Kockums feller-buncher

productivity were analyzed. The simulation was also used to estimate

productivity after changes in machine parameters such as shear rate,

travel speed, and accumulator capacity.

KEYW Equipment, feller-buncher, strip thinning

558 AUTH Winsauer, S.A.; Mattson, J.A.; Thompson, M.A.

TITL Feller-bunchers in plantation thinnings: factors affecting productivity.

PUBL Res. Pap. NC-254. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 15 p.

YEAR 1984

ABST Simulation methods were used to determine the effect of various factors

on the performance of feller-bunchers in thinning plantations. The

variables considered were (1) stand characteristics: tree spacing,

d.b.h., basal area, (2) operational factors: thinning pattern, thinning

intensity, (3) machine characteristics: accumulating capacity, average

travel speed, average shear time, average drop time, boom travel speed,

and maximum and minimum boom reach. The use of an accumulator head

and/or an increase in cutting speed was found to significantly improve

productivity.

KEYW Feller-buncher, machinery, models, plantation, row thinning, strip

thinning

559 AUTH Wippermann, H.J.

TITL Residual recovery in small scale forestry.

PUBL In: Proceedings of conference; 1984 June 15-21; Goteborg, Sweden:

Applied Science Publishers: 26-34.

YEAR 1984

ABST Recent work on small-scale residue recovery and chipping operations in

private forest in the German Federal Republic is described. The

residues include small trees and tree segments from thinning operations

and residual material from older stands to which different working and

150
harvesting methods have been applied. They are to be utilized as

fuelwood or converted to chips or fuel.

KEYW Biomass, chipping, machinery, silviculture

560 AUTH Wippermann, H.J.

TITL Technology for the mechanized primary conversion of smallwood and forest

residues.

PUBL Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff. 43(l): 23-28.

YEAR 19%

ABST A review, based mainly on results of studies in central Europe, of

smallwood harvesting methods, central conversion installations, and

forest residue processing.

KEYW Biomass, processing, selective thinning

561 AUTH Wood, G.W.; Beland, J.M.; Lynn, T.E.

TITL Potential responses of wildlife habitat and populations to precommercial

thinning in a young pine stand.

PUBL In: Proceedings of symposium on management of young pines; 1974 December

3-5; Charleston, SC. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 312-315.

YEAR 1974

ABST The authors can perceive no undesirable changes in wildlife habitat or

populations as a result of precommercial thinning. Indeed, they believe

there is an overall improvement in habitat, an increase in stand use by

some animals, and an improvement in human usability.

KEYW Loblolly, precommercial thinning, wildlife

562 AUTH Woollons, R.C.

TITL Problems associated with analyses of long-term pine fertilizer x

thinning experiments.

PUBL Australian Forest Research. 15(4): 495-507.

YEAR 1986

ABST Initial stand basal area and initial stocking are shown to be

unsatisfactory covariants for analyses of thinning experiments combined

with several fertilizer treatments. It is suggested that initial basal

area per tree be used instead. Alternative methods of analyzing these

experiments involve fitting projection equations to the plot yields, and

subsequently analyzing the estimated coefficients by covariance or

multivariate techniques.

KEYW Fertilization

563 AUTH Woolsey, T.S.

TITL Strip thinnings.

PUBL In: Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters: 6(l): 38-41.

YEAR 1911

ABST The idea proposed is to strip thin in a very dense spruce stand in New

England. The system is explained and production given. An old article,

but descriptive for that site.

KEYW Natural stand, Northeast, strip thinning, systems

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564

565

566

567

AUTH Wright, J.P.

TITL First thinning options: row thinning vs. selection thinning.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 308-317.

YEAR 1976

ABST A comparison of the relative merits of performing a first commercial

thinning operation in radiata pine plantations by row thinning and by

selection thinning from below. These two approaches are compared on the

basis of silvicultural considerations (growth, quality and stability of

the retained stems), economic and financial considerations (of both

grower and harvester), and wood flow considerations. Row thinning is

cheaper and easier than selection thinning, provides more scope for

mechanization of harvesting, and reduces tree marking and supervision

costs. On the debit side, it reduces the options for selecting crop

trees for retention and reduces the yield of sawlogs in second

thinnings. It is concluded that third row thinning is a practical and

acceptable thinning technique for radiata pine, except for stands

containing large numbers of defective trees, and possibly for stands

particularly prone to damage by wind or snow.

KEYW Damage, economics, growth and yield, methods, row thinning, selective

thinning, silviculture

AUTH Wright, J.P.; Opie, J.E.

TITL A short review of thinning practice in Victoria.

PUBL New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 6(2): 259-265.

YEAR 1976

ABST A brief review of thinning practice in each of the main wood-producing

forest types of Victoria. It is seen that thinning practice varies a

great deal between, and to a lesser extent within, forest types.Possible

reasons for the variation in thinning practice are deduced, and the

matter is further examined by reference to three case studies (ash-type

eucalyptus, pine, and box-ironbark). It is concluded that, in Victoria,

important determinants of thinning practice have been topography/access,

various aspects of marketing, and the capacity of the forest resource.

KEYW Economics, methods, site

AUTH Wronski, E.B.

TITL Impact on tractor thinning operations on soils and tree roots in a Karri

Forest, western Australia.

PUBL Australian Forest Research. 14: 319-332.

YEAR 1984

ABST Soils covering 23 percent of a trial area were visibly compacted or

severely disturbed during thinning operations conducted by a forwarder

and by a skidder. Eighteen months after logging, root length density in

soil compacted by one or more passes by either vehicle was still only

one-sixth of that in undisturbed soil.

KEYW Damage

AUTH Wu, S.C.; Tai, K.Y.

TITL Thinning and regeneration of China fir plantations in Taiwan.

PUBL In: The biological, operational, and economic aspects of thinning,

worldwide: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1977 September 12-16;

Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. [Number of pages unknown].

YEAR 1977

ABST Thinning to improve growth rate is an important process on plantations.

Because silvicultural operations have become a kind of enterprise, cost

and revenue have been calculated more carefully in recent years. With

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the increase in tree plantation area, the question whether the positive

outcome of thinning can compare with its operational cost becomes

important. Also, more effective forest renewal is desirable to assure

faster growth rates. In this study a special design for regeneration is

presented for more profitable thinning of China fir forests.

KEYW Economics, growth and yield, plantation, selective thinning,

silviculture

568 AUTH Young, L.; Bowling, D.

TITL Total tree chipping in pine plantations.

PUBL In: Thinning southern pine plantations: Proceedings of southern forest

economic workshop; 1980 March 3-5; Long Beach, MS. Raleigh, NC:

Southern Forest Economics Workers: 78-86.

YEAR 1980

ABST Harvesting information on various cuts proposed during rotation, on

blending field chips with residue chips, and on equipment and manpower

used in chipping, including descriptions of third row thinning, strip

thinning, final thinning.

KEYW Chipping, methods, plantation, row thinning, South, strip thinning,

whole tree

569 AUTH Zahner, R.; Whitmore, F.W.

TITL Early growth of radically thinned loblolly pine.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 58(8): 628-634.

YEAR 1960

ABST During 1954, a study was started in south Arkansas to determine if

loblolly pine of good quality can be grown rapidly by giving choice

trees full room. The early development of stems, crowns, and roots of

such trees has been closely measured and compared to trees grown under

more conventional thinning practices. The authors report the first 5

years of observation, but do not intend to recommend management

procedures.

KEYW Growth and yield, loblolly, plantation, pruning, South, spacing

570 AUTH Zasada, Z.A.

TITL Feasibility of mechanized harvesting of thinnings in the Lake States.

PUBL In: Thinning and mechanization: Proceedings of IUFRO meeting; 1969

September; Stockholm, Sweden: Royal College of Forestry: l23-l29.

YEAR 1969

ABST Discussion of red pine thinning and partial cutting in northern

hardwood.

KEYW Damage, diseases, hardwood, machinery, red pine, row thinning, selective

thinning, shortwood, silviculture, systems

571 AUTH Zasada, Z.A.

TITL Mechanized timber harvesting and forest management in northern

Minnesota.

PUBL ASAE Pap. 71-613. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural

Engineers. 13 p.

YEAR 1971

ABST The effect of mechanized harvesting systems on the forest environment is

discussed with the conclusion that, through planning the pattern of

harvesting and selection of a logging system, forest management

requirements can be included in the logging operation impact on costs

and production.

153
KEYW Damage, economics, longwood, machinery, shortwood, silviculture, site,

strip thinning, systems, whole-tree

572

573

574

AUTH Zasada, Z.A.; Benzie, J.W.

TITL Mechanized harvesting for thinning sawtimber red pine.

PUBL Misc. Rep. 99. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Agricultural

Experimental Station. 14 p.

YEAR 1970

ABST Information is provided on harvesting systems that permit efficient use

of machines compatible with multiple-use forest management. The study

area was in Minnesota.

KEYW Machinery, silviculture, systems

AUTH Zobel, B.J.

TITL Forest Renewal on Industrial Timberlands.

PUBL Journal of Forestry. 72(ll): 680-715.

YEAR 1974

ABST The report addresses current methods and future trends in forest

renewal. Intensive forestry management and regeneration is discussed.

Future predictions include improved utilization, loss of use of fire and

herbicide, and containerized seedlings.

KEYW Cable system, economics, loblolly, machinery, silviculture

AUTH Zobel, B. J.

TITL Wood properties as affected by changes in the wood supply of Southern

pines.

PUBL Tappi. 59(4): 126-128.

YEAR 1976

ABST The quality and type of wood available to the pulp industry is rapidly

changing; manufacturers must plan ahead and learn to use the material

becoming available. One of the main reasons why the wood supply of the

future will differ from what it is today is that the wood available will

be younger (more juvenile wood) because of reduced harvesting age and

greater use of thinnings and top wood. This will result in wood with

shorter tracheids having thinner cell walls, considerably higher

hemicellulose content, and increased amounts of compression wood with

its greater amount of lignin. Resin content will be lower and paper

strength properties will be different from older wood within or among

trees. Costs per ton of paper produced are expected to increase because

of the low specific gravity and high moisture content of juvenile and

top wood, and the small size of the timber with attendant high

harvesting costs. Studies from one company indicated that the cost of

producing one ton of pulp from 12-year-old thinnings was 65 percent

higher than producing a ton from 30-year-old trees. Pulps from juvenile

wood have high tensile strength, burst factor, folding endurance, and

sheet smoothness, with lower tear factor and capacity than pulps made

from mature wood. Under certain conditions, juvenile pine wood can

serve as a partial substitute for hardwood and pulps for use in special

products.

KEYW Juvenile wood, multiproduct, pulpwood, South, whole-tree

154
YEAR INDEX

1911 ............................ 563

1947 ............................ 371, 476

1948 ............................ 529

1952 ............................ 341, 374

1954 ............................ 195, 198

1955 ............................ 44, 351

1958 ............................ 324, 537

1959 ............................ 56, 63, 197

1960 ............................ 58, 540, 569

1961............................ 352, 377

1962 ............................ 50, 66, 218, 539

1963 ............................ 53, 96, 104, 116, 323

1964 ............................ 148

1965 ............................ 59, 219

1966 ............................ 46, 48, 196

1967 ............................ 4, 5, 346, 367, 378, 462,

549

1968 ............................ 3, 10, 61, 127,146, 230. 274, 337,

389, 390

1969 ............................ 1, 2, 6, 15. 47, 54, 128, 164, 167,

172, 174, 199, 202, 205, 225. 231,

253, 258, 273, 278, 296, 299. 301,

338, 349, 355, 356. 361.

376, 380, 382, 383, 386.

;;;. g.

432, 447, 459, 460, 464, 465: 477:

478, 495. 506. 510, 523, 524, 526,

528, 538, 542, 570

1970............................ 60, 64, 68, 71, 73, 99,

233. 249, 252, 265, 379,

445, 504, 525, 572

155. 175, 216,

402, 443,

1971............................ 25, 51, 55, 57, 173, 213, 319, 332,

340, 342, 425, 473, 507, 571

1972 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119, 129, 284, 329, 343, 434, 502,

541, 547

155
1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 42, 136, 156, 158, 209, 328, 428,

480, 556

1974............................ 12, 24, 83, 91, 122, 123, 138, 169,

229, 241, 269, 275, 290, 326, 334,

345, 4031 427, 451, 457, 467. 468,

545, 561, 573

1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 18, 84, 105, 112, 135, 144, 178,

369, 449, 497, 535. 536

1976............................ 20, 21, 74, 86, 89, 101, 115, 143,

145, 147, 181, 220, 238, 279, 280,

285, 287, 300, 331, 336, 339, 344,

353. 385, 404, 424, 456, 505, 513,

518, 551, 554, 564. 565. 574

1977............................ 17, 30, 32, 35, 45, 81, 87, 103, 131,

139, 152, 204, 206, 215, 224, 227,

235, 267, 270, 271, 283.297, 327. 333,

359, 373, 397, 410, 420. 438, 439,

450, 454. 503, 514. 519. 520, 532,

543, 544, 567

1978 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29, 41, 62, 69, 92, 94, 108, 111, 126,

149, 165, 176, 203, 212, 330. 370,

433, 458, 466, 470. 484, 522, 550

1979............................ 16, 113, 120, 137, 141, 142, 150, 154,

170, 207, 239, 240, 256, 281, 282,

286, 393, 398. 509, 546

1980............................ 8, 9, 27, 31, 39, 95, 110. 151, 177,

180, 234, 236, 243, 260, 264. 266,

277, 291, 295, 320, 391, 437. 455,

496, 508, 512, 527, 548, 552, 553, 568

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 37, 40, 67, 82, 100, 106, 109, 132,

153, 161, 162, 179, 221, 226, 302,

325. 368, 381, 392, 498, 499, 533,

534. 555

1982........................... 19, 70, 85. 107, 245, 293, 298, 303,

304, 308, 315, 350. 405. 422, 430.

441, 481, 489, 493, 494

1983............................ 34, 75, 97, 114, 140, 166, 222, 248,

261, 272, 305, 306, 307, 318, 321,

347, 366, 412, 414, 415, 429, 485,

487, 492, 500

156
1984............................ 14, 33. 49, 79, 88, 90. 93, 117. 125.

133, 134, 163, 168, 182, 185. 188,

192, 194, 217, 228, 246, 250, 254,

259, 262, 263. 268, 276, 309. 312,

314, 348, 358, 362, 388. 395. 396,

399. 401, 408, 409, 416, 421, 436,

452, 463. 474, 482, 5011 511. 517,

521, 558. 559, 566

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22, 52, 76, 77, 102, 121, 130. 157.

160, 171, 183, 184, 200, 214, 255,

310, 311, 317, 335, 354, 357. 363,

365, 384, 387, 400, 406, 413, 417,

418, 423, 431. 435, 442, 444, 446,

448, 453, 461, 475, 483, 486, 490,

530. 531, 560

1986............................ 26, 28, 36, 38, 43, 65, 78, 80, 98,

118, 124, 159, 191, 193, 201, 210,

223, 232, 237, 247, 251, 289, 292,

294, 316, 322, 364, 419, 426, 440,

469, 471, 472, 479, 491, 557. 562

1987............................ 13, 72, 186, 187, 189, 190, 242, 244,

313, 360, 488, 515. 516

Year unknown................ 208, 211, 257, 288, 411

157
KEYWORD INDEX

Biomass...................... 10, 92, 100, 203, 206, 225, 254,

314, 409, 471. 535, 536. 559. 560

Bunching..................... 126, 168, 207, 236, 243, 256, 277,

298. 381. 393, 395. 403, 490, 513

Cable system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 21, 22, 35. 52, 117. 153. 170,

211, 244, 277, 280, 308, 314, 315,

316, 363, 373, 423, 451, 482, 489,

510, 573

Chemicals.................... 71, 119, 144, 150. 165, 175, 203,

275, 300. 351, 542

Chipping.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 23, 30, 92, loo, 205, 207,

225, 230, 257, 266, 267, 268, 272,

280, 334. 335, 368, 369. 465. 478,

514, 559, 568

Clearcut..................... 108, 213. 233, 246, 250, 451. 515,

516, 536

Damage....................... 2, 5, lo, 13, 20, 21, 30, 32, 78,

Diseases ..............

Economics ..............

82, 87, 109, 110, 119, 122, 123,

126, 144, 147, 154, 155, 158, 194,

204, 207, 210, 211, 231, 232, 238,

240, 243, 249, 253, 255, 263, 266,

272, 273, 276, 281, 282, 294, 300,

303, 306, 334, 354, 355. 359. 363.

371, 375. 382, 383, 386, 392, 394,

403, 430, 432, 446, 447, 448, 452,

456, 458, 494, 505. 506. 523, 530,

532, 536, 564, 566, 570, 571

. . . 8, 45, 59, 72, 116, 127. 146,

154, 165, 210, 241, 250, 255, 267,

276, 327, 349, 354, 355, 366, 375,

383, 385, 394, 404, 414, 424, 428,

456, 466, 470, 479, 505. 519. 525,

552, 570

. . . 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 17, 18, 20, 22,

24, 25, 30, 31. 35, 36, 41, 45, 46,

52, 64, 70, 80, 86, 87, 89, 95, 97,

loo, 102, 106, 107, log, 114, 115,

122, 123, 125, 126, 146, 147, 151,

152, 153. 168, 169, 172, 176, 178,

180, 181, 185, 201, 202, 203, 206,

208, 211, 213, 217, 224, 226, 227,

230, 234, 237, 238, 242, 245, 248,

254, 256, 257, 264, 266, 267, 270,

274, 277, 284, 285, 286, 289, 29.5,

158
303, 305, 306, 308, 310, 314, 315,

327, 333, 336, 353. 356, 357. 369,

372, 379, 381, 385, 390. 393, 397.

401, 403, 405, 406, 407, 408, 410,

411, 415, 418, 422, 426, 429, 430.

439, 442, 443, 451. 4531 457. 463,

465, 467, 473. 474, 475. 476, 4771

483, 485. 489, 491, 493, 496, 500,

504, 505, 514, 515, 517. 518, 522,

527, 529, 532, 538, 549, 554, 555,

564, 565. 567, 571, 573

Equations.................... 3, 4, 5, 6, 12, 37. 40, 51, 54, 61,

63, 92, 111, 131. 136, 139. 142,

143, 145, 149, 161, 164, 174, 179,

180, 196, 197, 200, 211, 223, 224,

230, 245, 273, 303. 304, 319. 328,

340, 342, 360, 367, 451, 468, 516,

556

Equipment.................... 22, 52, 163. 189, 190. 191, 192,

193, 228, 244, 254, 289, 314, 409,

440, 482, 557

Feller-buncher............... 19, 23, 26, 34, 65, 73, 100, 105,

130, 152, 159, 160, 161, 162, 182,

187, 189, 190, 193, 207, 230, 236,

256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 266, 272,

279, 280, 289, 293, 304. 305. 307.

308, 309, 321, 369, 379. 380. 402,

434, 448, 480, 484, 486, 487, 488,

491, 492, 493, 508, 509. 513, 514.

531, 557, 558

Felling..................... 4, 10, 12, 31, 33. 100, 166, 168,

207, 236, 268, 277, 279. 280, 298,

299, 301, 379, 395, 409, 432, 435.

436, 437, 438, 441, 444, 484, 487,

491, 507, 513, 527

Fertilization................ 40, 43, 67, 69, 99, 112. 203, 233,

271, 295, 315. 317, 339, 446, 462.

506, 520, 536, 562

Forecasts.................... 1, 2, 92, 95, 109, 124, 131, 137.

142, 149, 161, 164, 177, 199, 227,

234, 285, 295, 334, 376, 382, 385.

389, 391, 397, 454, 460, 467, 4771

478, 495, 511, 512, 518

Forwarder.................... 87, 117, 187, 189, 204, 211, 257.

278, 279, 280, 282, 303, 334, 386,

467, 474, 488, 489, 500

159
Growth and yield............. 1, 14, 15, 16, 28, 30, 39, 40, 41,

44, 47. 48, 50. 51, 531 54, 57, 58.

60, 61, 62, 63, 67, 68, 69, 75. 76,

77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 86, 89, 91, 92.

93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99. 101, 103,

108, 112, 113, 127, 129, 131, 134,

137, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145. 147,

148, 164, 167, 169, 171, 173, 174,

175, 197. 198, 200, 203, 208, 211,

212. 214. 217, 218, 219, 220, 221,

222; 223; 23i, 234, 239, 247, 252,

265. 269, 270, 271, 274, 276, 292,

296, 313, 317, 318, 319. 322, 323.

324, 325, 326. 327, 328, 331, 339,

340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 345. 347.

350. 351, 352, 360, 367, 374, 376,

377. 387, 388, 389, 398, 400, 404,

416, 417, 418, 421, 422, 427, 433,

449, 455, 456, 457, 459. 462, 466,

468, 470, 473, 479, 497, 498, 501,

502, 503, 505, 518, 519, 520, 522,

523, 526, 529, 537, 544, 545, 546.

549, 550, 552, 553, 564, 5671 569

Hardwood..................... 38, 49, 54, 67. 92, 93, loo, 175.

223, 239, 240, 246, 254, 262, 351,

362, 4351 436, 542, 570

Harvester.................... 11, 12, 19, 24, 117, 178, 179, 180,

229, 230, 248, 261, 262, 263, 279.

280, 282, 293, 311, 411, 425, 454,

463. 467, 487, 494, 517

Harvesting................... 179, 307

Helicopter................... 126, 153

Juvenile wood................ ;$ 1;;; 206, 277. 284, 333, 391,

9

Labor........................ 4, 5, 9, 64, 74, 87. 107, 172, 177.

181, 199, 230, 257, 264, 312, 384,

407, 532

Limbing...................... 189, 190, 236, 435, 484, 488, 491,

516

Loading...................... 181, 189, 257, 303, 409, 480, 493

Loblolly..................... 7, 8, 16, 38, 40, 41, 47, 48, 54,

66, 68, 69, 70, 77, 78, 79, 81, 83,

84, 85, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96. 111,

112, 113, 119, 134, 136, 142, 143,

144, 145, 146, 150, 151, 154, 165,

169, 173. 174, 175, 180, 187. 198,

203, 209, 215, 220, 221, 234, 241,

250, 263, 265, 269. 271, 275, 276,

160
284, 291, 3091 318, 319, 323, 3-s

327, 329, 339, 341, 342, 344, 349,

350, 351. 358, 359, 360, 367, 368,

371. 376, 377, 391, 404, 418, 428,

445. 455, 457, 458, 463, 466,

468,472, 473, 485, 486, 487, 488,

492, 493, 498, 501, 502, 503, 517,

519. 525, 526, 529, 535, 536, 537,

;;;, 542, 545, 546, 549, 561, 569,

Longleaf..................... 54, 92, 136, 265, 326, 331. 371,

376, 445, 462, 520, 529

Longwood..................... 11, 12, 107, 153, 181, 213, 256,

346, 408, 496, 514, 571

Machinery.................... 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 15.

17, 18, 19. 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30,

31, 32, 34, 42, 54, 64, 65, 74, 80,

87, loo, 101, 105, 107, 109, 110,

120, 121, 123, 130, 133, 152, 155,

156, 161, 168, 170, 176, 178, 180,

181, 182, 183, 184, 199, 204, 205,

206, 207, 211, 216, 229, 230, 231,

235, 236, 238, 243. 245. 250, 257,

258, 259. 260, 261, 263, 264, 266,

272, 273, 276, 278, 279, 280, 281,

282, 287, 288, 293, 298, 301, 303,

304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 315,

320, 321, 332, 334, 336, 337, 361,

368, 369, 378, 380, 381, 383, 384,

386, 390, 402, 403, 407, 411, 425,

430, 431, 432, 434, 4371 447, 450,

454, 463, 464, 465, 467, 477, 480,

481, 485, 487, 489, 492, 493, 495,

499, 500, 504, 507, 508, 509, 517,

518, 521, 528, 531, 534, 538, 5431

555. 556, 558, 559, 570, 571, 572.

573

Management................... 13. 38, 102, 124, 186, 350

Marking...................... 3, 311, 547

Methods...................... 3, 9, 10, 16, 28, 55, 69, 81, 83,

103, 109, 114, 138, 140, 146, 164,

191, 199, 202, 203, 211, 248, 258,

266, 305, 325, 330. 334, 338, 343,

344, 345. 355. 356, 375, 376, 394,

395. 436, 437, 459, 480, 488, 495,

500. 510. 517, 524, 526, 527, 550,

552, 556, 564, 5651 568

Models....................... 13, 30, 37, 40, 51, 75, 76, 79, 85.

88, 96, 97, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112,

113, 115, 120, 131, 135, 149, 161,

161
182, 208, 215, 227, 230, 245, 248,

314, 315, 316, 318, 378, 379, 380,

389, 393, 397, 400. 414, 416, 417,

418, 419, 421, 430, 434, 464, 471,

475, 477, 498, 501. 502, 508, 509,

515, 558

Multiproduct................. ;$ 61, 62, 189, 225, 370, 495, 540,

Natural stand................ 16, 39, 63, 67, 68, 251, 263, 270,

290, 311, 377, 429. 473, 537, 540,

551, 553, 563

Northeast.................... 2, 49, 243, 244, 323. 356. 563

Plantation................... 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 20, 24, 34, 37. 40,

44, 53. 54, 55, 56, 57. 58, 59, 60,

61, 62, 70, 79, 84, 85, 91, 92, 93,

gg, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108,

112, 113, 115, 116, 119, 127, 128,

1.29, 139, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145,

146, 149, 151, 154, 163, 165, 167,

169, 173, 176, 179. 180, 182, 183,

184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 203, 207,

208, 218, 222, 227, 234, 235, 241,

250, 252, 265, 271, 274, 276, 278,

279, 280, 281, 282, 288, 290, 291,

295, 300. 302, 3031 308, 318, 319,

323, 325, 326, 330. 331, 336, 337,

338, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 346,

348, 349, 352, 356, 358, 364, 368,

371, 374, 385, 397, 398, 400, 403,

414, 416, 420, 424, 425, 427, 428,

440, 448, 451, 454, 455, 456, 457,

458, 460, 466, 468, 470, 474, 476,

484, 485, 492, 493, 498, 499, 501,

503, 507, 508, 509, 512, 514, 515.

518, 519, 520. 522, 525, 526, 529,

535, 536, 5431 546, 547, 548, 549,

550, 553, 554, 558, 567, 568, 569

Precommercial thinning.

Processing.............

. . . . 31, 39, 45, 63s 69, 71, 123, 131,

133, 156, 174, 222, 229, 242, 250,

267, 269, 270, 275, 279, 280, 290,

297, 312, 315, 327, 328, 329, 330,

332, 345. 355, 359, 365. 392, 406,

410, 439, 442, 452, 453. 469, 4701

542, 545, 552. 561

. . . . 4, 12, 114, 256, 272, 277, 280, 299,

334, 384, 432, 440, 465. 485. 560

162
I

Processor................... 54, 117, 184, 188, 228, 230, 261,

278, 279, 280, 293, 298, 379, 380,

392, 464, 467, 483, 538

Pruning...................... 82, 83. 91, 279, 368, 461, 470, 505,

569

Pulpwood..................... 24, 55, 61, 64, 74, 106, 148, 172,

186, 225, 226, 284, 295, 341, 358,

369, 378, 391, 413, 425, 429, 484,

487, 532, 533, 552, 574

Radiata pine................. 133. 166, 278, 365, 405, 413. 459.

500

Red pine ..................... 99, 322, 356, 440, 522, 570

Roads ........................ 132, 393, 443, 538

Row thinning................. 3, 5, 12, 15, 25, 32, 34, 74, 101,

118, 127, 128, 133, 146, 166, 167,

173. 176, 179, 180, 191, 228, 250,

278, 279, 280, 296, 299, 304, 305,

308, 323, 330, 338, 376, 379, 398,

399, 405, 412, 413. 416, 425, 429,

450, 458, 465, 472, 476. 489, 495,

500, 504, 507, 528, 532, 534, 538,

539, 543, 547, 558, 564, 568,

570

Safety....................... 9, 87. 147, 192

Selective thinning........... 3, 5, 6, 151 23, 32, 34, 39, 101.

121, 127, 128, 131, 133. 134. 139,

146, 160, 163, 166, 168, 170, 173,

185, 186, 194, 214, 232, 238, 250,

258, 262, 263, 266, 268, 271, 278,

279, 280, 283, 292, 296, 297. 304,

308, 310, 311, 327, 328, 329, 330,

333, 338, 345. 362, 364, 373, 375.

376, 395. 398, 399, 405, 408. 412,

413, 416, 431, 432, 435. 450, 457,

460, 4731 474, 489, 494, 495, 508,

509, 524, 529, 531. 532, 534, 539.

543, 544, 546, 560, 564, 567, 570

Shortleaf.................... 81, 92, 136, 167, 175, 198, 209,

352. 371, 376, 433. 550

Shortwood

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 11, 12, 74, 107, 114, 153, 181,

186, 192, 243, 278, 279, 299, 382,

408, 465. 467, 484, 496, 500, 570,

571

163
Silviculture............,

Site .....................

Skidder ..................

. <

. . . 1, 6, 14, 31, 34, 46, 59. 81, 83.

88, 89, 97, 124, 125, 134. 148, 154,

157, 193, 202, 203, 217. 227, 233,

242, 249, 250, 255, 268, 276, 284,

297, 308, 315. 336, 337. 341, 353.

356, 357, 359. 360, 372. 385, 397,

401, 415, 421, 424, 433, 449, 456,

462, 471, 489, 505. 506, 518, 520,

523, 524. 528, 536, 550, 552. 553,

554. 556. 559, 564, 567, 570. 571.

572, 573

I . 10, 44. 48, 67, 77, 119. 122, 135,

136, 139, 166, 217, 218, 232, 246,

249, 250, 252, 253, 281, 282, 291,

316, 322, 338, 352, 358, 367, 375.

386, 394, 3991 410, 439. 447, 470,

506, 519. 536, 552, 565. 571

, . . 4, 10, 12, 17, 19, 22, 26, 27, 64,

loo, 121, 153, 155, 166, 168, 181,

189, 190, 193, 211, 243, 245, 256,

257, 258, 259. 266, 267, 272, 277,

278, 280, 287, 288, 289, 298, 306,

308, 334, 336, 368. 369. 381, 393,

405, 408, 430, 432, 441, 444, 481,

483, 485, 489. 490, 493, 514, 515,

516, 534

Slash pine................... 7, 8, 11, 12, 37, 44, 53, 54, 56,

57, 58, 59. 60, 61, 62, 63, 92, 104,

116, 129, 136, 138, 139, 141, 146,

149, 165, 176. 179, 197. 218, 219,

234, 241, 265, 269, 270, 282, 290,

291, 325, 328. 330, 340. 343, 344,

358, 371, 374, 376, 397, 398. 400.

425, 428, 445, 459, 462, 519, 525,

526, 529

South........................ 2, 7, 8, 9, 1.1, 12, 13, 16, 20, 37,

40, 44, 47, 48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58,

59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 68. 74, 79,

81, 83, 84, 85. 91, 92, 93. 95, 96,

106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 113, 119,

125, 127, 129, 135, 136, 137, 138,

139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 149,

151, 154, 165. 173, 174, 175. 177,

179, 180, 182, 188, 197, 198, 209,

219, 221, 227, 234, 241, 255, 256,

263, 264, 265, 270. 271, 274, 275,

282, 284, 287, 288, 290, 291, 295,

300, 303, 318. 319, 325, 326, 327,

328, 329, 330. 331, 338, 340, 341,

342, 343, 344, 345. 348, 349. 350,

352, 359, 367, 374. 376, 377. 391,

396, 3971 414. 418, 425. 428, 4331

436, 445, 449, 454, 455. 457. 458,

164
463, 468, 4701 473, 484, 493, 495.

498, 499, 502, 503. 507, 511. 512,

519, 525, 526, 527, 529, 535, 536,

537, 542, 545, 546, 548, 549, 550.

553, 568, 569, 574

Spacing...................... 3, 28, 44, 47. 54, 55, 57, 58, 59,

61, 63, 91, 111, 127, 138, 143, 145.

174, 204, 208, 209, 212, 218, 219,

221, 222, 234, 290, 295, 312, 324,

337, 338, 340, 342, 356, 374, 420,

448, 454, 455, 457, 499, 504, 505,

507. 508, 509, 525, 526, 528, 529,

539. 544, 552. 553. 569

Steep slopes .............

Strip thinning ...........

Systems..................

, .

I .

.

. . . 21. 27, 52, 89, 126, 133, 153, 159,

161, 162, 170, 277. 309, 315, 320,

321, 333, 451, 482, 486, 510, 518

. . . 5, 6, 15, 19, 87, 110, 118, 120,

122, 131, 133, 204, 230, 238, 250,

258, 263. 266, 275, 297, 327, 328,

329, 330, 336, 345, 379, 432, 4501

453. 476, 504, 552, 557. 558, 563,

568, 571

. . . 2, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 17. 18, 19, 20,

23, 24, 29, 70, 74, 86, 92, 100,

106, 107, 108, 109, 117, 122, 126,

133, 161, 172, 174, 176, 181, 189,

211, 224, 229, 230, 238, 249, 256,

258, 264, 266, 267, 272, 277, 278,

279, 280, 293. 298, 299, 302, 303.

308, 310, 320, 336, 346, 348, 357,

369, 370, 381, 382, 401, 405. 415,

416, 418, 425, 432, 434, 438, 451,

454, 460, 465, 467, 477, 478, 481,

489, 493, 496, 500, 503, 504, 513,

514, 517, 527, 556, 563, 570, 5711

572

Thinning..................... 183, 302

Time study ................... 307

Training ..................... 10, 177, 279, 437

Volumes.......,.............. 24, 36, 49, 54, 56, 66, 79, 86, 129,

147, 149, 181, 195, 196, 208, 221,

250, 291, 292, 299, 313, 317, 358,

382, 387, 388, 396, 422, 445, 451,

497, 499, 501, 505. 511, 512, 525,

526, 539, 541

165
West......................... 2, 4, 45, 51, 98, 222,272, 283.

294, 315, 316, 332, 355, 366, 373.

390, 4.21, 422, 439, 443, 510, 544

Whole-tree................... 3, 10, 11, 12, 20, 23, 35, 92, 114,

176, 205, 206, 207, 229, 272, 369,

399, 423, 432, 442, 444, 46% 506,

514, 568, 571, 574

Wildlife..................... 156, 209, 345, 561

166
AUTHOR INDEX

AUTHOR

Abernathy, N.C.

Abetz, P.

Adamovich, L.L.

Adams, T.C.

Ager, B.H.

Aholainen, R.

Akesson, H.

Alexander, S.A.

Alig, R.J.

Allen, J.F.

Amateis, R.L.

Anderson, W.C.

Andersson, S.O.

Andre, P.

Andrulot, E.R.

Anonymous

Arola, R.A.

Arvidsson, A.

Ashmore, C.

Aulerich, E.D.

Axelsson, J.

Bailey, R.L.

Baird, C.O.

Baker, J.B.

Baldwin, V.C., Jr.

Ballard, R.

Balmer,

Barclay

Barker,

Barnes,

Barrett

Baskerv

Bassett

W.E.

H.J.

J.E.

R.L.

J.W.

lie, G.L.

J.R.

Baumgras, J.E.

Beck, D.E.

Beers, T.W.

Beland, J.M.

Bell, J.F.

Bella, I.E.

Bennecke, K.

Bennett, F.A.

Benzie, J.W.

Betters, D.R.

Birdsey, R.

Bjaanes, H.

Blackwell, L.P.

Blonsky, J.E.

Boggess, W.R.

Bolat, C.E.

Bond, A.R.

REFERENCE

371

t'3

5, 6

224

230

466

7, 8

9, 10

77

11, 12, 13, 179, 180

14, 15

157

16

17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,

24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29

z? 32

33: 34

35. 126

36

37, 331, 360. 399, 468

470

38, 39

498

40

41, 42, 551, 552, 553 & 317

$9 439

t7”. 48

49

223, 292

$1

171

;:

53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58,

59, 60, 61, 62, 63

572

88

511

432

16

64

167

347

148

167
AUTHOR

Bonicelli, B.

Bonnafous, J.C.

Bower, D.R.

Bowers, J.R.

Bowling, D.

Boyette, W.G.

Bradford, B.M.

Breeman, L.G.

Brender, E.V.

Brenneman, D.L.

Broderick, S.H.

Brodie, J.D.

Broerman, F.S.

Brown, J.E.

Brown, K.M.

Brown, M.W.

Bryan, R.W.

Buford, M.A.

Buhyoff, G.J.

Bullard, S.H.

Bunn, E.H.

Burk, T.E.

Burkhart. H.E.

Burnett, F.E.

Burnette, C.E.

Burns, P.Y.

Burrows, J.O.

Burton, J.D.

Cain, M.D.

Camisa, L.H.

Campbell, T.E.

Cao, Q.V.

Carbonnier, C.

Carlestal, B.

Cassens, D.L.

Cawrse, D.C.

Chandler, K.C.

Chang, B.Y.

Chibisov, G.A.

Choong, E.T.

Clark, A., III

Clason, T.R.

Clephane, T.P.

Cloeren, D.C.

Clutter, J.L.

Clutter, M.L.

Cohan, D.

Coker, R.J.

Cole, D.M.

Collins, A.B.,

Cooley, J.H.

Cooper, R.W.

Cowdrick, R.M.

Cremer, K.W.

III

REFERENCE

65

65

66, 445

151

568

67

466

284

68, 69, 377. 537

67

70

315, 421, 422

271

71

446

72

zl 74

251 % 76

223

77, 78, 79, 85. 112, 113,

292, 318, 497

154

536

16, 274

80

81, 82, 83

ii:

142

85

86

87

100

88

89

;A

;:

i:, 63, 68, 96, 149, 319, 502

399

21

98

219

99

537

100

101

168
AUTHOR REFERENCE

Crookston, W.L.

Crow, A.B.

Crowe, M.

Cubbage, F.W.

Czerepinski, F.P.

Dahlin, B.O.

Daiser, H.F.

Dale, M.E.

Daniels, R.F.

Danielsson, B.

Dargavel, J.B.

Darr, D.R.

Dehlen, R.

Dell, T.R.

Denninger, W.

Dennington, R.W.

Devillez, P.

Dickerson, B.P.

Diggle, P.J.

Dillard, P.W.

Dippon, D.

Domenech, D.

Dostal, D.

Drakenberg, K.

Driver, C.H.

Dunfield, J.D.

Dunham, P.H.

Dutrow, G.F.

Duzan, H.W., Jr.

Dykstra, D.P.

Ebeling, R.A.

Edwards, J.L.

Enghardt, H.G.

Erdmann, A.

Eriksson, L.

Evans, S.

Evans, T.C.

Farrar, R.M., Jr.

Feduccia, D.P.

Fender, D.E.

Fenton, R.H.

Ferguson, D.J.

Field, R.C.

Fitzgerald, C.H.

Flick, W.A.

Folkema, M.P.

Foran, W.M.

Forster, R.B.

Fortson, J.C.

Fountain, M.S.

Fowler, G.D.

Fox, W.

Francois, F.

Fraser, T.

102

103. 104, 274

105

106, 107

108, 109, 261

110

125

240

111, 112, 113

114

115

410

87

116, 142, 342

117

118

157

119

120

11.8

414

261

121

122

116

123

124

125

40

126

452

156

127, 128, 129, 343

130

36, 131, 132

133

1971 537

134, 135, 136, 137

138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143,

144, 145, 344, 498

146

147, 148

226

149

150

151

152

153

522

150

154

155

156

157

518

169
AUTHOR REFERENCE

Freese, F.

Fridley, G.E.

Fridley, J.L.

Fridley, R.B.

Fries, J.

Froelich, R.C.

Gadzik, C.3.

Garbini, J.L.

Gaskin, J.E.

Gibson, H.G.

Gilmore, A.R.

Gingrich, S.

Gleason, A.P.

Gobel, J.R.

Goebel, N.B.

Gordon, R.D.

Graham, J.N.

Grammel, R.

Grano, C.X.

Granskog, J.E.

Grayburn, A.W.

Greene, W.D.

Grider, G.E.

Griffin, G.

Grinchenko, V.V.

Groome, J.G.

Grosenbaugh, L.R.

Gruschow, G.F.

Guldin, R.W.

Guttenburg, S.

Gwalter, J.

Haas, R.E.

Haas, S.

Haberle, S.

Hackfield, M.C.

Hafley, W.L.

Hagerdon, C.W.

Haggstrom, B.

Haines, S.G.

Hakansson, S.G.

Hakkila. P.

Hall, M.J.

Halls, L.K.

Hamilton, D.A., Jr.

Hamilton, G.J.

Haney, H.L., Jr.

Hannelius, S.

Hannula, 0.

Hapla, F.

Hardie, I.W.

Harmon, G.R.

Harmon, M.

Harms, W.R.

158

159

159, 160, 161, 162

163

164

165. 300

244, 452, 453

160

166

100

167

276

168

169

519

170

171

172

173, 174, 175

12, 107, 176. 177, 178. 179,

180

181

182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187,

188, 189

400

190. 191, 192, 193

194

353

195, 196

197

13

198

247

473

97

199

263

200, 472

201

202

203, 282

204

205, 206, 207

208

209

210

211

78

212

213

214

215

216

10

217, 218, 219, 220, 221
AUTHOR REFERENCE

Harrington, C.A.

Harrison, W.C.

Harstela, P.

Hartler, N.

Hartsough, B.R.

Hassler, C.C.

Haver, G.F.

Hayden, W.Y.

Hearst, A.L., Jr.

Hedbring, 0.

Heden, S.

Hedin, I.B.

Hedlund, M.S.

Heikuraninen, L.

Heist, L.C.

Helms, J.A.

Hensel, J.S.

Herman, F.R.

Herschelman, J.W.

Hickman, C.A.

Hillstrom, W.A.

Hilt, D.E.

Hodges, C.S., Jr.

Hoffman, B.F.

Hoffman, R.E.

Holemo, F.

Holtman, J.B.

Honea, C.R.

Hool, J.N.

Hopkins, J.C.

Horne, R.

Howard, T.E.

Hughes, E.L.

Hughes, J.H.

Hull, R.B., IV

Hunt, F.M.

Hutte, P.

Huyler, N.K.

Hyland, J.

Hypes, T.L.

Hyppel, A.

Ievin, I.K.

Iff, R.H.

Izlar, B.

Izyumskii, P.P.

Jackson, B.D.

Jackson, L.W., Jr.

James, L.M.

Jarvinen, J.

Jenkins, M.W.

Johnson, J.A.

Johnson, J.D.

Johnson, L.R.

Jonas, A.

Jones, E.P., Jr.

222

223

224

225

363

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

512

233

234

475

235. 236

l7l

250

237

30, 238, 266

239. 240

165, 241, 300

242, 243, 244

245, 306

246

163

72

186

479

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256, 257

383

258

245, 306

33, 259. 260, 261

262

263, 264

265

346

224

263

266

469

267

268

37, 149, 269, 270, 325

171
AUTHOR REFERENCE

Jones, S.B.

Jorgensen, J.E.

Jorgensen, J.R.

Kalaja, H.

Kamizaka, M.

Kammenga, J.J.

Kane, M.B.

Kao, C.

Kardel, L.

Karkkainen, M.

Karr, B.L.

Kazhemak, A.J.

Keister, T.D.

Kellison, R.C.

Kellog, L.D.

Kent, B.M.

Kerruish, C.M.

King, A.L.

King, J.E.

Kirk, D.G.

Klemperer, W.D.

Kluender, R.A.

Knight, D.K.

Knight, H.A.

Knoebel, B.R.

Knutell, H.

Knutson, D.

Koch, P.

Kofman, P.D.

Koger, J.L.

Koten, D.E.

Kramer, H.

Krogstad, I.

Kubasak, E.

Kucera, B.

Kuhlman, E.G.

Kurtz, W.B.

Kushlyayeu, V.F.

Lane, R.A.

Lanford, B.L.

Langdon, O.G.

Lanson, N.I.

Lapointe, G.B.

Lea, R.V.

Leary, R.A.

Ledoux, C.B.

Lee, Y.J.

Leikola, M.

Lemin, R.C., Jr.

Lemmien. W.A.

271

159, 160, 161, 162

535. 536

206

431

272

40

422

122

273

532

258

274, 275

276

80, 277, 408

88

278, 279, 280

281, 282

283

284

70, 75, 76, 2851 286

287, 288, 533

289

290, 291

292

32, 120. 293

294

295

557

485

254

296, 297

298

299

255

300 7

301

302

34, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186,

187, 188, 189, 245, 303, 304,

305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310,

448, 474, 486, 487, 488, 489,

490, 491, 492, 493

41, 220

311

312

254

313

314. 315, 316

317

207

85, 318

346

172
AUTHOR

Lenhart, D.J.

Lennane, I.

Leuschner, W.A.

Levesque, R.

Liechty, H.O.

Little, S.

Lloyd, F.T.

Lohrey, R.E.

Lotti, T.

Lynch, D.W.

Lynn, K.D.

Lynn, T.E.

Lysons, H.H.

MacArthur, J.D.

MacDonald, M.A.

MacKintosh, J.

Mader, D.L.

Maki, T.E.

Mallonee, E.H., Jr.

Mann, C.N.

Mann, W.F., Jr.

Manthy, R.S.

Markstrom, D.C.

Martin, J.W.

Mason, R.R.

Matney, T.G.

Matthes, R.K.

Mattson, J.A.

McClay, T.A.

McClure, J.P.

McClurkin, D.G.

McConchie, B.D.

McCracken, F.I.

McCulley, R.D.

McGee, C.E.

McGriff, J.A.

McKee, B.

McNab, W.H.

McTague, J.P.

McWilliams, W.

Megille, X.De.

Meredith, E.M.

Meyers, R.K.

Mezhal, J.V.

Miles, J.A.

Mills, T.J.

Minin, N.S.

Minko, G.

Mitchell, R.G.

Miyata, E.S.

Moehring, D.M.

Mohr, J.J.

Moini, S.

REFERENCE

319

320

78

321

322

323. 324

62, 221, 325

P;, 327, 328, 329, 330. 331.

377, 537

332

335

336

252

337, 338

339

159

129, 142, 143, 144, 145, 340,

341, 342, 343, 344, 345

;:;

348

349

350

509, 531, 532, 533

558

351

290

352

;;a

Z5? 356

275

z7*3;z8

360

511

361

101

362

258

3631 368

7,8

364

;zz

266

367

323

368

173
AUTHOR REFERENCE

Morey, J.

Morley, P.M.

Morris, C.L.

Moskaleva, S.A.

Mroz, G.D.

Muntz, H.H.

Myaytka, E.F.

Naslund, B.

Nebeker, T.E.

Neilson, D.A.

Nelson, T.C.

Newberry, J.D.

Newnham, R.M.

Nicolls, M.

Nilsson, P.O.

Okuma, M.

Ollerenshaw, S.

Olsen, E.D.

Omberg, H.

Omule, S.A.Y.

Opie, J.E.

Outslay, G.

Paivanen, J.

Pang, P.C.

Peace, A.

Pearson, R.G.

Pease, D.A.

Pennanen, O.H.

Perkins, R.H.

Persson, P.

Perumpral, J.V.

Peters, P.A.

Petrov, A.P.

Phillips, D.R.

Pickle, F.J.

Pienaar, L.V.

Pierrot, V.C.

Pitman, G.B.

Pollard, D.F.W.

Polmer, B.H.

Powell, L.H.

Powers, D.W.

Prebble, R.L.

Price, C.

Putkisto, K.

Putnam, N.E.

Quadro, A.P.

Ralston, C.W.

Ramanauskas, R.P.

Randall, R.M.

Raymond, O.H.

Reed, D.D.

Reich, R.

Reisinger, T.W.

369

370

78

90, 364

322

371

187

372

72

373

374, 375, 376, 377

78

378, 379, 380

381

230, 382, 383

384

385

80, 408

386

387, 388

389, 565

390

233

43

419

391

392

288

;;z

499

35. 160

395

396

485

397, 398, 399. 400

401

366, 530

43

142

402, 403

404

405

406

407

408

254

367

409

410

411, 412, 413

78, 322

414

415, 416, 417, 418

174
AUTHOR REFERENCE

-

Rennolls, K.

Reukema, D.L.

Reynolds, W.

Riitters, K.

Riley, L.F.

Ritter, H.

Robinson, G.

Rockell, A.L.

Rogers, R.

Rogers, W.A., Jr.

Roise, J.P.

Roper, G.D.

Ross, E.W.

Roth, F.A., II

Roussopoulos, P.J.

Rudolph, V.J.

Rummer, R.B.

Sackett, S.S.

Sakai, H.

Samset, I.

Sander, I.L.

Santesson, M.

Sarles, R.L.

Sarna, R.P.

Sassaman, R.W.

Saucier, J.R.

Savage, M.

Savelle, I.W.

Schaap, L.

Schallau, C.H.

Schechtner, K.

Schmitt, D.

Schmitt, W.R.

Schnekenburger, F.

Scholander, J.

Schroering, J.S.

Schuktz, R.P.

Scott, R.W.S.

Sedlack, S.P.

Sessions, J.

Seymour, R.S.

Shackelford, R.L.

Shartle, S.A.

Sheffield, R.M.

Shelton, M.G.

Shepherd, R.K., Jr.

Sherali, H.D.

Shetron, S.G.

Shibuya, K.

Shirley, J.W.

Shiver, B.D.

Shoulders, E.

Shropshire, F.W.

Simmons, C.S.

Sinclair, S.A.

419

222, 420

533

421, 422

469

423

247

424

433

425

426

427

428

429

;z,

430

165

431

432

433

434

435, 436

437, 438

439

520

440

441

442

443

444

445

264

446

447

448

449

450

$1

452, 453 8

454, 499

291, 396

455

456, 457, 458, 459

76

266

460

461

400

83, 462

553

479

226

175
AUTHOR REFERENCE

Sirois, D.L.

Sjunnesson, S.

Skelly, J.M.

Skold, B.O.

Slalkari, M.

Smalley, G.W.

Smirnova, A.I.

Smith, C.R.

Smith, H.W.

Smith, N.J.

Smith, W.D.

Somberg, S.I.

Somes, H.A.

Sommerville, M.C.

Soule, H.M.

Speechly, H.T.

Sprinz, P.T.

Spurr, S.H.

Staaf, A.

Stahelin, R.

Stajniak, J.

Stanek, W.

Starnes, L.W.

Steinhilb, H.M.

Stephans, R.F.

Sterle, J.R.

Stewart, I.

Stiell, W.M.

Stockel, J.

Stokes, B.J.

Strickland, J.R.

Strub, M.R.

Stuart, W.B.

Stulen, J.A.

Sullivan, A.D.

Sundberg, U.

Sundin, T.

Sutton, W.R.

Swindel, B.F.

Switzer, G.L.

Tai, K.Y.

Tamm, C.O.

Taylor, H.T.

Taylor, S.C.

Terlesk, C.J.

Tervo, L.

Tessier, J.P.

Thomas, C.E.

Thompson, M.A.

Thurmes, J.F.

Tikhonov, A.S.

Tilt, S.M.

Tinnin, R.

Trenchi, P., III

Trousdell, K.B.

176

307. 463, 493, 494, 515

380, 434, 464, 465

404, 466

467

206, 207

468

395

469

470

471

391, 472

473

324

474

335

475

$6

477

529

z;;

316

238

313

480

481

522

482

33, 34, 188, 261, 308, 309,

310, 448, 463, 474, 483, 484,

485, 486, 487, 488, 489, 490,

491.492, 493, 494, 515, 516

495, 4%

113. 497, 498

257, 418, 499, 527

168, 500

350. 501. 502, 503

504

293

56i5

455

567

506

507

;y;, 509. 531

224

510

511, 512

558

70

;g

294

151

377
AUTHOR REFERENCE

Troxell, H.E.

Tufts, D.M.

Tufts, R.A.

Tustin, J.R.

Twambly, A.D.

Utz, K.A.

Valonen, P.

Van Lear, D.H.

Vasievich, J.M.

Vasilev, V.D.

Villeger, A.

Von Althen, F.W.

Vuokilam, Y.

Wakeley, P.C.

Walbridge, T.A.

Walker, L.C.

Wambach, R.F.

Ware, L.M.

Waring, R.H.

Warner, J.R.

Wartluft, J.L.

Watson, W.F.

Watt, A.J.

Weaver, G.H.

Wedge, D.C.

Weir, R.J.

Wells, C.G.

Wenger, K.F.

Westbrook, R.F.

Whayman, A.

Whipple, S.D.

Whitehorne, E.W.

Whiteneck, K.R.

Whitmore, F.W.

Wiant, H.V.

Williams, D.F.

Williams, J.G., Jr.

Williamson, R.A.

Williston, H.L.

Wilson, R.V.

Wimble, A.W.

Winsauer, S.A.

Wippermann, H.J.

Wong, C.P.

Wood, G.W.

Woollons, R.C.

Woolsey, T.S.

Wright, J.P.

Wronski, E.B.

wu, S.C.

Young, L.

Zahner, R.

Zasada, Z.A.

Zobel, B.J.

347

513, 514, 517

189, 515, 516, 517

518

439

41

206

169, 519, 520

:z,

65

522

523, 524

525, 526

",$. 499, 527

528

529

:z 530

436

509. 5311 532, 533

554

W;, 531, 532. 533

391

153, 534, 535. 536

537

118

538

gcL 540

436

569

541, 542

543

519, 520

544, 545

42, 503, 546, 547. 548, 549,

550. 551, 552, 553

554

;;;* :;i

559: 560

201

561

562

563 z 565

567

568

569

570, 571. 572

284, 5731 574

177
Conversion Table

1 mm (millimeter) = 0.039 inch

1 cm (centimeter) = 0.39 inch

1 m (meter) = 3.28 feet

1 km (kilometer) = 0.62 mile

1 ha (hectare) = 2.47 acres

1 L (liter) = 0.26 US gallon

1 kg (kilogram) = 2.20 pounds

1 kPa (kilopascal) = 0.145 pounds per square inch (psi)

1 kW (kilowatt) = 1.34 horsepower

1 kN (kilonewton) = 0.2248 kips (1 kip = 1000 force lbs)

Stokes, Bryce J. 1992. An annotated bibliography of thinning literature.

Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-91. New Orleans, LA: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 177 p.

This bibliography is a general review of thinning with an emphasis on

harvesting in the southern United States. It was developed to aid the

decision-making process of foresters and as a basis for continued

research in thinning of pine stands.

Keywords: Feller-buncher, machinery, plantation, row thinning, selective thinning, silviculture.
c

Use of firm, company, or trade names is for the reader’s

information and convenience, and does not constitute endorsement or approval by the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the

exclusion of any other suitable product.