United States

Department of

Agriculture

Agricultural

Research

Service

Bibliographies

and Literature

of Agriculture

Number 136

A Bibliography of the

Pink Bollworm,

Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders)

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Agricultural

Research

Service

Bibliographies

and Literature

of Agriculture

Number 136

A Bibliography of the Pink

Bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders)

Steven E. Naranjo, George D. Butler, Jr.,

and Thomas J. Henneberry

The authors are with the USDA–ARS Western Cotton Research

Laboratory, Phoenix, Arizona, where Naranjo is a research

entomologist, Butler is a collaborator, and Henneberry is a research

entomologist and the laboratory director.
Abstract

Naranjo, Steven E., George D. Butler, Jr., and

Thomas J. Henneberry. 2001. A Bibliography of the

Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bibliographies and Literature

of Agriculture 136.

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders), was described by W.W. Saunders in 1843

as Depressaria gossypiella from specimens found to

be damaging cotton in India. Infestations in the

United States first occurred in Texas cotton in 1917.

At present, the pink bollworm has been recorded in

nearly all cotton-growing countries of the world and

is a key pest in many of these areas. Existing tactics

for achieving a high degree of suppression of established pink bollworm populations are well advanced

and feasible on a field-by-field basis. A combination

of tactics may achieve even higher levels of pest

suppression if implemented on an areawide basis.

The longstanding nature of the pink bollworm

problem in many areas of the world and the likely

development of areawide management programs in

the future prompted us to develop this bibliography

as an information base to assist those in program

planning, implementation, and evaluation. The

bibliography should also be a useful aid to researchers, educators, extension personnel, agricultural

producers, industry, and government administrators

involved in managing this serious pest.

While supplies last, single copies of this publication

may be obtained at no cost from Steven E. Naranjo,

USDA–ARS–PWA, 4135 East Broadway Rd.,

Phoenix, AZ 85040–8803.

Copies of this publication may be purchased from the

National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port

Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161; telephone (703)

605–6000.

Electronic copies of this bibliography and annual

addenda may be downloaded free of charge from the

World Wide Web at http://www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov/

biblios/pbw/pbwbiblios.html.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin,

sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual

orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with

disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large

print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA,

Office of Civil Rights, Room 326–W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250–9410 or call (202) 720–5964

(voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity

provider and employer.

Issued August 2002
1

Introduction

The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders), was described by W.W. Saunders in

1843 as Depressaria gossypiella from specimens

found to be damaging cotton in India in 1842

(Ingram 1994). The insect has been taxonomically

designated under several other generic names, and

the complete synonymy was reported by Common

(1958). The origin of pink bollworm remains

unknown but the diversity of parasite species

found in Pakistan (Cheema et al. 1980) appears to

support an Indo-Pakistan origin (Ingram 1994). It

has also been suggested that its origin occurred in

the area of the eastern Indian Ocean bordered on

the east by northwestern Australia and on the west

by the various islands of Indonesia-Malaysia

(Common 1958). However, Wilson (1972) suggested that the pink bollworm may have been

introduced into Australia in cotton seed. Pearson

(1958) documents spread of the pink bollworm Sri

Lanka, Burma, and Malaysia (Lefroy 1906) and

China before 1918 (Hunter 1918).

The pink bollworm was first recorded in Australia

in 1911 (Wilson 1972). The first records from the

African continent were in Tanzania (Vosseler

1904), Egypt about 1906–1907 (Willcocks 1916),

and Sudan in 1914–1915 (Ripper and George

1965). The insect did not reach Malawi until 1939

(Smee 1940), and it appeared in Zimbabwe as late

as 1959 (Whellan 1960).

It was introduced into the Western Hemisphere

between 1911 and 1913 in cottonseed shipped

from Egypt to Brazil, Mexico, the West Indies,

and the Philippine Islands (U.S. Department of

Agriculture 1977). Spread in the New World

started in Hawaii, where it was imported from

India in cotton seed (Fullaway 1909). From

Hawaii it spread to St. Croix in 1911 (Hunter

1918).

Infestations in the United States first occurred in

Texas cotton in 1917. The source was traced to

cottonseed shipped from Mexico to Texas oil mills

in 1916 (Spears 1968, U.S. Department of Agriculture 1977). Cotton-free zones and extensive

cleanup measures eliminated the Texas infestation,

as well as an infestation found in Louisiana in

1919.

Pink bollworm was eradicated from cultivated

cotton in parts of Florida and Georgia in 1932, but

it still exists in wild cotton and backyard cotton in

southern Florida. Reinvasions in Texas in 1936

occurred in the lower Rio Grande Valley, probably

from windborne moths from Mexico, and eventually spread by the mid-1950s to other areas in

Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arizona, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Infestations in eastern Arizona

were reported in 1926 and at intervals thereafter in

other parts of the state. These infestations were

suppressed through cooperative Federal, State,

and industry programs. Termination of these

efforts in 1963 resulted in spread to the Imperial

and Palo Verde Valleys of California in 1965.

Severe losses had occurred by 1967 in southern

California cotton production areas. Moths were

detected in the high desert areas of Los Angeles

and San Bernardino Counties in early 1967, and

moths and larvae were found in cotton in the San

Joaquin Valley near Bakersfield later that year.

Native moths have been trapped in the San

Joaquin Valley each year since, except for 1968,

and a few larvae have also been found some

years.

As of this writing, the San Joaquin Valley remains

the only cotton-growing area in Arizona and

California that does not have a firmly established

pink bollworm population. This fact is partially

explained by extensive cultural control, pheromone monitoring, and a sterile-moth release

system initiated in 1968 (see Henneberry 1994 for

a review of this system). Other factors, such as

differences in environmental conditions, suggest

that even if pink bollworms were established

there, generations would be fewer and population

levels would be lower compared with the lower

desert cotton-growing areas of the far west. The

effect of the region’s climate on the pink bollworm is an unknown in this circumstance.

The pink bollworm is now recorded in nearly all

the cotton-growing countries of the world (CAB

Institute of Entomology 1990), and is a key pest

in many of these areas. The only major cottongrowing countries where pink bollworm is still

absent appear to be Russia, Central America

(Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Salvador), parts of South America

(Ecuador, Guyana, and Surinam), and Queensland, Australia (Ingram 1994).

Existing tactics for achieving a high degree of

suppression of established native pink bollworm
2

populations on a field-by-field basis are well advanced (Henneberry and Naranjo 1998) and feasible.

A combination of tactics may achieve even higher

levels of pest suppression if implemented on an

areawide basis. The components of such an areawide

management program must be carefully selected to

ensure compatibility. Because of the broad geographical areas involved in cotton production, many

different environmental, agricultural, and social

communities are involved. Population densities of

pink bollworm vary considerably between areas,

moth dispersal over hundreds of miles has been

demonstrated, and cotton production practices and

cotton cultivars grown vary considerably. These

factors combined suggest that a single type of

standard pink bollworm management program would

not be applicable to all growing areas. All management tactics would not be needed in every production

area; rather, programs tailor-made for specific cotton

production areas may be the most viable option.

Identification of tactics that are compatible and

feasible will require expertise from many areas of

the agricultural community. Crop scientists and

entomologists working with cooperative extension, growers, pest control advisers, state departments of agriculture, the agricultural chemical

industry, and cotton commodity support groups

must combine their efforts in all stages of planning, implementation, and assessment.

Development of areawide pink bollworm management programs in the near future is a highly

desirable option. The high probability of this

occurring prompted us to develop this bibliography as an information base to assist those in the

planning, implementation, and evaluation stages.

The bibliography should also be a useful aid to

researchers, educators, extension personnel,

agricultural producers, industry, and government

administrators involved in managing this serious

pest.

This bibliography attempts to compile the world

literature of P. gossypiella since the original description by Saunders in 1843. The bibliography was

derived from a number of sources, including the

personal reprint collections and databases of the

authors, the unpublished manuscripts of Harned

(1952) and Gordh (1988), and the published reviews

of Noble (1965), Ingram (1994), and Henneberry and

Naranjo (1998). The Current Awareness Literature

Service of the National Agricultural Library (NAL)

was also helpful in conducting searches of various

abstracting databases, such as AGRICOLA (NAL),

AGRIS (United Nations, Food & Agriculture Organization), Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux Abstracts (CABI),

Zoological Records (BIOSIS), Current Contents

(Institute for Scientific Information), and Dissertation

Abstracts International (University Microfilms

International).

The bibliography includes scientific journal articles,

scientific books, proceedings of symposia, conferences and workshops, local, regional and national reports

and technical bulletins, and popular, special interest

and trade press. Coverage of some of these latter

categories may not be as complete as for journal

articles and books because of variability in coverage

of the abstracting services and variation in our

knowledge of and access to titles from proceedings,

reports, technical bulletins, and popular press sources

from throughout the world. We have spelled out

journal and other source names in full whenever

possible; however, to conserve space we have used

initials for first and middle names of authors even

when full names may appear in the actual article.

Final literature searches for this bibliography were

completed on May 20, 2002. Electronic copies of

this bibliography and annual addenda may be

downloaded free of charge from the World Wide

Web at http://www.wcrl.ars.usda.gov/biblios/pbw/

pbwbiblios.html.
3

A

Abbas, M.S.T. 1982. Bracon brevicornis Wesm., a larval

parasite of the pink bollworm. Agricultural Research

Review (Cairo) 58:233–238.

Abbas, M.S.T., and Y.A.A. El-Deeb. 1993. On the natural

enemies of the major pests infesting cotton in Egypt.

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 71:131–138.

Abbassy, M.A., M. Ashry, F. Adam, F. Kahlil, and M.A.

Abou-Shlou. 1984. Toxicological and histopathological

studies on the cotton bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 49:691–698.

Abdalla, E.F. 1991–1992. Effect of sowing date and

certain chemical control programs against the cotton

bollworms Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias

insulana Boisd. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt, Economic Series 19:157–165.

Abdallah, M.D., and H. Zazou. 1971. Evaluating cotton

insecticides in UAR. World Crops 23:68–71.

Abdallah, S.A., E.I. El-Sayed, and M. Nagy. 1980. Timing

of insecticidal applications for control of the pink

bollworm. In Proceedings, 1st Conference Plant Protection Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt, December 13–15,

1980, pp. 47–56. Cairo: Plant Protection Research

Institute.

Abdel-Aal, Y.A.I., A.H. El-Sebae, M.F. Fahmy, and A.M.

Ali. 1971. Cholinesterase and anticholinesterase activity

in cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), and

other Lepidopterous larvae. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte

Entomologie 67:343–351.

Abdel-Fatah, K., M.F. El-Shaarawy, Y.S. Salem, and S.A.

El-Serwiy. 1981. The effects of larval food on the longevity, fecundity and rate of egg maturation of the pink

bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.).

Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 92:487–492.

Abdel-Fattah, M.I., M.M. Hosny, and G. El-Saadany.

1976. The rate and timing of nitrogenous fertilization to

cotton plants as factors affecting populations of the

bollworms, Earias insulana Boisd. and Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt 60:75–83.

––––––. 1976. The spacing and density of cotton plants

as factors affecting populations of the bollworms, Earias

insulana Boisd. and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.).

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 60:85–

94.

Abdel-Fattah, M.M., A.E.I. Algauhari, and Z.M.F. Rostom.

1972. Some enzymes in the haemolymph of Pectinophora gossypiella during induction and termination of

diapause. Journal of Comparative Physiology 78:20–24.

Abdel-Fattah, S.A.S., I.M.F. Sharaf, and A. El-Sebae. 1983.

Performance of flucythrinate (Cybolt) against a wide

spectrum of agricultural pests in Egypt [in Arabic;

summary in English]. Arab Journal of Plant Protection

1:74–78.

Abdel-Galil, F.A., M.A.A. Morsy, and A.M. Ali. 1982.

Effect of new insecticide on boll worms and associated

biological control agents cotton fields. Assiut Journal of

Agricultural Science 13:219–227.

Abdel-Hafez, A. 1995. A comparison of thermal requirements and some biological aspects of Trichogramma

evanescens Westwood and Trichogrammatoidea bactrae

Nagaraja reared from eggs of the pink and spiny bollworms. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 40:901–

912.

––––––. 2001. A comparison of quality attributes and life

table parameters of four trichogrammatids (Hymenoptera:

Trichogrammatidae) reared from Pectinophra gossypiella

(Saunders) eggs. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 9:411-421.

Abdel-Hafez, A., K.A. Abdel-Salam, S.H. Taher, and G.M.

Moawad. 1995. Effect of some insecticides against

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) F1 larvae from gamma

irradiated susceptible and Cyanophos tolerant strains.

Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 40:417–424.

Abdel-Hafez, A., M.A. El-Banby, A.G. Metwally, and

M.R.A. Saleh. 1993. Effect of exposure of pink bollworm

during larval and pupal stages-or pupal stage only to

high temperature. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Zagazig University) 20:369–378.

Abdel-Hafez, A., G.M. Moawad, K.A. Abdel-Salam, and

S.H. Taher. 1994. Competitiveness of irradiated Pectinophora gossypiella, (Saund.) moths, susceptible strain, to

unirradiated moths of Cyanophos tolerant strain. Journal

of Agricultural Research (Al-Azhar University) 19:213–

223.

Abdel-Hafez, A., and M.A. Nada. 2000. Augmentation of

Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja in the IPM

programme for control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) in Egypt. In P. Dugger and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 1009–1015. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Abdel-Hafez, A., S.H. Taher, K.A. Abdel-Salam, and G.M.

Moawad. 1994. Studies on the comparative radiosensitivity of susceptible and Cyanox resistant strains of pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Bollettino

di Zoologia Agraria e di Bachicoltura 26:249–256.
4

Abdel-Hafez, M.M., M.M. Abdel-Sattar, and M.A. ElMalla. 1984–1985. Changes in esterases, phosphatases

and among amino-acid transferases of the pink bollworm

moth during the course of insecticides poisoning.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 14:429–438.

Abdel-Hamid, Z.H., R.S.M. El-Fateh, G.B. El-Saadany,

and M.A. Romeilah. 1999. Approximate number of

annual field generations of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 77:575–589.

Abdel-Megeed, M., M.I. Naguib, and N.M. Hussein. 1986.

Pattern of vertical distribution of first instar larvae of pink

bollworm in cyanophos treated and untreated cotton

plants. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 31:787–

798.

Abdel-Megeed, M.I., W.M. Watson, A.A. Zidan, G.M.

Hegazy, and N.M. Hussein. 1987. The ovicidal efficiencies of synthetic insecticides and insect growth regulators

against the spiny and pink bollworms. Mededelingen Van

de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit

Gent 52(2b):495–499.

Abdel-Raheem, A.A., and A.R. Alkaddoussi. 1991. Mode

of inheritance of resistance to cotton leafworm and

bollworm in Gossypium sp. Journal of Agricultural

Research (Zagazig University) 18:475–486.

Abdel-Rahim, W.A., S.M.I. Metwally, and F. El-Dakroury.

1976. Susceptibility of some Egyptian cotton varieties to

the infestation by Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and

Earias insulana (Boisd.). Journal of Agricultural Research (Tanta University) 2:332–338.

––––––. 1980. Effect of certain physical and chemical

characteristics of cotton varieties on susceptibility to

infestation by pink and spiny bollworms. Mededelingen

Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 45:727–731.

Abdel-Rahman, I., R. El-Sufty, and L. Shenishen. 1983.

Ecological studies on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hbn.) and

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) during overwintering.

Journal of Agricultural Research (Tanta University)

9:1229–1237.

Abdel-Rahman, S.I., S.M. Naguib, A.A. Ibrahim, and

M.A.M. El-Enany. 1999. Laboratory studies on the effect

of the ectoparasitic mite Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans) on

the cotton bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research

77:1217–1224.

Abdel-Sattar, M.M., and M.A. El-Guindy. 1988. Effect of

the juvenoid triprene on the biological activity of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.).

Agricultural Research Review (Cairo) 66:19–23.

––––––. 1988. Joint action of insect growth-regulator

pyrethroid mixtures on the biological activity of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Agricultural Research Review (Cairo) 66:33–38.

Abdel-Wahab, A.M. 1971. Free amino acids in the

haemolymph of six lepidopterous larvae species. Bulletin

of the Entomological Society of Egypt 54:81–85.

Abdul-Kareem, A., S. Parameswaran, and P. Thangavel.

1977. Evaluation of certain newer insecticides in the

control of bollworms in irrigated cotton in Tamil Nadu.

Pesticides 11:39–40.

Abdur, R., Karimullah, K. Sherin, and S. Fasihat. 1986.

Incidence of the pink bollworm on different cultivars of

cotton. The Pakistan Cottons 30:25–28.

Ables, J.R., J.L. Goodenough, A.W. Hartstack, and R.L.

Ridgway. 1983. Entomophagous arthropods. In U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No.

589, pp. 103–127.

Abo-Elghar, M.R., and H.S.A. Radwan. 1976–1977. A

laboratory method for evaluating granular pesticides

against the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt,

Economic Series 10:99–104.

Abo-Elghar, M.R., H.S.A. Radwan, and I.A. El-Keie.

1976–1977. Effect of certain soil granular pesticides on

two major cotton pests in Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 10:137–143.

Abo-Elghar, M.R., and M.S. El-Rafie. 1968. An evaluation of several insecticides on cotton pests. Bulletin of

the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

2:13–20.

––––––. 1969. Effect of chemical treatments on cotton

pests and cotton plants. Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt, Economic Series 3:55–74.

Abo-Ghalla, A.H., M.M. Abdel-Kader, and A.H. Kaschef.

1980. Effect of light and temperature on the egg-larval

developmental period, with emphasis on diapause

induction in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Zoologische Beitraege

26:39–47.

Abo-Sholoa, M.K.A., M.A. Nassef, and W.M. Watson.

2000. Changes in susceptibility of the larvae of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) to synthetic

pyrethroids. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research

78:665-673.
5

Abou-Elhagag, G.H. 1998. Effect of spraying cotton plants

during the early season against cotton aphid on cotton

pests, natural enemies and some crop characters in

Southern Egypt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science

29:91–100.

-––––––. 1998. Seasonal abundance of certain cotton

pest and their associated natural enemies in Southern

Egypt. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science 29:253–

267.

Abou-Kahla, M.M., M.B. El-Kady, and A.E. El-Sorady.

1993. Efficiency of certain insecticides on bollworms

infestation, fiber quality and seed properties of five

cotton varieties. Journal of Agricultural Science (Mansoura University) 18:1825–1831.

Abou-Kahla, M.M., A.E.M. El-Sorady, R.M. Salem, and

A.M. Hussain. 1992. Impact of several sequences of

insecticides against certain cotton pests and the associated

predator in cotton fields. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Tanta University) 18:802–817.

Aboul-Naga, A.M., and A.A. Ghanim. 1979. Field sampling and estimation of loss caused by bollworms in

Dakahlia Province. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Alexandria) 27:647–653.

Abul-Nasr, S.E. 1980. Virus and bacterial diseases

affecting certain lepidopterous agricultural pests;

Spodoptera littoralis, Pectinophora gossypiella, Heliothis armigera, Ostrinia nubilalis and Pieris rapae. In

Report of PL–480 Project No. F4–ENT–13, pp. 1–26.

Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.

Abul-Nasr, S.E., E.D. Ammar, and A.I. Merdan. 1978–

1979. Field application of two strains of Bacillus thuringiensis for the control of the cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

11:35–39.

Abul-Nasr, S.E., E.D. Ammar, and S.M. Farrag. 1979. Rates

of infestation by Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

and Earias insulana Bois., on flowering sites of the

cotton plant (Lepidoptera). Deutsche Entomologie

Zeitschrift 26:165–172.

Abul-Nasr, S.E., E.D. Ammar, A.I. Merdan, and S.M.

Farrag. 1979. Infectivity tests on Bacillus thuringiensis

and Bacillus cereus isolated from resting larvae of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae).

Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 88:60–69.

Abul-Nasr, S., K.T. Awadallah, and H.M. Omar. 1974. Oil

and moisture contents of cotton bolls and seeds as factors

inducing diapause in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 58:405–

413.

Abul-Nasr, S., K.T. Awadallah, and H.M. Omar 1974.

Effect of aging of cotton bolls on diapause in the pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae). Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt 58:303–308.

Abul-Nasr, S.E., M.F.S. Tawfik, and P.P. Hamburg. 1978.

Occurrence and causes of mortality among active and

resting larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella [Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae] in Giza, Egypt. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte

Entomologie 86:403–414.

Adair, E.M. 1911. Gelechia gossypiella bred from

Thespesia populnea. Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt 1:123.

Adam, F., A.H. Belal, M.A. Ashry, M.K. Abu-Shola, and

M.A. Abbassy. 1984. Effectiveness of some insecticides

used to control the cotton pink bollworm in relation to

their effects on fiber quality [Egypt]. Journal of Agricultural Research (Tanta University) 10:1415–1424.

Adams, C.J., C.A. Beasley, and T.J. Henneberry. 1986.

Effects of gossyplure and a pyrethroid insecticide on pink

bollworm infestations and relationships of trap catches to

infestations. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 188–193. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

––––––. 1987. Pink bollworm spring emergence related to

weather parameters. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 276–281. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

––––––. 1995. Effects of temperature and wind speed on

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) moth captures

during spring emergence. Journal of Economic Entomology 88:1263–1270.

Adams, C.J., R.S. Hamilton, and C.A. Beasley. 1996.

Field-based phenological model predicts pink bollworm

emergence. California Agriculture 50(5):44–48.

Adams, R.H. 1972. Studies on the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in the Mesilla

Valley of New Mexico. Dissertation Abstracts International 33–12B:5885.

Aders, W.M. 1914. Entomology in relation to agriculture.

Zanzibar Protect. Med. Sanit. Report 1913.
6

Adkisson, P.L. 1959. The effect of various humidity levels

on hatchability of pink bollworm eggs. Journal of the

Kansas Entomological Society 32:189–190.

––––––. 1960. The effect of pink bollworm infestation on

cotton produced under high moisture conditions. Texas

Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report 2156.

––––––. 1961. Effect of larval diet on the seasonal

occurrence of diapause of the pink bollworm. Journal of

Economic Entomology 54:1107–1112.

––––––. 1961. Fecundity and longevity of the adult

female pink bollworm reared on natural and synthetic

diets. Journal of Economic Entomology 54:1224–1227.

––––––. 1962. Are cotton growers applying chemicals at

the wrong time? Farm Chemicals. 125(3):14, 42.

––––––. 1962. Timing defoliants and desiccants to

reduce overwintering populations of the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 55:949–951.

––––––. 1963. Time measurement in photoperiodic

induction of diapause in the pink bollworm. Texas

Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report 2274.

––––––. 1963. Time measurement in the photoperiodic

control of diapause in an insect [abstract]. In Proceedings,

16th International Congress of Zoology, p. 51.

––––––. 1964. Action of the photoperiod in controlling

insect diapause. American Naturalist 98:357–374.

––––––. 1964. Relative susceptibility of various geographical races of the pink bollworm to certain insecticides. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress

Report 2300.

––––––. 1965. Biological clocks and insect photoperiodism. In Cotton Improvement Conference, pp. 99–104.

Atlanta, Georgia. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

______. 1965. Light-dark reactions involved in insect

diapause. In J. Aschoff, ed., Circadian Clocks, pp. 344–

350. Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing.

______. 1966. Action of light in controlling insect

growth and development. In Proceedings, International

Congress on Electromagnetic Radiation in Agriculture

1965, pp. 30–33. Roanoke, Virginia.

______. 1966. Internal clocks and insect diapause.

Science 154:234–241.

Adkisson, P.L., C.F. Baily, and A. Niles. 1962. A list of

cotton stocks screened for resistance to the pink bollworm,

1960-1961. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

Miscellaneous Publication 606.

Adkisson, P.L., R.A. Bell, and S.G. Wellso. 1963. Environmental factors controlling the induction of diapause in

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Journal of Insect Physiology 9:299–310.

Adkisson, P.L., J.R. Brazzel, and J.C. Gaines. 1963. Yield

and quality losses resulting from pink bollworm damage

to cotton. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication 632.

Adkisson, P.L., D.L. Bull, and W.E. Allison. 1960. A

comparison of certain artificial diets for laboratory

cultures of the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 53:791–793.

Adkisson, P.L., and J.C. Gaines. 1960. Pink bollworm

control as related to the total cotton insect control

program of central Texas. Texas Agricultural Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Publication 444.

Adkisson, P.L., O.T. Robertson, and L.C. Fife. 1962.

Planting date as a factor involved in pink bollworm

control. In D.F. Martin and R.D. Lewis, eds., A Summary

of Recent Research Basic to the Cultural Control of the

Pink Bollworm, pp. 16–20. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication 579.

Adkisson, P.L., E.S. Vanderzant, D.L. Bull, and W.E.

Allison. 1960. A wheat germ medium for rearing the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 53:759–

762.

Adkisson, P.L., E.S. Vanderzant, D.L. Bull, W.E. Allison,

M.R. Shaikh, K. Ahmed, and F. Khalique. 1976. A bean

containing diet for mass rearing of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Lepidoptera: Gelichiidae. Pakistan

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 19:77–79.

Adkisson, P.L., and S.G. Wellso. 1962. Effect of DDT

poisoning on the fecundity and longevity of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 55:842–

845.

Adkisson, P.L., L.H. Wilkes, and B.J. Cochran. 1960. Stalk

destruction and plowing as measures for controlling the

pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

53:436–439.

Adkisson, P.L., L.H. Wilkes, and S.P. Johnson. 1958.

Chemical, cultural, and mechanical control of the pink

bollworm. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 920.

Adle, A.H. 1939. Iran: First outbreak of the pink cotton

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. International

Review of Agriculture 30:154M–155M.

Afifi, F.M.L., M.B. Attia, and S.I. El-Sherif. 1985. Effect of

certain plant growth regulator and foliar fertilizer treat-
7

ments on the population of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci

(Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodinae), cotton aphid, Aphis

gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in cotton fields. Bulletin of the

Faculty of Agriculture (University Cairo) 36:1269–1277.

Afify, A.M., M.E.A. Abdel-Samei, and A.I. Merdan. 1968.

Isolation and pathogenicity of three varieties of Bacillus

associated with diseased cotton worms in Egypt. Proceedings of the Egyptian Academy of Science 21:87–89.

Afzal, M., and M. Yunus. 1972. Parasites of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) and spotted

bollworm, (Earias spp) of cotton at Lyallpur. Pakistan

Journal of Agricultural Science 9(1/4):70–75.

Agarwal, R.A. 1973. Spiders as predators of the pink

bollworm Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.) larvae. Cotton

Development 3(2):17.

Agarwal, R.A., S.K. Banerjee, M. Singh, and K.N. Katiyar.

1976. Resistance to insects in cotton. II. To pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)). Coton et

Fibres Tropicales 31:217–221.

Agarwal, R.A., and G.P. Gupta. 1986. Recent advances in

cotton pest management. Plant Protection Bulletin (India)

38(1/4):51–54.

Agarwal, R.A., G.P. Gupta, K.N. Katiyar, and G.C. Sharma.

1983. Efficacy of insecticides for the control of bollworms

in cotton. Indian Journal of Entomology 45:342–344.

Agarwal, R.A., and K.N. Katiyar. 1975. Effect of insecticides against jassid (Amrasca devastans Distant) and pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) in

cotton. Pesticides 9(3):30–33.

______. 1979. An estimate of losses of seed kapas and

seed due to bollworms on cotton in India. Indian Journal

of Entomology 41:143–148.

Agarwal, R.A., M. Singh, K.N. Katiyar, and V.P. Singh.

1975. Resistance to pink bollworm in cotton. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 45:57–59.

Aginhothrudu, V., and T.B. Gour. 1982. Control of cotton

bollworms with fenvalerate in India. Crop Protection

1:231–234.

Agricultural Chemistry. 1953. New U.S. Department of

Agriculture laboratory at Brownsville, Texas to coordinate Bureau of Entomology research efforts on pink

bollworm control. Agricultural Chemistry 8(12):29–31,

118–119, 121, 123.

Agnihotri, N.P., K.P. Srivastava, V.T. Gajbhiye, and H.K.

Jain. 1986. Relative efficacy of some synthetic pyrethroids and other commonly used insecticides against

bollworms and their residues in cotton. International

Journal of Tropical Agriculture 4:168–174.

Ahmad, M., M.R. Khan, M. Akram, and R.M. Yousuf.

1985. Studies on varietal resistance in cotton to insect

pests. Pakistan Entomologist 7(1/2):65–70.

Ahmad, N., M. Ashraf, and B. Fatima. 2001. Integration

of mating disruption technique and parasitoids for the

management of cotton bollworms. Pakistan Journal of

Zoology 33:57–60.

Ahmad, N., M. Ashraf, B. Fatima, and Nasrullah. 1998.

Potential of Trichogramma chilonis to parasitize eggs of

pink, spotted and spiny bollworms of cotton. Pakistan

Journal of Zoology 30:39–40.

Ahmad, N., M. Ashraf, T. Hassain, B. Fatima, and Nasrullah. 1996. Significance of pheromones and parasites for

the control of cotton. Pakistan Journal of Zoology

28:355–357.

Ahmad, N., M. Ashraf, T. Hussain, and B. Fatima. Integration of pheromones and biological control for the

management of cotton bollworms in Palistan. In Evaluation of Lepidoptera Population Suppression by Radiation

Induced Sterility, Proceedings of a Final Research

Coordination Meeting by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division

of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 28 May-2

June 1998, Penang, Malaysia, pp. 81-84. International

Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

Ahmad, N., M. Ashraf, T. Hussain, and Z.A. Qureshi.

Feasibility of integrating radiation-induced F1 sterility

and biological control for population suppression of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, in Pakistan. In

Evaluation of Lepidoptera Population Suppression by

Radiation Induced Sterility, Proceedings of a Final

Research Coordination Meeting by the Joint FAO/IAEA

Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture,

28 May-2 June 1998, Penang, Malaysia, pp. 69-79.

International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.

Ahmad, N., T. Hussain, and M. Ashraf. 1997. Behaviour of

irradiated and native pink bollworm moths in the cotton

field. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 29:311–314.

Ahmad, N., T. Hussain, and Z.A. Qureshi. 1995. Quality

assessment of laboratory reared pink bollworm. Proceedings of the Pakistan Congress of Zoology 15:283–287.

Ahmad, R., and N. Muzaffar. 1976. A note on the biology

of Bracon gelechiae (Hym.: Braconidae) and augmentation of this parasite against Pectinophora gossypiella

(Lep.: Gelechiidae). Entomophaga 21:235–238.

Ahmad, Z. 1977. A review of the research work done on

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) with
8

special reference to Indo-Pakistan sub-continent. The

Pakistan Cottons 21:119–130.

______. 1979. Monitoring the seasonal occurrence of the

pink bollworm in Pakistan with sex traps. Plant Protection

Bulletin 27:19–20.

______. 1999. Pest problems of cotton––A regional

perspective. In Proceedings, ICAC–CCRI Regional

Consultation, Insecticide Resistance Management in

Cotton, pp. 5–20. Multan, Pakistan: Central Cotton

Research Institute.

Ahmad, Z., and M.R. Attique. 1993. Control of pink

bollworm with gossyplure in Punjab, Pakistan. Bulletin

OILB/SROP 16:141–148.

Ahmad, Z., M.R. Attique, and M.A. Shakeel. 1983.

Relationship of age and moisture content of cotton bolls

to pink bollworm attack. The Pakistan Cottons 27:123–

126.

Ahmed, S.M., S.M. Naguib, A.M. Rashad, M.Z. Abdallah,

and Y.A. El-Deeb. 1993. Comparison between some body

contents in different physiological cases of the 4th instar

larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Al-Azhar University) 17:249–258.

Akey, D.H. 1988. Use of strontium as a marker for movement studies of the pink bollworm. In J.M. Brown and

D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 303–306. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

______. 1989. Interfield movement of pink bollworms,

dispersal from a central origin: Development of trapping

techniques. In J.M. Brown and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 238–241. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Akey, D.H., B.A. Kimball, and J.R. Mauney. 1988. Growth

and development of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), on bolls of

cotton grown in enriched carbon dioxide atmospheres.

Environmental Entomology 17:452–455.

Alagarsamy, G., G. Krishnamohan, K. Sivaprakasam, and

R. Jeyarajan. 1988. Chemical control of boll rot complex

of cotton. Madras Agricultural Journal 75(1/2):69–70.

Al-Azawi, A. 1979. Insect pests of ratooned cotton in

Central Luzon, Philippines. Bulletin of Natural History

(Research Center, University of Baghdad) 7(3):11–22.

Al-Beltagy, A.M. 1999. Plant and insect triggers for

sequential use of gossyplure and insecticides for pink

bollworm control actions. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 77:1633–1643.

Al-Beltagy, A.M., A.S. El-Deeb, and H.A. Barrania. 1996.

Bollworm infestation indicator for comparing the efficiency of different control tactics. Journal of Agricultural

Research (Alexandria) 41:85–92.

Al-Beltagy, A.M., M.M. El-Mourshedy, and A.K. Mourad.

1996. Pheromone traps for monitoring insecticide

tolerance in three different lepidopterous insects as an

effective tool for insecticide resistance management.

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 74:29–37.

Al-Beltagy, A.M., M.S. Shawir, K.A. Osman, M.M.

Abdel-Saad, and M.A. Mourad. 1993. Biochemical

techniques for measuring susceptibility of pink bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella to certain insecticides.

Journal of Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 38:393–

411.

Al-Beltagy, A.M.M., A.M. Hamed, and G.M. Moawad.

1995. Different models of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) trap catches and boll infestation

relationships under different conditions. Egyptian

Journal of Agricultural Research 73:1019–1034.

Albuquerque, F.A., F.C. Pattaro, L.M. Borges, and D.T.

Martorelli. 1999. Control of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) using indoxacarb and methomyl

as sprays [in Portuguese, summary in English]. In Anais II

Congresso Brasileiro de Algodao: O Algodao No Seculo

XX, Perspectivar Para O Seculo XXI, Ribeirao Preto, Sp,

Brasil, Setembro 5–10, 1999, pp. 227–229.

Alburto, H.V. 1942. El control biologico de las insectos

mediante el uso de predators [in Spanish]. Fitofilo 1(4):3–

11.

Aleman, J.O. 1948. Plagas del algodònero: El gusano

rosado. Germinal 1(5/6):9, 14–15.

Aleman, J.O. 1948. Plagas del algodònero. Germinal

1(7):16–17.

Alfieri, A. 1929. The introduction of a parasite (Microbracon kirkpatricki Wilk) of the pink bollworm into Egypt.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 15:52–

56.

Algodon Mexicano. 1974. Gusano rosado [Pink bollworm]. Algodon Mexicano 77:43–47.

Ali, A., and M. Ahmad. 1982. Biophysical resistance in

different varieties of cotton against insect pests. Pakistan

Entomologist 4(1/2):27–32.

Ali, M., and M. Farooq. 1963. A note on the effect of

insecticidal sprays on cotton. West Pakistan Journal of

Agricultural Research 1:131.
9

Ali, S.A., and R.M. Attia. 1978. Isolation of Bacillus

thuringiensis for microbiological control of insects.

Zentralblatt Fuer Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde Infektionskrankheiten Und Hygiene Zweite Naturwissenschaftliche

Abteilung Mikrobiologie Der Landwirtschaft Der Technologie Und Des Umweltschutzes 133:232–234.

Alibert, H. 1945. Note sur l’apparition du ver rose dans les

colones d’A, O.F. [in French]. Conférence Internationale

Africanistes Del’Ouest. Compt. Rend. 1:243.

Allen, C.T. 1994. Pink bollworm management in Texas.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1511,

revised.

Almestar Saavedra, A. 1984. Final report: Control program

of the Indian pink worm, Pectinophora Gossypiella

(Saunders); Cotton Campaign, 1983–1984 Low Piura

Valley [in Spanish]. Fundacion Para El Desarrollo

Algodonero, Ministerio de Agricultura, Peru, Region

Agraria 2.

Altman, D.W., J.H. Benedict, and E.S. Sachs. 1996.

Transgenic plants for the development of durable insect

resistance: Case study for cotton and Bacillus thuringiensis genes. Annals of the New York Academy of Science

792:106–114.

Alvarado, A., I. Carrasco, M.A. Castillo, J.M. Duran, and

A. Rosa. 1990. Relationship between level of attack and

damages by Pectinophora gossypiella in cotton [in

Spanish, summary in English]. Boletin Sanidad Vegetal

Plagas 16:139–142.

Alvarado, M. 1992. Plagas del algodon. Phytoma Espana

39:36–44.

Alvarado, M., E. Aranda, I. Carrasco, J.M. Duran, M.A. de

la Puerta, and A. de la Rosa. 1992. Contribution to the use

of mating disruption to control the pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) on cotton [in

Spanish, summary in English]. Boletin Sanidad Vegetal,

Plagas 18:505–515.

Alvarado, M., J.M. Duran, J. Fernandez, A. Serrano, and A.

de la Rosa. 1991. The use of pheromones to control cotton

pests in Andalucia [in Spanish; summary in English].

Boletin Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 17:235–247.

Alvarado, M., and F. Limon. 1982. Integrated control in

cotton-growing in Spain. In P. Graffin, ed., Integrated

Crop Protection, Proceedings of a Symposium, June 18–

19, 1980, Valence, France, pp. 331–339. Rotterdam:

Published for the Commission of the European Communities by A.A. Balkema.

Alvarez Alcaraz, G. 1991. Management of the cotton

plant for the protection of the environment in Colombia.

In Growing Cotton in a Safe Environment: Technical

Seminar, Committee on Cotton Production Research,

50th Plenary Meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 46–47. International

Cotton Advisory Committee, Washington, D.C.

Amabilis Rejon, M. 1959. Situacion que guarda el gusano

rosado del algodonero en la region de Tamaulipas, Tamps,

Mexico. Fitofilo 12(23):46–47.

Amabilis Rejon, M., and J.M. Dunham. 1961. Situation of

the pink bollworm and the bollworm in the cottongrowing region of the lower Rio Bravo Valley. Fitofilo

14(32):16–18.

Ambriz, P.J. 1976. Evaluacion de insecticides en el

combate quimico del complejo de plagas del algodonero

[Evaluation of insecticides in the chemical control of the

complex of cotton pests]. Inf. Invest. Agric. Invest. Agrio.

Noreste 2(7):20–23.

Ambriz, P.J., and J.A. Sifuentes. 1969. Ensayo sobre

combate quimico del gusano rosado del algodonero

(Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund)) con aplicaciones de

insecticidas a ultra bajo volumen, con maquinaria

terrestre [Chemical control of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) of cotton with ultra low

volume insecticide applications by land machinery].

Agricultura Tecnica en Mexico 2:450–453.

Ambrose, D.P., A.E. Chaudhary, and V.U. Sonalkar. 2000.

Substrata impact on mass rearing of the reduviid predator,

Rhynocoris kumarii Ambrose & Livingstone (Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi) 24:337-342.

Ambrose, D.P., and K. Sahayaraj. 1996. Long term

functional response of the reduviid predator Anthaspis

pedestris Stal (Heteroptera Reduviidae) in relation to its

prey Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae), density. Hexapoda (Insecta Indica) 8:77–84.

Amin, A.A., M.F. Gergis, and M.E. Foda. 2001. A simple

empirical model for predicting the development and field

generations of some cotton insect pests in Egypt. In P.

Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1033–1041. National Cotton

Council, Memphis, TN.

Anan, R.A., N.M. Hussein, and M. Ahmed. 1993. Effect of

pyriproxyfen on phosphatases and transaminases enzymes of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias

insulana Boisd larvae. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Al-Azhar University) 17:189–199.

Anan, R.A., M.I. Mohamed, and N.M. Hussein. 1993.

Biochemical effect of pyriproxyfen juvenoid on fat and

haemolymph proteins of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) and spiny bollworm Earias insulana

(Boisd.). Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 38:761–

772.
10

Anderson, R.J., and C.A. Henrick. 1975. Sterochemical

control in Wittig olefin synthesis: Preparation of the pink

bollworm pheromone mixture, gossyplure. Journal of the

America Chemical Society 97:4327–4334.

Anderson, T.J. 1928. Annual report of the entomologist,

1927. In Annual Report of the Kenya Department of

Agriculture, pp. 208–219.

Anderson, W.E. 1950. Pink bollworm situation. In

Proceedings, 4th Cotton Insect Control Conference, pp.

29–33. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Andrade Silva, F.M., and J.C.V. Penna. 1999. Occurrence

of insect pests and their natural enemies in cotton

genotypes without glands [in Portuguese; summary in

English]. In Anais II Congresso Brasileiro de Algodao: O

Algodao No Seculo XX, Perspectivar Para O Seculo XXI,

Ribeirao Preto, Sp, Brasil, 5–10 Setembro 1999, pp. 220–

223.

Andres, A. 1911. Note sur un ravageur de la noix du

cotonnier (Gelechia gossypiella (Saund.)) nouveau pour

l’Egypte [Note on a pest of the cotton boll (Gelechia

gossypiella) new for Egypt]. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 1:119–123.

Andres, A.D. 1926. Etwas über roten Kapselwurm. [Notes

on the pink bollworm Gelechia gossypiella (Saund.) in

Egypt]. Entomologie Zeitschrift 40:49–52.

Angalet, G.W. 1965. Bracon greeni (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae), a potential parasite of the boll weevil.

Indian Journal of Entomology 26:447–452.

Angelini, A. 1959. Note préliminaire sur la recherche des

charactères de résistance à Platyedra gossypiella [A

preliminary note on research on resistance characteristics

of Platyedra gossypiella; summary in English]. Coton et

Fibres Tropicales 14:51–56.

Angelini, A., and R. Couilloud. 1972. Biological control

measures against certain pests of cotton and a view of

integrated control on the Ivory Coast. Coton et Fibres

Tropicales 27:283–289.

______. 1974. Results of insecticide experiments in

1972–73 against the main cotton bollworms in the Ivory

Coast [in French; summary in English]. Coton et Fibres

Tropicales 29:199–206.

______. 1976. First results obtained in the Ivory Coast

with pyrethroids in the control of cotton pests [in French;

summary in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 31:323–

326.

––––––. 1976. Possible developments in the choice of

pesticides used for cotton cultivation in the Ivory Coast

[in French; summary in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 31:375–378.

Angelini, A., J.P. Trijau, and M. Vaissayre. 1982. Comparative activity of three “first generation” pyrethroids

against cotton bollworm caterpillars [in French; summary

in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 37:359–364.

Anjum, A., and K.F. Malik. 1978. A new species of the

genus Apanteles [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] parasite of

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, from

Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 10:273–277.

Ankersmit, G.W., and P.L. Adkisson. 1967. Photoperiodic

responses of certain geographical strains of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Lepidoptera). Journal of Insect Physiology

13:553–564.

Ansingkar, A.S., G.R. Vyahalkar, and H.K. Deshpande.

1984. Stability for bollworm resistance in Gossypium

arboreum Linn. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

54:422–425.

Anson, R.R. 1926. Cotton-growing in Fiji. First progress

report, season 1925–26. Empire Cotton Growing Review

4:105–117.

––––––. 1927. Report by the cotton specialists. In Fiji

Department of Agriculture Annual Report, 1926.

––––––. 1929. Report of the work of the Cotton Experiment Station, Sigatoka, Fiji for the season 1927–1928. In

Empire Cotton Growing Corp., pp. 266–278. London.

Anson, R.R., and R.L. Knight. 1945–1946. Progress

report of the plant breeding stations––bollworm resistance. Report Exp. Stn. 1943–1944. In Empire Cotton

Growing Corp., pp. 67–68. London.

Anthony, K.R.M., and R. Bravo. 1970. Cotton production

in Colombia. Cotton Growing Review 47:81–92.

Anthony, W.S., and W.D. Mayfield. 1994. Cotton ginners

handbook. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture

Handbook No. 503.

Antilla, L., M. Whitlow, R.T. Staten, O. El-Lissy, and F.

Myers. 1996. An integrated approach to areawide pink

bollworm management in Arizona. In P. Dugger and D.A.

Richter, Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp.

1083–1085. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Antilla, L., M. Whitlow, B. Tabashnik, T. Dennehy, and Y.

Carrière. 2001. Benefits of multi-level monitoring

activites for a pink bollworm resistance management

program in transgenic (Bt) cotton in Arizona. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1173–1175. National Cotton Council,

Memphis, TN.

Antilla, L., M. Whitlow, J. White, C. Youngker, T.J.

Dennehy, and R.T. Staten. 1999. Alternative infield refuge
11

strategies for control of pink bollworm in Bt transgenic

cotton. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1241–1243. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Appanna, M. 1952. Microbracon hebetor Say: Possibilities of its mass-production and large-scale utilization

against insect pests of field crops. Indian Journal of

Entomology 14:262–267.

Applebaum, S.W. 1990. The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): Life cycle and diapause induction in

Israel [in Hebrew; summary in English]. Hassadeh

17:191–196.

Araujo Silva, A.G. 1968. Quarto catalogo dos insectos que

vivem nas plantas do Brasil. Seus parasitos e predadores.

Lab. Cent. Patol. Veg. Min. Agric., Rio de Janeiro, Parte 2,

Tomo 1.

Arcamonte, M.S. 1997. Rain threatens bollworm. California-Arizona Cotton 33(2):5–6.

Armitage, H.M. 1943. Possible economic relations of the

Hawaiian insect fauna to California Agriculture. PanPacific Entomology 19:1–11.

Ashry, M.A., A.H. Hosny, and H. Ismail. 1978. Field

evaluation of some insecticides in combination on pink

bollworm. Journal of Agricultural Research (Tanta

University) 4:227–232.

Ashworth, L.J. 1972. Aflatoxins in cottonseed: The roles

of environment and the pink bollworm. In Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, p. 88.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Ashworth, L.J., R.E. Rice, J.L. McMeans, and C.M.

Brown. 1971. The relationship of insects to infection of

cotton bolls by Aspergillus flavus. Phytopathology

61:488–493.

Asifulla, H.R., J.S. Awaknavar, and D.W. Rajashekhar.

1998. Relative toxicity of insecticides on Trichogramma

chilonis released against bollworms in cotton. Advances

in Agricultural Research in India 10:95-98.

Asifulla, H.R., J.S. Awaknavar, D.W. Rajasekhar, and S.

Lingappa. 1998. Parasitisation of Trichogramma chilonis

Ishii on bollworm eggs in different cotton genotypes.

Advances in Agricultural Research India 9:143–146.

Assal, O.M., and H.S.A. Radwan. 1983. Field evaluation

of certain synthetic chemicals as attractants for major

cotton lepidopterous insects in Egypt. Menoufeia Journal

of Agricultural Research 4:335–344.

Association of Southern Agricultural Workers. 1942.

Contribution on economic insects. Proceedings 43:172–

255.

Atim, A.B., and H.M. Graham. 1984. Predation of

Geocoris punctipes by Nabis alternatus. The Southwestern Entomologist 9:227–231.

Attique, M.R. 1984. Studies on sex attractant of pink

bollworm. Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan,

Pakistan Central Cotton Committee, Karachi, 40 pp.

––––––. 1985. Pheromones for the control of cotton pests

in Pakistan. The Pakistan Cottons 29:1–6.

Attique, M.R., M.M. Ahmad, and Z. Ahmad. 2000.

Efficacy of different sex pheromone traps for monitoring

and control of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera). Pakistan

Journal of Biological Science 3:309–312.

Attique, M.R., M.M. Ahmad, Z. Ahmad, and M. Rafiq.

2001. Sources of carry-over and possibilities of cultural

control of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in the

Punjab, Pakistan. Crop Protection 20: 421–426.

Attique, M.R., Z. Ahmad, A.I. Mohyuddin, and M.M.

Ahmad. 2001. Studies on Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) and its control strategy in the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 33:115–123.

Avila, S.G., E.A. Garcia Castaneda, and A.P. Gil. 1998.

The effect of earliness on damage reduction by pink

worm and late drying in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. [in

Spanish; summary in English]. Agricultura Tecnica en

Mexico 24:19–26.

Awad, H.A., and M.Z. Abdou. 1988. Sex pheromones as

an aid in the pest management of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd)

infesting cotton plants. Journal of Agricultural Science

(Mansoura University) 13:323–327.

Awad, H.A., O.A. El-Gogary, and M.A. Elewa. 1988.

Comparison on the relative efficiency of pheromones and

insecticide treatments against the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Journal of Agricultural

Science (Mansoura University) 13:311–316.

Awad, T.M., and M.A. Kandil. 1980. Dosage-mortality

studies of some recommended insecticides on the pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Ain

Shams University Research Bulletin 1323.

Awaknavar J.S. 1976. Bionomics of the cotton pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and cotton varietal reaction to it.

Haryana Agricultural University, Thesis Abstracts 2:188–

189.

Awaknavar, J.S., and T.S. Thontadarya. 1979. Possible

diapause of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) in north Karnataka. Current Research 8:51–52.
12

––––––. 1979. Seasonal incidence of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in north Karnataka.

Current Research 8:7–8.

Awaknavar, J.S., T.S. Thontadarya, and B.V. Patil. 1982.

Termination of diapause of the long-cycle larvae of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), and

factors affecting it. Mysore Journal of Agricultural

Science 16:414–417.

Awate, B.G., and L.M. Naik. 1981. Efficacy of synthetic

pyrethroid insecticides against bollworms. Cotton

Development 11(2/3):65–66.

Awate, B.G., L.M. Naik, and G.Y. Parlekar. 1977. Possibility of introducing exotic parasite Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead in the integrated control of cotton bollworms. Cotton Development 7:21–22.

Awate, B.G., A.S. Patil, D.N. Gandhale, and L.M. Naik.

1982. Effective control of bollworms on cotton with

synthetic pyrethroids. Cotton Development 12(1/2):67–

69.

Ayad, F.A., Y.F. Ghoneim, M.E. Keddis, A.M. Allam, E.I.

Mourad, and M.A. El-Guindy. 1993. Toxicity indices of

insecticides tested against field strains of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) during 1990

cotton season. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research

71:739–745.

Ayountantis, A.J. 1928. Introduction of the pink bollworm

of cotton. International Review of Agriculture 19:486–

487.

Ayyar, T.V., and A. Ramakrishna. 1928. A contribution to

our knowledge of South Indian Braconidae. Pt. 1 Vipionidae. Memoirs, Department of Agriculture (Indian Entomology Service) 10(3):28–60.

Azab, A.K., M.F.S. Tawfik, and A. Nagui. 1968. Studies on

the biology of Microbracon kirkpatricki Wilk., in Egypt.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 52:251–

271.
13

B

Badawi, A. 1971. The effect of three insecticidal treatments on the infestation of cotton bollworms. Zeitschrift

fur Angewandte Entomologie 68:145–150.

––––––. 1971. Studies on the cotton bollworms in the

Sudan: Bionomics of the pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) and the spiny bollworm Earias

insulana (Boisd.) infesting cotton. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 69:330–336.

––––––. 1974. The susceptibility of certain American

Upland and Sakel cotton varieties to bollworms infestation (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae and Gelechiidae). Bulletin of

the Entomological Society of Egypt 58:261–266.

Badawi, A., and F. Mandil. 1972. Studies on the cotton

bollworms in the Sudan. II. The relative efficiency of an

ultra low volume formulation and certain other insecticides in the control of the two species of cotton bollworms. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 70:62–

67.

Baguinon, H., M. Cantilla, R. de los Santos, and V. Hasse.

1987. Field evaluation of the effectivity of pheromones for

the control of pink bollworms through the mating disruption strategy. In Technical Report 1985–1986, pp. 197–

204. Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines: Cotton Research

and Development Institute.

Baker, T.C., R.T. Staten, and H.M. Flint. 1990. Use of pink

bollworm pheromone in the southwestern United States. In

R.L. Ridgway, R.M. Silverstein, and M.N. Inscoe, eds.,

Behavior-Modifying Chemical for Insect Management,

pp. 417–436. New York: Marcel Dekker.

Balasubramanian, G., M. Balasubramanian, and R.

Kulandaivelu. 1981. Prediction of bollworms’ damage to

cotton in relation to weather factors. Madras Agricultural

Journal 68:657–659.

––––––. 1982. Seasonal incidence of bollworms in cotton.

Madras Agricultural Journal 69:124–128.

Balasubramanian, G., M. Balasubramanian, S. Venkatesan,

and M. Gopalan. 1987. Control of bollworms of cotton

with diflubenzuron. Madras Agricultural Journal 74:490–

492.

Balasubramanian, M. 1978. Pink bollworm of cotton.

Kisan World 5:50–51.

Balasubramanian, M., and P. Karuppuchamy. 1980. Waterpan trap with synthetic gossyplure to monitor pink

bollworm of cotton. Andhra Agricultural Journal (India)

27(1/2):83–85.

Balasubramanian, M., S. Murugesan, and S. Parameswaran. 1978. Synthetic gossyplure to trap cotton pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Cotton

Development 8(3/4):30–32.

Balasubramanian, M., and S. Parameswaran. 1982–1983.

Effect of different types of traps and lures in monitoring

pink bollworm of cotton. Cotton Development 12(3/

4):33–34.

Balasubramanian, S., M.H. Tatagar, and M.C. Diwakar.

1996. Field trials on pheromones on bollworm complex

on cotton. Plant Protection Bulletin (Faridabad) 48(1/

4):5–6.

Balfour, E. 1887. The Agricultural Pests of India and of

Eastern and Southern Asia, Vegetable and Animal,

Injurious to Man and His Products. London: Bernard

Quaritch.

Ballal, C.R., and P. Kumar. 1991. Response of Chelonus

blackburni (Hym.: Braconidae) to different ages and

densities of potato tuber moth eggs. Entomophaga

36:513–518.

Ballard, E. 1921. Additions and corrections to the list of

crop pests of South India. In T.B. Fletcher, ed., Proceedings, 4th Entomology Meetings, Pusa, pp. 21–28. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printer.

––––––. 1921. A preliminary note on Triphleps tantilus

Motsch.: An enemy of the pink bollworm. Agricultural

Journal of India 16:571–573.

––––––. 1921. Results of investigation of bionomics of

Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders) in South India, together

with some notes on Earias insulana and E. fabia. In T.B.

Fletcher, ed., Proceedings, 4th Entomology Meetings,

Pusa, pp. 70–83. Calcutta: Superintendent Government

Printer.

––––––. 1923. Platyedra gossypiella in South India.

Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture, Indian Entomology Service 7:171–193.

––––––. 1925. Summary of entomological reports

(Australia). Empire Cotton Growing Review 2:40–41.

––––––. 1925. The pink bollworm in Australia. Journal of

Economic Entomology 18:641–642.

––––––. 1926. The pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella

(Saunders)). Queensland Agricultural Journal 25:23–30.

––––––. 1926. Sixth entomological report (Australia).

Empire Cotton Growing Review 3:365–374.

––––––. 1927. Cotton growing in Queensland. Part II.

Pests of cotton in Queensland. Queensland Agricultural

Journal 28:589–613.
14

––––––. 1927. The entomological problems of Queensland

cotton growing. Empire Cotton Growing Review 4:196–

205.

––––––. 1927. Some insects associated with cotton in

Papua and the Mandated Territory of New Guinea.

Bulletin of Entomological Research 17:295–300.

––––––. 1928. Summary of entomological reports

(Australia). In Empire Cotton Growing Corp., Experiment

Station Report, 1926–1927, pp. 35–48.

Ballou, C.H. 1944. Tres plagas del algodon. El Agricultor

Venezolano 8:4–9.

––––––. 1947. Tres plagas del algodón. El Agricultor

Venezolano 12(125):42–46.

Ballou, H.A. 1915. The pink bollworm. Agricultural News

(Barbados) 14:250.

––––––. 1918. The pink bollworm at Barbados. Agricultural News (Barbados) 17:376–377.

––––––. 1918. The pink bollworm (Gelechia gossypiella)

in Egypt. Journal of Economic Entomology 11:236–245.

––––––. 1919. Cotton and the pink bollworm in Egypt.

West Indian Bulletin (Barbados) 17:237–292.

––––––. 1920. The danger of invasion by pink bollworm.

Agricultural News (Barbados) 19:362.

––––––. 1920. The pink bollworm (Gelechia gossypiella

(Saunders))––in Egypt in 1916–1917. Cairo: Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, Government Press.

––––––. 1920. Pink bollworm in the West Indies. Agricultural News (Barbados) 19:410–411.

––––––. 1920. The pink bollworm of cotton. Agricultural

News (Barbados) 19:378.

––––––. 1921. Pink bollworm notes. Agricultural News

(Barbados) 20:138.

––––––. 1921. Pink bollworms in the Leeward Islands.

Agricultural News (Barbados) 20:266–267.

––––––. 1922. Introduction of the pink bollworm. In

Montserrat Department of Agriculture Report, pp. 10–12.

Baloch, A.A., and B.A. Soomro. 1980. Preliminary studies

on plant profile and population dynamics of insect pests

of cotton. Turkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi 4:203–217.

Baloch, A.A., B.A. Soomro, M.A. Leghari, and M.W.

Sanjrani. 1990. Studies on economic injury levels of

insect pests of cotton. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi

14:131–148.

Baloch, A.A., B.A. Soomro, and G.H. Mallah. 1982.

Evaluation of some cotton varieties with known genetic

markers for their resistance/tolerance against sucking and

bollworm complex. Turkiye Bitki Koruma Dergisi 6:3–14.

Banerjee, S.K., and K.N. Katiyar. 1984. Insecticidal

control of cotton pests. Indian Journal of Entomology

46:1–11.

Baptista, J.E. 1947. Cotton seed disinfection as a supplementary control measure for pink bollworm (Platyedra

gossypiella (Saund.)) in Mozambique. Journal of the

Entomological Society of South Africa 9:111–114.

Bariola, L.A. 1974. Chemical termination of cotton

fruiting and pink bollworm control. In Proceedings,

Western Cotton Production Conference, pp. 66–67.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1978. Suicidal emergence and reproduction by

overwintered pink bollworm moths. Environmental

Entomology 7:189–192.

––––––. 1981. Controlling overwintering pink bollworm

populations. Agricultural Research 29(11):12–13.

––––––. 1983. Survival and emergence of overwintered

pink bollworm moths [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]. Environmental Entomology 12:1877–1881.

––––––. 1984. Pink bollworm: Factors affecting survival

of diapause larvae and emergence of overwintered moths

in the spring in central Arizona. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–6.

––––––. 1984. Pink bollworms (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Effects of low concentrations of selected insecticides on mating and fecundity in the laboratory. Journal

of Economic Entomology 77:1278–1282.

––––––. 1985. Evidence of resistance to synthetic

pyrethroids in field populations of pink bollworms in

Southern California [abstract]. In J.M. Brown and T.C.

Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, p. 138. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1986. Using plant growth regulators to control

pink bollworm and boll weevils. In Cotton Report, pp.

211–214. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series

P–63, Tucson.

––––––. 1987. PREP and DROPP for controlling pink

bollworms in 1986 tests. In Cotton Report, pp. 154–156.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–69,

Tucson.

Bariola, L.A., A.C. Bartlett, R.T. Staten, R.W. Rosander,

and J.C. Keller. 1973. Partially sterilized adult pink
15

bollworms: Releases in cages and field cause chromosomal aberrations. Environmental Entomology 2:173–176.

Bariola, L.A., C.C. Chu, and T.J. Henneberry. 1990.

Timing applications of plant growth regulators and last

irrigation for pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

control. Journal of Economic Entomology 83:1074–1079.

Bariola, L.A., C.B. Cowan, D.E. Hendricks, and J.C.

Keller. 1971. Efficacy of hexalure and light traps in

attracting pink bollworm moths. Journal of Economic

Entomology 64:323–324.

Bariola, L.A., J.C. Keller, D.L. Turley, and J.R. Farris.

1973. Migration and population studies of the pink

bollworm in the arid west. Environmental Entomology

2:205–208.

Bariola, L.A., and D.L. Kittock. 1976. The role of plant

growth regulators in cotton insect control [abstract]. In

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization

Conference, p. 139. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Bariola, L.A., D.L. Kittock, H.F. Arle, P.V. Vail, and T.J.

Henneberry. 1976. Controlling pink bollworms: Effects of

chemical termination of cotton fruiting on populations of

diapausing larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology

69:633–636.

Bariola, L.A., and N. Green. 1977. Trapping pink bollworms with hexalure: Inhibitory effects of chemical byproducts. The Southwestern Entomologist 2:207–209.

Bariola, L.A., and T.J. Henneberry. 1980. Induction of

diapause in field populations of the pink bollworm in the

Western United States. Environmental Entomology

9:376–380.

––––––. 1982. Pink bollworm control by chemical

termination with Dicamba and Chloflurenol in large field

tests. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Production Research Conferences, pp. 219–221. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Bariola, L.A., T.J. Henneberry, and C.C. Chu. 1987. PREP

and DROPP for pink bollworm and boll weevil control in

Arizona and southern California [abstract]. In J.M. Brown

and T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Production Research Conferences, p. 340. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Bariola, L.A., T.J. Henneberry, C.C. Chu, T. Meng, Jr., and

B. Deeter. 1989. Effects of early-season ethephon applications on initiation of pink bollworm infestations and

yields. In J.M. Brown and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp.

231–233. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Bariola, L.A., T.J. Henneberry, C.F. Ehlig, and C.M.

Brown. 1984. Pink bollworm: Reducing populations of

diapausing larvae with insecticides. The Southwestern

Entomologist 9:341–345.

––––––. 1985. Populations and control of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, in short- and full-season

cotton production systems in Imperial Valley, CA. The

Southwestern Entomologist 10:156–162.

Bariola, L.A., T.J. Henneberry, and D.L. Kittock. 1979.

Status of chemical termination of cotton plant fruiting as

a means for controlling the pink bollworm and boll

weevil. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Production Research Conferences, pp. 130–132. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1981. Chemical termination and irrigation cutoff to reduce overwintering populations of pink bollworms. Journal of Economic Entomology 74:106–109.

Bariola, L.A., T.J. Henneberry, J.L. McMeans, and C.M.

Brown. 1988. Effect of early-season applications of

ethephon on cotton fruiting and pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, populations. The Southwestern

Entomologist 13:153–157.

Bariola, L.A., T.J. Henneberry, and T. Meng, Jr. 1986.

Plant growth regulators for pink bollworm and boll

weevil control. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 235–238. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Bariola, L.A., T.J. Henneberry, V.T. Walhood, and C.

Brown. 1984. Pink bollworm: Effects of early maturing,

narrow row cotton, insecticides and chemical termination

on seasonal infestations and overwintering larvae. The

Southwestern Entomologist 9:62–68.

Bariola, L.A., and P.D. Lingren. 1984. Comparative

toxicities of selected insecticides against pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) moths. Journal of Economic

Entomology 77:207–210.

Barkhade, U.P., R.B. Gawande, and S.R. Katole. 1992.

Preliminary studies on the critical stage for application of

insecticides against cotton bollworms. Punjabrao Krishi

Vidyapeeth Research Journal (India)16:126–127.

Barnes, G. 1953. Control of cotton bollworm in Arkansas.

Acco Press 31(5):15–17.

Barral, J.M. 1961. Ecologia de la largarta rosale (Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.)) en la Region Centro-Chaqueña.

[Ecology of the pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella

(Saund.)) in the Central Chaco Region]. Presidencia

Roque Saenz Peña Estacion Experimental Agro Pecuaria

Boletin 14.
16

––––––. 1961. Lucha contra la largarta rosada (Platyedra

gossypiella (Saund.)) en la region Centro-Chaqueña.

[Control of the pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella

(Saund.)) in the Central Chaco Region]. Presidencia

Roque Saenz Peña Estacion Experimental Agro Pecuaria

Boletin 16.

––––––. 1965. La induccion a la diapausa de la largarita

rosada (Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.)) en la region

central Chaquena. [The induction of diapause in pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) in the

central Chaco region; summary in English]. Revista de

Investigacion Agropecuaria Series 5, Patologia Vegetal

2(8):67–81.

Barral, J.M., M. Gutierrez, and P. Radovancich. 1961.

Ensayos con maquinas desmenuzadoras del rastrojo para

el control de la largarta rosada (Platyedra gossypiella

(Saund.)) del algodon. Presidencia Roque Saenz Peña

Estacion Experimental Agro Pecuaria Boletín 9.

Barrania, H.A., and A.M. Al-Beltagy. 1996. Regional and

seasonal variations of pink bollworm trap catches and boll

infestation relationships. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Alexandria) 41:77–84.

Barritt, N.W. 1929. Experiments on the control of the

pink bollworm in Egypt. Bulletin of Entomological

Research 20:41–43.

Barry, B.D. 1965. Diapause and developmental differences in various geographical populations of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Dissertation Abstracts International 26–01:37.

Barry, B.D., and P.L. Adkisson. 1966. Certain aspects of

the genetic factors involved in the larval diapause of the

pink bollworm. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 59:122–125.

Barstow, B. 1984. Cotton insects reduced by long hostfree period. Arizona Farmer Rancher 63(11):5.

Bartlett, A.C. 1978. Radiation-induced sterility in the

pink bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science

and Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and

Manuals ARM–W–1.

––––––. 1979. Genetics of the pink bollworm: Sooty

body and purple eye. Annals of the Entomological

Society of America 72:256–259.

––––––. 1981. Isozyme polymorphism in populations of

the pink bollworm. Annals of the Entomological Society

of America 74:9–13.

––––––. 1982. Genetic markers: Discovery and use in

insect population dynamics studies and control programs.

In Sterile Insect Technique and Radiation in Insect

Control, pp. 451–465. Vienna: International Atomic

Energy Agency.

––––––. 1982. Polymorphisms of the pink bollworm. In

M.W. Stock and A.C. Bartlett, eds., The Evolutionary

Significance of Insect Polymorphism. Proceedings of a

Symposium, Entomological Society of America, San

Diego, CA, pp. 45–56. Moscow, Idaho: University of

Idaho, Forest, Wildlife Range Experiment Station.

––––––. 1985. Guidelines for genetic diversity in

laboratory colony establishment and maintenance. In P.

Singh and R.F. Moore, eds., Handbook of Insect Rearing,

pp. 7–17. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

––––––. 1988. Induction and use of sex linked lethal

mutations in the pink bollworm. In Modern Insect

Control: Nuclear Techniques and Biotechnology, pp. 85–

96. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.

––––––. 1988. Sex-linked recessive lethal mutations in

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Genome 30 (Suppl):1, 158.

––––––. 1989. Genetics of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Agricultural Zoology Reviews 3:31–

51.

––––––. 1989. Genetics of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. In G.E. Russell, ed., Genetical and

Biochemical Aspects of Invertebrate Crop Pests, pp. 297–

317. Andover, Hants, United Kingdom: Intercept.

––––––. 1993. Response of the pink bollworm to transgenic cotton leaf material. In D.J. Herber and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 1038–1040. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1995. Resistance of the pink bollworm to Bt

transgenic cotton. In D.A. Richter and J. Armour, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 766–768.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Bartlett, A.C., and G.D. Butler, Jr. 1979. Pink bollworm:

Radiation sterility and computer simulation of population growth. The Southwestern Entomologist 4:216–223.

Bartlett, A.C., G.D. Butler, Jr., and A.G. Hamilton. 1980.

Developmental rate of the sooty strain of Pectinophora

gossypiella. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 73:164–166.

Bartlett, A.C., and F.E. Delfosse. 1991. The pachytene

karyotype of the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The Southwestern Entomologist 16:223–235.

Bartlett, A.C., and L.J. Lewis. 1973. Pink bollworm:

Chromosomal damage and reproduction after gamma
17

irradiation of larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology

66:731–733.

––––––. 1978. Genetics of the pink bollworm: Rust,

orange, and garnet eye colors. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71:813–816.

––––––. 1982. Competititive fitness of the “sooty”

mutant of the pink bollworm. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 75:32–37.

––––––. 1985. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Reproduction and sperm use by wild-type and

mutant moths. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 78:559–563.

––––––. 1987. Response of the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to long-term selection for the

inability to diapause. Annals of the Entomological

Society of America 80:797–803.

Bartlett, A.C., and P.D. Lingren. 1984. Monitoring pink

bollworm [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae] populations, using

the genetic marker sooty. Environmental Entomology

13:543–550.

Bartlett, A.C., T.J. Dennehy, and L. Antilla. 1997. An

evaluation of resistance to Bt toxins in native populations of the pink bollworm. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp.

885–891. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Bartlett, A.C., R.T. Staten, and W.O. Ridgway. 1973.

Gamma irradiation of eggs of the pink bollworm. Journal

of Economic Entomology 66:475–477.

Bartlett, A.C., and W.W. Wolf. 1985. Pectinophora

gossypiella. In P. Singh and R.F. Moore, eds., Handbook

of Insect Rearing, pp. 415–430. Amsterdam: Elsevier

Science Publishers.

Bartlett, B.R., and D. Gonzales. 1970. A progress report:

Biological control of pink bollworm in cotton. California

Agriculture 24(1):12–14.

Bartlett, K.A. 1937. Introduction and colonization in

Puerto Rico of beneficial insect parasites on the pink

bollworm in cotton. Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment

Station, Agricultural Notes 77.

Bartsch, R. 1978. Economic problems of pest control.

Examined for the case of the Gezira/Sudan. Munchen,

German Federal Republic: Weltforum Verlag.

Basu, A.K., M.G. Bhat, and V.M. Sahni. 1982–1983.

Evaluation of synthetic pyrethroids for the control of

cotton bollworms. Cotton Development 12(3/4):27–29.

Bate, A. 1912. Cotton pests in Burma. Burma Department

of Agriculture Bulletin No. 8.

Batista, G.C. de, and R.P.L. Carvalho. 1968. Ensalo

comparativo com insecticidas para controle das pragas do

algodeiro. [Comparative trial of insecticides for the

control of cotton plant pests]. University Sao Paulo, Solo

Central Academia, Luiz de Queiroz 60:29–36.

Bayoumi, A.E., C. Ordonez, P.Y. Perez, H.Z. Zidan, F.R.

Balana, R.M. Reguera, and D.O. Escudero. 2002. Basal

cytotoxicity of four insect sex pheromones in CHO-K1

cells. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and

Toxicology 68:302-308.

Beasley, C.A. 1985. Gossyplure-baited traps used for pink

bollworm survey in southwestern desert cotton-growing

areas. University of California-Berkeley, Bulletin 1915.

––––––. 1990. Effects of extent and time of irrigations on

winter survival and spring emergence patterns of pink

bollworm. In J.M. Brown and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences,

pp. 186–187. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1992. Winter irrigation reduces spring emergence of pink bollworm moths. In D.J. Herber and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 943–944. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1997. Effects of environmental conditions on

diapause in native populations of pink bollworm. The

Southwestern Entomologist 22:11–27.

Beasley, C.A., and C.J. Adams. 1994. Captures of male

pink bollworm moths in different types of pheromone

traps. The Southwestern Entomologist 19:45–55.

––––––. 1994. Relationships between environmental

factors and capture time of male pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) moths in traps baited with sex

pheromone. Journal of Economic Entomology 87:986–

992.

–––––––. 1995. Effects of irrigation, irrigation timing,

and cotton boll burial on extent and patterns of pink

bollworm spring emergence. The Southwestern Entomologist 20:73–106.

––––––. 1996. Field-based, degree-day model for pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) development.

Journal of Economic Entomology 89:881–890.

––––––. 1997. Weights of male bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), captured in pheromone

traps from early spring emergence through late cotton

season. Recent Research Developments in Entomology

1:131–136.

Beasley, C.A., C.J. Adams, and T.J. Henneberry. 1986.

Trap and cage catches of pink bollworm as they relate to
18

spring emergence patterns. In J.M. Brown and T.C.

Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 193–196. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1987. Pink bollworm: Relationships between

timing of initial insecticide applications and season-long

control. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp.

260–262. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Beasley, C.A., and T.J. Henneberry. 1983. Evaluation of

gossyplure formulations for pink bollworm control under

commercial conditions in California’s Palo Verde Valley.

In J. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 171–172. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1984. Combining gossyplure and insecticides in

pink bollworm control. California Agriculture 38(7/

8):22–24.

––––––. 1985. Pink bollworm-gossyplure studies in the

Palo Verde Valley, California. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–39.

––––––. 1988. Effects of trap type and placement on male

pink bollworm moth captures. In J.M. Brown and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 306–309. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Beasley, C.A., T.J. Henneberry, C. Adams, and L. Yates.

1984. Early season pink bollworm catches in delta traps

and emergence cages, and the relationship of weather to

trap catches. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 204–205.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1985. Gossyplure-baited traps used for pink

bollworm survey, detection, research and management

tools in southwestern desert cotton-growing areas.

California Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin

1915.

Beasley, C.A., and D. Stroschein. 1989. Early season

application of PREP: A potential aid in cotton pink

bollworm management [abstract]. In J.M. Brown and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, p. 242. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Beck, S.D. 1976. Photoperiodic determination of insect

development and diapause. V. Diapause, circadian

rhythms, and phase response curves, according to the

dual system theory. Journal of Comparative Physiology

107:97–111.

Becker, G.G. 1928. The present status of the pink bollworm and the thurberia weevil [abstract]. Journal of

Economic Entomology 21:469.

Beckman, H.F. 1953. Laboratory culture of the pink

bollworm on chemically defined media. Journal of

Economic Entomology 46:627–630.

Bedford, H.W. 1930. A report on work carried out at the

Khartoum laboratory during 1929. Bulletin of the

Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory, Entomology

Section 31:33–38.

––––––. 1934. Problems connected with the control of

the pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella Saunders) in

the Sudan. In Report, 2nd Conference Cotton Growers

Problems, pp. 165–175. London: Empire Cotton Growing

Corporation.

––––––. 1937. Entomological Section. Agricultural

Research Service. Report for 1935–36 season. In Sudan

Agricultural Research Service Report, pp. 38–52.

Behkeit, H.K., A. Abdel-Hafez, S.H. Taher, and G.M.

Moawad. 1995. Potency of some new isolates of Bacillus

thuringiensis against the pink and spiny boll worms.

Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 40:411–416.

Beingolea, G.O. 1952. Las Malváceas y el Pectinophora

gossypiella. Ministerio de Agricultura, Direccion General

de Agricultura de Peru, Boletin 314:40–43.

Bell, M.R. 1975. Host-pathogen relationships between

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, and a

cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Dissertation Abstracts

International 36–07B:3212.

––––––. 1977. Pink bollworm: Effect of infection by a

cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus on diapausing larvae.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 70:675–

677.

Bell, M.R., and T.J. Henneberry. 1980. Entomopathogens

for pink bollworm control. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink

Bollworm Control in the Western United States, pp. 76–

81. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

Bell, M.R., and R.F. Kanavel. 1975. Potential of bait

formulations to increase effectiveness of nuclear polyhedrosis virus against the pink bollworm. Journal of

Economic Entomology 68:389–391.

––––––. 1976. Effect of dose of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis

virus on infection, mortality, development rate, and larval

and pupal weights of the pink bollworm. Journal of

Invertebrate Pathology 28:121–126.
19

––––––. 1977. Field tests of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus

in a bait formulation for control of pink bollworm and

Heliothis spp. on cotton in Arizona. Journal of Economic

Entomology 70:625–629.

––––––. 1977. The effect of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis

virus on lipid and protein content of a pupae of the pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) [Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae]. Journal of the Kansas Entomological

Society 50:359–362.

Bell, R.A. 1967. Photoperiodic induction of the larval

diapause in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders); Sensitivity of various developmental stages

to photoperiod and rate of diapause induction. Dissertation Abstracts International 28–07B:2884.

Bell, R.A., and P.L. Adkisson. 1964. Photoperiodic

reversibility of diapause induction in an insect. Science

144:1149–1151.

Bell, R.A., and F.G. Joachim. 1976. Techniques for rearing

laboratory colonies of tobacco hornworms and pink

bollworms. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 69:365–373.

Bellettini, S., N.M.T. Bellettini, G. Salvador, W.G. da

Silva, E.C. Garcia, and S.A. Bianchini. 1999. Insecticides

for the control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), on cotton [in Portuguese; summary in

English]. In Anais II Congresso Brasileiro de Algodao: O

Algodao No Seculo XX, Perspectivar Para O Seculo XXI,

Ribeirao Preto, Sp, Brasil, Setembro 5–10, 1999, pp. 259–

261.

Bellettini, S., L.K. Fukuda, E.D. Simoes, and P.M. Moreira. 1983. Evaluation of insecticide efficiency on the

control of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) in cotton crop [in Portuguese; summary in

English]. Poliagro (Brazil) 5(2):10–18.

––––––. 1983. Insecticide efficiency on the control of the

pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in

cotton [in Portuguese; summary in English]. Poliagro

(Brazil) 5(2):19–28.

Bellettini, S., J.C. Martins, and M.A.V. Feltrin. 1984.

Populational survey of males of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) using pheromone traps [in Portuguese;

summary in English]. Poliagro (Brazil) 6(1):90–106.

Bellettini, S., E.A. Negrao, J.P. Oliveira, C.E.C.R. Pinto,

and R.H. Ribeiro. 1984. The use of fluvalinate and some

pyrethroids in the control of pink caterpillar, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Poliagro (Brazil) 6(1):80–89.

Belli, A., U. Arik, and N. Yabas. 1972. Tests of insecticides

against pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.)) a pest of cotton in south Anatolia. Plant Protection Research Annual 20:146.

Belli, A., A. Tunc, N. Turhan, M.N. Yabas, A. Kismir, and

N. Kisakurek. 1983. Adana kosullarinda Pemekurt

(Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) ‘un kislama durumu

ve ergin omru uzerinde on calismalar. [Preliminary

studies on overwintering and adult longevity of pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) in Adana;

summary in English]. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 23:207–222.

Beltran, G.J.A., and R.F. Garcia. 1983. Behavior of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in

stored cottonseed. Acta Agronomia (Palmira) 33:43–47.

Benedict, J.H., K.M. El-Zik, L.R. Oliver, P.A. Roberts, and

L.T. Wilson. 1989. Economic injury levels and thresholds

for pests of cotton. In R.E. Frisbie, K.M. El-Zik, and L.T.

Wilson, eds., Integrated Pest Management Systems and

Cotton Production, pp. 121–153. New York: John Wiley

& Sons.

Benschoter, C.A., and M.P. Leal. 1978. Cotton leafperforator and pink bollworm: Effects on yields of ‘Deltapine

16’ and ‘Pima S–4’ in field cages. Journal Environmental

Sciences and Health. Part A: Environmental Science and

Engineering. 13:227–234.

Berberich, S.A., J.E. Ream, T.L. Jackson, R. Wood, R.

Stipanovic, P. Harvey, S. Patzer, and R.L. Fuchs. 1996.

The composition of insect-protected cottonseed in

equivalent to that of conventional cottonseed. Journal of

Agriculture and Food Chemistry 44:365–371.

Berg, G.J. 1977. RNA synthesis and balstoderm ultrastructure in the pink bollworm embryo. Dissertation Abstracts

International 38–01B:95.

Berg, G.J., and G. Gassner. 1978. Fine structure of the

blastoderm embryo of the pink bollworm. International

Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 7:81–

105.

Berg, G.J., and L.E. LaChance. 1976. Dominant lethal

mutations in insects with holokinetic chromosomes:

Irradiation of pink bollworm sperm. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 69:971–976.

Berger, R.S., J.M. McGough, D.F. Martin, and L.R. Ball.

1964. Some properties and the field evaluation of the

pink bollworm sex attractant. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57:606–609.

Bergman, D., T.J. Henneberry, and L.A. Bariola. 1981.

Overwintering and seasonal development of the pink

bollworm in Arizona stub and planted cotton. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 66–69. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.
20

Bergman, D., T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, and J.M.

Gillespie. 1983. Studies of pest and beneficial insects in

Arizona stub and planted cotton. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARR–W–32.

Bergman, D., T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, and T. Watson.

1978. Cotton insect populations in Arizona stub cotton

systems. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 271–276.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Beroza, M., R.T. Staten, and B.A. Bierl. 1971. Tetradecyl

acetate and related compounds as inhibitors of attraction

of the pink bollworm moth to the sex lure hexalure.

Journal of Economic Entomology 64:580–585.

Berry, N.D., F.L. Blanc, and J.M. Klopfer. 1959. Pink

bollworm detection in California. California Agriculture

Department Bulletin 68:211–218.

Bestmann, H.J., K.H. Koschatzky, W. Stransky, and O.

Vostrowsky. 1976. Pheromone IX. Steroselective synthesis

of (Z)-7, (Z)-11 and (Z)-7, (E)-11–hexadecadienylacetate,

the sexual pheromone of Pectinophora gossypiella

[Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera]. Tetrahedron Letter 5:353–

356.

Bezdetko, A.N., and Z. Tarziev. 1981. Under quarantine

control [in Russian; summary in English]. Zashchita

Rastenii 7:6–7.

Bhalodia, N.K., M.S. Chari, and G.J. Patel. 1975. Evaluation of insecticidal schedules for the pests of Hybrid-4

cotton. Pesticides 9(7):45–49.

Bhamburkar, M.W., and T.V. Kathane. 1984. Role of

synthetic pyrethroids on the control of bollworms in

relation to yield of H4 cotton under rainfed conditions.

Pesticides 18(1):15–18.

Bhat, M.G., and A.K. Basu. 1981. Evaluation of performance of a frego bract line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum

L.). Science Culture 47:69–70.

Bhat, M.G., A.B. Joshi, and M. Singh. 1984. Relative loss

of seed cotton yield by jassid and bollworms in some

cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Indian

Journal of Entomology 46:169–173.

Bhatnagar, P., and P.D. Sharma. 1991. Studies on the

incidence of bollworm pests on isogenic lines of cotton.

Crop Research (Hisar) 4:129–135.

––––––. 1993. Studies on the relationship of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), incidence

and phenological characters of isogenic lines of hirsutum

cotton, variety H 777. Crop Research (Hisar) 6:480–485.

Bhatnagar, S., and A.D. Khurana. 1989. Optimum sample

size for pink bollworm studies in American cotton [in

Haryana]. Journal of the Indian Society for Cotton

Improvement 14:74–79.

Bhatnagar, S.P. 1960. Incidence of pink bollworm

(Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.)) on cotton in Rajasthan.

Current Science 29:440.

Bhatnagar, V.S., and R.A. Agarwal. 1975. Translocation of

systemic insecticides and control of pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Pesticides 9(7):41-42.

Bhatti, M.A., N. Chatha, M. Saeed, and M.A. Murtaza.

1986. Integrated approach to the control of major insect

pest of cotton. In 14th Annual Report, 1985–1986, pp.

51–60. Faisalabad, Pakistan: Nuclear Institute for

Agriculture and Biology.

Bibby, F.F., and I. Moreno. 1941. Secondary hosts of the

pink bollworm in the lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas

and Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology 34:736–

737.

Bierl, B.A., M. Beroza, R.T. Staten, P.E. Sonnet, and V.E.

Adler.1974. The pink bollworm sex attractant. Journal of

Economic Entomology 67:211–216.

Bincev, B. 1971. Bioecological investigations of the pink

bollworm (Pectinophora Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.))

in the conditions of South-East Macedonia. Sturmica

Institute of Cotton, Yugoslavia, Report PL–480 Project

30–ENT.

Bincev, B.U., M. Tadic, and V. Kuzmanov. 1972. On the

biology of pink bollworm in Southeastern Macedonia [in

Serbo-Croatian]. Arch. Polioprivredne Nauk 29:17–33.

Bincev, B., M. Tadic, and V. Kuzmanov. 1972. Study of

the pink bollworm under southern Macedonia conditions

[translated to English in 1983]. Journal Science Agricultural Research 25:17–30.

Binder, R.G., and B.G. Chan. 1982. Effects of cyclopropanoid and cyclopropenoid fatty acids of growth of pink

bollworm, bollworm and tobacco budworm. Entomologia

Experimentalis et Applicata 31:291–295.

Binder, R.G., B.G. Chan, and C.A. Elliger. 1979. Antibiotic effects of C10–C12 fatty acid esters on pink bollworm,

bollworm and tobacco budworm. Agricultural and

Biological Chemistry 43:2467–2471.

Bindra, O.S. 1975. Cotton-seed cake in animal feed to

reduce pink bollworm. Pesticides 9(11):28–31.

––––––. 1986. Some ideas for integrated pest management in Indonesia. International Workshop on Cotton

Production, May 13–17, 1986, Batu, Malang, Indonesia.
21

Bindra, O.S., and D.K. Butani. 1976. Pink bollworm of

cotton Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae:

Lepidoptera). Cotton Development 5(4):3–13.

Bindra, O.S., A.K. Dhawan, and A.S. Sidhu. 1978.

Attraction of Indian pink bollworm males to different

attractants. Indian Journal of Entomology 40:212–213.

Bindra, O.S., G.S. Gatoria, and A.S. Sidhu. 1978. Studies

on the supervised versus fixed spray schedule for the

control of the cotton pests in the Punjab. Indian Journal

of Plant Protection 6:56–62.

Bindra, O.S., A.S. Sidhu, and A.K. Dhawan. 1978. Evaluation of different sex-attractants against the moths of pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Indian

Journal of Plant Protection 6:40–44.

Bindra, S.S. 1928. Studies on Platyedra gossypiella in

the Punjab, Part I. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture (Indian Entomology Service) 10(6):167–216.

Biradar, A.P., B.V. Patil, and M. Bheemanna. 1993.

Integration of moulting inhibitor in the management of

cotton bollworms. Journal of Cotton Research and

Development 7:280–284.

Bishara, I. [No date] Bollworm effect on cottonseed and

oil production. Cairo General Organization Government

Print Office.

––––––. 1924. Preliminary note on the estimation of loss

by bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella). Ministry of

Agricultural, Egypt, Bulletin 39.

––––––. 1928. Preliminary experiments with dusting and

spraying agaisnt insect pests of cotton. Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service Bulletin

77.

––––––. 1930. Ratoon cotton in relation to insect pests.

Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service

Bulletin 96.

––––––. 1936. Some pink bollworm studies in Egypt.

Ministry of Agricultural, Egypt, Bulletin 163.

––––––. 1947. Insect pests of cotton in Egypt. 2. The

bollworm. Egypt Cotton Gazette 2:71–80.

––––––. 1954. Some pink bollworm studies in Egypt.

Part 2. The cotton sticks problem. Ministry of Agricultural, Egypt, Entomological Section, Technical Bulletin

268.

––––––. 1954. Some pink bollworm studies in Egypt.

Part 3. Fighting the early bollworm moths. Ministry of

Agricultural, Egypt, Entomological Section, Technical

Bulletin 269.

––––––. 1954. Some pink bollworm studies in Egypt. Part

4. Some small scale experiments for pink bollworm

control by means of insecticides. Ministry of Agricultural, Egypt, Entomological Section, Technical Bulletin

270.

––––––. 1969. Effect of agricultural factors on cotton

yield and bollworm attack. UAR Ministry of Agriculture,

Plant Protection Department, Technical Bulletin 2.

Bishara, S.I., M.S. El-Sawi, and M.A. El-Guindy. 1972.

Sensitivity to insecticides to full-grown larvae of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), during

diapause (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 6:57–

66.

Bishara, S.I., and M.A. Shakeel. 1984–1985. Toxicity

levels of some insecticides to the pink bollworm in

district Multan, Pakistan. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Karachi 14–15:107–112.

Bishnoi, O.P., M. Singh, V.U.M. Rao, R. Niwas, and P.D.

Sharma. 1996. Population dynamics of cotton pests in

relation to weather parameters. Indian Journal of Entomology 58:103–107.

Bishopp, F.C. 1953. Mechanization necessary in fighting

the pink bollworm. Cotton Trade Journal 33.

––––––. 1953. Where do we stand on cotton insects?

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 54(6):44.

––––––. 1954. Can they bump the bollworm? Agricultural Leaders Digest April:22–23.

––––––. 1954. More research needed on pink bollworm.

Cotton Ginners Journal Yearbook 22:52–54.

––––––. 1954. New weapons sought in pest battle;

research on pink bollworm expands. Cotton Trade Journal

34(30 suppl.):7.

––––––. 1954. Status of pink bollworm research [abstract]. Proceedings of the Association of Southern

Agricultural Workers 51:103.

––––––. 1955. The need for more effective defoliants and

desiccants in the control of the pink bollworm and other

cotton insects. In Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Defoliation Conference, pp. 43–44. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1955. The pink bollworm menace [abstract].

Agricultural Chemistry 10(2):49.

––––––. 1955. Pink bollworm research. In Proceeding,

16th American Cotton Congress, pp. 23–25. Cotton

Research Committee of Texas.
22

––––––. 1956. Insects lower the quality of cotton lint and

seed. Journal of Economic Entomology 49:172–175.

Bjegovic, P., and S. Atanackovic. 1964. The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) in Macedonia

[in Serbo-Croatian]. Zasita Bilja 78:189–196.

Bleicher, E. 1993. Relative importance of the main cotton

arthropod pests in some Brazilian states [in Portuguese;

summary in English]. Anais da Sociedade Entomologica

do Brasil 22:553–562.

Bleicher, E., C.T. Ferraz, and F.M. Lamas. 1985. Suggestions for the control of cotton pests in the State of Mato

Grosso do Sul (2nd approach) [in Portuguese; summary in

English]. Comunicado Tecnico, Empresa de Pesquisa,

Assistencia Tecnica Extensao Rural Mato Grosso Do Sul.

No. 4.

Bleicher, E., F.M.M. de Jesus, and J.C. Toscano. 1983.

Insecticides and spraying frequency to control the pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund)) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on cotton [in Portuguese; summary

in English]. Campina Grande (Brazil).

––––––. 1983. Insecticidas e intervalos de pulverizacao

para o controle da lagarta rosada, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) no algodoeiro.

[Insecticides and spraying frequence to control of the

pink bollworm on cotton; summary in English]. Boletim

de Pesquisa Centro Nacional, Pesquisa Algodao 12.

Bleicher, E., T.M. Rodrigues, and I.P. Furtado. 1993.

Insecticides for the control of the cotton weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, and of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) [in Portuguese;

summary in English]. Ecossistema 18:101–107.

Bloomquist, J.R., and T.A. Miller. 1985. A simple bioassay for detecting and characterising insecticide resistance. Pesticide Science 16:611–614.

Boake, C.R.B., T.E. Shelly, and K.Y. Kaneshiro. 1996.

Sexual selection in relation to pest management strategies. Annual Review of Entomology 41:211–229.

Bock, C.H., and P.J. Cotty. 1999. The relationship of gin

date to aflatoxin contamination of cottonseed in Arizona.

Plant Diseases 83:279–285.

Bodhade, S.N., and B.S. Agalave. 1991. Performance of

dust formulations of different pesticides against pests of

rainfed cotton. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth Research

Journal (India) 15:172–173.

Bondar, G. 1929. As manicobs e diversas Iavouras no

norte de Bahia. Correio Agricultura 6:133–137.

Boness, M. 1975. Field trials with the synthetic sex

pheromone of Pectinophora gossypiella. Pflanzenschutz

Nachrichten Bayer 28:155–161.

––––––. 1978. Experiments with sex pheromones of

Lepidoptera [in German, summary in English]. Anzeiger

Fur Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz

51:161–165.

Boness, M.B., K. Eiter, and H. Disselnkotter. 1977.

Studies on sex attractants of Lepidoptera and their use in

crop protection. Pflanzenschutz Nachrichten Bayer

30:213–236.

Borle, M.N., and S.D. Deshmukh. 1978. Carbaryl––its

place in cotton pests control. Pesticides 12:22–24.

Borle, M.N., and T.V. Kathane. 1972. Evaluation of some

newer insecticides for bollworms control. Pesticides

6(5):11–12.

Borovkov, E.A. 1962. Laboratory for the study of pink

bollworm in Afghanistan [in Russian]. Zashchita Rastenii

Vreditelei Boleznei 8:51–52.

Borth, P.W. 1988. Traditional and geostatistical modeling

of pink bollworm spatial dynamics in Arizona cotton with

application to sampling and computer mapping. Dissertation Abstracts International 49–01B:32.

Borth, P.W., and R.T. Huber. 1987. Modelling pink

bollworm establishment and dispersion in cotton with the

Kriging technique. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 267–274. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Bot, H.E. 1928. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) [in

Spanish]. Revista Industrial Agricultura, Tucuman 19(3/

4):106–110.

Bottger, G.T., A.J. Chapman, R.L. McGarr, and C.A.

Richmond. 1958. Laboratory and field tests with Sevin

against cotton insects. Journal of Economic Entomology

51:236–239.

Bottger, G.T., E.T. Sheehan, and M.J. Lukefahr. 1964.

Relation of gossypol content of cotton plants to insect

resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology 57:283–

285.

Bottrell, D.G., and P.L. Adkisson. 1977. Cotton insect pest

management. Annual Review of Entomology 22:451–

481.

Bouhelier, R. 1931. Note sur quelques Lépidoptéres

observés au Maroc. Bulletin de la Societe des Sciences

Naturelles du Maroc [Morocco] 11:135–136.
23

Bourgeois, A. 1970. Experimentation with cotton in

Cambodia. II. Phytosanitary tests [in French; summary in

English] Coton et Fibres Tropicales 25:205–212.

Bournier, J., and M. Vaissayre. 1977. Phytosanitary

activity of the Cotton and Exotic Textiles Research

Institute in Madagascar [in French; summary in English].

Coton et Fibres Tropicales 32:211–228.

Bouvier. 1933. Rescherces sur l’action da la chloropicrine sur le ver rose du contonnier la graine de coton le

charançon du blé et la grande de blé. Acad. Agric. France

Compt. Rend. 19:76–79.

Bowen, M.F. 1980. Photoperiodic and endocrine aspects

of diapause in Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Dissertation Abstracts International 41–

11B:3978.

Box, H.E. 1928. La “Lagarta Rosada” del algodonero

(Pectinophora gossypiella, (Saunders)): Una plaga que no

queremos tener in Tucumán. Revista Industrial Agricultura, Tucuman 19:106–110.

Bradley, J.F. 1995. Overview of conservation tillage on

cotton production in the mid-south. In D.A. Richter and J.

Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 200–203. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Bradley, J.R., Jr. 1996. Major developments in management of insect and mite pests in cotton. In E.G. King, J.R.

Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton Insects and

Mites: Characterization and Management, pp. 1–13.

Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation Publisher.

Brady, V.E. 1969. Response of male Sitotroga to the sex

pheromones of Sitotroga and Pectinophora females to

propylure and deet. Deet analysis in Sitotroga females.

Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 4:1–14.

Brain, C.K. 1918. A preliminary report on the cotton pests

of South Africa. In Union South Africa, Department of

Agriculture, Local Series No. 59, pp. 22–23.

Bramhankar, S.A., S.A. Nimbalkar, and Y.M. Taley. 1990.

Potential of synthetic pyrethroids in alternation with

conventionals in control of bollworm complex of cotton

H-4. Indian Journal of Entomology 52:456–460.

Brar, D.S., and H.S. Sukhija. 1993. Cyperkill for the

control of cotton bollworms at growers’ level. Journal of

Insect Science (India) 6:154–155.

Brar, K.S., G.C. Varma, B.S. Sekhon, and M. Shenhmar.

1991. Comparative efficacy of Trichogramma achaeae

Nagaraja and Nagarkatti and insecticides for control of

cotton bollworms. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 28:511–514.

Brazzel, J.R. 1953. The pink bollworm as a factor in

cotton boll rots. Plant Disease Reporter 39:583–584.

––––––. 1956. Resistance of cotton to pink bollworm

damage. Dissertation Abstracts International X 1956:63.

––––––. 1963. The perplexing twin problem of the

bollworm and budworm. Cotton Farming 7(4):6–7, 10.

Brazzel, J.R., and J.C. Gaines. 1956. The effects of pink

bollworm infestations on yield and quality of cotton.

Journal of Economic Entomology 49:852–854.

––––––. 1957. Cotton yield and quality losses caused by

various levels of pink bollworm infestations. Journal of

Economic Entomology 50:609–613.

––––––. 1957. The effect of different levels of pink

bollworm infestation on the yield and quality of cotton

[abstract]. Proceedings of the Association of Southern

Agricultural Workers 54:158.

––––––. 1959. The toxicity of several insecticides to the

eggs and larvae of the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 52:301–303.

Brazzel, J.R., and D.F. Martin. 1955. Behavior of pink

bollworm larvae. Journal of Economic Entomology

48:677–679.

––––––. 1956. Evaluation of pink bollworm damage to

cotton [abstract]. Proceedings of the Association of

Southern Agricultural Workers 53:129.

––––––. 1956. Resistance of cotton to pink bollworm

damage. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin

843.

––––––. 1957. Oviposition sites of the pink bollworm on

the cotton plant. Journal of Economic Entomology

50:122–124.

––––––. 1959. Pink bollworm resistance in cotton.

Journal of Economic Entomology 52:385–390.

––––––. 1959. Winter survival and time of emergence of

diapausing pink bollworms in Central Texas. Journal of

Economic Entomology 52:305–308.

Bredo, H.J. 1934. La lutte biologique et son importance

économique au Congo belge. Bulletin de Agriculture,

Congo Belge 25:3–20.

––––––. 1934. La lutte contre le ver rose (Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.)) par la désinfection des graines de

coton au moyen d’appareils à air chaud. Bulletin de

Agriculture, Congo Belge 25:250–270.

––––––. 1936. Note sur l’hibernation du ver rose au

Congo Belge. [Note on hibernation of pink bollworm in
24

the Belgian Congo]. Bulletin de Agriculture, Congo Belge

27:442–455.

Brettell, J.H., A.C.Z. Musana, and P. Jowah. 1984.

Entomology. In Annual Report of the Cotton Research

Institute (Zimbabwe) 1982/83, pp. 120–125. Harare:

Zimbabwe Government Printer.

––––––. 1985. Entomology. In Annual Report of the

Cotton Research Institute (Zimbabwe) 1983/84, pp. 121–

186, 194–195. Harare: Zimbabwe Government Printer.

Brettell, J.H., and P. Jowah. 1988. Entomology. In Annual

Report of the Cotton Research Institute (Zimbabwe)

1985/86, pp. 133–151. Harare: Zimbabwe Government

Printer.

Bridwell, J.C. 1919. Miscellaneous notes on Hymenoptera. With descriptions of new genera and species.

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society

4:109–165.

––––––. 1919. Some notes on Hawaiian and other

Bethylidae (Hymenoptera) with descriptions of new

species. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological

Society 4:21–28.

Briggs, F.A. 1948. How can we stop the pink bollworm?

Farm Ranch 67(3):32–33.

Broodryk, S.W. 1969. The biology of Chelonus (Microchelonus) curvimaculatus Cameron (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of

South Africa 32:169–189.

Broodryk, S.W., and R.B. Drummond. 1970. Pink bollworm and its wild host in Rhodesia. Rhodesia Agricultural Journal 67(5):122–123.

Brooks, T.W., and C.C. Doane. 1979. Gossyplure: Insect

pheromone communication disruptant. In J.M. Brown,

ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization Conference, pp. 86–90. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Brooks, T.W., C.C. Doane, and J.K. Haworth. 1980.

Suppression of Pectinophora gossypiella with sex

pheromone. In Proceedings, British Crop Protection

Conference: Pests and Diseases, pp. 853–866. Croydon,

England: British Crop Protection Council.

Brooks, T.W., C.C. Doane, D.G. Osborn, and J.K. Haworth.

1980. Experience in using a hollow fiber controlled

release formulation in pheromone mediated suppression

of Pectinophora gossypiella under humid tropical

conditions. In R. Baker, ed., Controlled Release of

Bioactive Materials, pp. 227–236. New York: Academic

Press.

Brooks, T.W., C.C. Doane, and R.T. Staten. 1979. Experience with the first commercial pheromone communication disruptive for suppression of an agricultural insect

pest. In F.J. Ritter, ed., Chemical Ecology: Odour Communication in Animals, pp. 375–388. Amsterdam:

Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.

Brooks, T.W., D.J. Dougherty, and G.F. Pinney. 1981.

NOMATE PBW: Demonstration of sex pheromone

mediated pink bollworm suppression in Brazil. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton ProductionMechanization Conference, pp. 81–84. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Brown, P., R. Huber, and L. Moore. 1990. Planting date

and susceptibility to pink bollworm. In Cotton Report,

pp. 152–161. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–81, Tucson.

Brown, P., J. Silvertooth, and L. Moore. 1991. Planting

date and susceptibility to pink bollworm. In Cotton

Report, pp. 126–132. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–87, Tucson.

Brown, P., J. Silvertooth, L. Moore, and T. Watson. 1992.

Revised planting window for full season cotton varieties.

In Cotton Report, pp. 241–251. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–91, Tucson.

Broza, M., G.D. Butler, A. Venetzian, and A. Shavit. 1989.

Bacillus thuringiensis and cotton seed oil as control

agents in an integrated pest management program for

cotton in Israel. Israeli Journal of Entomology 23:149–

155.

Bruce, V.G., and D.H. Minis. 1969. Circadian clock action

spectrum in a photoperiodic moth. Science 163:583–585.

Bryan, D.E., R.E. Fye, G.D. Butler, Jr., A. Stoner, C.G.

Jackson, E.G. Neeman, A.L. Wardecker, and R.L. Carranza.

1972. Biological control investigations. In Cotton

Report, pp. 93–95. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–24, Tucson.

Bryan, D.E., R.E. Fye, C.G. Jackson, R.L. Carranza, W.C.

McAda, and E.G. Neeman. 1975. Biological control

investigations. In Cotton Report, pp. 47–49. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–35, Tucson.

Bryan, D.E., R.E. Fye, C.G. Jackson, and R. Patana. 1972.

Field releases of two parasites for pink bollworm control

in Arizona. In Proceedings, Western Cotton Production

Conference, pp. 46–48. Memphis Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

––––––. 1973. Programmed releases of parasites for

control of pink bollworms in Arizona. In Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp.

88–90. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.
25

––––––. 1973. Releases of Bracon kirkpatricki (Wilkinson) and Chelonus blackburni Cameron for pink bollworm control in Arizona. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Product Research Report

No. 150.

––––––. 1973. Releases of parasites for suppression of

pink bollworm in Arizona. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–W–7.

––––––. 1976. Nonchemical control of pink bollworms.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service, ARS–W–39.

Bryan, D.E., R.E. Fye, C.G. Jackson, R. Patana, and J.L.

Cota. 1973. Biological control investigations. In Cotton

Report, pp. 123–124. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–30, Tucson.

Bryan, D.E., R.E. Fye, C.G. Jackson, R. Patana, W.C.

McAda, E.G. Neeman, and R.L. Carranza. 1976. Biological control investigations. In Cotton Report, pp. 35–37.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–37,

Tucson.

Bryan, D.E., C.G. Jackson, R. Patana, and E.G. Neemann.

1971. Field cage and laboratory studies with Bracon

kirkpatricki, a parasite of the pink bollworm. Journal of

Economic Entomology 64:1236–1241.

Buchelos, C.T., C.G. Athanassiou, C.C. Papapostolou, and

A. Georgiou. 1999. Correlation between the number of

adult male Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lep.:

Gelechiidae) catches on pheromone traps and the rate of

infestation in fruiting bodies of cotton plants by young

larvae in three regions of central Greece. Journal of

Applied Entomology 123:433–436.

Bughio, A.R., T. Hussain, and Z.A. Qureshi. 1987. Role of

pink and spotted bollworms in the abscission of squares

and bolls in cotton. In Proceedings of the Pakistan

Congress Zoology 7:99–104.

Bughio, A.R., Z.A. Qureshi, and T. Hussain. 1986.

Influence of boll age, size and moisture contents on pink

and spotted bollworms infestation in cotton. Proceedings

of the Pakistan Congress of Zoology 5:127–131.

Bughio, A.R., Z.A. Qureshi, T. Hussain, and Q.H. Siddiqui.

1984. Field evaluation of cotton mutants for pink and

spotted bollworms resistance. Nucleus (Pakistan)

21(4):47–49.

Buholzer, F., J. Drabeck, and V. Fluck. 1980. Lepicron––a

new cotton insecticide. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit

Landbouwwetenschappen Rijksuniversiteit Gent 45:649–

658.

Bull, D.L. 1962. Absorption, metabolism, and distribution

of DDT in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). Dissertation Abstracts International X1962:1.

Bull, D.L., and P.L. Adkisson. 1960. Certain factors

influencing diapause in the pink bollworm. Journal of

Economic Entomology 53:793–798.

––––––. 1962. Fat content of the larval diet as a factor

influencing diapause and growth-rate of the pink bollworm. Annals of the Entomological Society of America

55:499–502.

––––––. 1963. Absorption and metabolism of C14-

labeled DDT by DDT-susceptible and DDT-resistant pink

bollworm adults. Journal of Economic Entomology

56:641–643.

Bulletin de Agriculture, Congo Belge. 1931. Ver rose du

coton, Gelechia (Platiedra) gossypiella (Saunders), Le.

Bulletin de Agriculture, Congo Belge 22:169.

Bullock, H.R., and H.T. Dulmage. 1969. Bacillus thuringiensis against pink bollworm on cotton in field cages.

Journal of Economic Entomology 62:994–995.

Bullock, H.R., C.L. Mangum, and A.A. Guerra. 1969.

Treatment of eggs of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella, with formaldehyde to prevent infection with

a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus. Journal of Invertebrate

Pathology 14:271–273.

Bullock, H.R., E. Martinez, and C.W. Stuermer Jr. 1970.

Cytoplasmic-polyhedrosis virus and the development and

fecundity of the pink bollworm. Journal of Invertebrate

Pathology 15:109–112.

Burks, B.D. 1979. Pteromalidae. In K.V. Krombein, ed.,

Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, pp.

768–835. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution

Press.

Burns, D.W. 1984. ICP-AES analysis of Mediterranean

fruit fly, pink bollworm and boll weevil (elemental).

Dissertation Abstracts International 45–12B:3793.

Burrows, T.M., V. Sevacherian, H. Browning, and J.

Baritelle. 1982. The history and cost of the pink bollworm in the Imperial Valley. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 28:286–290.

Burrows, T.M., V. Sevacherian, L.J. Moffitt, and J.L.

Baritelle. 1984. Economics of pest control alternatives for

Imperial Valley cotton. California Agriculture 38(5/

6):15–16.

Burt, B.C. 1908. Entomological notes. Report of the

Cawnpore Agriculture Station, Allahabad, India.
26

Burton, V.E. 1978. A beltwide review of the impact of the

nectariless character of cotton on pest management

programs. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 125–126.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Busacca, J.D. 1980. Development of sequential sampling

plans for pink bollworm in long staple cotton. Dissertation Abstracts International 41–02B:456.

Busck, A. 1903. Revision of American gelechiid moths of

the family Gelechiidae and description of species.

Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum 25(1304).

Busck, A. 1917. Notes on Perisierola emigrata Rohwer, a

parasite of the pink bollworm (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus 5(1/3):3–5.

––––––. 1917. The pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella. Journal of Agricultural Research 9:343–370.

––––––. 1919. On some generic synonymy in the family

Gelechiidae (Lep.). Proceedings of the Entomological

Society of Washington 21:94–96.

Busoli, A.C. 1993. Atratividade de feromonios e tipos de

armadilhas para a captura de Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em algodoeiro.

[Efficiency of pheromones and trap types in the capture of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) in cotton; summary in English]. Anais

Sociedad Entomological do Brasil 22:421–425.

––––––. 1993. Compatibilidade de uso simultaneo de

feromonios em armadilhas para captura de Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) e Heliothis virescens (Fabr.) em

algodoeiro. [Simultaneous use of pheromones in stick

trap to capture Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and

Heliothis virescens (Fabr.) in cotton; summary in English]. Anais Sociedad Entomological do Brasil 22:613–

615.

––––––. 1993. Control of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) and Heliothis spp. in cotton crop, using

pheromones and by the mating disruption method [in

Portuguese; summary in English]. Anais Sociedad

Entomological do Brasil 22:139–148.

––––––. 1993. Periodicidade de voo de Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) em cultura de

algodao, determinada atraves de armadilhas Delta pink

bollworm e feromonio gossyplure. [Periodicity of flight

of the pink bollworm in cotton determined by delta pink

bollworm traps baited with gossyplure pheromone;

summary in English]. Anais Sociedad Entomological do

Brasil 22:149–154.

Busoli, A.C., F.M. Lara, and S. Silveira Neto. 1981.

Population fluctuations of some pests of the families

Pyralidae, Sphingidae, Artiidae and Gelechiidae, (Lepidoptera), in the region of Jaboticabal, SP, and the influence of meteorological factors [in Portuguese, summary

in English]. Anais Sociedad Entomological do Brasil

10:27–41.

Butac, F.L. 1938. Life history and habits of the cotton

bollworms in the Philippines with suggestions for their

control. Philippine Journal of Agriculture 9:137–151.

Butani, D.K. 1969. Insect pests of cotton: 10. Effectiveness of various insecticides and number of treatments in

India [in French; summary in English]. Coton et Fibres

Tropicales 24:173–174.

––––––. 1970. Insect pests of cotton: 13. Comparative

effectiveness of some insecticide dusts [in French;

summary in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 25:347–

353.

––––––. 1973. Insect pests of cotton. 16. The principal

pest problems of cotton in India [in French; summary in

English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 28:259–268.

––––––. 1974. Insect pests of cotton. 17. Effects of cotton

varieties, cultural practices and fertiliser on infestation by

bollworms [in French; summary in English]. Coton et

Fibres Tropicales 29:237–240.

Butani, D.K., and B.B. Das. 1974. Insect pests of cotton.

18. Action of the most recent insecticides on insect pests

and the production of cotton [in French; summary in

English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 29:339–343.

Butani, D.K., B.B. Das, and A.K. Basu. 1975. Comparative

efficacy of some new insecticides on insect pests and their

effect on the yield of cotton. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 45:348–351.

Butani, D.K., and V.M. Sahni. 1971. Toxicity of insecticides applied to cotton. Indian Journal of Appled Science

41:11–16.

Butler, E. 1944. The pink peril. Progessive Farmer (Texas

ed.) 59(6):5.

––––––. 1952. What we know about the pink bollworm.

Progessive Farmer (Texas ed.) 67(9):17, 96–97.

Butler, G.D., Jr. 1985. Populations of several insects on

cotton in open-top carbon dioxide enrichment chambers.

The Southwestern Entomologist 10:264–267.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and R.J. Barker. 1982. Pheromones for the

control of the pink bollworm. American Bee Journal

122:400–401.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and R.N. Foster. 1979. Longevity of adult

pink bollworms at constant and fluctuating temperatures.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72:267–

268.
27

Butler, G.D., Jr., J.M. Gillespie, T.J. Henneberry, and A.

Zvirgzdins. 1983. Seasonal movement of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 205–208. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and A.G. Hamilton. 1976. Temperaturedependant development rates for four strains of Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals of the Entomological Society

of America 69:450–452.

Butler, G.D., Jr., A.G. Hamilton, and A.P. Gutierrez. 1978.

Pink bollworm: Diapause induction in relation to

temperature and photophase. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71:202–204.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and T.J. Henneberry. 1976. Biology,

behavior, and effects of larvae of pink bollworm in cotton

flowers. Environmental Entomology 5:970–972.

––––––. 1976. Temperature-dependent development rate

tables for insects associated with cotton in the Southwest.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service, ARS–W–38.

––––––. 1982. Gossyplure for the control of the pink

bollworm. In Cotton Report, pp. 125–127. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–56, Tucson.

––––––. 1983. Gossyplure for the control of the pink

bollworm. In Cotton Report, pp. 102–103. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–59, Tucson.

Butler, G.D., Jr., T.J. Henneberry, and R.J. Barker. 1983.

Pink bollworm: Comparison of commercial control with

gossyplure or insecticides. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Reviews

and Manuals ARM–W–35.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and A.S. Las. 1983. Predaceous insects:

Effect of adding permethrin to the sticker used in gossyplure applications. Journal of Economic Entomology

76:1448–1451.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and P. McNally. 1981. Some guidelines

for use of gossyplure in pink bollworm control. In Cotton

Report, pp. 86–88. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–53, Tucson.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and K.M. Schmidt. 1985. Goniozus

legneri (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae): Development,

oviposition, and longevity in relation to temperature.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 78:373–

375.

Butler, G.D., Jr., and F.L. Watson. 1980. Simulating the

longevity of adult pink bollworms. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 73:158–159.

Butter, N.S., G.S. Battu, J.S. Kular, T.H. Singh, and J.S.

Brar. 1995. Integrated use of Bacillus thuringiensis

Berliner with some insecticides for the management of

bollworms on cotton. Journal of Entomological Research

19:255–263.

Butter, N.S., and J.S. Kular. 1998. Field evaluation of

chitin inhibitor, teflubezuron against bollworm complex

on cotton. Journal of Insect Science (India) 11:152–153.

Butter, N.S., J.S. Kular, and T.H. Singh. 1990. Effectiveness of new synthetic pyrethroids against cotton bollworms. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 27:620–622.

––––––. 1994. Action threshold studies of bollworms for

pesticidal application in cotton. Plant Protection Bulletin

(Faridabad) 46(2/3):7–11.

Butter, N.S., J.S. Kular, and H.S. Sukhija. 1990. Determination of economic threshold level vis-a-vis fixed spray

schedule for the control of bollworms on upland cotton.

Journal of Insect Science (India) 3:67–71.

Butter, N.S., J. Singh, and H.S. Sukhija. 1982. Use of

synthetic pyrethoids against bollworms of arboreum

cotton in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Entomology

44:113–116.

Butter, N.S., and H.S. Sukhija. 1983. Economic threshold

for bollworms on Gossypium arboreum in the Punjab. In

10th International Congress of Plant Protection, Proceedings of a Conference, Brighton, England, November, 20–

25, 1983. Plant Protection for Human Welfare, p. 190.

Croydon, England: British Crop Protection Council.

––––––. 1987. Efficacy of flucythrinate (Pay-Off 10 EC)

against bollworms (Pectinophora gossypiella, Earias spp.

and Heliothis armigera) infesting cotton. Journal of

Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 24:615–622.
28

C

CAB International Institute of Entomology. 1978.Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). International Institute of

Entomology Distribution Maps of Pests Series A (Agricultural), Map No. 13, 2nd rev.

––––––. 1990. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

International Institute of Entomology Distribution Maps

of Pests Series A (Agricultural), Map No. 13, 3rd rev.

Cabrera, A.J. 1947. Apuntes sobre el D.D.T. Agricultura

Lagunero 1(10):7.

––––––. 1947. El retraso y disminución del peíodo de las

siembras del algodón, como resolución del problema

principal de plagas de la comarca lagunera. Agricultura

Lagunero 2(17):3, 26–27, 30–31.

Cacayorin, N.D., E.O. Domingo, D.R. Sensano, A.D.

Solsoloy, and T.S. Solsoloy. 1992. Occurrence and

biology of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) on cotton. Cotton Research Journal (Philippines) 5:66–75.

Cacayorin, N.D., A.D. Solsoloy, M.C. Damo, and T.S.

Solsoloy. 1993. Beneficial arthropods regulating population of insect pests on cotton. Cotton Research Journal

(Philippines) 6:1–8.

Cai, S. 1998. Improvement and some ideas on the mating

confusion technique with sex hormone of pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella) [in Chinese]. China Cottons

15(5):45–48.

Cai, S.H., Y.Q. Xiong, D.X. Ke, and B.J. He. 1985. Studies

on the dynamics of pink bollworm population and the

damage on cotton [in Chinese; summary in English].

Entomological Knowledge 22:64–69.

California Department of Food and Agriculture. 1980.

Pink bollworm program in the San Joaquin Valley of

California: A position paper. California Department of.

Food and Agriculture.

California Farmer. 1977. Forecasting pink bollworm

explosions. California Farmer 246(8):15.

Cameron, P. 1906. Descriptions of new species of parasitic

Hymenoptera chiefly in the collection of the South

African Museum, Cape Town. Annals of the South African

Museum 5:17–186.

Camp, N., and J. Altemus. 1994. Threads of Abundance: A

Discussion of Insect-Control Cotton Plants. St. Louis,

Missouri: Monsanto Agricultural Group.

Campbell, I.J. 1945. Rio Grande Valley and Mexico win

battle with the pink bollworm. Cooperation and strict

enforcement hold key to control of this cotton pest.

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 46(20):11, 14–15.

––––––. 1951. What are we going to do now about the

pink bollworm? Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 52(26):9.

––––––. 1952. The pink menace. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill

Press 53(7):9–10, 29–32.

––––––. 1954. The new pink bollworm research center.

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 55:8–11, 29–30.

Campion, D.G. 1976. Sex pheromones for the control of

lepidopterous pests using microencapsulated and

dispenser techniques. Pesticide Science 7:636–641.

––––––. 1989. Semiochemicals for the control of insect

pests. Monographs of the British Crop Protection Council

43:119–127.

––––––. 1994. Pheromones for the control of cotton

pests. In G.A. Matthews and J.P. Tunstall, eds., Insect Pests

of Cotton, pp. 505–534. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Campion, D.G., D.R. Hall, and P.F. Prevett. 1987. Use of

pheromones in crop and stored products pest management: Control and monitoring. Insect Science and Its

Application 8:737–741.

Campion, D.G., and M.M. Honsy. 1987. Biological,

cultural and selective methods for control of cotton pests

in Egypt. Insect Science and Its Application 8:803–805.

Campion, D.G., and K.A. Jones. 1991. Pheromones and

microbial insecticides for the control of cotton pests. In

Growing Cotton in a Safe Environment: Technical

Seminar, Committee on Cotton Production Research,

50th Plenary Meeting of the International Cotton

Advisory Committee, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 10–18.

Washington, D.C.: International Cotton Advisory

Committee.

Campion, D.G., and J. Murlis. 1985. Sex pheromones for

the control of insect pests in developing countries.

Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 50:203–209.

Campion, D.G., and B.R. Nesbitt. 1982. Recent advances

in the use of pheromones in developing countries with

particular reference to mass-trapping for the control of the

Egyptian cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis and

mating disruption for the control of pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella. In Les Mediateurs Chimiques

Agissant sur le Comportment des Insectes, Symposium

International, November 16–20, 1981, Versailles, pp.

335–342. Paris: Institut National de la Recherche

Agronomique.

Candia, J.D. 1971. Cotton pests in Bolivia [in Spanish;

summary in English]. Revista Peruana Entomologia

14:395–397.
29

Cao, C., and C. Shu. 1986. The investigation of boll

damage caused by pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) and the estimation of economic threshold

[in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica

Sinica 13(1):1–7.

Cao, C.Y., and C.E. Shu. 1993. Economical consideration

of the strategy in applying pheromone for controlling the

pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) on

cotton. Bulletin OILB/SROP 16:265–267.

Cao, S.H. 1985. Studies on the bionomics of the pink

bollworm population and its damaging cotton [in

Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge 22(2):64–69.

Cao, Y.P., Y.X. Zhang, C.N. Shu, and A.M. Tang. 1991. A

prediction system for population dynamics of cotton pink

bollworm based on knowledge base [in Chinese; summary in English]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Science

7(4):25–30.

Capps, H.W. 1958. An illustrated key for identification of

larvae of the cotton-pest species of Pectinophora Busck

and Platyedra Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Bulletin of Entomological Research 49:631–632.

Carde, R.T., A. Mafra-Neto, R.T. Staten, and L.P.S.

Kuenen. 1997. Understanding mating disruption in the

pink bollworm moth. Bulletin OILB/SROP 20:191–201.

Carde, R.T., A. Mafra-Neto, R.T. Staten, and P. Farbert.

1993. Evaluation of communication disruption in the

pink bollworm in field wind tunnels. Bulletin OILB/

SROP 16:23–28.

Carde, R.T., and A.K. Minks. 1995. Control of moth pests

by mating disruption: Successes and constraints. Annual

Review of Entomology 40:559–585.

Cardona, C., L.C. Pacheco, and F. Rendon. 1979. Poblaciones de insectos plagas y beneficios en socas de

algodon en la costa atlantica. Metodos y epoca de

destruction. Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 5(3/

4):3–12.

Carde, R.T., R.T. Staten, and A. Mafra-Neto. 1996. Behavior of pink bollworm males near high-dose, point sources

of pheromone in field wind tunnels: Insights into mechanisms of mating disruption. Entomologia Experimentalis

et Applicata 89:35–46.

Carl, S.A. 1979. Pink bollworm: Experience with gossyplure by the confusion technique. In J.M. Brown, ed.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production––Mechanization Conference, pp. 46–47. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Carle, G., and J. Gattefossé. 1936. Parasite of the pink

bollworm takes the offensive against it in Morocco [in

French]. Association Cotonniere Coloniale 23:78–79.

Carrière, Y., and B.E. Tabshnik. 2001. Reversing insect

adaptation to transgenic insecticidal plants. Proceedings

of the Royal Society of London B 268:1475–1480.

Carrière, Y., T.J. Dennehy, B. Pedersen, S. Haller, C. EllersKirk, A. Antilla, Y.B. Liu, E. Willott, and B.E. Tabashnik.

2001. Large-scale management of insect resistance to

transgenic cotton in Arizona: Can transgenic insecticidal

crops be sustained? Journal of Economic Entomology

94:315–325.

Carrière, Y., C. Ellers Kirk, Y.B. Liu, M.A. Sims, A.L. Patin,

T.J. Dennehy, and B.E. Tabashnik. 2001. Fitness costs and

maternal effects associated with resistance to transgenic

cotton in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Journal of Economic Entomology 94:1571-1576.

Carrière, Y., C. Ellers-Kirk, A.L. Patin, M. Sims, S. Meyer,

Y.B. Liu, T.D. Dennehy, and B.E. Tabshnik. 2001. Overwintering cost associated with resistance to transgenic

cotton in the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Journal of Economic Entomology 94:935–941.

Carrière, Y., C. Ellers-Kirk, B. Pedersen, S. Haller, and L.

Antilla. 2001. Predicting spring moth emergence in the

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Implications

for managing resistance to transgenic cotton. Journal of

Economic Entomology 94:1012-1021.

Carruth, L.A., and L. Moore. 1973. Cotton scouting and

pesticide use in eastern Arizona. Journal of Economic

Entomology 66:187–190.

Cartwright, H.A. 1920. Treatment of cotton in the field as

a combative measure against Gelechia attacks. Agricultural Journal of Egypt 9:126–128.

Casagrande, E., and O.T. Jones. 1997. Commercial

exploitation of mating disruption technology: Difficulties encountered and keys to success. Bulletin OILB/

SROP 20:11–17.

Casey, J.E., R.D. Lacewell, and W. Sterling. 1974. Economic and environmental implications of cotton production under a new cotton pest management system. Texas

Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication No. 1152.

Castilla-Chacon, R. 1970. Benefits to the growers of the

Comarca Lagunera resulting from the biological control

of cotton pests [in Spanish; summary in English]. Fitofilo

23:40–47.

Castilla-Chacon, R., and L.R. Ball. 1963. Summary of the

methods used to control the pink bollworm of cotton and

their results in the years 1960–1962 in the Laguna

District, Mexico [in Spanish]. Fitofilo 16:9–11. bulletin

el.
30

Castillo, E. 1956. El gusano rosado de la bellota. Boletín

Estudios Especiales 6:307–310.

Castillo Palacios, V., and M. Marcelo Palomino. 1984.

Final Report: Control program of the Indian pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella; Cotton Campaign

1983–1984, High Piura Valley [in Spanish]. Fundacion

Para El Desarrollo Algodonero, Ministerio de Agricultura

Peru, Region Agraria 2.

Cawich, A., L.A. Crowder, and T.F. Watson. 1974. Effects

of a juvenile hormone mimic on the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 67:173–176.

Cayla, V. 1921. A propus duy “ver rose” du cottenier au

Brasil. Agronomie Coloniale 60:195–197.

–––––. 1927. Le coton a Madagascar. [Cotton in Madagascar]. Agronomie Coloniale 109:1–12, 57–60.

Chacon, R.C. 1965. Study of the determination of

planting date of cotton in the Laguna District [in Spanish]. Fitofilo 18:19–28.

Chakravarthy, A.K., and A.S. Sidhu. 1986. Resistance to

insect pest damage in four cotton varieties in Ludhiana.

Insect Science and Its Application 7:647–652.

Chakravarthy, A.K., A.S. Sidhu, and J. Singh. 1985. Effect

of plant phenology and related factors on insect pest

infestations in arboreum and hirsutum cotton varieties.

Insect Science and Its Application 6:521–532.

Chakravorty, S.C., and A.K. Basu. 1981. Changes in

tannin during growth of bolls in three cotton cultivars

known for their differential susceptibilities to pink

bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] incidence. Science

and Culture 47:391–392.

Chakravorty, S.C., A.K. Basu, and V.M. Sahni. 1982.

Variability in tannin and protein contents in fruiting parts

in relation to the incidence of pink bollworm in cotton.

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 52:767–773.

Chamberlain, D.J., Z. Ahmad, M.R. Attique, and M.A.

Chaudhry. 1993. The influence of slow release PVC resin

pheromone formulations on the mating behaviour and

control of the cotton bollworm complex (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae, Noctuidae) in Pakistan. Bulletin of Entomological Research 83:335–343.

Chamberlain, D.J., B.R. Critchley, D.G. Campion, M.R.

Attique, M. Rafique, and M.I. Arif. 1992. Use of multicomponent pheromone formulation for control of cotton

bollworms (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae, Noctuidae) in

Pakistan. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82:449–

458.

Chamberlain, D.J., L.J. McVeigh, B.R. Critchley, D.R.

Hall, and Z. Ahmad. 1995. The use of pheromones to

control three species of bollworm in Pakistan. In G.A.

Constable and N.W. Forrester, eds., Challenging the

Future: Proceedings of the World Cotton Research

Conference––1, pp. 419–422. Melbourne, Australia:

CSIRO.

Chan, B.G., A.C. Waiss, R.G. Binder, and C.A. Elliger.

1978. Inhibition of lepidopterous larval growth by cotton

constituents. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

24:294–300.

Chan, B.G., A.C. Waiss, Jr., V. Servacharian, F.D. Wilson,

and B.W. George. 1982. Allelochemical inhibition of

larval growth of pink bollworm. In J.M. Brown, ed.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 133–134. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Chan, B.G., A.C. Waiss, Jr, W.L. Stanley, and A.E. Goodban. 1978. A rapid diet preparation method for antibiotic

phytochemical bioassay. Journal of Economic Entomology 71:366–368.

Chan, B.G., and F.D. Wilson. 1988. A new coumarin in

cotton. In J.M. Brown and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp.

106–107. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Chandler, L.D., and R.M. Faust. 1998. Overview of

areawide management of insects. Journal of Agricultural

Entomology 15:319–325.

Chapman, A.J. 1937. Varietal resistance to pink bollworm.

In Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report

50.

––––––. 1941. Varietal resistance to pink bollworm. In

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report

54, pp. 34–35.

––––––. 1953. The pink bollworm (P. gossypiella)

situation in Texas. Progessive Farmer (Texas ed.)

68(2):22–23.

Chapman, A.J., and H.S. Cavitt. 1934. The influence of

soil moisture upon the survival of the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 27:820–827.

––––––. 1937. Possibilities of reducing over-wintering

pink bollworm population in the soil as shown by

stripping tests. Journal of Economic Entomology

30:837–838.

Chapman, A.J., and L.B. Coffin. 1964. Pink bollworm

resistance to DDT in the Laguna area of Mexico. Journal

of Economic Entomology 57:148–150.

Chapman, A.J., L.C. Fife, G.L. Smith, and J.C. Clark.

1950. DDT for control of pink bollworm in Mexico in

1946. Journal of Economic Entomology 43:491–494.
31

Chapman, A.J., and M.A. Hughes. 1941. Factors influencing the formation of resting pink bollworm larvae.

Journal of Economic Entomology 34:493–494.

Chapman, A.J., and W.L. Lowry. 1941. Control of the pink

bollworm with insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 34:490–492.

Chapman, A.J., and I. Moreno. 1945. Further observations

on host plants of the pink bollworm in the Lower Rio

Grande Valley of Texas and Mexico. Journal of Economic

Entomology 38:583–584.

Chapman, A.J., and L.W. Noble. 1954. Hibernation

experiments on the pink bollworm in Texas and Oklahoma. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantines, E–879.

Chapman, A.J., L.W. Noble, O.T. Robertson, and L.C. Fife.

1960. Survival of the pink bollworm under various

cultural and climatic conditions. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Product

Research Report No. 34.

Chapman, A.J., L.W. Noble, O.T. Robertson, and G.L.

Smith. 1963. Early-season application of DDT for pink

bollworm control. Journal of Economic Entomology

56:900–901.

Chapman, A.J., O.T. Robertson, and L.W. Noble. 1961.

Evaluation of stalk shredders and cutters for pink bollworm control. Journal of Economic Entomology 54:791–

792.

Chari, M.S., and C.C. Patel. 1981. A note on the efficacy

of triazophos, a new insecticide for the control of the

bollworms on hybrid-4 cotton. Pesticides 15(7):13–14.

Chaudhari, G.B., T.M. Bharpoda, J.J. Patel, K.I. Patel, and

J.R. Patel. 1999. Effect of weather on activity of cotton

bollworms in middle Gujarat. Journal of Agrometeorology 1:137-142.

Chauke, R.P., B.K. Sharnagat, R.M. Gade, and A.N.

Paslawar. 1998. Efficacy of some pyrethroids in combination with methyl demeton against pest complex of H4

cotton. Journal of Soils and Crops 8:61–63.

Chechet, S.M. 1980. Preserve our plant wealth [in

Russian; summary in English]. Zashchita Rastenii 8:14.

Cheema, A., and N. Muzaffar. 1979. Pathogens associated

with the pink bollworm in Pakistan. Proceedings of the

Pakistan Academy of Science 16:43–44.

Cheema, M.A., N. Muzaffar, and M.A. Ghani. 1980.

Biology, host range and incidence of parasites of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Pakistan. The Pakistan

Cottons 24:37–73.

––––––. 1980. Investigation on phenology, distribution,

host range and evaluation of predators of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) in Pakistan. The Pakistan Cottons

24:139–176.

Cheema, M.A., N. Muzaffar, I. Hussain, and M. Salim.

1980. Role of natural enemies in the control of pink

bollworm in Pakistan. Pakistan Entomologist 2(1/2):1–

10.

Chen, H., Z. Klein, and I. Teich. 1977. Insecticides for

control of the pink bollworm. Chapter 2 [in Hebrew].

Hassadeh 57:1219–1221.

––––––. 1977. Insecticides for the control of pink

bollworm. Chapter 3 [in Hebrew]. Hassadeh 57:1571–

1575.

––––––. 1977. Materials for the control of the pink

bollworm [in Hebrew; summary in English]. Hassadeh

57:819–822.

Chen, R.H. 1987. Control of the first generation of

Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Plant Protection 13(4):2–4.

––––––. 1995. Studies on cutting off the food chain of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Entomological Knowledge 32:333–336.

Chen, X. 1989. Studies on the preference of Amblyseius

fallacis to prey and pollen on the morphological resistance of flaring-bract to pink bollworm in cotton,

Gossypium hirsutum L [in Chinese]. Plant Protection

15(4):24–25.

Chen, Y.G., D.H. Ge, H.X. He, G.H. Wang, W.L. Zhang, and

S.Y. Gao. 1984. Hollow fiber formulation of gossyplure

and its competing attraction to pink bollworm moths in

the cotton field [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta

Entomologica Sinica 27:229–234.

––––––. 1984. Investigation of the formulation of insect

semiochemical I. Plastic film and laminated plastic

capsule formulations of gossyplure and the effect on

controlling pink bollworm [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of

Entomology 4:31–39.

Chen, Y.G., Y.P. Li, C.B. Huang, and X.G. Tang. 1988.

Investigation on the formulation of insect semiochemicals. V. Effect of mating disruption evaluated by response

of host plant [in Chinese; summary in English]. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of Entomology 8:23–31.

Chen, Y.G., Y.P. Li, X.G. Tang, and O. Kiuya. 1986.

Investigation of the formulation of insect semiochemical

IV. Influence of gossyplure purity on the effect of mating
32

disruption [in Chinese; summary in English]. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of Entomology 6:277–

279.

Cheng, W.Y., and D.T. North. 1972. Inherited sterility in

the F1 progeny of irradiated male pink bollworms.

Journal of Economic Entomology 65:1272–1275.

Cherian, M.C., and H.S. Kylasam. 1941. Preliminary notes

on the parasites of the spotted and the pink bollworms of

cotton in Coimbatore. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science, Section (B) 14:517–528.

Cherian, M.C., and V. Margabandhu. 1943. Preliminary

trials with Trichogramma parasites for the control of

cotton bollworms. Madras Agricultural Journal 31:107–

111.

Cherry, J.P., and S.D. Goodwin. 1978. Composition of

cotton seed from bolls contaminated with varying

numbers of pink bollworm. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences,

pp. 51–53. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Chewyreuv, L. 1913. Le role femmelles dans la determination du sexe et leur descendance dans le groupe des

Ichnoumonides. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 74:695–

699.

Chhabra, K.S., and J. Singh. 1977. Hymenopterous

parasites of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Entomology Newsletter 7:49.

Chhabra, K.S., T.H. Singh, and J. Singh. 1975. Studies on

the carryover of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in Punjab. Cotton Development 4(4):14–

17.

Chiang, H.C. 1977. Pest management in the People’s

Republic of China-monitoring and forecasting insect

populations in rice, wheat, cotton and maize. FAO Plant

Protection Bulletin 25:1–8.

Chiaromonte, A. 1933. The uselessness of heat disinfestation of cottonseed, produced on the spot, as a preventive

measure in the fight against Platyedra gossypiella

Saund., in Italian Somaliland [in Italian]. Italian Atti.

6:461–465.

––––––. 1950. Protection of agriculture in Somolia

against insects. Revista di Agricultura Subtropicale e

Tropicale 44:57–64.

––––––. 1953. Occurrence of the cotton pink bollworm in

Eritrea. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 2:41–42.

––––––. 1953. Platyedra gossypiella at Tessenei [in

Italian; summary in English] Revista di Agricultura

Subtropicale e Tropicale 47:119–121.

Chiri, A.A. 1980. Behavioral studies of four hymenopterous parasites of Pectinophora gossypiella in relation to

host-seeking kairomones. Dissertation Abstracts International 41–03B:810.

Chiri, A.A., and E.F. Legner. 1982. Host-searching

kairomones alter behavior of Chelonus sp. nr. curvimaculatus, a hymenopterous parasite of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Environmental

Entomology 11:453–455.

––––––. 1983. Field applications of host-searching

kairomones to enhance parasitization of the pink bollworm [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]. Journal of Economic

Entomology 76:254–255.

––––––. 1986. Response of three Chelonus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species to kairomones in scales

of six Lepidoptera. Canadian Entomologist 118:329–

333.

Chitwood, V.D. 1944. Control the pink bollworm. Acco

Press 21(3):10–11.

––––––. 1944. Cotton’s most dangerous foe the pink

bollworm. Texas Farming 20(12):8.

Chopra, R.L. 1928. Annual report of the entomologist to

the government, Punjab Lyallpur, for the year 1925–

1926. Punjab Department of Agriculture Report 1:67–

125.

––––––. 1928. Annual report of the entomologist to the

government, Punjab Lyallpur, for the year 1926–1927.

Punjab Department of Agriculture Report 1:43–69.

Choyce, M.A. 1954. Entomology. In Progress Reports

from Experiment Stations, Northern Nigeria, Season

1952–1953, pp. 9–19. London: Empire Cotton Growing

Corp.

Chu, C.C., and L.A. Bariola. 1987. Survival of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), larvae in

green cotton bolls at high internal boll temperatures. The

Southwestern Entomologist 12:271–277.

––––––. 1988. A preliminary report on the effect of

defoliant chemicals on early season cotton yield and

green bolls in the Imperial Valley. In J.M. Brown and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 124–126. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1988. Effect of cotton boll temperatures on

larval mortality of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). The Southwestern Entomologist

13:185–189.

Chu, C.C., and T.J. Henneberry. 1990. Gossyplure-baited

pink bollworm male moth trap studies. In Cotton Report,
33

pp. 142–143. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–81, Tucson.

––––––. 1990. Gossyplure-baited trap catch relationships

to seasonal pink bollworm population increases. In J.M.

Brown and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 184–185.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1990. Pink bollworm seasonal distribution,

yearly variation, and male moth trap catch relationships

to population increases in cotton. The Southwestern

Entomologist 15:273–280.

––––––. 1991. Reduction of pink bollworm populations

under a short-season cotton management system in the

Imperial Valley, CA. In Proceedings of the International

Cotton Pest Work Committee, pp. 89–92. Sacramento:

California Department of Food and Agriculture.

––––––. 1992. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

male moth trap catches in gossyplure-baited traps in

relation to accumulated heat units. The Southwestern

Entomologist 17:79–87.

Chu, C.C., T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, and B. Deeter.

1991. Effect of plant growth regulations under shortseason conditions on pink bollworm populations, cotton

yields and defoliation. In Cotton Report, pp. 150–153.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–87,

Tucson.

––––––. 1991. Pink bollworm in different cottons and

effect of plant growth regulators under short-season

conditions. The Southwestern Entomologist 16:132–143.

Chu, C.C., T.J. Henneberry, R.C. Weddle, E.T. Natwick,

J.R. Carson, C. Valenzuela, S.L. Birdsall, and R.T. Staten.

1996. Reduction of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) populations in the Imperial Valley, California, following mandatory short-season cotton management systems. Journal of Economic Entomology 89:175–

182.

Chu, C.C., T.J. Henneberry, and R.Y. Reynoso. 1992.

Effect of cotton defoliants on leaf abscission, immature

bolls, and lint yields in a short-season production system.

Journal of Production Agriculture 5:268–272.

Chu, C.C., W.D. Shelton, and L.A. Bariola. 1987. Defoliation and coating acrylic film as means of increasing

internal cotton boll temperatures. In J.M. Brown and T.C.

Nelson, Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 82–84. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Chu, C.C., R.C. Weddle, R.T. Staten, T.J. Henneberry, and

S.L. Birdsall. 1991. Pink bollworm: Populations one year

following initiation of a short-season cotton system in the

Imperial Valley, CA. In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 711–

713. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Chu, C.C., R.C. Weddle, R.T. Staten, T.J. Henneberry,

S.L. Birdsall, and J.R. Carson. 1992. Pink bollworm:

Populations two years following initiation of a shortseason cotton system in the Imperial Valley, CA. In D.J.

Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 804–806. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Chu, H.F. 1978. Strategies and tactics of pest management

with special reference to Chinese cotton insects [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica

21:297–308.

Chu, M.L., G.Q. Xu, and B.Z. Tian. 1998. The development of 4th generation cotton bollworms in earliest ripe

cotton fields in the north in special climate [in Chinese].

Entomological Knowledge 35:259–262.

Chu, S.F. 1959. A field study on the egg-laying of the

cotton pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) and its applications to control [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica 9:515–522.

Chumacero, P.P.H., L.V. Vinas, and C. Pacherre. 1988.

Pectinophora gossypiella en Piura: Ciclo biologico y

potencial reproductivo en insectario. [Pectinophora

gossypiella in Peru: Biological cycle and reproductive

capacity]. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 30:14–17.

Chung, K., and P. Hseuh. 1977. Influence of the substrates

incorporated with gossyplure on the alluring effect [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica

20:239–242.

Cividanes, F.J. 1989. A population dynamics of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

in Northern Parana, Brazil [in Portuguese]. Cientifica

17:251–259.

Clapp, A., Sr. 1942. The pink bollworm threat (Pectinophora gossypiella). Acco Press 20(10):5–6.

Clark, E.W. 1957. The effect of the hot water treatment for

hard cottonseed on the pink bollworm infestation.

Journal of Economic Entomology 50:795–796.

––––––. 1960. A comparative study of the free amino

acids and carbohydrates of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). Annals of the Entomological Society of America

53:439–441.

Clark, E.W., and D.S. Chadbourne. 1960. The haemocytes

of nondiapause and diapause larval and pupal pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)). Annals of

the Entomological Society of America 53:682–685.
34

––––––. 1962. A comparative study of the weight, lipid

and water content of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Annals of the Entomological

Society of America 55:225–228.

Clark, E.W., and P.A. Glick. 1961. Some predators and

scavengers feeding upon pink bollworm moths. Journal of

Economic Entomology 54:815–816.

Clark, E.W., and M. Lukefahr. 1956. A partial analysis of

cotton extrafloral nectar and its approximation as a

nutritional medium for the adult pink bollworm. Journal

of Economic Entomology 49:875–876.

Clark, E.W., and P.L. Netterville. 1957. Simple device for

opening cotton bolls. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, ARS–33–41.

Clark, E.W., and C.A. Richmond. 1961. The effect of

centrifugal force on pink bollworm larvae. Journal of

Economic Entomology 54:1262–1263.

––––––. 1962. The effect of aqueous submersion on

larval and pupal pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 55:167–169.

––––––. 1964. Changes in weight of abraded and

unabraded larval pink bollworm under submersion and

desiccation. Journal of Economic Entomology 57:14–16.

Clark, E.W., C.A. Richmond, and J.M. McGough. 1961.

Artificial media and rearing techniques for the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 54:4–9.

Clark, E.W., A.L. Williamson, and C.A. Richmond. 1959.

A collecting technique for pink bollworms and other

insects using a Berlese funnel with an improved heater.

Journal of Economic Entomology 52:1010–1012.

Clark, L.J., and E.W. Carpenter. 1999. Insecticide evaluation study, Safford Agricultural Center, 1997. In Cotton

Report, pp. 474–481. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–116, Tucson.

Clark, L.J., and E.W. Carpenter. 2001. Insecticide evaluation studies, Safford Agricultural Center, 1999-2000. In

Cotton Report, pp. 315–322. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–125, Tucson.

Clavijo, A.S.J. 1977. Studies on diapause induction and

development of the pink bollworm, Pectinophra gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), under

controlled conditions. Dissertation Abstracts International 38–01B:58.

Clayton, T.E., and T.J. Henneberry. 1979. Pink bollworm

biology: Effects of high soil temperature on larvae under

laboratory and field conditions. Environmental Entomology 8:1165–1170.

––––––. 1982. Pink bollworm: Effect of soil moisture and

temperature on moth emergence in field and laboratory

studies. Environmental Entomology 11:147–149.

Clouston, D. 1927. Review of agricultural operations in

India 1925–26. Government of India Central, Publication

Bureau, Calcutta, No. 8.

Coad, B.R. 1929. Organization and progress of pink

bollworm investigations. Journal of Economic Entomology 22:743–750.

Coad, B.R., and F.A. Fenton. 1928. Preliminary report of

studies carried on in 1928 on the migration of moths of

the pink bollworm. Mexican Section, Agric. Formento

Bol. Mens. 2:878–893.

––––––. 1928. Resumen del informe preliminar de los

estudios verificados en 1928, con respecto a la migracion

de las palomillas del gusano rosado. [Migration studies of

the pink bollworm moth]. Boletin de la Oficina para la

Defensa Agricultura 2:12.

Coates, W. 1996. Harvesting systems for cotton plant

residue. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 12:639–644.

––––––. 2000. Using cotton plant residue to produce

briquettes. Biomass Bioenergy 18:201–208.

Cochran, B.J., L.H. Wilkes, and P.L. Adkisson. 1961.

Preliminary tillage practices for pink bollworm control.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report

2194.

Cock, M.J.W. 1985. The use of parasitoids for augmentative biological control of pests in the People’s Republic

of China. Biocontrol News Information 6:213–224.

Coleman, V.B., C.W. Johnson, and L.N. Lewis. 1973.

Evaluation of remote sensing in control of pink bollworm

in cotton. In Proceedings, Symposium on Significant

Results from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite 1,

pp. 125–133.

––––––. 1974. Remote sensing in control of pink

bollworm in cotton. California Agriculture 28(9):10–12.

Collins, M.D., R.M. Perrin, A.R. Jutsum, and G.J. Jackson.

1984. Insecticides for the future: A package of selective

compounds for the control of major crop pests. In

Proceedings, British Crop Protection Conference: Pests

and Diseases, pp. 299–304. Croydon, England: British

Crop Protection Council.

Collins, R.D. 1988. Genetic basis of pheromone-mediated

sexual communication in the pink bollworm moth,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Dissertation Abstracts International 49–05B:1509.
35

Collins, R.D., and R.T. Carde. 1985. Variation in and

heritability of aspects of pheromone production in the

pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Annals of the Entomological

Society of America 78:229–234.

––––––. 1989. Heritable variation in pheromone response

of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology

15:2647–2659.

––––––. 1989. Selection for altered pheromone-component ratios in the pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Insect

Behavior 2:609–629.

––––––. 1989. Wing fanning as a measure of pheromone

response in the male pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of

Chemical Ecology 15:2635–2645.

––––––. 1990. Selection for increased pheromone

response in the male pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Behavioral

Genetics 20:325–331.

Collins, R.D., S.L. Rosenblum, and R.T. Carde. 1990.

Selection for increasing pheromone titre in the pink

bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Physiological Entomology 15:141–147.

Colwell, A.E., H.H. Shorey, P. Baumer, and S.E. Van Vorhis

Key. 1978. Sex pheromone scent marking by females of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Journal of Chemical Ecology 6:717–721.

Colwell, A.E., H.H. Shorey, L.K. Gaston, and S.E. Van

Vorhis Key. 1978. Short-range precopulatory behavior of

males of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Behavioral Biology 22:323–335.

Common, I.F.B. 1958. A revision of the pink bollworms of

cotton (Pectinophora Busck (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae))

and related genera in Australia. Australian Journal of

Zoology 6:268–306.

Conn, W.E., and J.A. Alderdice. 1947. A new procedure

for pink bollworm control. Acco Press 25(6):8–12.

––––––. 1947. Getting control of Valley cotton’s worst

pest. Texas Farming 24(1):2, 4.

Cook, B.J., W.D. Shelton, and R.T. Staten. 1978. Antennal

responses of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) to gossyplure. The Southwestern Entomologist

3:141–146.

Cook, B.J., R.L. Smith, and H.M. Flint. 1980. The

antennal sense organs of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae].

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington

80:117–123.

Cook, B.J., J.M. Thompson, and W.D. Shelton. 1980.

Some structural and functional properties of nerves and

muscles in the oviduct of the pink bollworm moth

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). International Journal

of Invertebrate Reproduction 2:351–362.

Cook, B.W. 1985. Results of the 1984 “EUP” for Baythroid 2 pyrethroid insecticide in cotton. In J.M. Brown and

T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Conference, pp. 67–68. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Cook, J.M. 1993. Experimental tests of sex determination

in Goniozus nephantidis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae).

Heredity 71:130–137.

Cork, A., and D.R. Hall. 1998. Application of pheromones

for crop pest management in the Indian sub-continent.

Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 1:35–49.

Coronado, R.A.R., and D.P. Ojeda. 1988. Morfologia de

los adultos de tres Gelechiidae (Lepidoptera) de importancia agricola. Revista Peruana Entomologia. 30:9–13.

Correa, A. [No date] La represion de la “cruga rosada” del

algodon. Puerto Rico Agriculture College Extension

Circular Especial 18.

Cortes, E.C., and C. Swinhee. 1887. A Catalogue of the

Moths of India, Part 6. Calcutta.

Costa Lima, A.M. 1919. Contribuicao ao conhecimento

dos microhymenopteros parasitos da lagarta rosea da

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) no Brasil. Arch.

Escola Sup. Agric. Med. Vet. Nichteroy 3:57–63.

––––––. 1919. Sobre a origem da Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) no Brazil. Arch. Escola Sup. Agric. Med.

Vet. Nichteroy 3:41–55.

––––––. 1954. Sobre duas especies do genero Bracon

Fabr. parasitas da lagarta rosea da Platyedra gossypiella

(Hym.: Braconidae). [On two species of the genus Bracon

Fabr., parasites of the pink boll worm (Platyedra gossypiella) Hymenoptera-Braconidae]. Arquivo de Instituto

Biologia (Sao Paulo) 21:135–140.

Costelloe, B.E. 1964. Malawi: Progress report for the

season 1963–1964. Empire Cotton Growing Corporation,

Progress Report, Experiment Station, Malawi.

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press. 1951. Cotton insects: How

to identify them and evaluate their damage The Press

52:59–62.

Cotty, P.J. 1989. Effects of cultivar and boll age on

aflatoxin in cottonseed after inoculation with Aspergillus
36

flavus at simulated exit holes of the pink bollworm. Plant

Disease 73:489–492.

Cotty, P.J., C. Bock, D.R. Howelland, and A. Tellez. 1997.

Aflatoxin contamination of commercially grown transgenic Bt cottonseed. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 108–110.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Cotty, P.J., and L.S. Lee. 1989. Aflatoxin contamination of

cottonseed: Comparison of pink bollworm damaged and

undamaged bolls. Tropical Science 29:273–277.

––––––. 1990. Position and aflatoxin levels of toxin

positive bolls on cotton plants. In J.M. Brown and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 34–36. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Coudriet, D.L., and T.J. Henneberry. 1976. Captures of

male cabbage loopers and pink bollworms: Effect of trap

design and pheromone. Journal of Economic Entomology

69:603–605.

Coutinho, J.M. 1960. Pink bollworm on cotton in Sao

Paulo [in Portuguese]. Biológico (Sao Paulo) 26:199–

205.

Coutinho, J.M., C.E. Pessenda, and P.R. Almeida. 1961.

Trial in the control of pink bollworm on cotton with a

new insecticide [in Portuguese]. Biologico (Sao Paulo)

27:242–243.

Cowland, J.W. 1930. Report on the entomological work

of the Berber Field Laboratory for the year 1929. Bulletin

of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory, Entomology Section 31:71–75.

Crick, H. 1990. Poisoned prey in the heart of Africa. New

Scientist 128(1744):39–42.

Critchley, B.R., D.G. Campion, G.G. Cavanagh, D.J.

Chamberlain, and M.R. Attique. 1987. Control of three

major bollworm pests of cotton in Pakistan by a single

application of their combined sex pheromones. Tropical

Pest Management 33:374.

Critchley, B.R., D.G. Campion, E.M. McVeigh, L.J.

McVeigh, A.R. Jutsum, R.F.S. Gordon, G.J. Marrs, E.S.A.

Nasr, and M.M. Hosny. 1984. Microencapsulated pheromones in cotton pest management. In Proceedings,

British Crop Protection Conference: Pests and Diseases,

pp. 241–245. Croydon, England: British Crop Protection

Council.

Critchley, B.R., D.G. Campion, and L.J. McVeigh. 1989.

Pheromone control in integrated pest management of

cotton. In M.B. Green and D.J. Lyon, eds., Pest Management in Cotton, pp. 83–92. Ellis Horwood, Chichester.

Critchley, B.R., D.G. Campion, L.J. McVeigh, P. HunterJones, D.R. Hall, A. Cork, B.F. Nesbitt, G.J. Marrs, A.R.

Justum, M.M. Honsy, and E.A. Nasr. 1983. Control of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Egypt by mating disruption using an aerially applied microencapsulated pheromone formulation. Bulletin of Entomological Research

73:289–299.

Critchley, B.R., D.G. Campion, L.J. McVeigh, E.M.

McVeigh, G.G. Cavannagh, M.M. Hosny, E.S. Nasr, A.A.

Khidr, and M. Naguib. 1985. Control of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae), in Egypt by mating disruption using

hollow-fibre, laminate-flake and microencapsulated

formulations of synthetic pheromone. Bulletin of

Entomological Research 75:329–345.

Critchley, B.R., D.J. Chamberlain, D.G. Campion, M.R.

Attique, M. Ali, and A. Ghaffar. 1991. Integrated use of

pink bollworm pheromone formulations and selected

conventional insecticides for the control of the cotton

pest complex in Pakistan. Bulletin of Entomological

Research 81:371–378.

Cross, W.H., W.L. McGovern, and H.C. Mitchell. 1969.

Biology of Bracon kirkpatricki and field releases of the

parasite for the control of the boll weevil. Journal of

Economic Entomology 62:448–454.

Crowder, L.A., and T.F. Watson. 1976. Distribution in soil

and spring moth emergence of the pink bollworm related

to various tillage practices. Environmental Entomology

5:270–272.

Crowder, L.A., T.F. Watson, and D.T. Langston. 1974.

Effect of long- and short-staple cotton on the pink

bollworm. Environmental Entomology 3:887–888.

––––––. 1975. Diapause of the pink bollworm as related

to crop maturity. Journal of Economic Entomology

68:110–112.

Curl L.F. 1938. Pink bollworm control in southeastern

states. Journal of Economic Entomology 31:652–656.

––––––. 1945. The pink bollworm of cotton situation as

of January 1945. Acco Press 23(3):5–9.

––––––. 1946. The pink bollworm (of cotton) (Pectinophora gossypiella) situation as of March 1946. Cotton

Gin & Oil Mill Press 47(9):34–35, 38.

––––––. 1946. The pink bollworm of cotton; situation as

of March 1946. Acco Press 24(4):1–5.

––––––. 1947. The pink bollworm situation at May 1,

1947. Acco Press 25(6):4–8.
37

––––––. 1948. The pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) situation in the United States and Mexico. Acco

Press 25(6):6–15.

––––––. 1949. The relation of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) program to cotton ginners. Cotton

Ginners Journal 17:36–37, 49.

––––––. 1950. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella

information of interest to Texas ginners. Cotton Ginners

Journal 18:64.

––––––. 1950. The pink bollworm program, an insect

battle on two fronts. Acco Press 28(6):6–10.

––––––. 1950. U.S.D.A. reports on Texas bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella) picture. Cotton Digest

22(51):17.

––––––. 1951. The pink bollworm, an international

problem. Acco Press 29(3):8–11.

––––––. 1951. The pink bollworm problem. Cotton Gin

& Oil Mill Press 52(5):93–94.

––––––. 1951. Texas farmers urged to act at once––pink

bollworm continues to spread. Cotton Digest 24(2):16.

––––––. 1952. Control of the pink bollworm. Cotton Gin

& Oil Mill Press 53(17):11–12, 31–32.

––––––. 1959. Are pink bollworms being whipped?

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 60(6):56–57.

––––––. 1960. The value of cooperation in pink bollworm

control. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 61(8):14, 17, 31–32.

––––––. 1964. Mexico-United States cooperative plant

pest control programs. Journal of Economic Entomology

57:450–452.

Curl, L.F., and R.W. White. 1952. The pink bollworm (P.

gossypiella). In U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook,

pp. 505–511.

Cushman, E.L. 1984. Pink bollworm continues to be pest.

Arizona Farmer Rancher 63(9):46.

Cushman, R.A. 1931. Description of thirteen new American and Asiatic ichneumon-flies, with taxonomic notes.

Proceeding of the U.S. National Museum 79(2880):1–16.

––––––. 1938. A new species of Calliephialtes from

Brazil, with a key to the Neotropical species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Revista Entomologia 9(1/

2):11–13.

––––––. 1940. New genera and species of ichneumonflies, with taxonomic notes. Proceeding of the U.S.

National Museum 88(3083):355–372.
38

D

Dabalbaje, B.B., and A.D. Deshpande. 1985. Efficacy of

different spray volumes of insecticides against cotton

bollworms on NHH–1 and SRT–1. Pesticides 19(9):47–

48, 56.

da Camargo, G.D. 1952. Control the plague of the pink

bollworm [in Portuguese]. Revista Dos Mercados

3(19):62–64.

Dahiphale, M.V., and K.M. Bhirud. 1978. Compatibility

of urea with dimethoate and other pesticides in controlling pests of rainfed H–4 cotton. Pesticides 12(7):45–49.

Dahms, D.G. 1943. Insect resistance in sorghum and

cotton. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy

35:704–715.

Dai, J.D., Z.N. Wu, Z.F. Lu, W.Z. Guo, and M.X. Cao.1982.

Hormonal control of reproduction in the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica 25:351–

357.

Dai, X.J., S.F. Xu, D.H. Ge, and S.Y. Gao. 1984. Investigation on the formulation of insect semiochemical II. The

preliminary investigation of microencapsulated gossyplure formulation [in Chinese; summary in English].

Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of Entomology

4:41–48.

Damotte, P. 1979. Among the pyrethroids––a study of the

effects of cypermethrin on the pests of cotton [in French;

summary in English]. In Congress on the Control of

Insects in the Tropical Environment, Report of the

Proceedings. Part I. Tropical Crops. Part II. Human and

Animal Health, pp. 97–106. Marseilles: Chamber of

Commerce and Industry.

Darling, H.S. 1951. Pink bollworm as a pest of cotton at

Zeidab, northern Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological

Research 42:157–157.

Darwish, A.A., A.M. Rashad, F.F. Shalaby, and N.F. AbdelHamid. 1998. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis products

against Pectinophora gossypiella stages. Journal of

Agricultural Research (Zagazig University) 25:501–515.

Das, B.B., and A.K. Basu. 1975. Evaluation of some new

insecticides for control of cotton bollworms. Cotton

Development 5(2):21–24.

––––––. 1977. Efficacy of certain insecticides against

cotton bollworm. Pesticides 11(3):52–53.

––––––. 1977. Studies on natural enemies of cotton

bollworms. Science and Culture 43:129–131.

––––––. 1981. Prospects of an integrated control of cotton

bollworms. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research

15:79–86.

Davenport, M.G. 1957. High-clearance sprayer. Texas

Agricultural Service, Plan 426.

Davidson, A., and H.S. Seara. 1966. The incidence and

losses caused by pink bollworm and other pests on cotton

yield in northeast Brazil. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin

14:80–85.

Davis, D., and J. Ellington. 1974. Breeding Acala cottons

for insect resistance. New Mexico State University,

Agricultural Experiment Station, Research Report No.

286.

Davis, D.D., J.J. Ellington, and J.C. Brown. 1973. Mortality factors affecting cotton insects. I. Resistance of smooth

and nectariless characters in acala cottons to Heliothis

zea, Pectinophora gossypiella and Trichoplusia ni.

Journal of Environmental Quality 2:530–535.

Dean, J.P. 1976. New weapon in the cotton field. Agricultural Research 24(12):8–10.

––––––. 1979. IPM controls pink bollworm. Agricultural

Research 28(4):11.

Dean, W.S. 1916. Manufacturing tests of cotton fumigated

with hydrocyanic acid gas. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 366.

DeBach, P. 1974. Biological Control by Natural Enemies.

London: Cambridge University Press.

Del Curto, J.M. 1943. “Whither goest thou, pink bollworm”? Acco Press 21(12):5–6.

Delabarre, M., G. Thewys, and J.P. Chamoux. 1979. The

use of decamethrin, alone or in combination for the

protection of cotton in Ivory Coast [in French; summary

in English]. In Congress on the Control of Insects in the

Tropical Environment, Report of the Proceedings. Part I.

Tropical Crops. Part II. Human and Animal Health, pp.

107–114. Marseilles: Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Delassus 1934. Algeria: Pink bollworm of cotton.

International Bulletin of Plant Protection 5:4–5.

Delattre, R. 1947. Insectes du cotonnier nouveaux ou peu

connus on Cote d’Ivoire (II) [in French; summary in

English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 2:97–100.

––––––. 1948. Note sur Crotalaria plantehôte de

Platyedra [In French; summary in English]. Coton et

Fibres Tropicales 3:57–58.
39

––––––. 1950. Rapport de Mission Maroc Juiliet-Aout

1950 [in French; summary in English]. Coton et Fibres

Tropicales 5:193–201.

––––––. 1972. The protection of cotton crops in Frenchspeaking Africa and Madagascar [in French; summary in

English]. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 37:353–369.

––––––. 1978. Effectiveness of the pyrethroids in cotton

crops [in French; summary in English]. Phytiatrie

Phytopharmacie 27:53–72.

Delgado de Garay, A. 1946. Cooperación entre las

Estados Unidos de Northeamérica y la Republica de

Mexico, para el control del gusano rosado del algodonero

Pectinophora gossypiella. Journal of Economic Entomology 39:95–98.

––––––. 1953. Prácticas de cultiva como medidas de

control del gusano rosado del algodonero (Region

Noreste de Mexico). Agronomia (Monterrey) 26:7–8.

Delph, J.S., and L.A. Crowder. 1978. Longevity and

fecundity of the pink bollworm treated with a juvegen.

The Southwestern Entomologist 3:247–250.

Demokidov, K. 1929. The pink bollworm in Turkey [in

Russian]. Khlopkovoe Delo 8:1081–1093.

Denier, P.C.L. 1942. Notas sobre parasitos de los plagas

del algodonero Alabama argillacea Hubn. y Platyedra

gossypiella (Saund.) [Notes on parasites of two cotton

insects.]. Ministerio Agricultura de Argentina, Junta

Nacion. Algodon Boletin Mensual 83/84:99–108.

Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Cotton Experiment Station, Klongton, Swankaloke, Siam Annual report

(1936–37). 1938. Bangkok, Department of Agriculture

and Fisheries 1.

De Quattro, J. 1991. Transgenic cotton scores knockout

against worms. Agricultural Research 39(12):22-25.

De Quattro, J. 1994. Riobravis: Nematode the magnificent. Agricultural Research 42(2):18–19.

Desaeger, H. 1941. Le genre Apanteles Congo belge

(Hym.: Braconidae). Contribution a l’etude de genre. Rev.

Zool. Bot. Africa 35:218–268.

––––––. 1942. Especes nouvelles et notes sur quelques

Chelonides (Hym.: Braconidae) du Congo Belge. Rev.

Zool. Bot. Africa 36:8–15.

Desantis, L. 1979. Catalogo de los Himenopteros Calcidoideos de America al sur de los Estados Unidos. Proc.

Buenes Aires Com. Inves. Cientif. Publ. Esp.

Deshmukh, S.D., S.S. Narkhede, and M.N. Borle. 1981.

Ovicidal properties of some insecticides against the eggs

of cotton pink bollworm. Pesticides 15(4):24–25.

Deshpande, R.R., S.S. Shaw, R.N. Ganguli, and K.C.

Mandloi. 1988. Comparative toxicity and economics of

some pyrethroid and non-pyrethroid insecticides against

cotton bollworms. Agricultural Science Digest (Karnal)

8:131–134.

Deterling, D. 1977. Ten drops per acre foils pinkie.

Progressive Farmer 92:107, 110.

Dhaliwal, Z.S., J. Singh, H.S. Sekhon, and A.S. Sidhu.

1991. Limitations in the use of thermal summation for

describing the activity of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders), in relation to phenology of

upland cotton in Punjab. Tropical Agriculture 68:268–

270.

Dhaliwal, Z.S., J. Singh, A.S. Sidhu, M.S. Mahal, and H.S.

Sekhon. 1993. Population build-up of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, on hirsutum cotton in Punjab–

–a conceptual treatise. Journal of Insect Science (India)

6:41–47.

Dhandapani, N., and T. Kumaraswami. 1983. Effect of

combined application of diammonium phosphate and

insecticides as foliar spray against cotton bollworms.

Cotton Development 13(2):35–37.

Dhanorkar, B.K., and S.N. Puri. 1993. Monitoring of

cotton bollworms using sex pheromone traps in Marathwada. Journal of Cotton Research and Development

7:171–173.

Dhawan, A.K., and A.S. Sidhu. 1981. Evaluation of

different trap designs for trapping pink bollworm males.

Entomon 6:103–104.

––––––. 1983. Effect of various change-intervals of

gossyplure dispensers on catches of pink bollworm males.

Journal of Entomological Research 7:161–165.

––––––. 1984. Assessment of capture threshold of pink

bollworm moths for timing insecticidal applications on

Gossypium hirsutum L. Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 54:426–433.

––––––. 1984. Evaluation of PAU trap for catches of the

males of pink bollworm of cotton. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 54:318–320.

––––––. 1984. Techniques for trapping pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella) males in traps baited with

hexalure. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 21:380–385.
40

––––––. 1984. Timing of sprays against pink bollworm on

basis of the moth catch in pheromone baited traps.

Agricultural Science Digest (India) 4:203–205.

––––––. 1985. Effect of different insecticidal sprays on

population of pink bollworm males and bollworms

damage. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 22:687–694.

––––––. 1985. Effect of time of sowing on incidence of

pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) (Saunders) in

hirsutum cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 22:63–66.

––––––. 1985. Impact of different sowing operations on

emergence of moths from overwintering pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella). Agricultural Science Digest

(India) 5:103–105.

––––––. 1986. Control of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) by mass trapping of male moths

with gossyplure. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 23:54–61.

––––––. 1986. Role of bollworms in shedding of floral

forms in arboreum cotton at different times in Punjab

(India). Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 23:589–598.

––––––. 1987. Field evaluation of different dispensers

and trapping media for catches of pink bollworm males.

Indian Journal of Plant Protection 15:152–158.

––––––. 1987. Monitoring the seasonal occurrence and

distribution of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders)) with gossyplure traps for control strategy.

Indian Journal of Plant Protection 15:124–130.

––––––. 1988. Correlations between the moth catch in

gossyplure baited trap and pink bollworm incidence in

F414 hirsutum cotton. Indian Journal of Entomology

50:55–60.

––––––. 1988. Effect of location of gossyplure traps on

catches of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) males. Journal of Insect Science (India) 1:136–

141.

––––––. 1988. Studies on the pink bollworm mortality

during ginning in roller ginning machines. Agricultural

Science Digest (India) 8:47–49.

––––––. 1993. Catches of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) males with synthetic gossyplure.

Journal of Insect Science (India) 6:37–40.

Dhawan, A.K., A.S. Sidhu, and G.S. Simwat. 1988.

Assessment of avoidable loss in cotton (Gossypium

hirsutum and G. arboreum) due to sucking pests and

bollworms. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

58:290–292.

––––––. 1988. Evaluation of fenpropathrin and fluvalinate

for the control of bollworms on cotton. Indian Journal of

Plant Protection 16:245–248.

––––––. 1989. Management of bollworm through chlorpyriphos in cotton system. Journal of Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 26:599–603.

Dhawan, A.K., A.S. Sidhu, and J. Singh. 1981. Pyemotes

ventricosus (Newport) parasitising the pink bollworm

larvae in Punjab. Agricultural Science Digest (India)

1:135–136.

Dhawan, A.K., and G.S. Simwat. 1992. Field evaluation of

Neemrich 20EC for management of insect pests on cotton

during reproductive phase. In P. Tauro and S.S. Narwal,

eds., Proceedings, 1st National Symposium, Allelopathy

in Agroecosystems (Agriculture & Forestry), February 12–

14, 1992 Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, pp. 152–

153. Hisar, India: Indian Society of Allelopathy; New

Delhi, India: Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

––––––. 1993. Field evaluation of alphamethrin for the

control of bollworms on cotton in Punjab. Journal of

Cotton Research and Development 7:119–124.

––––––. 1993. Management of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) through a sprayable formulation of

gossyplure. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

63:193–194.

––––––. 1993. Note on field evaluation of Stirrup PBW

(gossyplure) in combination with insecticides for pink

bollworm control on cotton. Journal of Cotton Research

and Development 7:369–371.

––––––. 1994. Use of gossyplure in combination with

insecticides for management of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) on cotton. Pesticide Research Journal

6:191–192.

––––––. 1996. Monitoring the seasonal abundance of

cotton bollworms with pheromone traps. Indian Journal

of Ecology 23:123–129.

Dhawan, A.K., G.S. Simwat, and A.S. Sidhu. 1983. Field

evaluation of triazophos (Hostathion 40 EC) for the

control of bollworms on hirsutum cotton. Pesticides

17(10):22–23.

––––––. 1984. Evaluation of different spray schedules

against pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders), on hirsutum cotton. Journal Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 21:59–62.

––––––. 1984. Impact of the timing of sprays on the

incidence of bollworms and yield of seed cotton. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 54:434–441.
41

––––––. 1986. Assessment of avoidable loss due to

bollworms in cotton. Indian Journal of Plant Protection

14:83–85.

––––––. 1986. Evaluation of acephate for the control of

bollworms of cotton in Punjab. Pestology (Bombay)

10(10):14–18.

––––––. 1987. Effect of sowing date on incidence of

sucking pests and bollworms in arboreum cotton. Journal

of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 24:75–85.

––––––. 1987. Field evaluation of flucythrinate (Pay-off

10 EC) for control of bollworms on Gossypium hirsutum.

Pesticides 21(2):22–26, 31.

––––––. 1989. Effect of late sowing of different varieties

of upland cotton on bollworm incidence and yield of

seed cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 26:423–430.

––––––. 1990. Field reaction of different varieties of

upland cotton to insect pests in Punjab. Journal of

Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 27:263–266.

––––––. 1990. Incidence of different insect pests on LH

900 upland cotton sown on different dates. Journal of

Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 27:244–252.

––––––. 1990. Management of bollworms on cotton with

synthetic pyrethroids. Journal of Insect Science (India)

3:158–161.

––––––. 1990. Shedding of fruiting bodies by bollworms

in asiatic cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 27:441–443.

––––––. 1990. Square shedding due to bollworms in

different varieties of Gossypium arboreum. Journal of

Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 27:605–610.

––––––. 1991. Field evaluation of Deltaphos for control

of sucking pests and bollworms during reproductive

phase of cotton crop. Indian Journal of Plant Protection

19:172–176.

––––––. 1991. Field reaction of some varieties of Asiatic

cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) to sucking and bollworm

pests. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 28:57–62.

––––––. 1991. Judicious use of synthetic pyrethroids for

management of bollworm complex in asiatic cotton

(Gossypium arboreum) in Punjab. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 61:62–64.

––––––. 1992. Field evaluation of asymethrin (Chinmix)

for bollworm control on cotton. Indian Journal of Plant

Protection 20:24–26.

––––––. 1992. Note on the possible use of moulting

inhibitor in management of bollworms on cotton. Indian

Journal of Plant Protection 20:72–74.

––––––. 1993. Field evaluation of cartap (Padan 50 SP)

for the control of bollworms on Upland cotton. Journal of

Insect Science (India) 6:307–308.

Dhawan, A.K., G.S. Simwat, A.S. Sidhu, and V.K. Madan.

1986. Pink bollworm damage in cottons at different levels

of loculi infestation. Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 56:738–742.

––––––. 1987. Quantitative and qualitative losses in

cotton due to pink bollworm. Journal of Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 24:433–436.

––––––. 1989. Studies on the effect of various insecticides on the extent of avoidable losses due to bollworm

in cotton. Agricultural Science Digest (Karnal) 9:53–56.

Dhawan, A.K., G.S. Simwat, A.S. Sidhu, and D.N. Makwana. 1991. Impact of some insecticides on bollworm

damage and fibre quality In Gossypium arboreum L.

Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University)

28:52–56.

Dhawan, A.K., G.S. Srimannarayana, G.S. Simwat, and K.

Nagaiah. 1992. Management of cotton pests on upland

cotton Gossypium hirsutum with Navneem 95EC. In P.

Tauro and S.S. Narwal, eds., Proceedings, 1st National

Symposium, Allelopathy in Agroecosystems (Agriculture

& Forestry), February 12–14, 1992, Haryana Agricultural

University, Hisar, pp. 156–157. Hisar, India: Indian

Society of Allelopathy; New Delhi, India: Indian Council

of Agricultural Research.

Dhawan, A.K., and H.S. Sukhija. 1977. Destroy the prime

source of carryover of the pink bollworm of cotton.

Progressive Farming 13(7):15.

Dhurve, S.B., Y.M. Taley, and K.R. Thakare. 1980. Effect

of insecticides on the control of cotton bollworms and

their natural enemies. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth

Research Journal (India) 4:41–45.

Dincer, J. 1984. Investigations on the possibilities of

cotton in the Aegean region [in Turkish]. Bitki Koruma

Bulteni 24:15–32.

Directorate of Plant Protection Quarantine and Storage,

Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. 1981. An

operational field trial project in India for suppression of

the cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) employing

‘gossyplure hollow fiber’ controlled release sex pheromone formulation. Government of India, Technical

Report of the Plant Protection Adviser.
42

Doane, C.C., and T.W. Brooks. 1979. Quicker way to

fight the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella menace

pests of cotton. Journal of the Indian Cotton Mills

Federation (Bombay) 12:775–780.

––––––. 1981. Research and development of pheromones

for insect control with emphasis on the pink bollworm. In

E.R. Mitchell, ed., Management of Insect Pests with

Semiochemicals: Concepts and Practice, pp. 285–303.

New York: Plenum Press.

Doane, C.C., T.W. Brooks, and J.K. Haworth. 1980.

NoMate PBW: The pink bollworm mating disruptant. In

J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization Conference, pp. 71–75. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Doane, C.C., J.K. Haworth, and D.J. Dougherty. 1983.

NoMate PBW: A synthetic pheromone formulation for

wide area control of the pink bollworm. In 10th International Congress of Plant Protection, Proceedings of a

Conference, Brighton, England, November 20–25, 1983.

Plant Protection for Human Welfare, p. 265. Croydon,

England: British Crop Protection Council.

Dong, S., L. Ma, J. Xia, and C. Zhong. 1997. A primary

study on behavioral response of cotton bollworm to

transgenic Bt cotton [in Chinese]. Acta Phytotaxonomica

Sinica 24:373–374.

Dorge, S.K., and M.V. Thombre. 1966. Review of the

research work for the control of bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella, (Saunders) and Earias spp.) on cotton in the

state of Bombay (Maharashtra and Gujarat). Indian

Cotton Journal 20:30–38.

Dos Santos, J.H.R. 1967. Ataque de largarta rosada ao

algodao moco no Ceara. [Attacks by pink bollworm on

moco cotton in Ceara]. Bio. Soc. Cearense Agron. 8:97–

100.

Dudgeon, G.C. 1913. The pink bollworm. Agricultural

Journal of Egypt 2(2):1-5.

––––––. 1914. The bollworm in Egypt. In Transactions,

3rd International Congress of Tropical Agriculture,

London. London: J. Bale, Sons & Danielsson.

Dudgeon, G.C., and W. Cartwright. 1917. Treatment of

cotton in the field as a combative measure against

Gelechia attacks. Agricultural Journal of Egypt 7:120–

133.

Dudgeon, G.C., and L.H. Gough. 1913. Description of two

braconids parasitic on Earias. Agricultural Journal of

Egypt 3:108–110.

Duhoon, S.S. 1989. Variability, correlations and path

analysis of nine characters in Gossypium arboreum Linn.

cotton. Journal of the Indian Society for Cotton Improvement 14(1):39–44.

Duhoon, S.S., and S.K. Banerjee. 1984. Efficacy of some

synthetic pyrethroids for the control of bollworms in desi

cotton (Gossypium arboreum Linn.). Indian Journal of

Entomology 46:122–125.

Duhoon, S.S., and V.M. Sahni. 1985. Studies on the

evaluation of some synthetic pyrethroids and other

insecticides in the control of cotton bollworms (Earias

spp. and Pectinophora gossypiella S.). Pesticides

19(12):31–33.

Duhoon, S.S., M. Singh, and A.K. Basu. 1984. Combining

ability In Gossypium arboretum Linn. for resistance to

bollworms. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

54:638–641.

Dulmage, H.T. 1970. Insecticidal activity of HD-1, a new

isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis var. alesti. Journal of

Invertebrate Pathology 15:232–239.

––––––. 1970. Production of the spore-δ-endotoxin

complex by variants of Bacillus thuringiensis in two

fermentation media. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

16:385–389.

Duran, J.M., M. Alvarado, E. Ortiz, A. de la Rosa, A.

Sanchez, and A. Serrano. 2000. Curvas de vuelo de

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders, 1843) (Lepidoptera,

Gelechiidae), gusano rosado del algodonero, en Andalucia occidental. [Flight curves of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders, 1843) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae), cotton

pink bollworm, in Western Andalusia.]. Boletin De

Sanidad Vegetal Plagas (Espana) 26:229-238. [in Spanish; summary in English]

Durrant, J.H. 1912. Notes on Tineina bred from cotton

bolls. Bulletin of Entomological Research 3:203–206.

Dutt, G.R., M.S. Patel, and K.R. Sontakay. 1943. The

cotton bollworms, Earias fabia Stoll., Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.) and Heliothis obsolita Fab. in the Central

Provinces and Berar. Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 13:1–17.
43

E

Edwards, R.H., E. Miller, R. Becker, A.P. Mossman, and

D.W. Irving. 1996. Twin screw extrusion processing of

diet for mass rearing the pink bollworm. Transactions of

the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 39:1789–

1797.

Efimov, A.L., and G.M. Miftakhov. 1954. The pink

bollworm and other pests of cotton in China [in Russian].

Zool. Zhur. 33:1065–1080.

Eguti, M. 1936. The lethal point of Gelechia gossypiella

(Saund.) at high temperatures [in Korean]. Annals of the

Agricultural Experiment Station Korea 8:157–161.

Egyptian Ministry of Agriculture. 1923. Statistics of pink

bollworm occurrence from 1916–1922. Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service Bulletin,

Entomology Section 27.

––––––. 1928. Investigations of cotton pests. Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, Report of the Cotton Research Board

7:45–48.

Ehlig, C.F., L.A. Bariola, and T.J. Henneberry. 1984.

Cultural practices with chemical termination to control

pink bollworm. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 374–375.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Eid, M.A.A., and E.B. Moursy. 1992. Ascorbic acid

analogue as a new type of male-sterilizing agent in moths

of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.).

Journal of Agricultural Science (Mansoura University)

17:911–918.

Eiter, K., E. Truschiet, and M. Boness. 1967. Neuere

ergebnisse der chemie von Insektensexuallockstaffen

synthesen von D, L-10 acetoxy-hexadecen-(7-cis)-ol-(1),

12 acetoxyoctadecen-(9-cis)-ol-(1) (“Glyplure”) und l

acetoxy-10-propyl-tri-decadien-(5-trans.9) [“Propylure”].

[New results of the chemistry of sex lure substances of

insects. Synthesis of ...]. Justus Liebig’s Annals of

Chemistry 709:20–45.

El-Abdallah, F., F.A. Khalil, and A. Shoeib. 1984. Influence of sowing date on rate of infestation by cotton

leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd), and pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund) and cotton

yield. Journal of Agricultural Research (Tanta University)

10:1063–1071.

El-Adl, M.A., M.M. Honsy, and D.G. Campion. 1988.

Mating disruption for the control of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, in the delta cotton growing

area of Egypt. Tropical Pest Management 34:210–214.

El-Badry, E., G.N. Rezk, and A.M. Hekal. 1975. The

external morphology of the adult Parasierola sp., a larval

parasitoid of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). Journal of Agricultural Research (Zagazig

University) 2:309–322.

––––––. 1980. Biological studies on Parasierola sp, a

larval parasitoid of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt 60:289–295.

El-Banby, M.A., A.A. Salem, A.G. Metwally, and A.M.

Abdel-Hafez. 1989. Effect of gamma radiation on moths

of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Agricultural Research (Minia University)

11:661–672.

––––––. 1989. Influence of different constant temperatures on the biology of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Agricultural Research

(Minia University) 11:691–708.

––––––. 1989. Influence of high temperature during the

larval and pupal stages on the emerging adult pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal

of Agricultural Research (Minia University) 11:673–689.

El-Banna, M.M., A.K. Nasralla, and A.E. Omar. 1981.

Influence of synthetic pyrethroids and certain insecticide

combinations on the fiber quality of Giza 70 in relation

to their effect against Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals

of Agricultural Science (Moshtohor) 16:291–304.

El-Deeb, A.L., and M.I. Zeid. 1961. Histopathological

studies of the effect of some insecticides on various

tissues of the larvae of the pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera). Journal

of Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 9:55–92.

El-Deeb, M.A., M.M. El-Zohairy, K.A. Abdel-Salam, and

A.H. El-Sherief. 1995. Population dynamics and testis

development of male pink bollworm moths captured in

sex pheromone traps sited in cotton fields at Sharkia

Governorate. Journal of Agricultural Research (Zagazig

University) 22:533–544.

El-Deeb, Y.A. 1998. The efficiency of rectangle and

funnel pheromone traps in suppressing the population of

the cotton leafworm and bollworms. Alexandria Science

Exchange 19:465–479.

El-Deeb, Y.A., M.A. El-Hamaky, and G.M. Moawad. 1992.

The relative efficacy of capsulated sex pheromones in

attracting male moths of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Journal of Agricultural Research

(Al-Azhar University) 16:353–359.

––––––. 1993. Large scale use of pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] sex pheromone formulations

integrated with conventional insecticides for the control
44

of cotton pests in Egypt. Bulletin OILB/SROP 16:213–

219.

––––––. 1993. The relative efficacy of different capsules

of sex-pheromones in attracting the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), male moths in

Egypt. Bulletin OILB/SROP 16:220–223.

El-Fateh, S.M., M.A. El-Hamaky, G.M. Moawad, and N.M.

Hussein. 1988–1989. Large scale evaluation of pheromones in reducing the population density of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Bulletin

of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

17:19–28.

El-Feel, E.A., A.A. Khidr, M.M. Abou-Kahla, and M.G.

Abbas. 1991. Effect of insecticidal sequence, time

intervals between sprays, and early spray on the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and

cotton yield. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research

69:73–81.

El-Gammal, M.F. 1940. Hot air treating machines used in

the ginneries for the destruction of pink bollworm in the

cotton seed. Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical

Science Service Bulletin 150.

El-Garhy, M.S., N.N. Shaaban, B.A. Omar, and E.E.

Morad. 1978–1979. Effect of some granular soil insecticides on the control of certain cotton pests. Bulletin of

the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

11:219–227.

El-Gayar, F., and W.M. Watson. 1981. Effect of field

application of Dimilin on some cotton pests in Egypt.

Journal of Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 29:271–

275.

El-Gougary, A.O., A.S. El-Deeb, N.A. Hassan, and A.E.M.

El-Sorady. 1993. Effect of some pheromones on the

population of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals of Agricultural Science (Moshtohor)

31:1273–1283.

El-Guindy, M.A. 1999. Pesticide resistance management

and optimization of integrated pest management programs in Egyptian cotton. Advances in Agricultural

Research in Egypt (Special Issue) 2:1–52.

El-Guindy, M.A., M.M. Abdel-Sattar, S.M.A. Dogheim,

S.M. Madi, and Y.H. Issa. 1982. The joint action of certain

insecticides on a field strain of the pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella Saund. International Pest

Control 24:154–155.

El-Guindy, M.A., M.M. Abdel-Sattar, and M.E. Keddis.

1983. The effects of three synergists on the toxicities of

certain insecticides to a tolerant field strain of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). International Pest Control

25:150–152.

El-Haidari, H.S., A.N. Naoum, and M.K. Abid. 1969. Pink

bollworm on cotton. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin

17:140.

El-Hamaky, M.A., Y.A. El-Deeb, and W.M. Watson. 1993.

Efficiency of different chitin synthesis inhibitors and

conventional insecticides applied singly and in binary

mixtures against bollworms infesting cotton. Journal of

Agricultural Research (Tanta University) 19:708–717.

El-Hamaky, M.A., G.M. Moawad, and S.M. El-Fateh.

1987. Effect of pheromones mixed with chelated foliar

fertilizers on pink bollworm. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 67:105–111.

El-Hawary, I.S., Z. Shenishen, M.S. Tadros, and M.M.

Ibrahim. 1995. Effect of the foliar fertilizers, and the plant

growth regulator on Aphis gossypii Glover., Bemisia

tabaci Genn. and consequences on Pectinophora gossypiella infestation in cotton fields. Journal of Agricultural

Research (Minufiya University) 20:1595–1603.

El-Heneidy, A.H., M.S.T. Abbas, and A.A. Khidr. 1987.

Comparative population densities of certain predators in

cotton fields treated with sex pheromones and insecticides in Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

16:181–190.

El-Keie, I.A., M.R. Abo-Elhgar, and H.S.A. Radwan. 1976.

Field trials for screening of certain soil pesticides for the

control of cotton pests in Egypt. Annals of Agricultural

Science (Moshtohor) 5:113–118.

El-Kifl, A.H., A.T. Wahab, and A.M. Kahlf-Allah. 1969.

The use of gamma radiation for control or eradication of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 52:273–

276.

El-Lissy, O., A. Al-Beltagy, L. Antilla, and J.E. Leggett.

1994. Influence of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), female age on oviposition capacity and

egg hatchability. In Cotton Report, pp. 278–281. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–96, Tucson.

El-Lissy, O., R.T. Staten, and L. Antilla. 1993. Control of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Parker Valley, Arizona by

mating disruption using commercial formulations of

gossyplure. In Proceedings of the International Cotton

Pest Work Committee, pp. 114–117. Sacramento: California Department of Food and Agriculture.

El-Minshawy, A.M., H.K. El-Sherif, H. Barrania, and M.M.

Abdel-Hamid. 1991. Monitoring of flight catches of the
45

pink bollworm moths by sex attractant pheromone traps.

Journal of Agricultural Science (Mansoura University)

16:904–910.

El-Nawawy, A.S., M.A. Ashry, O. Lamie, M. Abbassy, A.

Zein, A.H. Massoud, and A.G. Abdel-Hafez. 1982. Joint

action of foliar fertilizers-insecticide mixtures on cotton

leaf worm, boll worms and yield of cotton plants. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen,

Rijksuniversiteit Gent 47:617–626.

El-Nawawy, A.S., M.A. Ashry, A.A. Zein, A.H. Masoud,

A.G. Abdel-Hafez, and R. El-Safty. 1983. Foliar fertilizers,

insecticides and their mixtures as protectants of cotton

bolls against pink bollworm. Mededelingen Van de

Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit

Gent 48:349–357.

El-Nawawy, A.S., and O. Lamie. 1978. Control of spiny

and pink (boll) worms in Egypt (during the cotton

season). Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 43:667–676.

El-Nawawy, A.S., O. Lamie, M.A. Ashry, W. Abdel-Rahim,

S. Matwally, and A. Hosny. 1976. Evaluation of the

activity of insecticides against spiny and pink bollworms. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 41:1317–1321.

El-Nawawy, A.S., O. Lamie, A.H. Hosny, M. Abbassy, M.A.

Ashry, and W. Abdel-Rahim. 1977. The sequences of

different insecticides in one programme and its relation to

control of different pests in A. R. Egypt. Mededelingen

Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 42:943–947.

El-Nawawy, A.S., O. Lamie, M.A. Salama, M.A. Ashry,

E.A. Kadous, M. Darrag, M. Toulan, A.A. Hosny, and M.

Abbassy. 1979. Effect of several pesticides on the

infestation with spider mites, white fly, jassids, aphids

and boll worms in cotton fields in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate A. R. Egypt 1978. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit

Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent

44:205–222.

El-Rafie, M.S., and M.R. Abo-Elghar. 1968. Effect of

chemical control on cotton pests. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 2:61–70.

El-Refaei, S.A., and A.K. Emam. 1994. Some factors

affecting cotton aphids, whitefly, boll worms infestations

and cotton yield. Annals of Agricultural Science Cairo

39:431–439.

El-Saadany, G. 1974. A new light trap for controlling

Lepidopterous insect pests in Egypt. Zeitschrift fur

Angewandte Entomologie 77:136–141.

El-Saadany, G., and M.I. Abdel-Fattah. 1975. Contributions to the ecological studies on the cotton pests in

Egypt. III. The effect of lunar phases on the nocturnal

activity of certain Lepidoptera. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 79:17–20.

––––––. 1975. On the nocturnal flight activity of some

species of Lepidoptera injurious to cotton in Egypt [in

German, summary in English]. Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde, Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 48:109–110.

––––––. 1976. Contributions to the ecology of cotton

pests in Egypt. II. Plant factors influencing the distribution of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 80:35–

40.

El-Saadany, G., M.F. El-Shaarawy, and S.A. El-Refaei.

1975. Determination of the loss in cotton yield as being

affected by the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) and the spiny bollworm Earias insulana

(Boisd.). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie

79:357–360.

El-Saadany, G.B., A.M. Hossain, R.S.M. El-Fateh, and

M.A. Romeilah. 1999. The simultaneous effect of

physical environmental factors governing the population

activity of cotton bollworm moths. Egyptian Journal of

Agricultural Research 77:591–609.

El-Salam, N.M.A., A.M. Rashad, G.M. Moawad, and M.A.

El-Hamaky. 1992. Initiation and evaluation of cotton

bollworms control parameter on basis of counts of young

larvae in the infested bolls. Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt, Economic Series 19:33–39.

El-Sawaf, B.M., A.H. Kaschef, and A.A. Soliman. 1968.

Development and histology of the scent gland of the

cotton leafworm, Prodenia litura F., and the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella S. (Lepidoptera).

Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 61:229–239.

El-Sayed, E.I., S.A. Abdallah, and M. Nagy. 1980.

Ovicidal action of some insecticides on pink bollworm

eggs of different ages. In Proceedings, 1st Conference of

Plant Protection Research Institute, Cairo, December 13–

15, 1980, pp. 33–38. Cairo: EDICA.

El-Sayed, M.T., and H.A. Abdel-Rahman. 1960. On the

biology and life history of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 44:71–90.

El-Sayed, M.T., and Z.M.F. Rostom. 1960. Factors

affecting initiation of the resting stage of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Bulletin

of the Entomological Society of Egypt 44:253–264.
46

––––––. 1960. Factors affecting termination of the resting

stage of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 44:265–282.

El-Sayed, M.T., A.A. Soliman, and Z.M.F. Rostom. 1963.

A study of the fumigant toxic action of some volatile

chemicals on the resting stage of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 46:473–477.

El-Sebae, A.H., and Y.M. Ahmed. 1973. Factors affecting

efficiency of some organotin compounds against cotton

leaf and boll worms. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 72:367–376.

El-Sebae, A.H., M.A. Zeid, and M.A. Saleh. 1993. Status

and environmental impact of toxaphene in the third

world––a case study of African agriculture. Chemosphere

27:2063–2072.

El-Shaarawy, M.F., G. El-Saadany, and S.A. El-Refaei.

1975. The economic threshold of infestation for the

cotton bollworms on yield in Egypt. Zeitschrift fur

Angewandte Entomologie 79:276–281.

El-Shaarawy, M.F., A. Khalifa, A.G. Metwally, and A.

Abdel-Hafez. 1980. Rearing pink bollworm on cottonseed meal diet. In Proceedings, 1st Conference of Plant

Protection Research Institute, Cairo, December 13–15,

1980, pp. 33–38. Cairo: EDICA.

El-Sharaby, A.M., H.S. Salama, and R. Aziz. 1980.

Gustation and olfaction in Lepidopterous insects. Annals

of Agricultural Science (Moshtohor) 13:177–187.

El-Sherif, H.K., A.M. El-Minshawy, M.M. Abdel-Hamid,

and H. Barrania. 1991. Effects of semiartificial diets on

some biological parameters of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Agricultural Science (Mansoura University) 16:918–923.

El-Sherif, H.K., A.M. El-Minshawy, H. Barrania, and M.M.

Abdel-Hamid. 1991. Susceptibility of cotton cultivars to

infestation with the larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Agricultural

Science (Mansoura University) 16:893–897.

El-Sorady, A.E.M., A.A.S. El-Zanan, M.K.A. Abo-Shloa,

and A.A. El-Dahan. 1998. Influence of some insecticide

sequences on natural and artificial infestation with pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Egyptian

Journal of Agricultural Research 76:585–597.

El-Tigani, M.E.A., and M.A. Khagali. 1978. Pink bollworm in Barakat Block. In Annual Report of the Gezira

Research Station 1970–1971, pp. 98–100. Agricultural

Research Corporation, Sudan Ministry of Agriculture.

El-Zanan, A.A.S. 1998. Bollworms infestation and cotton

yield as influenced by water regime. Egyptian Journal of

Agricultural Research 76:607–614.

El-Zanan, A.A.S., and I.S. El-Hawary. 1999. Infestation

with cotton leafworm and bollworms in relation to

pheromone and light trap catches in cotton fields.

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 77:647–661.

El-Zik, K.M., D.W. Grimes, and P.M. Thaxton. 1989.

Cultural management and pest suppression. In R.E.

Frisbie, K.M. El-Zik, and L.T. Wilson, eds., Integrated Pest

Management Systems and Cotton Production, pp. 11–36.

New York: John Wiley & Sons.

El-Zohairy, M.M., M.A. El-Deeb, K.A. Abdel-Salam, and

A.H. El-Sherief. 1995. The damage assessment and

estimation of the injury level caused by pink bollworm.

Journal of Agricultural Research (Zagazig University)

22:521–532.

El-Zoheiry, M.S. 1950. Ratoon cotton as a trap crop for

the pink bollworm, Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.). In

Proceedings, 8th International Congress Entomology,

Moscow, Russia, pp. 737–738. Leningrad: Izd-vo

“Nauka”, Leningradskoe.

Ela, M.A., M.T. Shafik, A.I. Zaki, and S.A. El-Khishen.

1964. The effect of toxaphene on cotton yield. Journal of

Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 12:215–220.

Elawad, S.A., S.R. Gowen, and N.G.M. Hague. 2001.

Progeny production of Steinernema abbasi in lepidopterous larvae. International Journal of Pest Management

47:17–21.

Elewa, M.A. 1981. Activity of synthetic pyrethroids on

pink bollworms in relation to their effect on fiber quality

of different gland and glandless cotton varieties. Annals

of Agricultural Science (Moshtohor) 15:273–304.

Elghar, M.R.A., H.S.A. Radwan, and I.A. El-Keie. 1975.

Effect of different spraying programs on the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella infestation and the yield

of cotton (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

9:203–210.

Elliger, C.A., B.G. Chan, and A.C. Waiss, Jr. 1978.

Relative toxicity of minor cotton terpenoids compared to

gossypol. Journal of Economic Entomology 71:161–164.

Elliger, C.A., D.F. Zinkel, B.G. Chan, and A.C. Waiss, Jr.

1976. Diterpene acids as larval growth inhibitors.

Experientia 32:1364–1366.

Ellington, J.J., J.F. Norris, and J. Durkin. 1968. A simplified field cage for trapping pink bollworm adults. Journal

of Economic Entomology 61:1468–1469.
47

Elliott, F.C., and A.C. Gunter. 1952. Early cotton stalk

destruction will pay. Texas Agricultural College Extension Leaflet 173.

Ellsworth, P.C., and J.S. Jones. 2001. Cotton IPM in

Arizona: A decade of research, implementation and

education. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1088–1096.

National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

Ellsworth, P.C., and D.L. Meade. 1994. Validity of the

pinhead square treatment program for pink bollworm

suppression and impact of several insecticides on

arthropod fauna in cotton. In Cotton Report, pp. 267–

277. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–

96, Tucson.

Ellsworth, P.C., L. Moore, T.F. Watson, and T. Dennehy.

1994. 1994 Insect pest management for cotton. University of Arizona, Cooperative Extension No. 194022.Embody, D.R. 1971. Possible methods for measuring the

effective range of the sex-lure trap for pink bollworm. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

ARS–81–43.

Emme, A.M. 1955. Diapauza klopkovoi moli (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)). [Diapause in the cotton

moth (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.))]. Zool. Zhur.

34:1052–1060.

Empire Cotton Growing Corporation (London). 1940.

Progress report of experiment station. Season 1938–39.

The Corporation 8:1–198.

Encalada, P.C.E., and V.L. Vinas. 1990. Ceratocapsus

dispersus (Hemiptera: Miridae) en Piura: Biologia y

capacidad predatora en insectario [in Spanish; summary

in English]. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 32:1–8.

Engroff B. W., and T.F. Watson. 1975. Influence of

temperature on adult biology and population growth of

Bracon kirkpatricki. Annals of the Entomological Society

of America 68:1121–1125.

Enkerlin, D., and R.L. Hanna. 1956. The dilution of dust

concentrates in pink bollworm control. Journal of

Economic Entomology 49:560.

Evans, D.D., A.R. Jutsum, and T. Toki. 1983. A package of

selective compounds for control of major crop pests. In

10th International Congress of Plant Protection, Proceedings of a Conference, Brighton, England, November 20–

25, 1983. Plant Protection for Human Welfare, p. 269.

Croydon, England: British Crop Protection Council.

Evans, W.H. 1984. Development of an aqueous-based

controlled release pheromone-pesticide system. In H.B.

Scher, ed., Advances in Pesticide Formulation Technology, pp. 151–162. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical

Society.

Ewing, K.P. 1952. Plans for expanded research program

on pink bollworm. In Proceedings, 6th Cotton Insect

Control Conference, pp. 62–69. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1953. Expanded research program on the pink

bollworm. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 54(6):32–48.

––––––. 1953. The pink bollworm research program.

Acco Press 32(4):2–4.

Ewing, K.P., and A.J. Chapman. 1953. Losses to pink

bollworm in South Texas. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press

54(6):84.
48

F

Fadare, T.A. 1974. Effectiveness of some insecticides on

the bollworm complex of cotton. Nigerian Journal of

Entomology 1:43–49.

Famoso, R.B., and J.R. Medina. 1991. Egg parasitization

of five Trichogrammatidae species in cotton bollworm,

Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) and pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Cotton Research

Journal (Philippines) 4:56–57.

Food and Agriculture Organization/International AtomicEnergy Agency. 1993. Radiation induced F1 sterility in

Lepidoptera for area-wide control. Proceedings, Final

Research Coordination Meeting on Radiation Induced F1

Sterility in Lepidoptera for Area-Wide Control, FAO/

IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and

Agriculture, Phoenix, Arizona, September 9–13, 1991.

Panel Proceedings Series Publication 929.

Farag, R.S., and A.M.A. Omar. 1981. Fatty acid composition of lipids extracted from pink bollworm in relation to

dietary lipids––induction and termination of diapause.

Fette Seifen Anstrichmittel 83:271–274.

Farbert, P., and U.T. Koch. 1993. Measurements of the

pheromone density in cotton fields and vineyards by

EAG method. Bulletin OILB/SROP 16:301–302.

Farbert, P., U.T. Koch, A. Farbet, and R.T. Staten. 1997.

Measuring pheromone concentrations in cotton fields

with the EAG method. In R.T. Carde and A.K. Minks, eds.,

Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions, pp. 347–

358. New York: Chapman and Hall.

Farbert, P., U.T. Koch, A. Farbert, R.T. Staten, and R.T.

Carde. 1997. Pheromone concentration measured with

electroantennogram in cotton fields treated for mating

disruption of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Environmental Entomology 26:1105–

1116.

Farkas, S.R. 1973. Mechanisms of orientation to a sex

pheromone source by males of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Dissertation Abstracts

International 34–01B:465.

Farkas, S.R., and H.H. Shorey. 1972. Chemical trailfollowing by flying insects: A mechanism for orientation

to a distant odor source. Science 178:67–68.

––––––. 1973. Odor-following and anemotaxis. Science

180:1302.

Farkas, S.R., H.H. Shorey, and L.K. Gaston. 1974. Sex

pheromones of Lepidoptera. Influence of pheromone

concentration and visual cues on aerial odor-trail

following by males of Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals

of the Entomological Society of America 67:633–638.

Farr, C.R. 1968. Pink bollworm survey. In Cotton Report,

pp. 38–40. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–9, Tucson.

Farrar, M.D. 1952. Research highlights. In Proceedings,

6th Cotton Insect Control Conference, pp. 39–42.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1953. Cattle, cotton and the pink bollworm.

Acco Press 31:6–7.

Feng, C.Y. 1994. Further studies on the egg-laying

patterns of the cotton pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders)) in the field [in Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge 31:336–339.

Fenton, F.A. 1929. Biological notes on the pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) in Texas. In K.

Jordan and W. Horn, eds., Transactions, 4th International

Congress Entomology, Ithaca, NY, 1928, pp. 439–447.

Naumburg, Germany: G. Pätz.

Fenton, F.A., D.A. Isler, and W.L. Owen. 1934. Plowing,

irrigation, and pasturing to control the pink bollworm in

the Big Bend District of Texas. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Circular E–314.

Fenton, F.A., and W.L. Owen, Jr. 1931. Hibernation of

Pectinophora gossypiella in Texas. Journal of Economic

Entomology 24:1197–1207.

––––––. 1953. The pink bollworm of cotton in Texas.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous

Publication 100.

Fenton, F.A., and W.W. White. 1932. Detecting pink

bollworms in cottonseeds by the X-ray. Journal of

Agricultural Research 45:347–348.

Fernandes, W.D., and M.E.M. Habib. 1992. Population

fluctuation of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on cotton crop under conventional chemical control [in Portuguese; summary in

English]. Revista de Agricultura (Piracicaba, Brazil)

67:67–75.

Ferriere, C. 1929. The Asiatic and African species of the

genus Elasmus Westw. (Hym.: Chalcid). Bulletin of

Entomological Research 20:411–423.

––––––. 1929. On three new chalcidoid parasites of

Platyedra. Bulletin of Entomological Research 20:255–

259.

––––––. 1935. Descriptions de deux importants Chalcidiens d’Egypte et du Soudan. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 19:365–370.

Ferro, D.N., and R.E. Rice. 1970. Parasites of pink

bollworm in Southern California. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63:1783–1784.
49

Feshawi, A.A., M.W. Guirguis, M.W. Watson, and M.A.

Nassef. 1991. Studies on the pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) II. Chemical control programs for the

cotton pink bollworm. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 69:89–98.

––––––. 1992. Studies on the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). III. The possibility of using sex

pheromone [gossyplure] within a chemical control

program to combat pink bollworm in cotton fields.

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 70:507–517.

Fife, L.C. 1934. Temperature studies in a cotton field,

Presidio, Texas, 1932. Ecology 15:298–305.

––––––. 1937. Number of instars of pink bollworm

collected in squares and in bolls of cotton. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 30:57–63.

––––––. 1937. The pink bollworm of cotton in Puerto

Rico during 1936 and recommendations for its control.

Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural

Notes 81.

––––––. 1937. Status of the pink bollworm in Puerto

Rico during 1935–36. Journal of the Department of

Agriculture (Puerto Rico) 21:233–235.

––––––. 1938. Alternate host plants of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in Puerto Rico.

Journal of the Department of Agriculture (Puerto Rico)

22:483–492.

––––––. 1939. Insects and a mite found on cotton in

Puerto Rico, with notes on their economic importance

and natural enemies. Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment

Station, Bulletin 39.

––––––. 1949. Studies of the diapause in the pink

bollworm in Puerto Rico. U.S. Department of Agriculture

Technical Bulletin No. 977.

––––––. 1956. Seasonal occurrence of resting larvae of

the pink bollworm in Central Texas. Journal of Economic

Entomology 49:562–563.

––––––. 1961. Factors influencing pink bollworm

pupation and moth emergence from overwintering larvae

in Central Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology

54:908–913.

Fife, L.C., C.B. Cowan, Jr., and J.W. Davis. 1957. Factors

influencing pink bollworm winter carryover in Central

Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology 50:642–644.

Fife, L.C., and H.M. Graham. 1965. Seasonal activity of

buried overwintering pink bollworm larvae in Central

Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology 58:688–690.

––––––. 1966. Influence of moisture on winter survival of

the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

59:430–432.

Fife, L.C., and I. Moreno. 1943. Additional notes on host

plants of the pink bollworm in Texas and Mexico. Journal

of Economic Entomology 36:478–479.

Fife, L.C., O.T. Robertson, and H.M. Graham. 1963.

Winter carryover of the pink bollworm under various

cultural practices in Central Texas. Journal of Economic

Entomology 56:172–175.

Fife, L.C., I. Shiller, and A.J. Chapman. 1947. Pink

bollworm carryover from one cotton crop to the next in

the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Economic

Entomology 40:540–545.

Fife, L.C., L.H. Wilkes, and B.J. Cochran. 1962. Winter

cultural practices for pink bollworm control. In D.F.

Martin and R.D. Lewis, eds., A Summary of Recent

Research Basic to the Cultural Control of the Pink

Bollworm, pp. 25–28. Texas Agricultural Experiment

Station, Miscellaneous Publication 579.

Fischhoff, D.A. 1996. Insect-resistant crop plants. In G.J.

Persley, ed., Biotechnology in Agriculture Series:

Biotechnology and Integrated Pest Management, pp.

214–227. Wallingford Oxon, United Kingdom: CAB

International.

Fitt, G.P. 1994. Cotton pest management: Part 3. An

Australian perspective. Annual Review of Entomology

39:543–562.

Fletcher, T. 1914. Report of the Imperial Entomologist

1913–1914. In Report of the Agriculture Research

Institute & College, Pusa, India, pp. 62–75.

Fletcher, T.B. 1920. Life-histories of Indian insects.

Microlepidoptera. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture (Indian Entomology Service) 6:69–217.

––––––. 1922. Report of the Imperial Entomologist,

Calcutta, 1921–1922. In Report of the Agriculture

Research Institute & College, Pusa, India, pp. 51–67.

Fletcher, T.B., and C.S. Misra. 1919. Cotton bollworms in

India. In T.B. Fletcher, ed., Proceedings, 3rd Entomology

Meetings, Pusa, India, pp. 443–472. Calcutta: Superintendent Goverment Printer.

Flint, H.M., L. Antilla, J.E. Leggett, and N.J. Parks. 1996.

Seasonal infestation by pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) of transgenic cotton, containing

the Bollgard gene, planted in commercial fields in central

Arizona. The Southwestern Entomologist 21:229–235.
50

Flint, H.M., M. Balasubramanian, J. Campero, G.R.

Strickland, Z. Ahmad, J. Barral, S. Barbosa, and A.F.

Khail. 1979. Pink bollworm: Response of native males to

ratios of Z,Z- and Z,E-isomers of gossyplure in several

cotton growing areas of the world. Journal of Economic

Entomology 72:758–762.

Flint, H.M., A.B. Borkovec, and D.L. Palmer. 1974.

Fumigation: A new method of chemosterilizing the pink

bollworm. Environmental Entomology 3:172–176.

Flint, H.M., L. Butler, L.M. McDonough, R.L. Smith, and

D. Forey. 1978. Pink bollworm: Response to various

emission rates of gossyplure in the field. Environmental

Entomology 7:57–61.

Flint, H.M., N.J. Curtice, and Q.H. Siddiqui. 1987. Early

to mid-season distribution of male pink bollworms

determined with pheromone traps in host and non-host

crops. The Southwestern Entomologist 12:139–145.

Flint, H.M., N.J. Curtice, and F.D. Wilson. 1986. A

comparison of related nectaried and nectariless cottons

for control of the pink bollworm in field plots treated

with gossyplure, insecticides, or untreated. Journal of

Agricultural Entomology 3:362–368.

––––––. 1988. Development of pink bollworm populations (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on nectaried and

nectariless Deltapine cotton in field cages. Environmental

Entomology 17:306–308.

Flint, H.M., N.J. Curtice, and A. Yamamoto. 1988. Pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Further tests with

(Z,Z)-isomer of gossyplure. Journal of Economic Entomology 81:679–683.

Flint, H.M., T.J. Henneberry, F.D. Wilson, E. Holguin, N.

Parks, and R.E. Buehler. 1995. The effects of transgenic

cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L, containing Bacillus

thuringiensis toxin genes for the control of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae and other arthropods. The Southwestern Entomologist 20:281–292.

Flint, H.M., L. Jurd, and J.R. Merkle. 1980. Pink bollworm: Sterilizing effects of benzylphonols and benzyl1,3-benzodioxoles. Journal of Economic Entomology

73:710–714.

Flint, H.M., S. Kuhn, B. Horn, and H.A. Sallam. 1974.

Early-season trapping of pink bollworm with gossyplure.

Journal of Economic Entomology 67:738–740.

Flint, H.M., and J.R. Merkle. 1980. Pink bollworm:

Irradiation of laboratory and native males. Journal of

Economic Entomology 73:764–767.

––––––. 1981. Early season habitats of pink bollworm. In

Cotton Report, p. 91. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–53, Tucson.

––––––. 1981. Early-season movements of pink bollworm

male moths between selected habitats. Journal of Economic Entomology 74:366–371.

––––––. 1983. Methods for efficient use of the delta trap

in the capture of pink bollworm moths. The Southwestern

Entomologist 8:140–144.

––––––. 1983. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Communication disruption by pheromone composition imbalance. Journal of Economic Entomology

76:40–46.

––––––. 1984. Pink bollworm: Disruption of sexual

communication by the release of the Z,Z-isomer of

gossyplure. The Southwestern Entomologist 9:58–61.

––––––. 1984. The pink bollworm [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]: Alteration of male response to gossyplure by

release of its component Z,Z-isomer. Journal of Economic

Entomology 77:1099–1104.

––––––. 1984. Studies on disruption of sexual communication in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae], with microencapsulated gossyplure or its component Z,Z-isomer. Bulletin

of Entomological Research 74:25–32.

––––––. 1985. Pink bollworm: Field testing a new

polyethylene tube dispenser for gossyplure. In Cotton

Report, pp. 167–169. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–63, Tucson.

––––––. 1990. Unnatural sex attractants for male pink

bollworms and pinkspotted bollworms and use thereof.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Patent No. 4929441.

Flint, H.M., J.R. Merkle, and A. Yamamoto. 1985. Pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Field testing a new

polyethylene tube dispenser for gossyplure. Journal of

Economic Entomology 78:1431–1436.

Flint, H.M., S.E. Naranjo, J.E. Leggett, and T.J. Henneberry. 1996. Cotton water stress, arthropod dynamics, and

management of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 89:1288–

1300.

Flint, H.M., J.M. Noble, and D. Shaw. 1978. Phenylacetaldehyde: Tests for control of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) and observations on other lepidoptera

infesting cotton. Journal of the Georgia Entomological

Society 13:284–289.
51

Flint, H.M., D.L. Palmer, L.A. Bariola, and B. Horn.

1974. Suppression of populations of native pink bollworm

in field cages by the release of irradiated moths. Journal

of Economic Entomology 67:55–57.

Flint, H.M., and N.J. Parks. 1997. Seasonal infestation by

pink bollworm of transgenic cotton, NuCOTN33, and

parental cultivar DPL–5415 in commercial fields: The

second season. In Cotton Report, pp. 339–342. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–108, Tucson.

––––––. 1999. Seasonal infestation by pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), of transgenic and

non-transgenic cultivars of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.

in central Arizona. The Southwestern Entomologist

24:13–20.

Flint, H.M., N.J. Parks, J. Holmes, and A. Springston.

1990. Pink bollworm Effect of antennae removal on

reproductive biology. The Southwestern Entomologist

15:413–420.

Flint, H.M., S.S. Salter, and S. Walters. 1979. Caryophyllene: An attractant for the green lacewing. Environmental

Entomology 8:1123–1125.

––––––. 1980. Development of cotton and associated

beneficial and pest insect populations in ratoon field at

Phoenix, AZ. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and

Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and

Manuals ARM–W–15.

Flint, H.M., and R.L. Smith. 1977. Laboratory evaluation

of TH6040 against the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 70:51–53.

Flint, H.M., R.L. Smith, L.A. Bariola, B.R. Horn, D.E.

Forey, and S.J. Kuhn. 1976. Pink bollworm: Trap tests

with gossyplure. Journal of Economic Entomology

69:535–538.

Flint, H.M., R.L. Smith, D.E. Forey, and B.R. Horn. 1977.

Diflubenzuron: Evaluation for control of the pink

bollworm, cabbage looper, and cotton leafperforator in a

field cage test. Journal of Economic Entomology

70:237–239.

––––––. 1977. Pink bollworm response of males to (Z,Z-)

and (Z,E-) isomers of gossyplure. Environmental Entomology 6:274–275.

Flint, H.M., R.L. Smith, J.M. Noble, and D. Shaw. 1978.

Pink bollworm: Response of released APHIS strain and

native moths to ratios of Z,Z- and Z,E-isomers of gossyplure in the field. Journal of Economic Entomology

71:664–666.

Flint, H.M., R.L. Smith, J.M. Noble, D. Shaw, A.B.

DeMilo, and F. Khalil. 1978. Laboratory tests of diflubenzuron and four analogues against the pink bollworm and a

field cage test with diflubenzuron and EL–494 for control

of the pink bollworm and cotton leafperforator. Journal of

Economic Entomology 71:616–619.

Flint, H.M., R.L. Smith, J.G. Pomonis, D.E. Forey, and

B.R. Horn. 1977. Phenylacetaldehyde: Oviposition

inhibitor for the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 70:547–548.

Flint, H.M., R.T. Staten, L.A. Bariola, and D.L. Palmer.

1973. Gamma-irradiated pink bollworms: Attractiveness,

mating, and longevity of females. Environmental Entomology 2:97–100.

Flint, H.M., R.T. Staten, and B. Wright. 1977. Irradiation

of pink bollworm with substerilizing doses: Production of

F1 progeny. The Southwestern Entomologist 2:16–19.

Flint, H.M., and F.D. Wilson. 1987. Development of pink

bollworm populations in field cages containing Deltapine nectaried and nectariless cotton. In Cotton Report, pp.

161–162. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series

P–69, Tucson.

Flint, H.M., F.D. Wilson, and N.J. Curtice. 1986. Pheromone and insecticide treatments of nectariless and

nectaried varieties. In Cotton Report, pp. 193–195.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–63,

Tucson.

Flint, H.M., F.D. Wilson, D. Hendrix, J. Leggett, S.

Naranjo, T.J. Henneberry, and J.W. Radin. 1994. The effect

of plant water stress on beneficial and pest insects

including the pink bollworm and the sweetpotato

whitefly in 2 short-season cultivars of cotton. The

Southwestern Entomologist 19:11–22.

Flint, H.M., F.D. Wilson, N.J. Parks, R.Y. Reynoso, B.R.

Stapp, and J.L. Szaro. 1991. Suppression of pink bollworm and effect on beneficial insects of a nectariless

okra-leaf cotton germplasm line. Bulletin of Entomological Research 82:379–384.

Flint, H.M., B.S. Wright, H.A. Sallam, and B. Horn. 1975.

A comparison of irradiated or chemosterilized pink

bollworm moths for suppressing native populations in

field cages. Canadian Entomologist 107:1069–1072.

––––––. 1975. Dispersal and mating in the field by male

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella labeled with

P32. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 18:451–

456.

Flint, H.M., A.K. Yamamoto, N.J. Parks, and K. Nyomura.

1990. Aerial concentrations of gossyplure, the sex

pheromone of the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in cotton fields treated with long-lasting dispensers. Environmental Entomology 19:1845–1851.
52

––––––. 1993. Aerial concentrations of gossyplure, the

sex pheromone of the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae), within and above cotton fields treated with

long-lasting dispensers. Environmental Entomology

22:43–48.

Flitters, N.E., P.S. Messenger, and C.N. Husman. 1956.

Bioclimatic cabinets used in studies on the Mexican Fruit

Fly and the pink bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–33–33.

Floyd, J.P., and L.A. Crowder. 1981. Sublethal effects of

permethrin on pheromone response and mating of male

pink bollworm moths. Journal of Economic Entomology

74:634–638.

Foda, M.E. 1998. Spatial distribution patterns of two

cotton bollworms Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias

insulana in Qaulubia Governorate, Egypt. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1230–1232. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Fonseca, J.P. da. 1952. Control of pink bollworm [in

Portuguese]. Revista de Sociedade Rural Brasil

32(380):44.

––––––. 1952. The pink cotton bollworm [in Portuguese].

Sao Paulo Div. Publ. Agric. B. Agric. 51:241–246.

Foote, L. 1988. Pink bollworm program in the San

Joaquin Valley, California. In Proceedings of the International Cotton Pest Work Committee, pp. 8–9. California

Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento,

California.

Forlow Jech, L.F., and T.J. Henneberry. 1996. A method of

distributing Steinernema riobravis in cotton furrow

irrigation and pink bollworm larval mortality response. In

P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 707–710. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Forlow Jech, L., and T.J. Henneberry. 1997. Pink bollworm larval mortality following application of Steinernema riobravis entomopathogenic nematodes in cotton

furrow irrigation. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1192–

1194. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Forlow Jech, L.F., T.J. Henneberry, M.J. Panter, and S.

Faulconer. 1998. Horizontal and vertical movement of

Steinernema riobravis and S. carpocapsae (Rhabditida:

Steinernematidae) in soil in the laboratory. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1296–1299. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Fornazier, M.J., and O. Nakano. 1986. Control of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infestations in cotton using toxic

bait [in Portuguese; summary in English]. Anais––

Sociedad Entomological do Brasil 15(Suppl.):35–41.

––––––. 1987. Effectiveness of chemical products in the

control of the pink bollworm using a new experimental

methodology [in Portuguese; summary in English].

Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasil. 22:923–927.

Fornazier, M.J, O. Nakano, and N.D. Filho. 1986. Observations on the habit and penetration resistance of the pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in cotton blooms. Anais––Sociedad

Entomological do Brasil 15(Suppl.):43–51.

Foster, D.R. 1977. The influence of lipids on diapause

termination in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Dissertation Abstracts International 38–

11B:5174.

Foster, D.R., and L.A. Crowder. 1976. Fatty acids of

diapause and nondiapause pink bollworm larvae, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Comparative Biochemistry

and Physiology B 55:519–521.

––––––. 1976. Geographical variation of fatty acids of

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals of

the Entomological Society of America 69:284–286.

––––––. 1980. Diapause of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), related to dietary lipids.

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 65:723–

726.

Foster, R.N., D. Dougherty, and R.T. Staten. 1984. Pink

bollworm [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]: Effect on adults of

pupae stored at 10 degrees Celsius. Journal of Economic

Entomology 77:766–768.

Foster, R.N., R.T. Staten, and E. Miller. 1977. Evaluation

of traps for pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 70:289–291.

Foster, S.P., and M.O. Harris. 1997. Behavioral manipulation methods for insect pest management. Annual Review

of Entomology 42:123–146.

Foster, S.P., and W.L. Roelofs. 1988. Pink bollworm sex

pheromone biosynthesis from oleic acid. Insect Biochemistry 18:281–286.

Fowler, R.G. 1980. Shortening the cotton season: Can the

savings in bug and water costs outweigh lower yield?

Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 31:2, 8–9.

Franco Armendartz, A. 1947. El control del gusano rosado

del algodonero asi como de algunas infestaciones de las
53

vides por medio del D.D.T. Agricultura Lagunero

2(13):9–10.

Frasnay, C. 1979. Insecticidal treatments from aircraft in

Madagascar on cotton crops [in French; summary in

English]. In Congress on the Control of Insects in the

Tropical Environment, Report of the Proceedings. Part I.

Tropical Crops. Part II. Human and Animal Health, pp.

67–81. Marseilles: Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Fredrik, M., M.Z. Kanro, and M. Sjafaruddin. 1991.

Prospects of integrated control of fruit borer, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in cotton [in Indonesian].

Jurnal Penelitian Pengembangan Pertanian 10(10):43–48.

Friesen, R.D. 1991. Integration of agronomic practices

into pest management strategies on cotton in El Valle de

Mexicali. Dissertation Abstracts International 52–

08B:3954.

Friesen, R.D., W. Multer, and M. Muegge. 1999. On-plant

distribution of diapausing pink bollworm larvae. In P.

Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 996–998. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Friesen, R.D., W. Multer, C. Payne, and M. Muegge. 1999.

Pink bollworm diapause patterns in West Texas. In P.

Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 998–1000. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Frisbie, R.E. 1983. Guidelines for integrated control of

cotton pests. FAO Plant Protection Bulletin 48.

Fry, K.E., and T.J. Henneberry. 1978. Estimating potential

lint loss in upland cotton from percent pink bollworm

infestation [abstract]. In J. Brown, ed., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, p. 86.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1981. Weekly lint loss predictions from flower

counts and pink bollworm infestation [abstract]. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, p. 63. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1983. Yield reduction in upland cotton due to

pink bollworm infestation and boll rot. In J.M. Brown,

ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 77–80. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Fry, K.E., D.L. Kittock, and T.J. Henneberry. 1978. Effect

of number of pink bollworm larvae per boll on yield and

quality of Pima and upland cotton. Journal of Economic

Entomology 71:499–502.

––––––. 1978. The effect of pink bollworm larva numbers

per boll on long- and short-staple cotton [abstract]. In J.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 86–87. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Fu, S.F. 1964. Key to the field control of damage effected

by Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese]. Zhonggao

Nongye Kexue 7:8–10.

––––––. 1964. Some ecological characteristics of the

cotton pink bollworm and type of development [in

Chinese]. Acta Photophyl. Sinica 2(1).

Fu, S.F., and W.H. Feng. 1948. The effect of lead arsenate,

bordeaux mixture, and their mixed solution to the control

of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella), leaf

roller (Sylepta derogata), and leaf hopper [in Chinese].

Chinese Journal of Cotton 1:59–61.

Fu, S.F., and C.Y. Tsao. 1948. A preliminary test on the

control of hibernating larvae of pink bollworm [in

Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Cotton 1:62–66.

Fullaway, D.T. 1909. Insects of cotton in Hawaii. Hawaii

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 18.

––––––. 1913. Report of the entomologist. In Hawaii

Agricultural Experiment Station 1912, pp. 16–34.

Fullerton, D.G, T.F. Watson, A. Wuensche, B. Engroff, and

J. Morgan. 1982. Efficacy evaluation of pink bollworm

control. In Cotton Report, pp. 118–121. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–56, Tucson.

Fullerton, D.G., L.A. Crowder, and T.F. Watson. 1975.

Overwinter survival of pink bollworm larvae in buried

cotton bolls. Environmental Entomology 4:514–516.

Funkhouser, W.A. 1979. Gossyplure H.F. applicator. In

J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization Conference, pp. 76–77. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Funkhouser, W.A., and A.S. Las. 1981. Aerial dissemination of insect pheromones. In Proceedings, Winter

Meeting of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, December 15–18, 1981, Chicago. St. Joseph,

Michigan: American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

Fye, R.E. 1971. Mortality of mature larvae of the pink

bollworm caused by high soil temperatures. Journal of

Economic Entomology 64:1568–1569.

––––––. 1971. Temperature in the plant parts of shortstaple cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology

64:1432–1435.

––––––. 1972. The interchange of insect parasites and

predators between crops. PANS 18:143–146.
54

––––––. 1972. Populations of lepidopterous larvae in

outer and inner portions of a cotton field. Journal of

Economic Entomology 65:287–288.

––––––. 1972. Preliminary investigations of vertical

distributions of fruiting forms and insects on cotton

plants. Journal of Economic Entomology 65:1410–1414.

––––––. 1973. Potential mortality of pink bollworms

caused by summer thundershowers. Journal of Economic

Entomology 66:531–532.

––––––. 1974. Ecosystem analysis of the introduction of

integrated pest control. Hortscience 9:129–131.

––––––. 1974. Modeling of cotton insect populations.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service, ARS–W–14.

––––––. 1975. Plant host sequence of major cotton

insects in Southern Arizona. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–W–24.

––––––. 1976. Improved method of holding cotton bolls

for detecting pink bollworms. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–W–37.

––––––. 1979. Cotton insect populations. Development

and impact of predators and other mortality factors. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Science and Education

Administration, Technical Bulletin No. 1592.

––––––. 1979. Insect diapause: Field and insectary

studies of six lepidopterous species. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Science and Education Administration,

ARR–W–7.

––––––. 1979. Pink bollworms: A 5-year study of cultural

control in southern Arizona. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, ARR–W–3.

Fye, R.E., and C.D. Bonham. 1969. Estimating temperatures and heat flux in insect environments in stubbed

cotton fields in the winter. Journal of Economic Entomology 62:823–829.

––––––. 1971. Temperature in the plant parts of longstaple cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 64:636–

637.

Fye, R.E., and H.L. Brewer. 1975. Pupation sites of pink

bollworms: Potential mortality resulting from cultivation

of irrigated cotton. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, ARS–W–32.

Fye, R.E., and C.G. Jackson. 1973. Overwintering of

Chelonus blackburni in Arizona. Journal of Economic

Entomology 66:807–808.

Fye, R.E., and D.E. Surber. 1971. Effects of several

temperature and humidity regimes on eggs of 6 species of

lepidopterous pests of cotton in Arizona. Journal of

Economic Entomology 64:1138–1142.

Fye, R.E., and D.J. Larsen. 1969. Preliminary evaluation

of Trichogramma minutum as a released regulator of

lepidopterous pests of cotton. Journal of Economic

Entomology 62:1291–1296.

Fye, R.E., and W.C. McAda. 1972. Laboratory studies on

the development, longevity and fecundity of six lepidopterous pests of cotton in Arizona. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Technical

Bulletin No. 1454.

Fye, R.E., and H.K. Poole. 1971. Effect of high temperatures on fecundity and fertility of six lepidopterous pests

of cotton in Arizona. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Product Research Report

No. 131.
55

G

Gaaboub, I.A., N.L. Kelada, and A.A. Abdel-Ghany.

1985. Field evaluation of virelures l & 2, zealure and (Z)-

11-hexadecenal/(Z)-9-tetradecenal (29:1) as sex pheromones for moths of the African cotton bollworm Heliothis

armigera (Hubner) and others under the Egyptian

conditions. Journal of Agricultural Research (Alexandria)

30:1049–1060.

Gadallah, A.I., S.A. Emara, N.M. Hosein, M.W. El-Kordy,

and El-Fatma M. N. 1990. Effect of gamma irradiation on

the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund).

Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 35(Special

issue):469–478.

Gahukar, R.T. 1991. Control of cotton insect and mite

pests in subtropical Africa: Current status and future

needs. Insect Science and Its Application 12:313–338.

Gaikwad, B.B., and A.D. Deshpande. 1978. Chemical

control of cotton bollworms. Current Research 7:99–100.

Gaines, J.C. 1954. Insect control––including pink

bollworm. In Proceedings, 15th American Cotton Congress, pp. 107–109. Cotton Research Committee of Texas.

––––––. [No date] Cotton insects. Texas Agricultural

Extension Service B–933.

Galbreath, R.A., C.C. Doane, T.W. Brooks, and J. Weatherston. 1982. Insect control through mating disruption with

pheromones. In R.A. Galbreath, ed., Insect Pheromones

and Their Application. Proceedings of a Workshop Held

at Mount Albert Research Centre, February 10–12, 1981,

Auckland, New Zealand, pp. 89–97.

Gandhale, D.N., A.R. Mali, A.S. Patil, and B.D. Patil.

1983. Comparative efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids

against bollworms on Savitri cotton. Madras Agricultural

Journal 70:272–273.

Gandhale, D.N., and L.M. Naik. 1976. Efficacy of certain

insecticides for the control of bollworms of unirrigated

cotton Y-1. Cotton Development 6(3):10–14.

Gandhale, D.N., L.M. Naik, and K.S. Darkar. 1975.

Comparative efficacy of insecticidal mixtures against

bollworms. Cotton Development 5(1):25–27.

Gao, Z.R., H.Y. Zhao, and Y.F. Jiang. 1992. A study on the

occurrence, damage and control of the pink bollworm in

Henan Province [in Chinese; summary in English]. Plant

Protection 18(4):29–30.

––––––. 1992. Studies on economic thresholds for pink

bollworm on cotton in Henan Province [in Chinese]. Acta

Phytotaxonomica Sinica 19:153–164.

Garber, R.K., and P.J. Cotty. 1997. Formation of Sclerotia

and aflatoxins in developing cotton bolls infected by the

S strain of Aspergillus flavus and potential for biocontrol

with an atoxigenic strain. Phytopathology 87:940–945.

Garcia, A.H., and A. Tijerina. 1978. Epocas y dosis de

aplicacion del nitrogeno y su efecto en la incidencia de

plagas en algodonero. [Times and levels of nitrogen

application and their effects on the incidence of cotton

pests especially Pectinophora gossypiella, Laguna

District, Mexico]. In Inf. Invest. Agric. Cent. Invest. Agric.

Nor., pp. 326–349. Matamoros de la Laguna, Mexico:

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agricolas.

Garcia, P.I. 1925. Ligeros apuntes de la biologia del

gusano rosado del algodon. Director Estudios Biologia,

Boletin 3.

Garcia Roa, F.A. 1994. Implementacion de programas de

manejo de gusanos rosados y picudo, plagas del algodonero. In Seminario Manejo de Plagas en el Cultivo del

Algodon, Roldanillo, Colombia, 30 Nov. 1994, pp. 57–

67. Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria, Roldanillo, Colombia.

Gardner, B.R., and J.L. Troutman. 1975. Use of soil

sterilants to defoliate and to terminate growth of irrigated

cotton. Agronomy Journal 67:95–97.

Gaston, L.K., R.S. Kaae, H.H. Shorey, and D. Sellers. 1977.

Controlling the pink bollworm by disrupting sex pheromone communication between adult moths. Science

196:904–905.

Gatoria, G.S., and M.S. Sandhu. 1977. Pink bollworm––

an enemy of cotton. Progressive Farming 13(12):21–22.

Geering, Q.A. 1950. Progress report on cotton in the

northern provinces (Nigeria). In Report of the Experiment

Station, Nigeria 1948–1949, pp. 126–131. London:

Empire Cotton Growing Corporation.

Geong, H.G. 2000. The pink bollworm campaign in the

South: Agricultural quarantines and the role of the public

in insect control, 1915–1930. Agricultural History

74:309–321.

George, B.W., and F.D. Wilson. 1980. Artificial infestations of pink bollworm for resistance screening of cotton

[abstract]. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, p. 97. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1981. Selecting cottons using artificial infestation of pink bollworm [abstract]. In J.M. Brown, ed.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, p. 63. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.
56

––––––. 1983. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

effects of natural infestation on upland and Pima cottons

untreated and treated with insecticide. Journal of Economic Entomology 76:1152–1155.

George, B.W., F.D. Wilson, and R.L. Wilson. 1983.

Methods of evaluating cotton for resistance to pink

bollworm, cotton leafperforator, and lygus bugs. Southern

Cooperative Service Bulletin 280:41–45.

Gergis, M.F., M.A. El-Hamaky, and F.K. El-Duweini.

1993. Spray as needed philosophy based on egg-sampling and larval age structure for improved management

of pink bollworm. In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 877–882.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Gergis, M.F., A.A. Hamid, S.A. Mostafa, and M.E. Foda.

2001. Biologically-based new approaches for management of cotton key pests in middle Egypt. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 876-882. National Cotton Council,

Memphis, TN.

Gergis, M.F., E.A. Moftah, M.A. Soliman, and A.A. Khidr.

1990. Temperature-dependent development and functional responses of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella.

Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science 21:119–128.

Gergis, M.F., and A.M. Younis. 1993. Cotton bollworms:

Male moth catches in pheromone traps and relationship

to oviposition and boll infestation in cotton fields in

Middle Egypt. In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1048–

1051. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Geyer, M.W., R.A. Sequeira, D.B. Paradice, G.C. Fowler, C.

Miller, and R.T. Staten.1994. Cotton pest management: A

knowledge-based system to handle information input

overload. AI Applications 8(2):1–20.

Ghani, M.A. 1976. Search in Pakistan for Parasites,

Predators and Pathogens of the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora Gossypiella and Their Introduction into Infested

Areas of the U.S.A.:June 1971–June 1976. Rawalpindi:

Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Pakistan

Station.

––––––. 1984. Studies on biology, phenology and field

behaviour of natural enemies of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Pakistan: June

1976–September 1983. Final Report. Rawalpindi:

Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control.

Ghattas, A. 1986. Seasonal variations in tolerance level of

spiny and pink bollworms to certain insecticides. Journal

of Agricultural Research (Minufiya University) 11:1099–

1106.

––––––. 1987. Bio-residual activity of chitin synthesis

inhibitor flufenoxuron and its combinations with

methomyl against some cotton pests. Journal of Agricultural Research (Minufiya University) 12:603–611.

Ghattas, A., G.E.S. Abo-Elghar, and A. El-Nabawi. 1987.

Efficiency of certain binary mixtures of chitin synthesis

inhibitor, teflubenzuron, and insecticides against cotton

leafworm and bollworms. Journal of Agricultural Research (Minufiya University) 12:594–601.

Ghavami, M.D., and A.F. Ozgur. 1992. Population

development of pests and their interaction with predatory

insects in cotton fields [in Turkish; summary in English].

In Proceedings, 2nd Turkish National Congress of

Entomology, pp. 227–238. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi

Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü.

––––––. 1996. Population changes of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in

Balcali and Haciali, Çukurova Region in Turkey [in

Turkish; summary in English]. In Proceedings, 3rd

Turkish National Congress of Entomology, July 24–28,

1996, Ankara, p. 470. Adana: Çukurova Üniversitesi

Ziraat Fakültesi Bitki Koruma Bölümü.

Ghesquière, A.I. 1921. Machines for treating cotton seed

against the pink boll-worm. International Review of

Scientific and Practical Agriculture 11:1473–1475.

Giannotti, O., S. Ferreira, and J. Olivati. 1981. Observacoes sobre a fluctuacao das populacoes da lagarta rosada

(Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders)) por meio do atraente

sexual hexalure, em quatro regioes do estado de Sao

Paulo: Efeito de alguns tratamentos insecticidas. [Studies

on the fluctuation of the pink bollworm (Platyedra

gossypiella (Saunders)) population by the use of

hexalure, in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: The effects of

some chemical treatments]. Biologico (Sao Paulo)

47:187–199.

Gill, B.S., and G.S. Simwat. 1993. Studies on square

formation and bollworm incidence in Gossypium arboreum cotton. Journal of Insect Science (India) 6:82–84.

Gillespie, J., N.D. Stone, and A.F. Kydonieus. 1985. Pink

bollworm management using a heat-unit based model and

controlled-release pheromone products. In N.A. Peppas

and R.J. Haluska, eds, Proceedings, 12th International

Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials, Geneva. Lincolnshire, Illinois: Controlled Release

Society.

Gillespie, J.M., T.J. Henneberry, A. Zvirgzdins, and W.N.

Starner, Jr. 1982. Pink bollworm: Mating disruption with

gossyplure. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 215–218.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.
57

Gillespie, J.M., T.F. Watson, T.J. Henneberry, and L.A.

Bariola. 1979. A comparison of 1978 insect populations

on stub and planted cotton in Central Arizona. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 99–103. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Girault, A.A. 1917. A chalcid parasite of the pink boll

worm (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Insecutor Inscitiae

Menstruus 5(1/3):5–6.

––––––. 1926. New Pests From Australia. II. Brisbane.

Privately printed.

Giret, M. 1994. Rearing method technical sheet: Rearing

Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) on artificial nutrient medium [in French;

summary in English]. Agriculture et Developpement

(France) 4:31–32.

Giret, M., and R. Couilloud. 1986. Substitution of agaragar by a carraghenate based gel to make nutrient

mediums for the rearing of Lepidoptera larvae [in French;

summary in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 41:131–

133.

Glick, P.A. 1939. The distribution of insects, spiders, and

mites in the air. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical

Bulletin No. 673.

––––––. 1955. Pink bollworm moth collections in

airplane traps. Journal of Economic Entomology 48:767.

––––––. 1957. Collecting insects by airplane in Southern

Texas. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin

No. 1158.

––––––. 1961. Light traps for detection. In Seminar on

Response of Insects to Induced Light. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS 20–10.

––––––. 1965. Review of collections of lepidoptera by

airplane. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 19:129–

137.

––––––. 1967. Aerial dispersal of the pink bollworm in

the United States and Mexico. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Product

Research Report No. 96.

Glick, P.A., and H.M. Graham. 1961. Early-season

collections of three cotton insects by argon-glow lamp

and black light traps. Journal of Economic Entomology

54:1253–1254.

––––––. 1965. Seasonal light trap collections of lepidopterous cotton insects in South Texas. Journal of

Economic Entomology 58:880–882.

Glick, P.A., H.M. Graham, and C.H. Billingsley. 1964.

Evaluation of a blower attachment for light traps. Journal

of Economic Entomology 57:169–170.

Glick, P.A., and J.P. Hollingsworth. 1954. Response of the

pink bollworm moth to certain ultraviolet and visible

radiation. Journal of Economic Entomology 47:81–86.

––––––. 1955. Response of moths of the pink bollworm

and other cotton insects to certain ultraviolet and visible

radiation. Journal of Economic Entomology 48:173–177.

Glick, P.A., J.P. Hollingsworth, and W.J. Eitel. 1956.

Further studies of the attraction of the pink bollworm

moth to ultraviolet and visible radiation. Journal of

Economic Entomology 49:158–161.

Glick, P.A., and L.W. Noble. 1961. Airborne movement of

the pink bollworm and other arthropods. U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Technical

Bulletin No. 1255.

Glover, P. M., and K.C. Chatterjee. 1936. A preliminary

note on the bionomics and economic importance of

Microbracon habetor Say, a braconid new to North India.

Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science Section B

3:195–211.

Godoy Avila, S., A. Palomo Gil, and J.L. Garcia Hernandez. 1998. Evaluation of transgenic cotton varieties

(Gossypium hirsutum L.) that are resistant to pinkworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella S.). II. Fiber quality [in

Spanish; summary in English]. Agricultura Tecnica en

Mexico 24:61–66.

––––––. 2000. Evaluacion de variedades transgenicas de

algodonero (Gossypium hirsutum L.) resistentes a gusano

rosado (Pectinophora gossypiella S.), 1: Rendimiento.

[Evaluation of transgenic cotton varieties (Gossypium

hirsutum L.) resistant to pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella S.), 1: Yield.]. Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria, Produccion Vegetal (Espana) 96:157-164. [in

Spanish; summary in English]

Golding, F.D. 1945. The occurrence of Platyedra (i.e.

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) in Nigeria. Empire

Cotton Growing Review 22(1):1–2.

Golub, M., J. Weatherston, and M.H. Benn. 1983. Measurement of release rates of gossyplure from controlled

release formulations by mini-airflow method. Journal of

Chemical Ecology 9:323–333.

Gomaa, E.A., M.B. Ashour, G.M. Moawad, and H.K.M.

Bekheit. 1994. Effectiveness of some synthetic pyrethroid

insecticides on cotton bollworms. Annals of Agricultural

Science (Cairo) Special Issue:1045–1057.
58

Gomaa, E.A., I.E. Salem, A.A. El-Sheakh, W.M.H.

Desouky, and S.A. Raslan. 1995. Enzyme activities

fluctuation in pink bollworm larvae poisoned with some

pyrethroid insecticides. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Zagazig University) 22:1137–1144.

Gomez, C.A. 1926. The pink bollworm of cotton in

Montserrat. Tropical Agriculture (Trinidad) 3(22):23.

Gong, X.W., and G.L. Meng. 1984. Preliminary observation on the bionomics of pupation in the first generation

of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese].

Entomological Knowledge 21:208–210.

Gong, X.W., G.L. Meng, D. He, P.Z. Zhao, T.R. Jiang, and

T.B. Huang. 1984. Biology of the braconid wasp, Bracon

nigrorufum (Cushman) and its use in cotton fields [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Natural Enemies of Insects

6:57–61.

Gong, X.W., G.L. Meng, D.R. Jiang, T.B. Huang, H. Dao,

and P.Z. Zhao. 1998. Relationships between Bracon

nigrorufum (Cushman) and its hosts [in Chinese].

Entomological Knowledge 35:94–97.

Gonzales B, J. 1985. Phytosanitary technical assistance

program: The pink bollworm of India: New pest of

Peruvian cotton [in Spanish]. Algodon Peru 5(10):4–5.

Gonzales, J.E.E. 1988. El gusano rosado del algodonero

Pectinophora gossypiella a nivel mundial y su estatus

actual en el Peru. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 30:1–

8.

Gonzales, R. 1990. Comparison of pest control cost in

Mexican Valley and Imperial Valley. In Proceedings of the

International Cotton Pest Work Committee, pp. 131–138.

Sacramento: California Department of Food and Agriculture.

Gonzalez Bachini, J.E. 1991. The Peruvian integrated

cotton pest management program: Its contribution to the

preservation of agricultural ecosystems. In Growing

Cotton in a Safe Environment: Technical Seminar,

Committee on Cotton Production Research, 50th Plenary

Meeting of the International Cotton Advisory Committee,

Antalya, Turkey, pp. 36–39. Washington, D.C.: International Cotton Advisory Committee.

Gonzalez-Garcia, J., J.E. Magana-Magana, and E. Barron

del Val. 2001. Analysis of the Bollgard cotton in Chihuahua Mexico. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, p. 426. National

Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

Gopala, S.V.C., and N.H.P. Rao. 2000. Carryover mechanism of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Andhra Pradesh. Madras Agricultural Journal

87:601-604.

Gordh, G. 1976. Goniozus gallicola Fouts, a parasite of

moth larvae, with notes on other bethylids. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Technical Bulletin No. 1524.

Gordh, G. 1984. Goniozus pakmanus (Hymenoptera:

Bethylidae), a new species imported into California for

the biological control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Entomological

News 95:207–211.

––––––. 1998. A new species of Sierola parasitic on moth

larvae in Western Australia (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae).

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society

33:83–88.

––––––. 1988. Biological control and bionomics of pink

bollworm: A review of parasitic Hymenoptera. In Pink

Bollworm in California: 1966–1986. [Unpublished

manuscript]

Gordh, G., and H.E. Evans. 1976. A new species of

Goniozus imported into California for the biological

control of pink bollworm and some notes on the taxonomic status of Parasierola and Goniozus (Hymenoptera:

Bethylidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of

Washington 78:479–489.

Gordh, G., and R.A. Medved. 1986. Biological notes on

Goniozus pakmanus Gordh (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), a

parasite of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of the

Kansas Entomological Society 59:723–734.

Gordh, G., J.B. Woolley, and R.A. Medved. 1983. Biological studies on Goniozus legneri Gordh (Hymenoptera:

Bethylidae) a primary external parasite of the navel

orangeworm Amelois transitella and pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae,

Gelechiidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 20:433–468.

Gorshkov, G.N. 1927. The pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.)) in Asia Minor [in Russian]. Khlopkovoe Delo 6:859–866.

Gouge, D.H., L.L. Lee, A. Bartlett, and T.J. Henneberry.

1998. Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Susceptibility of F–1 larvae from irradiated parents

to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabitida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Economic

Entomology 91:869–874.

Gouge, D.H., L.L. Lee, and T.J. Henneberry. 1999. Effect

of temperature and lepidopteran host species on entomopathogenic nematode (Nematoda: Steinemematidae,

Heterorhabditidae) infection. Environmental Entomology

28:876–883.
59

––––––. 1999. Parasitism of diapausing pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

larvae by entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda:

Steinemematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Crop Protection

18:531–537.

Gouge, D.H., L.L. Lee, J.R. Van Berkum, T.J. Henneberry,

K.A. Smith, C. Payne, and D. Ortega. 1997. Control of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with biocontrol and biorational agents. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1066–1072.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Gouge, D.H., L.L. Reaves, M.M. Stoltman, J.R. Van

Berkum, R.A. Burke, L.J. Forlow-Jech, and T.J. Henneberry. 1996. Control of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae

in Arizona and Texas cotton fields using the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobravis (Cabanillas, Poinar, and Raulston) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1078–1082. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Gouge, D.H., K.A. Smith, L.L. Lee, and T.J. Henneberry.

1998. Control of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

and gossyplure in cotton. Recent Research Developments

in Entomology 2:55-85.

––––––. 2000. Effect of soil depth and moisture on the

vertical distribution. Journal of Nematology 32:223–228.

Gouge, D.H., K.A. Smith, C. Payne, L.L. Lee, J.R. Van

Berkum, D. Ortege, and T.J. Henneberry. 1997. Control of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders),

with biocontrol and biorational agents. In Cotton Report,

pp. 350–366. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–108, Tucson.

Gough, L.H. 1914. A parasite of the pink bollworm

[Pimpla roborator Fabr.]. Agricultural Journal of Egypt

3:103.

––––––. 1914. Entomological notes. Agricultural Journal

of Egypt 3:103–104.

––––––. 1914. Problems relating to the new pest of

Egyptian cotton, the pink bollworm, Gelechia gossypiella (Saunders) [in French]. Bulletin Union Agriculture,

Egypt (Cairo) 12(107):196–197.

––––––. 1916. Note on a machine to kill Gelechia larvae

by hot air, and the effects of heat on Gelechia larvae and

cotton seedsand on cotton seed. Ministry of Agriculture,

Egypt, Technical Science Service Bulletin 6 (Entomology Section).

––––––. 1916. The life history of Gelechia gossypiella

from the time of the cotton harvest to the time of cotton

sowing. Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical

Sciences Service Bulletin 4 (Entomology Section).

––––––. 1916. The nature of the damage done by the

pink bollworm, Gelechia gossypiella (Saund.). Ministry

of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service Bulletin

2.

––––––. 1916. Problems connected with the new Egyptian cotton pest, Gelechia gossypiella (Saund.), the pink

bollworm. In Transactions, 3rd International Congress

Tropical Agriculture, London, pp. 385–398. London: J.

Bale, Sons & Danielsson.

––––––. 1917. On the rate of increase of Gelechia

gossypiella larvae in green bolls during 1916. Bulletin of

the Entomological Society of Egypt 4:113–115.

––––––. 1917. Preliminary notes on the infestation of

Hibiscus esculentus pods by the pink bollworm. Bulletin

of the Entomological Society of Egypt 4:79–82.

––––––. 1917. The rate of increase of the pink bollworm

in green bolls in period July to November 1916. Ministry

of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service Bulletin

13.

––––––. 1919. On the effects produced by the attacks of

the pink bollworm on the yield of cotton seed and lint in

Egypt. Bulletin of Entomological Research 9:279–324.

––––––. 1920. The pink bollworm in Egypt. In Ministry

of Agriculture, Egypt, Bulletin 106, pp. 472–532.

––––––. 1922. On the dispersion of the pink bollworm in

Egypt. Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science

Service Bulletin 24.

Gough, L.H., and G. Storey. 1914. Methods for the

destruction of pink bollworm in cotton seed. Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, No. 3.

Gould, F., and B. Tabashnik. 1998. Bt-cotton resistance

management. In M. Mellon and J. Rissler, eds., Now or

Never: Serious New Plans to Save a Natural Pest Control,

pp. 67–105. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Union of

Concerned Scientists.

Govila, O.P., and D. Mohan. 1978. Bollworm damage and

seed maturity in some Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivars.

Seed Research 6:58–61.

Govila, O.P., and H.C. Sharma. 1984. Protecting Gossypium barbadense cotton from pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella Saund. Indian Journal of Entomology

46:493.
60

Gowen, A. 1948. Dry chemical gas delinting (of cottonseed) promises aid in the battle against pink bollworm.

Southwest Crop Stock 2(2):12.

Graham, H.M. 1970. A method of shipping large numbers

of pink bollworm adults. Journal of Economic Entomology 63:2007–2008.

––––––. 1972. Cold tolerance of diapausing larvae of the

pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

65:1503–1504.

––––––. 1973. Hourly response of laboratory-reared and

native male pink bollworms to traps baited with hexalure.

Environmental Entomology 2:965.

––––––. 1978. Sterile pink bollworm: Field releases for

population suppression. Journal of Economic Entomology 71:233–235.

––––––. 1980. Introduction. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink

Bollworm Control in the Western United States, pp. 3–4.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education

Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

––––––. 1980. Pink bollworm: Biology, seasonal history,

dispersal, and damage. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink Bollworm Control in the Western United States, pp. 5–8. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Science and Education

Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

––––––. 1980. Sex pheromones of the pink bollworm as

tools for survey and control. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink

Bollworm Control in the Western United States, pp. 67–

70. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

Graham, H.M., J.M. Blackburn, and V.L. Stedronsky.

1965. Survival of pink bollworms in roller-ginned cotton

lint. Journal of Economic Entomology 61:1186–1187.

Graham, H.M., and W.W. Cantelo. 1973. Populations of

the pink bollworm on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Journal of Economic Entomology 66:266–268.

Graham, H.M., L.C. Fife, and D.E. Bryan. 1965. Dynamics

of caged pink bollworm populations in Texas and

Oklahoma. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 58:658–663.

Graham, H.M., L.C. Fife, O.T. Robertson, and P.L. Adkisson. 1962. Pink bollworm population dynamics. In D.F.

Martin and R.D. Lewis, eds., A Summary of Recent

Research Basic to the Cultural Control of the Pink

Bollworm, pp. 5–10. Texas Agricultural Experiment

Station, Miscellanous Publication 579.

Graham, H.M., P.A. Glick, and J.P. Hollingsworth. 1961.

Effective range of argon glow lamp survey traps for

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) adults. Journal of

Economic Entomology 54:788–789.

Graham, H.M., P.A. Glick, and D.F. Martin. 1964. Nocturnal activity of adults of six lepidopterous pests of cotton

as indicated by light trap collections. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 57:328–332.

Graham, H.M., P.A. Glick, and M.T. Ouye. 1967. Temperature effect on reproduction and longevity of laboratoryreared adult pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Annals of the Entomological Society of America

60:1211–1213.

Graham, H.M., P.A. Glick, M.T. Ouye, and D.F. Martin.

1965. Mating frequency of female pink bollworms

collected from light traps. Annals of the Entomological

Society of America 58:595–596.

Graham, H.M., and C.L. Mangum. 1971. Larval diets

containing dyes for tagging pink bollworm moths

internally. Journal of Economic Entomology 64:376–

379.

Graham, H.M., J.M. McGough, and M. Jacobson. 1966.

Influence of solvents on effectiveness of sex lure for pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 59:761–

763.

Graham, H.M., and D.F. Martin. 1963. Use of cyanide in

pink bollworm sex-lure traps. Journal of Economic

Entomology 56:901–902.

Graham, H.M., D.F. Martin, M.T. Ouye, and R.M. Hardman. 1966. Control of pink bollworms by male annihilation. Journal of Economic Entomology 59:950–953.

Graham, H.M., M.T. Ouye, R.D. Garcia, and H.H. de la

Rosa. 1972. Dosages of gamma irradiation for full and

inherited sterility in adult pink bollworms. Journal of

Economic Entomology 65:645–650.

Graham, H.M., O.T. Robertson, P.L. Adkisson, and L.H.

Wilkes. 1961. Further tests of the effectiveness of cotton

stalk shredders for controlling the pink bollworm. Journal

of Economic Entomology 54:1057–1058.

Graham, H.M., O.T. Robertson, and D.F. Martin. 1964.

Radiographic detection of pink bollworm larvae in

cottonseed. Journal of Economic Entomology 57:419–

420.

Graham, H.M., O.T. Robertson, and V.L. Stedronsky. 1967.

A method of evaluating cotton gins for pink bollworm

kill. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–33–121.
61

Graham, H.M., and B.C. Stephenson. 1966. Infestation of

pink bollworms in okra. Journal of Economic Entomology 59:756.

Grant, M., and R. Farnum. 1986. A guide to cotton

cultivation in Barbados. Barbados Graeme Hall.

Graves, G.N., and T.F. Watson. 1970. Effect of Bacillus

thuringiensis on the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 63:1828–1830.

Greathead, D.J. 1971. A review of biological control in

the Ethiopian Region. Commonwealth Institute of

Biological Control No. 5.

––––––. 1994. Biological control. In G.A. Matthews and

J.P. Tunstall, eds., Insect Pests of Cotton, pp. 463–475.

Wallingford, England: CAB International.

Green, E.C. 1918. A lagarta rosada dos capulhos no

Brazil. Seu historico, disseminacao prejuizos, parasitas e

modo de combatela. Boletim Ministerio da Agricultura,

Industria e Commercio (Rio de Janeiro) 7:101–114.

Green, E.E. 1909. Entomological Notes. Tropical Agriculture (Ceylon) 33:34–35.

Green, N., M. Jacobson, and J.C. Keller. 1969. Hexalure

an insect sex attractant discovered by empirical screening. Experientia 25:682–683.

Green, N., J.D. Warthen, and C.L. Mangum. 1971. Analysis of hexalure as related to its attractancy to pink

bollworm moths. Journal of Economic Entomology

64:1381–1384.

Green, R.F., G. Gordh, and B.A. Hawkins. 1982. Precise

sex ratios in highly inbred parasitic wasps. American

Naturalist 120:653–665.

Greenplate, J., W. Mullins, S. Penn, and K. Embry. 2001.

Cry1AC levels in candidate commercial Bollgard

varieties as influenced by environment, variety, and plant

age: 1999 gene equivalency field studies. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 790–793. National Cotton Council,

Memphis, TN.

Grubb, T.C. 1973. Odor-following and anemotaxis.

Science 180:1302.

Guan, L.M. 1984. An efficient and economic way of

killing pink bollworms in commercial cotton. In Proceedings, 3rd International Working Conference StoredProduct Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, pp. 583–593.

Guenther, K. 1925. Investigations on insects injurious to

agriculture in Brazil [in German]. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 11:400–414.

Guercio, G. del. 1918. The pink bollworm of cotton

(Gelechia gossypiella (Saund.)) and its endophagous

enemies [in Italian]. Agricultura Coloniale 12:298–311.

Guerra, A.A. 1968. New techniques to bioassay the sex

attractant of pink bollworm with olfactometers. Journal of

Economic Entomology 61:1252–1254.

––––––. 1969. Catches of male pink bollworms in several

modifications of the Frick trap baited with sex attractant.

Journal of Economic Entomology 62:1514–1515.

Guerra, A.A., R.D. Garcia, and M.P. Leal. 1969. Suppression of populations of pink bollworms in field cages with

traps baited with sex attractant. Journal of Economic

Entomology 62:741–742.

Guerra, A.A., and M.T. Ouye. 1967. Catches of male pink

bollworms in traps baited with sex attractant. Journal of

Economic Entomology 60:1046–1048.

––––––. 1968. Hatch, larval development, and adult

longevity of four lepidopterous species after thermal

treatment of eggs. Journal of Economic Entomology

61:14–16.

Guirguis, M.W., A.A. El-Feshawi, W.M. Watson, and M.A.

Nassef. 1991. Occurrence and seasonal abundance of the

pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)

infesting cotton. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 69:63–72.

––––––. 1992. Studies on the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). IV. Control by burying the

infested cotton bolls. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 70:519–525.

Guirguis, M.W., M.W. Watson, and F.A. Khalil. 1976–

1977. Efficiency of various insecticides in controlling the

three cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.), Earias insulana (Boid.) and (Heliothis armigera

Hbn.), in Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt, Economic Series 10:145–152.

Gupta, D.S., and A.D. Khurana. 1971. Seasonal activity

and chemical control of pink bollworm. FAO Plant

Protection Bulletin 19:131–135.

Gupta, G.P. 1990. Chemical control of bollworms synchronised with flowering in cotton. Journal of Entomological Research 14:146–149.

Gupta, G.P., and R.A. Agarwal. 1983. Monitoring of adult

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, with gossyplure. Indian Journal of Entomology 45:506–511.

––––––. 1983. Potential of synthetic pyrethroids to

control bollworm complex in cotton. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 52:1051–1054.
62

––––––. 1985. Effect of insecticides for the control of

bollworms in relation to phenological characters in

cotton. Pesticides 19(10):58–60.

Gupta, G.P., N.P. Agnihotri, and R.A. Agarwal. 1984.

Efficacy and residues of synthetic pyrethroids in cotton.

Journal of Entomological Research 8:73–77.

Gupta, G.P., N.P. Agnihotri, and K.N. Katiyar. 1991.

Judicious use of synthetic pyrethroids in a spray schedule

for management of bollworms (Earias species and

Pectinophora gossypiella). Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 61:610–612.

Gupta, G.P., N.P. Agnihotri, K.N. Katiyar, and H.K. Jain.

1990. Bioefficacy and persistence of synthetic pyrethroids in cotton. Pesticide Research Journal 2:115–122.

Gupta, G.P., and K.N. Katiyar. 1985. Bioefficacy and

economics of synthetic pyrethroids for the control of

cotton bollworms. Indian Journal of Entomology

47:381–387.

––––––. 1987. Evaluation of new synthetic pyrethroids

and formulations against bollworm complex in cotton.

Pesticides 21(4):20–22.

––––––. 1988. Effect of insecticidal application against

bollworms and their response to whitefly in cotton.

Pesticides 22(4):33–35.

––––––. 1991. Bioefficacy of tank-mix insecticides for

control of bollworm complex (Earias spp. and Pectinophora gossypiella) and impact on whitefly (Bemisia

tabaci) in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 61:531–534.

Gupta, G.P., K.N. Katiyar, and R.A. Agarwal. 1987.

Efficacy of newer insecticides against bollworms in

cotton. Pesticides 21(6):39–42.

Gupta, G.P., K.N. Katiyar, and K. Sharma. 1999. Neem in

the management strategies of insect pest of cotton. In R.P.

Singh and R.C. Saxena, eds., Azadirachta indica, pp.

177–189. Enfield, New Hampshire: Science Publishers.

Gupta, G.P., K.N. Katiyar, and A.K. Vashisht. 1990.

Behaviour of male pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) toward gossyplure and its relationship with larval

population and weather condition. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 60:411–416.

Gupta, G.P., P. Kishore, and A.K. Vashisht. 1990. Monitoring of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) males through pheromone traps and weather

parameters affecting population build-up. Journal of

Entomological Research 14:21–29.

Gupta, G.P., and R. Lal. 1998. Utilization of newer

insecticides and neem in cotton pest management system.

Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 6:155–160.

Gupta, G.P., and K. Sharma. 1996. Utilization of biopesticides in managing the cotton pest complex in India. In P.

Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1135–1140. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1997. Management of bollworms for sustainable

agroecosystem in cotton. In G.S. Dhaliwal, N.S. Randhawa, R. Arora, and A.K. Dhawan, eds., Ecological Agriculture and Sustainable Development, pp. 267–273. Chandigarh, India: Indian Ecological Society.

Gupta, M.P., D.P. Gupta, and K.K. Shrivastava. 1996.

Population dynamics of cotton bollworms in Madhya

Pradesh. Annals of Entomology (Dehra Dun) 14:61–66.

Gupta, M.P., and S.K. Shrivastava. 1998. Integration of

insecticides and sex pheromones for management of

major insect pests of cotton (Gossypium species) in

Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

68:261–263.

Gutierrez, A.P. 1979. Management of cotton pests. Bull.

Organisation Europeenne Mediterraneenne Protection

Plantes 9:265–272.

Gutierrez, A.P., G.D. Butler, Jr., and C.K. Ellis. 1981. Pink

bollworm: Diapause induction and termination in

relation to fluctuating temperatures and decreasing

photophases. Environmental Entomology 10:936–942.

Gutierrez, A.P., G.D. Butler, Jr., Y. Wang, and D. Westphal.

1977. The interaction of pink bollworm [Lepidoptera:

Gelichiidae], cotton, weather: A detailed model. Canadian Entomologist 109:1457–1468.

Gutierrez, A.P., D.W. DeMichele, Y. Wang, G.L. Curry, R.

Skeith, and L.G. Brown. 1980. The systems approach to

research and decision making for cotton pest control. In

C.B. Huffaker, ed., New Technology of Pest Control, pp.

155–186. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Gutierrez, A.P., M.A. Pizzamiglio, W.J. Dos-Santos, A.

Villacorta, and K.D. Gallagher. 1986. Analysis of diapause induction and termination In Pectinophora

gossypiella in Brazil. Environmental Entomology

15:494–500.

Gutierrez, A.P., and L.T. Wilson. 1989. Development and

use of pest models. In R.E. Frisbie, K.M. El-Zik, and L.T.

Wilson, eds., Integrated Pest Management Systems and

Cotton Production, pp. 65–83. New York: John Wiley &

Sons.
63

H

Habib, R., and A.I. Mohyuddin. 1981. Possibilities of

biocontrol of some pests of cotton in Pakistan. Biologica

27:107–113.

Habu, A. 1960. A revision of the Chalcididae (Hymenoptera) of Japan, with descriptions of sixteen new

species. Buletin of the National Institute of Agricultural

Sciences. Series C (Japan) 11:131–363.

Hadiyani, S., Subiyakto, Tukimin, and D. Winarno. 1998.

Role of chemical substances on cotton insect control [in

Indonesian]. In S.M. Hasnam and A. Sastrosupadi, eds.,

Proceeding, National Cotton Discussion, pp. 195–203.

Balai Penelitian Tembakau Dan Tanaman Serat, Malang,

Indonesia.

Hafez, M., A.M. Afify, and D.S. Daoud. 1969. On the

population dynamics of the cotton bollworms in the

U.A.R. UAR Plant Protection Department Technical

Bulletin 11:1–74.

Hagler, J.R. 1998. Variation in the efficacy of several

predator gut content immunoassays. Biological Control

12:25–32.

Hagler, J.R., S.L. Buchmann, and D.A. Hagler. 1995. A

simple method to quantify dot blots for predator gut

content analyses. Journal of Entomological Science

30:95–98.

Hagler, J.R., and S.E. Naranjo. 1992. Use of serological

techniques for identifying predators of major cotton

pests. In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, p. 92. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Hagler, J.R., and S.E. Naranjo. 1994. Determining the

frequency of heteropteran predation on sweetpotato

whitefly and pink bollworm using multiple ELISAs.

Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 72:63–70.

––––––. 1994. A qualitative survey of two coleopteran

predators of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

and Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

using a multiple prey gut content ELISA. Environmental

Entomology 23:193–197.

––––––. 1996. Using gut content immunoassays to

evaluate predaceous biological control agents: A case

study. In W. Symondson and J. Liddell, eds., The Ecology

of Agricultural Pests: Biochemical Approaches, pp. 383–

399. London: Chapman Hall.

––––––. 1997. Measuring the sensitivity of an indirect

predator gut content ELISA: Detectability of prey

remains in relation to predator species, temperature, time

and meal size. Biological Control 9:112–119.

Hagler, J.R., S.E. Naranjo, D. Bradley-Dunlop, F.J.

Enriquez, and T.J. Henneberry. 1994. A monoclonal

antibody to pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

egg antigen––a tool for predator gut analysis. Annals of

the Entomological Society of America 87:85–90.

Hagler, J.R., S.E. Naranjo, M.L. Erickson, S.A. Machtley,

and S.F. Wright. 1997. Immunological examinations of

species variability in predator gut content assays: Effects

of predator:prey protein ratio on immunoassay sensitivity. Biological Control 9:120–128.

Hagler, J.R., S.E. Naranjo, S. Machtley, C. Durand, P.J.

Figuli, and T.J. Henneberry. 1993. Identifying key

predators of sweetpotato whitefly and pink bollworm

using pest-specific monoclonal antibodies. In D.J. Herber

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 283–285. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Halimie, M.A., C.S. Ahmad, Q.A. Khan, and M.S. Khan.

1993. Control of cotton pest complex with some new

organophosphates. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Pakistan) 31:215–219.

Hall, D.R., D.J. Chamberlain, A. Cork, K. Desouza, L.J.

McVeigh, Z. Ahmad, K. Krishnaiah, N.J. Brown, E.

Casagrande, and O.T. Jones. 1994. The use of pheromones

for mating disruption of cotton bollworms and rice

stemborer in developing countries. In Proceedings,

British Crop Protection Conference: Pests and Diseases,

pp. 1231–1238. Farnham, England: British Crop Protection Council.

Hall, D.R., B.F. Nesbitt, G.J. Marrs, A.S.J. Green, D.G.

Campion, and B.R. Critchley. 1982. Development of

microencapsulated pheromone formulations. In B.A.

Leonhardt and B. Morton, eds., Insect Pheromone

Technology: Chemistry and Applications, ASC Symposium Series 190, pp. 130–143. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society.

Hall, R.D. 1993. Winning the battle against pink bollworm. Cotton Grower 29(2):62.

Hambleton, E.J., and H.F.G. Sauer. 1938. Observaçôes

sobre as prágas da cultura algodoeira no nordeste e norte

do Brasil. Arquivo de Instituto Biologia (Sao Paulo)

9:319–330.

Hamed-Amin, A.A., A.L. Socar, and M.E. Foda. 1999.

Predicting the seasonal activity of bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana using statistical

models in Beheira Governorate. Zagazig Journal of

Agricultural Research (Egypt) 26:1429-1439.

Hamid, A.M., A.M. Al-Beltagy, and M.A. El-Hamaky.

1994. Influence of certain weather conditions on the
64

bollworms at El-Mansoura district. Journal of Agricultural

Science (Mansoura University) 19:815–822.

Hamid, Z.H.A., G.B. El-Saadany, R.S.M. El-Fateh, and

M.A. Romeilah. 1999. Effect of transplanting and

planting dates of cotton and the infestation levels of pink

and spiny bollworms. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 77:611–630.

Hancock, G.L.R. 1927. Notes on species of Platyedra

occurring in Uganda. In Proceedings, S. & E. African

Agricultural Conference, pp. 228–233.

Hancock, H.A. 1939. The cottons of Egypt. Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, Bulletin 235.

––––––. 1944. The pink bollworm situation in Egypt.

Acco Press 22(1):11.

Hanumanna, M. 1979. Efficacy of different Trichogramma

parasites in the parasitisation of cotton bollworms, with

special reference to Earias vittella Fabricius. Haryana

Agriccultural University, Thesis Abstracts 5:37–40.

Hanumanna, M., T.S. Thontadarya, and K.J. Rao. 1984. A

note on the acceptance of the eggs of cotton bollworms

by different Trichogramma parasitoids. Current Research

(University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore) 13:4–6,

37.

Haque, M.M., and T.V. Vankatraman. 1970. Effect of

insecticidal applications on the oviposition response of

pink bollworm moths. Indian Journal of Entomology

32:172–173.

Harding, R. 1924. Cotton in Australia. London: Longmans Green and Co.

Hargreaves, H. 1934. Report of the Government Entomologist for 1934. In Uganda Department of Agriculture

Report, pp. 62–72.

Harland, S.C. 1924. Ratoon cotton. Tropical Agriculture

1:101–102.

––––––. 1929. A suggested method for the control of

certain bollworms in cotton. Empire Cotton Growing

Review 6:333–334.

––––––. 1936. Some notes on cotton in Columbia.

Tropical Agriculture 13:2.

Harned, R.W. 1952. Bibliography of the pink bollworm.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau Entomology and

Plant Quarantee. Unpublished manuscript.

Harned, R.W., and J. Towers. 1952. The pink bollworm

fight. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Information.

Hashmi, A.A., and M. Arshad. 1987. Chronological

progression of semes in lepidopterous larvae. Pakistan

Journal of Zoology 19:153–165.

Hassan, A.G., M.H. Hassanein, and A.A.M. Kamel. 1963.

The effect of newer chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides

on the bollworms. Bulletin of the Entomological Society

of Egypt 46:31–43.

Hassan, S.M., A.S. Saad, and M.H. Mansour. 1974–1975.

Effect of certain insecticides on some cotton pests and on

cotton plants. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt, Economic Series 8:221–226.

Hassanein, M.H., and A. Galal. 1970. Studies on the

diapause of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt

53:69–78.

Hassanein, M.H., A.H. El-Sebae, F.M. Khalil, and A.A. ElNaby. 1971. The effectiveness of certain insecticides on

the boll worms in upper Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 5:135–143.

Hassanein, M.H., M. Hafez, and G.A.M. Rizk. 1970.

Effectiveness of certain organic insecticides on the

population density of boll worms in upper Egypt (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt,

Economic Series 4:227–236.

––––––. 1970. The susceptibility of certain cotton

varieties to bollworms infestation. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt 53:261–269.

Hassanein, M.H., M.M. Zaki, and A.A.M. Kamel. 1968.

Effect of eight insecticides and certain weather factors on

the population density of the cotton bollworms. Bulletin

of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

2:161–180.

––––––. 1968. Toxicological studies on the effect of

certain insecticides on cotton bollworms. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 2:33–

47.

Haverty, M.I., and G.W. Ware. 1970. Circadian sensitivity

and dosage-rate response to X-irradiation in the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 63:1296–

1300.

Hayat, M., and G. Viggiani. 1984. A preliminary catalog

of the Oriental Trichogrammatidae. Bollettino del

Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri,

Portici 41:23–52.

Hayes, D.K. 1987. Action spectra for prevention or

termination of diapause in three species of Lepidoptera.

Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 227(a):239–

247.
65

Hayes, D.K., B.M. Cawley, W.N. Sullivan, V.E. Adler,

and M.S. Schechter. 1974. The effect of added light pulses

on overwintering and diapause, under natural light and

temperature conditions, of four species of Lepidoptera.

Environmental Entomology 3:863–865.

Haynes, J.W. 1981. Effects of soil temperatures and

chilling on flight and mortality of sterile boll weevils.

Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 16:254–

257.

Haynes, K.F., and T.C. Baker. 1985. Sublethal effects of

permethrin on the chemical communication system of the

pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella. Archives

of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 2:283–293.

––––––. 1988. Potential for evolution of resistance to

pheromones: Worldwide and local variation in chemical

communication system of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella. Journal of Chemical Ecology 14:1547–

1560.

Haynes, K.F., L.K. Gaston, M.M. Pope, and T.C. Baker.

1984. Potential for evolution of resistance to pheromones: Interindividual and interpopulational variation in

chemical communication system of pink bollworm moth.

Journal of Chemical Ecology 10:1551–1565.

Haynes, K.F., W.G. Li, and T.C. Baker. 1986. Control of

pink bollworm moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with

insecticides and pheromones: Lethal and sublethal

effects. Journal of Economic Entomology 79:1466–1471.

Haynes, K.F., T.A. Miller, R.T. Staten, W.G. Li, and T.C.

Baker. 1986. Monitoring insecticide resistance with

insect pheromones. Experientia 42:1293–1295.

––––––. 1987. Pheromone trap for monitoring insecticide

resistance in the pink bollworm moth (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae): New tool for resistance management.

Environmental Entomology 16:84–89.

Hayward, K.J. 1940. La “lagarta rosada” del algodnero

(Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) [The pink bollworm of cotton]. Revista de Industria e Agricultura,

Tucumán [Argentina] 30:183–189.

Hedin, P.A., I. Kubo, and J.A. Klocke. 1983. Isolation of

phytoecdysones as insect ecdysis inhibitors and feeding

deterrents. In P.A. Hedin, ed., Plant Resistance to Insects.

Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the 183rd Meeting

of the American Chemical Society, Las Vegas, Nevada, pp.

329–346. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society.

Hegazy, G. 1992. Ultrastructural properties of the integument and fat body during diapause of the pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Mededelingen Van de

Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit

Gent 57(3a):649–657.

Heilman, M.D., L.N. Namken, J.W. Norman, and M.J.

Lukefahr. 1979. Evaluation of an integrated short season

management production system for cotton. Journal of

Economic Entomology 72:896–900.

Heinrich, C. 1918. On the taxonomic value of some larvae

characters in the lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 18:154–164.

––––––. 1921. Some lepidoptera likely to be confused

with the pink bollworm. Journal of Agricultural Research

20:807–836.

Heitholt, J.J., and W.R. Meredith. 1996. Yield, flowering,

and leaf area index of okra-leaf and normal-leaf cotton

isolines. Crop Science 38:643–648.

Hekal, A.M. 1986. Percentage of parasitism and sex ratio

in different parasites of the diapausing larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Annals of Agricultural

Science (Moshtohor) 24:2213–2221.

––––––. 1987. Certain biological aspects of Bracon

brevicornis Wesm., a larval ectoparasite of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Journal of Agricultural Research

(Tanta University) 13:433–444.

––––––. 1987. Certain biological aspects of Bracon

brevicornis Wesm. as affected by the absence of diapausing larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals of

Agricultural Science (Cairo) 32:759–765.

––––––. 1990. Biology and habits of Dibrachys-sp

(Pteromalidae: Hymenoptera) a larval ectoparasite on

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Annals of Agricultural

Science (Cairo) 35:1041–1048.

––––––. 1990. Biology and habits of Habrocytus-sp

(Pteromalidae: Hymenoptera) a larval ectoparasite on

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Annals of Agricultural

Science (Cairo) 35:1033–1040.

––––––. 1990. Effect of temperature on the biological

aspects of Parasierola sp a larval ectoparasite of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Bethylidae: Hymenoptera).

Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 35:1049–1056.

Hekal, A.M., A.A. Salem, and M.W.F. Younes. 1987. Effect

of different temperatures on certain biological aspects of

Bracon brevicornis Wesm. Annals of Agricultural Science

(Ain Shams University) 32:743–757.

Hendricks, D.E. 1971. Oil-soluble blue dye in larval diet

marks adults, eggs, and first-stage F1 larvae of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 64:1404–

1406.

Hendricks, D.E., H.M. Graham, R.J. Guerra, and C.T.

Perez. 1973. Comparison of the numbers of tobacco

budworms and bollworms caught in sex pheromone traps
66

vs. blacklight traps in Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas.

Environmental Entomology 2:911–914.

Hendricks, D.E., M.P. Leal, S.H. Robinson, and N.S.

Hernandez. 1971. Oil-soluble black dye in larval diet

marks adults and eggs of tobacco budworm and pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 64:1399–

1401.

Henneberry, T.J. 1976. Progress in pink bollworm research. In Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton ProductionMechanization Conference, pp. 16–17. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1979. Pink bollworm: Current situation and

future prospects. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization Conference, pp.

44–46. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1979. Selected examples of dispersal of arthropods associated with agricultural crop and animal

production. In C.R. Vaughn, W. Wolf, and W. Klassen,

eds., Radar, Insect Population Ecology, and Pest Management, pp. 23–33. Wallops Island, Virginia: Wallops Flight

Center, National Aeronautic and Space Administration.

––––––. 1980. Potential of sterile moth releases for pink

bollworm management. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink

Bollworm Control in the Western United States, pp. 52–

56. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

––––––. 1986. Pink bollworm management in cotton in

the southwestern United States. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–51.

––––––. 1987. The effect of short-season cotton systems

on pest insect populations. In J.M. Brown and T.C.

Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Conference, pp. 87–90. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

––––––. 1989. The pink bollworm as a factor in cotton

production in the southwestern United States. In New

Developments on Pest Control and Its Impact on Yield

and Fiber Quality, pp. 3–11. International Cotton

Advisory Committee. Washington, D.C.: International

Cotton Advisory Committee.

––––––. 1993. Effects of gamma-radiation and low

temperature on pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) mating activity. The Southwestern Entomologist

18:183–195.

––––––. 1994. Pink bollworm sterile moth releases:

Suppression of established infestations and exclusion

from noninfested areas. In C.O. Calkins, W. Klassen, and

P. Liedo, eds., Fruit Flies and the Sterile Insect Techniques, pp. 181–207. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.

Henneberry, T.J., L.A. Bariola, C.C. Chu, B. Deeter, and

T. Meng. 1990. Plant growth regulators in pink bollworm

management systems. In J.M. Brown and D.A. Richter,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 187–189. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Henneberry, T.J., L.A. Bariola, C.C. Chu, T. Meng, Jr., and

B. Deeter. 1990. Early season cotton square removal with

ethephon and initiation of pink bollworm infestations. In

Cotton Report, pp. 146–148. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–81, Tucson.

Henneberry, T.J., L.A. Bariola, C.C. Chu, T. Meng, B.

Deeter, and L. Forlow Jech. 1992. Early-season ethephon

applications: Effect on cotton fruiting and initiation of

pink bollworm infestations and cotton yields. The

Southwestern Entomologist 17:135–147.

Henneberry, T.J., L.A. Bariola, H.M. Flint, P.D. Lingren,

J.M. Gillespie, and A.F. Kydonieus. 1981. Pink bollworm

and tobacco budworm mating disruption studies on

cotton. In E.R. Mitchell, ed., Management of Insect Pests

with Semiochemicals: Concepts and Practice, pp. 267–

283. New York: Plenum Press.

Henneberry, T.J., L.A. Bariola, K.E. Fry, and D.L. Kittock.

1977. Pink bollworm infestations and relationships to

cotton yield in Arizona. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, ARS W–49.

Henneberry, T.J., L.A. Bariola, and D.L. Kittock. 1980.

Integrating methods for control of the pink bollworm and

other cotton insects in the southwestern United States.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education

Administration, Technical Bulletin No. 1610.

––––––. 1980. Pink bollworm control: Potential of cotton

crop management to selectively limit host availability. In

H.M. Graham, ed., Pink Bollworm Control in the Western

United States, pp. 9–23 U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Science and Education Administration, Agricultural

Reviews and Manuals ARM–W–16.

––––––. 1982. Selective removal of immature cotton

bolls in late season to reduce populations of diapausing

pink bollworm. Protection Ecology 4:159–165.

Henneberry, T.J., L.A. Bariola, and T. Russel. 1978. Pink

bollworm: Chemical control in Arizona and relationship

to infestations, lint yield, seed damage, and aflatoxin in

cottonseed. Journal of Economic Entomology 71:440-

442.

Henneberry, T.J., and C.A. Beasley. 1984. Current status

of gossyplure in pink bollworm management programs. In

J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 202–204. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.
67

––––––. 1985. Relationships of pink bollworm male moth

catches to flower and boll infestations. In J.M. Brown and

T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 136–138. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1986. Beneficial arthropod species in southwestern desert cotton fields. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 196–198. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Henneberry, T.J., C.A. Beasley, and G.D. Butler, Jr. 1984.

Report of studies with gossyplure for pink bollworm

control. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Production Research Conferences, pp. 185–186. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Henneberry, T.J., C.C. Chu, and L. Forlow Jech. 1991.

Pink bollworm population development in short and

long-staple cottons in Arizona. In D.J. Herber and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 708–710. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1991. Pink bollworm in ‘Deltapine 90’ and

‘Pima S–6’ cottons in Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 146–

149. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–

87, Tucson.

––––––. 1994. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Larval infestations, cotton seed damage and

relationships to cotton lint quantity and quality. Trends

in Agricultural Science (Entomology) 2: 167–172.

Henneberry, T.J., and T.E. Clayton. 1979. Pink bollworm:

Movement and distribution of diapause and nondiapause

larvae in soil and moth emergence after pupal burial.

Environmental Entomology 8:782–785.

––––––. 1980. Pink bollworm: Mating, reproduction, and

longevity of laboratory reared and native strains. Annals

of the Entomological Society of America 73:382–385.

––––––. 1981. Effects on reproduction of gamma irradiated laboratory-reared pink bollworms and their F1 progeny after matings with untreated laboratory reared or

native insects. Journal of Economic Entomology 74:19–

23.

––––––. 1982. High soil temperatures and pink bollworm: Effects on larval mortality, pupation, and reproduction of adults from surviving larvae. Environmental

Entomology 11:742–745.

––––––. 1982. Pink bollworm on cotton (Pectinophora

gossypiella): Male moth catches in gossyplure-baited

traps and relationships to oviposition, boll infestation,

and moth emergence. Crop Protection 1:497–504.

––––––. 1982. Pink bollworm: Seasonal oviposition, egg

predation, and square and boll infestations in relation to

cotton plant development. Environmental Entomology

11:663–666.

––––––. 1983. Pink bollworm: Comparative mating

frequencies of laboratory-reared and native moths. Annals

of the Entomological Society of America 76:925–928.

––––––. 1983. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Effects of soil moisture on behavior of diapausing

larvae and adult emergence from bolls. Environmental

Entomology 12:1490–1495.

––––––. 1985. Consumption of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and tobacco budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs by some predators commonly

found in cotton fields. Environmental Entomology

14:416–419.

––––––. 1986. Pink bollworm: Prepupal and pupal

development and adult emergence patterns as affected by

soil temperature and moisture. The Southwestern Entomologist 11:101–106.

––––––. 1988. Effects of gamma radiation on pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) pupae: Adult

emergence, reproduction, mating, and longevity of

emerged adults and their F1 progeny. Journal of Economic Entomology 81:322–326.

––––––. 1988. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Oviposition, larval infestations, and moth emergence of a laboratory-reared strain under field conditions.

Journal of Economic Entomology 81:808–811.

––––––. 1989. Oviposition patterns, percent egg hatch,

and larval mortality of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) on cotton plants. Journal of Economic

Entomology 82:931–934.

––––––. 1990. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Laboratory studies on the effect of cotton plant

material on mating and oviposition of laboratory-reared

and feral moths. Journal of Economic Entomology

83:1837–1840.

Henneberry, T.J., T.E. Clayton, and D.F. Keaveny. 1980.

Effects of gamma radiation on mating, reproduction, and

longevity of laboratory-reared pink bollworms and their

F1 progeny crossed with moths of a laboratory-reared or

native St. Croix strain. The Southwestern Entomologist

5:250–256.

Henneberry, T.J., H.M. Flint, and L.A. Bariola. 1977.

Temperature effects on mating, sperm transfer, oviposition, and egg viability of pink bollworm. Environmental

Entomology 6:513–517.
68

Henneberry, T.J., and L. Forlow Jech. 1999. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Diapause larval exit

from cotton bolls, larval and pupal development and

mortality, and spring moth emergence in the insectary

and in the field. The Southwestern Entomologist 24:281–

300.

––––––. 2000. Seasonal pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders), infestations of transgenic and

non-transgenic cottons. The Southwestern Entomologist

25:273–286.

Henneberry, T.J., L. Forlow Jech, and R.A. Burke. 1996.

Pink bollworm adult and larval susceptibility to steinernematid nematodes and nematode persistence in the

soil in laboratory and field tests in Arizona. The Southwestern Entomologist 21:357–368.

––––––. 1997. Steinernematid nematode infections of

pink bollworm larvae in field tests. In Cotton Report, pp.

367–370. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series

P–108, Tucson.

––––––. 1998. Effects of entomopathogenic nematodes

on pink bollworm mortality. In Cotton Report, pp. 305–

307. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–

112, Tucson.

Henneberry, T.J., L. Forlow Jech, R.A. Burke, and J.E.

Lindegren. 1996. Temperature effects on infection and

mortality of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) larvae by two entomopathogenic nematode

species. Environmental Entomology 25:179–183.

Henneberry, T.J., L. Forlow Jech, and T. de la Torre. 2000.

Artificial pink bollworm egg infestations and larval

survival in NuCOTN33b and deltapine cotton cultivars in

Arizona. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1333–1335. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 2001. Effects of transgenic cotton on mortality

and development of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) larvae. The Southwestern Entomologist 26:

115-128.

––––––. 2001. Larval mortality of pink bollworm and

other lepidopterous pests on NuCOTN33b and Deltapine

5415 cottons. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 866–869.

National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

––––––. 2001. Mortality and development effects of

transgenic cotton on pink bollworm larvae. In Cotton

Report, pp. 251–256. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–125, Tucson.

Henneberry, T.J., L. Forlow Jech, T. de la Torre, S. Faulconer, and J.J. Hill. 2000. Pink bollworm egg infestations

and larval survival in NuCOTN33b and deltapine cottons

in Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 281–289. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–121, Tucson.

Henneberry, T.J., K.E. Fry, L.A. Bariola, and D.L. Kittock.

1978. Effect of pink bollworm on cottonseed damage,

aflatoxin content and lint yield. In J. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences,

pp. 219–220. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Henneberry, T.J., J.M. Gillespie, L.A. Bariola, H.M. Flint,

G. D. Butler, Jr., P.D. Lingren, and A.F. Kydonieus. 1982.

Mating disruption as a method of suppressing pink

bollworm [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae] and tobacco

budworm [Lepidoptera: Noctuidae] populations on

cotton. In A.F. Kydonieus and M. Beroza, eds., Insect

Population Suppression With Controlled Release

Pheromone Systems, pp. 75–98. Boca Raton, Florida:

CRC Press.

Henneberry, T.J., J.M. Gillespie, L.A. Bariola, H.M. Flint,

P.D. Lingren, and A.F. Kydonieus. 1981. Gossyplure in

laminated plastic formulations for mating disruption and

pink bollworm control. Journal of Economic Entomology

74:376–381.

Henneberry, T.J., W.G. Hart, L.A. Bariola, D.L. Kittock,

H.F. Arle, M.R. Davis, and S.J. Ingle. 1979. Parameters of

cotton cultivation from infrared aerial photography.

Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing

45:1129–1133.

Henneberry, T.J., and D.F. Keaveny. 1984. Comparative

study of reproductive activity in three strains of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera], on St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands:

Untreated and irradiated laboratory-reared females, and

untreated native males and females. Protection Ecology

6:145–152.

––––––. 1985. Suppression of pink bollworm by sterile

moth release. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, ARS–32.

Henneberry, T.J., D.L. Kittock, and L.A. Bariola. 1982.

Pink bollworms: Effect of cotton planting date on early

season infestation. The Southwestern Entomologist 7:65–

69.

Henneberry, T.J., D.L. Kittock, L.A. Bariola, and B.A.

Kimball. 1979. Application of a computer model to

simulate effects chemical termination of late-season

cotton fruiting on diapause pink bollworm populations.

The Southwestern Entomologist 4:231–234.

Henneberry, T.J., and M.P. Leal. 1979. Pink bollworm:

Effects of temperature, photoperiod and light intensity,
69

moth age, and mating frequency on oviposition and egg

viability. Journal of Economic Entomology 72:489–492.

Henneberry, T.J., J.E. Lindegren, L. Forlow Jech, and

R.A. Burke. 1995. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), cabbage looper, and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae) pupal susceptibility to steinernematid

nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Journal of

Economic Entomology 88:835–839.

––––––. 1995. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Effect of steinernematid nematodes on larval

mortality. The Southwestern Entomologist 20:25–32.

Henneberry, T.J., and S.E. Naranjo. 1998. Integrated

management approaches for pink bollworm in the

southwestern United States. Integrated Pest Management

Reviews 3:31–52.

Henneberry, T.J., and J.R. Phillips. 1996. Suppression and

management of cotton insect populations on an areawide

basis. In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds.,

Cotton Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp. 601–623. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton

Foundation Publisher.

Henrard, P. 1937. Les insectes parasites due catonnier

dans la Region Lesala [in French]. Bulletin de Agricultura, Congo Belge 28:609–624.

Henson, R.D. 1977. Environmental fate of gossyplure.

Environmental Entomology 6:821–822.

Hentz, M., P. Ellsworth, and S. Naranjo. 1997. Biology

and morphology of Chelonus sp. nr. curvimaculatus

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) as a parasitoid of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Annals of

the Entomological Society of America 90:631–639.

Hentz, M.G., P.C. Ellsworth, S.E. Naranjo, and T.F.

Watson. 1998. Development, longevity, and fecundity of

Chelonus sp. nr. curvimaculatus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-larval parasitoid of pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Environmental Entomology

27:443–449.

Hentz, M.G., S.E. Naranjo, P.C. Ellsworth, and J. Martin.

1994. Biology, rearing and potential of Chelonus, an egglarval parasitoid of pink bollworm. In D.J. Herber and

D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1244–1245. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Heong, K.L., B.S. Lee, T.M. Lim, C.H. Teoh, Y. Ibrahim,

and S.A. Ba-Angood. 1982. Control of cotton bollworms

in People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen. In K.L.

Heong, B.S. Lee, T.M. Lim, C.H. Teoh, and Y. Ibrahim,

eds., Proceedings, International Conference on Plant

Protection in the Tropics, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.

581–588. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Malaysian Plant

Protection Society.

Hernandez-Jasso, A., L. Guerra-Sobrevilla, J.G. JimenezAragon, and J. Rodriguez. 1975. Evaluacion del material

genetico tolerante a las principales plagas del algodonero

en la Comarca Lagunera. [Evaluation of genetic material

tolerant to the main cotton pests in Laguna District.]. Inf.

Invest. Agric. Invest. Agrio. Noreste. 1:121–132.

Herrero, S., J. Gonzalez-Cabrera, B.E. Tabashnik, and J.

Ferre. 2001. Shared binding sites in lepidoptera for

Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ja and Cry1A toxins. Applied

and Environmental Microbiology 67:5729-5734.

Hertig, B. 1975. Section A. Host or prey/enemy, vol. 6.

Lepidoptera, Part I (Microlepidoptera). In A Catalogue of

Parasites and Predators of Terrestrial Arthropods. Slough,

England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.

Hewady, M.A.A., A. Abdel-Hafez, M.A.A. Omar, S.H.

Taher, and N.M. Hussein. 1993. Efficiency of pyriproxyfen juvenoid on pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Journal of Agricultural Research (Al-Azhar

University) 17:177–186.

Hewady, M.A.A., L.S. El-Sherif, and A.M. Omar. 1994.

Evaluation of four plant oils against newly hatched larvae

of the cotton bollworms; Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae). Annals of Agricultural Science (Moshtohor)

32:2097–2104.

Hickling, R., P. Lee, D. Velea, T.J. Dennehy, and A.I. Patin.

2000. Acoustic system for rapidly detecting and monitoring pink bollworm in cotton bolls. In P. Dugger and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 984–987. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Hickling, R., P. Lee, W. Wei, M.W. Geyer, D. Pierce, R.

Staten, and T.J. Henneberry. 1994. Multiple acoustic

sensor system for detecting pink bollworm in bolls. In

D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1134–1136. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Hill, A., and D.P.A. Sands. 1982. The Broome connection:

Parasitoids of pink bollworm in north Western Australia.

Entomological Society of Queensland News Bulletin

9:108–110.

Hill, G.F. 1924. Insects affecting cotton in Australia. In

Proceedings, Pan Pacific Science Congress, 1923, pp.

406–408.

Hinds, W.E. 1926. Informe sobre la producción de

algodon en el Valle de Canete. [Cotton production and
70

insect control problems in Canete Valle, Peru]. La Vida

Agricultura 3:389–394, 483–485.

Hinduja, C.P., S.K. Banerjee, and S.S. Duhoon. 1984.

Mortality of diapausing pink bollworm larvae in cotton

stacks. Indian Journal of Entomology 46:393–394.

––––––. 1988. Mortality of diapausing pink bollworm

larvae in cotton stacks. Bulletin of Entomology 29:219–

220.

Hirano, M., H. Takeda, and H. Satoh. 1993. A simple

method for monitoring pyrethroid susceptibility in field

colonies of Earias insulana and Pectinophora gossypiella. Journal of Pesticide Science 18:239–243.

Hofer, D., and M. Angst. 1995. Control of pink bollworm

in cotton with Sirene, a novel sprayable attract & kill

formulation. In D.A. Richter and J. Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 949–952.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Hofer, D., and J. Brassel. 1992. ‘Attract and kill’ to control

Cydia pomonella and Pectinophora gossypiella. Bulletin

OILB/SROP 15(5):36–39.

Hoffman, J.D., C.M. Ignoffo, and W.A. Dickerson. 1975. In

vitro rearing of the endoparasitic wasp, Trichogramma

pretiosum. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 68:335–336.

Hoffman, M., and R.T. Huber. 1977. The pink bollworm

trap: Pheromone dispensers and monitor trap analysis

[abstract]. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science

(Suppl.) 12:32–33.

Holdaway, F.G. 1926. The pink bollworm of Queensland.

Bulletin of Entomological Research 17:67–83.

––––––. 1929. Confirmatory evidence of the validity of

the species Pectinophora scutigera Holdaway (Queensland pink bollworm), from a study of the genitalia.

Bulletin of Entomological Research 20:179–185.

––––––. 1929. The pink bollworm situation in Australia.

In K. Jordan and W. Horn, eds., Transactions, 4th International Congress Entomology, Ithaca, NY, 1928, pp. 73-80.

Naumburg, Germany: G. Pätz.

Hollingsworth, J.P. 1961. Relation of wave-length to

insect response. In U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, ARS 20–10, pp. 9–25.

Hollingsworth, J.P., C.P. Briggs III, P.A. Glick, and H.M.

Graham. 1961. Some factors influencing light trap

collections. Journal of Economic Entomology 54:305–

308.

Horowitz, A.R., I. Ishaaya, and G. Forer. 1992. Insecticide

resistance management strategy in cotton fields in Israel.

Resistant Pest Management 4(1):26–27.

Hosny, M.M. 1980. The control of cotton pests in Egypt.

Outlook on Agriculture 10:204–205.

––––––. 1988. The role of pheromones in the management of pink bollworm infestation in Egyptian cotton

fields. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 21:67–

83.

Hosny, M.M., and A.G. Metwally. 1967. A new approach

to the problem of pink bollworm control in U.A.R. U.A.R.

Ministry of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1:37–54.

––––––. 1974. Stored cotton sticks as a source of pink

bollworm infestation [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 58:153–161.

Hosny, M.M., G. Saadany, R. Iss-Hak, E.A. Nasr, G.

Moawad, M. Naguib, A.A. Khidr, S.H. Elnagar, D.G.

Campion, B.R. Critchley, K. Jones, D.J. McKinlay, L.J.

McVeigh, and C.P. Topper. 1983. Techniques for the

control of cotton pests in Egypt to reduce the reliance on

chemical pesticides. In 10th International Congress of

Plant Protection, Proceedings of a Conference, Brighton,

England, November 20–25, 1983. Plant Protection for

Human Welfare, p. 270. Croydon, England: British Crop

Protection Council.

Howell, D.R., J. Palumbo, A. Tellez, and H. Hernandez.

1997. Demonstration to manage pink bollworm with BT

cottons, Yuma Valley Ag Center 1996. In Cotton Report,

pp. 343–349. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–108, Tucson.

Hoyt, A.S. 1952. The pink bollworm situation––a

beltwide menace. In Proceedings, 6th Cotton Insect

Control Conference, pp. 37–39. Memphis, Tennesse:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1953. Pink bollworm; it’s fast becoming cotton

enemy No. 1. Farm Chemicals 116(5):28–29.

Huang, C.B., W.G. Li, and W.J. Fu. 1992. The release rate

and component ratio of sex pheromone in pink bollworm

of different seasonal generations [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica 35:279–284.

Huber, R.T. 1981. Heat unit research. In Cotton Report, p.

85. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–53,

Tucson.

––––––. 1985. Relative susceptibility of Pima S–5 and

Pima S–6 bolls to pink bollworm larval infestation. In

Cotton Report, pp. 177–178. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–63, Tucson.

Huber, R.T., J.D. Busacca, M.P. Hoffman, and D.G.

Manley. 1977. Pink bollworm pheromone research. In

Cotton Report, pp. 43–44. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–40, Tucson.
71

Huber, R.T., and M.P. Hoffman. 1979. Development and

evaluation of an oil trap for use in pink bollworm

pheromone mass trapping and monitoring programs.

Journal of Economic Entomology 72:695–697.

Huber, R.T., D.L. Larson, J.D. Busacca, M.P. Hoffman, and

D.G. Manley. 1977. Pink bollworm prediction research. In

Cotton Report, pp. 45–46. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–40, Tucson.

Huber, R.T., D.L. Larson, M.C. Powell, J.G. Lancaster, M.P.

Hoffman, and D.G. Manley. 1976. Pink bollworm pheromone and prediction research. In Cotton Report, pp. 41–

42. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–37,

Tucson.

Huber, R.T., L. Moore, and M.P. Hoffman. 1979. Feasibility study of area-wide pheromone trapping of male pink

bollworm moths in a cotton insect pest management

program. Journal of Economic Entomology 72:222–227.

Hughes, F. 1916. Fumigation of cotton seed by gaseous

hydrocyanic acid. Agricultural Journal Egypt 5:64.

Hughes, S.E., and R.T. Staten. 1994. Kill of pink bollworms with large diameter fans. In D.J. Herber and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 1721–1723. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1995. Pink bollworm mortality using largediameter gin-trash fans. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 11:281–284.

Hummel, H.E. 1984. The tandem gas chromatographybehavior bioassay (t-GLC-BB) method for quantitative

analysis of insect pheromone mixtures at the low nanogram level. In Proceedings, 17th International Congress

Entomology, Hamburg, Germany, p. 457. Hamburg:

International Congress of Entomology.

Hummel, H.E., L.K. Gaston, H.H. Shorey, R.S. Kaae, and

K.J. Byrne. 1973. Clarification of the chemical status of

the pink bollworm sex pheromone. Science 181:873–875.

Hunter, R.C. 1964. Estudios sobre la occurrencia de

diapausa larval del Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

en el Valle de Cauca. [Studies on the occurrence of larval

diapause in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) in the Cauca Valley, Columbia]. Agricultura

Tropical 20:605–611.

Hunter, R.C., and H. Benitez. 1964. La efectividad de

algunos insecticidas en el control de los gusanos belloteros. [Effectivity of some insecticides on the control of

cotton pests Sacadodes pyralis, Heliothis sp, Pectinophora gossypiella, Laphygma frugiperda and Prodenia sp.].

Técnico Instituto Fomento Algodonero [Columbia],

Boletin 1.

Hunter, W.D. 1914. The pink bollworm. U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology Circular.

––––––. 1918. The pink bollworm problem in the United

States. Quarterly Bulletin of the State Plant Board Florida

2:139–158.

––––––. 1918. The pink bollworm with special reference

to the steps taken by the Department of Agriculture to

prevent its establishment in the United States. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 723.

––––––. 1919. The fight against the pink bollworm in the

United States. In U.S. Department of Agriculture Yearbook, No. 817, pp. 355–368.

––––––. 1919. The work in the United States against the

pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

12:166–175.

––––––. 1926. The pink bollworm with special reference

to the steps taken by the Department of Agriculture to

prevent its establishment in the United States. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 1397.

Husain, M.A. 1924. Annual report of the entomologist to

the government of Punjab Lyallpur, for the years 1922–

1923. Punjab Department of Agriculture Report 1:177–

204.

––––––. 1925. Annual report of the entomologist to the

government of Punjab Lyallpur, for the year ending June

30, 1924. Punjab Department of Agriculture Report 1:55–

90.

––––––. 1930. Annual report of the entomologist to the

government of Punjab. Punjab Department of Agriculture

Report 2:141–142.

––––––. 1931. Annual report to the entomologist for the

year ending 30th June 1930. Lahore: Punjab Department

of Agriculture.

––––––. 1934. Studies on Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders), the pink bollworm of cotton, in the Punjab. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 4:261–289.

Husain, M.A., M. Afzal, M.H. Khan, and R. Ganda. 1934.

Studies on Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders), the pink

bollworm of cotton, in the Punjab. III. Phototropic

response of P. gossypiella. Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 4:261–289.

Husain, M.A., and S.S. Bindra. 1931. Studies on Platyedra gossypiella in the Punjab. II. Sources of infestation.

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 1:204–285.

Husain, M.A., and M.H. Khan. 1940. Studies on Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.) in the Punjab. Part IV Relative
72

incidence on exotic and indigenous varieties of cotton.

Indian Journal of Entomology 2:45–57.

Husain, M.A., M.H. Khan, and N. Ahmad. 1935. Ecological studies of pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella

(Saund.)). Current Science 3:304–305.

Hussain, N.M. 1992. Biochemical effect of flufenoxuron

on pink bollworm larvae, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund). Journal of Agricultural Research (Al-Azhar

University) 16:193–201.

Hussien, E.M., K.A. Shazli, S.K. Sawaf, and H. Zaazou.

1962. Some ecological aspects of the life-history of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. IV. The effect

of temperature, humidity, cooling and population density

on the adult longevity and fecundity. Journal of Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 10:79–93.

Hussien, E.M.K., A. Shazli, S.K. Sawaf, and H. Zaazou.

1961. Some ecological aspects of the life-history of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). I. The

effect of temperature and humidity on the egg stage. II.

The effect of temperature and humidity on the larval and

pupal stages. Journal of Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 9:177–201.

Hussein, M.H. 1978. Haematological studies on some

lepidopterous larvae. In Proceedings, 4th Conference of

Pest Control, September 30–October 3, 1978, pp. 357–

365. Cairo: Ain Shams University Press.

Hussein, N.M., H.M.A. El-Hamaky, A.F. Refaei, and M.A.

Hegazy. 1990. Joint action of certain insecticides,

Bacillus thuringiensis and their mixtures on the pink

bollworm infestation in cotton plantation of Egypt.

Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 55(2a):307–312.

Hussein, N.M., M.A.A. Hewady, S.H. Taher, and A. AbdelHafez. 1993. Biological and biochemical effects of

pyriproxyfen juvenoid on the pink bollworm larvae,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Journal of Agricultural Research (Al-Azhar University) 17:221–233.

Hussein, N.M., M.I. Mohamed, and R.A. Enan. 1993.

Effect of pyriproxyfen juvenoid on the esterases, cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities in larvae of

Earias insulana (Boisd) and Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 38:755–

760.

Hutchins, R.W. 1955. Mississippi waging fight against

pink invasion. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 56(24):9–10.

Hutchison, W.D. 1986. Rationale for sampling pink

bollworm eggs in cotton management programs. In

Cotton Report, pp. 200–202. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–63, Tucson.

––––––. 1988. Development and validation of a simulation model of pink bollworm population dynamics. In

Cotton Report, pp. 19–21. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–72, Tucson.

––––––. 1999. Review and analysis of damage functions

and monitoring systems for pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) in southwestern United States cotton. The

Southwestern Entomologist 24:340–362.

Hutchison, W.D., C.A. Beasley, and T.J. Henneberry. 1988.

Pink bollworm egg-larval survivorship in cotton treated

with insecticides. In Cotton Report, pp. 23–24. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–72, Tucson.

––––––. 1988. Pink bollworm egg-larval survivorship in

insecticide-treated cotton [abstract]. In J.M. Brown and

D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, p. 311. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Hutchison, W.D., C.A. Beasley, T.J. Henneberry, and J.M.

Martin. 1988. Sampling pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) eggs: Potential for improved timing and

reduced use of insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 81:673–678.

––––––. 1987. An assessment of pink bollworm egg

sampling as a new management tool: A 640–AC pilot test.

In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp.

274–276. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1987. A new egg sampling plan for pink bollworm reduced insecticide use by 35 percent. In Cotton

Report, pp. 148–150. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–69, Tucson.

––––––. 1991. Timing insecticide applications for pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) management:

Comparison of egg and larva treatment thresholds.

Journal of Economic Entomology 84:470–475.

Hutchison, W.D., G.D. Butler, Jr., and J.M. Martin. 1986.

Age-specific developmental times for pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Three age classes of eggs,

five larval instars, and pupae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 79:482–487.

Hutchison, W.D., T.J. Henneberry, and C.A. Beasley. 1986.

Rational and potential applications for monitoring pink

bollworm egg populations in cotton. In J.M. Brown and

T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 183–188. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1988. Efficacy of selected insecticides on pink

bollworm oviposition in cotton. In J.M. Brown and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production
73

Research Conferences, pp. 309–310. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Hutchison, W.D., T.J. Henneberry, J.M. Martin, and C.A.

Beasley. 1986. A presence/absence sampling plan for pink

bollworm eggs in cotton. In Cotton Report, pp. 202–205.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–63,

Tucson.

––––––. 1986. Pink bollworm treatment levels and

insecticide efficacy evaluation based on egg infestations.

In Cotton Report, pp. 206–209. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–63, Tucson.

Hutchison, W.D., M. Moratorio, and J.M. Martin. 1990.

Morphology and biology of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae

(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), imported from

Australia as a parasitoid of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) eggs. Annals of the Entomological Society

of America 83:46–54.

Hutchison, W.D., D. Stroschein, C. Beasley, J. Martin,

and T. Henneberry. 1988. Field evaluation of a presenceabsence, sequential sampling plan for pink bollworm

eggs. In Cotton Report, pp. 15–18. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–72, Tucson.

Hymenoptera Entomophaga. 1960. Liste d’identifiction

No 3. I. Parasites/Hotes. 1. Hymenoptera Entomophaga

5:339–353.
74

I

Ibrahim, S.A. 1997. Approaches for the integrated control

of some cotton pests (Minia region, Egypt). In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1106–1109. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Ibrahim, S.A., and A.M. Younis. 1990. Insecticidal

potency of certain synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates against the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana

(Boisd). Journal of Agricultural Research (Minia University) 12:2203–2214.

Ignoffo, C.M. 1962. The effects of temperature and

humidity on mortality of larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) injected with Bacillus thuringiensis

Berlinger. Journal of Insect Pathology 4:63–71.

––––––. 1962. The susceptibility of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) to intrahemocoelic injections of

Bacillus thuringiensis Berlinger. Journal of Insect

Pathology 4:34–40.

Ignoffo, C.M., and J.R. Adams. 1966. A cytoplasmic

polyhedrosis virus, Smithavirus pectinophora n. sp. of

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders),

Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae. Journal of Invertebrate

Pathology 8:59–66.

Ignoffo, C.M., and C. Garcia. 1965. Infection of the

cabbage looper, bollworm, tobacco budworm and pink

bollworm with spores of Mattesia grandis McLaughlin

collected from boll weevil. Journal of Invertebrate

Pathology 7:260–262.

Ignoffo, C.M., and H.M. Graham. 1967. Laboratory and

field cage tests with Bacillus thuringiensis against pink

bollworm larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

9:390–394.

Ignoffo, C.M., and B. Gregory. 1972. Effects of Bacillus

thuringiensis β -exotoxin on larval maturation, adult

longevity, fecundity, and egg viability in several species

of Lepidoptera. Environmental Entomology 1:269–272.

Ilango, K., and S. Uthamasamy. 1989. Influence of sowing

time on the incidence of bollworms and its influence on

bollrot complex of cotton. Madras Agricultural Journal

76:571–573.

––––––. 1989. Influence of spacings and fertilizer levels

on the incidence of bollworm-boll rot complex in three

varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Applied

Agricultural Research 4:173–178.

––––––. 1991. Management of bollworms and bollrot in

cotton with pesticides. Madras Agricultural Journal

78:124–127.

––––––. 1992. Effect of graded levels of fertilizer and

methods of application on bollworms-bollrot complex in

cotton. Madras Agricultural Journal 79:51–54.

Ingram, W.R. 1980. Studies of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, on Sea Island cotton in

Barbados. Tropical Pest Management 26:118–137.

––––––. 1981. Pests of West Indian Sea Island Cotton.

London: Centre for Overseas Pest Research.

––––––. 1994. Pectinophora (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

In G.A. Matthews and J.P. Tunstall, eds., Insect Pests of

Cotton, pp. 107–149. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.

Insect attacks reported or observed. 1926. In Barbados

Department of Agriculture Reports, 1925–1926.

International Bulletin of Plant Protection. 1930. Discoveries and current events. The Bulletin 4(4):49–53.

Iosifova, Y.A., and T. Ermatov. 1963. Rozovyi korobochnyi chervi’––zleishii vreditel’ khlopchatnika. [The pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) the worst pest of

cotton]. Kolkhozsovkhoz Proizv Tadzhikistana 4:39–40.

[Translated from Refzh Biol.1964, 1:181, 1965]

Irwin, M.E., R.E. Gill, and D. Gonzalez. 1974. Field-cage

studies of native egg predators of the pink bollworm in

Southern California cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 67:193–196.

Irwin, M.E., R. Jiminez, and C. Tinoco. 1972. Predator

and parasite studies toward the biological control of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Folia Entomologica Mexicana 23–24:77–78.

Isa, A.M., K.J. Fryxell, M.S. Salama, and A.A. Abu-ElMagd. 1998. Detection of the notch gene in Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of the

Egyptian German Society of Zoology 27(E):231–242.

––––––. 1998. The pink bollworm notch (potch) is

highly homologous with the Drosophila notch. Journal of

the Egyptian German Society of Zoology 27(E):243–254.

Ishihara, T., and A. Yamamoto. 1984. Novel synthesis of

alkynyl halides by a arionard coupling reaction with

alpha, omega-dibromo-i-alkynes: synthesis of (Z,Z) and

(Z,E)-7, 11-hexadecadienyl acetate: A sex pheromone of

pink bollworm. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry

48:211–213.

Isler, D.A. 1936. Engineering phases of pink bollworm

control. Agricultural Engineering 17:346–348.

Isler, D.A., and F.A. Fenton. 1931. Preliminary report on

controlling pink bollworm in Texas by winter cultural

methods. Journal of Economic Entomology 24:795–807.
75

Ittycheriah, P.I., and E.P. Marks. 1971. Performic acidresorcin fuschrin: A technique for the in situ demonstration of neurosecretory material in insects. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 64:762–765.

Ivy, E.E., J.R. Brazzel, A.L. Scales, and D.F. Martin. 1955.

Two new phosphate insecticides for cotton insect control.

Journal of Economic Entomology 48:293–295.

Iyer, P.P. 1979. A pheromone application system for

control of cotton pink bollworm. Dissertation Abstracts

International 40–02B:835.

Iyer, P.P., W.E. Yates, N.B. Akesson, and P.M. Horgan.

1980. Controlled release of gossyplure for use in control

of cotton pink bollworm. Transactions of the American

Society of Agricultural Engineers 23:840–848.
76

J

Jackson, C.G. 1980. Entomophagous insects attacking

Pectinophora gossypiella. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink

Bollworm Control in the Western United States, pp. 71–

75. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

Jackson, C.G., and G.D. Butler, Jr. 1984. Development

time of three species of Bracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in relation to temperature. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 77:539–542.

Jackson, C.G., J.S. Delph, and E.G. Neemann. 1978.

Development, longevity and fecundity of Chelonus

blackburni [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] as a parasite of

Pectinophora gossypiella. Entomophaga 23:35–42.

Jackson, C.G., E.G. Neemann, and R. Patana. 1979.

Parasitization of 6 lepidopteran cotton pests by Chelonus

blackburni (Hym.: Braconidae). Entomophaga 24:99–

105.

Jackson, C.G., and R. Patana. 1980. Effect of temperature

on the development and survival of the immature stages

of Bracon platynotae, a native parasite of Pectinophora

gossypiella [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]. The Southwestern Entomologist 5:65–68.

Jackson, R.C. 1943. The pink bollworm, (Pectinophora

gossypiella) situation in May, 1943. Acco Press 21(7):12.

Jacobson, M. 1969. Sex pheromone of the pink bollworm

moth: Biological masking by its geometrical isomer.

Science 163:190–191.

Jacobson, M., and W.A. Jones. 1974. Attraction of the

male pink bollworm moth under laboratory and field

conditions. Environmental Letters 6:397–401.

Jactel, H., and M. Vaissayre. 1988. Evaluation of the

optimum dose and of the remanence of pheromones in the

trapping of Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) and Pectinophora gossypiella

Saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) [in French; summary

in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 63:139–146.

Jadhav, M.D., and G.D. Jadhav. 1984. Bioefficacy and

economics in bollworm control in SRT–1 cotton. Pesticides 18(9):28–29, 31.

––––––. 1984. Economics in bollworm control with

pyrethroids in NHH–1 cotton. Pesticides 18(5):23–24.

Jaglan, R.S. 1986. Population build up of bollworms on

ratoon cotton. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 13:109–

110.

––––––. 1993. A note on shedding of fruiting bodies by

bollworms in Gossypium hirsutum cotton. Journal of

Cotton Research and Development 7:367–368.

Jaglan, R.S., R. Singh, and A.S. Nandal. 1985. Studies on

carryover of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) in cotton seed in Haryana. Indian Journal of

Plant Protection 13:57–59.

Jagtap, A.B., L.M. Naik, and B.G. Awate. 1976. Chemical

control of cotton jassids (Amrasca biguttata biguttata

Ishida.) and bollworms (Earias spp. and Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders)) on irrigated cotton in Maharashtra. Journal of the Maharashtra Agricultural University

1:248–253.

Jain, H.K., N.P. Agnihotri, and K.P. Srivastava. 1980.

Efficacy of fenvalerate against the bollworms and its

residues in cotton. Journal of Entomological Research

4:161–164.

Jamil, F.F., M.J. Qureshi, A. Haq, N. Bashir, and S.H.M.

Naqvi. 1988. Efficacy of the controlled release of 14C

carbofuran formulation for pest control in cotton. In

Pesticides: Food and Environmental Implications,

Proceedings, Symposium, November 24–27, 1987,

Neuherberg, pp. 169–175.

Jangra, S.S., and R.S. Jaglan. 1995. Efficacy of synthetic

pyrethroids alone and in combination with copperoxychloride for the control of bollworm pests of cotton.

Annals of Biology (Ludhiana) 11:232–235.

Jayaswal, A.P. 1971. Preliminary studies on the carry over

of population of pink bollworm in cotton seed in Haryana. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University)

1:83–85.

Jayaswal, A.P., and R.K. Saini. 1981. Effect of some

synthetic pyrethroids on pink bollworm incidence and

yield of cotton. Pesticides 15(1):33–35.

––––––. 1981. Sheep grazing as a method to reduce the

population of diapausing larvae of pink bollworm in

cotton. Cotton Development 11(1):18.

––––––. 1982. Cotton pest management in Haryana.

Indian Journal of Plant Protection 9:29–33.

––––––. 1982. Economic threshold for pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on cotton in

Haryana. Cotton Development 12(1/2):59–61.

Jayaswal, A.P., R.K. Saini, and M.S. Kairon. 1981.

Incidence of pink bollworm in some promising varieties

of upland cotton in Haryana. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 51:577–578.
77

Jayaswal, A.P., and A. Singh. 1973. Effect of fumigation

of cotton seed on mortality of hibernating pink boll worm

larvae and germination. Cotton Development 3(3):13–17.

Jech, L.E., and S.H. Husman. 1998. Correlation between

early season control of pink bollworm and other pests and

subsequent whitefly applications near Gila Bend, AZ,

1997. In Cotton Report, pp. 300–304. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–112, Tucson.

––––––. 1998. Voluntary area-wide whitefly monitoring

project implementation 1995–1997 Gila Bend, Arizona.

In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1084–1087. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Jefferson, R.N., L.L. Sower, and R.E. Rubin. 1971. The

female sex pheromone gland of the pink bollworms,

Pectinophora gossypiella [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae].

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 64:311–

312.

Jenkins, J.N. 1978. Assessment of pest management for

glandless cotton: Agronomic viewpoint. In Glandless

Cotton––Its Significance, Status and Prospects. Proceedings of a Conference, December 13–14, 1977, Dallas,

Texas, pp. 110–117. New Orleans: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (Southern Region).

––––––. 1989. State of the art in host plant resistance in

cotton. In M.B. Green and D.J. Lyon, eds., Pest Management in Cotton, pp. 53–69. Chichester, England: Ellis

Horwood.

Jenkins, J.N. 1993. Use of Bacillus thuringiensis genes to

transgenic cotton to control lepidopterous insects. In

American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 524,

pp. 267–280. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical

Society.

––––––. 1995. Host plant resistance to insects in cotton.

In G.A. Constable and N.W. Forrester, eds., Challenging

the Future: Proceedings of the World Cotton Research

Conference-1, pp. 359–372. Melbourne, Australia:

CSIRO.

Jenkins, J.N., and F.D. Wilson. 1996. Host plant resistance. In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds.,

Cotton Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp. 563–597. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton

Foundation Publisher.

Jenkins, J.W. 1995. Pink bollworm––season long pheromone control strategy. In D.A. Richter and J. Armour, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 946–947.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Jenkins, J.W., L. Antilla, and E. Miller. 1995. Mating

disruption of the pink bollworm with three commercial

formulations. In D.A. Richter and J. Armour, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 989–990.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Jenkins, J.W., and C.C. Doane. 1985. Experience with

behavior-modifying chemicals for insect control. In

Caribbean Food Crops Society Meeting. St. Croix, U.S.

Virgin Islands, October 21–26, 1984, pp. 154–157. St.

Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago: Caribbean Food Crops

Society.

Jennings, S.J. 1960. Arizona ginner has more to say about

pink bollworm. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 61(11):31–

33.

Jha, R.C. 1996. Effect of different levels of spray on the

pink bollworm incidence and seed-cotton yield. Indian

Journal of Entomology 58:285–288.

Jha, R.C., and R.S. Bisen. 1994. Effect of climatic factors

on the seasonal incidence of the pink bollworm on cotton

crop. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 2(2):12–14.

––––––. 1995. Effect of planting schedule of cotton on

the incidence of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 3(1):81–

83.

––––––. 1995. Seasonal incidence of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton. Annals of Plant

Protection Sciences 3(2):110–112.

Jha, R.C., R.S. Bisen, and N.D. Pandey. 1995. Effect of

different insecticides on the control of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on seed-cotton

yield. Indian Journal of Entomology 57:120–124.

––––––. 1995. Effect of synthetic pyrethroids on the

control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) and seed-cotton yield. Indian Journal of

Entomology 57:125–129.

––––––. 1996. Determination of correlation between the

level of infestation of pink bollworm and seed-cotton

yield. Indian Journal of Entomology 58:297–300.

Jiao, Y., J. Yu, X. Kuang, and X. Li. 1994. The study on

pink bollworm population time series models. Journal of

Huazhong Agricultural University 13:246–249.

Jimenez-Aragon, J.G., and J.L. Carrillo Sanchez. 1978.

Beneficial insect fauna on cotton intersown with maize as

compared with cotton alone [in Spanish]. Agricultura

Tecnica en Mexico 4:143–156.

Jimenez-Aragon, J.G., J.L. Carrillo-Sanchez, J. VeraGraziano, and T. Saito. 1981. Infestacion y dano del

gusano rosado Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) en

relacion con el desarrollo vegetativo del algodonero en la

Comarce Lagunera. [Infestation and injury by the pink
78

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in

relation to the vegetative development of cotton in

Laguna District] [Mexico] [in Spanish; summary in

English]. Agrociencia 46:121–142.

Jimenez-Aragon, J.G., J.L. Carrillo Sanchez, and S.J.

Estrada. 1975. Population fluctuation of insects of

economic importance in cotton in Comarca Lagunera

(Coahuila) and Ceballos, Durango, during five years [in

Spanish]. Agricultura Tecnica en Mexico 3:365–370.

Jin, Z.Q., G.D. Cao, S.S. Luo, J.M. Hong, and Y.Q. Huang.

1999. Insect resistance and yield of different insect

resistant hybrid cotton cultivars [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Zhejiang Nongye Kexue 3:142–144.

Jin, Z.S. 1986. Integrated control of insect pests on cotton

for years [in Chinese; summary in English]. Natural

Enemies of Insects 8:25–28.

Johnson, A.C. 1931. Compression tests made with

standard and high density cotton bales for studies in

destroying the pink bollworm in infested seed by pressure. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plant Quarantine

Control Administration, Report No. 2.

Johnson, A.C., G.G. Becker, and L.A. Hawkins. 1938.

Fumigation of baled cotton with hydrocyanic acid for the

pink bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical

Bulletin No. 623.

Johnson, R.E., V.T. Walhood, and D.L. West. 1973. Short

season cotton in the San Joaquin Valley. California

Agriculture 27(1):14–15.

Johnston, H.B. 1929. Pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders)) in the Gezira District of the Sudan in

1927 and 1928. Bulletin of the Wellcome Tropical

Research Laboratory, Entomology Section 26:1–27.

Johnstone, D.R. 1982. Factors affecting aerial application

of a micro encapsulated pheromone formulation for the

control of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) by

communication disruption on cotton in Egypt. Center

Overseas Pest Research, Miscellaneous Report 56.

––––––. 1982. Physical and meteorological factors

affecting aerial application of sex pheromone for control

of the pink bollworm of cotton in Egypt. Agricultural

Meteorology 26:117–126.

Jones, D., G. Jones, K.D. Wing, M. Rudnicka, and B.D.

Hammock. 1982. Juvenile hormone esterases of lepidoptera. I. Activity in the haemolymph during the last

larval instar of ll species. Journal of Comparative Physiology 148:1–10.

Jones, K., T. Kerby, H. Collins, T. Wofford, M. Bates, J.

Presley, and J. Burgess. 1996. Performance of NuCOTN

BollgardTM. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 46–48. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Jones, K.A. 2000. Prospects for integration of nonchemical and chemical pest management in cotton. In

Proceedings British Crop Protection Conference: Pests

and Diseases, pp. 199-204. British Crop Protection

Council, Farnham, England.

Jones, R.G., P.J. Bauer, M.E. Roof, and M.A. Langston.

1990. Effect of reduced rates of ethephon on late-season

insect oviposition and feeding sites in cotton. Journal of

Entomological Science 25:241–252.

Jones, S.E. 1955. Expanded pink bollworm research.

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 56(4):51–52.

––––––. 1955. New methods developed to control pests.

Cotton Trade Journal 35 (Mechanical suppl.).

––––––. 1955. Pink bollworm developments. Cotton Gin

& Oil Mill Press 56(27):41–42.

––––––. 1956. Pink bollworm research program for 1956.

Cotton Trade Journal 36.

––––––. 1956. What’s new in research on pink bollworms.

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 57(17):10, 30.

Jones, W.A., and M. Jacobson. 1968. Isolation of N,Ndiethyl-m-toluamide (deet) from female pink bollworm

moths. Science 159:99–100.

Jones, W.A., M. Jacobson, and D.F. Martin. 1966. Sex

attractant of the pink bollworm moth (Pectinophora

gossypiella): Isolation, identification, and synthesis.

Science 152:1516–1517.

Joshi, N.N., V.R. Mamdapur, and M.S. Chadha. 1984.

Stereoselective and versatile approach for the synthesis of

gossyplure and its components. Tetrahedron 40:3285–

3290.

––––––. 1984. Synthesis of racemic disparlure and

propylure: An efficient derivation from tetrahydrofurfuryl

alcohol. Indian Journal of Chemistry. Sect. B: Organic

Chemistry Including Medicinal Chemistry 23:231–235.

Jungfleisch, M. 1950. Le ver de la feuille––le ver rose.

Egypt Agriculture 48:59–64.

Justus, K.A., and R.T. Carde. 2002. Flight behaviour of

males of two moths, Cadra cautella and Pectinophora

gossypiella, in homogeneous clouds of pheromone.

Physiological Entomology 27:67-75.

Jutsum, A.R., G.J. Marrs, R.F.S. Gordon, D.G. Campion,

B.R. Critchley, L.J. McVeigh, A. Cork, D.R. Hall, B.F.

Nesbitt, M.M. Hosny, and E.A. Nasr. 1983. Control of
79

crop pests with microencapsulated insect pheromones. In

10th International Congress of Plant Protection, Proceedings of a Conference, Brighton, England, November 20–

25, 1983, Plant Protection for Human Welfare, pp. 266–

267. Croydon, England: British Crop Protection Council.

Jyoti, J.L. 1985. Pheromone monitoring of the incipient

population of the pink bollworm moth on cotton in

Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Agriculture 16:103–107.
80

K

Kaae, R.S., J.R. McLaughlin, H.H. Shorey, and L.K.

Gaston. 1972. Sex pheromones of Lepidoptera. XXXII.

Disruption of intraspecific pheromone communication in

various species of Lepidoptera by permeation of the air

with looplure or hexalure. Environmental Entomology

1:651–653.

Kaae, R.S., and H.H. Shorey. 1973. Sex pheromones of

Lepidoptera. 44. Influence of environmental conditions

on the location of pheromone communication and mating

In Pectinophora gossypiella. Environmental Entomology

2:1081–1084.

Kaae, R.S., H.H. Shorey, L.K. Gaston, and H.H. Hummel.

1974. Sex pheromones of Lepidoptera: Disruption of

pheromone communication in Trichoplusia ni and

Pectinophora gossypiella by permeation of the air with

nonpheromone chemicals. Environmental Entomology

3:87–89.

Kaae, R.S., H.H. Shorey, L.K. Gaston, and D. Sellers. 1977.

Sex pheromones of Lepidoptera: Seasonal distribution of

male Pectinophora gossypiella in a cotton-growing area.

Environmental Entomology 6:284–286.

Kabissa, J.C.B. 1990. Seasonal occurrence and damage by

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) to cotton in eastern Tanzania. Tropical Pest

Management 36:356–358.

Kaissling, K.E. 1997. Pheromone-controlled anemotaxis

in moths. In M. Lehrer, ed., Orientation and Communication in Arthropods, pp. 343–374. Basel, Switzerland:

Birkhaeuser.

Kalogiros, K. 1991. Environmental management strategies for cotton growing in Greece with particular reference to integrated pest management (IPM) on cotton

pests. In Growing Cotton in a Safe Environment: Technical Seminar, Committee on Cotton Production Research,

50th Plenary Meeting of the International Cotton

Advisory Committee, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 31–36.

Washington, D.C.: International Cotton Advisory

Committee.

Kalra, V.K., and P.D. Sharma. 1992. Standardization of

sampling techniques and sample size for recording

incidence in green bolls of cotton: A preliminary study.

Crop Research (Hisar) 5:541–544.

Kalshoven, L.G.E. 1981. Pests of Crops in Indonesia

1950–1951. English translation by W. Van Hoeve.

Jakarta: P.T. Ichtiar Baru, Van Hoeve.

Kalsy, H.S., B. Singh, and H.R. Garg. 1985. Comparative

incidence of pink-bollworm on some cultivars of hirsutum cotton. Crop Improvement 12:195–196.

Kalsy, H.S., J. Singh, and G.S. Gatoria. 1976. A note on

the relative incidence of bollworms on arboreum and

hirsutum cotton varieties. Crop Improvement 3:128–130.

Kamal, M. 1935. Recent advances in the control of the

pink boll worm (Platyedra gossypiella) by natural

enemies. In Proceedings, 6th International Congress

Entomology, Madrid, pp. 567–581.

––––––––. 1936. Recent advances in the control of the

pink boll-worm (Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders)) by

natural enemies. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 20:259–271.

––––––. 1951. Biological control projects in Egypt, with

a list of introduced parasites and predators. Bulletin Soc.

Fouad Ler. Entomol. 35:205–220.

Kambe, T. 1928. On collecting experiments with the pink

bollworm by the purple light trap [in Japanese]. Korean

Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report 3:260–

269.

––––––. 1931. Preliminary notes on some hymenopterous

parasites of the pink bollworm [in Japanese]. Korean

Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Report 5:221–

222.

Kamel, A.A.M., and A. Soheb. 1960. Further studies on

the effect of some new organo-phosphorus compounds on

the cotton leafworm, and cotton bollworms. Egypt Cotton

Gazette 39:19–24.

Kamel, K., A. El-Said, and F. Shaarawi. 1994. Ultrastructure of the midgut epithelial cells in the pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Tropical

Medicine (Cairo) 3:189–206.

Kamel, K.E. 2000. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical studies of the midgut endocrine cells of the pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal

of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology 31(E):153–

166.

Kanaujia, K.R., S.S. Gautam, and S. Kanaujia. 1998.

Prospects of pheromones in integrated pest management

in developing countries. In G.S. Dhaliwal, N.S. Randhawa, R. Arora, and A.K. Dhawan, eds., Ecological Agriculture and Sustainable Development, pp. 176–188. Chandigarh, India: Indian Ecological Society.

Kanro, M.Z., and M. Sjafaruddin. 1996. Cotton variety

resistance to pests [in Indonesian]. In W. Wakman, A.

Muis, and J. Tandiabang, eds., Proceedings, Seminar and

Tenth Annual Meeting of Indonesian Entomology

Association. Maros, Indonesia, January 10, 1996, pp.

160–166.

Kansouh, A.S.H., F.A. Afifi, M.M. Hosny, and R.A. Khalid.

1976–1977. The persistence and degradation of Dursban
81

and Nuvacron on cotton plants, in relation to variations in

temperature and humidity. Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt, Economic Series 10:217–228.

Kanwat, P.M., and K.C. Kumawat. 1998. Field evaluation

of various insecticidal schedules against cotton bollworms. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 26(2): 93-95.

Karim, S., and F.A. Ali. 1995. Effect of chlorpyrifos on the

total body protein content of the 4th instar larvae of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunder). Science International (Lahore) 7:513–516.

––––––. 1997. Comparative carbohydrate profile studies

of Lorsban exposed cotton pink bollworm larvae. Science

International (Lahore) 9:327–328.

Karim, S., and D.H. Dean. 2000. Pesticidal and receptor

binding properties of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab and

Cry1Ac delta-endotoxins mutants in Pectinophora

gossypiella and Helicoverpa zea. Current Microbiology

41:430–440.

Karim, S., S. Riazuddin, F. Gould, and D.H. Dean. 2000.

Determination of receptor binding properties of Bacillus

thuringiensis delta endotoxins to cotton bollworm

(Helicoverpa zea) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella) midgut brush border membrane vesicles.

Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 67:198–216.

Karsholt, O. 1994. Some moths introduced into Denmark,

with remarks on this subject (Lepidoptera) [in Danish;

summary in English]. Entomologiske Meddelelser 62:1–6.

Karuppuchamy, P., and M. Balasubramanian. 1986.

Trapping of the cotton pink boll worm Pectinophora

gossypiella with synthetic sex pheromone, gossyplure. In

N.R. Prabhoo, V.K.K. Prabhu, N. Mohandas, and G.K.

Karnavar, eds., Proceedings, 3rd Oriental Entomology

Symposium 1984, pp. 55–63. Kariavattom, India:

University of Kerala.

––––––. 1990. Field evaluation of gossyplure the

synthetic sex pheromone of Pectinophora gossypiella in

Tamil Nadu India. Indian Journal of Entomology 52:170–

179.

Kaskavalci, A.A., and C. Oncuer. 1999. Soke (Aydin)

ovasinda pamuklarda zararli Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) ’nin populasyon

degisimi ve zarar oraninin saptanmasi. [The determination of the population densities and injury ratio of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) which is harmful on cotton in Soke (Aydin)

plain]. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 223(3):179–189.

Kassem, S.M.I., M.I. Aly, N.S. Bakry, and M.I. Zeid. 1986.

Efficacy of methomyl and its mixtures against the

Egyptian cotton leafworm and bollworms. Journal of

Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 31:291–300.

Kassem, S.M.I., and M.I. Zeid. 1987. Comparison of the

insecticidal efficiency of certain insecticides and their

mixtures with insect chitin inhibitors. Journal of Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 32:335–345.

Katageri, I.S., S.N. Kadapa, and P.W. Basarkar. 1993.

Heterosis for biochemical contents in bollrinds of

Gossypium hirsutum hybrids. Journal of the Indian

Society for Cotton Improvement 18:60–65.

Katarki, H., and G. Thimmaiah. 1969. Insecticidal trials

for the control of major insect pests on Laxmi cotton in

Mysore State. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science

3:174–186.

Katiyar, K.N. 1977. Population dynamics of bollworms

vis-a-vis reproductive stages of cotton. Entomologist’s

Newsletter 7:8–9.

––––––. 1978. Impact of sequence of flowering on the

incidence of bollworms in some varieties of cotton.

Indian Journal of Entomology 39:324–332.

––––––. 1982. Incidence of cotton bollworms vis-a-vis

ecological factors. Indian Journal of Entomology

44:125–128.

––––––. 1982. Relationship between time of flowering

and bollworm infestation in cotton. Indian Journal of

Entomology 44:373–392.

Katiyar, K.N., R.A. Agarwal, and S.K. Banerjee. 1978. Soil

insecticides for the control of some major pests of cotton.

Indian Journal of Entomology 40:412–417.

Katiyar, K.N., and D.K. Butani. 1978. Incidence of

bollworms vis-a-vis development of cotton bolls. Indian

Journal of Entomology 40:245–253.

Katzenellenbogen, J.A. 1976. Insect pheromone synthesis: New methodology. Multiple syntheses of two

attractants illustrate the evolution of new concepts and

techniques. Science 194:139–148.

Kaushik, U.K., and C. Singh. 1968. A study on cotton boll

worms. JNKVV Research Journal 2:71–72.

Kaussari, M. 1946. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) [in

Persian]. Iranian Department of General Plant Protection,

Laboratory of Applied Entomology and Phytopathology

2:9–12.

Kavut, N. 1972. An insecticidal trial against pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) on cotton in

the southern part of the Aegean region [in Turkish;

summary in English]. Plant Protection Research Annual

21:147.

Kavut, N., J. Dincer, and M. Karman. 1974. Preliminary

studies on the parasites and predators of cotton pests in
82

the Aegean region [in Turkish]. Bitki Koruma Bulteni

14:19–28.

Keaveny, D. 1999. Getting the Valley’s pink bollworm

where it lives. California-Arizona-Texas Cotton

31(11):6–7.

Keddis, M.E., M.M. Abdel-Sattar, Y.H. Issa, and M.A. ElGuindy. 1986. The toxicity of certain insecticide mixtures to Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Bulletin of

the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

14:251–254.

Keerthisinghe, C.I. 1982. Economic thresholds for cotton

pest management in Sri Lanka. Bulletin of Entomological

Research 72:239–246.

––––––. 1982. Synthetic pyrethroids and cotton bollworm control in Sri Lanka. Tropical Pest Management

28:33–36.

Kehat, M., L. Anshelevich, D. Gordon, M. Harel, and E.

Dunkelblum. 1998. Evaluation of Shin-Etsu twist-tie rope

dispensers by the mating table technique for disrupting

mating of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Bulletin of Entomological Research 88:141–148.

Kehat, M., L. Anshelevich, D. Gordon, M. Harel, L.

Zilberg, and E. Dunkelblum. 1999. Effect of density of

pheromone sources, pheromone dosage and population

pressure on mating of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bulletin of

Entomological Research 89:339–345.

Kehat, M., and E. Dunkelblum. 1993. Sex pheromones:

Achievements in monitoring and mating disruption of

cotton pests in Israel. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and

Physiology 22:425–431.

Keller, J.C., L.W. Sheets, N. Green, and M. Jacobson.

1969. Cis-7-hexadecen-1-ol-acetate [Hexalure], a synthetic sex attractant for pink bollworm males. Journal of

Economic Entomology 62:1520–1521.

Kerns, D.L., and T. Tellez. 1998. Efficacy of insecticides

for pink bollworm and cotton leaf perforator control in

cotton grown in the low desert region of Arizona, 1997. In

Cotton Report, pp. 297–299. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–112, Tucson.

Khalifa, A. 1967. Observations on the first stage larva of

the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

60:276.

––––––. 1968. Effect of treating cotton seed with dieldrin, Abavit B, and aldrin on the emergence of pink

bollworm moths. Journal of Economic Entomology

61:332–334.

––––––. 1968. The incidence of diapause. In Pectinophora gossypiella in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan. Proceedings

of the Royal Entomological Society of London A.

43:178–182.

––––––. 1971. The status of pink bollworm in the Gezira,

Sudan, with special reference to variety of cotton and

sowing date. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 55:105–123.

––––––. 1978. Cotton (G. barbadense) seed dressing

against pink bollworm. In Annual Report of the Gezira

Research Station, 1966–1967, pp. 299–305. Agricultural

Research Corporation, Sudan Mininstry of Agriculture.

––––––. 1978. Relationship of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) numbers, cotton (G. barbadense)

variety and sowing date. In Annual Report of the Gezira

Research Station, 1966–1967, pp. 288–298. Agricultural

Research Corporation, Sudan Mininstry of Agriculture.

Khalifa, A., M.F. El-Shaarawy, A.G. Metwally, and A.

Abdel-Hafez. 1980. Determination of natural and artificial infestation with first instar larvae of pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund). In Proceedings, 1st

Conference of Plant Protection Research Institute, Cairo,

December 13–15, 1980, pp. 1–14. Cairo: EDICA.

Khalifa, A., M.F. Elshaarawy, and S.M. Shehata. 1975.

Incidence of diapause in pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 78:63–66.

Khalifa, H. 1979. Breeding for bollworm resistance in

cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. Coton et Fibres Tropicales

34:309–314.

Khalil, F.A., W.M. Watson, and M.W. Guirguis. 1978–

1979. Evaluation of Dimilin and its combinations with

different insecticides against some cotton pests in Egypt.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 11:71–76.

Khalil, F.M., and G.A. Rizk. 1972. Field tests with

insecticides for boll worm control in Upper Egypt.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 6:137–140.

Khalil, F.M., and K. Gouhar. 1972. Field studies on the

control of cotton bollworms. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series 6:141–144.

Khaliq, A., and M. Yousaf. 1986. Effect of weather on the

light-trap captures of some insects of cotton. Journal of

Agricultural Research (Pakistan) 24:313–319.

Khan, L., and A. Khaliq. 1987. Pink boll worm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) development in relation to

age of bolls. Journal of Research (Gomal University) 7:9–

10.
83

Khan, M.H. 1938. Studies on Platyedra gossypiella in the

Punjab. IV. The incidence of Platyedra gossypiella in

relation to climate. Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 8:191–214.

Khan, S.M., and Z. Ullah. 1999. Chemical control of

cotton bollworms. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science

2:426–429.

Khan, Z.R., and R.A. Agarwal. 1982. Antibiosis mechanism against pink bollworm in cotton. Indian Journal of

Entomology 44:296–297.

Khanna, S.C., T.D. Yadav, and K.N. Katiyar. 1994. Efficacy

of hydrogen phosphide and methyl bromide to check

carryover source of infestation of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in cotton. Seed Research

22:184–186.

Khare, R.D., H.P. Saxena, A.S. Srivastava, D.R. Singh, and

B.P. Pandey. 1965. Control of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Labdev Journal of Science

and Technology [India] 3:66–67.

Khidr, A.A., M.Z. Abdou, S.N. Kostandy, and E.A. El-Feel.

1991. Seasonal population dynamics of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) as monitored

by gossyplure traps. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 69:83–88.

Khidr, A.A., W.M.H. Desuky, A.A. El-Sheakh, and S.A.

Raslan. 1996. Sequential use of some insecticides against

cotton bollworms in control trials. Egyptian Journal of

Agricultural Research 74:321–332.

Khidr, A.A., S.N. Kostandy, M.G. Abbas, M.W. El-Kordy,

and Q.A. El-Gougary. 1990. Host plants, other than

cotton, for the pink boll worm Pectinophora gossypiella

and the spiny boll worm Earias insulana. Agricultural

Research Review (Cairo) 68:135–139.

Khidr, A.A., G.M. Moawad, W.M.H. Desuky, A.A. ElSheakh, and S.A. Raslan. 1996. Effect of some synthetic

pyrethroids on bollworms larvae in cotton fields. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 74:123–133.

Khurana, A..D. 1982. Integrated pest management––only

alternative for pink bollworm. Farmer Parliament

17(2):23–24.

––––––. 1991. Optimum spray interval of fenvalerate and

quinalphos on arboreum and hirsutum cottons. Journal of

Insect Science (India) 4:145–147.

––––––. 1992. Effectiveness of different spray schedules

against bollworms on arboreum cotton. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 5:54–56.

––––––. 1992. Studies on initiation of insecticidal spray

against bollworms on arboreum cotton. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 5:201–202.

––––––. 1993. Evaluation of gossyplure and neem oil

formulation along with insecticidal spray schedule for the

control of pink bollworm on cotton. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 6:303–304.

––––––. 1996. Bioefficacy of fenvalerate when tank

mixed with systemic insecticides for the control of

bollworms (Pectinophora gossypiella) on hirsutum

cotton. Journal of Insect Science (India) 9:193–195.

Khurana, A.D., and A.N. Verma. 1990. Comparative

damage caused by bollworms and yield of seed-cotton

during a dry and wet year in Haryana. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 3:180–182.

––––––. 1991. Bioefficacy of some synthetic pyrethroids

and conventional insecticides against pink bollworm on

cotton. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 25:27–32.

Khurana, S., A.D. Khurana, and A.N. Verma. 1994.

Efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids and conventional

insecticides in controlling pink bollworm and their effect

on plant phenology, yield and quality of seed cotton.

Indian Journal of Entomology 56:28–35.

Kilman, E. 1943. Calamity at the door (Pectinophora

gossypiella). Acco Press 21(9):11.

Kimball, B.A., D.L. Kittock, T.J. Henneberry, and L.A.

Bariola. 1977. Computer program for predicting the

reduction of pink bollworm populations by chemically

terminating late-season bolls in cotton. U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–W–

49.

King, E.G., R.J. Coleman, J. Morales-Ramos, K.R. Summy,

M.R. Bell, and G.L. Snodgrass. 1996. Biological control.

In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton

Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp.

511–537. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation

Publisher.

King, E.G., and J.E. Powell. 1992. Propagation and

release of natural enemies for control of cotton insect and

mite pests in the United States. Crop Protection 11:497–

506.

King, H.H. 1917. The weed hanbuyk (Abutilon sp.) and its

relation to the cotton growing industry in the AngloEgyptian Sudan. Bulletin of the Wellcome Tropical

Research Laboratory, Entomology Section 7:4.

––––––. 1918. The pink bollworm, Pectinophora

(Gelechia) gossypiella (Saund.), at Tokar, Anglo-Egyptian

Sudan during the season 1917–1918. Bulletin of the

Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory 10:1–4.

––––––. 1928. Report of the Government Entomologist

for the year 1927. Bulletin of the Wellcome Tropical

Research Laboratory, Entomology Section 25:1–7.
84

––––––. 1929. The pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella

(Saunders)) in the Sudan. In K. Jordan and W. Horn, eds.,

Transactions, 4th International Congress Entomology,

Ithaca, NY, 1928, pp. 90-93. Naumburg, Germany: G. Pätz.

King, H.H., and W.E. Giffard. 1924. The control of the

pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella) in the Sudan.

Bulletin of the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory,

Entomology Section 21.

Kirk, I.W. 1977. Pink bollworm control in gin operations.

In U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook

No. 503, pp. 92–96.

Kirkpatrick, T.W. 1927. Notes on a braconid parasite of

the pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.)) in

Kenya Colony. Bulletin of Entomological Research

18:47–50.

––––––. 1930. Pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella

(Saund.)) in the Gezira during 1929. Bulletin of the

Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratory, Entomology

Section 31:48–54.

Kismir, A., A. Atac, E. Yalcin, F. Tezcan, A. Karcilioglu,

and S. Karaat. 1991. Plant protection problems of cotton

in Turkey. In Growing Cotton in a Safe Environment:

Technical Seminar, Committee on Cotton Production

Research, 50th Plenary Meeting of the International

Cotton Advisory Committee, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 20–21.

Washington, D.C.: International Cotton Advisory

Committee.

Kittock, D.L., and H.F. Arle. 1976. Potential of several

chemical termination treatments for reducing pink

bollworm and boll weevil populations. In Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization Conference,

pp. 48–49. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1977. Termination of late season cotton fruiting

with plant growth regulators. Crop Science 17:320–324.

Kittock, D.L., H.F. Arle, T.J. Henneberry, and L.A. Bariola.

1978. Chemical termination of late-season cotton fruiting

in Arizona and California, 1972–76. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–W–52.

Kittock, D.L., H.F. Arle, T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, and

V.T. Walhood. 1980. Timing late-season fruiting termination of cotton with potassium 3,4-dichloroisothiazole-5-

carboxylate. Crop Science 20:330–333.

Kittock, D.L., L.A. Bariola, H.F. Arle, and P.V. Vail. 1975.

Evaluation of chemical termination of fruiting for pink

bollworm control by estimating number of immature

cotton bolls at harvest. Cotton Growing Review 52:224–

227.

Kittock, D.L., and K.E. Fry. 1977. Effects of topping

Pima cotton on lint yield and boll retention. Agronomy

Journal 69:65–67.

Kittock, D.L., T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, B.B. Taylor,

and W.C. Hofmann. 1983. Cotton boll period response to

water stress and pink bollworm. Agronomy Journal

75:17–20.

Kittock, D.L., J.R. Mauney, H.F. Arle, and L.A. Bariola.

1973. Termination of late season cotton fruiting with

growth regulators as an insect-control technique. Journal

of Environmental Quality 2:405–408.

Kittock, D.L., and L.H. Pinkas. 1970. The effect of pink

bollworm damage on weight of lint and seed in pima

cotton bolls. In Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, p. 37. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Kiyomoto, R.K., and L.J. Ashworth. 1974. Status of cotton

boll rot in the San Joaquin Valley of California following

simulated pink bollworm injury. Phytopathology

64:259–260.

Klassen, W., and J.F. Creech. 1973. Population suppression with dominant and conditional lethal mutations:

Some important considerations and approaches. In

Computer Models and Application of the Sterile-Male

Technique. Proceedings of a Panel Organized by the Joint

FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Food and

Agriculture, December 13–17, 1971, Vienna, pp. 65–79.

Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency.

Klein, A., H. Podoler, and S.W. Applebaum. 1976. White

bollworm in cotton [in Hebrew; summary in English].

Hassadeh 56:1332–1333

Klein, Z. 1993. A pesticide test to control the pink

bollworm in cotton fields [in Hebrew]. Hassadeh

73:1321–1322.

––––––. 1995. The effect of methamidophos on the moths

of the pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] [in

Hebrew; summary in English]. Hassadeh 75(5):24.

Klein, Z., and S.W. Applebaum. 1990. The pink bollworm: Life cycle and diapause induction in Israel [in

Hebrew; summary in English]. Hassadeh 71:210–213.

Knauf, T.A. 1995. Last flight: A new pheromone product

for pink bollworm mating disruption and control. In D.A.

Richter and J. Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 40–42. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Knipling, E.F. 1971. Boll weevil and pink bollworm

eradication: Progress and plans. Cotton Ginners Journal

Yearbook 39:23, 25–28, 30.
85

––––––. 1979. Strategic and tactical use of movement

information in pest management. In C.R. Vaughn, W.

Wolf, and W. Klassen, eds., Radar, Insect Population

Ecology, and Pest Management, pp. 41–57. Wallops

Island, Virginia: Wallops Flight Center, National Aeronautic and Space Administration.

Knipling, E.F., and J.U. McGuire, Jr. 1966. Population

models to test theoretical effects of sex attractants used

for insect control. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Information Bulletin No.

308.

Knowles, T.C., T.J. Dennehy, and A. Rovey. 1999. Late

season pink bollworm pressure in the top crop of Bt and

non-Bt cotton. In Cotton Report, pp. 336–338. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–116, Tucson.

Korat, D.M., and S. Lingappa. 1995. Influence of weather

factors on the pheromone trap catches of cotton bollworm

moths. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 23:188–190.

––––––. 1996. Monitoring of pink bollworm moths with

sex pheromone traps and its relationship with larval

population and field incidence. Karnataka Journal of

Agricultural Science 9:432–437.

Korat, D.M., S. Lingappa, and B.V. Patil. 1994. Evaluation

of Stirrup-PBW (Gossyplure) in combination with

insecticide for the suppression of cotton pink bollworm.

Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science 7:476–480.

Korkor, A.A., A.M. Hamid, and A.M. Al-Beltagy. 1998.

Effect of different local inorganic products on the

population density of some cotton pests. Alexandria

Science Exchange 19:559–570.

Kostandy, S.N. 1990. Effect of sowing date of cotton on

incidence of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) in Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society

of Egypt. 69:239–245.

––––––. 1992. Effect of deflowering on cotton boll

infestation with the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders). Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt 70:45–49.

––––––. 1995. The simultaneous effect of early using of

insecticides on cotton pests and its related natural

enemies. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 40:877–

889.

Kostandy, S.N., A.A. Khidr, M.A. Morsi, and A.A. AbdelAal. 1992. Comparison between cost of pheromone and

recommended insecticide applications to control the pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Egypt

during 1988. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research

70:1077–1085.

Kostandy, S.N., M.A. Nada, and A.M. Rashad. 1998.

Delay appearance of green cotton bolls in relation to pink

bollworm infestation. Arab University Journal of Agricultural Science 6:561–578.

Kostandy, S.N., and A.M. Rashad. 1997. Effect of two

different food-kinds (cotton plant flowers and bolls) on

certain biological aspects of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Annals of Agricultural Science

(Cairo) 42:321–328.

Kostandy, S.N., M.F. Rofail, S.H. Taher, and A. AbdelHafez. 1999. Effect of an insect growth inhibitor on the

newly hatched larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.); cyanox resistant and susceptible strains.

Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 77:1477–

1484.

Kranthi, K.R., D.R. Jadhav, R.R. Wanjari, S.S. Ali, and D.

Russell. 2001. Carbamate and organophosphate resistance in cotton pests in India, 1995 to 1999. Bulletin of

Entomological Research 91:37–46.

Kranthi, K.R., and M. Kherde. 1998. Status of insecticide

resistance in cotton bollworms. Insect Environment 4:35.

Kremer, Y. 1993. Control of pink bollworm in cotton by

confusing the males [in Hebrew]. Hassadeh 73:596–598.

Krishnamurti, B., and S. Usman. 1955. Some insect

parasites of economic importance noted in Mysore State.

Indian Journal of Entomology 16:327–344.

Kuang, X.Q., H.W. Huang, and G.A. Zhang. 1993. The

demography of pink bollworm natural population [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica

36:308–314.

Kubo, I. 1993. Insect control agents from tropical plants.

Recent Advances in Phytochemistry 27:133–151.

Kubo, I., Y. Asaka, M.J. Stout, and T. Nakatsu. 1990.

Structure of a novel phytoecdysteroid, vitexirone, and

efficient isolation of phytoecdysteroids from Vitex

fisherii. Journal of Chemical Ecology 16:2581–2588.

Kubo, I., F.J. Hanke, Y. Asaka, T. Matsumoto, C.H. He, and

J. Clardy. 1990. Insect antifeedants from tropical plants. I.

Structure of dumsin. Tetrahedron 46:1515–1522.

Kubo, I., M. Kim, and G. De Boer. 1987. Efficient isolation of insect growth inhibitory macrolide alkaloids

using recycle high-performance gel permeation chromatography. Journal of Chromatography 402:354–357.

Kubo, I., M. Kim, and H. Naoki. 1987. New insect growth

inhibitory flavan glycosides from Viscum tuberculatum.

Tetrahedron Letter 28:921–924.
86

Kubo, I., M. Kim, W.F. Wood, and H. Naoki. 1986.

Clitocine, a new insecticidal nucleoside from the mushroom Clitocybe inversa. Tetrahedron Letter 27:4277–

4280.

Kubo, I., and J.A. Klocke. 1982. An insect growth inhibitor from Trichilia roka (Meliaceae). Experientia 38:639–

640.

––––––. 1982. Azadirachtin, insect ecdysis inhibitor from

Trichilia roka (Meliaaceae). Agricultural and Biological

Chemistry 46:1951–1953.

––––––. 1982. Limonoids as insect control agents. In Les

Mediateurs Chimiques Agissant sur le Comportment des

Insectes, Symposium International, November 16–20,

1981, Versailles, pp. 117–129. Paris: Instiut National de

la Recherche Agronomique.

Kubo, I., J.A. Klocke, and S. Asano. 1983. Effects of

ingested phytoecdysteroids on the growth and development of 2 lepidopterous larvae. Journal of Insect Physiology 29:307–316.

Kubo, I., T. Matsumoto, and J.A. Klocke. 1984. Multichemical resistance of the conifer Podocarpus gracilior

(Podocarpaceae) to insect attack. Journal of Chemical

Ecology 10:547–559.

Kubo, I., T. Matsumoto, J.A. Klocke, and T. Kamikawa.

1984. Molluscicidal and insecticidal activities of

isobutylamides isolated from Fagara macrophylla.

Experientia 40:340–341.

Kubo, I., M. Uchida, and J.A. Klocke. 1983. An insect

ecdysis inhibitor from the African medicinal plant

Plumbago capensis (Plumbaginaceae); a naturally

occurring chitin synthetase inhibitor. Agricultural and

Biological Chemistry 47:911–913.

Kubo, I., P.C. Vieira, and K. Fukuhara. 1990. Efficient

isolation of the insect growth inhibitory flavone glycoside rutin from two tropical medicinal plants by rotation

locular countercurrent chromatography (RLCC). Journal

of Liquid Chromatography 13:2441–2448.

Kuehl, R.O., and R.E. Fye. 1972. An analysis of the

sampling distributions of cotton insects in Arizona.

Journal of Economic Entomology 65:855–860.

Kulkarni, S.N. 1981. Comparative efficacy of the two

synthetic pyrethroides Permethrin, Fenvalerate in control

of cotton bollworms. Cotton Development 10(3/4):15–

16.

Kulkarni, Y.S., V.R. Rethreakar, and S.H. Kathavate. 1958.

Some observations on spotted and pink bollworms of

cotton in Khandesh. Indian Cotton Growing Review

12(2):92–94.

Kumar, K., and R.A. Agarwal. 1985. Effect of systemic

granular insecticides on boll worms complex in cotton.

Indian Journal of Entomology 47:201–205.

Kunjeku, E. 1984. The pink bollworm. Zimbabwe

Agricultural Journal 81:119–120.

Kunz, B.E. 1966. Worm pests of Oklahoma cotton.

Oklahoma Extension Service No. 7154.

Kurtadikar, J.S., and D.N. Hedgire. 1982. Studies on the

efficiency of new insecticides against cotton bollworms

on rainfed H–4 cotton. Pesticides 16(9):33–34.

Kurtadikar, J.S., and R.V. Vidulya. 1987. Response of

different genotypes on different species of cotton to

synthetic pyrethroids. Pesticides 21(1):26–28.

Kuzina, L.V., E.D. Miller, B.X. Ge, and T.A. Miller. 2002.

Transformation of Enterobacter gergoviae isolated from

pink bollwrom (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) gut with

Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. Current Microbiology 44:1-4.

Kydonieus, A.F., and M. Beroza. 1981. The Hercon

dispenser formulation and recent test results. In E.R.

Mitchell, ed., Management of Insect Pests with Semiochemicals: Concepts and Practice, pp. 445–453. New

York: Plenum Press.

Kydonieus, A.F., J.M. Gillespie, M.W. Barry, J. Welch, T.J.

Henneberry, and B.A. Leonhardt. 1982. Formulations and

equipment for large volume pheromone applications by

aircraft. In B.A. Leonhardt and B. Morton, eds., Insect

Pheromone Technology: Chemistry and Applications,

ASC Symposium Series 190, pp. 175–191. Washington,

D.C.: American Chemical Society.
87

L

Laberry Saavedra, M. 1984. Final Report: Control

program of the Indian pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella; Cotton Campaign 1983–1984, Valle San

Lorenzo y Parte Alta del Medio Piura. Fundacion Para El

Desarrollo Algodonero, Ministerio de Agricultura, Peru,

Region Agraria 2.

LaChance, L.E., R.A. Bell, and R.D. Richard. 1973. Effect

of low doses of gamma irradiation on reproduction of

male pink bollworms and their F1 progeny. Environmental Entomology 2:653–658.

LaChance, L.E., and D.R. Birkenmeyer. 1979. Inherited

F1 sterility in the male pink bollworm: Reduction of

eupyrene sperm bundles in the testis and duplex. Annals

of the Entomological Society of America 72:343–347.

LaChance, L.E., F.I. Proshold, and R.L. Ruud. 1978. Pink

bollworm: Effects of male irradiation and ejaculation

sequence on female ovipositional response and sperm

radiosensitivity. Journal of Economic Entomology

71:361–365.

LaChance, L.E., R.D. Richard, and C. Belich. 1976.

Inherited F1 sterility in the pink bollworm: Effects on

embryonic development and sperm transfer. Environmental Entomology 5:543–548.

LaChance, L.E., R.D. Richard, and F.I. Proshold. 1975.

Radiation response in the pink bollworm: A comparative

study of sperm bundle production, sperm transfer, and

oviposition response elicited by native and laboratoryreared males. Environmental Entomology 4:321–324.

LaChance, L.E., R.D. Richard, and R.L. Ruud. 1977.

Movement of eupyrene sperm bundles from the testis and

storage in the ductus ejaculatoris duplex of the male pink

bollworm: Effects of age, strain, irradiation, and light.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 70:647–

651.

LaChance, L.E., and R.L. Ruud. 1979. Interstrain and

interspecific crosses between Pectinophora gossypiella

and Pectinophora scutigera. Journal of Economic

Entomology 72:618–620.

––––––. 1980. Genetics of the pink bollworm: an Xchromosome mutation affecting the expression of the

purple-eye gene. Journal of Heredity 71:437–438.

LaFage, J.P., L.A. Crowder, and T.F. Watson. 1974. Amino

acids and total nitrogen of diapause and non-diapause

larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 67:472–

474.

Lal, K.B. 1939. Identity of two important parasites

hitherto considered as distinct species. Current Science

8:125–126.

––––––. 1946. The identification of Bracon hebetor (Say)

and B. brevicornis (Westmael). Indian Journal of Entomology 8:85–88.

Lamas, F.M. 1985. Sowing date for herbaceous cotton

(Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Mato Grosso do Su lin [in

Portuguese; summary in English]. Pesquisa Andamento,

Empaer. No. 19.

Langston, D.T. 1974. Influence of genetics on diapause

termination and biology of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Dissertation Abstracts

International 35–04B:1722.

Langston, D.T., and T.F. Watson. 1975. Influence of

genetic selection on diapause termination of the pink

bollworm. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 68:1102–1106.

Lara, F.M., A.C. Busoli, and S. Silveira Neto. 1981.

Constancy and periodic constance of lepidopterous pests

taken at light in Jaboticabal, SP [in Portuguese]. Cientifica 9:249–255.

Larson, D.L., and R.T. Huber. 1976. A simulation of the

pink bollworm-cotton interaction. Transactions of the

American Society of Agricultural Engineers 19:907–910.

Lasaga, C. 1952. El gusano rosado del algodón: Plaga del

quimbodó. Agronomia (Habana) 10:8.

Laster, M.L., T.F. Watson, W.F. Kitten, and R.E. Furr, Jr.

1989. The pink bollworm: Comparative winter survival in

Mississippi and Arizona. Mississippi Agriculture and

Forestry Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin 167.

Le Gall, J. 1966. Genus Platyedra [in French]. In A.S.

Balachowsky, ed., Entomologie Appliquee a l’Agriculture

Tome 2, Lepidopteres Pt. 1, pp. 399–455. Paris, Masson.

Le Gall, J. 1995. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae [in French; summary in

English]. Depredateurs Cotonnier en Afrique Tropicale et

dans la Reste du Monde, No. 9.

Lee, J.O., Jr. 1978. The U. S. Department of Agriculture’s

role in the cooperative pink bollworm control. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production––

Mechanization Conference, pp. 39–41. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Lee, L.S., P.E. Lacey, and W.R. Goynes. 1987. Aflatoxin in

Arizona cottonseed: A model study of insect-vectored

entry of cotton bolls by Aspergillus flavus. Plant Disease

71:997–1001.
88

Leeward Islands Department of Agriculture 1947. An

enemy in our midst. Leeward Islands Department of

Agriculture, pamphlet 1.

Lefroy, H.M. 1906. Indian Insect Life. Calcutta: Superintendent of Government Printing.

Leggett, J.E., O. El-Lissy, and L. Antilla. 1994. Pink

bollworm moth catches with perimeter and in-field

gossyplure baited delta traps. The Southwestern Entomologist 19:147–155.

Leghari, M.A., A.M. Kalroo, and A.B. Leghari. 2001.

Studies on host plant resistance to evaluate the tolerance/

susceptibility against cotton pests. Pakistan Journal of

Biological Sciences 4:1506-1508.

Legner, E.F. 1976. Review of biological control efforts

against pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders), in California compared to other world areas.

University California, Division of Biological Control,

Technical Report 2548.

––––––. 1979. Emergence patterns and dispersal in

Chelonus spp. near curvimaculatus and Pristomerus

hawaiiensis, parasitic on Pectinophora gossypiella.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72:681–

686.

Legner, E.F., and R.A. Medved. 1979. Influence of

parasitic Hymenoptera on the regulation of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, on cotton in the lower

Colorado Desert. Environmental Entomology 8:922–930.

––––––. 1981. Pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), suppression with gossyplure,

a pyrethroid, and parasite releases. Canadian Entomologist 113:355–357.

Legner, E.F., and S.N. Thompson. 1977. Effects of the

parental host on host selection, reproductive potential,

survival and fecundity of the egg-larval parasitoid,

Chelonus sp. near curvimaculatus, reared on Pectinophora gossypiella and Phthorimaea operculella. Entomophaga 22:75–84.

Lei, A.I. 1990. The effectiveness of the natural control of

Orius similis Zheng to Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge 27:113.

Lei, C.L., Y. Jiang, C.M. Song, C.Z. Zhong, and C. Luo.

1999. Grey cluster analysis on cotton germplasms

resistant to pink bollworm [in Chinese]. Journal of

Huazhong Agricultural University 18:324–326.

Lei, C.L., C.H. Zhong, and Zong L. B. 1992. Application

of progressively discriminating analysis in the resistance

identification to pink bollworms in cotton varieties [in

Chinese, summary in English]. Acta Gossypii Sinica

4:75–80.

Lei, Z., Y. Guo, L. Li, K. Wu, W. Wang, and X. Dai. 1996.

RAPD analysis of two geographic populations of cotton

bollworm [in Chinese]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica

23:189–190.

Leigh, T.F. 1958. The pink bollworm in Arkansas.

Arkansas Farm Research 7(2):5.

––––––. 1985. Risk management from stand to harvest:

Insects and fruiting. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Conference,

pp. 15–17. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1987. The mite, whitefly and lygus complex on

California cotton. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press

88(19):10–12.

Leigh, T.F., S.H. Roach, and T.F. Watson. 1996. Biology

and ecology of important insect and mites pests of cotton.

In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton

Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp.

17–85. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation

Publisher.

Leonard, M.D. 1932. Insect conditions in Puerto Rico

during the fiscal year July 1, 1930 through June 30, 1931.

Journal of the Department of Agriculture (Puerto Rico)

16:121–144.

––––––. 1932. The pink bollworm of cotton in Puerto

Rico. Journal of the Department of Agriculture (Puerto

Rico) 16:65–73.

Leon-Lopez, R.L. 1986. Effect of cotton fruit potential

from planting dates and insects pests (economic thresholds, Mexico). Dissertation Abstracts International 47–

12B:4753.

Leplae, E.D.M. 1928. Le ver rose du coton dans la région

du lac Kivu. [Pink bollworm north of Lake Tanganyika,

Belgian Congo]. Bulletin de Agriculture, Congo Belge

19:262–270.

Leppla, N.C. 1972. Calling behavior during pheromone

release in the female pink bollworm moth. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 65:281–282.

––––––. 1972. Reproductive behavior of the pink

bollworm moth. Dissertation Abstracts International 33–

03B:1145.

––––––. 1974. Influence of density, age, and sex ratio on

mating in pink bollworm moths. Journal of the Georgia

Entomological Society 9:193–198.

Leppla, N.C., and W.L. Nutting. 1974. Circadian rhythms

and the influence of photoperiod on mating frequency in

pink bollworm moths. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 9:54–58.
89

Leppla, N.C., and H.G. Spangler. 1971. A flight-cage

actograph for recording circadian periodicity of pink

bollworm moths. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 64:1431–1434.

Lery, X., A. El-Tarras, A. Monsarrat, S. Abol-Ela, and J.

Giannotti. 1996. Establishment of two cell lines from

embryonic cells of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology

31:557–565.

Leser, J.E., M.A. Karner, C.R. Ward, and J.K. Walter. 1996.

Insect and mite pest management in the southwest. In

E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton

Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp.

695–739. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation

Publisher.

Li, F. 1935. A list of parasitic and predaceous insects of

cotton pests in Kiangsu and Chekiang [in Chinese].

Entomology and Phytopathology 3:304–307.

Li, F., and T. Ma. 1934. A synopsis of cotton insects in

China [in Chinese; summary in English]. Yearbook,

Bureau of Entomology (Hangchow) 3:185–187.

Li, F.S. 1936. Pink bollworm problem [in Chinese].

Entomology and Phytopathology 4:322–334.

––––––. 1937. On some control measures of the cotton

insect pests of China [in Chinese]. Entomology and

Phytopathology 5:2–10.

Li, S.Q., and H. Rahmann. 1997. Cotton pest management

in China. I. The cotton pests [in German]. Journal of Plant

Disease Protection 104:611–621.

Li, W., K.F. Haynes, and T.C. Baker. 1986. Sensory and

behavioral effects of gossyplure alcohol on sex pheromone response of male pink bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossypiella. Journal of Chemical Ecology 12:25–

38.

Li, W.G. 1982. A behavior bioassay for the sex pheromone

compound of male pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) [in Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge 19(6):11–

14.

––––––. 1982. The observations on calling behaviour of

females of pink bollworm [in Chinese]. Entomological

Knowledge 19(5):20–22.

Li, W.G., J.D. Dai, Z.N. Wu, W.Z. Guo, and Z.F. Lu. 1981.

Pheromone of Pectinophora gossypiella; the effects of

habituation on short distance response level of males [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica

24:244–250.

Li, W.G., and S.B. Huang. 1989. Study on the artificial

rearing of the pink bollworm. I. The breeding of Zhejiang

strain of PBW [in Chinese]. Plant Protection 15(5):8–10.

Li, W.G., and Y.P. Li. 1985. Sex pheromone mass-trapping

demonstration program for suppression of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, in cotton fields [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica

12:145–149.

Li, W.G., Y.P. Li, C.B. Huang, S.S. Luo, Y.J. Xu, Z.X. Lu,

and Z.F. Yang. 1992. Field monitoring for insecticide

resistance in pink bollworm moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with sex pheromone traps [in Chinese]. Acta

Phytotaxonomica Sinica 19:277–282.

Li, X.C., F.J. Tan, and Z.P. You. 1992. Sexual differences in

insecticide tolerance of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella) larvae and its metabolic mechanism [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Journal of the Southwest

Agricultural University 14:303–306.

––––––. 1993. Natural tolerance of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) to insecticides and its metabolic

mechanism [in Chinese, English summary]. Journal of the

Southwest Agricultural University 15:493–495.

Li, X.C., Y.C. Wang, Z.J. Han, M. Wang, S.Y. Ding, X.H.

Dong, S.S. Luo, and C.X. Chen. 1995. Newly hatched

larvae for monitoring insecticide resistance in the pink

bollworm [in Chinese, English summary]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 22:85–90.

Li, X.C., Y.C. Wang, Q.S. Zhang, G.J. Yu, D.Y. Zhang, Y.T.

Yang, Z. Zhi, J.P. Zhang, S.S. Luo, C.X. Chen, and S.Y.

Ding. 1997. Insecticide resistance in field strains of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in China and effect

of synergists on deltamethrin and parathion-methyl

activity. Pesticide Science 50:183–186.

Li, X.C., Q.K. Xi, Y.C. Wang, and C.K. Chen. 1996. The

cuticular structure of pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.)) and its natural tolerance to insecticides [in Chinese, English summary]. Journal of the

Southwest Agricultural University 18:461–463.

Li, X.K. 1995. Study on egg laying of Pectinophora

gossypiella and optimum application time and location

for pesticides [in Chinese]. China Cottons 22(8):11–12.

Lima Mendello, J.F. de. 1918. The damage done by

(Pectinophora gossypiella) in the Brazilian State of

Parahyba [in Portuguese]. Boletim de la Societade

Nacional Agricultura (Rio de Janeiro) 22:664.

Lin, Y. 2000. Adaptation of transgenic strains of insectresistant cotton to different ecological environments [in

Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Appled Ecology 11:246–

248.
90

Lincoln, C. 1953. The pink bollworm threatens Arkansas

cotton. Arkansas Farm Research 2(3):2.

Lincoln, C.A., and T. Hill. 1961. The pink bollworm

program in Arkansas. Fayetteville, Arkansas: State Plant

Board. Mimeographed.

Lindegren, J.E., T.J. Henneberry, and L. Forlow Jech.

1992. Mortality response of pink bollworm to the

entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae.

In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 930–931. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Lindegren, J.E., T.J. Henneberry, L. Forlow Jech, and R.A.

Burke. 1995. Bioassay results on field persistence of two

pink bollworm parasitic nematodes. In Cotton Report, pp.

298–301. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series

P–99, Tucson.

––––––. 1995. Pink bollworm suppression response and

field persistence of two insect parasitic nematodes. In

D.A. Richter and J. Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 944–945. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Lindegren, J.E., T.J. Henneberry, J.R. Raulston, L. Forlow

Jech, and K.A. Valero. 1994. Current status of pink

bollworm control with entomopathogenic nematodes. In

D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1242–1243. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1994. Potential for pink bollworm control with

entomopathogenic nematodes. In Cotton Report, pp.

282–288. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series

P–96, Tucson.

Lindegren, J.E., K.F. Meyer, T.J. Henneberry, P.V. Vail, L.

Forlow Jech, and K.A. Valero. 1993. Susceptibility of

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) soil associated

stages to the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema

carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). The

Southwestern Entomologist 18:113–120.

Lindegren, J.E., K.A. Valero, and L.J. F[orlow] Jech. 1993.

Host searching response of various entomopathogenic

nematodes: Sand barrier bioassay. In D.J. Herber and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 1044–1045. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Lindley, C.D. 1972. Control of pests of cotton, rice and

maize with EI 47470. In Proceedings, 6th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, November 15–18, 1971,

Brighton, England, pp. 492–501. Croydon, England:

British Crop Protection Council.

Lingren, P.D. 1982. Confusing and killing cotton pests.

Agricultural Research 31(July–August):4–5.

––––––. 1983. Behavior of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) adults during eclosion to departure from site

of emergence. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 76:657–660.

Lingren, P.D., J. Burton, W. Shelton, and J.R. Raulston.

1980. Night vision goggles: For design, evaluation, and

comparative efficiency determination of a pheromone

trap for capturing live adult male pink bollworms. Journal

of Economic Entomology 73:622–630.

Lingren, P.D., T.J. Henneberry, and T.W. Popham. 1989.

Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Nightly and

seasonal activity patterns of male moths as measured in

gossyplure-baited traps. Journal of Economic Entomology 82:782–787.

Lingren, P.D., J.R. Raulston, and P. Dean. 1981. Night

vision goggles aid insect trap design. Agricultural

Research 30(2):6–7.

Lingren, P.D., J.R. Raulston, T.J. Henneberry, and A.N.

Sparks. 1986. Night-vision equipment, reproductive

biology, and nocturnal behavior: Its importance to

studies of insect flight , dispersal, and migration. In W.

Danthanarayana, ed., Insect Flight: Dispersal and Migration, pp. 253–264. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

Lingren, P.D., A.N. Sparks, J.R. Raulston, and W.W. Wolf.

1978. Applications for nocturnal studies of insects.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America

24:206–212.

Lingren, P.D., W.B. Warner, and T.J. Henneberry. 1988.

Influence of delayed mating on egg production, egg

viability, mating, and longevity of female pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Environmental Entomology

17:86–89.

Linn, C.E., M.G. Campbell, and W.L. Roelofs. 1988.

Temperature modulation of behavioral thresholds

controlling male moth sex pheromone response specificity. Physiological Entomology 13:59–67.

Linn, C.E., Jr., and W.L. Roelofs. 1985. Response specificity of male pink bollworm moths to different blends and

dosages of sex pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology

11:1583–1590.

Liotta, G. 1961. La Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.): Sui

flori decontone. [Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.): Its

feeding on cotton flowers]. Bollettino del Instituto di

Entomologia, Agrar Osservat Fitopatol Palerno 4(25):23–

30.
91

Little, V.A., and D.F. Martin. 1942. Cotton Insects of the

United States. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Burgess Publishing Co.

Liu, B.Z. 1984. The dynamic models of fruits of cotton

plant and the preliminary study on interaction between

cotton fruits and pink bollworm [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of

Entomology 4:85–96.

Liu, D.J., and W.X. Tao. 1991. The statistical forecast of

adult occurrence peak of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) in different generations [in Chinese]. Acta

Agriculturae Shanghai 7:83–86.

Liu, H.L. 1985. Application of sex attractants to the

survey and prediction of insects on cotton [in Chinese].

China Cottons 3:46–47.

Liu, L.E. 1982. Experimental report on detection of the

3rd generation of pink bollworm moth by gossyplure

combine with fluorescent lamp trap [in Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge 19(2):11–15.

Liu, M.Y. 1993. Use of insect sex pheromones in China.

In Use of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals in

Integrated Control, Proceedings of Meeting at Chatham

(United Kingdom), May 11–14, 1993, pp. 291–295.

Montfavet, France: OILB/SROP.

Liu, S., S. Zhang, and B. He. 1986. Studies on the life

tables of the natural population of cotton pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 2:65–

71.

Liu, S.Y., X.X. Fan, B.J. He, M.S. Song, S.F. Cai, Z.A. Jin,

S.Z. Gu, and Q.L. Hu. 1990. A study on the insect and

disease avoiding effect of short season cotton variety [in

Chinese]. China Cottons 4:40–42.

Liu, X.C., K.M. Wu, and Q.X. Liu. 1993. On the dynamics

of cotton boll formation and optimum control time of

pink bollworm [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta

Phytotaxonomica Sinica 20:31–35.

Liu, Y.B., B.E. Tabashnik, T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carrière, M.

Sims, and S.K. Meyer. 2001. Oviposition on and mining

in bolls of Bt and non-Bt cotton by resistant and susceptible pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of

Economic Entomology 95:143-148.

Liu, Y.B., B.E. Tabashnik, T.J. Dennehy, A.L. Patin, and

A.C. Bartlett. 1999. Development time and resistance to

BT crops. Nature (London) 400:519.

Liu, Y.B., B.E. Tabashnik, T.J. Dennehy, A.L. Patin, M.A.

Sims, S.K. Meyer, and Y. Carrière. 2001. Effects of Bt

cotton and Cry1Ac toxin on survival and development of

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of

Economic Entomology 94:1237-1242.

Liu, Y.B., B.E. Tabashnik, S.K. Meyer, Y. Carrière, and

A.C. Bartlett. 2001. Genetics of pink bollworm resistance

to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac. Journal of

Economic Entomology 94:248–252.

Liu, Y.X. 1991. On the massive use of sex attractants

against pink bollworm [in Chinese]. Plant Protection

17(3):16–19.

Lo, Z.Y., W.N. Chang, and L.L. Zhou. 1982. Effects of

insecticides on the field population of pink bollworm in

Shanghai suburbs [in Chinese]. Acta Phytotaxonomica

Sinica 9:95–101.

Loaiza Mercado, V.M., and O. Sanchez Ramirez. 1973.

Campaign against the pink bollworm of cotton in the

valleys of Mexicali, Baja California, and San Luis Rio

Colorado, Sonora, in the 68/69 season [in Spanish].

Fitofilo 23:26–30.

Lobaton Gonzalez, V. 1995. El control etologico en el

manejo integrado de plagas del algodonero en Colombia.

In Curso Internacional de Manejo Integrado de Plagas,

Pasto, Colombia, 26 Nov–1 Dec 1995, pp. 153–155.

Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario, Santafe de Bogota,

Colombia.

Loftin, U.C. 1919. Notes on the life history of Platyedra

gossypiella. Revista Agricultura No. 5, San Jancinto, D.F.,

Mexico.

––––––. 1931. Summary of the work on pink bollworm.

In Virgin Islands Agricultural Experiment Station Report,

St. Croix, pp. 19–20.

Loftin, U.C., K.B. McKinney, and W.K. Hanson. 1921.

Report on investigations of the pink bollworm of cotton

in Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Bulletin No. 918.

Lohar, M.K., and Y.M. Nahyoon. 1995. Comparative

efficacy of Hostathion, Sumicidin and Sevin XLR against

cotton bollworms under field condition. Sarhad Journal

of Agriculture 11:363–368.

Lopez, L.J. 1946. Cuadrillas volantes, necisidad nacional.

Agro [Ed Valle] 1:27–29.

Lowry, W.L. 1966. Preservation of larvae of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 59:1300–

1301.

Lowry, W.L., and R.S. Berger. 1964. Joint action of DDTcontaining insecticide mixtures against DDT-resistant

pink bollworms. Journal of Economic Entomology

57:181–182.
92

––––––. 1965. Investigations of pink bollworm resistance

to DDT in Mexico and the United States. Journal of

Economic Entomology 58:590–591.

Lowry, W.L., A.J. Chapman, F.T. Wratten, and J.P. Hollingsworth. 1954. Tests of the dielectric treatment of cotton

seed for destroying pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 47:1022–1023.

Lowry, W.L., M.T. Ouye, and R.S. Berger. 1965. Rate of

increase in resistance to DDT in the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 58:781–782.

Lowry, W.L., and C.H. Tsao. 1961. Incidence of the pink

bollworm resistance to DDT. Journal of Economic

Entomology 54:1209–1211.

Lu, H.J. 1991. General introduction to breeding of cotton

variety resistant to pests in USA [in Chinese]. Chinese

Agricultural Science Bulletin 7(3):15–19.

Lu, Q., and H. Wang. 1992. Biological characteristics of

Xysticus mongolicus and its predation efficacy [in

Chinese]. Acta Arachnologica Sinica 1(2):17–22.

Lu, Z.X., Z.F. Yang, and G.Y. Ye. 1991. Preliminary study

on the resistance of pink bollworm to the pyrethroid and

its relation to esterases [in Chinese; summary in English].

Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis 3(1):14–16.

Luft, P.A. 1993. Experience affects oviposition in

Goniozus nigrifemur (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Annals

of the Entomological Society of America 86:497–505.

––––––. 1996. Fecundity, longevity, and sex ratio of

Goniozus nigrifemur (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae).

Biological Control 7:17–23.

Lukefahr, M.J. 1961. Factors related to the induction of

diapause in the pink bollworm. Dissertation Abstracts

International X1961:191.

Lukefahr, M.J., S.R. Braga, and R.M. Vieira. 1985. Pink

bollworm: Diapause in the equatorial regions of Brazil.

The Southwestern Entomologist 10:283–288.

Lukefahr, M.J., L.C. Fife, and P.L. Adkisson. 1962. Pink

bollworm diapause studies. In D.F. Martin and R.D.

Lewis, eds., A Summary of Recent Research Basic to the

Cultural Control of the Pink Bollworm, pp. 11–13. Texas

Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication 579.

Lukefahr, M.J., and P.A. Fryxell. 1967. Content of

gossypol in plants belonging to genera related to cotton.

Economic Botany 21:128–131.

Lukefahr, M.J., and J.A. Griffin. 1956. The effects of food

on the longevity and fecundity of pink bollworm moths.

Journal of Economic Entomology 49:876–877.

––––––. 1957. Mating and oviposition habits of the pink

bollworm moths. Journal of Economic Entomology

50:487–490.

––––––. 1962. Pink bollworm development in relation to

age of squares and bolls with notes on biology. Journal of

Economic Entomology 55:158–159.

Lukefahr, M.J., and D.F. Martin. 1963. Evaluation of

damage to lint and seed of cotton caused by the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 56:710–

713.

Lukefahr, M.J., D.F. Martin, and J.F. Meyer. 1965. Plant

resistance to five lepidoptera attacking cotton. Journal of

Economic Entomology 58:516–518.

Lukefahr, M.J., L.W. Noble, and D.F. Martin. 1964.

Factors inducing diapause in the pink bollworm. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1304.

Lukefahr, M.J., and C. Rhyne. 1960. Effects of nectariless

cottons on populations of three lepidopterous insects.

Journal of Economic Entomology 53:242–244.

Luo, S.B., and C.J. Cai. 1985. Tests of BT formulations

and sumicidin for controlling the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 12:213–216.

Luo, S.B., J.P. Yan, C.J. Chai, S.P. Liang, Y.M. Zhang, Y.

Zhang, and G.K. Le. 1986. Control of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella with Bacillus thuringiensis in

cotton fields [in Chinese; summary in English]. Chinese

Journal of Biological Control 2:167–169.

Luo, Z.Y., G.P. Gan, and Y.L. Zhou. 1985. Studies on

economic threshold of pink bollworm, relationship

between egg density of 2nd, 3rd generation and damage

loss [in Chinese; summary in English]. Contributions of

the Shanghai Institute of Entomology 5:81–93.

Luttrell, R.G. 1994. Cotton pest management: Part 2. A

US perspective. Annual Review of Entomology 39:527–

542.

––––––. 1995. Resistance management for the Bollgard

gene in cotton. Cotton Trends 1(2):1–4.

Luttrell, R.G., G.P. Fitt, F.S. Ramalho, and E.S. Sugonyaev.

1994. Cotton pest management: Part 1. A worldwide

perspective. Annual Review of Entomology 39:517–526.

Lyle, C. 1949. The pink bollworm situation. In Proceedings, 2nd Cotton Insect Control Conference, pp. 17–19.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Lyle, G.T. 1923. New parasitic Hymenoptera. Annual

Magazine of Natural History 12:337–339.
93

M

Ma, C.S., W. Tien, and P.L. Li. 1965. Preliminary investigations on infra-red irradiation of the overwintering

larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese; summary

in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica 14:600–602.

Mabbett, T. 1991. Pink bollworm management with

pheromones. International Pest Control 33(3):59.

McClelland, C.K., and C.A. Sahr. 1911. Cultural methods

for controlling the pink bollworm. Hawaii Agricultural

Experiment Station Press Bulletin 32.

McComb, C.W. 1967. A revision of the Chelonus subgenus Microchelonus in North America north of Mexico

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae). University Maryland

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin A–149.

McDonald, J.E. 1944. Urges measures to stem tide of pink

bollworm. Cotton Digest 17:6, 14.

McDonald, R. 1950. Sugestiones para el control del

gusano rosado del algodón. Agricultura Lagunero

4(44):5–8.

McDonald, R.E. 1929. Cotton seed disinfection as a

control for the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). In K. Jordan and W. Horn, eds., Transactions, 4th

International Congress Entomology, Ithaca, NY, 1928, pp.

552–554. Naumburg, Germany: G. Pätz.

––––––. 1931. The present status of the pink bollworm in

the Southwest. Journal of Economic Entomology

24:790–795.

––––––. 1940. The pink bollworm situation in Texas.

Acco Press 18:8–10.

––––––. 1940. Possibilities of an invasion of the pink

bollworm into the cotton belt and the significance of

such an invasion. In Proceedings, 1st American Cotton

Congress, pp. 105–107. Cotton Research Committee of

Texas.

––––––. 1940. The present pink bollworm in South

Texas. In Proceedings, 1st American Cotton Congress, pp.

175–181. Cotton Research Committee of Texas.

McDonald, R.E., and U.C. Loftin. 1935. Dispersal of the

pink bollworm by flight or wind carriage of the moths.

Journal of Economic Entomology 28:745–755.

McDonald, R.E., and G.J. Scholl. 1922. Disinfecting

cotton seed to prevent spread of the pink bollworm. Texas

Department of Agriculture Bulletin 71.

McDonald, T.E. 1944. Shall we stop the pink bollworm?

Farm Ranch 63(11):24, 26.

McGarr, R.L. 1953. Combinations of insecticides for

control of the pink bollworm and other cotton insects in

the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of Economic

Entomology 46:1103–1105.

––––––. 1955. Weekly applications of insecticides for

control of pink bollworm and boll weevil. Journal of

Economic Entomology 48:95–96.

––––––. 1957. Insecticides for pink bollworm and boll

weevil control in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in 1955

and 1956. Journal of Economic Entomology 50:672–

674.

––––––. 1957. Tests with insecticides for control of

cotton insects in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. Journal of

Economic Entomology 50:632–634.

McGarr, R.L., and A.J. Chapman. 1958. Guthion and a

DDT-endrin mixture for control of the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 51:673.

––––––. 1963. Control of three important cotton insects

in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in 1960. Journal of

Economic Entomology 56:902–903.

McGarr, R.L., A.J. Chapman, and W.L. Lowry. 1961. Field

tests with insecticides for pink bollworm control in 1958.

Journal of Economic Entomology 54:972–974.

McGarr, R.L., A.J. Chapman, and D.F. Martin. 1965. Field

tests with several insecticides for control of the pink

bollworm, boll weevil, and bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 58:693–694.

McGarr, R.L., and D.A. Wolfenbarger. 1969. Methyl

parathion, toxaphene and DDT used alone and in

combination for control of several cotton insects. Journal

of Economic Entomology 62:1249–1250.

––––––. 1970. Insecticides for control of four cotton

insects in 1968. Journal of Economic Entomology

63:1324–1325.

McGough, J.M., and L.W. Noble. 1955. Colonization of

imported pink bollworm parasites in the United States

and Mexico, 1937–54. Journal of Economic Entomology

48:626–627.

––––––. 1957. Summary of work at Brownsville, Texas,

with imported pink bollworm parasites and an aphid

predator. Journal of Economic Entomology 50:514.

McGregor, H.E., and G.D. White. 1969. Bulk cottonseed

fumigation with phosphine for pink bollworm control.

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 70(19):7–8.

––––––. 1971. Effect of phosphine against the pink

bollworm in baggged cottonseed. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Market Research Report No. 913.
94

McKillop, A.T. 1913. On the conversion of cotton sticks

into charcoal for the destruction of the pink bollworm.

Agricultural Journal Egypt 3:127.

McLaughlin, J.R. 1973. Bionomics of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in the southern

desert cotton region of California. Dissertation Abstracts

International 34–01B:259.

McLaughlin, J.R., L.K. Gaston, H.H. Shorey, H.E. Hummel, and F.D. Stewart. 1972. Sex pheromones of Lepidoptera. XXXIII. Evaluation of the disruptive effect of

tetradecyl acetate on sex pheromone communication in

Pectinophora gossypiella. Journal of Economic Entomology 65:1592–1593.

McLaughlin, J.R., R.S. Kaae, H.H. Shorey, and L.K.

Gaston. 1973. Sex pheromones of Lepidoptera. XXXIX.

Comparison of virgin female moths and hexalure as

attractants for male Pectinophora gossypiella. Environmental Entomology 2:488–489.

McLaughlin, J.R., H.H. Shorey, L.K. Gaston, R.S. Kaae,

and F.D. Stewart. 1972. Sex pheromones of Lepidoptera.

XXXI. Disruption of sex pheromone communication In

Pectinophora gossypiella with hexalure. Environmental

Entomology 1:645–650.

Maclean, J.T. 1985. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Nationial

Agricultural Library, Quick Bibliography Series.

McMeans, J.L., and C.M. Brown. 1975. Aflatoxins

[Aspergillus flavus] in cottonseed as affected by the pink

bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella]. Crop Science

15:865–866.

McMeans, J.L., C.M. Brown, R.L. McDonald, and L.L.

Parker. 1977. Aflatoxins in cottonseed: A comparison of

two cultivars. Crop Science 17:707–709.

McMeans, J.L., C.M. Brown, L.L. Parker, and R.L.

McDonald. 1976. Aflatoxins in cottonseed: Effects of

pink bollworm control. Crop Science 16:259–261.

McSweeny, E.S. 1960–1961. Fighting the pink bollworm.

Cotton Trade Journal International Yearbook 28:28, 66,

69, 75.

McVeigh, L.J., B.R. Critchley, and D.G. Campion. 1983.

Control of the pink bollworm in Egypt by mating

disruption using pheromones. In 10th International

Congress of Plant Protection, Proceedings of a Conference, Brighton, England, November 20–25, 1983. Plant

Protection for Human Welfare, p. 268. Croydon, England:

British Crop Protection Council.

Mafra-Neto, A., and M. Habib. 1996. Evidence that mass

trapping suppresses pink bollworm populations in cotton

fields. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 81:315–

223.

Magee, W.J., and M.G. Davenport. 1959. The effect of

spray nozzle arrangement and gallonage on control of the

pink bollworm and other cotton insects. Journal of

Economic Entomology 52:466–467.

Mahalle, Y.P., R.D. Ghodake, and J.S. Saksena. 1976.

Economic-injury level of cotton bollworms. Indian

Journal of Entomology 38:27–32.

Mahapatro, G.K., and G.P. Gupta. 1999. Bioefficacy of

commercial formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis

against cotton bollworm complex vis-a-vis spraying time.

Indian Journal of Entomology 61:65–74.

––––––. 1999. Bt-formulations are not effective against

pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in

cotton. Pesticide Research Journal 11:197–199.

––––––. 1999. Evenings suitable for spraying Bt formulations. Insect Environment 5:126–127.

Mahar, A.N., M.K. Lohar, and G.H. Abro. 1991. Field

evaluation on the efficacy of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos and

fenpropathrin against cotton bollworms. Proceedings of

the Pakistan Congress of Zoology 7:113–118.

Mahla, J.C., and A.P. Jayaswal. 1993. Bioefficacy of

different insecticides against bollworms of cotton.

Journal of Cotton Research and Development 7:388–396.

Mahla, S.S., and I.P. Singh. 1987. Studies on the possibilities of commercial exploitation of cotton hybrid in

Haryana [in Hindi; summary in English]. Bhartiya Krishi

Anusandhan Patrika (India) 2(1):1–8.

Maini, N.S., and D.K. Butani. 1965. How to control pink

bollworm on cotton. Indian Farming 15(3):13.

Maini, O.S., R.S. Dewan, N.P. Agnihotri, H.K. Jain, and

K.P. Srivastava. 1982. Residues from endosulfan application on cotton crop. Journal of Entomological Research

6:90–95.

Malawi Department of Agriculture. 1980. Annual report

for the year 1974/75: Cotton entomology. In Malawi

Department of Agriculture Research Reports, pp. 168–

187.

Maldonado, J.E. 1974. The Indian pink bollworm and

Sacadodes pyralis [in Spanish]. Asociacion General de

Agricultores (Guatemala) 17(32):26–27.

Malik, V.S., and A.S. Nandal. 1986. Screening of cotton

varieties/germplasm for resistance against cotton jassid,

Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) and pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Research

(Haryana Agricultural University) 16:290–293.
95

Malipatil, M.V., S.S. Dashad, P.D. Sharma, and O.P.

Chaudhary. 2001. Evaluation of different spray nozzles in

controlling insect-pests of cotton in Haryana. Crop

Research (Hisar) 21:219-224.

Mallah, G.H., A.R. Soomro, A.W. Soomro, A.K. Kourejo,

and A.D. Kalhoro. 2000. Studies on the leftover standing

cotton as carry-over sources of pink bollworm in Sindh.

Pakistan Journal of Biological Science 3:147–149.

Mallo, R.G. 1943. La lagarta rosada del algodonero [in

Spanish]. Suelo Argentino 2:743–745.

––––––. 1944. La lagarta rosada del algodonero. Revista

del Ministerio Agricultura, Paraguay 1(2):13–18.

––––––. 1950. Investigaciones sobre la “largarta rosada.”

Informes de Investigacion Agricultura 3:35–36.

––––––. 1950. Observaciones sobre “lagarta rosada” en

rastrojas de algodoneros. Informes de Investigacion

Agricultura 3:21–22.

––––––. 1955. Abutilon molle, neuva hospedadora de la

“largarta rosada.” Argentine Dir. Gen. Invest. Agric. IDIA

88:11.

––––––. 1958. La “lagarta rosada” del algodonero a las

35 años de su hallozgo en el país. [The cotton plant pest

Platyedra gossypiella, 35 years after is discovery in the

country (Argentina)]. Anales de la Sociedad Científico de

Argentina 166(3/4):84–91.

Mangat, I.S., K.S. Gill, and R. Arora. 1998. Adoption

status of IPM technology in American cotton in Punjab.

Indian Journal of Ecology 25:50–54.

Mangum, C.L., and W.O. Ridgway. 1968. Phototactic

response of lst-instar larvae of the pink bollworm to light

of different wavelengths Journal of Economic Entomology 61:396–398.

––––––. 1970. Phototactic response of fourth-stage pink

bollworm larvae to near ultraviolet radiation. Journal of

Economic Entomology 63:1017–1018.

Mangum, C.L., P.E. James, and H.V. Anderson. 1972. A

device for treating pink bollworm eggs for suppression of

cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus infection. Journal of

Economic Entomology 65:289–291.

Mangum, C.L., W.O. Ridgway, and J.R. Brazzel. 1969.

Large-scale laboratory production of the pink bollworm

for sterilization programs. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, ARS–81.

Mangum, C.L., W.O. Ridgway, and M.T. Ouye. 1969.

Production of fourth-instar pink bollworm larvae from

sodium hypochlorite-treated and untreated eggs. Journal

of Economic Entomology 62:515.

Mangum, C.L., W. Torries, and N. Sanchez. 1971. An

improved device for collecting pink bollworm moths for

large-scale rearing programs. Journal of Economic

Entomology 64:1309.

Mani, M., R. Nagarjan, N.S. Loganathan, and V.D.

Gurusamy-Raja. 1976. Varietal susceptibility to cotton

mite and bollworms. Cotton Development 6(2):16.

Mani, M., and S. Nagarkatti. 1983. Susceptibility of 2

braconid parasites, Apanteles angaleti and Bracon

kirkpatricki, to several chemical pesticides. Entomon

8:87–92.

Maninder [Surname only], and G.C. Varma. 1981. Existence of egg parasitoids of Earias spp. and larval parasitoids of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in insecticide treated and untreated areas in Punjab. Cotton

Development 11(2/3):63–64.

––––––. 1982. New record of Scambus (Scambus) striatus

Gupta and Tiker (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera) from

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and its biology.

Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 79:434–

435.

Maninder [Surname only], G.C. Varma, and B.S. Sekhon.

1983. New hosts and first record of Trichogramma

achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti (Trichogrammatidae:

Hymenoptera) from the Punjab. Bulletin of Entomology

21:36.

Manisegaran, S., T. Kumaraswami, and N. Natarajaratnam.

1991. Control of bollworms (Earias spp., Heliothis

armigera Hub, and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders))

on cotton. Indian Journal of Entomology 53:412–422.

Manley, D.G. 1978. Analysis of short-range pink bollworm male moth dispersal. Dissertation Abstracts International 39–02B:544.

––––––. 1986. Effects of cropping history on early and

late season pink bollworm flight in Arizona. Journal of

Agricultural Entomology 3:227–232.

––––––. 1987. Pink bollworm moth dispersal in and

around cotton, sugar beets, and alfalfa. Journal of

Entomological Science 22:90–93.

Mann, H.S., and H. Singh. 1992. Comparative performance of sprayers for the control of pest-complex on

cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 29:461–466.

Manoharan, V., and M. Balasubramanian. 1982. Relative

toxicity of some insecticides to adults of Chelonus

blackburni Cam. Entomon 7:227–228.

Manrique Gomez, F., R.A.I. Galindo, and N.G. Gonzalez

Hernandez. 1979. Fluctuation in the populations of some
96

insects of economic importance in the Lagunera region of

the states of Coahuila and Durango [in Spanish]. In VII

Reunión Nacional de Control Biológico, pp. 10–38.

México, D.F.:Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos

Hidráulicos.

Marchal, M.P. 1932. Diseases of cotton worms (Gelechia

gossypiella and Prodenia litura) [in French]. Acad. Agric.

France Compt. Rend. 28:203–207.

Marchini, L.C., M. Yokoyama, and O. Nakano. 1977.

Control of the pink bollworm Platyedra gossypiella

(Saund.) with insecticides at very low volume [in Portuguese; summary in English]. Anais Sociedad Entomological do Brasil 6:92–95. Marchosky, R., P.C. Ellsworth, H.

Moser, and T.J. Henneberry. 2001. Bollgard and Bollgard

II efficacy in near isogenic lines of ‘DP50’ upland cotton

in Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 235–250. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–125, Tucson.

Marin Acosta, J.C. 1978. Predation on the weevil,

Anthonomus grandis (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and on the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) by the ‘armadillo’ wasp, Synoeca septentrionalis Richards (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in squares and bolls of cotton,

Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvaceae) [in Spanish]. In

Proceedings, 1st Venezuelan Meeting on Entomology,

July 7–9, 1976, Maracay-Venezuela, pp. 145–159.

Marin, C. 1962. Notes on the injury of the Indian red

worm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) to the flowers

of cotton and localization of its preferred host, knef

(Hibiscus cannabinus L.) [in Spanish]. Boletin del

Instituto Fomento Algodon de Bogota 3(11):3–4.

––––––. 1963. Results of a cotton harvest in “closed

season” [in Spanish]. Boletin del Instituto Fomento

Algodon de Bogota 3(5/6):3.

Marin, H.C. 1952. Origen de las tres principales plagas

del algodon en Colombia. Agricultura Tropical 8(8):27–

29.

Markin, A.K. 1962. New data on pink bollworm a quarantine pest of the cotton plant [in Russian]. Khlopkovodstvo 8:35–36.

––––––. 1975. Pink bollworm––a dangerous pest subject

to quarantine [in Russian]. Khlopkovodstvo 11:26–28.

Marks, R.J. 1976. Field evaluation of gossyplure, the

synthetic sex pheromone of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Malawi. Bulletin

of Entomological Research 66:267–278.

Marlatt, C.L. 1918. The origin of the pink bollworm.

Science 48:309–312.

––––––. 1919. Pink bollworm. California Agriculture

Department Bulletin. 8:478–485.

Marshall, G.E., J.A. Klocke, L.J. Lin, and A.D. Kinghorn.

1985. Effects of diterpene esters of tigliane, daphnane,

ingenane, and lathyrane types on pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of Chemical Ecology 11:191–204.

Mart, C., and S. Tarla. 1999. The use of “mating disruption method” against pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in cotton

fields [in Turkish]. Turkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 23:91–

100.

Martin, D.F. 1958. Breakthrough in pink bollworm

research. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 59.

––––––. 1958. Cotton insect control north and south of

the Border. In Proceedings, 19th American Cotton

Congress. Cotton Research Committee of Texas.

––––––. 1958. Pink bollworm studies yield six compounds for more field tests. Cotton Trade Journal 38.

––––––. 1960. Seven cotton-growing states plagued by

pink bollworm. Cotton Trade Journal 40(12):1, 12.

––––––. 1962. Current status of pink bollworm research.

In Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization Conference. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1966. Pink bollworms. In C.N. Smith, ed., Insect

Colonization and Mass Production, pp. 335–366. New

York: Academic Press.

Martin, D.F., and U.C. Loftin. 1962. A summary of recent

research basic to the cultural control of the pink bollworm. In Cultural Control of the Pink Bollworm, pp. 3–4.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous

Publication 579.

Martins, J.C., M.A. Valerio, L.A. Moreira, and P.C.D.

Bertucci. 1988. ED formulations for the control of the

pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in cotton [in Portuguese;

summary in English]. Anais Sociedad Entomological do

Brasil 17:389–396.

Martorell, L.F. 1951. Cotton pink bollworm control in

Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Agricultural Experiment Station

Bulletin 93.

Martos, A., R. Gasani, and O. Aradiel. 1990. Observations

on Pectinophora gossypiella in Rimac Valley, Peru [in

Spanish; summary in English]. Revista Peruana de

Entomologia. 32:55–56.
97

Masi, L. 1940. Descrizioni di Calcididi raccolti in

Somalia dal Prof. G. Russo con note sulle specie congeneri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia

Agraria Filippo Silvestri, Portici 3:247–324.

––––––. 1945. Note e descrizioni per lo studio delle

Phanerotoma Africane (Hymen.: Bracon.). Memiors of

the Italian Entomological Society 24:42–51.

Mason, T.G., and G.H. Jones. 1924. A first survey of

factors inhibiting the development of the cotton plant in

southern Nigeria. In Annuual Bulletin of the Agriculture

Department (Nigeria), pp. 11–30.

Mathan, K.K., K.A. Murugan, and V. Ravikumar. 1979.

Comparative effectiveness of certain insecticides on the

cotton bollworms. Pesticides 13(9):31–34.

––––––. 1980. Control of cotton bollworms by certain

newer insecticides. Pesticides 14(2):7–9.

Matten, S.R. 2001. EPA regulation of transgenic pesticidal crops and insect resistance management for B.t. cotton.

In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 71–76. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

Matten, S.R. 2001. EPA update on insect resistance

management for Bollgard cotton. In P. Dugger and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 840–844. National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

Matthews, G.A., J.P. Tunstall, and D.J. McKinley. 1965.

Outbreaks of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella

Saund.) in Rhodesia and Malawi. Empire Cotton Growing

Review. 42:197–208.

Mauney, J.R., D.L. Kittock, and L.A. Bariola. 1972.

Limitation of late-season cotton bolls as a possible new

control for pink bollworm. In Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 103–105.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Maxwell, L.H. 1906. The insect pests of cotton in India.

Agricultural Journal India 1:49–61.

Maxwell, L.H., and F.M. Howlett. 1909. Indian Insect

Life. A Manual of the Insects of the Plains (Tropical

India). Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Company. [Reprinted

in 1971, New Delhi: Today & Tomorrow’s Printers &

Publishers].

––––––. 1910. Progress of economical entomology in

India. In 1st International Congress Entomology, Bruhollos, pp. 465–482.

May, J. 1969. Cooperative economic cotton insect report.

In Cotton Report, pp. 39–42. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–15, Tucson.

Medina Martinez, R., and J.R. Medina Gutierrez. 1998.

Trial of two formulations of pheromone checkmate PBWF for the control of “gusano rosado” Pectinophora

gossypiella in the final phase of cotton. Mexicali Valley,

Baja California Norte State, 1997 [in Spanish]. In

Memorias Congreso Nacional de Entomologia. 33,

Acapulco, Mexico, May 24–27. 1998, pp. 318–321.

Montecillo, Mexico: Sociedad Mexicana de Entomologia.

Megahed, M.M., D. Ammar, A.G. Metwally, and A.

Rashad. 1982. Studies on the attraction of males of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in Egypt, to the sex

pheromone ‘gossyplure’. Agricultural Research Review

(Cairo) 60:181–199.

Mejia Quintana, J.E., and W. Mondragon L. 1991.

Biology of the Indian pink worm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in Spanish]. In Curso Sobre Manejo del

Algodonero, Buga, Colombia, March 13–15, 1991, pp.

225–227. Palmira, Colombia: Instituto Colombiano

Agropecuario.

Melamed, Y., and Ch. Shoham. 1975. Insect scouting in

cotton fields. Rehovot, Israel: Center International

Agriculture Cooperation.

Men, U.B., S.K. Mundiwale, O.R. Gangade, and M.N.

Borle. 1985. Chemical control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saund. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth

Research Journal (India) 9:81–82.

Menaker, M., and G. Gross. 1965. Effect of fluctuating

temperatures on diapausing induction in the pink

bollworm. Journal of Insect Physiology 11:911–914.

Mendes, L.O.T. 1938. Notes on insects from cotton during

1936–1937 [in Portuguese]. Journal of Agronomy (Sao

Paulo) 1:149–162.

Mendez Villa, M., and P. Garcia Arellano. 1970. Analysis

of entomological material taken in traps or collected by

staff of the cooperative Mexican-United States programs

[in Spanish]. Fitofilo 23(65):35–39.

Mendoza, S.F., L.P. Segura, and G.D. Baena. 1984.

Analisis cuantitativo del dano causado por el gusano

rosado de la India, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders),

en zonas algodoneras del Valle [in Spanish; summary in

English]. [Quantitative analysis of the injury caused by

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, in cottongrowing zones of Valle department]. Acta Agronomica

(Palmira) 34:59–69.

Menon, M.V. 1979. Studies on the site of oviposition of

pink bollworm moth, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in French; summary in English]. Coton et Fibres

Tropicales 34:305–307.
98

Menon, M.V., and K. Thangavelu. 1979. Survey of

beneficial arthropods in the cotton ecosystem at Coimbatore, South India. Entomon 4:281–284.

Merkle, J.R., and H.M. Flint. 1981. Responses of male

pink bollworms to various mixtures of the Z,Z- and Z,Eisomers of gossyplure in gossyplure treated fields. The

Southwestern Entomologist 6:114–116.

Mertim, J.V. 1952. Plant quarantine survey in the Northern Territory. Journal of the Australian Institute of

Agricultural Science 18(2):27–32.

Metalnikov, S., and S.S. Metalnikov. 1933. Utilisation

des méthods bactériotogiques dans la lutte contre les

insectes nuisibles au cotonnier (Gelechia gossypiella

(Saund.)). Coton Culture Cotonnière 8(1):1–13.

Metalnikov, S.S. 1934. Action des rayons solaires sur les

spores de bactéries pathogènes pour les insectes. Annales

de l’Institut Pasteur [Paris] 53(1):93–99.

Metwally, A.G., A. Abdel-Hafez, and H. El-Bishry. 1976.

The use of pheromone traps as a survey tool for Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Agricultural Research

Review (Cairo) 54:9–15.

Metwally, A.G., A. Abdel-Hafez, A. Khalifa, and M.F. ElShaarawy. 1980. Breeding pink bollworm on different

host plants. In Proceedings, 1st Conference of Plant

Protection Research Institute, Cairo, December 13–15,

1980, pp. 15–32. Cairo: EDICA.

Metwally, E.M., A.I. El-Ghonamy, G.M. Moawad, S.A.

Raslan, and W.M.H. Desuky. 1996. Heat unit and weather

factors in relation to prediction of the pink bollworm

infestation. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research

74:939–955.

Metwally, A.G., F.A. El-Lakwah, F.F. Shalaby, and H.M.

El-Gemeiy. 1983. Natural role of diseases against the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in Egyptian

cotton fields. Agricultural Research Review (Cairo) 61:1–

21.

Metwally, A.G., and M.M. Hosny. 1972. Factors affecting

the resting stage duration of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Agricultural Research

Review (Cairo) 50:21–24.

––––––. 1972. On the initiation and termination of the

pink bollworm diapause Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). Agricultural Research Review (Cairo) 50:17–20.

––––––. 1972. Temperature and relative humidity as

factors influencing the termination of diapause in the

pink bollworm. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 55:373–377.

––––––. 1974. The approximate flight-range of pink

bollworm moths and the rate of infestation at cardinal

directions around villages [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae].

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 58:55–

64.

––––––. 1974. The perpendicular distribution of pink

bollworm infestation at different levels of the cotton plant

[Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae]. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 58:89–92.

Metwally, A.G., M.M. Megahed, E.D. Ammar, and A.

Rashad. 1982. Effect of the sex pheromone ‘gossyplure’

on suppression of field populations of Pectinophora

gossypiella in Egypt. Agricultural Research Review

(Cairo) 60:209–223.

Mexico, D.F. 1980. Integrated control of the pink bollworm, a pest of cotton [in Spanish]. Algodon Mexicano

100:58–60.

Meyer, S.K., B.E. Tabashnik, Y.B. Liu, M.C. Wirth, and

B.A. Federici. 2001. Cy1A from Bacillus thuringiensis

lacks toxicity to susceptible and resistant larvae of

diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella). Applied and

Environmental Microbiology 67:462–463.

Meyers, A.I., and E.W. Collington. 1971. An efficient total

synthesis of propylure, the highly active sex attractant for

the pink bollworm moth. Tetrahedron 27:5979–5985.

Meyrick, E. 1905. Descriptions of Indian microlepidoptera. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society

16:580–619.

––––––. 1922. Results of Dr. E. Mjoberg’s Swedish

Scientific Expedition to Australia 1910–1913. 27.

Microlepidoptera. Arkiv. Zool. (Stockholm) 14(15):1–13.

Michel, B. 1989. A new prospect for mastering the pests

of cotton in Paraguay: Intervention thresholds [in French;

summary in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 44:127–

134.

––––––. 1992. Population dynamics of adults of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in

Paraguay [in French; summary in English]. Coton et

Fibres Tropicales 47:101–112.

Michel, B., and E. Gomez. 1992. Population dynamics of

adults of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep.:

Gelechiidae) in Paraguay. [La diapause de Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) au Paraguay]

[in French and Spanish]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales

47:95–100.

––––––. 1992. La diapause de Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) au Paraguay. Memoires de

la Societe Royale Belge d’ Entomologie 35:429–432.
99

Miller, E., D. Keaveny, R.T. Staten, A. Lowe, and J.

Bomberg.1994. Changes in pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) sooty mutant under animal and plant health

inspection service mass-rearing methodology. Journal of

Economic Entomology 87:1659–1664.

Miller, E., E. Jones, and R. Staten. 1986. The use of moth

scales to determine male pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae) visitation to individual pheromone dispensers in a mating disruption system. The Southwestern

Entomologist 11:42–44.

Miller, E., A. Lowe, and S. Archuleta. 2000. Evaluation of

different release strategies for use in pink bollworm sterile

release programs. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1368–

1370. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Miller, E., R.T. Staten, J. Claus, M. Sledge, J. Peloquin,

and T. Miller. 2001. A multiple generation life history

study on rearing a genetically altered (EGFP) strain of

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1118-1120. National Cotton Council,

Memphis, TN.

Miller, E., R.T. Staten, E. Jones, and J. Pozzi. 1984. Effect

of 20 krad of gamma irradiation on reproduction of pink

bollworm [Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae] and their F1

progeny: potential impact on the identification of trap

catches. Journal of Economic Entomology 77:304–307.

Miller, E., R.T. Staten, C. Nowell, and J. Gourd. 1990.

Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Point source

density and its relationship to efficacy in attracticide

formulations of gossyplure. Journal of Economic Entomology 83:1321–1325.

Miller, E., F. Stewart, A. Lowe, and J. Bomberg. 1996. New

method of processing diet for mass rearing pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelichiidae). Journal of Agricultural Entomology

13:129–137.

Miller, T. 2001. Control of pink bollworm. Pesticide

Outlook 12:68-70.

Miller, T., and M. Salama. 1992. Role of diapause protein

in the pink bollworm. In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp.

834–835. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Miller, T.A. 1986. Status of resistance in the cotton insect

complex. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences,

pp. 162–165. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1986. Resistance monitoring of pink bollworm.

In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp.

218–220. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1995. Studies on pink bollworm. In D. Konopinska, G. Goldsworthy, R.J. Nachman, J. Nawrot, I. Orchard,

G. Rosinski, and W. Sobotka, eds., Proceedings, 1st

International Conference on Insects, 1994: Chemical,

Physiological and Environmental Aspects, pp. 167–170.

Wroclaw, Poland: University of Wroclaw.

––––––. 1996. Resistance to pesticides: Mechanisms,

development and management. In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton Insects and Mites:

Characterization and Management, pp. 323–378. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation Publisher.

Miller, T.A., K. Fryxell, and S. Thibault. 1994. Expression

of diapause protein in pink bollworm. In D.J. Herber and

D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 928–931. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Miller, T.A., E. Miller, R. Staten, and K. Middleham.

1994. Mating response behavior of sterile pink bollworms (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) compared with natives.

Journal of Economic Entomology 87:680–686.

Miller, T.A., and M. Omar. 1992. Toxicokinetics of

permethrin in single insects: A method. Resistant Pest

Management 4:8–10.

Miller, T.A., M. Robertson, and S. Thibault. 1997.

Conditional lethal genes to control cotton pests. In P.

Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1340–1341. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Miller, T.A., M.S. Salama, and L.P. Schouest. 1991.

Cloning the gene for diapause protein in pink bollworm.

In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 785–786. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Miller, T.A., M. Salama, R.C. Weddle, and S. Sivasupramaniam. 1993. New test reveals early diapause in pink

bollworm. California Agriculture 47(4):24–26.

Minin, D.H. 1965. Parallel peculiarities in the entrainment of a circadian rhythm and photoperiodic induction

in the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella). In J.

Aschoff, ed., Circadian Clocks, pp. 333–343. Amsterdam:

North-Holland Publishing.

Minis, D.H., and C.S. Pittendrigh. 1968. Circadian

oscillation controlling hatching: Its ontogeny during

embryogenesis of a moth. Science 159:534–536.

Ministerio da Agricultura, Industria e Commercio (Rio de

Janeiro). 1920. Combate a largarta rosea no Brazil.

[Combating the pink bollworm in Brazil]. Boletim 8:93–

102.
100

Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station (Delta

Branch). 1951. The bollworm problem–– how to discover

and remedy the situation when found. Cotton Digest

23(46):12.

Mitchell, H.R., and L.D. Hatfield. 1993. Evaluation of

Fury 1.5 EC against cotton insect pest. In D.J. Herber and

D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 776–777. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Miyamoto, J., P.C. Kearney, P. Doyle, T. Fujita, I. Kubo,

J.A. Klocke, T. Matsumoto, and T. Kamikawa. 1983.

Plumbagin as a model for insect ecdysis inhibitory

activity. In J. Miyamoto, P.C. Kearney, P. Doyle, and T.

Fujita, eds., Pesticide Chemistry: Human Welfare and the

Environment. Proceedings of the 5th International

Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, Kyoto, Japan, August

29–September 4, 1982. Volume 1. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships, pp. 169–175. New York:

Pergamon Press.

Moawad, G., A.A. Khidr, M. Zaki, B.R. Critchley, L.J.

Mcveigh, and D.G. Campion. 1991. Large-scale use of

hollow fibre and microencapsulated pink bollworm

pheromone formulations integrated with conventional

insecticides for the control of the cotton pest complex in

Egypt. Tropical Pest Management 37:10–16.

Moawad, G.M. 1981. Survival of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) under various soils and

climatic conditions. Agricultural Research Review

(Cairo) 59:99–105.

Moawad, G.M., H.K.M. Bekheit, E.A. Gomaa, and M.B.

Ashour. 1994. Integrated use of pheromone and conventional insecticides against pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders). Annals of Agricultural Science

(Cairo) Special Issue:1025–1044.

––––––. 1994. Mating disruption trials for the control of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals of

Agricultural Science (Cairo) Special Issue:1059–1073.

Moawad, G.M., M.A. El-Hamaky, M.F. Gergis, and Z.R.

Sawires. 1991. The impact of sex pheromones and

insecticides on cotton piercing sucking pests in Middle

Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt,

Economic Series 19:231–236.

Moawad, G.M., A.A. El-Shaeady, A.M. Rashad, M.A.M.

Shalaby, and A.I. Gadallah. 1990. Suppression of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) infestation

in cotton fields treated with sex pheromones. Annals of

Agricultural Science (Cairo) Special Issue:531–543.

Moawad, G.M., A.A. Hamed-Amin, and A.M. Hossain.

1994. Spatial distribution of two cotton bollworms,

Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana in

Fayoum, Egypt. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo)

39:805–813.

Moawad, G.M., and A.H.M. Hussein. 1980. Effect of

certain agricultural practices on the population density of

the overwintering pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella larvae. Agricultural Research Review (Cairo)

58:265–276.

Moawad, G.M., and A.A. Khidr. 1982. The influence of

juvenile hormone on the pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Agricultural Research Review

(Cairo) 60:225–236.

Moawad, G.M., A.M. Rashad, M.A.M. Shalaby, and A.I.

Gadallah. 1990. Effect of some insect growth regulators

on the larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (S) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bulletin of

the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

18:149–155.

Moawad, G.M., S.A.A. Raslan, and W.M.H. Desuky. 1996.

Integrated control of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 74:981–998.

Moawad, G.M., S.A.A. Raslan, W.M.H. Desuky, E.M.

Metwally, and A.E. Ibrahim. 1996. New approach for pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) control

in Egypt using fatal attraction. Egyptian Journal of

Agricultural Research 74:957–972.

Moawad, G.M., Z.R. Sawires, M.A. El-Hamaky, and M.F.

Gergis. 1991. The impact of sex pheromones and insecticides on the natural enemies in cotton fields in Middle

Egypt. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt,

Economic Series 19:237–242.

Moawad, G.M., Z.R. Sawires, M.W. Watson, and A.E.

Gaber. 1994. Male disruption pheromone as a new

strategy in controlling pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) in Egypt. In D.J. Herber and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 1035–1038. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Moftah, E.A., A.M. Younis, M.F. Gergis, and A.A. Khidr.

1988. Thermal requirements and prediction models for

pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.). Journal of Agricultural Research (Minia

University) 10:1563–1573.

Mohamed, M.I., R.A. Anan, N.M. Hussein, and Z.K.

Moustafa. 1993. Some dehydrogenase enzymes affected

by juvenoid materials in Earias insulana and Pectinophora gossypiella larvae. Annals of Agricultural Science

(Cairo) 38:747–753.
101

Mohammad, A., Z. Ahmad, and M.R. Attique. 1982.

Effect of the removal of fruiting parts on yield of four

different varieties of cotton in Punjab. The Pakistan

Cottons 26(3):123–130.

Mohan, P., P. Singh, S.S. Narayanan, and R. Ratan. 1994.

Relation of gossypol-gland density with bollworm

incidence and yield in tree cotton (Gossypium arboreum).

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 64:691–696.

Mohyuddin, A.I., G. Jilani, A.G. Khan, A. Hamza, I.

Ahmed, and Z. Mahmood. 1997. Integrated pest management of major cotton pests by conservation, redistribution and augmentation of natural enemies. Pakistan

Journal of Zoology 29:293–298.

Monsarrat, A., S. Abol-Ela, I. Abdel-Hamid, G. Fediere, G.

Kuhl, M. El-Husseini, and J. Giannotti. 1995. A new RNA

picorna-like virus in the cotton pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Lep.: Gelechiidae) in Egypt. Entomophaga 40:47–54.

Moore, A.J. 1997. The evolution of social signal: Morphological, functional, and genetic integration of the sex

pheromone in Nauphoeta cinerea. Evolution 51:1920–

1928.

Moore, L., C.A. Beasley, T.E. Leigh, and T.J. Henneberry.

1996. Insect and mite management in the west. In E.G.

King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton Insects

and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp. 741–

752. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation

Publisher.

Moore, L., G. Thacker, T. Watson, P. Ellsworth, and J.

Combs. 1992. Community-wide insect management

program in Pima County, 1991. In Cotton Report, pp. 99–

105. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–

91, Tucson.

Morales, I.R. 1943. Algunos datos botanicos historicas,

mealicinales y economicos, acerca de las Malvaceas

nodrizas secundaridas del gusano rosado del algodonero.

Fitofilo 2(3):29–33.

Moreno, G.I. 1943. Plagas del algodón y su control en la

region de Matamoros, Tamps. Fitofilo 2(6):70–94.

Moreno, I. 1949. Cotton insect control with new organic

insecticides in Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology

42:484–486.

Mori, K., M. Tominaga, and M. Matsui. 1974. Synthesis

of the pink bollworm sex pheromone, 7-cis, 11-cishexadecadienyl acetate and its 11-trans isomer. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 38:1551–1552.

––––––. 1975. Stereoselective synthesis of the pink

bollworm sex pheromone Z, Z1–7. ll-hexadecadienyl

acetate and its (Z,E)-isomer. Tetrahedron 31:1846–1848.

Morrill, A.W. 1918. Insect pests of interest to Arizona

cotton growers. In Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station 87, pp. 173–205.

Morris, H.M. 1930. Annual report of the entomologist for

1929. In Cyprus Department of Agriculture Annual

Report, Nicosia, pp. 47–55.

––––––. 1931. Annual report of the entomologist for

1930. In Cyprus Department of Agriculture Annual

Report, Nicosia, pp. 48–55.

––––––. 1933. Annual report of the entomologist for

1932. In Cyprus Department of Agriculture Annual

Report, pp. 39–43.

––––––. 1938. Annual report of the entomologist for

1931. In Cyprus Department of Agriculture Annual

Report, pp. 48–55.

Morstatt, H. 1911. Soatgut und vorratschodlinge und

soatgutdesinfektion. Phlanzor. Jahrg. 7:576–604.

Morsy, M.A.A., A.M. Ali, Y.A. Darwish, and M.A. Soliman.

1987. Effect of constant temperature and thermorhythm

on overwintering larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Journal of Agricultural Research (Minia University)

9:911–924.

Moscol, R.L. 1984. Final Report: Control program of the

Indian pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella; Cotton

Campaign 1983–1984, Middle Piura Valley [in Spanish].

Fundacion Para El Desarrollo Algodonero, Ministerio de

Agricultura, Peru, Region Agraria 2.

Moss, J.I., and R.A. Van Steenwyk. 1982. Marking pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with cesium.

Environmental Entomology 11:1264–1268.

Mostafa, Z.K., L.S. El-Sherif, and M.A.A. Hewady. 1995.

Effect of certain volatile plant oils on the activity of

malate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme In Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) and Earias insulana (Boisd)

larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of the Egyptian

German Society of Zoology 17(E):13–23.

Mourad, M.A. 1993. Effect of some insecticidal treatments on flowering, shedding, bollworm infestation, and

yield of Giza 70 cotton variety (Gossypium barbadense).

Journal of Agricultural Research (Tanta University)

19:718–728.

Mourad, M.A., M.E. Omar, and A.A. Mahran. 1991.

Alternate use of insecticides against the cotton bollworms

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana

Boisd. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 69:99–

106.
102

––––––. 1991. Field potency of different insecticides

against cotton boll worms. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 69:57–62.

Moursy, E.B. 1992. Changes in protein, nucleic acids and

glycogen during embryonic development in the eggs of

active and overwintered moths of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Bulletin of the Faculty of

Agriculture (University of Cairo) 43:527–537.

Moursy, E.B., and A.C. Bartlett. 1991. Effect of ‘pyriproxyfen’ as juvenile hormone analogue on the reproductive

potentiality of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt, Economic Series 19:191–197.

Mowlam, M., and J. Vega. 1977. Progress with the

pyrethroids. Shell Agriculture 9:2–3.

Mueller, A.J., R.K. Sharma, H.T. Reynolds, and N.C.

Toscano. 1974. Effect of crop rotations on emergence of

overwintered pink bollworm populations in the Imperial

Valley, California. Journal of Economic Entomology

67:227–228.

Muesebeck, C.F.W. 1925. A revision of the parasitic

wasps of the genus Microbracon occurring in America

north of Mexico. Proceedings of the U. S. National

Museum 67(8):1–85.

––––––. 1956. Some braconid parasites of the pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo

Silvestri, Portici 33:55–68.

Muhammad, Z. 1986. Relative abundance of the pink

bollworm on different cultivars of cotton. The Pakistan

Cottons 30(3):17–20.

Mulchandani, L.H., A.H. Shah, B.K. Patel, and C.T. Patel.

1976. Effectiveness of some modern insecticides for the

control of cotton bollworms on irrigated variety IAN/579/

188 cotton in South Gujarat area. Cotton Development

6(2):13–15.

Mullins, W. 2001. New Bollgard refuge requirements for

2001. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 844-845. National

Cotton Council, Memphis, TN.

Munshi, G.H., A.H. Ansari, A. Zaman, and A.A. Sheikh.

1991. Evaluation of pyrethroids and organophosphorus

insecticides alone and in combination on cotton bollworms. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research

12:124–129.

Munshi, G.H., and A.K. Mecci. 1976. Emergence and

carryover of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) through cotton lint and double seeds at

Tandojam. Agriculture Pakistan 27:107–111.

Murdie, G., and D.G. Campion. 1972. Computer simulation of red bollworm populations in control programs

using sterile males and sex attractants. Cotton Growing

Review 49:276–284.

Murphy, M.P. 1982. Evaluation of ICP-AES in the study

of migrations of pink bollworm. Dissertation Abstracts

International 43–02B:418.

Murphy, S.R. 1985. Attract ‘n Kill approaches for effective cotton insect control. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 68–69. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Murugesan, S., and M. Balasubramanian. 1981. Influence

of bollworm infestation on quality and yield of cotton.

Cotton Development 11(2/3):41–42.

––––––. 1992. Relationship between the pheromone trap

catches of Pectinophora gossypiella and Spodoptera

litura their field infestation and larval population.

Madras Agricultural Journal 79:321–326.

––––––. 1995. Rope dispenser form of gossyplure and

insecticides on predators in cotton ecosystem. Madras

Agricultural Journal 82:87–89.

––––––. 1999. Compatibility studies on synthetic sex

lures in cotton ecosystem. Annals of Plant Protection

Sciences 7:131–134.

––––––. 1999. Studies on the effect of new gossyplure

pheromones in cotton ecosystem. Annals of Plant

Protection Sciences 7:1–7.

Murugesan, S., and S. Parameswaran. 1979. Effect of

insecticides on the control of bollworms and yield of

MCU cotton under irrigated conditions. Pesticides

13(2):25–36.

Myers, J.G. 1931. Descriptions and records of parasitic

Hymenoptera from British Guiana and the West Indies.

Bulletin of Entomological Research 22:273.

––––––. 1932. Biological observations on some Neotropical parasitic Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal

Entomological Society of London 80:121–136.

––––––. 1935. Second report on an investigation into the

biological control of West Indian insect pests. Bulletin of

Entomological Research 26:181–252.

Myrsina, R.A., and N.L. Semeniuk. 1975. Synthesis of

trans-1-acetoxy-10-(n-propyl)-tri-deca-5,9-diene (Propylur) sex attractant of the cotton moth [in Russian]. Ukr.

Khim. Zh. 41:1068–1070.
103

N

Nadkarni, N.T. 1951. A note on the diapause in pink

bollworm of cotton. Indian Cotton Growing Review

5:49–51.

––––––. 1951. Bollworms of cotton in Marathwada

Division of Hyderabad State. Indian Cotton Growing

Review 5:211–224.

Nagwekar, S.N., A.P. Jayaswal, and R.K. Saini. 1982.

Comparative efficacy of insecticides against pink

bollworm as also the yield and quality of cotton. Cotton

Development 12(1/2):63–65.

Nagwekar, S.N., K.R. Saini, S.D. Pai, and V.G. Munshi.

1984. Effect of new insecticides on pink bollworm

incidence, yield and fibre properties of American cotton

H 777. Journal of the Indian Society for Cotton Improvement 9:18–22.

––––––. 1984. Efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids in

controlling pink bollworm and their effect on the quality

of N777 (Gossypium hirsutum) cotton. Journal of Research (Haryana Agricultural University) 14:342–345.

Naik, M.I., S. Lingappa, and C.P. Mallapur. 1996. Monitoring pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) using pheromone trap. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science 30:43–47.

Nakatsu, T., T. Johns, I. Kubo, K. Milton, M. Sakai, K.

Chatani, K. Saito, Y. Yamagiwa, and T. Kamikawa. 1990.

Isolation, structure, and synthesis of novel 4-quinolinone

alkaloids from Esenbeckia leiocarpa. Journal of Natural

Products 53:1508–1513.

Nandal, A.S., R.K. Saini, and Z. Singh. 1985. Bioefficacy

and economics of synthetic pyrethroids in cotton under

Haryana conditions. Journal of Research (Haryana

Agricultural University) 15:218–220.

Nandal, A.S., J.P. Singh, V.S. Malik, and R.S. Jaglan. 1985.

Efficacy and economics of spray schedules with synthetic

pyrethroids against bollworms of upland cotton. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 55:185–189.

Nandal, A.S., J.P. Singh, Z. Singh, and B.P.S. Lather. 1984.

Effect of the direction of stacking cotton sticks on the

mortality of the diapausing larvae of pink bollworm.

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 54:671–673.

Nandal, A.S., and Z. Singh. 1985. Effect of different

heights of stacks of cotton sticks on the survival of

overwintering Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

larvae. Journal of Research (Haryana Agricultural

University) 15:313–316.

Nandihalli, B.S., B.V. Patil, and P. Hugar. 1993. Optimisation of pheromone traps for cotton pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Karnataka Journal

of Agricultural Science 6:300–301.

Nangpal, H.D. 1941. Date of effective carry-over of the

pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) through soil

in Marhatwadda, division of Hyderabad state. In Conference on Cotton Growing Problems in India, pp. 175–176.

Bombay: Indian Central Cotton Committee.

Nangpal, H.D., K.A. Rahman, and M. Afzal. 1948. Insect

pests of cotton in India. Bombay: Indian Central Cotton

Committee.

Nangpal, H.D., N.T. Nadkarni, and T.E. Krishnaswamy.

1937. Observations on the life history of the pink

bollworm, Platyedra gossypiella Saund. at Parbhani

(Deccan, India). Contributions to Economic Zoology and

Entomology, Proceedings of the Industry and Science

Congress (Hyderabad) 24:368.

Naranjo, S.E. 1993. Life history of Trichogrammatoidea

bactrae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), an egg

parasitoid of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae),

with emphasis on performance at high temperatures.

Environmental Entomology 22:1051–1059.

Naranjo, S.E., G. Gordh, and M. Moratorio. 1992. Biology

and behavior of Trichogrammatoidea bactrae, an

imported egg parasitoid of pink bollworm. In D.J. Herber

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 920–922. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1992. Inundative release of Trichogrammatoidea

bactrae for biological control of pink bollworm. In

Cotton Report, pp. 110–116. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–91, Tucson.

Naranjo, S.E., and J.R. Hagler. 1988. Characterizing and

estimating the effect of Heteropteran predation. In M.

Coll and J.R. Ruberson, eds., Predatory Heteroptera: Their

Ecology and Use in Biological Control, pp. 171–197.

Lanham, Maryland: Entomological Society of America.

––––––. 2001. Toward the quantification of predation

with predator gut immunoassays: A new approach

integrating functional response behavior. Biological

Control 20:175–189.

Naranjo, S.E., T.J. Henneberry, and C.G. Jackson. 1992.

Pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). In J.R. Nechols, L.E. Andres, J.W. Beardsley,

R.D. Goeden, and C.G. Jackson, eds., Biological Control

in the Western United States, pp. 199–202. Oakland:

University of California Press.
104

Naranjo, S.E., and W.D. Hutchison. 1997. Validation of

arthropod sampling plans using a resampling approach:

Software and analysis. American Entomologist 43:48–57.

Naranjo, S.E., and J.M. Martin. 1991. Comparative

development and reproduction of pink bollworm on

upland and Pima cotton cultivars. In Cotton Report, pp.

119–125. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series

P–87, Tucson.

––––––. 1993. Comparative development, reproduction,

and oviposition of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on a resistant okra-leaf cotton and commercial

upland and Pima cultivars. Journal of Economic Entomology 86:1094–1103.

Narayanan, E.S., and G.A. Gangrande. 1955. Bionomics,

biology and rate of reproduction in Apanteles angaleti

Muesebeck (Vipionidae: Hymenoptera), an endoparasitoid of the pink bollworm of cotton, Pectinophora

(Platyedra) gossypiella (Saunders) (Gelechiidae).

Proceedings of the Indian Scientific Congress 42:297.

Narayanan, E.S., M.D. Lantham, G.W. Angalet, B.R.S.

Rao, and G.I. D’Souza. 1953. A technique for mass

breeding of Apanteles n. sp. (Braconidae: Hymenoptera).

Current Science 22:121.

Narayanan, E.S., B.R.S. Rao, and G.A. Gangrande. 1956.

The biology and rate of reproduction and the morphology of the immature stages of Apanteles angaleti Muesebeck. Beistrase Zeitschrift Entomologie 6:296–320.

Narayanan, E.S., B.R.S. Rao, and R.B. Kaur. 1959. Host

selection and oviposition response in Apanteles angaleti

Muesebeck (Braconidae: Hymenoptera). Proceedings of

the Indian Academy of Science, Sect. B. 49:139–147.

Narayanan, K., P. Thangavelu, and T.R. Subramaniam.

1976. New record of Bacillus cereus and Streptococcus

sp. on the pink bollworm of cotton, Pectinophora

gossypiella (S.). Current Science 45:235–236.

Narendran, T.C. 1985. A taxonomic revision of the

chalcid parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) associated with Opisina arenosella Waker (Lepidoptera: Xylorictidae). Entomon 10:83–96.

Narendran, T.C., and K.J. Joseph. 1975. New records and

new host records of some Brachymeria species (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). Agricultural Research Journal

of Kerala (India) 13:70–73.

Naresh, J.S., and J.S. Balan. 1984. Observations on

Pyroderces simplex Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Monphidae) in Haryana. Indian Journal of Entomology

46:368–370.

––––––. 1985. Pyemotes ventricosus (Newport), an

ectoparasitic mite on cotton pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) in Haryana. Indian Journal of

Entomology 47:239–240.

Nasr, E.A. 1972. Effect of number of sprays on the rate of

bollworm infestation, cotton yield and fibre quality

(Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt, Economic Series 6:93–102.

––––––. 1976–1977. Effect of certain recommended

insecticides on the population density of the egg-masses

of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.),

and their efficiency in controlling pink and spiny

bollworms. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt, Economic Series 10:105–108.

Nasr, E.A., and A.K. Azab. 1970. Behavior and activity of

the pink and the spiny cotton bollworms, in Egypt.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 53:235–

243.

Nasr, E.S.A. 1973. The efficiency of various insecticides

in controlling the two cotton bollworms, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana Boisd. (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt,

Economic Series 7:1–13.

Nasr, E.S.A., and A.K. Azab. 1970. Susceptibility of

different cotton varieties to bollworms infestation.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 53:459–

472.

Nassef, M.A., A.M. Hamed, and W.M. Watson. 1999.

Mass-trapping of pink bollworm with gossyplure. Journal

of Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 44:327–334.

Nassef, M.A., and W.M. Watson. 1999. Sequential spray

schedules of insecticides to control bollworms as target

pests in addition to certain sap suckers as non-target pests

in cotton fields. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 77:1155–1162.

Nasser, M.A., S.A. Abdel-Fattah, A. El-Bahrawi, and M.

Ellabany. 1978. Activity of synthetic pyrethroids and

certain insecticides on cotton boll worms in relation to

their effect on fiber quality in Egypt. Mededelingen Van

de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit

Gent 43:719–725.

Natarajan, K. 1985. Ecocidal effect of light traps in the

cotton ecosystem. In A. Regupathy and S. Jayaraj, eds.,

Behavioural and Physiological Approaches in Pest

Management, pp. 114–115. Coimbatore, India: The

University.

Natarajan, K., and N. Sundaram. 1977. Evaluation of

certain insecticides in the control of cotton bollworms.

Pesticides 11(10):42–43.

Natarajan, N., T. Kumaraswami, and M. Balasubramanian.

1985. Efficacy of moult inhibitors on cotton pests under
105

field conditions. In A. Regupathy and S. Jayaraj, eds.,

Behavioural and Physiological Approaches in Pest

Management, pp. 167–170. Coimbatore, India: The

University.

Nath, P., O.P. Chaudhary, and P.D. Sharma. 1999. Evaluation of different spray intervals for bollworm infestation

and yield of Arboreum cotton var. HD 107. Annals of

Agricultural Biology Research 4(1):53–58.

Natwick, E.T., and R.T. Staten. 1987. Pink bollworm

control using a high rate gossyplure formulation. In J.M.

Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 262–267.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1988. Destruction of pink bollworm: Feasibility

of using a forage harvester to finely chop cotton stalks

and bolls for safe storage. In J.M. Brown and D.A. Richter,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 311–315. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Natwick, E.T., R.T. Staten, S.L. Birdsall, and W. Leimgruber. 1990. Pink bollworm control through stalk destruction. In J.M. Brown and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp.

191–195. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Naumann, I.D., and D.P.A. Sands. 1984. Two Australian

Elasmus spp. (Hymenoptera: Elasmidae), parasitoids of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae): Their taxonomy and biology. Journal of

Australian Entomological Society 23:25–32.

Nava Camberos, U. 1998. Hibernal emergence of “gusano

rosado,” Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in conventional and transgenic cotton [in Spanish]. In Memorias

Congreso Nacional de Entomologia. 33. Acapulco,

Mexico, May 24–27, 1998, pp. 140–144. Montecillo,

Mexico: Sociedad Mexicana de Entomologia.

Nava Camberos, U., M. Berdegue, A.F. Castro Ibarra, and

E.L. Rios. 1999. Spring emergence of pink bollworm on

Bt and non-Bt cotton in the Comarca Lagunera, Mexico.

In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1248–1250. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Nava-Camberos, U., H. Sánchez-Galván, E. López-Ríos,

and J.L. Martínez-Carrillo. 2000. Monitoring of the pink

bollworm susceptibility to the BT endotoxin (Cry1Ac) in

Mexico. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1339–1342. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Navasero, R.C. 1981. Life history, physical ecology of

Telenomus n. sp. (Scelionidae: Hymenoptera), and aspects

of its comparative biology on four species of lepidopterous pests. Dissertation Abstracts International 42–

10B:3943.

Neeb, C.W. 1978. Prospects for integrated pest management in heavily infested pink bollworm areas. In Proceedings, Western Cotton Production Conference, pp. 74–76.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Negi, P.S. 1944. Entomological section. In Annual Report

Indian Lac Research Institute, Namkum, Ranchi, Bihar,

India 1943–1944, pp. 13–29.

Nerkar, Y.S. 1991. The use of related species in transferring disease and pest resistance genes to okra. In Report,

International Workshop on Okra Genetic Resources,

National Bureau for Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi,

India, October 8–12, 1990. pp. 110–113. International

Crop Network Series No. 5. Rome: International Board for

Plant Genetic Resources.

Nesbitt, B.F., P.S. Beevor, R.A. Cole, R. Lester, and R.G.

Poppi. 1975. The isolation and identification of the

female sex pheromones of the red bollworm moth,

Diparopsis castanea. Journal of Insect Physiology

21:1091–1096.

Neumark, S., N. Green, and I. Teich. 1972. The pink

bollworm attractant, Hexalure: Improvement by formulation with an antioxidant. Journal of Economic Entomology 65:1709–1711.

––––––. 1973. Trapping pink bollworm moths with

hexalure: Masking effect of geometrical and positional

isomers. Journal of Economic Entomology 66:1349.

Neumark, S., M. Jacobson, and I. Teich. 1974. Field

evaluation of propylure, hexalure, and their formulations

with deet, dodecyl acetate, and an antioxidant as attractants for male pink bollworm moths. Environmental Letters

7(1):21–30.

––––––. 1975. Evaluation of gossyplure, compared with

hexalure, for monitoring pink bollworm infestations in

cotton fields of Israel. Environmental Letters 10(1):13–

23.

Neumark, S., and I. Teich. 1973. Hexalure, pink bollworm

attractant: Masking effect of CIS-7-hexadecen-1-OL.

Environmental Letters 5(1):1–5.

––––––. 1973. Pink bollworm: Constant-level liquid

device for use in trapping moths. Journal of Economic

Entomology 66:298.

––––––. 1975. Gossyplure, the genuine pheromone of the

pink bollworm of cotton [in Hebrew; summary in English]. Hassadeh 55:691–692.

––––––. 1976. Gossyplure––the synthetic pheromone of

the pink bollworm frequency of its threshold and the
106

influence of the last on bollworm infestations and number

of treatments [in Hebrew; summary in English]. Hassadeh

56:960–965.

––––––. 1980. Antagonistic effects of two synthetic sex

pheromones on catches of the cotton pests Pectinophora

gossypiella and Spodoptera littoralis. Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part A 15:307–312.

Newsom, L.D., and J.R. Brazzel. 1968. Pests and their

control. In F.C. Elliott, M. Hoover, and W.K. Porter, Jr.,

eds., Advances in Production and Utilization of Quality

Cotton: Principles and Practices, pp. 367–405. Ames:

Iowa State University Press.

Nicholson, G.E. 1955. A general survey of cotton production in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Empire Cotton Growing

Review 32(1):1–18.

Nickel, J.L. 1958. Agricultural insects of the Paraguayan

Chaco. Journal of Economic Entomology 51:633–637.

Nikolsky, V.V. 1929. The most important cotton insects in

Turkestan and the Caucasus. In K. Jordan and W. Horn,

eds., Transactions, 4th International Congress Entomology, Ithaca, NY, 1928, pp. 162–164. Naumburg, Germany:

G. Pätz.

Nimbalkar, S.A., and S.R. Bagal. 1977–1978. Combination of some insecticides in the control of bollworms on

cotton. Magazine of the University of Nagpur College of

Agriculture 50:5–7.

Nixon, G.E.J. 1965. A reclassification of the tribe Microgasterini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the

British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) Suppl.

2.

Nixon, G.G.E. 1967. The Indo-Australian species of the

Ultor-Group of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural

History (Entomology) 21:1–34.

Noble, L.W. 1936. The biological possibility of infestation by flight of the pink bollworm moth. Journal of

Economic Entomology 29:78–79.

––––––. 1955. Investigations of the pink bollworm and

hemipterous cotton insects in the El Paso area of Texas,

1944–52. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Circular No. 957.

––––––. 1957. Pink bollworm research, Progress Report,

1957. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 58:7–8.

––––––. 1969. Fifty years of research on the pink bollworm in the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Handbook No. 357.

Noble, L.W., A.J. Chapman, and H.M. Graham. 1962.

Winter survival of the pink bollworm. In D.F. Martin and

R.D. Lewis, eds., A Summary of Recent Research Basic to

the Cultural Control of the Pink Bollworm, pp. 13–16.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous

Publication 579.

Noble, L.W., P.A. Glick, and W.J. Eitel. 1956. Attempts to

control certain cotton, corn and vegetable crop insects

with light traps. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–33–28.

Noble, L.W., and W.T. Hunt. 1937. Imported parasites of

the pink bollworm at Presidio, Texas 1932–1936. Journal

of Economic Entomology 30:842–844.

––––––. 1937. Method of rearing Microbracon kirkpatricki Wilk. and Microbracon mellitor Say. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and

Plant Quarantine, ET–99.

––––––. 1942. Method of rearing pink bollworm parasites Chelonus and Microbracon. Journal of Economic

Entomology 35:597.

Noble, L.W., and O.T. Robertson. 1964. Methods for

determining pink bollworm populations in bolls. Journal

of Economic Entomology 57:501–503.

Nonveiller, G. 1952. Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)

in Yougoslavia [in Serbo-Croatian]. Zasita Bilja 10:73–

82.

Novillo, C., J. Soto, and J. Costa. 1999. Results in Spain

of varieties of cotton, genetically modified against

bollworms [in Spanish; summary in English]. Boletin de

Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 25:383–393.

Novo, J.P.S., and D. Gabriel. 1994. Ocorrencia de pragas

do algodoeiro em residuos de usinas de beneficiamento,

na Regiao de Campinas, Sao Paulo. Anais Sociedad

Entomological do Brasil 23:449–453.

Nyiira, Z.M. 1970. The biology and behaviour, Rhinacoris albopunctatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Annals of

the Entomological Society of America 63:1224–1227.
107

O

Oatman, E.R. 1977. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders)). In C.P. Clausen [ed.], Introduced

Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A

World Review, pp. 186–188. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Handbook No. 480.

Oballe, R., E. Vargas Osuna, J.R.M. Lyra, H.K. Aldebis,

and C. Santiago Alvarez. 1995. Presence of parasitoids in

lepidopteran species larval populations causing damages

on cotton in Guadalquivir Valley [in Spanish; summary in

English]. Boletin de Sanidad Vegetal, Plagas 21:659–

664.

Obien, E.S., and T.S. Solsoloy. 1987. Field biology of

pink bollworms (Pectinophora gossypiella) (Saunders). 1.

Developmental stages. In Technical Report 1985–1986,

pp. 119–124. Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines: Cotton

Research and Development Institute.

Ocete, M.E., R. Ocete, and M.A. Perez. 1992. Updated

description of the larva of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) and its principal biological aspects [in Spanish; summary in English]. Bulletin of

the Portuguese Entomological Society 6(139):220.

Ocete, R., M. Ocete, and M.A. Perez. 1990. Datos sobre

crianza en laboratorio de Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) (Lep.: Gelechiidae) Algunas ecuaciones de

ajuste para preciccion. [Data on laboratory breeding of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae): Some adjustment equations for prediction].

Bulletin of the Portuguese Entomological Society

4(19):226–242.

Ocete-Rubio, R., and E. Ocete-Rubio. 1988. Datos sobre

la puesta, en condiciones autoctonas, de Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). In

Actas do Congresso Iberico de Entomologia No. 3, pp.

911–919.

Ocete-Rubio, R., E. Ocete-Rubio, and J.A. Mesa-LopezColmenar. 1988. Biometria de los diferentes estadios de

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). In Actas do Congresso Iberico de Entomologia No. 3, pp. 765–770.

Odinokov, V.N., G.Y. Ishmuratov, I.M. Ladenkova, and

L.P. Botsman. 1991. Pheromones of insects and their

analogies. 33. Synthesis of 7Z, 11E-hexadecadien-1-

ylacetate––the sex pheromone of Sitotroga cerealella

and a component of the sex pheromone of Pectinophora

gossypiella [in Russian]. Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedienenii 1991:704–707.

Odinokov, V.N., R.R. Vakhidov, R.N. Shakhmaev, and V.V.

Zorin. 1998. Insect pheromones and their analogs. LVIII.

Synthesis of hexadeca-7Z,11E-dien-1-yl acetate––a

component of the sex pheromones of Pectinophora

gossypiella and Sitotroga cerealella. Chemistry of

Natural Compounds 34:186–188.

Ogawa, K. 1997. The key to success in mating disruption.

In Use of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals in

Integrated Control: Technology Transfer in Mating

Disruption. Proceedings of a Meeting, Montpellier,

France, September 9–10, 1996, pp. 1–9. Avignon, France:

OILB/SROP.

––––––. 2000. Pest control by pheromone mating

disruption and the role of natural enemies. Journal of

Pesticide Science 25:456-461. [Japanese]

Ogawa, K., T. Kitagaki, and A. Yamamoto. 1996. Method

for controlling pink bollworm through disturbance of

male-female communication thereof. Official Gazette U.S.

Patent Trademark Office 1188:444.

Ohlendorf, W. 1926. Studies of the pink bollworm in

Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Bulletin No. 1376.

Okumura, G.T. [No date] Identification of lepidopterous

larvae attacking cotton with illustrated key. California

Department of Agriculture, Special Publication 282.

Omar, H.I.H., M.F. Haydar, and A.E.M. El-Sorady. 1994.

Effect of sowing date of intercropping cowpea with

cotton on infestation with some major pests. Egyptian

Journal of Agricultural Research 72:691–698.

Omar, M.H. 1980. Meteorological factors affecting the

epidemiology of the cotton leaf worm and the pink

bollworm. World Meteorological Organization, Technical

Note 167.

Or, R., M. Kehat, C. Chen, Z. Klein, and G. Fishler. 1986.

Determining the efficiency of sex pheromones in controlling the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in cotton fields in

Israel. Israeli Journal of Entomology 20:25–35.

Orphanides, G.M., B.R. Bartlett, and L.H. Dawson. 1971.

Bracon kirkpatricki Wlkn.: Laboratory life tables and

releases against pink bollworm in southern California

cotton fields. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia

Agraria Filippo Silvestri, Portici 28:135–144.

Orphanides, G.M., D. Gonzales, and B.R. Bartlett. 1971.

Identification and evaluation of pink bollworm predators

in southern California. Journal of Economic Entomology

64:421–424.

Ortiz, A.C.S., G. Trenhago da., and P.E. Degrande. 1999.

Pests of cotton in the region of Costa Rica, MS––harvest

1997/98 [in Portuguese]. In Anais II Congresso Brasileiro
108

de Algodao: O Algodao No Seculo XX, Perspectivar Para

O Seculo XXI, Ribeirao Preto, Sp, Brasil, Setembro 5–10,

1999, pp. 374–376.

Osman, A.A. 1989. Resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Dissertation Abstracts International 50–08B:3290.

Osman, A.A., T.F. Watson, and S. Sivasupramaniam. 1991.

Reversion of permethrin resistance in field strains and

selection for azinphosmethyl and permethrin resistance in

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of

Economic Entomology 84:353–357.

––––––. 1991. Susceptibility of field populations of pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) to azinphosmethyl

and permethrin and synergism of permethrin. Journal of

Economic Entomology 84:358–362.

––––––. 1992. Inheritance of permethrin resistance in the

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of

Economic Entomology 85:335–339.

Otanes, F.O., and F.L. Butac. 1935. A preliminary study of

the insect pests of cotton in the Philippines, with suggestions for their control. Philippine Journal of Agriculture

6:147–174.

Ousley, C. 1944. Spread of pink bollworm. Acco Press

22(12):10.

Ouye, M.T. 1962. Effects of antimicrobial agents on

micro-organisms and pink bollworm development.

Journal of Economic Entomology 55:854–857.

––––––. 1965. Sterilization of pink bollworm adults with

metepa. Journal of Economic Entomology 58:1018–

1020.

Ouye, M.T., and B.A. Butt. 1962. A natural sex lure

extracted from female pink bollworms. Journal of Economic Entomology 55:419–421.

Ouye, M.T., F.S. Garcia, and D.F. Martin. 1964. Determination of the optimum sterilizing dosage for pink

bollworms treated as pupae with gamma radiation.

Journal of Economic Entomology 57:387–390.

Ouye, M.T., R.D. Garcia, and A.A. Guerra. 1969. Metepa

as a chemosterilant for adult female pink bollworms.

Journal of Economic Entomology 62:650–652.

Ouye, M.T., R.S. Garcia, H.M. Graham, and D.F. Martin.

1965. Mating studies on the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), based on

presence of spermatophores. Annals of the Entomological

Society of America 58:880–882.

Ouye, M.T., and H.M. Graham. 1967. Study on eradication of a confined population of pink bollworms by

release of males sterilized with metepa. Journal of

Economic Entomology 60:244–247.

Ouye, M.T., H.M. Graham, R.S. Garcia, and D.F. Martin.

1965. Comparative mating competitiveness of metepasterilized and normal pink bollworm males in laboratory

and field cages. Journal of Economic Entomology

58:927–929.

Ouye, M.T., H.M. Graham, C.A. Richmond, and D.F.

Martin. 1964. Mating studies of the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 57:222–225.

Ouye, M.T., and E.S. Vanderzant. 1964. B-vitamin

requirements of the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 57:427–430.

Owen, W.L., and S.L. Calhoun. 1932. Biology of the pink

bollworm at Presidio, Texas. Journal of Economic

Entomology 25:746–751.

Ozer, M. 1971. Investigation of cotton pests of Turkey

(Lepidoptera). University Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture

Yearbook 11:85–109.
109

P

Pacheco, M.F. 1972. Third attempt of evaluation of the

parasitism of Trichogramma spp. on the eggs of the pink

bollworm in Sonora during 1971 [in Spanish]. Algodon

Mexicano 69:53–55.

Pakistan Central Cotton Committee. 1991. Pakistan

ventures to increase cotton production under a pest free

environment. In Growing Cotton in a Safe Environment:

Technical Seminar, Committee on Cotton Production

Research, 50th Plenary Meeting of the International

Cotton Advisory Committee, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 47–51.

Washington, D.C.: International Cotton Advisory

Committee.

Palmer, J.D. 1984. Larvin (Thiodicarb): A second generation carbamate insecticide. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production-Mechanization

Conference, pp. 72–74. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Palomo, G.A. 1996. Distribution, collection and use of

wild cotton species in Mexico [in Spanish]. Ciencia

(Mexico) 47:359–369.

Panchabhavi, K.S., K.A. Kulkarni, G.K. Veeresh, P.C.

Hiremath, and R.K. Hedge. 1991. Comparative efficiency

of techniques for assessing loss due to insect pests in

upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 60:252–254.

Papa, G., M. Rotundo, and R.B. Silva da . 1999. Effect of

a new insecticide (Avaunt 150) for the control of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae), on cotton [in Portuguese]. In Anais II

Congresso Brasileiro de Algodao: O Algodao No Seculo

XX, Perspectivar Para O Seculo XXI, Ribeirao Preto, Sp,

Brasil, Setembro 5–10,1999, pp. 276–278.

Papa, G., R.B. Silva, and F.J. Almeida. 2000. Efficacy and

total release intervals of mating disruption pheromone on

the control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella,

in cotton under field conditions in Brazil. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1022–1024. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Parameswaran, S., T.R. Subramaniam, P. Thangavel, and

A.A. Kareem. 1976. Control of bollworms in irrigated

cotton with newer insecticides. Madras Agricultural

Journal 63:377–378.

Parencia, C.R., Jr. 1978. Collections of five species of

lepidoptera. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant

and Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and

Quarantine, Cooperative Plant Report 3(10):79–84.

Parencia, C.R., Jr., C.B. Cowan, Jr., and J.W. Davis. 1962.

Relationship of lepidoptera light-trap collections to

cotton field infestations. Journal of Economic Entomology 55:692–695.

Parfentev, A. 1924. New pest of cotton––pink bollworm of

cotton [in Russian]. Khlopkovoe Delo 3(5/6):73–94.

Parker, H.L., P.A. Berry, and A. Silveira Guido. 1951. Hostparasite and parasite-host lists of insects reared in the

South American Parasite Laboratory during the period

1940–1946. Rev. Asoc. Ingen. Agron. Monatevideo 92.

Parrott, W.L., T.N. Shaver, and J.C. Jekker. 1968. A feeding

stimulant for pink bollworm larvae in water extracts of

cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 61:1766–1767.

Pasquier, D.V. 1927. Le coton aux Indes Anglaises

[British India cotton]. Bull. Econ. Indochine 30:297–305.

Passlow, T., and B.N.E. Sabine. 1963. Two pink bollworms

of cotton. Queensland Agricultural Journal 89:354–356.

Pasupathy, S., and M.S. Venugopal. 1986. Evaluation of

electrodynamic formulations of cypermethrin with

electrodyn sprayer in the control of cotton pests. Indian

Journal of Plant Protection 14:11–19.

Patana, R. 1969. Rearing cotton insects in the laboratory.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service, Product Research Report No. 108.

––––––. 1977. Layered diet for pink bollworm rearing.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service, ARS–W–47.

––––––. 1977. Rearing selected western cotton insects in

the laboratory. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, ARS–W–51.

Patana, R., C.G. Jackson, and R.E. Fye. 1978. Development of Brachymeria ovata in six lepidopteran hosts. The

Southwestern Entomologist 3:266–270.

Patel, C.T., and B.K. Patel. 1965. Some insecticidal trials

for the control of bollworms on Indo-American and desi

cottons at Surat. Indian Cotton Journal 19:160–170.

Patel, G.A., H.V. Katarke, and M.V. Thombre. 1964.

Insecticidal trials for the control of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Indian Cotton

Growing Review 18:294–394.

Patel, R.M., and G.M. Talati. 1972. Scheme to study

factors contributing to winter (off-season) survival of pink

bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella S.) of cotton in Gujarat

State, final technical report. Junagadh College of Agriculture, Final Technical Report.
110

Patil, A.K., and M.V. Thombre. 1982. Efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids against cotton bollworms. Journal of the

Maharashtra Agricultural University 7:39–40.

––––––. 1983. Chemical control of cotton bollworms in

irrigated cotton. Journal of the Maharashtra Agricultural

University 8:106–108.

Patil, B.V., B.S. Nandihalli, P. Hugar, and Somasekhar.

1989. Influence of weather parameters on pheromone trap

catches of cotton bollworms. Indian Journal of Ecology

16:147–150.

Patin, A.L., D.J. Dennehy, M.A. Sims, B.E. Tabashnik, Y.B.

Liu, L. Antilla, D. Gouge, T.J. Henneberry, and R. Staten.

1999. Status of pink bollworm susceptibility to Bt in

Arizona. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 991–996. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Pattenden, C. 1968. A synthesis of propylure, sex attractant of the pink bollworm moth. Chemical Society Journal

18:2385–2388.

Paul, A.V.N., B. Parshad, and R.D. Gautam. 1987. An

artificial diet for Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and

Earias vitella Fab. bollworms of cotton. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 57:189–192.

Pawar, A.D., and J. Prasad. 1983. Field recovery of Bracon

kirkpatricki (Wilkinson) (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) from

the cotton pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) (Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera) in Haryana (India).

Indian Journal of Entomology 45:195–197.

––––––. 1985. Evaluation of some exotic parasites in

biocontrol of cotton bollworms in Haryana. Indian

Journal of Plant Protection 13:21–24.

Pawar, A.D., J. Prasad, R. Asre, and R. Singh. 1983.

Introduction of exotic parasitoid, Chelonus blackburni

Cameron, in India for the control of cotton bollworms.

Indian Journal of Entomology 45:436–439.

Pawar, A.D., J. Prasad, and M. Gupta. 1980. Biological

control of cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Andrha Agricultural Journal (India) 27:33–34.

Pawar, V.M., K.M. Chavan, and P.K. Kawarkhe. 1987.

Bioefficacy and compatibility of cypermethrin with other

chemicals against cotton bollworms. Pestology (Bombay)

11(3):5–7.

Pawar, V.M., B.S. Kadam, and G.D. Jadhav. 1984. The

effectiveness of new insecticides in the control of

bollworms on rainfed cotton. Pesticides 18(4):35–37.

Pawar, V.M., S.P. Shirshikar, and G.D. Jadhav. 1984.

Control of cotton bollworms with newer insecticides.

Pesticides 18(6):21–23.

Pearson, E.O. 1952. Problems of insect pests of cotton in

tropical Africa. Uganda Journal 16:15–27.

––––––. 1958. The Insect Pests of Cotton in Tropical

Africa. London: Empire Cotton Growing Corporation and

Commonwealth Institute of Entomology.

Pearson, T.C., R.H. Edwards, A.P. Mossman, D.F. Wood,

P.C. Yu, and E.L. Miller. 2002. Insect egg counting on

mass rearing oviposition pads by image analysis. Applied

Engineering in Agriculture 18:129-135.

Peloquin, J.J., and T.A. Miller. 1995. Transposable

elements in pink bollworm, (Pectinophora gossypiella).

Journal of Cellular Biochemistry (Suppl.)21a:225.

––––––. 2000. Detection of enhanced green fluorescent

protein DNA in pink bollworm through polymerase chain

reaction. Journal of Cotton Science 4:28–33.

Peloquin, J.J., T.A. Miller, and S. Higgs. 2001. Pink

bollworm larvae infection with a double subgenomic

Sindbis (dsSIN) virus to express genes of interest. Journal

of Cotton Science 5:114-120.

Peloquin, J.J., S.T. Thibault, L.P. Schouest, Jr., and T.A.

Miller. 1997. Electromechanical microinjection of pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella embryos increases

survival. Biotechniques 22:496–499.

Peloquin, J.J., S.T. Thibault, R. Staten, and T.A. Miller.

2000. Germ-line transformation of pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) mediated by the piggyBac

transposable element. Insect Molecular Biology 9:323–

333.

Perlak, F.J., R.W. Deaton, T.A. Armstrong, R.L. Fuchs, S.R.

Sims, J.T. Greenplate, and D.A. Fischhoff. 1990. Insect

resistant cotton plants. Bio/Technology 8:939–943.

Perlak, F.J., M. Oppenhuizen, K. Gustafson, R. Voth, S.

Sivasupramaniam, D. Heering, B. Carey, R.A. Ihrig, and

J.K. Roberts. 2001. Development and commercial use of

Bollgard(R) cotton in the USA: Early promises versus

today’s reality. Plant Journal 27:489-501.

Pfrimmer, T.R., M.J. Lukefahr, and J.P. Hollingsworth.

1955. Experiments with light traps for control of the pink

bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service ARS–33–6.

Phillipp, J.S., and T.F. Watson. 1971. Influence of temperature on population growth of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 64:334–

340.
111

Phillips, G.L. 1952. Methyl bromide fumigation of

cottonseed in freight cars for the destruction of pink

bollworms. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of

Entomology and Plant Quarantine E–838.

Phillips, G.L., and W.G. Bodenstein. 1948. A successful

large-scale experiment in methyl bromide fumigation of

bulk cottonseed for pink bollworm control. Journal of

Economic Entomology 41:804–805.

Phillips, G.L., J.S. Cook, and W.M. Irvin. 1953. Control of

pink bollworm larvae in large steel storage tanks by

methyl bromide fumigation. Agricultural Chemistry

8(2):40–41.

Phillips, J.R., A.P. Gutierrez, and P.L. Adkisson. 1980.

General accomplishments towards better insect control in

cotton. In C.B. Huffaker, ed., New Technology of Pest

Control, pp. 123–153. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Pierce, D.L., M.L. Walters, A.J. Patel, and S.P. Swanson.

1995. Flight path analysis of sterile pink bollworm

release using GPS and GIS. In D.A. Richter and J. Armour,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp.

1059–1060. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Pierrard, G., and J. Cadou. 1969. The results of eight years

of the comparison of the effectiveness of insecticidal

formulations against cotton pests in the Central African

Republic [in French; summary in English]. Coton et

Fibres Tropicales 24:419–427.

Pink Bollworm Gin Trash Inspection Committee. 1952.

Many areas threatened by spread of bollworm; cotton

men urged to fight infestation. Cotton Digest 24(33):17,

57, 61.

Pino Santiago, H. 1994. Comentario sobre manejo de

gusano rosado del algodon Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). In Seminario Manejo de Plagas en el Cultivo

del Algodon, Roldanillo, Colombia, 30 Nov. 1994, pp.

33–56. Roldanillo, Colombia: Corporacion Colombiana

de Investigacion Agropecuaria.

Pinter, P.J., Jr., and G.D. Butler, Jr. 1979. Influence of

cotton irrigation frequency on the duration of the

prepupal and pupal stages of non-diapausing pink

bollworms. Environmental Entomology 8:123–126.

Pinter, P.J., Jr., and R.D. Jackson. 1976. Thermal relations

affecting survival of pink bollworm larvae between

cutout and pupation. Environmental Entomology 5:853–

858.

Piskunov, V.I. 1981. A guide to the insects of the European part of the USSR [in Russian]. Lepidoptera, Fam.

Gelechiidae gelechiid moths. Opredeliteli Faune USSR

130:659–748.

Pittendrigh, C.S., J.H. Eichhorn, D.H. Minis, and V.G.

Bruce. 1970. Circadian systems: VI. Photoperiodic time

measurement in Pectinophora gossypiella. Proceedings

of the National Academy of Sciences 66:758–764.

Pittendrigh, C.S., and D.H. Minis. 1964. The entrainment

of circadian oscillations by light and their role as

photoperiodic clocks. American Naturalist 98:261–294.

––––––. 1971. The photoperiod time measurement on

Pectinophora gossypiella and its relation to the circadian

system in that species. In M. Menaker, ed., Biochronometry, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, pp.

212–250. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of

Sciences.

Planes Garcia, S. 1953. El gusano rosado del algodonero.

Agricultura (Madrid) 22:549–551.

––––––. 1955. El gusano rosado del algodonero, Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders). Ministerio del Agricultura,

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agronomia,

Madrid.

––––––. 1955. Memoria de las experienceas realizadas

contra el Earias insulana, Platyedra gossypiella y otras

plagas del algodonero, campana de 1954. [Note on the

experiments completed during 1954 against E. insulana,

P. gossypiella and other plagues of cotton]. Anales del

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agronomia

(Madrid) 4:654–703.

––––––. 1959. El gusano rosado del algodonero. Agricultura (Madrid) 28:381–385.

––––––. 1962–1963. Experiencias realizadas contra

Earias insulana y Platyedra gossypiella. Campana de

1959. [Experiments carried out against Earias insulana

and Platyedra gossypiella. The 1959 campaign]. Boletin

de Patologia Vegetal e Entomologia Agricultura 26:9–38.

––––––. 1963. Report of experiments carried out for

control of Earias insulana, Platyedra gossypiella and

other pests of the cotton plant. 1962 season [in Spanish].

Anales del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agronomia (Madrid) 12:153–176.

––––––. 1970. Trials on chemical control of Earias

insulana, Platryedra gossypiella and other pests of

cotton. J. Phytiatrie Phytopharmacie Circum Mediterr.

2:113–118.

Pomonis, J.G., H.M. Flint, and R.L. Smith. 1980. Analysis

of volatiles from host and nonhost plants of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 73:783–

786.

Porter, C.C. 1970. A revision of the South American

species of Coccygomimus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Studia Entomologia 13:1–192.
112

Poswal, M.A., and N.A. Chaudhry. 1990. Stochasticity in

damage assessment model in cotton bollworm system and

its implications on bollworm control decision making.

Pakistan Journal of Zoology 22:89–96.

Powell, J.E., and J.L. Roberson. 1996. Status of rearing

technology for cotton insects. In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips,

and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton Insects and Mites:

Characterization and Management, pp. 429–443. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation Publisher.

Prasad, J., A.D. Pawar, and P. Singh. 1986. Role of exotic

and indigenous parasites, Trichogramma brasiliensis,

Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogramma acheae, Chelonus blackburni, and Bracon kirkpatricki, for the control

of cotton bollworms in Hissar (Haryana) India. In S.C.

Goel, ed., Pesticide Residues and Environmental Pollution, pp. 190–194. Muzffarnager, India: Sanatan Dharm

College.

Prasad, K.V.H. 1999. Ecobiology and behavioural aspects

of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) infesting cotton. Journal of

Entomological Research 23:149–155.

Prentice, A.N. 1951. Notes on cotton in Sierra Leone.

Empire Cotton Growing Review 28:178–182.

Presidente de Mexico. 1944. Reglamento general para la

campaña contra el gassano rosado del algodonere.

Fitófolo 3:47–65, 98–103.

Prieto, S.V. 1978. Integrated pest control [in Spanish]. El

Algodonero 10(128):19–20.

Primitive cotton strains resist pink bollworm. 1973. Crops

and Soils 25:7, 26.

Progressive Farmer. 1953. Pink bollworm situation in

Texas, The Progressive Farmer (Texas ed.) 68(2):22–23.

Pruthri, H.S., and M.S. Mani. 1942. Distribution, hosts

and habits of the Indian Serphoidea and Bethyloidea.

Memoirs of the Indian Museum 13:405–444.

Pryor, A. 1976. Pink bollworm resistance mounts. California Farmer (Center Ed.) 244(9):42–43.

––––––. 1990. Researchers gain on pink bollworm.

Agrichemical Age 272(10):17, 77.

Punjab Department of Agriculture. 1934. Pink bollworm

(for year ending June 30, 1933). Punjab Department of

Agriculture Reports 1:36.

Puttarudriah, M., and G.P. Basavanna. 1957. A study on

the identity of Bracon hebetor Say and Bracon brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of

Entomological Research 47:183–191.
113

Q

Qadri, M.A.H. 1933. Rogas aligharensi n. sp. (A pink

boll-worm parasite). Current Science 2:209.

Queensland Agricultural Journal. 1923. Reported

occurrence of boll weevil in Northern Territory (pink

bollworm in N.T.). Queensland Agricultural Journal

20:101.

Quisumbling, A.R., and A.F. Kydonieus. 1982. Laminated

structure dispensers. In A.F. Kydonieus and M. Beroza,

eds., Insect Population Suppression with Controlled

Release Pheromone Systems, pp. 213–235. Boca Raton,

Florida: CRC Press.

Qureshi, Z.A., M.D. Arif, N. Ahmad, and Najeebullah.

1988. Control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) by mating disruption technique. Pakistan

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 31:711–713.

Qureshi, Z.A., and N. Ahmad. 1987. Evaluation of

attracticide for the control of pink bollworm. Pakistan

Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 30:380–381.

––––––. 1987. Evaluation of different dispensers for

monitoring pink bollworm moth population. Proceedings

of the Pakistan Congress of Zoology 7:77–81.

––––––. 1989. Efficacy of combined sex pheromones for

the control of three major bollworms of cotton. Journal of

Applied Entomology 108:386–389.

Qureshi, Z.A., N. Ahmad, and T. Hussain. 1992. Pheromone trap catches of pink bollworm as influenced by

crop phenology and climatic factors. Proceedings of the

Pakistan Congress of Zoology 12:43–47.

––––––. 1993. Effectiveness of gossyplure in controlling

pink bollworm at different infestation levels in cotton

field. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 25:347–349.

––––––. 1993. Pheromone trap catches as a means of

predicting damage by pink bollworm larvae in cotton.

Crop Protection 12:597–600.

––––––. 1993. Rearing and gamma radiation effects on

mature pupae of pink bollworm and their F1 progeny. In

Proceedings, Final Research Coordination Meeting on

Radiation Induced F1 Sterility in Lepidoptera for AreaWide Control, Phoenix, Arizona, September 9–13,1991.

Panel Proceedings Series Publication 929, pp. 57–71.

Vienna: FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in

Food and Agriculture.

––––––. 1994. Effect of environmental factors on the

release rate of pheromone formulation. Proceedings of the

Pakistan Congress of Zoology 14:361–364.

Qureshi, Z.A., N. Ahmad, T. Hussain, and S.S. Ali. 1995.

Effects of gamma radiation on one-day adults of pink

bollworm and their F1 progeny. Pakistan Journal of

Zoology 27:21–25.

Qureshi, Z.A., and A.C. Bartlett. 1994. Irradiation of pink

bollworm larvae by Co–60 and Cs–137 sources and their

effects on viability, reproductivity and sterility of

subsequent P1 and F1 progeny. Pakistan Journal of

Scientific and Industrial Research 37:58–61.

Qureshi, Z.A., A.R. Bughio, Q.H. Siddiqui, and N. Ahmad.

1984. Seasonal population fluctuation of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) as monitored by gossyplure. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 98:43–46.

Qureshi, Z.A., T. Hussain, and N. Ahmad. 1993. Evaluation of the F1 sterility technique for population suppression of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). In Management of Insect Pests: Nuclear and

Related Molecular and Genetic Techniques, pp. 371–377.

Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency.
114

R

Rafaeli, A., and Z. Klein. 1994. Regulation of pheromone

production by female pink bollworm moths Pectinophora

gossypiella (Sanders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Physiological Entomology 19:159–164.

Rafaeli, A., V. Soroker, B. Kamensky, C. Gileadi, and U.

Zisman. 1997. Physiological and cellular mode of action

of pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide

(PBAN) in the control of pheromonotropic activity of

female moths. In Insect Pheromone Research: New

Directions, pp. 74–82. New York: Chapman and Hall.

Ragaei, M., and A.S. El-Din. 1995. Successful and simple

artificial medium for rearing three noctuid species.

International Pest Control 37:113.

Raina, A.K. 1974. Ecophysiological and genetic aspects

of diapause in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Dissertation Abstracts International 35–

09B:4491.

––––––. 1976. Ultrastructure of the larval haemocytes of

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). International Journal of

Insect Morphology and Embryology 5:187–195.

––––––. 1980. Mating competitiveness between two

strains of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella)

and its role in determining diapause in the progeny.

Entomon 5:327–329.

––––––. 1980. Protein content of various developmental

stages of three strains of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella. Experientia 36:57–58.

Raina, A.K., and R.A. Bell. 1974. A nondiapausing strain

of pink bollworm from southern India. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 67:685–686.

––––––. 1974. Haemocytes of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, during larval development and

diapause. Journal of Insect Physiology 20:2171–2180.

––––––. 1974. Influence of dryness of the larval diet and

parental age on diapause in the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Environmental Entomology 3:316–318.

––––––. 1976. Occurrence of larval-pupal intermediates

in hybrid pink bollworms reared at low temperatures.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69:290–

292.

––––––. 1978. Influence of adult feeding on reproduction

and diapause in laboratory-reared pink bollworms. Annals

of the Entomological Society of America 71:205–206.

––––––. 1978. Morphology of the neuroendocrine

system of the pink bollworm and histological changes in

the neurosecretory cells of the brain during induction,

maintenance, and termination of diapause. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 71:375–382.

Raina, A.K., R.A. Bell, and R.B. Carlson. 1977. Influence

of temperature on development of India strain of the pink

bollworm in the laboratory and observations on fecundity. Annals of the Entomological Society of America

70:628–630.

Raina, A.K., R.A. Bell, and W. Klassen. 1981. Diapause in

the pink bollworm: Preliminary genetic analysis. Insect

Science and Its Application 1:231–235.

Raina, A.K., and T.K. Borg. 1980. Corpora cardiaca-allata

complex of the larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella: An ultrastructural study in relation to

diapause. Acta Zoologica 61:65–77.

Rainey, R.C. 1941. Relation of the developing boll to

susceptibility to insects. In Empire Cotton Growing

Corporation, Experiment Station Report, 1939–40, pp.

39–46.

––––––. 1948. Observations on the development of the

cotton boll with particular reference to change in susceptibility to pests and diseases. Annals of Applied Biology

35:64–83.

Rajaram, V., R. Janarthanan, and R. Ramamurthy. 1999.

Influence of weather parameters and moon light on the

attraction of light trap and pheromone trap catches of

cotton pests under dry farming system. Annals of Agricultural Research 20:282–285.

Ramakreshna, A.T.V. 1928. A contribution to our knowledge of South India: Braconidae. Pt. 1 Vipioninae.

Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture (Indian

Entomological Service) 10(3):29–60.

Ramalho, F.S. 1994. Cotton pest management: Part 4. A

Brazilian perspective. Annual Review of Entomology

39:563–578.

Ramalho, F.S., and J.V. Gonzaga. 1991. Methodology of

the application of pyrethroids against cotton boll weevil

and pink bollworm. Tropical Pest Management 37:324–

328.

Ramalho, F.S., and F.M.M. Jesus. 1989. Evaluation of

electrodynamic and conventional insecticides against

cotton boll weevil and pink bollworm. International Pest

Control 31(3):56–58.

Rangarajan, A.V., A. Jangarajan, R. Sivagami, and D.B.

Vasanatharaj. 1970. Insecticidal control of major pests of

rain-fed cotton varieties. Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 40:1082–1087.

Rao, B.R.S., and M. Hayat. 1986. The Chalcidoidea

(Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and the adjacent coun-
115

tries. Part II. A catalog of the Chalcidoidea of India and

adjacent countries. Oriental Insects 20:1–430.

Rao, B.R.S., and S.S. Kumar. 1960. Effect of temperature

and host density on the rate of increase of Bracon

brevicornis Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Beistrase Zeitschrift Entomologie 10:872–885.

Rao, N.H.P., J.C. Pant, and R.A. Agarwal. 1980. Studies on

resistance to pink bollworm Platyedra (Pectinophora)

gossypiella (Saunders) in cotton. Andhra Agricultural

Journal (India) 27:9–14.

––––––. 1983. Susceptible stage of the developing

cotton boll to pink bollworm attack. Current Science

52:27.

Rao, N.H.P., J.C. Pant, R.A. Agarwal, and M. Singh. 1979.

Impact of epi-calyx bracts in cotton on the incidence of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Food Farming Agriculture 11(2):31–32.

Rao, S.N. 1953. Notes on some parasitic Hymenoptera

from India with the description of a new species Apanteles epijarbi. Indian Journal of Entomology 15:23–28.

Raodeo, A.K., M.B. Sarkate, P.K. Kaunsale, G.G. Bilapate,

and K.S. Shinde. 1983. Possibilities of biological control

of cotton bollworms. Cotton Development 13(2):31–34.

Raodeo, A.K., T.R. Subramaniam, P.P. Kaunsale, M.B.

Sarkate, and G.G. Bilapate. 1983. Evaluation of integrated pest management with and without introduction of

biological agents against cotton pests. Cotton Development 13(2):21–26.

Rashad, A.M., and S.N. Kostandy. 1993. Effect of bollworms crowdness on the insect development. Annals of

Agricultural Science (Cairo) 38:319–325.

Rashad, A.M., S.N. Kostandy, and S.M. Naguib. 1992.

Mating studies on pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 70:11–18.

Rasmy, A.H. 1971. Effect of chemical control on the

cotton bollworm on population of spider mites in cotton

(Acarinae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt, Economic Series 5:79–83.

Rasul, G., A.M. Hussain, A. Ghaffar, and M.A. Zia. 1990.

Bioefficacy of some new insecticides against bollworm

complex of cotton. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Lahore) 28:55–60.

Raulston, J.R. 1971. A practical diet containing cottonseed for rearing the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 64:1021–1023.

Raulston, J.R., T.J. Henneberry, J.E. Leggett, D.N. Byrne,

E. Grafton-Cardwell, and T.F. Leigh. 1996. Short- and

long-range movement of insects and mites. In E.G. King,

J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton Insects and

Mites: Characterization and Management, pp. 143–162.

Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation Publisher.

Rauschkolb, R.S., and I.V. Pearson. 1968. Effect of

cultural practices on pink bollworm moth emergence. In

Cotton Report, pp. 40–43. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–9, Tucson.

Reddy, G.P.V., and M.M. Krishnamurthy. 1989. Insect pest

management in cotton. Pesticides 23(10):18–19.

Reed, D.K., and P.L. Adkisson. 1961. Short-day cotton

stocks as possible sources of host plant resistance to the

pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

54:484–486.

Reed, W., G. Vedamoorthy, M.V. Raghavan, and M.P.

Rajan. 1975. Pink bollworm moths [Pectinophora

gossypiella]: Catches in sex attractant traps and nocturnal

behaviour in South India. Cotton Growing Review

52:350–359.

Regupathy, A. 1985. Monitoring of pink bollworm moths

with gossyplure traps in rice based cotton ecosystem. In

A. Regupathy and S. Jayaraj, eds., Behavioural and

Physiological Approaches in Pest Management, pp. 62–

67. Coimbatore, India: Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.

Regupathy, A., and G. Balakrishnan. 1981. Pattern of pink

bollworm moth catches in pheromone traps in summer

Cambodia tract. Cotton Development 11:69–70.

Regupathy, A., and S. Kumar. 1982. Effect of synthetic

pyrethroids on bollworm control, crop maturity and seed

cotton yield in summer cotton. Madras Agricultural

Journal 69:676–680.

Regupathy, A., and N.R. Mahadevan. 1993. Management

of pink bollworm of cotton through gossyplure and

insecticides. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 21:230–

233.

Reynolds, H.T. 1973. Development of principles for

managing insect populations in the cotton ecosystem––

California. In Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 81–82. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1980. Insecticides for control of pink bollworm

populations. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink Bollworm Control

in the Western United States, pp. 35–39. U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration,

Agricultural Reviews and Manuals ARM–W–16.

Reynolds, H.T., and T.F. Leigh. 1967. The pink bollworm:

A threat to California cotton. University CaliforniaBerkeley, Circular 544.
116

Rezende, J., and J.G. Dantes. 1951. Immunization in the

treatment of cottonseed for control of pink bollworm [in

Portuguese]. Revista Dos Mercados 2(6):51–54.

Ribeiro, J.S.F., R.C. Staudt, I.M. Alavarse, and P.E.

Degrande. 1999. Pests of cotton in the region of Chapadao do Sul––MS [in Portuguese]. In Anais II Congresso

Brasileiro de Algodao: O Algodao No Seculo XX,

Perspectivar Para O Seculo XXI, Ribeirao Preto, Sp,

Brasil, Setembro 5–10, 1999, pp. 360–363

Ricciardi, A.A., and L. Pasich. 1991. Growing cotton in a

safe environment. In Growing Cotton in a Safe Environment: Technical Seminar, Committee on Cotton Production Research, 50th Plenary Meeting of the International

Cotton Advisory Committee, Antalya, Turkey, pp. 51–53.

Washington, D. C.: International Cotton Advisory

Committee.

Rice, R.E., A.J. Mueller, and H.T. Reynolds. 1971.

Reduction of pink bollworm moths in southern California

by early crop termination. California Agriculture 25:6–7.

Rice, R.E., and H.T. Reynolds. 1971. Distribution of pink

bollworm larvae in crop residues and soil in Southern

California. Journal of Economic Entomology 64:1451–

1454.

––––––. 1971. Seasonal emergence and population

development of the pink bollworm in Southern California. Journal of Economic Entomology 64:1429–1432.

Rice, R.E., H.T. Reynolds, and D.W. Cudney. 1969.

Organophosphorous resistance of cotton leaf perforator in

areas infested by pink bollworm. California Agriculture

23(6):12–14.

Rice, R.E., H.T. Reynolds, and R.M. Hannibal. 1969.

Chemical control of pink bollworm in Imperial Valley.

California Agriculture 23(5):19.

Richard, J.A. 1951. The pink bollworm. Your Farm

10(11):62–64.

––––––. 1953. The pink bollworm. Your Farm 12(5):89–

92.

Richard, P.B. 1924. The control of cotton pests in North

India. Agricultural Journal of India 19:568–578.

––––––. 1925. The insect menace. Indian Med. Gazette.

(Calcutta) 9:276–282.

––––––. 1938. Cotton entomology. Paper no. 5. The

control of pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella Saund.).

In 1st Conference Scientific Research Workers Cotton, pp.

8–35. Bombay: Indian Central Cotton Committee.

Richmond, C.A. 1956. Tests with phosphorus insecticides

for control of the pink bollworm and some other cotton

pests, College Station, Texas, 1955. Journal of Economic

Entomology 49:874–875.

Richmond, C.A., and E.W. Clark. 1965. Effects of soil

type, temperature and moisture on pink bollworm larvae

and pupae buried under laboratory conditions. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Technical Bulletin No. 1374.

––––––. 1961. Activity of larvae and pupae of the pink

bollworm subjected to burial. Journal of Economic

Entomology 54:789–791.

Richmond, C.A., and H.M. Graham. 1970. Suppression of

populations of pink bollworms by releases of sterilized

moths in field cages. Journal of Economic Entomology

63:1366–1367.

––––––. 1971. Suppression of populations of pink

bollworm by releases of gamma-irradiated moths in field

cages. Journal of Economic Entomology 64:332–333.

Richmond, C.A., H.M. Graham, and C.T. Perez. 1972.

Temperatures for storing pupae and adults of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 65:435–

439.

Richmond, C.A., H.M. Graham, C.T. Perez, and J.R.

Llanes. 1971. Immobilizing adult pink bollworms with

cold for irradiation and packaging. Journal of Economic

Entomology 64:992–993.

Richmond, C.A., and C.N. Husman. 1957. An improved

technique for determining pink bollworm infestations in

experimental cotton samples. Journal of Economic

Entomology 50:696–697.

Richmond, C.A., and C.M. Ignoffo. 1964. Mass rearing

pink bollworms. Journal of Economic Entomology

57:503–505.

Richmond, C.A., and D.F. Martin. 1966. Technique for

mass rearing of the pink bollworm by infesting diet

medium with eggs. Journal of Economic Entomology

59:762–763.

Ridgway, R.L., and M.N. Inscoe. 1996. Pheromones and

other behavior-modifying chemicals on cotton pest

management. In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton Insects and Mites: Characterization and

Management, pp. 405–427. Memphis, Tennessee: The

Cotton Foundation Publisher.

Ridgway, R.L., and E.P. Lloyd. 1983. Evolution of cotton

insect management in the United States. In U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook No. 589, pp.

3–27.

Ridgway, R.L., F.I. Proshold, T.J. Henneberry, D.F. Martin,

and D. Keaveny. 1981. St. Croix studies with sterile pink

bollworms and backcross tobacco budworms. In J.M.
117

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 152–153. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Ridgway, W.O., and D.A. Whittam. 1970. A scale collection method for pink bollworm moth holding cage.

Journal of Economic Entomology 63:1012–1013.

Riemann, J.G., and G. Gassner III. 1973. Ultrastructure of

lepidopteran sperm within spermathicae. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 66:154–159.

Rios Martinez, E., and A. Sanchez Borja. 1970. Results of

the prohibition on cotton planting on the right bank of

the Rio Fuerte, State of Sinaloa [in Spanish]. Fitofilo

23(65):18–21.

Ripper, W.E., and L. George. 1965. Cotton Pests of the

Sudan: Their Status and Control. Oxford: Blackwell

Scientific Publications.

Riquelme-Inda, J. 1964. Antecedentes sobre el Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). [Historical notes on Pectinophora gossypiella]. Rev. Soc. Mexican Hist. Nat. 25:29–

45.

Ritchie, A.H. 1929. Control of plant pests and diseases. In

Tanganyika Territory Department of Agriculture Report,

1927–28, pp. 34–40.

––––––. 1935. VII, Report of the Entomologist. In

Tanganyika Department of Agriculture, pp. 95–103.

Rivera Segovia, L. 1988. Effect of polythene cover on the

pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) (Saunders) in

cotton cultivation [in Spanish]. In Informes de Investigacion, Pronapa, pp. 363–376.

Rizal, H. 1998. Demographic statistics of pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in laboratory. Jurnal Penelitian Tanaman Industri (Indonesia) 4:61-71. [Indonesian,

English summary]

Rizal, M., S. Sudarmo, I.G.A.A. Indrayani, and S.M.

Hasnam. 1995. Resistance of cotton to pink bollworm [in

Indonesian; summary in English]. Jurnal Penelitian

Tanaman Industri 1:185–190.

Rizal, M., D.A. Sunarto, M.S. Harun Djainah, Tukimin,

and B. Sulistiono. 1998. Status and controlling of cotton

red fruit maggot in Indonesia [in Indonesian]. In S.M.

Hasnam and A. Sastrosupadi, eds., Proceeding, National

Cotton Discussion, pp. 181–194. Malang, Indonesia:

Balai Penelitian Tembakau Dan Tanaman Serat.

Rizk, G.A.M., and H.S.A. Radwan. 1975. Potency and

residuality of two antimoulting compounds against

cotton leafworm and bollworms. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 79:136–140.

––––––. 1975. Response of pink bollworm to soil application of two unique growth disruptions. In Proceedings, 8th

British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, November

17–20, 1975, Brighton, England, pp. 299–303. Croydon,

England: British Crop Protection Council.

Rizk, M.A., and Z.A. El-Bermawy. 1987. Field tests of

Bacillus thuringiensis (β-Endotoxin) and chemical

insecticides for control of the cotton leafworm and cotton

bollworm on cotton. Journal of Agricultural Research

(Minia University) 9:269–286.

Rizk, M.A., M.A. Soliman, and A.A. Abdel-Naby. 1984.

Factors affecting the diapause of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in Middle Egypt.

Assiut Journal of Agricultural Science 15:285–294.

Robertson, O.T. 1948. Tests with DDT, BHC, and Ryania

for pink bollworm control. Journal of Economic Entomology 41:120–121.

Robertson, O.T., D.F. Martin, D.M. Albertson, D.M.

McEachern, and V.L. Stedronsky. 1963. Pink bollworm kill

with improved gin equipment. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Product Research

Report 73.

Robertson, O.T., V.L. Stedronsky, and D.H. Currie. 1959.

Kill of pink bollworms in the cotton gin and the oil mill.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research

Service, Product Research Report 26.

Robinson, F.E., and D. Cudney. 1973. Use of sprinklers to

study the influence of population density upon seed cotton

production in an arid area. Agronomy Journal 65:266–268.

Rodriguez, S.J. 1942. El gusano rosado del algodonero

(Pectinophora gossypiella, (Saunders))––su control.

Fitofilo 1(5):3–18.

––––––. 1942. El gusona rosado del algodonero (Pectinophora gossypiella) en la Zona de Ojinago, Chihuahua,

Generalidades. Fitofilo 1(4):14–24.

Roelofs, W.L. 1978. Threshold hypothesis for pheromone

perception. Journal of Chemical Ecology 4:685–699.

––––––. 1981. Pheromones, plateaus, and platitudes.

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 27:3–8.

Roelofs, W.L., and A. Comeau. 1970. Lepidopterous sex

attractants discovered by field screening tests. Journal of

Economic Entomology 63:969–974.

Rofail, M.F., A.E.M. El-Sorady, and A.M. Rashad. 1998.

Comparative cytological studies on a susceptible and

resistant strains of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research

76:535–543.
118

Rofail, M.F., M.A. Nada, A.G. El-Sisi, and A.M. Rashad.

2000. Time of spraying some natural oils as a limiting

factor for controlling cotton bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders). Egyptian Journal of Agricultural

Research 78:1499-1507.

Rohwer, S.A. 1917. Two bethyliid parasites of the pink

boll worm (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae). Insecutor Inscitiae

Menstruus 5(1/3):1–3.

Roney, J.N. 1966. Control the pink bollworm now!

Arizona Agricultural Extension Service Circular 274.

Roney, J.N., and G. Wene. 1958. Destroy pink bollworm.

Arizona Agricultural Extension Folder 70.

––––––. 1959. The pink bollworm in Arizona. Arizona

Agricultural Extension Service Circular 274.

Rostom, Z.M.F. 1960. The chemical composition of the

larvae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders), before and during diapause (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 44:421–449.

––––––. 1963. Some observations on nutrition and

digestion of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt 46:171–188.

––––––. 1978. Weight and specific gravity of the

haemolymph in active and diapausing larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). In Proceedings, 4th

Conference of Pest Control, September 30–October 3,

1978, pp. 366–373. Cairo: Ain Shams University Press.

Rostom, Z.M.F., A.M.J. Alaauhari, and M.M. AbdelFattah. 1972. Free amino acids and total protein in the

haemolymph of Pectinophora gossypiella during

induction and termination of diapause. Proceedings of

the Egyptian Academy of Science 25:71.

Rothschild, G.H.L. 1981. Mating disruption of lepidopterous pests: Current status and future prospects. In

E.R. Mitchell, ed., Management of Insect Pests with

Semiochemicals: Concepts and Practice, pp. 207–228.

New York: Plenum Press.

Rude, C.S. 1932. Host plant studies of the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 25:751–759.

––––––. 1937. Parasites of pink bollworm in Northern

Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology 30:838–842.

––––––. 1953. Trends in pink bollworm control in the

Laguna of Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology

46:1038–1041.

––––––. 1956. The value of a combined insecticidal and

cultural program for control of cotton insects in the

Laguna of Mexico. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, ARS–33–29.

Rude, C.S., and C.L. Smith. 1932. Observations on a

combined boll weevil and pink bollworm infestation in

Northern Mexico. Journal of Economic Entomology

25:772–776.

Rush, R.E., and G.W. Ware. 1969. Toxicity of DDT,

carbaryl and azinophosmethyl to gamma-irradiated pink

bollworm moths. Journal of Economic Entomology

62:1124–1225.

Russell, D.A., and S.M. Radwan. 1992. Modeling the

impact of cotton fruiting phenology on pink bollworm

population dynamics in Egypt. Series Entomologica

(Dordrecht) 49:323–324.

––––––. 1993. Modelling pink bollworm [Pectinophora

gossypiella] mating disruption in Egyptian cotton.

Bulletin OILB/SROP 16:268–275.

Russell, D.A., S.M. Radwan, Y.A. El-Deeb, and H.M.

Mahmoud. 1995. Modeling pheromone use for pink

bollworm control in Egypt. In G.A. Constable and N.W.

Forrester, eds., Challenging the Future: Proceedings of

the World Cotton Research Conference-1, pp. 475–479.

Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.

Russell, T.E., L.W. Stephenson, and T.F. Watson. 1974.

Insects and the aflatoxin problem in cotton seed. In

Proceedings,Western Cotton Production Conference, pp.

10–11. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Russell, T.E., T.F. Watson, and G.F. Ryan. 1976. Field

accumulation of aflatoxin in cottonseed as influenced by

irrigation termination dates and pink bollworm infestation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 31:711–

713.

Russo, G. 1927. Relación de las enfermeda des de los

cultivos de algodón, papa, birenjin y cebolla en la

Provincia de Monte Cristi, Rep. Dominicana. [Relation of

diseases of the cultivated cotton, potatoes, egg plants,

and onions in the province of Monte Christi, Dominican

Republic]. Lab. Entomol. Estac. Nacion Agron. Col.

Agric., Cir. No. 1.

––––––. 1931. Il deperimento delle piantagioni di cotone

nella. Somalia Italiana, Agricultura Coloniale 26:3–28,

74–88, 132–144.

––––––. 1940. Contributo alla conoscenza degli insetti

dannosi al cotone nell’Africa orientale Italiana. I.

Lepidotteri. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia

Agraria Filippo Silvestri, Portici 3:105–220.

––––––. 1943. Prov di disinfestazione dei semi di catone

con acido cloridrico gassoso secco. Italian Agric. 80:255–

258.
119

S

Saad, A.F.S.A., A. El-Sebae, and I.M.F. Sharaf. 1981. AC

222,705, a broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticide:

Performance in Egypt [summary in French]. In Proceedings, British Crop Protection Conference: Pests and

Diseases (11th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference), November 16–19, 1981, Brighton, England, pp.

381–388. Croydon, England: British Crop Protection

Council.

Saad, A.F.S.A., M.A. Elewa, T. Hauwila, and M.M.

Ibrahim. 1984. Synthetic pyrethroids used for cotton

pests control as a factor affecting constituents of cotton

seeds. Mededelingen Van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent 49(3b):995–1004.

Saavedra, P., and O. Cordova Egoechaga. 1984. Final

Report: Control program of the Indian pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella; Cotton Campaign 1983–1984,

Chira Valley [in Spanish]. Fundacion Para El Desarrollo

Algodonero, Ministerio de Agricultura, Peru, Region

Agraria 2

Sachs, M.H., and S. Karni. 1976. Capture of pink bollworm moths in sex pheromone traps and its correlation

with subsequent infestation of cotton [in Hebrew;

summary in English]. Hassadeh 56:1505–1508.

Sachs, Y., and H. Shoham. 1994. The cotton pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] and its control [in

Hebrew; summary in English]. Hassadeh 74:936–937.

Saeed, M. 1985. Behaviour of pink bollworm larvae in

relation to different attack on okra and normal leaf

cottons. Pakistan Entomologist 7(1/2):1–4.

Sahayaraj, K., and D.P. Ambrose. 1994. Stage and host

preference and functional response of a reduviid predator,

Acanthaspis pedestris Stal to four cotton pests. Journal of

Biological Control 8:23–26.

Saini, R.K. 1985. Triazophos––a promising insecticide

for the control of pink bollworm. Pesticides 19:45–46.

Saini, R.K., R.S. Jaglan, and K.K. Dahiya. 1995. Incidence

of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders, in

the protected crop of upland cotton in Haryana (India).

Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi) 19:281–

283.

Saini, R.K., and A.P. Jayaswal. 1984. Testing of different

spray schedules against pests of cotton. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Research 18:229–231.

Salama, A.E., M.A. Ashry, A.S. Saad, and F. Khalil. 1979.

Progressive toxicity symptoms in mid-gut epithelia of

pink bollworm caused by certain compounds. Journal of

Agricultural Research (Tanta University) 5:182–192.

Salama, H.S. 1983. Cotton pest management in Egypt.

Crop Protection 2:183–191.

Salama, H.S., and M.S. Foda. 1984. Studies on the

susceptibility of some cotton pests to various strains of

Bacillus thuringiensis. Journal of Plant Disease Protection. 91:65–70.

Salama, H.S., and R.A. Tolba. 1971. Chemical senses in

Lepidopterous larvae with reference to gustation and

olfaction in Chilo agamemnon Bles. Zeitschrift fur

Angewandte Entomologie 67:352–360.

Salama, M.S. 2000. The expression of pectinophorin, a

haemolymph protein in diapausing pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of the

Egyptian German Society of Zoology 33:379–410.

Salama, M.S., A.M. El-Shafei, and H.A. Abdel-Rahman.

1992. Cloning the gene coding for pectinophorin from

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of the

Egyptian German Society of Zoology 7(A):315–327.

––––––. 1992. Hybridization analysis to isolate pectinophorin gene from Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology

7(B):223–237.

Salama, M.S., and S.A. Hassan. 2001. Developmental

proteins during the life cycle of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Journal of the Egyptian German Society of

Zoology 34: 29-40.

Salama, M.S., and T.A. Miller. 1992. A diapause associated protein of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Archives of Insect Biochemistry and

Physiology 21:1–11.

––––––. 1993. In vitro translation of diapause messenger

RNA from the fat body of active and diapause larvae of

the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 23:1–11.

Salama, M.S., T.A. Miller, and L.P. Schouest, Jr. 1992. A

new test for measuring diapause in the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Life Sciences

51:411–413.

Salas Aguilar, J. 1973. Methods for the counting and

evaluation of the principal pests that attack cotton in

Venezuela [in Spanish]. Boletin Tecnico, Ciarco 3:57–61.

––––––. 1974. Evaluation of insecticides for the control

of pests that attack cotton bolls in Portuguesa State,

Venezuela [in Spanish]. Boletin Tecnico, Ciarco 4:11–19.

Saleh, M.K., and A.E.H. El-Din. 1982. The efficiency of

some insecticides against cotton bollworms in relation to
120

their effect on fiber quality of Giza 70 cultivar. Ain Shams

University Research Bulletin 1919.

Salem, A.A., M.A. El-Banby, A.G. Metwally, and A.M.

Abdel-Hafez. 1989. Effect of gamma radiation on the

pupae of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). Journal of Agricultural Research (Minia

University) 11:639–659.

––––––. 1989. Mating competitiveness of irradiated male

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders).

Journal of Agricultural Research (Minia University)

11:617–624.

––––––. 1989. Suppression of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), populations with releases

of sterilized moths in field cages. Journal of Agricultural

Research (Minia University) 11:625–638.

Salem, S.A. 1991. Response of cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias insulana Boisd.

to see neem kernal pure oil. Annals of Agricultural

Science (Moshtohor) 29:597–607.

Salem, S.A., S.M.E. Radwan, and M.A. Hamaky. 1990.

Prospects of using sex pheromone for the control of

cotton bollworms, Earias insulana Boisd. and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in cotton fields. Annals of

Agricultural Science (Moshtohor) 28:1743–1752.

Salem, Y.S., and M.F. El-Shaarawy. 1982. Factors affecting

longevity and reproduction capacity of the pink bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) developed from diapaused larvae. II. Effect of larval food. Ain

Shams University Research Bulletin 2016.

Salim, M., S.A. Mased, and A.M. Kahn. 1987. Orius

albidipennis (Reut.) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)––a

predator of cotton pests. Philippine Entomologist 7:37–

42.

Salinas, P.J., and J.G. Jimenez Aragon. 1982. Infestation

and damage by the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in relation to the vegetative growth of

cotton, in the Comarca Lagunera [in Spanish]. In P.J.

Salinas, ed., Zoologia Neotropical. Actas del 8th Congreso Latinoamericano de Zoologia, pp. 1293–1316.

Samy, O. 1958. Green cotton boll shedding in relation to

insect infestation of flowers. Agricultural Research

Review (Cairo) 36:51–58.

Sanders Bermudez, C. 1946. El gusano rosado del

algodonero; habitos y perjuicios que ocasiona. Tierra

(Mexico D.F.) 13:730–732.

Sandhu, M.S., R. Arora, G. Singh, and C.S. Dhaliwal.

1987. Some new insecticides for the control of cotton

bollworms in Punjab. Pesticides 21(1):29–32.

Sands, D.P.A., and A.R. Hill. 1982. Surveys for parasitoids of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Australia. Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization,

Division of Entomology, Report No. 29

Sangappa, H.K., B.V. Patil, and K. Basavanagoud. 1985.

Monitoring the activity of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with

pheromone traps. In A. Regupathy and S. Jayaraj, eds.,

Behavioural and Physiological Approaches in Pest

Management, pp. 56–61. Coimbtore, India: Tamil Nadu

Agricultural University.

Sangareddy, N.K., and B.V. Patil. 1997. Seasonal activity

of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (S.) using

sex pheromone delta traps. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science 10:229–232.

––––––. 1997. Studies on pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) incidence and its natural enemies

on cotton in Tungabhadra [India]. Karnataka Journal of

Agricultural Science 10:226–228.

––––––. 1997. Studies on the seasonal incidence of pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) on

cotton. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Science

10:233–236.

Sangwan, H.S., S.N. Verma, and V.K. Sharma. 1972.

Possibility of integration of exotic parasite, Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead for the control of cotton

bollworms. Indian Journal of Entomology 34:360–361.

Santiago, I.M., E.A. Bitran, and T.B. Campos. 1984.

Control of the pink bollworm in cotton seed by the use of

methyl bromide and phosphine [in Portuguese]. Revista

Brasileira de Sementes 6:67–76.

Santis, M.A. de. 1947. Largarta rosada “Platyedra

gossypiella” en capsulas de palo borracho [Chorisia

spp.]. Argentina Dir. Gen. Lab. Invest. Rev. Invest. Agric.

1:287–290.

Sapra, A.N. 1945. Pediculoides ventricosus Newport, as a

parasite of Platyedra gossypiella. Indian Journal of

Entomology 3:142.

Sarag, D.G., and U.S. Satpute. 1988. Efficacy of some

synthetic insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis var.

Kenyae against bollworms of cotton. Punjabrao Krishi

Vidyapeeth Research Journal (India) 12:119–122.

Sarkate, M.B., A.K. Raodeo, N.R. Seeras, and M.D. Jawale.

1978. A note on the recovery of Chelonus blackburni

Cameron (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), an exotic egglarval parasite of cotton bollworms. Current Science

47:474.
121

Sarnaik, D.N., V.T. Patil, U.S. Satpute, and P.L. Tadas.

1994. Assessment of avoidable losses due to sucking

pests and bollworms in cotton. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth Research Journal (India) 18:140–141.

Sarode, S.V., A.E. Chaudhary, and V.U. Sonalkar. 2000.

Evaluation of neem products against cotton bollworm

complex. Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi)

24: 319-324.

Sarode, S.V., P.P. Patil, and S.L. Borkar. 1995. Evaluation

of neem seed kernel extract in combinations with Heliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus against cotton bollworms.

Journal of Entomological Research 19:219–222.

Sasscer, E.R. 1919. Important foreign insect pests collected on imported nursery stock in 1918. Journal of Economic Entomology 12:134.

––––––. 1924. Safeguarding the entry of freight cars from

Mexico to prevent the entry of the pink bollworm.

Mississippi State Plant Board Quarantine Bulletin 3.

Sathe, T.V., and R.K. Dawale. 1997. Two new species of

the genus Goryphus Holmgren (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from India. Hexapoda (Insecta Indica) 9:57–64.

Satpute, U.S., P.D. Bhalerao, B.S. Rajurkar, and M.N.

Borle. 1983. Comparative efficacy of modern synthetic

pyrethroids against bollworms of cotton variety H-4

(rainfed). Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth Research Journal

(India) 7:30–32.

Satpute, U.S., P.D. Bhalerao, and Y.M. Taley. 1983. The

population level of adult male moths of pink bollworm in

cotton season. Cotton Development 13:39.

Satpute, U.S., D.N. Sarnaik, and P.D. Bhalerao. 1987.

Efficacy of ULV and EC formulations of some modern

synthetic insecticides and their methods of application

against bollworms of cotton. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth

Research Journal (India)11:160–162.

––––––. 1988. Assessment of avoidable field losses in

cotton yield due to sucking pests and bollworms. Indian

Journal of Plant Protection 16:37–39.

Satpute, U.S., D.N. Sarnaik, B.S. Rajurkar, and P.D.

Bhalerao. 1986. Assessment of losses due to sucking pests

and bollworms on cotton. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth

Research Journal (India) 10:75–76.

Satpute, U.S., N.R. Supare, and B.G. Bangote. 1993.

Efficacy of some modern synthetic insecticides and

neemark against cotton bollworms. Punjabrao Krishi

Vidyapeeth Research Journal (India) 17:9–22.

Satpute, U.S., Y.M. Taley, and P.D. Bhalerao. 1985. Male

catches of pink bollworm with various concentrations of

gossyplure. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth Research

Journal (India) 9:85–88.

Sauer, H.F.G. 1938. A queda dos botoes floriferos e das

macas emformacao dos algodoliros. [Fall of flower buds

and forming bolls of cotton plants]. Biologico (San

Paulo) 4:192–195.

––––––. 1938. Inimigos naturais da “Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders)” no estado de Sao Paulo. Vespas depredadoras e especies de parasitas com notas sobre a sua

biologia. [Natural enemies of P. gossypiella in the State

of Sao Paulo. Predaceous wasps and species of parasites,

with notes on their biology]. Arquivos do Instituto

Biologico (Sao Paulo) 9:187–199.

––––––. 1939. Biologia de Calliephialtes dimorphus

Cushm. (Hym.Ichn.) um interessante parasita primario de

Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders). [Biology of Calliephialtes dimorphus, an interesting primary parasite of

Platyedra gossypiella]. Arquivos do Instituto Biologico

(Sao Paulo) 10:165–192.

––––––. 1948. A combate ãs pragas e o aumento da

producão das lavouras algodoeiras de Sao Paulo. [Measures against cotton pests and the increase of cotton

production in Sao Paulo]. Biológico (Sao Paulo)

14(2):23–37.

Saunders, D.S., and R.D. Lewis. 1987. A damped circadian

oscillator model of an insect photoperiodic clock. II.

Simulations of the shapes of the photoperiodic response

curves. Journal of Theoretical Biology 128:61–71.

Saunders, W.W. 1843. Description of a species of moth

destructive to the cotton crops in India. Transactions of

the Royal Entomological Society of London 3:284–285.

––––––. 1851. Upon the insects injurious to the cotton

plant. Zoologist 9:3069–3071.

Sawires, Z.R., A.A. Hamed-Amin, T. Carrillo, and J.

Ellington. 1994. Effects of some weather factors on pink

bollworm male moth catches in pheromone traps and

their relationship to infestations in cotton fields. In D.J.

Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1039–1041. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1994. Testing the interaction of pest-predatorplant-weather components of TEXCIM on short and long

staple cotton varieties with two sampling methods. In D.J.

Herber and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1042–1045. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Saxena, J.D., S.K. Banerjee, and S.R. Sinha. 1992.

Pyrethroid resistance in field populations of pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in India.

Indian Journal of Entomology 54:347–350.
122

Sayre, C.R. 1952. Pink bollworm research and control.

Acco Press 30(3):21–23, 28.

Scavone, G. 1954–1955. Serious damage produced on

cotton by Platyedra or Gelechra gossypiella: Controlled

experiments [in Italian]. Palermo University Institute of

Entomology Agricultural Bulletin 1:217–220.

Schmutterer, H. 1969. Pests of Crops in Northeast and

Central Africa With Particular Reference to the Sudan.

Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.

Schneider, K. 1995. Acoustical detection of pink bollworms in cotton bolls. In D.A. Richter and J. Armour, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1054–

1056. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Schoffelmayer, V.H. 1945. The pink menace. Furrow 50:4,

12.

Scholl, E.E. 1919. Report of the pink bollworm of cotton.

Texas Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 65.

––––––. 1920. Method of procedure in pink bollworm

eradication work in Texas. Journal of Economic Entomology 13:38–44.

Schouest, L.P., Jr., and T.A. Miller. 1988. Factors influencing pyrethroid toxicity in pink bollworm (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae): Implications for resistance management.

Journal of Economic Entomology 81:431–436.

––––––. 1991. Field incubation of insects for insecticide

toxicity assays in resistance monitoring programs.

Environmental Entomology 20:1526–1530.

––––––. 1994. Automated pheromone traps show male

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) mating

response is dependent on weather conditions. Journal of

Economic Entomology 87:965–974.

Schwartz, P.H. 1983. Losses of yield in cotton due to

insects. In U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Handbook No. 589, pp. 329–358.

Schwehr, R.D., A.L. Bostian, and M.J. Hardcastle. 1990.

Worldwide insecticide resistance management strategies

for cotton: An overview [in French; summary in English].

In International Conference on Pests in Agriculture,

December 4–6, 1990, Versailles, France, pp. 135–140.

Paris: Association Nationale de Protection Des Plantes.

Scientia Agricultura Sinica. 1986. Study on the economic

losses of cotton caused by pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders)) in the Yangtze River Valley

cotton area and their control threshold [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 3:69–

75.

Sears, J., L. Hood, L. Moore, and S.S. Winans. 1991.

Cotton yields as affected by pheromone treatments for

pink bollworm. In Cotton Report, pp. 133–135. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–87, Tucson.

Sears, S.G.A. 1978. Comparative study of the nuclei and

membrane systems of the blastoderm embryos of insects

with scanning electron microscopy. Proceedings of the

North Dakota Academy of Science 31:168–176.

Sehgal, S. 1993. Opportunity knocks for Bt biotechnology. Seed World 131(7):18, 20.

Sekhar, S.M.V., G.P.V. Reddy, M.M.K. Murthy, and B.

Nagalingam. 1990. Field efficacy of triazophos and

acephate in the control of cotton bollworms. Andhra

Agricultural Journal (India) 37:166–170.

Sekhon, B.S., and B. Singh. 1992. Age specific preference

of cotton fruiting structures by pink bollworm. Indian

Journal of Ecology 19:43–48.

Sekhon, B.S., and G.C. Varma. 1983. Host and parasitoid

emergence pattern from diapausing larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 20:114–116.

––––––. 1983. Parasitoids of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and Earias spp. (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae) in the Punjab [summary in French]. Entomophaga 28:45–53.

Sellards, E.H. 1920. Pink bollworm. Florida Agriculture

Department Quarterly Bulletin 30:13–20.

Senft, D. 1982. Helping plants defend themselves.

Agricultural Research 30(1):4–5.

––––––. 1986. Bollworms find okra-leaf cotton less tasty.

Agricultural Research 34(3):5.

––––––. 1991. Thwarting one of cotton’s nemeses.

Agricultural Research 39(8):21–22.

Sengonca, C. 1982. The principal cotton pests and their

economic thresholds in the Kilikien Plain in southern

Turkey. Entomophaga (Special Issue) 27:51–56.

Servin-Villegas, R., J.L. Martinez, E. Troyo-Dieguez, and

A. Ortega-Rubio. 1997. Susceptibilidad de adultos de

Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows & Perring), a insecticidas

de uso comun en Baja California Sur, Mexico [in Spanish; English summary] [Susceptibility of adults of

Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows & Perring) to commonly

used insecticides in Baja California Sur, Mexico. The

Southwestern Entomologist 22:91–101.

Sevacherian, V., and K.M. El-Zik. 1983. A slide rule for

cotton crop and insect management. University California Cooperative Extension Leaflet 21362.
123

Sevacherian, V., N.C. Toscano, R.A. Van Steenwyk, R.K.

Sharma, and R.R. Sanders. 1977. Forecasting pink

bollworm emergence by thermal summation. Environmental Entomology 6:545–546.

Seydel, C. 1929. The pink cotton bollworm (Gelechia

gossypiella) in Belgian Congo. In Union South Africa

Department of Agriculture, Pan-African Papers, Agricultural Section, pp. 257–258.

Shaaban, A.M., and H.S. Radwan. 1974. Population

dynamics of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), in relation to blooming and fruiting curves of

cotton plants. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und

Pflanzenschutz 81:206–211.

Shaaban, M.A., and M.O.A. Osman. 1994. Population

dynamics of certain predators under pheromone and

insecticides treatment against pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).

Journal of Agricultural Science (Mansoura University)

19:3049–3058.

Shahzad, M.A., and O. Rehman. 1995. Chaetotaxy and

morphological study of three most economically important lepidopterous larvae attacking cotton. Science

International (Lahore) 7:577–581.

Shaikh, M.R., K. Ahmed, and F. Khalique. 1978. Individual rearing and single pair oviposition results of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) developed on bean containing diet (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Pakistan Journal of

Scientific and Industrial Research 21:65–66.

Shaikh, M.R., K. Ahmed, F. Khalique, and S.F. Ali-Zaidi.

1977. Simple oviposition apparatus and oviposition rate

of Pectinophora gossypiella emerged from field collected

larvae and those reared on artificial diets: Lepidoptera:

Gelichiidae. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial

Research 20:261–266.

Shalaby, F.F., A.G. Metwally, F.A. El-Lakwah, and H.M.

El-Gemeiy. 1984. Effect of field application of a commercial product of Bacillus thuringiensis (Ber.) on Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) infesting cotton bolls. Annals

of Agricultural Science (Moshtohor) 20:135–144.

Shalaby, F.F., G.M. Moawad, F.A. El-Lakwah, and H.M.

El-Gemeiy. 1986. Laboratory pathogenicity tests with a

commercial product of Bacillus thuringiensis (Ber.)

against active and resting larvae of the pink bollworm.

Agricultural Research Review (Cairo) 61:23–43.

Sharma, G.C., V.T. Gajbhiye, N.P. Agnihotri, and H.K. Jain.

1984. Efficacy of some insecticides against cotton

bollworms and persistence of their residues in cotton seed

and lint. Pesticides 18(11):10–13.

Sharma, G.C., V.T. Gajbhiye, N.P. Agnihotri, H.K. Jain,

and K.N. Katiyar. 1986. Efficacy of cypermethrin,

decamethrin, permethrin and fenvalerate against cotton

bollworms. Pesticides 20(4):40–43.

Sharma, G.R., and L.R. Mohindra. 1948. Bollworm

investigations and cleanup campaign in Sind. Indian

Cotton Growing Review 2:89–91.

Sharma, H.C., and O.P. Govila. 1981. Specific adaptation

of intervarietal Gossypium barbadense hybrids. Indian

Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 41:427–432.

Sharma, H.C., and O.P. Singh. 1982. Sex-pheromones for

the control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella,

their feasibility under Indian conditions. Cotton Development 11(4):35–38.

Sharma, H.S., and R.A. Agarwal. 1983. Relationship

between insect population and the proline content in

some cotton genotypes. Indian Journal of Entomology

45:244–246.

Sharma, J.P. 1988. Evaluation of some synthetic pyrethroids and carbaryl for the control of bollworms and

their effect on yield parameters of cotton. Entomon

13:215–221.

Sharma, J.P., and R.A. Agarwal. 1988. Effects of three

synthetic pyrethroids and carbaryl on the incidence of

bollworms and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum).

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 58:326–329.

––––––. 1992. Effect of insecticidal application on the

fibre quality, seed-cotton and carry over of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Journal of Insect Science (India)

5:153–156.

Sharma, P.D. 1982. Biology and behaviour of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), the pink bollworm of cotton

under Hissar conditions. Haryana Agricultural University,

Thesis Abstracts 8:33–35.

––––––. 1993. Relative efficacy of different insecticides

for the control of cotton bollworms. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 6:152–153.

Sharma, P.K., M. Singh, and A.K. Dhawan. 1989. Management of bollworms in Gossypium arboreum L. through

nutrient and irrigation in Punjab. Journal of Research

(Punjab Agricultural University) 26:204–205.

Sharma, R.K. 1974. The pink bollworm. University

California Agricultural Extension Service, Imperial

County Agricultural Briefs.

Sharma, R.K., A.J. Mueller, H.T. Reynolds, and N.

Toscano. 1973. Techniques for trapping pink bollworm

males. California Agriculture 27(7):14–15.
124

Sharma, R.K., R.E. Rice, H.T. Reynolds, and R.M.

Hannibal. 1973. Effect of trap design and size of Hexalure

dispensers on catches of pink bollworm males. Journal of

Economic Entomology 66:377–379.

Sharma, R.K., R.E. Rice, H.T. Reynolds, and H.H. Shorey.

1971. Seasonal influence and effect of trap location on

catches of pink bollworm males in sticky traps baited

with hexalure. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 64:102–105.

Sharma, S.K., S.D. Mathur, R.M. Khan, and B.N. Mathur.

1971. Evaluation of some modern insecticides for the

control of insect pests of cotton by means of aerial

spraying and their effect on parasites and predators.

Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz

78:286–295.

Sharma, S.S., A.P. Jayaswal, and P.R. Yadav. 1985. Bioefficacy of various formulations of carbaryl against cotton

bollworms. Indian Journal of Entomology 47:413–421.

Shaver, T.N., and M.J. Lukefahr. 1969. Effect of flavonoid

pigments and gossypol on growth and development of

the bollworm, tobacco budworm, and pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 62:643–646.

Shaver, T.N., and W.L. Parrott. 1970. Relationship of

larval age to toxicity of gossypol to bollworms, tobacco

budworms, and pink bollworms. Journal of Economic

Entomology 63:1802–1804.

Shazli, A., and M.T. Shafik. 1963. Succinic dehydrogenase activity in active and dormant larvae of Platyedra

gossypiella (Saunders). Bulletin of the Entomological

Society of Egypt 46:227–232.

Shelke, S.S., A.R. Mali, and D.S. Ajri. 1987. Effect of

different schedules of insecticidal sprays on pest incidence, yield of seed cotton and quality of seed in laxmi

cotton. Current Research Report (Mahatma Phule

Agricultural University) 3:39–45.

Shelke, S.S., A.R. Mali, D.S. Ajri, and R.S. Darade. 1986.

Bioefficacy of synthetic pyrethroids in controlling

bollworms on Savitri cotton. Current Research Report

(Mahatma Phule Agricultural University) 2:61–64.

Sheng, J. 1994. Two new species of Cirrospilus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Entomological Journal of East

China 3(2):1–4.

Shepherd, D.R. 1962. Pink bollworm current status report.

Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 63(6):84.

Shepherd, R.L. 1982. Registration of eight germplasm

lines of nectariless cotton (Reg. Nos. GP 175 to GP 182).

Crop Science 22:693.

Shepherd, R.L., J.N. Jenkins, W.L. Parrott, and J.C.

McCarty. 1986. Registration of eight nectariless-frego

bract cotton germplasm lines. Crop Science 26:1260.

Shepherd, R.L., and A.J. Kappelman, Jr. 1987. Registration of four bacterial blight resistant-okra leaf cotton

germplasm lines. Crop Science 27:151–152.

Shepherd, R.L., W.L. Parrott, J.C. McCarty, and J.N.

Jenkins. 1986. Registration of eight okra leaf-frego bract

cotton germplasm lines. Crop Science 26:1259–1260.

Shi, Q.G. 1986. The pink bollworm sex pheromone

research and application in China [in Chinese; summary

in English]. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of

Entomology 6:16.

Shields, E.J., and T.F. Watson. 1980. Searching behavior

of female Orius tristicolor. Annals of the Entomological

Society of America 73:533–535.

Shiller, I. 1946. A hibernation cage for pink bollworm.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology

and Plant Quarantine, ET–226.

––––––. 1960. A new species of Hibiscus from Texas.

Southwestern Naturalist 5:170–171.

Shiller, I., and A.J. Chapman. 1956. Chemical control of

pink bollworms overwintering in the soil. Journal of

Economic Entomology 49:718–719.

Shiller, I., L.W. Noble, and L.C. Fife. 1962. Host plants of

the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

55:67–70.

Shirshikar, S.P., V.M. Pawar, and G.D. Jadhav. 1986.

Control of cotton bollworms with the synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin. Indian Journal of Plant Protection

14:21–24.

Shivastava, A.S., B.BP. Gupta, and G.P. Awasthi. 1966.

Bionomics and control of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) by

fumigants. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie

57:212–216.

Shorey, H.H. 1974. Utility of sex pheromones in pest

management. In Proceedings, Western Cotton Production

Conference, p. 74. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

––––––. 1975. New advances in pink bollworm. In

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 24–35. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

––––––. 1976. Application of pheromones for manipulating insect pests of agricultural crops. In T. Yuskima, ed.,

Proceedings of the Symposium on Insect Pheromones and
125

Their Applications, pp. 43–72. Nagoaka, Japan: National

Institute of Agriculture.

Shorey, H.H., L.K. Gaston, and R.S. Kaae. 1976. Airpermeation with gossyplure for control of the pink

bollworm. In M. Beroza, ed., Pest Management with

Insect Sex Attractants, ACS Symposium Series 23, pp. 67–

74. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society.

Shorey, H.H., R.S. Kaae, and L.K. Gaston. 1974. Sex

pheromones of Lepidoptera: Development of a method

for pheromonal control of Pectinophora gossypiella in

cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 67:347–350.

Shu, C., C.Y. Cao, and L. Bai. 1995. Studies on applying

gossyplure in controlling pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders)) on cotton [in Chinese; summary

in English]. Entomological Journal of East China 4:106–

112.

Shu, C., C.Y. Cao, and Y.X. Zhang. 1990. Storage life of

two forms of sex pheromone of pink bollworm (Platyedra

gossypiella) [in Chinese]. Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural

Science 6:28–30.

Shu, C.E. 1986. Observations on the factors affecting

oviposition of Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders [in

Chinese; summary in English]. China Cottons 4:40.

Shu, C.E., and C.Y. Cao. 1987. Effects of damage of

cotton squares and flowers on boll formation caused by

Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Entomological Knowledge 24:19–21.

––––––. 1988. Regulation effect of JHA ZR–515 on the

sex maturation of overwintering Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese; summary in English]. Entomological

Knowledge 25:145–146.

Shu, C.N., C.Y. Cao, L.X. Bai, Y.P. Cao, H.W. Sun, Y.X.

Zhang, Y.J. Yan, Z.Q. Lu, Z.S. Jin, and H.Z. Qu. 1994.

Trials of new pheromone formulations for controlling

pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) in

cotton [in Chinese; summary in English]. Jiangsu Journal

of Agricultural Science 10:48–54.

Shu, C.N., C.Y. Cao, and Y.X. Zhang. 1987. Control of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella by mating

disruption with microencapsulated gossyplure [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Chinese Journal of

Biological Control 3:106–108.

Siddall, J.B., and C.M. Olsen. 1976. Pheromones in

agriculture––from chemical synthesis to commercial use.

In American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series

23, pp. 88–97. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical

Society.

Siddiqui, I.A., K.F. Malik, and M. Ahmed. 1986. Relative

infestation of bollworms on Abutilon, okra and cotton in

lower Sind, Pakistan. Proceedings of the Pakistan Congress of Zoology 5:221–223.

Siddiqui, J.I. 1988. Trapping of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

with its synthetic sex pheromone. Indian Journal of

Entomology 50:238–248.

Sidhu, A.S., and J.S. Bhalla. 1971. Comparative efficacy

of some new insecticides as aerial sprays for the control of

cotton pests. Plant Protection Bulletin (India) 23(4):44–

47.

Sidhu, A.S., B.S. Chahal, H.S. Sukhija, J.L. Kandoria, and

J. Singh-Brar. 1983. Adaptive trials with synthetic

pyrethroids for the control of cotton bollworms in the

Punjab. Pesticides 17(6):13–14.

Sidhu, A.S., and A.K. Dhawan. 1976. Field evaluation of

monocrotophos and Dicarbam for the control of cotton

pests. Pesticides 10(9):15–17.

––––––. 1977. Testing of new insecticides for the control

of cotton pests [Amrasca devastans, Pectinophora

gossypiella, Bemisia tabaci]. Pesticides 11(7):16–18.

––––––. 1977. Timing sprays against pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) on cotton. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 47:521–524.

––––––. 1978. Carry-over of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) through cottonseed. Journal

of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 15:53–57.

––––––. 1978. Effect of pink bollworm carryover through

the cotton seed kept for animal feeding. Cotton Development 7(3/4):19–21.

––––––. 1978. The incidence and the carry-over of the

pink bollworm in different varieties of cotton. Journal of

Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 15:287–290.

––––––. 1978. Killing diapausing larvae of the pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella by seed fumigation

and sun drying. Cotton Development 8(1/2):15–17.

––––––. 1978. Note on the evaluation of some new

insecticides against the pink bollworm of cotton. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 48:188–190.

––––––. 1978. Testing of various spray schedules against

cotton pests. Indian Journal of Entomology 40:324–327.

––––––. 1979. Emergence pattern of the moths from the

diapausing larvae of pink bollworm. Journal of Research

(Punjab Agricultural University) 16:173–176.
126

––––––. 1979. Evaluation of different levels of spraying

for the control of pink bollworm. Journal of Research

(Punjab Agricultural University) 16:305–308.

––––––. 1979. Mortality of diapausing larvae of the pink

bollworm due to Pyemotes ventricosus (Newport). Journal

of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 16:417–

420.

––––––. 1979. Mortality of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in small ginning-machines in the

villages. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 16:41–44.

––––––. 1979. Testing of spray intervals for controlling

the pink bollworm on cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 16:177–181.

––––––. 1980. Incidence of bollworm in stressed floral

bodies of cotton in the Punjab. Journal of Research

(Punjab Agricultural University) 17:41–44.

––––––. 1980. Seasonal abundance of different insect

pests on desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.). Journal of

Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 17:275–281.

––––––. 1981. Testing of azinophos-methyl for the

control of the pink bollworm. Pesticides 15(2):7–9.

––––––. 1985. Carryover of pink bollworm through gintrash in Punjab. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 22:189–191.

––––––. 1985. Effect of different spacings on incidence

of cotton jassid and pink bollworm on F–414 variety of

hirsutum cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 22:483–487.

––––––. 1985. Incidence and chemical control of insect

pests infesting LD–133 and G–27 varieties of arboreum

cotton in Punjab. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 22:303–308.

––––––. 1985. Timing the insecticidal applications for

the control of pink bollworm of cotton. Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 55:471–474.

Sidhu, A.S., A.K. Dhawan, and B.S. Chahal. 1978. Aerial

spray experiment for control of cotton pests. Pesticides

12:11, 25–26, 28.

Sidhu, A.S., A.K. Dhawan, and G.S. Simwat. 1986. Field

evaluation of some formulations of fenvalerate, cypermethrin and monocrotophos for control of bollworms on

cotton. Pestology (Bombay) 10(3):22–24.

––––––. 1986. Testing of fenvalerate and permethrin for

the control of pink bollworm in the Punjab. Pesticides

20(1):17–18.

––––––. 1987. Field testing of acephate and methomyl for

the control of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders)) of cotton. Pesticides 21(8):13–14, 18.

Sidhu, A.S., A.K. Dhawan, and K. Singh. 1979. Testing of

new chemical for control of cotton pests. Pesticides

13(11):7–11.

Sidhu, A.S., G.S. Simwat, and A.K. Dhawan. 1980. Note on

the longevity of cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Indian Journal of Ecology 7:163–

164.

Sidhu, A.S., H.S. Sukhija, and A.K. Dhawan. 1976. Testing

acephate for the control of cotton pests. Journal of

Research (Punjab AgriculturalUniversity) 13:376–378.

Sieglaff, D.H., P.C. Ellsworth, J.C. Silvertooth, and K.

Hamilton. 1999. Preliminary evaluation of the “next

generation” of Bt cotton. In Cotton Report, pp. 323–335.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–116,

Tucson.

Silvie, P. 1991. Annual dynamics of flower and fruiteating caterpillars in cotton in Chad [in French; summary

in English]. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 46:185–205.

Silvie, P., P. LeGall, and B. Sognigbe. 1993. Evaluation of

a virus-insecticide combination for cotton pest control in

Togo. Crop Protection 12:591–596.

Simmons, A.L., T.J. Dennehy, B.E. Tabashnik, L. Antilla,

A. Bartlett, D. Gouge, and R. Staten. 1998. Evaluation of

B.T. cotton deployment strategies and efficacy against

pink bollworm in Arizona. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp.

1025–1030. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Simpson, M.E., and L.R. Batra. 1984. Ecological relations

in respect to a boll rot of cotton caused by Aspergillus

flavus. In H. Kurata and Y. Ueno, eds., Toxigenic Fungi:

Their Toxins and Health Hazard, pp. 24–32. New York:

Elsevier.

Sims, M.A., T. Dennehy, A. Patin, Y. Carriere, Y.B. Liu, B.

Tabashnik, L. Antilla, and M. Whitlow. 2001. Arizona’s

multi-agency resistance management program for Bt

cotton: Sustaining the susceptibility of pink bollworm. In

P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1175–1179. National Cotton

Council, Memphis, TN.

Simwat, G.S., and A.K. Dhawan. 1992. Efficacy of

diflubenzuron alone and in combination with insecticides for control of bollworms on different varieties of

upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 62:424–426.
127

––––––. 1996. Impact of cotton varieties and insecticidal

sprays on carryover of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.) in Punjab. Journal of Insect Science

(India) 9:1–5.

––––––. 1997. Field evaluation of different economic

threshold levels for chemical control of pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella), spotted bollworm (Earias

vittella, E. insulana) and cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa

armigera) on cotton (Gossypium species). Indian Journal

of Agricultural Sciences 67:259–261.

Simwat, G.S., A.K. Dhawan, and A.S. Sidhu. 1986.

Evaluation of quinalphos for the control of bollworms on

upland cotton. Pestology (Bombay) 10(3):29–31.

––––––. 1987. Effect of delayed sowing, higher nitrogen

levels and plant population on incidence of bollworms

and yield of seed-cotton in F–414 hirsutum cotton.

Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University)

24:247–254.

––––––. 1988. Effect of constant temperature and relative

humidity on the mortality of diapausing larvae of pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) of upland cotton

(Gossypium hirsutum). Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 58:580–582.

––––––. 1988. Effect of constant temperature and relative

humidity on the termination of larval diapause in pink

bollworm. Journal of Insect Science (India) 1:133–135.

––––––. 1988. Laboratory studies on the mortality of

diapausing pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund) larvae at high temperature. Journal of Research

(Punjab Agricultural University) 25:73–76.

––––––. 1991. Effect of acid-delinting of cotton seed on

the survival of diapausing larvae of pink bollworm.

Journal of Insect Science (India) 4:45–49.

––––––. 1991. Effect of insecticides on some parameters

of yield in Gossypium hirsutum L. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 4:190–192.

––––––. 1991. Evaluation of methomyl alone and in

combination with other insecticides for bollworm control

on cotton in Punjab. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 28:215–218.

––––––. 1992. Criteria for initiating insecticide spray to

control bollworms (Pectinophora gossypiella, Earias

vittella and E. insulana) of cotton (Gossypium species).

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 62:85–87.

Simwat, G.S., and R.S. Gill. 1994. Incidence of bollworms

in LD–327 and LD–230 varieties of Gossypium arboreum

and its correlation with weather factors. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 7:95–96.

Simwat, G.S., and A.S. Sidhu. 1984. Moth emergence

from diapausing larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) at constant temperature and relative humidity.

Indian Journal of Ecology 11:329–333.

Simwat, G.S., A.S. Sidhu, and A.K. Dhawan. 1982.

Mortality of diapausing larvae of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) in cotton stacks during

summer in Punjab. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 19:35–38.

––––––. 1985. Effect of height of cotton stacks and some

other factors on the survival of diapausing larvae of pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) during

summer in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Entomology

47:328–332.

Simwat, G.S., and J. Singh. 1997. Square formation phase

and bollworms incidence in hirsutum cotton hybrids

PCHH–31 and LHH–121 in Punjab. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 10:38–41.

Singh, A., and Z. Singh. 1983. Trend of occurrence of

rosetted flowers In Gossypium hirsutum cotton in Haryana

(India). Indian Journal of Ecology 9:311–314.

Singh, B., and B.S. Chahal. 1972. Effect of Cycocel

treatment on the incidences of insect pests on the

American cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Plant Protection

Bulletin (India) 24:49–54.

Singh, D., and H. Singh. 1992. Calibration of a tractor

mounted sprayer for optimum control of bollworms

(Pectinophora gossypiella, Earias insulana and E.

vittella) in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 62:637–642.

Singh, G., G.S. Simwat, and A.S. Sidhu. 1973. Comparative efficacy of some new insecticides for the control of

cotton pests. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

43:653–658.

Singh, H., and P.K. Chhuneja. 1987. Comparative

performance of h.v., l.v. and u.l.v. sprays for the control of

cotton bollworms. Tropical Pest Management 33:73–80,

103, 107.

Singh, H., J. Singh, and H.S. Mann. 1990. Comparative

performance of EC and LVC formulations of fenvalerate

(Fenval) for the control of bollworms on cotton. Journal

of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 27:57–64.

Singh, H., and N.S. Vijay. 1975. Comparison of LVC and

EC formulations of pesticides for the control of cotton

pests. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 12:145–151.

Singh, H.G., R.K. Mathur, and H.N. Yadava. 1965. A study

of the thickness of green mature bolls in relation to the
128

incidence of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella).

Indian Cotton Journal 19:253–255.

Singh, J., R. Arora, and A.S. Sidhu. 1987. Impact of cotton

off-types on the incidence of different insect pests and

their management. Indian Journal of Ecology 14:254–

260.

Singh, J., N.S. Butter, and H.S. Sukhija. 1981. Synthetic

pyrethroids––new insecticides for bollworms control on

cotton. Pesticides 15:33–35.

Singh, J., G.S. Gatoria, A.S. Sidhu, and S.S. Sandhu. 1981.

Effect of acid delinting on the overwintering larvae of

pink bollworm in double seeds of cotton variety J–205.

Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University)

18:104–105.

Singh, J., G.S. Gatoria, A.S. Sidhu, K. Singh, and A.K.

Dhawan. 1978. Effect of time of sowing on incidence of

pest and plant characters of hirsutum cotton variety 320F.

Entomon 3:177–180.

Singh, J., and B.S. Sandhu. 1993. Economic threshold for

bollworms control on arboreum cotton. Journal of Cotton

Research and Development 7:285–288.

––––––. 1995. Economic threshold for chemical control

of spotted bollworms (Earias vittella and E. insulana)

and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) on tree

cotton (Gossypium arboreum). Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 65:613–616.

––––––. 1996. Field evaluation of Gossypium arboreum

genotypes for resistance to bollworms. Journal of Insect

Science (India) 9:162–163.

––––––. 1997. Effect of row skipping in tree cotton

(Gossypium arboreum) on the efficacy of chemical

control of spotted bollworms (Earias vitella and E.

insulana) and pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella).

Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 67:407–409.

––––––. 1997. Fruiting efficiency and pink bollworm

carryover in arboreum hybrids. Crop Improvement

24:249–250.

Singh, J., B.S. Sandhu, V.P. Mittal, and G. Singh. 1987.

Appropriate fruiting stage for spray initiation against

bollworms on desi cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 24:259–260.

Singh, J., B.S. Sandhu, G. Singh, and V.P. Mittal. 1988.

Efficacy of new synthetic pyrethroid flucythrinate against

bollworms of desi cotton. Journal of Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 25:221–224.

Singh, J., B.S. Sandhu, and M.L. Singla. 1992. Relative

efficacy of alphamethrin with fenvalerate and cypermethrin for bollworms control on arboreum cotton.

Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University)

29:357–358.

Singh, J., S.S. Sandhu, and A.S. Sidhu. 1988. Adult

emergence pattern of parasitoid Apanteles angaleti and

its known hosts during off-season in Punjab. Entomophaga 33:309–314.

Singh, J., S.S. Sandhu, Z.S. Dhaliwal, A.S. Sidhu, and S.S.

Bains. 1986. Role of various mortality factors in reducing

the carryover of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) of cotton through different sources in Punjab.

Indian Journal of Ecology 13:291–300.

Singh, J., R.K. Sharma, and B.S. Sandhu. 1997. Effect of

scheduling last irrigation and nitrogen dose on bollworms incidence in cotton. Journal of Insect Science

(India) 10:192–193.

Singh, J., and A.S. Sidhu. 1980. Flowering phase and pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) (Saunders) incidence on hirsutum cotton. Entomon 5:307–317.

––––––. 1981. Age of boll at shedding due to various

factors in hirsutum cotton at different sowing dates under

Punjab conditions. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 18:393–399.

––––––. 1982. Bollworms and square-shedding in

hirsutum cotton in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Entomology 44:318–324.

––––––. 1982. Carryover sources for Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) and parasitoid Apanteles angalati

Muesebeck. Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 19:217–221.

––––––. 1982. Influence of cotton phenology on incidence of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) in squares. Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 52:683–688.

––––––. 1983. Relationship between the diapausing

larvae of pink bollworm and boll-formation period and

sowing date of upland cotton. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53:245–249.

––––––. 1983. Role of bollworms in flower shedding of

hirsutum cotton at different times in the Punjab. Journal

of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 20:57–62.

––––––. 1983. Schematic model of hirsutum cotton

phenology and pink bollworm incidence for pest management. Indian Journal of Ecology 10:310–315.

––––––. 1984. Comparative study of resistance in two

American cotton varieties against pink bollworm. Journal

of Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 21:211–

219.
129

––––––. 1985. Impact of deltamethrin and carbaryl on

arthropod diversity and productivity of hirsutum cotton

in Punjab. Journal of Entomological Research 9:7–14.

Singh, J., and G.S. Simwat. 1997. Productivity, maximum

boll formation period and bollworms incidence on intra

hirsutum cotton hybrids in Punjab. Journal of Research

(Punjab Agricultural University) 34:156–162.

Singh, J., and H. Singh. 1987. Determination of optimum

droplet parameters and insecticidal deposit at the target

sites vis-a-vis spray swaths for the control of boll-worms

on cotton. Tropical Pest Management 33:182–187.

––––––. 1989. Optimization of insecticidal deposit for

the control of boll-worms on cotton. Journal of Entomological Research 13:43–56.

Singh, J., T.H. Singh, H.S. Kaley, and K. Singh. 1974.

Influence of cotton plant morphology on bollworms

incidence. Cotton Development 4(2):15–19.

Singh, J.P. 1989. Relation of boll development in upland

cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) with population of pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella). Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 59:48–50.

Singh, J.P., and G.P. Gupta. 1997. Effect of plant protection practices on bollworm incidence and larval population of pink bollworm at different pickings. Annals of

Plant Protection Sciences 5:18–25.

––––––. 1997. Evolution of effective and economical

spray schedules based on spray initiation against bollworm complex in cotton. Pesticide Research Journal

9:175–184.

Singh, J.P., and R.K. Lakra. 1990. Effect of insecticides on

the growth of plant and incidence of bollworms in cotton.

Indian Journal of Plant Protection 18:21–26.

––––––. 1992. Effect of incidence of leafhopper and

bollworms on shedding of fruiting bodies and loss in

yield of seed cotton. In P.A.C. Ooi, G.S. Lim, and P.S.

Teng, eds., Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on

Plant Protection in the Tropics, 20–23 March, 1990

Genting Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia, pp. 142–148.

Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Plant Protection Society.

Singh, J.P., R.K. Lakra, and D.S. Bhatti. 1986. Azimuthal

effects on incidence of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) of cotton in Haryana. Indian

Journal of Entomology 48:459–466.

Singh, J.P., and B.P.S. Lather. 1989. Monitoring of pink

bollworm moths and larvae. Indian Journal of Plant

Protection 17:199–203.

Singh, J.P., B.P.S. Lather, and B.R. Mor. 1988. Exit

behaviour of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) larvae. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

58:236–237.

Singh, J.P., B.R. Mor, B.P.S. Lather, and A.S. Nandal.

1986. Diapausing of pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella) in relation to the time and formation of

cotton bolls (Gossypium hirsutum). Indian Journal of

Agricultural Sciences 56:198–199.

Singh, J.P., and D. Singh. 1991. Emergence pattern of

pink bollworm moths from overwintering larvae. Indian

Journal of Entomology 53:484–490.

Singh, K., and A.S. Atwal. 1969. Control of hibernating

pink bollworm larvae with aluminum phosphide tablets.

Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University)

6:241–244.

Singh, M., B.B. Joshi, and R.A. Agarwal. 1976. Genetics

of cotton boll worms Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund)

resistance in an intervarietal cross of Gossypium arboreum L. Coton et Fibres Tropicales 31:369–372.

Singh, M.F., and S.N. Ghosh. 1967. Control of cotton boll

worms in Bihar. Allahabad Farmer 41(4):219–222.

Singh, O.P., S.R. Singh, and R. Ratan. 1983. Azimuthal

effect on cotton bollworms and its practical aspects.

Cotton Development 13(2):27–29.

Singh, P., S.B. Nandeshwar, and R. Ratan. 1984. Marker

lines of Gossypium hirsutum Linn. in relation to bollworm infestation. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

54:134–136.

Singh, R., and R.A. Agarwal. 1986. Fumigation in

controlling the carry-over of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) in cotton under rural conditions. Indian

Journal of Agricultural Sciences 56:800–802.

––––––. 1987. Field resistance to pink bollworm in

cotton. Indian Journal of Entomology 49:39–46.

Singh, R., R.A. Agarwal, and D.K. Butani. 1981. Heat

therapy to kill diapausing larvae of pink bollworm and its

effects on the viability of cotton seed. Seed Research

9:102–108.

––––––. 1985. Technique of fumigation to prevent the

carryover of pink bollworm in cotton. Journal of Farming

Systems 1:107–109.

––––––. 1986. Control of pink bollworm in cotton seed

through insecticidal treatment. Seed Research 14:60–65.

Singh, R., and G.P. Gupta. 1993. Efficacy of schedules of

conventional insecticides and with synthetic pyrethroids

against bollworm complex in cotton together with their

persistence. Journal of Entomological Research 17:209–

220.
130

Singh, R., and K.A. Pathak. 1987. Record on insect pests

of fibre crop (cotton) in Manipur. Bulletin of Entomology

(New Delhi) 28:69–70.

Singh, R., and Z. Singh. 1984. A note on the mite,

Pyemotes herfsi (Oudemans), ectoparasitic on diapausing

pink bollworm larvae. Current Science 53:53–54.

Singh, S., R. Singh, and K. Singh. 1973. Effects of

insecticidal sprays on American cotton (Gossypium

hirsutum L.) in relation to sowing date and nitrogen

application. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences

43:148–153.

Sisodia, K.P.S., B. Gopal, and S.V.S. Chauhan. 1994.

Utilization of male sterility in hybrid seed production in

cotton. Plant Cell Incompatibility Newsletter 26:86–88.

Sivagami, R. 1969. Intensity of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) damage for the evaluation

of yield in cotton. Madras Agricultural Journal 56:563–

568.

Sivasupramaniam, S., V. Kabuye, T. Malvar, L. Ruschke, P.

Rahn, and J. Greenplate. 2001. Hybrid Bacillus thuringiensis δ-entotoxins provide enhanced spectrum of

activity against lepidoptera pests of cotton. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 837–840. National Cotton Council,

Memphis, TN.

Slosser, J.E. 1971. Population growth of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Dissertation Abstracts International 32–

07B:3989.

––––––. 1972. Population growth of the pink bollworm.

In Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Technical

Bulletin 195, Tucson, pp. 31–32.

––––––. 1993. Influence of planting date and insecticide

treatment on insect pest abundance and damage in

dryland cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology

86:1213–1222.

Slosser, J.E., D.G. Bordovsky, and S.J. Bevers. 1994.

Damage and costs associated with insect management

options in irrigated cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 87:436–445.

Slosser, J.E., and T.F. Watson. 1972. Influence of irrigation

on overwinter survival of the pink bollworm. Environmental Entomology 1:572–576.

––––––. 1972. Relationship between percent boll

infestation and mean number of pink bollworm larvae per

boll. Journal of Economic Entomology 65:1493–1495.

––––––. 1973. Comparison of pink bollworm infestation

levels between various portions of a cotton field. Journal

of Economic Entomology 66:278–280.

Sluss, T.P., E.S. Sluss, L.A. Crowder, and T.F. Watson.

1975. Isozymes of diapause pink bollworm larvae,

Pectinophora gossypiella. Insect Biochemistry 5:183–193.

Smee, C. 1940. Report of the entomologist, 1939. Department of Agriculture, Nyasaland.

Smith, C.W. 1992. History and status of host plant

resistance in cotton to insects in the United States.

Advances in Agronomy 48:251–296.

Smith. G.L. 1951. The pink bollworm. California Agriculture 6(2):11.

Smith, G.L., C.A. Richmond, and L.W. Noble. 1954.

Mixtures of DDT and other insecticides for control of pink

bollworms and boll weevils in Southern Texas. Journal of

Economic Entomology 47:177–178.

Smith, H.P. 1954. Goal of pink bollworm fight is 100

percent kill of larva in the field after harvest; field machines undergo improvements. Cotton Trade Journal

34(30 suppl.):2.

Smith, H.P., C.M. Hahan, and R.L. Hanna. 1956. Effects of

spray nozzle types and arrangements on cotton insect

control. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress

Report 1906.

Smith, K., T. Walgenbach, and J. Springer. 1996. Development of a novel sprayable pheromone product for pink

bollworm control. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1085–

1086. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Smith, R.L., H.M. Flint, and D.E. Forey. 1978. Air permeation with gossyplure: Feasibility studies on chemical

confusion for control of the pink bollworm. Journal of

Economic Entomology 71:257–264.

Smith, R.L., R.L. Wilson, and F.D. Wilson. 1975. Resistance of cotton plant hairs to mobility of first-instars of the

pink bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology

68:679–683.

Soares, J.J., and A.C. Busoli. 1996. Effect of growth

regulators on agronomic characteristics and on control of

insect pests in cotton [in Portuguese; summary in English]. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasil. 31:37–41.

Soebandrijo, Subiyakto, A.M. Amir, and M.S. Harun

Djainah. 1998. Role of plant cultivation on cotton insect

control in Indonesia [in Indonesian]. In S.M. Hasnam and

A. Sastrosupadi, eds., Proceeding, National Cotton
131

Discussion, pp. 213–224. Malang, Indonesia: Balai

Penelitian Tembakau Dan Tanaman Serat.

Soguilon, A.P., and R. de la Cruz. 1987. Effects of

harvesting cotton at different stages of maturity under

simulated rainfall. In Technical Report 1985–1986, pp.

108–117. Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines: Cotton

Research and Development Institute.

Sohi, A.S., J. Singh, D.S. Brar, and D. Russell. 1999.

Further studies on mating disruption in pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) using sex pheromone as a component of IPM programme in irrigated

cotton fields in Punjab. Pest Management and Economic

Zoology 7:31-38.

Sohi, A.S., J. Singh, and H.S. Mann. 1995. Impact of plant

spacing on incidence of insect pests and seed cotton

yield of American cotton. Insect Environment 1(2):15–

16.

Sohi, G.S. 1964. Pests of cotton. In N.C. Pant, ed.,

Entomology in India. 1938–1963, pp. 111–148. New

Delhi: Entomological Society of India.

Soliman, M.A., E.A. Moftah, M.F. Gergis, and A.M.

Younis. 1995. Temperature effect on adult biology,

reproduction and population growth of pink bollworm

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). In D.A. Richter and J. Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 947–949.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Solsoloy, A.D. 1993. Insecticidal efficacy of the formulated product and aqueous extract from physic nut, Jatropha

curcas L. seed kernel oil on cotton insect pests. Cotton

Research Journal (Philippines) 6:28–34.

Solsoloy, A.D., and P.P. Pedrano. 1992. Insect pest

situation and economic analysis of ratooned and regrown

cotton in Mindanao. Cotton Research Journal (Philippines) 5:37–45.

Solsoloy, A.D., and B.M. Rejesus. 1994. Proposed mode

of action of the insecticidal principle from physic nut,

Jatropha curcas L., on selected cotton insect pest. Cotton

Research Journal (Philippines) 7:52–53.

Sonnet, P.E. 1974. A practical synthesis of the sex

pheromone of the pink bollworm. Journal of Organic

Chemistry 39:3793–3794.

––––––. 1976. Geometrical isomerization of 1,5-dienes:

Isomers of gossyplure, the pink bollworm sex attractants.

Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society 53:36–38.

Sonnet, P.E., B.A. Bierl, and M. Beroza. 1974. Effects of

hexamethylphosphoric triamide (Hempa) upon allyllic

Grionard reagents: Synthesis of long chain alkenol

acetates. Journal of the American Chemical Society

51:371–372.

Spears, J.F. 1968. The westward movement of the pink

bollworm. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

America 14:118–119.

Spencer, C.B. 1952. Cooperative program for pink

bollworm control in Texas 1952. In Proceedings, 6th

Cotton Insect Control Conference, pp. 54–56. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1953. Checking pink bollworms. Cotton Gin &

Oil Mill Press 54:9–10, 12.

Spenser, J., G. Forer, A. Niv, A.R. Horowitz, A. Navon, S.

Levski, and S. Yablonski. 1999. Deltapine bollgard

variety response to the Israeli pest complex. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1000–1002. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Squire, F.A. 1937. Nocturnal habits of Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders). Nature (London) 140:69–70.

––––––. 1937. Report on an investigation of cotton pests

during the year September 1936 to September 1937. In

West Indian Sea Island Cotton Association Report, 2nd

General Meeting, pp. 26–27.

––––––. 1937. A theory of diapause in Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.). Tropical Agriculture 14:299–301.

––––––. 1938. Report on an investigation of cotton pests

during the year September 1937 to September 1938. In

West Indian Sea Island Cotton Association Report, 3rd

General Meeting, pp. 23–25.

––––––. 1939. A note on the hosts of the pink bollworm,

Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.) in the West Indies. Empire

Cotton Growing Review 16:194–196.

––––––. 1939. Resistance of Hibiscus esculentus and

Gossypium trilobum to Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.).

Empire Cotton Growing Review 16:268–271.

––––––. 1940. Observations on the larval diapause of the

pink bollworm, Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.). Bulletin

of Entomological Research 30:475–481.

––––––. 1940. On the nature and origin of the diapause

in Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.). Bulletin of Entomological Research 31:1–6.

––––––. 1943. Phototropism in insects. An indictment of

the light-trap method. Bulletin of Entomological Research 34:113–116.

Srivastava, K.P., V.T. Gajbhiye, H.K. Jain, N.P. Agnihotri,

and M. Singh. 1983. Efficacy of some synthetic pyrethroids against the bollworms and their residues in
132

cotton. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53:1048–

1051.

Stani, A. 1958. Particularités biologiques de la teigne rosa

du cotonnier (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)) et ses

mesures de lutte [in Albanian; summary in French].

Tirana. University Shtetëror. B. Shkencat Natyrore 4:3–

25.

Staten, R.T., L. Antilla, and M.L. Walters. 1995. Pink

bollworm management: Prospects for the future. In D.A.

Richter and J. Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 153–156. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Staten, R.T., M. Beroza, B.A. Bierl, and V.E. Adler. 1973.

Pink bollworm: Field, laboratory, and electroantennogram data on hexalure and inhibitors of its attraction of

the moth. Journal of Economic Entomology 66:1263–

1266.

Staten, R.T., O. El-Lissy, and L. Antilla. 1997. Successful

area-wide program to control pink bollworm by mating

disruption. In R.T. Carde and A.K. Minks, eds., Insect

Pheromone Research: New Directions, pp. 383–396. New

York: Chapman & Hall.

Staten, R.T., H.M. Flint, C. Finnell, and D. Weddle. 1986.

Field test of the Shin-Etsu gossyplure dispenser in the

Imperial valley, CA. In Cotton Report, pp. 210–211.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–63,

Tucson.

Staten, R.T., H.M. Flint, E. Miller, D. Weddle, and A.

Yamamoto. 1989. Changing strategies and technology for

pink bollworm detection and control systems with

pheromone. In R. Pearlman and J.A. Miller, eds., Proceedings, 16th International Symposium on Controlled

Release of Bioactive Materials, pp. 247–248. Lincolnshire, Illinois: Controlled Release Society.

Staten, R.T., H.M. Flint, R.C. Weddle, E. Quintero, R.E.

Zarate, C.M. Finnell, M. Hernandes, and A. Yamamoto.

1987. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Largescale field trials with a high-rate gossyplure formulation.

Journal of Economic Entomology 80:1267–1271.

Staten, R.T., E. Miller, M. Grunnet, F. Gardner, and E.

Andres. 1988. The use of pheromones for pink bollworm

management in western cotton. In J.M. Brown and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 206–209. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Staten, R.T., R.W. Rosander, and D.F. Keaveny. 1993.

Genetic control of cotton insects: The pink bollworm as a

working programme. In Management of Insect Pests:

Nuclear and Related Molecular and Genetic Techniques,

pp. 269–283. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic

Energy Agency.

Staten, R.T., M. Walters, R. Roberson, and S. Birdsall.

1999. Area-wide management/maximum suppression of

pink bollworm in Southern California. In P. Dugger and

D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 985–988. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Steinitz, B., Y. Gafni, Y. Cohen, S. Levski, Y. Tabib, and A.

Navon. 2001. In vitro bioassay of Bt toxin expression in a

transgenic cotton callus derived from a non-regenerable

host genotype. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental

Biology, Animal 37:36. [Abstract]

Stephenson, L.W., and T.E. Russell. 1974. The association

of Aspergillus flavus with hemipterous and other insects

infesting cotton bracts and foliage. Phytopathology

64:1502–1506.

Sterling, W. 1995. Pest models for decision support––

development and applications. In G.A. Constable and

N.W. Forrester, eds., Challenging the Future: Proceedings

of the World Cotton Research Conference-1, pp. 490–

493. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.

Sterling, W.L., K.M. El-Zik, and L.T. Wilson. 1989.

Biological control of pest populations. In R.E. Frisbie,

K.M. El-Zik, and L.T. Wilson, eds., Integrated Pest

Management Systems and Cotton Production, pp. 155–

189. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Sterling, W.L., L.T. Wilson, A.P. Gutierrez, D.R. Rummel,

and J.R. Phillips. 1989. Strategies and tactics for managing insects and mites. In R.E. Frisbie, K.M. El-Zik, and

L.T. Wilson, eds., Integrated Pest Management Systems

and Cotton Production, pp. 267–325. New York: John

Wiley & Sons.

Stern, V., and V. Sevacherian. 1978. Long-range dispersal

of pink bollworm into the San Joaquin Valley. California

Agriculture 32(7):4–5.

Stern, V.M. 1979. Long and short range dispersal of the

pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella over southern

California. Environmental Entomology 8:524–527.

Stewart, E.F. 1946. Pink peril. Progressive Farmer (Mississippi, Arkansas, Lousianna Edition) 61(12):12, 69.

––––––. 1947. Pink peril. Progressive Farmer (Georgia,

Alabama, Florida ed.) 62:14, 111.

Stewart, F.D. 1984. Mass rearing the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella. In E.G. King and N.C. Leppla,

eds., Advances and Challenges in Insect Rearing, pp.

176–187. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service. New Orleans: Agricultural Research

Service (Southern Region).
133

Stewart, F.D., M.R. Bell, A.J. Martinez, J.L. Roberson,

and A.M. Lowe. 1976. The surface sterilization of pink

bollworm eggs and spread of a cytoplasmic polyhedrosis

virus in rearing containers. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, APHIS–

81–27.

Stiles, C.F. 1947. Eight infested counties under quarantine; entomologist traces history of destructive insect.

Oklahoma Cotton Grower 26(8):1–2.

Stone, N.D. 1985. Analysis of the pest management of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in

southwestern desert cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.

Dissertation Abstracts International 46–04B:1050.

Stone, N.D., and A.P. Gutierrez. 1986. Pink bollworm

control in southwestern desert cotton. I. A field-oriented

simulation model. Hilgardia 54(9):1–24.

––––––. 1986. Pink bollworm control in southwestern

desert cotton. II. A strategic management model. Hilgardia 54(9):25–41.

Stone, N.D., A.P. Gutierrez, W.M. Getz, and R. Norgaard.

1986. Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert

cotton. III. Strategies for control: An economic simulation

study. Hilgardia 54(9):42–56.

Storey, G. 1914. Notes on large-scale experiments against

the pink bollworm in cotton seed. Agricultural Journal

Egypt 4:115–124.

––––––. 1916. The Simons hot air machine for the

treatment of cotton seed against the pink bollworm.

Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service

Bulletin 11, Entomology Section.

––––––. 1917. Machines for the treatment of cotton seed

against the pink bollworm. Ministry of Agriculture,

Egypt, Technical Science Service, Entomology Section

Bulletin 14.

––––––. 1921. The present situation with regard to the

control of the pink bollworm in Egypt. Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service Bulletin

16.

––––––. 1923. Recent work on the pink bollworm. Cairo

Science Journal 11(108):15–20.

Stowell, J.C. 1970. A short synthesis of the sex pheromone of the pink bollworm moth. Journal of Organic

Chemistry 35:244–245.

Strong, L.A. 1938. Report of the chief of the Bureau of

Entomology and Plant Quarantine. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Annual Report.

––––––. 1939. Report of the chief of the Bureau of

Entomology and Plant Quarantine. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Annual Report.

––––––. 1940. Report of the chief of the Bureau of

Entomology and Plant Quarantine. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Annual Report.

Stroschein, D.L., C.A. Beasley, W.D. Hutchison, J.M.

Martin, and T.J. Henneberry. 1988. Field evaluation of a

sequential sampling plan for pink bollworm eggs. In J.M.

Brown and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 315–317.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Su, C., and C.Y. Cao. 1988. An improvement of artificial

diet for laboratory rearing of pink bollworm [in Chinese].

Plant Protection 14(1):14–16.

Su, C.C. 1936. Destruction of rotten bolls in spring and

pink bollworm tests. Entomology and Phytopathology

[in Chinese]. 4(18).

Subiyakto. 1990. Notes on Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) caterpillar on cotton and control strategies [in

Indonesian]. Journal of Penelitian Pengembangan

Pertanian 9(2):29–31.

Subramaniam, T.R., S. Thirumurthi, and N. Sundaramurthi. 1974. Comparative efficacy of some new insecticides in the control of cotton bollworms. Cotton Development 4(2):23–24.

Subramanyam, T.V. 1940. Report of work done in the

entomological section for the year 1939–40. In Mysore

Department of Agriculture Report, pp. 321–327.

Sukhija, H.S. 1975. Studies on the natural mortality

factors of the cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders). Haryana Agricultural University,

Thesis Abstracts 1:249–251.

Sukhija, H.S., N.S. Butter, and J. Singh. 1985. Capture of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) male moths and

their relative incidence in relation to some weather

factors. Indian Journal of Ecology 12:322–326.

––––––. 1985. Efficacy of new organophosphatic

insecticides against bollworms on hirsutum cotton.

Pesticides 19(10):45–46, 52.

Sukhija, H.S., N.S. Butter, J. Singh, S.P. Brar, and T.H.

Singh. 1988. Timing of sprays against bollworms on

American cotton variety LH–900 and its phenology in

comparison to F–286. Cotton Development 17(3/4):24–

27.

Sukhija, H.S., N.S. Butter, J. Singh, and B. Singh. 1987.

Assessment of losses due to important insect pests of

cotton in the Punjab. Agricultural Science Digest (India)

7:115–118.

Sukhija, H.S., D.S. Chahal, A.S. Sidhu, and R. Prashad.

1975. Aspergillus flavus as a mortality agent of the

cotton pink bollworm. Indian Phytopathogy 28:425–427.
134

Sukhija, H.S., and A.K. Dhawan. 1974. Destroy the

rosetted flowers of cotton to check pink bollworm.

Progressive Farming 10(11):13.

Sukhija, H.S., and G.J. Reddy. 1983. Time of initiating

insecticidal applications for the control of Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders). Journal of Research (Punjab

Agricultural University) 20:40–56.

Sukhija, H.S., and G.S. Sandhu. 1974. Occurrence of

Pyroderces simplex on cotton in the Punjab. Cotton

Growing Review 51:70.

Sukhija, H.S., and A.S. Sidhu. 1975. Studies on the

carryover of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) in the Punjab. Indian Journal of Ecology

2:51–57.

––––––. 1977. Studies on some aspects of the oviposition

behavior of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella.

Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural University)

14:309–313.

Sukhija, H.S., J. Singh, and N.S. Butter. 1980. Efficacy of

new insecticides against bollworms on cotton. Pestology

(Bombay) 4:21–23.

––––––. 1980. A note on the performance of a synthetic

organic insecticide (Allitin) against bollworms on cotton.

Science and Culture 46:391–392.

––––––. 1983. Flowering pattern and incidence of pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) (Saunders) in

different varieties of hirsutum cotton under sprayed

conditions. Indian Journal of Ecology 10:106–112.

Sullivan, W.N., M.Z. Oliver, D.K. Hayes, and M.S.

Schechter. 1970. Photoperiod manipulation to control

diapause in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Experientia 26:1101–1102.

Summonds, H.W. 1924. Cotton insect pests recorded in

Fiji. Fiji Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Circular

5(1):61–62.

––––––. 1926. Report by the Acting Government Entomologist. In Fiji Department of Agriculture, Annual

Report, 1925, pp. 7–9.

––––––. 1928. Entomological records. Agricultural

Journal, Department of Agriculture Fiji 1:7.

Summy, K.R., and E.G. King. 1992. Cultural control of

cotton insect pests in the United States. Crop Protection

11:307–319.

Sun, L., and J. Zhao. 1998. Studies on selective predation

of Coleosoma octomaculatum to different preys [in

Chinese]. Acta Arachnologica Sinica 7:58–66.

Sun, S., G.M. Jividen, W.H. Wessling, and M.L. Ervin.

1978. Cotton cultivar and boll maturity effects on

aflatoxin production. Crop Science 18:724–726.

Sundaramurthi, N., A. Ratnam, T.R. Subramaniam, and S.

Kamalanathan. 1973. Chemical control of bollworms on

irrigated Cambodia cotton. Madras Agricultural Journal

60:598–599.

Sundaramurthy, V.T., and K. Chitra. 1992. Integrated pest

management in cotton. Indian Journal of Plant Protection

20:1–17.

Sundaramurthy, V.T., K. Natarajan, and A.K. Basu. 1985.

Effect of crop terminator on the population collapse of

late season larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

in the cotton econiche. In A. Regupathy and S. Jayaraj,

eds., Behavioural and Physiological Approaches in Pest

Management, pp. 194–196. Coimbatore, India: Tamil

Nadu Agricultural University.

Surulivelu, T. 1985. Effect of gossyplure on field management of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders). In A. Regupathy and S. Jayaraj, eds., Behavioural and Physiological Approaches in Pest Management, pp. 68–72. Coimbatore, India: Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.

––––––. 1989. Scope of parasites in bollworm control.

Entomon 14:101–106.

Svirskava, P.I., and C.C. Leznoff. 1984. Synthesis of

unconjugated (Z,Z)-diolefinic insect pheromones on

insoluble polymer supports. Journal of Chemical Ecology

10:321–333.

Swailem, S.M., and I.I. Ismail. 1975. Control effects of

some new organic insecticides against the cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and Earias

insulana (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bulletin of

the Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

9:217–223.

Swamiappan, M., and M. Balasubramanian. 1980. Studies

on mass multiplication and potentiality of Chelonus

blackburni Cam. a braconid parasite of cotton bollworms.

Entomon 5:73–75.

Swang, W. 1978. Cotton insect pests [in Thai; summary in

English]. In Insects and Pests of Plants, Department of

Agriculture, Entomology and Zoology Division, Ressearch Report pp. 303–311. Bangkok, Thailand: Ministry

Agriculture Cooperatives.

Swezey, O.H. 1915. A preliminary list of the hymenopterous parasites of Lepidoptera in Hawaii. Proceedings of

the Hawaiian Entomological Society 3:99–109.
135

––––––. 1934. Insect fauna of Gossypium tomentosum.

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society

9:96–98.

Sychev, A.M. 1976. So that the pink bollworm may not

enter [in Russian]. Zashchita Rastenii 2:48.

Syed, T.S., H.H. Pathan, and G.H. Abro. 1995. Comparative efficacy of insecticides against Scirtothrips dorsalis

Hood, Earias spp. and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)

on cotton. Proceedings of the Pakistan Congress of

Zoology 15:159–169.
136

T

Tabashnik, B.E., T.J. Dennehy, and Y. Carrière. 2001.

Supporting a cautious approach to agricultural biotechnology. Bioscience 51:905-906.

Tabashnik, B.E., T.J. Dennehy, Y. Carrière, A.L. Patin, Y.B.

Liu, S.K. Meyer, and M.A. Sims. 2000. Pink bollworm

resistance to Bt cotton: Got refuge? American Chemical

Society (Abstracts) 219:Agro 28.

Tabashnik, B.E., Y.B. Liu, R.A. de Maagd, and T.J.

Dennehy. 2000. Cross-resistance of pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella) to Bacillus thuringiensis

toxins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology

66(10):4582–4584.

Tabashnik, B.E., A.L. Patin, T.J. Dennehy, Y.B. Liu, Y.

Carrière, M.A. Sims, and A. Antilla. 2000. Frequency of

resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in field populations

of pink bollworm. Proceedings of the National Academy

of Sciences 97:12980–12984.

Tabashnik, B.E., A.L. Patin, T.J. Dennehy, Y.B. Liu, E.

Miller, and R.T. Staten. 1999. Dispersal of pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) males in transgenic cotton

that produces a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin. Journal of

Economic Entomology 92:772–780.

Tadas, P.L., D.N. Sarnaik, H.K. Kene, and U.S. Satpute.

1994. Effect of weather parameters on monitoring of

cotton bollworms with pheromone trap. Punjabrao Krishi

Vidyapeeth Research Journal (India)18:87–90.

Tadas, P.L., H.K. Kene, and S.D. Deshmukh. 1994.

Efficacy of some newer insecticides against cotton

bollworms. Punjabrao Krishi Vidyapeeth Research

Journal (India) 18:138–139.

Taher, S.H., and A.M. Rashad. 1990. Effect of photoperiod

on different stages of the spiny bollworm Earias insulana

Boisd. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of Agricultural

Science (Cairo) 35:993–1000.

Tahir, S., T. Anwar, and A. Jabbar. 1992. Monitoring of

insecticide resistance in insect pests. Pakistan Journal of

Entomology (Karachi) 7:5–8.

Taley, Y.M., R.L. Thote, and S.A. Nimbalkar. 1988.

Assessment of crop losses due to insect pests of cotton

and cost benefit of protection schedule. Punjabrao Krishi

Vidyapeeth Research Journal (India) 12:126–128.

Tamhankarie, A.J., T.P. Rajendran, M.W. Bhamburkar, and

M.R. Harwalkar. 1993. Optimum pheromone blend for

pink bollworm males––evaluation with two experimental

designs. International Journal of Pest Management

39:111–112.

Tamhanker, A.J., T.P. Rajendran, and V.R. Mamdapur.

2001. Evaluation of a pheromone trap for the cotton pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). International Journal of Pest Management 47:79–80.

Tanda, A.S., and H.S. Kalsy. 1984. Effect of stacking on

the infestation of pink bollworm. Cotton Development

14(2/3):49–50.

Taneja, S.L. 1976. Seasonal activity of important insect

pests on promising varieties of cotton and chemical

control of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Haryana Agricultural University, Thesis Abstracts 2:185–186.

Taneja, S.L., and A.S. Dhindwal. 1982. Bollworm incidence as affected by sowing date, nitrogen application

and plant population in upland cotton. Indian Journal of

Plant Protection 10:1–6.

Taneja, S.L., and A.P. Jayaswal. 1979. Efficacy of some

new insecticides for the control of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella on American cotton. Pesticides

13(7):39–40.

––––––. 1981. Capture threshold of pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella) moths on hirsutum cotton.

Tropical Pest Management 27:318–324.

––––––. 1984. Seasonal activity of bollworms on some

varieties of cotton in Haryana. Indian Journal of Entomology 46:340–345.

––––––. 1986. Population dynamics of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, on upland cotton. Insect

Science and Its Application 7:569–573.

Tang, A.M., and C.Y. Cao. 1986. Effect of gossypol on

growth and development of bollworm and pink bollworm

[in Chinese; summary in English]. Journal of Agricultural

Science (China) 2(3):27–33.

Tang, X.H., X.J. Dai, and Y.P. Li. 1980. Electroantennogram responses of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders), to sex pheromone components

and related compounds [in Chinese; summary in English]. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of Entomology 1:39–45.

Tang, Z.H. 1992. Insecticide resistance and countermeasures for cotton pests in China. Resistant Pest Management 4(2):9–12.

Tao, Z.X., and P.H. Jia. 1986. Advance in research of

integrated control of major diseases and insect pests on

crops during the sixth five-year plan period. Plant

Protection 12(3):25–26.

Taware, S.P., and V.P. Patil. 1994. Genetic analysis of pink

bollworm resistance and other quantitative characters in
137

cotton. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding

54:137–141.

Tawfik, M.F.S., and K.T. Awadallah. 1970. The biology of

Pyemotes herfsi Oudemans (Acarina: Pyemotidae) and its

efficiency in the control of the resting larvae of the pink

bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in

U.A.R. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt

54:49–71.

Tawfik, M.F.S., M.M. El-Husseini, and K.T. Awadallah.

1984. Interactions between certain host larvae and the

pyemoted ectoparasite, Pyemotes tritici. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt 63:181–189.

Tawfik, M.F.S., and S.I. El-Sherif. 1974. The status of dead

cotton bolls as a source for infestation on cotton plants

with Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 58:191–196.

Taylor, B.B., and S. Hathorn, Jr. 1979. Stub cotton in

Arizona. In Proceedings, Western Cotton Production

Conference, pp. 31–32. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Taylor, J.S. 1926. A note on the cotton bollworms of

South Africa. Entomological Record 38(11):151–152.

Taylor, T.C.H. 1936. Report on a year’s investigation of

Platyedra gossypiella (pink boll worm) in Uganda

(March 1935 to April 1936). In Uganda Department of

Agricultural Report 1935/1936, pp. 19–33.

––––––. 1938. Pink boll worm (Platyedra gossypiella,

Saund.). In Uganda Department of Agriculture Report

1937, pp. 40–42.

Teich, I., and S. Neumark. 1977. The pheromone gossyplure for the control of the pink bollworm [in Hebrew;

summary in English]. Hassadeh 57:1009–1010.

Teich, I., S. Neumark, and M. Jacobson. 1977. The capture

threshold of male pink bollworm moth with gossyplure,

and its effect on boll infestation and frequency of

insecticidal treatment. Journal of Environmental Science

and Health: Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering 12:423–430.

Tejada-Rodriguez, J.F. 1994. Pectinophora gossypiella en

Piura: Interaccion de factores climaticos y bioticos para

su control. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 36:85–88.

Temerak, S.A. 1981. On the suitability and reactions of

overwintering and active larvae of Sesamia cretica Led.

(Lepid.: Noctuidae) with regard to the parasitoid Bracon

brevicornis Wesm. (Hymen.: Braconidae) [in German;

summary in English]. Anzeiger Fur Schadlingskunde

Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 54(10):149–151.

Templeton, J. 1925. Ratoon cotton in Egypt. Ministry of

Agriculture, Egypt, Botany Section Bulletin 55.

––––––. 1928. The perennial cultivation of cotton with

special reference to the cultivation of ratoon in Egypt.

Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service

Bulletin 75.

––––––. 1932. Watering and spacing experiments with

Egyptian cotton. Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service Bulletin 112.

Terry, I., J. Silvertooth, and C. Summers. 1991. Pink

bollworm management in Pima and upland cottons:

Planting date and termination date effects. In Cotton

Report, pp. 136–145. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–87, Tucson.

Terry, L.I. 1991. Pest and predator populations following

early-season cotton insect control in Arizona. The

Southwestern Entomologist 16:51–62.

Terry, L.I., J. Silvertooth, and C. Summers. 1991. Planting

date and termination date effects on pink bollworm

management in Pima and upland cottons. In D.J. Herber

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 705–707. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Terry, L.I., J.C. Silvertooth, and C. Summers. 1990. Effect

of date of planting and irrigation termination on pink

bollworm populations in Pima and upland cotton. In

Cotton Report, pp. 162–168. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–81, Tucson.

Texas A&M University. 1954. Ways to fight the pink

bollworm. Texas Agricultural College Extension Circular

319.

Thacker, G.W., P.C. Ellsworth, L. Moore, and J. Combs.

1994. Cotton producers working in unison: The multicomponent IPM program in Marana, AZ. In D.J. Herber

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 882–884. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Thacker, G.W., L. Moore, and P.C. Ellsworth. 1991. Trap

crops as component of a community-wide pink bollworm

control program. In D.J. Herber and D.A. Richter, eds.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1046–

1047. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1993. Trap crops as a component of a community-wide pink bollworm control program. In Cotton

Report, pp. 268–273. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–94, Tucson.

Thacker, G.W., L. Moore, P.C. Ellsworth, and J. Combs.

1994. Evaluation of trap crops as a component of a
138

community-wide pink bollworm control program. In

Cotton Report, pp. 259–266. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–96, Tucson.

Thakar, A.V., O.P. Ameta, and A.K. Sharma. 1989. Efficacy

and economics of promising insecticides against boll

worms, Earias spp. and Pectinophora gossypiella

infesting cotton. International Journal of Tropical

Agriculture 7:124–128.

Thangaraju, D., S. Parameswaran, and S. Jayaraj. 1988.

Insecticidal control of bollworms in upland cotton

(Gossypium hirsutum). Indian Journal of Agricultural

Sciences 58:533–536.

Thangaraju, D., and S. Uthamasamy. 1990. Studies on the

ecology and monitoring of pink bollworm, Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) on cotton. Madras Agricultural

Journal 77:161–164.

Thangavel, P., T.R. Subramaniam, and S. Parameswaran.

1975. Efficacy of certain insecticides against the incidence of cotton boll worms. Pesticides 9(10):37–38.

Thibault, S.T. 1998. Towards genetic transformation of

the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella, Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Assembing a vector system and

cloning of a notch homologue. Dissertation Abstracts

International 59–10B:5218.

Thibault, S.T., H.T. Luu, N. Vann, and T.A. Miller. 1999.

Precise excision and transposition of piggyBac in pink

bollworm embryos. Insect Molecular Biology 8:119–123.

Thimmaiah, G. 1977. Chemical control of leafhoppers

and bollworms on Varalaxmi hybrid cotton by soil and

foliar applications. Mysore Journal of Agricultural

Science 11:386–391.

––––––. 1977. Role of bollworms in causing fall of flower

buds and young bolls of cotton. Cotton Development

61(4):25–26.

––––––. 1985. Comparative efficacy of certain new

insecticides in the control of leaf hoppers and bollworms

of cotton. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science 19:90–

94.

Thimmaiah, G., and K.A. Kulkarni. 1976. Determination

of optimum spray schedule of carbaryl for rainfed cotton

in Karnataka. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science

10:642–644.

Thimmaiah, G., G.T.T. Raju, M. Manjunath, and G.G.

Nagabhushan. 1990. A short note on efficacy of different

insecticides and a plant growth stimulant triacontanol in

controlling cotton bollworms. Journal of the Indian

Society for Cotton Improvement 15:51–53.

Thimmaiah, G., and C. Thippeswamy. 1980. Chemical

control of cotton bollworms—evaluation of new insecticides. Pesticides 14(8):7–11.

Thobbi, V.V. 1965. Evaluation of some insecticides

against bollworms of cotton. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 35:305–308.

Thompson, S.N. 1975. Defined meridic and holidic diets

and aseptic feeding procedures for artificially rearing the

ectoparasitoid Exeristes roborator (Fabricius). Annals of

the Entomological Society of America 68:220–226.

––––––. 1976. Effects of dietary amino acid level and

nutritional balance on larval survival and development of

the parasite Exeristes roborator. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 69:835–838.

––––––. 1977. Lipid nutrition during larval development

of the parasitic wasp, Exeristes roborator. Journal of

Insect Physiology 23:579–583.

Thompson, W.R. 1930. The Biological Control of Insect

and Plant Pests. London: HMSO.

––––––. 1946. Section I. Parasites host catalogue. Part 8.

Parasites of Lepidoptera (N-P). In A Catalogue of the

Parasites and Predators of Insect Pests. London: Imperial

Agricultural Bureaux.

Thomson, N.J. 1987. Host plant resistance in cotton.

Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science

53:262–270.

Tinoco Corona, L. 1970. Spread of the pink bollworm of

cotton in the region of Caborca, Sonora, and its economic

consequences [in Spanish; summary in English]. Fitofilo

23:22–25.

Tipton, B. 1944. Rio Grande Valley organizes for early

stalk destruction. Acco Press 28(8):10–12.

––––––. 1952. Is the answer to the pink bollworm

delayed planting? Acco Press 20(3):13–20.

Tolentino, L.M. 1987. Planting date related factors on the

growth of cotton in Batac, Ilocos Norte. Philippine

Journal of Crop Science 12:4.

Tolis, I.D. 1970. Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.) in

Greece. J. Phytiatrie Phytopharmacie Circum Mediterr

2:90–94.

Torres Vila, L.M., J. Stockel, P. Lecharpentier, and M.C.

Rodriguez Molina. 1997. Artificial selection in pheromone permeated air increases mating ability of the

European grape vine moth Lobesia botrana (Lep.,

Tortricidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 121:189–

194.

Toscano, N.C. 1978. Pheromone trapping as an index for

initiating control of pink bollworm. In J. Brown, ed.,
139

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, pp. 114–115. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Toscano, N.C., A.J. Mueller, V. Sevacherian, R.K.

Sharma, T. Niilus, and H.T. Reynolds. 1974. Insecticide

applications based on hexalure trap catches versus

automatic schedule treatments for pink bollworm moth

control. Journal of Economic Entomology 67:522–524.

Toscano, N.C., and V. Sevacherian. 1980. Pink bollworm

monitoring methods. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink Bollworm

Control in the Western United States, pp. 40–45. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Science and Education

Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

Toscano, N.C., V. Sevacherian, and R.A. Van Steenwyk.

1979. Pest management guide for insects and nematodes

of cotton in California. University California, Publication

No. 4089.

Toscano, N.C., R.K. Sharma, R.A. Van Steenwyk, and V.

Sevacherian. 1976. Sex-lure traps reduce insecticide

treatments for pink bollworm. California Agriculture

30(6):12–13.

Toscano, N.C., R.A. Van Steenwyk, V. Sevacherian, and

H.T. Reynolds. 1979. Predicting population cycles of the

pink bollworm by thermal summation. Journal of Economic Entomology 72:144–147.

Triapitsyn, S.V., and T.M. Tretiakova. 1997. Sexual

behaviour of Apanteles oenone Nixon (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae), an exotic parasitoid of the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera:

Gelechiidae). Russian Entomology Journal 6:71–72.

Trought, T. 1928. Cotton in the Punjab. Empire Cotton

Growing Review 5:228–238.

Tryon, H. 1923. 3. The genus Platyedra (cotton pink

bollworm genus) in Australia. In Proceedings, Pan-Pacific

Science Congress, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 353–361.

Tsao, C.H., and G.T. Bottger. 1960. Laboratory studies on

the effectiveness of Chipman R–6199 against some

cotton insects. Journal of Economic Entomology

53:103–106.

Tsao, C.H., and W.L. Lowry. 1963. Control of the pink

bollworm and a method for estimating losses in cotton

yields. Journal of Economic Entomology 56:158–160.

––––––. 1963. Effect of DDT on pink bollworm populations. Journal of Economic Entomology 56:388–390.

––––––. 1963. Insecticidal control of first-instar pink

bollworm larvae and observations of their dispersal on

cotton plants. Journal of Economic Entomology 56:370–

372.

Tsao, C.Y. 1958. Results of the trap of moths of pink

bollworm and other cotton insects by the black-light

fluorescent lamp [in Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge

3:128–131.

Tu, C.C. 1969. Studies on the role of insects in cotton

boll black rot occurrence. Journal of Taiwan Agricultural

Research 18(1):78–82.

Tucker, R.W.E. 1930. Report of the entomologist. In

Barbados Department of Science Agricultural Report

1928/1928, pp. 80–88.

–––––––. 1936. Parasites introduced into Barbados for

control of insect pests. Agricultural Journal of Barbados

5:1–22.

––––––. 1939. Cotton growing and cotton pests control.

Agricultural Journal of Barbados 8:3–7.

Tuhan, N.C., A. Pawar, and A.R. Arora. 1987. Use of

Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead against cotton

bollworms in Srigangangar Rajasthan, India. Journal of

Advances in Zoology 8:131–134.

Tunc, I., H. Gocmen, and T. Momol. 1991. Research

activities towards an integrated approach to control

cotton pests in Turkey. In Growing Cotton in a Safe

Environment: Technical Seminar, Committee on Cotton

Production Research, 50th Plenary Meeting of the

International Cotton Advisory Committee, Antalya,

Turkey, pp. 18–20. Washington, D.C.: International

Cotton Advisory Committee.

Tunstall, J.P., and G.A. Matthews. 1966. Large scale

spraying trials for the control of cotton insect pests in

Central Africa. Empire Cotton Growing Review 43:121–

139.

Turcotte, E.L., and C.V. Feaster. 1986. Registration of five

American Pima cotton germplasm lines. Crop Science

26:206.

Turner, A.J. 1919. The Australian Gelechianae (Lepidoptera). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland

31:108–172.

Tutt, E.L. 1924. Los perjuicies causades por la lagarta

rosada. Ministerio de Agricultura Nacion Circular

(Buenos Aires).

Tuttle, D.M., and C.H. Mullis. 1982. Evaluation of payoff for control of pink bollworm, 1981 (Pectinophora

gossypiella). Insecticide Acaricide Tests 7:164–165.

Tyson, B., and J. Brigman. 1993. Twenty-five years of

success––the pink bollworm program. California Cotton

Review 30:13–15.
140

U

Ullah, G. 1939. Record of Microbracon hebetor Say from

Delhi. Indian Journal of Entomology 1:111–112.

Ullah, K. 1979. The incidence of damage by cotton

bollworms (Earias insulana Boisd. and Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saund.)) in Peshawar. Journal of Science and

Technology (Peshawar) 3:33–37.

Ullyette, G.C. 1933. The mass rearing of Microbracon

brevicornis Wes. South African Journal of Science

30:426–432.

University of Arizona. 1969. Cultural control of the pink

bollworm, 1969–70. Arizona Agricultural Extension

Service Folder 144.

University of California. 1984. Revised 1996. Integrated

pest management for cotton in the western region of the

United States. University California, Division Agriculture

and Natural Resources, Publication 3305.

U.S. Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine. 1942.

The pink bollworm of cotton (Pectinophora gossypiella)

situation at the end of September. Acco Press 20(10):6–8.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1935. History of the pink

bollworm in the United States. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Supplement 1.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1948. The pink bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, Picture Sheet 21.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1951. Pink bollworm

control. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1961. The pink bollworm

in Arizona, July 1958 through September 1960. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Plant Pest Control Division.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1965. Controlling the

pink bollworm on cotton. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Farmers Bulletin 2207.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1967. The pink bollworm

in Arizona, 2nd Addendum, 1 October 1960 to 28

February 1966. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Pest Control Division.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1968. Nuclear radiation

used in battle against costly cotton pest: Science plots

doom of pink bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Picture Story 213.

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1977. Task force review

report of the pink bollworm program. U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service,

Plant Protection and Quarantine.

Uthamasamy, S. 1994. Intra- and interplant behavioural

dynamics of the cotton bollworm complex. In T.N.

Ananthakrishnan, ed., Functional Dynamics of Phytophagous Insects, pp. 151–131. New Delhi, India: Mohan

Primlani for Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.

––––––. 1994. Prospects for development of insect

resistant cotton cultivars through genetic engineering.

Phytophaga Madras 6:93–96.
141

V

Vail, P.V., T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, R.L. Wilson,

F.D. Wilson, D.L. Kittock, and H.F. Arle. 1978. Evaluation of several techniques as components of an integrated

control system for pink bollworm in the Southwest. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Product Research Report No. 172.

Vail, P.V., D.L. Jay, and W.F. Hink. 1973. Replication and

infectivity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the alfalfa

looper, Autographa californica, produced in cells grown

in vitro. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 22:231–237.

Vail, P.V., D.L. Jay, D.K. Hunter, and R.T. Staten. 1972. A

nuclear polyhedrosis virus infective to the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Journal of Invertebrate

Pathology 20:124–128.

Vaille, J. 1962. History of the pink bollworm (Platyedra

gossypiella (Saund.)) in Male and particularly in the

Office du Nige [in French; summary in English]. Coton et

Fibres Tropicales 17:309–310.

Vaissayre, M. 1977. Contribution to knowledge of the

entomophagous complex on cotton crops in southwestern Madagascar [in French; summary in English].

Coton et Fibres Tropicales 32(1):35–38.

––––––. 1983. Pyrethroid-organophosphate combination

for the protection of cotton crops: Selection of the most

effective proportions [in French; summary in English].

Coton et Fibres Tropicales 38:269–273.

––––––. 1987. Attempted eradication of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) by the

mating disruption method in the Bouake Station, Ivory

Coast [in French; summary in English]. Coton et Fibres

Tropicales 42:267–271.

––––––. 1995. Ecological attributes of major cotton

pests: Implications for management. In G.A. Constable

and N.W. Forrester, eds., Challenging the Future: Proceedings of the World Cotton Research Conference-1, pp.

499–510. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO.

Valdes, A.F., and C.B. Caballero. [No date]. El gusano

rosado del algodon. Direccion Defensa Agricola Delegacion en Delicias, Chihuahua, Mexico, Boletin de Divulgacion 1

Van Steenwyk, R.A. 1979. Short-range movement of

major agricultural pests. In C.R. Vaughn, W. Wolf, and W.

Klassen, eds., Radar, Insect Population Ecology, and Pest

Management, pp. 17–21. Wallops Island, Virginia:

Wallops Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space

Administration.

––––––. 1991. The uses of elemental marking for insect

dispersal and mating competitiveness studies from the

laboratory to the field. The Southwestern Entomologist

(Suppl. 14):15–23.

Van Steenwyk, R.A., G.R. Ballmer, A.L. Page, T.J. Ganje,

and H.T. Reynolds. 1978. Dispersal of rubidium-marked

pink bollworm. Environmental Entomology 7:608–613.

Van Steenwyk, R.A., G.R. Ballmer, A.L. Page, and H.T.

Reynolds. 1978. Marking pink bollworm with rubidium.

Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71:81–

84.

Van Steenwyk, R.A., G.R. Ballmer, and H.T. Reynolds.

1976. Relationship of cotton boll age, size and moisture

content to pink bollworm attack. Journal of Economic

Entomology 69:579–582.

––––––. 1978. Nocturnal trap catches of the pink

bollworm. Annals of the Entomological Society of

America 71:354–356.

Van Steenwyk, R.A., G.R. Ballmer, N.C. Toscano, and H.T.

Reynolds. 1977. Evaluating pink bollworm control.

California Agriculture 31(6):10–11.

Van Steenwyk, R.A., T.J. Henneberry, G.R. Ballmer, W.W.

Wolf, and V. Sevacherian. 1979. Mating competitiveness

of laboratory-cultured and sterilized pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella) for use in a sterile moth

release program. Journal of Economic Entomology

72:502–505.

Van Steenwyk, R.A., N.C. Toscano, G.R. Ballmer, K. Kido,

and H.T. Reynolds. 1975. Increase of Heliothis spp. in

cotton under various insecticide regimes. Environmental

Entomology 4:993–996.

––––––. 1976. Increased insecticide use in cotton may

cause secondary pest outbreaks. California Agriculture

30(8):14–15.

Vanderzant, E.S. 1957. Growth and reproduction of the

pink bollworm on an amino acid medium. Journal of

Economic Entomology 50:219–221.

––––––. 1958. The amino acid requirements of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 51:309–

311.

––––––. 1963. Ascorbic acid in the nutrition of plantfeeding insects [abstract]. Science 138:995.

Vanderzant, E.S., D. Kerur, and R. Reiser. 1957. The role

of dietary fatty acids in the development of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 50:606–

608.
142

Vanderzant, E.S., and R. Reiser. 1956. Asceptic rearing of

the pink bollworm on synthetic media. Journal of

Economic Entomology 49:7–10.

––––––. 1956. Methods for the mass rearing of the pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 49:559–

560.

––––––. 1956. Studies of the nutrition of the pink

bollworm using purified casein media. Journal of Economic Entomology 49:454–458.

Varma, G.C., and M. Shenhmar. 1988. Parasitoids of

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lep.: Gelechiidae)

and Earias spp. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Punjab. Journal of

Research (Punjab Agricultural University) 25:592–594.

Varma, G.C., and L. Singh. 1983. Growth of the population of Chelonus blackburni Cameron (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). Journal of Research (Punjab Agricultural

University) 20:307–310.

Varma, G.C., Maninder [Surname only], and B. Singh.

1978. The growth of population of Trichogramma

brasiliensis Ashmead. Journal of Entomological Research

2:209–211.

Varma, G.C., O.S. Bindra, and S. Singh. 1976. A preliminary study on the control of the cotton bollworms with

Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead. Cotton Development 6(2):17–18.

Vasilev, I.V. 1924. Pests of the cotton plant [in Russian].

Khlopkovoe Delo 3(7/8):86–116.

Vaughn, C.R., W. Wolf, and W. Klassen. 1979. Reports

from workshop groups––pest management. In C.R.

Vaughn, W. Wolf, and W. Klassen, eds., Radar, Insect

Population Ecology, and Pest Management, pp. 199–203.

Wallops Island, Virginia: Wallops Flight Center, National

Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Velu, T.S., and T. Kumaraswami. 1990. Studies on skip

row coverage against bollworm damage and parasite

emergence in cotton. Entomon 15:69–73.

Venette, R.C., and W.D. Hutchison. 1998. Risk assessment

models for pink bollworm establishment in southeastern

U.S. cotton. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1226–1228.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1999. Assessing the risk of establishment by

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the southeastern United States. Environmental Entomology

28:445–455.

––––––. 1999. Risk assessment models to predict

dynamics of pink bollworm in the southeastern U.S. In P.

Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 983–985. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Venette, R.C. 2001. Climate analysis to predict range size

of introduced species. Phytopathology 91(6

Suppl.):S153-S154. [Abstract]

Venette, R.C., S.E. Naranjo, and W.D. Hutchison. 2000.

Establishment of pink bollworm in southeastern US

cotton: Laboratory experiments and model validation. In

P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Conferences, pp. 1247–1250. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 2000. Implications of larval mortality at low

temperatures and high soil moistures for establishment of

pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in southeastern United States cotton. Environmental Entomology

29:1018–1026.

Venkatraman, T.V., S.N. Gupta, and P.S. Negi. 1948.

Preliminary trials in the propagation of Bracon (Microbracon) greeni Ashmead on unnatural hosts. Proceedings

of the Indian Academy of Science, Section B 27:92–104.

Verma, A.N., and A.D. Khurana. 1973. Relative contact

toxicity of different insecticides to the last stage larvae of

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Indian Journal of Entomology 35:74–76.

Verma, P.S., and B.S. Balyan. 1972. Studies on the

hydrogen-ion concentration and digestive enzymes in the

mature larva of Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Indian Journal of Entomology

34:136–141.

Verme rosa del cotone (Platyedra gossypiella (Saund.)), Il

[The cotton red worm Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders))].

1958. Tecnica Agricultura (Italy) 10:793–800.

Vernalha, M.M. 1954. The pink bollworm [in Portuguese].

Selec. Agricultura 9(96):17–20.

Vetter, R.S., and T.C. Baker. 1990. Sterile pink bollworm

moth (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) pheromone emission

and courtship success. Environmental Entomology

19:21–25.

Vig, O.P., A.K. Vig, and O.P. Chugh. 1973. Terpenoids.

XXII. A new synthesis of propylure. Journal of the Indian

Chemical Society 50:39–40.

Villavaso, E.J., A.C. Bartlett, and M.L. Laster. 1996.

Genetic control. In E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J.

Coleman, eds., Cotton Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp. 539–562. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation Publisher.
143

Villegas Jaramillo, D., and R.E. Bolano Amaya. 1996.

Manejo integrado de plagas en algodon. In Boletin de

Sanidad Vegetal No. 10. Santafe de Bogota, Colombia:

Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario.

von Boguslawski, C., and T. Basedow. 2001. Studies in

cotton fields in Egypt on the effects of pheromone mating

disruption on Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) (Lep.:

Gelechiidae), on the occurrence of other arthropods, and

on yields. Journal of Applied Entomology 125:327–331.

Von Ramm, C., and W.W. Krone. 1983. Hand application

of pheromone dispensers for control of agricultural pests.

In 10th International Congress of Plant Protection,

Proceedings of a Conference, Brighton, England, November 20–25, 1983. Plant Protection for Human Welfare, p.

290. Croydon, England: British Crop Protection Council.

Vosseler, J. 1904. Einige feinde der baumwolkulturen in

Deutsh-Ostafrika. [Some enemies of the cultuvation of

cotton in German East Africa]. Mitteilungen Aus Den

Biologisch, Landwirtschaftlichen Institut, Amani No. 18.

––––––. 1905. Bericht dos zoologon. Bericht Landwirtschaftlichen Forstw. Deutsch Ostafrika 2:403–443.

––––––. 1906. Arbeiten im zoologisch––entomologischen laboratorium. Bericht Landwirtschaftlichen Forstw.

Deutsch Ostafrika 2:501–512.

––––––. 1907. Die baumwolpflanzungon bei Sadani.

Phlanzor. Jahrg. 3:331–343.

Vrydagh, J. 1932. Le “Ver Rose” du coton “Gelechia

gossypiella (Saund.)” dans des districts des deux Uele.

[The pink bollworm of cotton, Gelechia gossypiella

(Saund.), in the districts of the two Uele rivers]. Bulletin

de Agriculture, Congo Belge 23:54–61.
144

W

Wagner, T.L., R.L. Olson, J.L. Willers, and M.R. Williams. 1996. Modeling and computerized decision aids. In

E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton

Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp.

205–249. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation

Publisher.

Wahba, M.E., H.M. El-Gemeiy, S.M. Naguib, M.F. Rofail,

and O.A. El-Gogary. 1996. Studies on the combined effect

of sabadilla and Bacillus thuringiensis on the 1st instar

larvae of Pectinophora gossypiella and Earias insulana.

Arab University Journal of Agricultural Science 4:155–

161.

Wajih, I. 1972. Significance and problems of plant

protection in cotton. The Pakistan Cottons 16:53–61.

Wakankkar, S.M. 1953. Cotton failure in northern

Madhya Bharat. Indian Cotton Growing Review 7:145–

148.

Walhood, V.T. 1979. Short season cotton in the Imperial

Valley with special reference to pest management. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 48–51. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Walhood, V.T., T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, D.L. Ballard,

and C. Brown. 1983. Insect pest management potential of

cottons produced in narrow-row, short-season cultures in

the irrigated far west. U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research

Results, ARR–W–30.

Walhood, V.T., T.J. Henneberry, L.A. Bariola, D.L. Kittock,

and C.M. Brown. 1981. Effect of short-season cotton on

overwintering pink bollworm larvae and spring moth

emergence. Journal of Economic Entomology 74:297–

302.

Walker, J.K., and C.W. Smith. 1996. Cultural control. In

E.G. King, J.R. Phillips, and R.J. Coleman, eds., Cotton

Insects and Mites: Characterization and Management, pp.

471–509. Memphis, Tennessee: The Cotton Foundation

Publisher.

Walker, P.W., and V.E. Harris. 1986. Understanding the

pink spotted bollworm. Australian Cotton Grower Nov

85–Jan 86:28–33.

Walsingham, T. de G. 1907. Microlepidoptera. Fauna

Hawaiiensis 1:469–759.

Walters, M., R. Sequeira, and R. Staten. 2000. Pink

bollworm population distributions in a large acreage of

genetically engineered cotton with regard to resistance

management. In P. Dugger and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences, pp. 1265–1266.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Walters, M.L., R.A. Sequeira, and R. Staten. 1995.

Analysis of pink bollworm infestation patterns in areas

managed by sterile release: A comparative study. In D.A.

Richter and J. Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 985–989. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Walters, M., R.T. Staten, and R.C. Roberson. 1998. Pink

bollworm integrated management technology under field

trial conditions in the Imperial Valley, CA. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 1282–1285. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

Walters, M., R. Staten, R. Sequeira, and T. Dennehy. 1999.

Preliminary analysis of pink bollworm population

distributions in a large acreage of genetically engineered

cotton with regard to resistance management. In P. Dugger

and D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 989–991. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Wan, C.S., and S.Y. Dou. 1986. Identification and screening of cotton (Gossypium) varieties resistant to pink

bollworm [in Chinese]. China Cottons 13:19–21.

––––––. 1987. Discussion on the identification method

and screening criteria for selection of cotton varieties

resistant to pink bollworms [in Chinese]. China Cottons

14:40–41, 45.

Wan, S.Y. 1981. Distinguish the true from the false on

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese].

Entomological Knowledge 18:223.

Wan, S.Y., and M. Wan. 1982. Preliminary report on

controlling cotton insects with DECIS [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Entomological Knowledge 19:25–

27.

Wang, D.D., Z.X. Ye, and M. Wan. 1994. A study of

catastrophe prediction of third generation of pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) by means

of grey prediction model [in Chinese]. Entomological

Knowledge 31:77–81.

Wang, F., and C. Me. 1979. Controlling bollworms with

trichogrammas [in Chinese]. T’Ai-Yuan: Shan-Hsi Jen

Min Ch’u Pan She.

Wang, G., and X. Kuang. 1994. Ecological subdivision of

geographic distribution of pink bollworm in Jianghan

Plain. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University

13:28–334.
145

Wang, J., and L.B. Zong. 1991. A study on the hostseeking kairomone for Trichogramma confusum Viggiani.

In E. Wajnberg and S.B. Vinson, eds., Trichogramma and

Other Egg Parasitoids, San Antonio, Texas, September

23–27, 1990, pp. 93–96. Paris: Instiut National de la

Recherche Agronomique.

Wang, L.Y. 1982. A preliminary report on an artificial diet

for rearing Chrysopa spp. [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Entomological Knowledge 19:16–18.

Wang, M.O., Q. Zhang, J.H. Xiao, L.I. Ji, D.M. Li, C.G. Hu,

and G.Q. Liu. 2000. Resistance to organophosphorus

insecticides in Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese].

Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University 19:5–8.

Wang, R. 1998. A study on the population dynamics of

the first generation of pink bollworm in cotton field with

film mulching in Jianghan plain [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Acta Gossypii Sinica 10:52–55.

Wang, R., X. Fan, and B. Zhou. 1995. Forecasting

population amounts of Pectinophora gossypiella by

cotton developmental indexes as main factors [in Chinese]. Hubei Agricultural Science 8:39–41.

Wang, R., M. Huang, and X. Fan. 1998. Occurrence

characteristic and population dynamics of first generation

pink bollworm in cotton fields with film mulching[in

Chinese, English summary]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences

5: 28-30.

Wang, R.H., X.M. Guo, and G.Y. Li. 1993. Breeding

studies on upland cotton germplasm Zhong 99 resistance

to insects (Aphis gossypii and Pectinophora gossypiella)

and diseases (Fusarium vasinfectum and Verticillium

dahliae Kleb.) [in Chinese; summary in English]. Scientia

Agricultura Sinica 26(5):32–37.

Wang, R.Q., M.S. Huang, X.X. Fan, and P. Wan. 1998. A

study on the population dynamics of the second generation of pink bollworm in cotton field with film mulching

in Jianghan Plain [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta

Gossypii Sinica 10:312–315.

Wang, R.Q., S.F. Zhang, X.X. Fan, M.S. Huang, P. Wan,

and S.B. Shi. 1998. Interactive effect of compound

damages by multi-pests in cotton field and application of

compound control indicators for pink bollworm and

carmine spider mite [in Chinese; summary in English].

Chinese Journal of Appled Ecology 9:405–410.

Wang, X.L., J.H. Sun, and J.L. Liu. 1989. Effects of okra

leaf shape on some important agronomic characters and

resistance to pink bollworm of cotton [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural

University 8:322–326.

Wankhede, N.P., and M.N. Sadaphal. 1977. Response of

the germplasms of upland cotton to population pressures

and fertility levels and their reaction to bollworm

damage. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 47:8–14.

Ward, C.R., E.R. Mitchell, A.N. Sparks, H. Serrate, and D.

Villarroel. 1980. Response of the fall armyworm and other

lepidopterous pests of Bolivia to synthetic pheromones.

Florida Entomologist 63:151–153.

Wardojo, S. 1968. Het kwcken van fytofage insekten met

behulp van synthetesche media [in German; summary in

English]. [The breeding of phytophagous insects by

means of synthetic media]. Entomologie Berichten

(Amsterdam) 28:85.

Ware, G.W., and M. McComb. 1970. Circadian susceptibility of pink bollworm moths to azinphosmethyl.

Journal of Economic Entomology 63:1941–1942.

Watanabe, C. 1935. On some species of Braconidae from

North China and Korea. Insecta Matrsumurana 10:43–51.

––––––. 1937. A contribution to the knowledge of the

braconid fauna of the empire of Japan (Hymenoptera).

Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial

University 42:1–189.

Watson, T.F. 1968. Control of pink bollworm larvae with

soil-applied insecticides. Journal of Economic Entomology 61:320–321.

––––––. 1979. How to manage pink bollworm with

current know-how. In Proceedings, Western Cotton

Production Conference, pp. 32–34. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1980. Methods for reducing winter survival of

the pink bollworm. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink Bollworm

Control in the Western United States, pp. 24–34. U.S.

Department of Agriculture, Science and Education

Administration, Agricultural Reviews and Manuals

ARM–W–16.

––––––. 1980. Short-season cotton in the West. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 151–153. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1983. Effectiveness of various insecticides

against the tobacco budworm and pink bollworm. In

Cotton Report, pp. 106–108. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–59, Tucson.

––––––. 1988. Efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids against

major cotton pests in the western U. S. In J.M. Brown and

D.A. Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 236–237. Memphis,

Tennessee: National Cotton Council.
146

––––––. 1995. Impact of transgenic cotton on pink

bollworm and other lepidopteran insects. In D.A. Richter

and J. Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton

Conferences, pp. 759–760. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

Watson, T.F., K.K. Barnes, D.G. Fullerton, M.L. Lindsey,

and R. Reeder. 1971. Investigations on cultural control of

the pink bollworm. In Cotton Report, pp. 21–22. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–21, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., K.K. Barnes, D.G. Fullerton, and J.E. Slosser.

1969. Ecological factors affecting the abundance and

cultural control of the pink bollworm. In Cotton Report,

pp. 55–61. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–15, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., K.K. Barnes, J.E. Slosser, and D.G. Fullerton.

1974. Influence of plow down dates and cultural practices

on spring moth emergence of the pink bollworm. Journal

of Economic Entomology 67:207–210.

Watson, T.F., F.M. Carasso, D.T. Langston, E.B. Jackson,

and D.G. Fullerton. 1978. Pink bollworm suppression

through crop termination. Journal of Economic Entomology 71:638–641.

Watson, T.F., L.A. Crowder, and D.T. Langston. 1974.

Geographical variation of diapause termination of the

pink bollworm. Environmental Entomology 3:933–934.

––––––. 1975. Timing of post-harvest plowing as it

influences spring moth emergence of the pink bollworm.

Journal of Economic Entomology 68:129–130.

Watson, T.F., L.A. Crowder, D.T. Langston, E.B. Jackson,

F.M. Carasso, B.W. Engroff, and D.K. Foster. 1973.

Investigations on cultural control of the pink bollworm.

In Cotton Report, pp. 115–117. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–30, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., B.W. Engroff, and D.G. Fullerton. 1978.

Effectiveness of various insecticides against the pink

bollworm and cotton leaf perforator. In Cotton Report, pp.

49–51. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–

42, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., and D.G. Fullerton. 1969. Timing of insecticide applications for control of pink bollworm in Arizona.

Journal of Economic Entomology 62:682–685.

––––––. 1970. Control of pink bollworm. In Cotton

Report, pp. 47–51. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–17, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., D.G. Fullerton, D. Buxton, L. Patterson, S.

Young, R. Wright, S. Tollefson, B. Martin, and L. Meinke.

1977. Biology and control of insects affecting cotton in

Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 39–42. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–40, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., D.G. Fullerton, and P.H. Johnson. 1971.

Biology and control of insects affecting cotton in

Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 23–27. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–21, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., D.G. Fullerton, D.T. Langston, B.W. Engroff,

P.H. Johnson, R.K. Lawrence, and D.K. Foster. 1973.

Biology and control of insects affecting cotton in

Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 118–120. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–30, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., D. Fullerton, D. Langston, P. Johnson, B.

Engroff, R. Rokey, L. Bricker, P. Perkins, and R. Rakickas.

1972. Biology and control of insects affecting cotton in

Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 87–93. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–24, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., D.G. Fullerton, J.E. Slosser, and P.H.

Johnson. 1969. Biology and control of insects affecting

cotton in Arizona. In Cotton Report, pp. 50–55. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–15, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., D.G. Fullerton, J.E. Slosser, and W.E. Larsen.

1968. Ecological factors affecting the abundance and

cultural control of the pink bollworm. In Cotton Report,

pp. 43–52. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–9, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., D.G. Fullerton, S. Young, R. Bertwell, T.M.

Pack, R. Wright, and L. Meinke. 1976. Biology and

control of insects affecting cotton in Arizona. In Cotton

Report, pp. 39–41. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–37, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., E. Jackson, F. Carasso, E. Rivera, and D.

Langston. 1972. Investigations on cultural control of the

pink bollworm. In Cotton Report, pp. 85–87. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–24, Tucson.

Watson, T.F., and P.H. Johnson. 1974. Larval stages of the

pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 67:812–814.

Watson, T.F., and S. Kelly-Johnson. 1995. A bioassay to

assess pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) susceptibility to B.t. toxins. In D.A. Richter and J.

Armour, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Conferences,

pp. 878–879. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Watson, T.F., D.T. Langston, and L.A. Crowder. 1975.

Comparison of cage size in evaluating spring moth

emergence of the pink bollworm. Journal of Economic

Entomology 68:128–129.
147

Watson, T.F., D.T. Langston, E.B. Jackson, and F.M.

Carasso. 1974. Pink bollworm control in relation to crop

termination. In Proceedings, Western Cotton Production

Conference, pp. 64–65. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

Watson, T.F., and W.E. Larsen. 1968. Effects of winter

cultural practices on the pink bollworm in Arizona.

Journal of Economic Entomology 61:1041–1044.

Watson, T.F., W.E. Larsen, K.K. Barnes, and D.G. Fullerton. 1970. Value of stalk shredders in pink bollworm

control. Journal of Economic Entomology 63:1226–

1228.

Watson, T.F., M.L. Lindsey, and J.E. Slosser. 1973. Effect

of temperature, moisture, and photoperiod on termination

of diapause in the pink bollworm. Environmental

Entomology 2:967–970.

Watson, T.F., and C. Mullis. 1985. Effect of various

insecticides on pink bollworm control. In Cotton Report,

pp. 170–172. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–63, Tucson.

Watson, W.M., M. Abbassy, and A.A. Zein. 1981. Control

effects of some new pyrethroids against the cotton

bollworms Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund) and Earias

insulana (Boisd) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of

Agricultural Research (Alexandria) 29:1511–1517.

Watson, W.M., and M.W. Guirguis. 1983. Laboratory and

field studies on the efficiency of granular insecticides

against cotton pests. In 10th International Congress of

Plant Protection, Proceedings of a Conference, Brighton,

England, November 20–25, 1983. Plant Protection for

Human Welfare, p. 944. Croydon, England: British Crop

Protection Council.

Watson, W.M., A.M. Rashad, and N.M. Hussein. 1986.

Potencies of certain insecticides against the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), as influenced

by chemical control programs in Egypt. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

15:79–86.

Weatherston, I., and D. Miller. 1989. Release kinetics of

liquid flowable formulations of gossyplure, sex pheromone of the pink bollworm moth Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Journal of

Chemical Ecology 15:1767–1773.

Webster, G. 1984. Cotton seeding date important. Arizona

Farmer Rancher 63(11):35.

Welbers, P. 1975. The influence of diurnally alternating

temperatures on the pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella. I. Duration of development, larval body

weight and fecundity [English translation by Saad

Publications, Karachi 1982]. Oecologia 21:31–42.

––––––. 1975. The influence of diurnally alternating

temperatures on the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella. II. The oxygen consumption [English translation by

Saad Publications, Karachi] Oecologia 21:43–56.

Welch, C.L. 1956. Cooperative pink bollworm researchprogress and problems. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press

57(26):34, 44.

Welch, C.L., C.R. Sayre, C.B. Spencer, L.F. Curl, and J.C.

White. 1953. Pink bollworm. In Proceeding, 13th American Cotton Congress, pp. 80–85. Cotton Research

Committee of Texas.

Wellso, S.G., and P.L. Adkisson. 1962. Morphology of the

female reproductive system of the pink bollworm. Journal

of the Kansas Entomological Society 35:233–235.

––––––. 1964. Photoperiod and moisture as factors

involved in termination of diapause in the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 57:170–173.

Wene, G.P., L.A. Carruth, and A.D. Telford. 1965. Descriptions and habits of Arizona cotton insects. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin A–23.

Wene, G.P., and L.W. Sheets. 1963. Winter survival of

pink bollworm in Graham County. Progressive Agriculture in Arizona 15(2):16–17.

––––––. 1966. A summary report of pink bollworm

research in 1965. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Report 239.

Wene, G.P., L.W. Sheets, and H.E. Woodruff. 1961.

Emergence of overwintered pink bollworm in Arizona.

Journal of Economic Entomology 54:192.

––––––. 1965. Winter survival of the pink bollworm in

Arizona. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Technical Bulletin 170.

Westphal, D.F., A.P. Gutierrez, and G.D. Butler, Jr. 1979.

Some interactions of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella) and cotton fruiting structures. Hilgardia

47:177–189.

Whellan, J.A. 1960. Pink bollworm (Platyedra gossypiella) in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. FAO

Plant Protection Bulletin 8:113.

White, E.B., J.S. Bemal, D. Gonzalez, and S.V. Triapitsyn.

1998. Facultative hyperparasitism in Brachymeria

pomonae (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae). European Journal

of Entomology 95:359–366.
148

White, G.F., and L.W. Noble. 1936. Notes on pink

bollworm septicemia. Journal of Economic Entomology

29:122–124.

White, R.W. 1931. Pink bollworm scouting methods.

California Agriculture Department Bulletin 20:363–370.

––––––. 1956. Ginners have big stake in pink bollworm

battle. Cotton Gin & Oil Mill Press 57(22):20.

Wickline, W.L. 1942. Fighting the pink invader. Agric.

Americas 2(1):3–5.

––––––. 1943. Combate internacional a largarta rosada.

Boletim Ministerio da Agricultura, Brasil. 32(7):29–35.

Wiesenborn, W.D., and T.C. Baker. 1990. Upwind flight to

cotton flowers by Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Environmental Entomology

19:490–493.

Wilkes, L.H., P.L. Adkisson, and B.J. Cochran. 1959.

Effect of spray nozzle types on cotton insect control.

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress Report

2078.

––––––. 1959. Stalk shredder tests for pink bollworm

control. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Progress

Report 2095.

––––––. 1961. Use of an air-carrier sprayer for cotton

insect control. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station

Progress Report 2205.

Wilkes, L.H., P.L. Adkisson, B.J. Cochran, and R.L.

Hanna. 1962. Spray nozzle arrangements, types and rates

of application for cotton insect control. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication 595.

Wilkes, L.H., B.J. Cochran, O.T. Robertson, and A.J.

Chapman. 1962. Crop-residue disposal for the control of

pink bollworm. In D.F. Martin and R.D. Lewis, eds., A

Summary of Recent Research Basic to the Cultural

Control of the Pink Bollworm, pp. 20–25. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Miscellaneous Publication 579.

Wilkinson, D.S. 1927. Eight new species of Braconidae.

Bulletin of Entomological Research 18:33–46.

––––––. 1928. A revision of the Indo-Australian species

of the genus Apanteles (Hym. Bracon.)––Part I. Bulletin

of Entomological Research 19:79–105.

––––––. 1928. A revision of the Indo-Australian species

of the genus Apanteles (Hym. Bracon.)––Part II. Bulletin

of Entomological Research 19:109–146.

––––––. 1930. New Braconidae and other notes. Bulletin

of Entomological Research 21:275–285.

Willard, H.F. 1927. Parasites of the pink bollworm in

Hawaii. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Technical

Bulletin No. 19.

Willcocks, F.C. 1913. An acarine parasite of the pink

bollworm. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of

Egypt 2:68–72.

––––––. 1916. The Insect and Related Pests of Egypt.

Vol. 1. The Insect and Related Pests Injurious to the

Cotton Plant. Part L. The Pink Bollworm. Cairo: Sultanic

Agricultural Society.

––––––. 1916. What effect has the flooding of a cotton

field by infiltration from high Nile on the numbers of

pink bollworm in that field. Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Egypt 4:105–108.

––––––. 1919. Experiment in Egypt on the survival of the

pink bollworm in ripe damaged cotton bolls buried at

different depths. In T.B. Fletcher, ed., Proceedings, 3rd

Entomology Meetings, Pusa, pp. 532–547. Calcutta:

Superintendent Government Printer.

Willett, C.S. 2000. Do pheromone binding proteins

converge in amino acid sequence when pheromones

converge? Journal of Molecular Evolution 50:175–183.

Willett, G.S., B.B. Taylor, and D.R. Buxton. 1973. An

economic comparison of short- and full-season cotton

production in Arizona. University Arizona, Agricultural

Experiment Station, Research Report No. 269.

Williams, C.B. 1922. The pink bollworm in Egypt in

1922. Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Cotton Research

Board, Annual Report 3(1):8.

––––––. 1926. Seasonal variation in pink bollworm

attack on cotton in Egypt in the years 1916–1924.

Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Technical Science Service

Bulletin 67.

––––––. 1927. Destruction du ver rose dana los graines

de cotton on Egypte. Bull. Union Agric. Egypt 25:51–56.

––––––. 1933. Bollworms of cotton. Empire Cotton

Growing Review 10:273–281.

––––––. 1934. Field studies on the relation of insect pests

to climatic conditions with special reference to cotton. In

Report, 2nd Conference Cotton Growers Problems, pp.

111–125. London: Empire Cotton Growing Corp.

Williams, C.B., and I.E. Bishara. 1925. Survival of the

pink bollworm larvae in buried seed during the winter in

Egypt. Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt, Bulletin 58.

Williams, R.K. 1959. Factors contributing to resistance of

cotton to pink bollworm attack. Dissertation Abstracts

International X 1959:8.
149

Williams, R.K., J.R. Brazzel, and D.F. Martin. 1958. The

effect of certain organic insecticides on the mortality and

oviposition of pink bollworm adults. Journal of Economic Entomology 51:567–570.

Willoughby [Surname only] 1979. Pheromone confuses

pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella). Farm Chemicals 142:56–58.

Wilson, A.G.L. 1972. Distribution of pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), Australia and its

status as a pest in the Ord irrigation area. Journal of the

Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 38:95–99.

Wilson, C.E. 1923. Insect pests of cotton in St. Croix and

means of combating them. Virgin Islands Agricultural

Experiment Station Bulletin 3.

Wilson, F.D. 1980. Cotton cultivars resistant to the pink

bollworm. In H.M. Graham, ed., Pink Bollworm Control

in the Western United States, pp. 46–51. U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration,

Agricultural Reviews and Manuals ARM–W–16.

––––––. 1982. Present state of the art and science for

cotton breeding for insect resistance in the west. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 111–114. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1983. Variability for resistance to pink bollworm

in a primitive race stock of cotton [abstract]. In J.M.

Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, p. 376. Memphis, Tennessee:

National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1986. Pink bollworm resistance, lint yield, and

lint yield components of okra-leaf cotton in different

genetic backgrounds. Crop Science 26:1164–1167.

––––––. 1986. Registration of seven cotton germplasm

lines. Crop Science 26:206–207.

––––––. 1987. Pink bollworm resistance, lint yield, and

earliness of cotton isolines in a resistant genetic background. Crop Science 27:957–960.

––––––. 1987. Registration of three cotton germplasm

lines. Crop Science 27:820–821.

––––––. 1989. Yield, earliness, and fiber properties of

cotton carrying combined traits for pink bollworm

resistance. Crop Science 29:7–12.

––––––. 1990. Relative resistance of cotton lines to pink

bollworm. Crop Science 30:500–504.

––––––. 1991. Combining ability for yield characteristics

and earliness of pink bollworm-resistant cotton. Crop

Science 31:922–925.

––––––. 1992. Registration of 8 cotton germplasm lines

with pink bollworm resistance traits. Crop Science

32:288–289.

Wilson, F.D., and P. Dean. 1982. Cotton’s own bollworm

defenses. Agricultural Research 31(3):16.

Wilson, F.D., and H.M. Flint. 1987. Pink bollworm

resistance and lint yield of a nectariless, okra-leaf

germplasm line. In Cotton Report, pp. 157–158. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–69, Tucson.

––––––. 1988. Lower insecticide use associated with a

pink bollworm resistance cotton. In J.M. Brown and D.A.

Richter, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production

Research Conferences, pp. 560–561. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1990. Evaluation of cotton for resistance to pink

bollworm. In Cotton Report, pp. 134–138. Arizona

Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–81, Tucson.

––––––. 1991. Field performance of cotton genetically

modified to express insecticidal protein from Bacillus

thuringiensis. In Cotton Report, p. 187. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–87, Tucson.

Wilson, F.D., H.M. Flint, and L.A. Bariola. 1988. Lint

yield, earliness, and pink bollworm resistance of cottons

treated with ethephon and untreated. In Cotton Report,

pp. 11–14. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–72, Tucson.

––––––. 1989. Yield, earliness, and response to pink

bollworm of a resistant line and a standard cultivar treated

with ethephon and untreated. In Cotton Report, pp. 200–

201. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–

77, Tucson.

Wilson, F.D., H.M. Flint, L.A. Bariola, and C.C. Chu.

1991. Reduction in insecticide use associated with cotton

resistant to pink bollworm. Crop Science 31:363–366.

Wilson, F.D., H.M. Flint, W.R. Deaton, D.A. Fischhoff, F.J.

Perlak, T.A. Armstrong, R.L. Fuchs, S.A. Berberich, N.J.

Parks, and B.R. Stapp. 1992. Resistance of cotton lines

containing a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin to pink

bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and other insects.

Journal of Economic Entomology 85:1516–1521.

Wilson, F.D., H.M. Flint, N.J. Parks, and B.R. Stapp. 1992.

Evaluation of transgenic cotton lines for resistance to

pink bollworm and leaf feeding Lepidoptera. In Cotton

Report, pp. 106–108. Arizona Agricultural Experiment

Station Series P–91, Tucson.

Wilson, F.D., and B.W. George. 1979. Combining ability

in cotton for resistance to pink bollworm. Crop Science

19:834–836.
150

––––––. 1979. Suppression of pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella populations in cotton: Resistant germplasm

vs. insecticide use. Agronomy Abstracts 81–82.

––––––. 1980. Combining ability for agronomic and fiber

properties in cotton stocks resistant to pink bollworm.

Crop Science 20:563–566.

––––––. 1980. Earliness, productivity, and pink bollworm

resistance in cotton [abstract]. In J.M. Brown, ed.,

Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, p. 97. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

––––––. 1981. Breeding cotton for resistance to pink

bollworm. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production Research Conferences, pp. 63–65.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1982. Effect of pink bollworm on agronomic

properties of resistant and susceptible cotton. Crop

Science 23:695–698.

––––––. 1982. Effects of okra-leaf, frego-bract, and

smooth-leaf mutants on pink bollworm damage and

agronomic properties of cotton. Crop Science 22:798–

801.

––––––. 1983. A genetic and breeding study of pink

bollworm resistance and agronomic properties in cotton.

Crop Science 23:1–4.

––––––. 1984. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Selecting for antibiosis in artificially and naturally

infested cotton plants. Journal of Economic Entomology

77:720–724.

––––––. 1985. Innovations in the X-ray technique of

evaluating cotton germplasm for resistance to pink

bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, ARS–40.

––––––. 1986. Smoothleaf and hirsute cottons: Response

to insect pests and yield in Arizona. Journal of Economic

Entomology 79:229–232.

Wilson, F.D., B.W. George, and H.M. Flint. 1985. Progress

in transferring resistance of pink bollworm into nectariless cotton. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson, eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences,

pp. 386–388. Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton

Council.

Wilson, F.D., B.W. George, K.E. Fry, J.L. Szaro, T.J.

Henneberry, and T.E. Clayton. 1986. Pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Egg hatch, larval success,

and pupal and adult survival on okra- and normal-leaf

cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 79:1671–1675.

Wilson, F.D., B.W. George, and J.L. Szaro. 1983. Pink

bollworm oviposition on resistant and susceptible cotton

plants [abstract]. In J.M. Brown, ed., Proceedings,

Beltwide Cotton Production Research Conferences, p. 80.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1984. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Oviposition and larval success on resistant and

susceptible cotton plants. Journal of Economic Entomology 77:709–714.

Wilson, F.D., B.W. George, and R.L. Wilson. 1981. Lint

yield and resistance to pink bollworm (Pectinophora

gossypiella) in early-maturing cotton. Crop Science

21:213–215.

––––––. 1981. Screening cotton for resistance to pink

bollworm. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and

Education Administration, Agricultural Reviews and

Manuals ARM–W–22.

Wilson, F.D., R.G. Percy, and E.L. Turcotte. 1992. Response of nectaried and nectariless Pima cotton to pink

bollworm. In Cotton Report, p. 109. Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station Series P–91, Tucson.

Wilson, F.D., and C.R. Smith. 1992. Pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) penetration into and survival

in bolls of resistant and susceptible cotton lines. Journal

of Agricultural Entomology 9:165–173.

Wilson, F.D., and J.L. Szaro. 1984. Comparison of two

methods of infesting cotton bolls with pink bollworm

(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs. Journal of Economic

Entomology 77:277–280.

––––––. 1986. Rapid methods of infesting cotton plants

with pink bollworm eggs. In J.M. Brown and T.C. Nelson,

eds., Proceedings, Beltwide Cotton Production Research

Conferences, p. 493. Memphis, Tennessee: National

Cotton Council.

––––––. 1988. A rapid field technique for infesting

cotton plants with pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) eggs. Journal of Economic Entomology 81:959–

962.

Wilson, F.D., J.L. Szaro, and B.A. Hefner. 1992. Behavior

of pink bollworm larvae (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) on

bolls of normal-leaf and okra-leaf cotton isolines under

laboratory conditions. Journal of Agricultural Entomology 9:55–63.

Wilson, F.D., J.L. Szaro, and B.R. Stapp. 1987. Antibiosis

in cotton to pink bollworm. In Cotton Report, pp. 159–

160. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station Series P–

69, Tucson.

Wilson, F.D., and R.L. Wilson. 1976. Breeding potentials

of noncultivated cottons, 2: Inheritance of peduncle

length. Crop Science 16:221–224.
151

––––––. 1978. Breeding potentials of noncultivated

cottons. IV. Location and parental effects on agronomic

characters and fiber properties in hybrids. Crop Science

18:467–471.

––––––. 1978. Seed damage by pink bollworm to race

stocks, cultivars, and hybrids of cotton. Crop Science

18:465–467.

Wilson, F.D., R.L. Wilson, and B.W. George. 1978. Insect

investigations: Host-plant resistance. In Cotton Report,

pp. 59–60. Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station

Series P–42, Tucson.

––––––. 1979. Pink bollworm: Reduced growth and

survival of larvae placed on bolls of cotton race stocks.

Journal of Economic Entomology 72:860–864.

––––––. 1980. Pink bollworm: Expected reduction in

damage to cottons carrying combinations of resistance

characters. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and

Education Administration, Agricultural Research Results

ARR–W–12.

––––––. 1980. Resistance to pink bollworm in breeding

stocks of upland cotton. Journal of Economic Entomology 73:502–505.

Wilson, R.L., and F.D. Wilson. 1974. Laboratory diets for

screening cotton for resistance to pink bollworm. Cotton

Growing Review 51:302–308.

––––––. 1975. A laboratory evaluation of primitive

cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) races for pink bollworm

resistance. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, ARS–W–30.

––––––. 1975. Comparison of an X-ray and a green-boll

technique for screening cotton for resistance to pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 68:636–

637.

––––––. 1976. Effects of nectariless and glabrous cottons

on pink bollworm in Arizona. In Proceedings, Beltwide

Cotton Production-Mechanization Conference, p. 91.

Memphis, Tennessee: National Cotton Council.

––––––. 1976. Nectariless and glabrous cottons: Effect

on pink bollworm in Arizona. Journal of Economic

Entomology 69:623–624.

––––––. 1977. Effects of cottons differing in pubescence

and other characters on pink bollworms in Arizona.

Journal of Economic Entomology 70:196–198.

––––––. 1979. Field evaluation of cotton in Puerto Rico

for pink bollworm resistance. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration, Agricultural

Reviews and Manuals ARM–W–2.

––––––. 1979. Mutants of Gossypium hirsutum: Effect on

pink bollworm in Arizona. Journal of Economic Entomology 72:216–219.

Wilson, R.L., F.D. Wilson, and G.H. Abel, Jr. 1977.

Mutants of Gossypium barbadense: Effect on pink

bollworm and cotton leafperforator in Arizona. Journal of

Economic Entomology 70:672–674.

Wing, K.D., M. Rudnicka, G. Jones, D. Jones, and B.D.

Hammock. 1984. Juvenile hormone esterases of Lepidoptera: 2. Isoelectric points and binding affinities of

hemolymph juvenile hormone esterase and binding

protein activities. Journal of Comparative Physiology –

Biochemical, Systematic, and Environmental Physiology

154:213–223.

Wirtz, R.A. 1980. Insect allergy survey––a preliminary

report and a request for participation. Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Canada 12:34–36.

Wolcott, G.N. 1922. The distribution of the pink bollworm of cotton Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in

Porto Rico. Journal of Economic Entomology 15:313–

314.

––––––. 1923. Distribution of the pink bollworm in Porto

Rico. Puerto Rico Insular Experiment Station Circular 85.

––––––. 1927. Haitian cotton and the pink bollworm.

Bulletin of Entomological Research 18:79–82.

––––––. 1929. The pink bollworm in Haiti. In K. Jordan

and W. Horn, eds., Transactions, 4th International Congress Entomology, Ithaca, NY, 1928, pp. 68–72. Naumburg, Germany: G. Pätz.

––––––. 1931. Infestation of young okra pods by pink

bollworm in Porto Rico. Journal of the Department of

Agriculture (Puerto Rico) 15:395–398.

––––––. 1931. The initiation of entomological extension

work in Haiti. Journal of Economic Entomology 24:131–

141.

––––––. 1936. A revised annotated check list of the

insects of Puerto Rico. Journal of the Department of

Agriculture (Puerto Rico) 20:492–497.

––––––. 1941. Guerra al gusano rosado de algódon.

Agricultural Experiment Station (Puerto Rico) 1(5):7–8.

Wolcott, G.N., and F. Sein. 1931. La oruga rosada de la

cápsula del algodón en Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico Insular

Experiment Station Circular 95.

Wolfenbarger, D.A. 1970. Toxicity of certain insecticides

to three lepidopteran cotton insects. Journal of Economic

Entomology 63:463–466.
152

Wolfenbarger, D.A., and H.M. Graham. 1970. Toxicity of

insecticides to irradiated and unirradiated pink bollworm

moths. Journal of Economic Entomology 63:1692–1693.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., and A.A. Guerra. 1972. Toxicity of

seven alkyl organophosphorus insecticides to the

bollworm, pink bollworm, and tobacco budworm and

persistence of naled in various formulations on cotton

leaves. Journal of Economic Entomology 65:1377–1380.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., and W.L. Lowry. 1969. Toxicity of

DDT and related compounds to certain lepidopteran

cotton insects. Journal of Economic Entomology

62:432–435.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., M.J. Lukefahr, and W.L. Lowry. 1967.

Toxicity of surfactants and surfactant-insecticide combinations to the bollworm, tobacco budworm, and pink

bollworm. Journal of Economic Entomology 60:902–

904.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., and R.L. McGarr. 1970. Toxicity of

methyl parathion, parathion, and monocrotophos applied

topically to populations of lepidopteran pests of cotton.

Journal of Economic Entomology 63:1762–1764.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., R.L. McGarr, R.R. Longoria, and J.B.

Nosky. 1970. Toxicity of EPN, Accothion, and certain

chlorinated hydrocarbons to certain insects. Journal of

Economic Entomology 63:1568–1573.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., R.L. McGarr, and W.L. Lowry. 1970.

Toxicity of organophosphorus, arly methylcarbinilate,

methyl carbamate, and carboxanilide insecticides against

lepidopterans attacking cotton. Journal of Economic

Entomology 63:1943–1947.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., and C.L. Mangum. 1972. Fertility of

moths of pink bollworm reared from irradiated eggs.

Journal of Economic Entomology 65:919–921.

Wolfenbarger, D.A., J.B. Nosky, N.C. Gonzalez, C.L.

Mangum, and A.B. Borkovec. 1972. Sterilization of pink

bollworms with aziridine chemosterilants and with

hempa. Journal of Economic Entomology 65:962–965.

Woo, F.C. 1935. Survey of the distribution and prevalence

of cotton insects in China during the year 1934 [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Special Publication of the

National Agricultural Research Bureau China, No. 12.

Wood, M. 1993. Lab-grown pinkies cotton to new fast

food. Agricultural Research 41(5):17.

––––––. 2000. Superb new Pima cottons. Agricultural

Research 48(5):18.

Woods, W. 1981. Controlling cotton pests with egg

parasites. Journal of Agriculture, Western Australia

22:63–64.

Wright, R.H. 1982. Substitutes for a silent spring. In The

Sense of Smell, pp. 121–123. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC

Press.

Wright, R.J., and H.M. Graham. 1978. Effect of cold

acclimation on cold tolerance of laboratory-reared

diapausing pink bollworms. Environmental Entomology

7:633–635.

Wu, G.J., Z.J. Chen, M.Z. Ji, and H.H. Li. 1991. Influence

of interplanting corn in cotton fields on natural enemy

populations and its effect on pest control in southern

Shaanxi [in Chinese]. Chinese Journal of Biological

Control 7:101–104.

Wu, J.F. 1987. Studies on the influence of the overwintering moths upon the first generation population of pink

bollworm [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta

Agriculturae Shanghai 3:69–74.

Wu, J.X. 1986. Selection on Bacillus thuringiensis (7216)

by induced mutation [in Chinese; summary in English].

Natural Enemies of Insects 8:14–17.

Wu, P.C., M.C. Chang, K.C. Lin, Y.H. Chu, and T.S.

Chung. 1979. Synthesis of the sex pheromone of the pink

bollworm [in Chinese]. Hua-Hsueh. T’Ung. Pao Huaxue

Tongbao (Peking) 5:442–444.

Wu, Y., Y.P. Li, and D.Z. Jiang. 1981. Integrated control of

cotton pests in Nanyang region, China [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica 24:34–

41.

Wu, Z.B. 1991. Screening of cotton germplasm in respect

of adversity resistance [in Chinese; summary in English].

China Cottons 3:39–40.

––––––. 1993. The selection of and research on the new

insect resistant cotton variety Huamian 101 [in Chinese;

summary in English]. China Cottons 20(2):18–19.

Wu, Z.B., Y. Gao, and J. Guo. 1996. Studies on insect

resistance and its identifying techniques in cotton

varieties [in Chinese]. China Cottons 23(7):10–12.

Wu, Z.B., and J.H. Guo. 1998. Influence of cotton insect

resistance on the economic characters [in Chinese]. China

Cottons 25(2):10–11.

Wu, Z.B., J.F. Zhang, C.D. Feng, and B. Zhou. 1999.

Study on the new cotton materials resistant to Pectinophora gossypiella for hybridization [in Chinese]. Journal

of the Huazhong Agricultural University 18:307–310.

Wu, Z.N., and J.D. Dai. 1985. An observation with

scanning electron microscope on the surface of the sex

gland of pink bollworm [in Chinese; summary in English]. Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of Entomology 5:347–350.
153

X

Xia, J., Y. Ma, and C. Wang. 1997. Effects of different

host plants on development and reproduction of the cotton

bollworm [in Chinese]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica

24:375–376.

Xiao, J.C. 1991. Characteristics and application of the

spatial distribution parameters on the second generation

of pink bollworm larvae [in Chinese]. Entomological

Knowledge 28:83–86.

Xiao, J.C., and C.A. Fang. 1990. Study on the optimum

cotton boll developmental stage for control of Pectinophora gossypiella by insecticides [in Chinese; summary

in English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17:219–222.

Xiao, J.C., and C.J. Zhu. 1989. Studies on the field

distribution patterns of the pink bollworm larvae [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Entomological Knowledge 26:134–139.

Xie, J., Y. Chen, and B. Shen. 1994. Application of fuzzy

multifactorial evaluation to the forecasting of cotton pink

bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) [in

Chinese]. Acta Ecologica Sinica 14:274–280.

Xie, J.L., Y.G. Chen, and B. Shen. 1999. Forecasting

factors on egg number of the 2nd generation of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese, summary in

English]. Entomological Knowledge 36:203–204.

Xie, X.F., H.H. Dan, and G. Zhang. 1989. Research on the

vertical distribution of eggs of pink bollworm on cotton

plant in field [in Chinese]. Plant Protection 15(3):10–11.

Xiong, Y.Q., M. Huang, and S. Zhang. 1988. Effect of

early square removal on the control of pink bollworm

(Pectinophora gossypiella) and red rot [in Chinese].

China Cottons 15(6):38–40.

Xiong, Y.Q., D.X. Ke, J. He, Y. Wu, and G.C. Jin. 1986. A

study on the economic threshold and control target of the

second and third generations of cotton pink bollworm [in

Chinese]. China Cottons 5(5):45–48.
154

Y

Yadav, G.S., T.S. Kathpal, P.D. Sharma, and G. Singh.

1993. Relative efficacy of synthetic pyrethroids against

bollworm pests of cotton and their residues in cotton

seed. Journal of Insect Science (India) 6:92–96.

Yadav, J.S., V. Upender, T. Shekharam, and E.R. Reddy.

1988. A practical synthesis of sex pheromones of pink

bollworm: Gossyplure. Indian Journal of Chemistry.

Section B: Organic Chemistry Including Medicinal

Chemistry 27:1012–1014.

Yamagiwa, Y., S. Fujie, K. Makihara, and T. Kamikawa.

1988. Synthetic studies on analogs of clitocine, a new

nucleoside insect growth inhibitor. Journal of the Faculty

of Science and Technology Kinki University 24:85–91.

Yan, Y.J., and H.J. Zhang. 1991. The application of

optimum regression design in pink bollworm control [in

Chinese]. Plant Protection 17(4):13–15.

Yandia, A. 1985. Trials on sexual trapping of male

Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) lepidoptera, with

the help of synthetic sexual pheromone gossyplure in

Ouaka [in French]. Bangui University, Central African

Republic: Institut Superieur de Developpement Rural de

M’ Baiki.

Yang, K.S., F. Cheng, and D. Yao. 1992. A technique of

fuzzy comprehensive decision for forecasting population

densities of the pink bollworm larvae [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Entomological Knowledge 29:80–83.

Yang, X.S., X.Y. Du, X.F. Zhang, X.Q. Wang, and Z.Y.

Wang. 2000. Bollworm resistance and high yield test of

the hybrid cotton Biaoza A1 [in Chinese]. China Cottons

27(8):18–19.

Yang, X.S., Q.X. Ma, and Z. Wang. 2001. Study on

resistance of hybrid cotton biaoza A1 to cotton bollworm

and pink bollworm. Acta Agriculturae Boreali Sinica

16(Suppl.):28-31. [in Chinese; summary in English]

Yang, Y.T., M.H. Zhu, and D.H. Wang. 2000. Yearly

changes of the control effects of pyrethrins insecticides

on Platyedra gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese]. Jiangsu

Journal of Agricultural Science 16:92–96.

Yang, Z.F. 1986. The development of pink bollworm in

relation to temperature and food [in Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge 23:114–117.

––––––. 1986. Relationship between the accumulated

temperature and emergence of the overwintering generation of pink bollworm moths [in Chinese]. Entomological

Knowledge 23:117–118.

––––––. 1987. Discussion on examination method of

green boll damaged by pink bollworm [Pectinophora

gossypiella] [in Chinese; summary in English]. Entomological Knowledge 24:212.

Yang, Z.F., and J.X. Li. 1986. Interaction between cotton

fruits and pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella

(Sauders) [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 13:175–178.

Yang, Z.F., and Z.X. Lu. 1990. Estimation on losses of

cotton boll by pink bollworm larvae [in Chinese].

Entomological Knowledge 27:208–209.

Yang, Z.F., Z.X. Lu, G.R. Shengtu, S.S. Luo, R.H. Zhu, and

X.S. Zhou. 1990. Demonstration of the reliability of

pheromone traps for forecasting Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 17:215–218.

Yang, Z.F., and S.F. Zhu. 1984. Boll-setting and yield as

affected by pink bollworm damage on squares and

blooms of cotton [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta

Phytotaxonomica Sinica 11:263–266.

Yang, Z.F., S.F. Zhu, X.S. Zhou, and M. Zhang. 1981.

Forecasting the occurrence of pink bollworm by using

gossyplure attractant [in Chinese]. Acta Phytotaxonomica

Sinica 8:171–177.

Yin, W.Y., and I.P. Li. 1980. Scanning electron microscopy of antennal sensilla of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta

Entomologica Sinica 23:123–129.

Young, O.P. 1989. Field observations of predation by

Phidippus audax (Araneae: Salticidae) on arthropods

associated with cotton. Journal of Entomological Science

24:266–273.

Yu, C.T., and S.C. Yu. 1980. An ichneumon parasite, Pristomerus vulnerator (Panzer) of pink bollworm Cotton pests

in Chiangsu, biological control [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Acta Entomologica Sinica 23:167–172.

Yuan, Q.C., and W. Wu. 1986. The loss of yield and price

of lint cotton due to boll damage by pink bollworm [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Phytophylactica

Sinica 13:91–96.

––––––. 1987. Population dynamics of pink bollworm

larva in green bolls and its use in predicting final population level [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta

Agriculturae Shanghai 3(3):75–80.

Zaki, F.N. 1972. Attractiveness of Trichogramma evanescens (Trichogrammatidae) to some lepidopterous. Ain

Shams University Research Bulletin 0.

––––––. 1985. Reactions of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens Westw. to certain insect sex

pheromones. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie

99:448–453.
155

Z

Zaman, M., M. Shafi, and M. Liaqatullah. 1983. Field

evaluation of different insecticides against the cotton

pink-bollworm on cotton. Frontier Journal of Agricultural

Research (Pakistan) 9:34–40.

Zashchita Rastenii. 1980. List of pests, plant diseases and

weeds for the control of which quarantine measures exist

[in Russian; summary in English]. Zashchita Rastenii

11:20–21.

Zeid, M., A.F. Said, A.K. Saad, A. Madkour, and S.

Soliman. 1972. Ground application of certain ULV

concentrate with ultra-low-volume technique against the

cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) and

cotton bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) and

Earias insulana Boisd. (Lepidoptera). Bulletin of the

Entomological Society of Egypt, Economic Series

6:187–194.

Zeng, X.G., W.B. Guo, and Q.P. Wang. 1995. Integrated

control of cotton bollworm in Nanyang, Henan [in

Chinese]. Henan Journal of Agricultural Science 5:12–14,

18.

Zhang, G. 1987. Using time sequence method to forecast

the outbreak of pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) [in Chinese]. Hubei Agricultural Science 4:20–22.

Zhang, G.A., L.B. Zong, H.H. Duan, J.H. Xiong, R.Y. Lu,

and F.L. Xu. 1994. Spatial distribution of the flower bug,

Orius similis, and its interaction with the pink bollworm,

Pectinophora gossypiella, in cotton fields. International

Journal of Pest Management 40:309–312.

Zhang, J. 1991. Effect of nipping flower bud in early

period on the harm by pink bollworm and yield of cotton

in different upland cotton varieties [in Chinese]. Hubei

Agricultural Science 6:22–24.

Zhang, J.F., and J.H. Sun. 1992. Cluster analysis of

evaluation indices for cotton resistance to pink bollworm

[in Chinese; summary in English]. Journal of Hubei

Agricultural College 124(4):22–24.

––––––. 1992. Principal component analysis of evaluating indices for resistance to pink bollworm in cotton [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Journal of Hubei Agricultural College 12(1):28–33.

Zhang, J.F., J.Z. Sun, J.L. Liu, and Z.B. Wu. 1994. Inheritance of resistance to pink bollworm (PBW) in upland

cotton [in Chinese; summary in English]. Scientia

Agricultura Sinica 27(4):16–22.

Zhang, J.F., J.Z. Sun, Z.B. Wu, and J.L. Liu. 1993. Mechanisms of pink bollworm resistance in Upland cotton [in

Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Agronomica Sinica

19:385–394.

Zhang, S., Y.J. Wang, and Z.J. Han. 1990. Study on the

tolerance of pink bollworm diapause larvae to insecticides [in Chinese; summary in English]. Journal of

Shandong Agricultural University 21(1):27–30.

Zhang, Y.K. 1986. Tests on the field activity of sex

pheromone inhibitor of pink bollworm Pectinophora

gossypiella (Saunders) [in Chinese]. Entomological

Knowledge 23:173–174.

Zhang, Z.S., F.X. Zhang, Y.X. Xia, and X.Q. Wang. 1999.

Selective breeding of strain with long style in upland

cotton and its heterosis utilization [in Chinese; summary

in English]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 32(4):27–33.

Zhao, D.X., and B.Z. Liu. 1985. The biological characters

and models of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

population [in Chinese; summary in English]. Contributions of Shanghai Institute of Entomology 5:67–79.

Zhao, J., and F. Jiu. 1986. Biology of Neoscona doenitzi

and its role in cotton pest control [in Chinese; summary

in English]. Acta Zoologica Sinica 32:152–158.

Zhao, J.Z. 1988. A study on the bionomics of Chrysopa

septempunctata Wesmael [in Chinese; summary in

English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 15:123–127.

Zhao, X.W. 1992. Study on the forecasting and control of

second and third generation of pink bollworm [in

Chinese]. Plant Protection 18(5):4–5.

Zhong, C.H., L.B. Zong, and X.L. Yu. 1989. A principal

component analysis for identification of the resistance to

pink bollworm in cotton germplasm [in Chinese; summary in English]. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica 16:251–

257.

––––––. 1988. A study on the germplasm resource of the

cotton resistant to Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)

[in Chinese; summary in English]. Journal of Huazhong

Agricultural University 7(1):22–26.

Zhou, B.L. 1985. Estimates of loss caused by pink boll

worm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) at cotton boll

stage [in Chinese]. Entomological Knowledge 22:204–

208.

Zhou, B.L., S.L. Du, and Z.M. Jiang. 1981. Rapid investigation method on the population fluctuation of major

pests in cotton fields [in Chinese; summary in English].

Kunchong Zhishi 18:126–128.

Zhou, Y.L., and Z.Y. Lou. 1987. Research on the distribution characteristics of pink bollworm eggs in cotton fields

and cotton plant [in Chinese; summary in English].
156

Contributions of the Shanghai Institute of Entomology

7:35–43.

Zidan, Z.H., M.I. Abdel-Megeed, A. Abdel-Hafez, N.M.

Hussein, H.M. El-Gemeiy, and M.M. Shalaby. 1998.

Toxicological and histological studies of Bacillus

thuringiensis, MVPII against larvae of pink and spiny

bollworms. Annals of Agricultural Science (Cairo) 1

(Special Issue):319–332.

Zidan, Z.H., M.I.Abdel-Megeed, A. Abdel-Hafez, N.

Hussein, and S.H. Taher. 1998. Efficacy of some safe

insecticides against newly hatched larvae of pink

bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Annals of

Agricultural Science (Cairo) 1 (Special Issue):251–261.

Zimmerman, E.C. 1978. Microlepidoptera. Part 2.

Gelechioidea. Insects of Hawaii 9:883–1903.

Zoebelein, G. 1978. Bolstar (R), a new cotton insecticide.

In Proceedings, 4th Conference of Pest Control, September 30–October 3, 1978, pp. 456–470. Cairo: Ain Shams

University Press.

Zong, L.B., C.Z. Zhong, and C.L. Lei. 1981. An investigation on egg-parasites of Pectinophora gossypiella

(Saunders) [in Chinese; summary in English]. Natural

Enemies of Insects 3:1–2.

Zong, L.B., C.Z. Zhong, Z.L. Lei, C.W. Peng, and M.R.

Wu. 1987. Predation efficacy of Orius similis on the eggs

of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella [in Chinese;

summary in English]. Chinese Journal of Biological

Control 3(2):87.

Zunino, H.A. 1949. Destructión de la “lagarta rosada” en

los residuos. Informes de Investigacion Agricultura 2:7.

Zunino, M.A. 1950. Nuevos mítodos para destruir la

lagarta rosada. Chacra 20:84–85.