SUM M ARY

Descriptions and sum m aries of com ple ted and ongoing long-te rm research

studies (th ose in existence for 5 or m ore years) conducted by scientists of th e

USDA Forest Se rvice ’s form e r South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station (now part

of th e South e rn Research Station) are presented in th is re port. Th e array of

data bases at th e South e rn Station includes forest surveys, genetics studies,

w ate rsh ed expe rim ents, silviculture studies, and m any oth e r subje cts. Th e

purpose of th is publication is to inform th e public of th e successful long-te rm

research , accom plish ed and ongoing, at th e South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station and to encourage scientists from oth e r institutions to utilize th e data th at

h ave resulted from th is research .

ACKNOW LEDGMENTS

W e th ank Clifford H ick m an, Robe rt Farrar, Glenn Snow , H arvey Kennedy,

Paul Murph y, W illiam Boye r, Jam es Mille r, Jam es H ayw ood, Allan Tiark s, Ray

Arnold, and H en ry Pe arson for w riting, or h e lping w ith th e w riting, of th e

long-te rm studies conducted by personnel of th eir respe ctive research w ork

units. W e are also grate ful to Gene M cGe e, Jo Anne Feh e ley, Pe te r W e ave r,

Brad Kard, Glenn Snow , Ronald Sch m idtling, Frank Bonne r, Roy Be ltz, Jam es

Bak e r, and Jam es Barnett for revie w ing th e sum m aries for th eir units. Finally, we th ank Rod W alte r for h is assistance in revie w ing th e m anuscript.

March 1998

Southern Research Station

P.O. Box 2680

Asheville, North Carolina 28802
Long-Te rm Re se arch

Doe s Pay Off

A Sum m ary of th e

South e rn Station Expe rience

Margare t S. De vall and Virgil C. Baldw in, Jr., Com pile rs

Margare t S. De vall is an ecologist at th e Cente r for Bottom land H ardw ood Research , U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Research Station (form e rly South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station), Stoneville, MS 38776; Virgil C. Baldw in, Jr., is a research

foreste r at th e Ale xandria Forestry Cente r, U.S. De partmen t ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Research Station, Pineville, LA 71360.
CONTENTS

In tr o d u cti o n ............................................................ 1

STUDY DESCRIPTIONS AND PUBLICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Environm ental Im pacts of and Ecosystem Res ponses to Ve ge tation Managemen t

in South e rn Forestry ................................................... 4

Genetics of South e rn Pines.

............................................... 8

W ood Products Insect Research

............................................ 15

Dise ases of South e rn Pines.

............................................... 23

Multiresource M anagemen t of Naturally Regene rated Upland Forests in th e

M idsouth ............................................................ . 31

Evaluation of Le gal, Tax, and Econom ic Influences on Forest Resource M anagemen t ... 36

Silviculture of Artificially Regene rated South e rn Pines ....................... . 39

Range M anagemen t for South e rn Pine Ecosyste m s. ........................... 57

Tropical Am e rican Forest M anagemen t.

..................................... 66

Te ch nology of Easte rn Forest Tree Seeds .................................... 74

Grow th and Yield of Natural Even-Aged Longle af Pines.

....................... 75

Forest Inventory and Analysis for M idsouth States ............................ 77

Regene ration and Managemen t of South e rn H ardw oods. ....................... 81

Se w anee Research Cente r ................................................ 86

STUDYSUMMARIES ................................................. .

Environm ental Im pacts of and Ecosystem Res ponses to Ve ge tation Managemen t

in South e rn Forestry ..................................................

GeneticsofSouth e rnPines .............................................. .

W ood Products Insect Research ...........................................

Dise ases of South e rn Pines.

..............................................

Multiresource M anagemen t of Naturally Regene rated Upland Forests in th e

M idsouth ........................................................... .

Evaluation of Le gal, Tax, and Econom ic Influences on Forest Resource M anagemen t . .

Silviculture of Artificially Regene rated South e rn Pines .......................

Range M anagemen t for South e rn Pine Ecosyste m s. ..........................

Tropical Am e rican Forest M anagemen t.

....................................

Te ch nology of Easte rn Forest Tree Seeds ...................................

Grow th and Yield of Natural Even-Aged Longle af Pines .......................

Forest Inventory and Analysis for M idsouth States ...........................

Regene ration and Managemen t of South e rn H ardw oods. ......................

Se w anee Research Cente r ...............................................

103

104

108

114

124

132

137

141

157

162

167

168

168

171

174

INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
INTRODUCTION

Long-te rm studies m ak e valuable contributions to

forestry and re lated fie lds. Most natural resource research organizations and scientists agree th at longte rm research is essential, yet few carry out studies

th at continue for m ore th an a few years because of

th e spe cial proble m s involved. Som e of th ese proble m s

are: (1) required continuous funding is difficult to justify based only on inte rm ediate and expe cted results;

(2) inte rm ediate results are som e tim es not publish -

able, espe cially in scientific journals; (3) fie ld research

plots and detailed re cords and data files m ust be m eticulously m aintained and prese rved; (4) th e re is a

h igh e r probability of catastroph ic losses to research

study plots, e tc., in long-te rm studies th an in sh ortte rm studies; (5) m any scientists w h o initiate longte rm studies are unable to com ple te th em due to

re assignm ent, transfe r, prom otion, or re tiremen t; and

(6) th e professional standing and financial re w ards of

scientists are prim arily based on publication of research results, not m aintenance of studies. Th e re fore,

a strong and continuing com m itm ent of support by

th e research organization and dedication by th e principal investigators and supporting pe rsonnel are absolute ly necessary for th e initiation and successful

com ple tion of long-te rm studies.

Th e USDAForest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station (presently South e rn Research Station11

h as supported num e rous long-te rm research studies

since its establish m ent in New O rle ans, LA, in 19 21.

Consequently, th e South e rn Station possesses num e rous large data se ts. M any are from long-te rm studies

of tim be r grow th and yield, but long-te rm studies on

a num be r of oth e r topics h ave also been carried out.

Particularly note w orth y is th e enorm ous data se t

am assed from re curring forest surveys, encom passing all of th e tim be rland of th e M idsouth States, Pue rto

Rico, and som e of th e U.S. Virgin Islands. Anoth e r

e xam ple is th e South w ide Seed Source Study, w ith

re pe ated obse rvations on h undreds of th ousands of

south e rn pines in care fully controlled plantings across

th e entire South e rn United States. Th e array of data

bases at th e South e rn Station also includes w ate rsh ed

e xpe rim ents, silvicultural studies, and m any oth e r

topics. Th e long-te rm studies of th e South e rn Station

h ave been invaluable. Conclusive solutions to som e

vital proble m s conce rning forests could not h ave been

deve loped w ith out data from th ese care fully controlled

fie ld expe rim e n ts th at w e re continued for m any

‘In January 19 9 5, th e South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station and

South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station com bined to form th e

South e rn Research Station w ith h e adquarte rs in Ash e ville, NC.

In th is publication, th e form e r South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station w ill be re fe rred to as th e South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

or South e rn Station.

years-som e for m ore th an h alf a century. In som e

cases, studies establish ed for one purpose h ave been

invaluable in dealing w ith proble m s not of conce rn

w h en th e study w as initiated. Th e South e rn Station

continues to encourage th e m aintenance of e xisting

long-te rm studies and th e establish m ent of new ones

consistent w ith th e staff’s m ission and th e practical

constraints of budge t and personnel leve ls. In m ost

cases, data from long-te rm studies are m aintained

pe rm anently, w ith adequate docum entation, for use

by scientists in th e future. And m ost data se ts are in

m ach ine-re adable form at.

Th e purpose of th is publication is to inform th e public of th e successful long-te rm research , accom plish ed

and ongoing, at th e South e rn Station and to encourage scientists from oth e r institutions to utilize th e data

th at h ave resulted from th is research . Th us, th e public bene fit from th e South e rn Station’s research can

be gre atly expanded.

Anyone w ish ing to use data from th e studies described h e rein sh ould contact th e scientist or proje ct

le ade r involved w ith e ach study of inte rest, if k now n,

or contact th e South e rn Research Station, Office of

Planning and Applications, 200 W e ave r Boulevard,

P.O. Box 2680, Ash eville, NC 28802 (ph one 704/257-

4304) for re fe rral to th e appropriate scientist. Requests

for inform ation on studies from Range M anagemen t

for South e rn Pine Ecosyste m s or Se w anee sh ould be

sent to th e Office for Planning and Applications because th ese research w ork units are closed. Afte r th e

potential user h as consulted w ith th e scientist in

ch arge of a study, a coope rative agre e m ent can be arranged but is not absolute ly necessary. Th e re is no

ch arge for th ese data; h ow e ve r, unless a coope rative

e ffort is practical w h e re both parties benefit, all costs

pe rtaining to th e transfe r of data m ust be borne by

th e re cipient.

Th e first section of th is publication contains descriptions of th e studies w ith a list of th e m ajor publications th at resulted from e ach study. Th e second section

includes a sum m ary of e ach study. If no publications

e xist, th e establish m ent re cord or progress re ports are

listed. Page num be rs are given w ith e ach study sum -

m ary and description so th e re ade r can quick ly re fe r

from one section to th e oth e r. Reade rs inte rested in

spe cific spe cies or subje cts can re fe r to th e index to

find th e appropriate studies.

All of th e research w ork units of th e South e rn Station are not re presented h e re nor are all of th e ongoing long-te rm studies described. In som e units, th e

scientists do not carry out long-te rm studies. In oth e r

units, descriptions of som e studies could not be accurate ly com ple ted or pre lim inary data could not be rele ased at th is tim e. For th is publication, a long-te rm

study is defined as one th at h as been in existence for

5 or m ore years and for w h ich th e intent is, or w as, to

m ak e re pe ated m e asuremen ts ove r a pe riod of years.

STUDY DESCRIPTIONS AND

PUBLICATIONS
ENVIRONMENTAL IM PACTS OF AND

ECOSYSTEM R ESPONSES TO VEGETATION

M ANAGEMENT IN SOUTH ERN FORESTRY

Th e Im pacts of Com pe tition on Loblolly Pine:

a R e gional Asse ssm ent of th e Com pe tition

Om ission Monitoring Proje ct (COM Proje ct;

See sum m ary, p. 104.)

A com m on study design w as installed at 14 locations th rough out th e South to track th e grow th of

loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) establish ed under 4 com -

pe tition conditions th at re present th e corne r e xtremes

of a pine-grow th response surface whe re th e independent variables are w oody com pe tition and h e rbace ous

com pe tition. Th e tre atm ents during th e first 4 ye ars

w e re: (1) total control; (2) control of w oody com pe tition; (3) control of h e rbace ous com pe tition; and (4) no

control afte r rolle r ch opping or cle aring. During th e

first 5 ye ars, tre atm ent rank ings for gre ate r grow th

in h eigh t, diam e te r, and volum e of loblolly pine we re:

(1) total control; (2) h e rbace ous control; (3) w oody control; and (4) no control. W ith total control, pine volum e afte r 5 ye ars ave raged about five tim es m ore th an

w ith no control. W oody and h e rbace ous control incre ased volum e by an ave rage of 68 and 173 pe rcent,

respe ctive ly, sh ow ing th e gre ate r ave rage influence of

h e rbace ous com pe tition during th is pe riod. Both

h eigh t and diam e te r can be incre ased w ith ve ge tation

control, but diam e te r is influenced m ore. Grow th reductions by com pe titors vary by site and intensity of

com pe tition.

Th is study is being conducted th rough coope ration

am ong th e South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,2

Auburn Unive rsity Silvicultural H e rbicide Coope rative, Virginia Polyte ch nic Institute and State Unive rsity, Louisiana Te ch Unive rsity, Inte rnational Pape r

Com pany, Pack aging Corporation ofAm e rica, Potlatch

Corporation, Scott Pape r Com pany, Union Cam p Corporation, Ge orgia Pacific Corporation, W illam e tte Industries, and E.I. DuPont de Nem ours and Com pany.

An investigator from e ach of th ese coope rating agencies, institutions, and com panies is responsible for

research activities at one of th e study locations.

2 In January 19 9 5, th e South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

and South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station com bined to form th e

South e rn Research Station. In th is publication, th e form e r South -

e aste rn Forest Expe rimen t Station w ill be re fe rred to as the South -

e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

M ajor Publications Or Progre ss Reports

Cain, M .D. 19 88. Com pe tition im pacts on grow th of

naturally re gene rated loblolly pine seedlings. Res.

Note SO-345. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Cain, M .D. 19 89 . A sim ple com pe tition assessm ent

system associated w ith intensive com pe tition control in natural loblolly-sh ortle af pine seedling

stands. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 13:

8-12.

M ille r, J.H .; Z utte r, B.; Z edak e r, S.M . [and oth e rs].

19 87. Region-w ide study of loblolly pine seedling

grow th re lative to 4 com pe tition le ve ls afte r 2 grow -

ing seasons. In: Ph illips, Douglas R., cam p. Proceedings of th e 4th biennial south e rn silvicultural

research confe rence ; 19 86 Novembe r 4-6; Atlanta,

GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-42. Ash eville, NC: U.S. Departm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 581-59 1.

Z utte r, Bruce. 19 88. 19 86 grow ing season results of

H B-4F studies (COMP). Res. Note 88-8. Auburn, AL:

Auburn Unive rsity Silvicultural H e rb icide Coope rative. 14 p.

Th e Im pact of M ech anical Site Pre paration on

th e Continued Fore st Productivity of

Piedm ont Soils (See sum m ary, p. 104.)

Th e e ffe cts of rootrak ing on th e prope rties of soils

(study 1) as w e ll as varying intensities of m e ch anical

site pre paration (study 2) h ave been unde r investigation for 9 years on Piedm ont soils. Pe riodic sam pling

and analyses of nutritional and ph ysical variables h ave

reve aled a gene ral trend in elevated leve ls of available nutrients at a h igh e r soil pH for 2 ye ars afte r

tre atm ent follow e d by a pe riod of declining leve ls at a

low e r pH . Much ph osph orus and oth e r m acronutrients are concentrated in w indrow s. Surprisingly, bulk

density tends to decre ase and m acropore space to incre ase in th e first few years afte r m e ch anical tre atm ents. Apparently, m ost ch anges in th e nutritional

and ph ysical prope rties of th ese soils are associated

w ith root death afte r h arvesting and subsequent decom position.

Study 2 is being conducted th rough coope ration w ith

M . Boyd Edw ards, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, w h o is m e asuring pine grow th and ve ge tation deve lopm ent.

M ajor Publications Or Progre ss Reports

Bank e r, R.E.; M ille r, J.H . 19 83. M e ch anical site pre paration im pacts on soil and plant com pe tition in th e

4
Piedm ont. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 45 p. On file w ith :

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Bank e r, R.E.; M ille r, J.H .; Davis, D.E. 19 83. First-year

e ffe cts of rootrak ing on available nutrients in Piedm ont Plate au soils. In: Jones, Earle P., ed. Proceedings of th e 2nd biennial south e rn silvicultural

research confe rence ; 19 82 Novembe r 4-5; Atlanta,

GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-24. Ash eville, NC: U.S. Departm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 23-25.

M ille r, J.H .; Edw ards, M .B. 19 84. Th e e ffe ct of varying intensities of site pre paration on th e soil resource . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm e n t of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 26 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M ille r, J.H .; Edw ards, M .B. 19 85. Im pacts of various

intensities of site pre paration on Piedm ont soils afte r 2 ye ars. In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceedings of th e

3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch .

Rep. SO-54. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 65-73.

Unde rstory Succe ssion and Ove rstory Grow th

in Longle af Pine Sm all Pole Stands Follow ing

Fire, M ech anical, and Ch e m ical Tre atm ents

(See sum m ary, p. 105.)

Th e ave rage h eigh t, d.b.h ., volum e, and basal are a

of longle af pine (Pinus palustris) stands on unburned

plots significantly exceeded th e ave rage me asurem ents for e ach of th ree burning tre atm ents. Th e diffe rence between unburned and burned stands in total

volum e continues to w iden from 202 ft3/acre in 19 80

to 341 ft3/acre in 19 83 to 479 ft3/acre in 19 86 to 574

ft3/acre in 19 89 . Supplemen tal h ardw ood control tre atm ents h ave not affe cted any m e asure of pine grow th

in any m e asuremen t pe riod, th ough m idstory h ardw oods (~ 1.5 inch es in d.b.h .) on untre ated ch e ck plots

re ach ed an ave rage of 340 ste m s and a basal are a of

15.5 ft2/acre.

From 19 83 to 19 89 , on plots w ith out supplemen tal

tre atm ents, biennial spring burns reduced th e density of m idstory h ardw oods from 5.1 to 1.6 ft2/acre and

sum m e r burns from 4.0 to 1.9 ft2/acre. W inte r burns

allow e d a slow incre ase in m idstory h ardw oods from

8.7 to 10.4 ft2/acre. Ove r th e first 10 ye ars of th e study,

burning led to substantial sh ifts in com position of

understory biom ass. On unburned plots, both w oody

and litte r b iom ass incre ased w h e re as h e rbace ous ve ge tation declined. On burned plots, h e rbace ous biom -

ass incre ased. Th e significant e ffe ct of burning on total

biom ass w as due to diffe rences in dead organic litte r.

Total living green b iom ass w as not significantly affe cted by th e th ree burning tre atm ents, and th e re w as

little diffe rence in biom ass com ponents am ong th e

th ree seasons of burn.

M ajor Publications Or Progre ss Reports

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 83. Grow th of young longle af pine

as affe cted by biennial burns plus ch e m ical or m ech anical tre atm ents for com pe tition control. In: Proceedings of th e 2nd biennial south e rn silvicultural

research confe rence ; 19 82 Novembe r 4-5; Atlanta

GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-24. Ash eville, NC: U.S. Departm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 62-65.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 85. Unde rstory succession and

ove rstory grow th in longle af pine sm all pole stands

follow ing fire, m e ch anical, and ch e m ical tre atm ent.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Progress re port. 59 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 87. Volum e grow th loss: a h idden

cost of prescribed burning in longle af pine ? South -

e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. ll(3): 154-157.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 88. Unde rstory succession and

ove rstory grow th in longle af pine sm all pole stands

follow ing fire, m e ch anical, and ch e m ical tre atm ent.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Progress re port. 46 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 9 0. Unde rstory succession and

ove rstory grow th in longle af pine sm all pole stands

follow ing fire, m e ch anical, and ch e m ical tre atm ent.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Progress re port. 84 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Longle af Pine Re gene ration Trials

(See sum m ary, p. 106.)

Know ledge de rived from th ese re gional tests of th e

sh e lte rw ood syste m s of natural re gene ration of

5
longle af pine (Pinus palustris) h as been utilized in th e

deve lopm ent and application of th e me th od. Th e tests

h ave provided useful inform ation on: pe riodicity of

cone production from year to year and place to place ;

seedling establish m ent; seedling survival and grow th ,

both wh en th e sh e lte r-w ood ove rstory w as re m oved and

w h en th e parent ove rstory w as re tained; te ch niques

for m onitoring and predicting seed crops; and te ch -

niques for conducting re gene ration surveys.

M ajor Publications Or Progre ss Reports

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 77. Stock ing pe rcent and seedlings pe r acre in naturally establish ed longle af pine.

Journal of Forestry. 75(8): 500, 505, 506.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 79 . Mortality am ong seed trees

in longle af pine sh e lte r-w ood stands. South e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry. 3(4): 165-167.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 79 . Regene rating th e natural

longle af pine forest. Journal of Forestry. 77(9 X 572-

575.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 79 . Th e sh e lte r-w ood system for

natural re gene ration of longle af pine. In: Proceedings, National silviculture w ork sh op; 19 79 Se pte m -

be r 17-21; Ch arleston, SC. W ash ington, DC: U.S.

Departm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, Division

of Tim be r Managem ent: 124-128.

Baye r, W illiam D. 19 87. Annual and ge ograph ic variations in cone production by longle af pine. In: Proceedings of th e 4th biennial south e rn silvicultural

research confe rence ; 19 86 Novembe r 4-6; Atlanta,

GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-42. Ash eville, NC: U.S. Departm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 73-76.

Crok e r, Th om as C., Jr.; Baye r, W illiam D. 19 75. Re gene rating longle afpine naturally Res. Pap. SO-105. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 21 p.

Escam bia “Farm Forty” (See sum m ary, p. 106.)

Th is study, w h ich w as begun in 19 47, is a m anagem ent dem onstration in an understock ed 40-acre tract

of second-grow th longle af pine (Pinus palustrish Th e

m anagemen t goal for th is tract h as been to produce

h igh -quality logs and poles on a 60-ye ar rotation using low -cost natural re gene ration m e th ods th at include

patch sh e lte r-w ood and group sele ction. Initial saw log

volum e ave raged 3,559 foot board m e asure @m Yacre

(Inte rnational l/4-inch ). In 19 87,40 years late r, saw log

volum e ave raged 6,417 fh m facre, an incre ase of 2,858

fh m /acre ove r th e 19 47 inventory. During th e 40-ye ar

pe riod, re m ovals included 4,370 fbm /acre of logs and

poles, plus an additional 239 ft3/acre in pine pulpw ood

and posts. By 19 87, ove r one-h alf (22 acres) of th e tract

h ad been naturally re gene rated to longle af pine and

supported stands ranging from grass-stage seedlings

to sm all poles. Ne arly all th e 19 87 saw tim be r volum e

w as on th e 18 acres not yet re gene rated, so e ach of

th ese 18 acres carried an ave rage of about 14,000 fbm

of saw tim be r and poles. H ardw oods ave raged 330 ft31

acre, about 17 pe rcent of total volum e, w ith 58 pe rcent in th e lo-inch d.b.h . class or large r.

M anagemen t costs for th e 40-acre tract w e re confined m ostly to prescribed burning, m ark ing trees for

cut, and som e control of cull h ardw oods. Th e tract w as

prescribed burned 10 tim es during th e 40-ye ar pe riod

for b rush control, h az ard reduction, and seedbed

pre paration.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Boye r, W illiam D.; Farrar, Robe rt M . 19 81. Th irty

years of m anagemen t on a sm all longle af pine forest. South e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry. 5(2): 73-

77.

Crok e r, T.C. 19 53. Results of good m anagemen t seem

lik e w oodland m agic. South e rn Lum be r Journal.

57(10): 76.

Crok e r, T.C., Jr. 19 53. Returns from a longle af pine

w oodland. South . For. Notes 83. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. [not paged]

Crok e r, Th om as C. 19 50. Sm all longle af tract sh ow s

profit. Forest Farm e r. lO(2): 12.

Crok e r, Th om as C., Jr. 19 50. W ide faces boost gum

yie lds. Forest Farm e r. 9 (11): 14.

Crok e r, Th om as C., Jr. 19 50. W ide faces boost gum

yie lds. Naval Stores Revie w . 60(31): 22-23.

Crok e r, Th om as C., Jr. 19 51. An annual tree crop.

Forest Farm e r. 10(B): 9 .

Crok e r, Th om as C., Jr. 19 51. Tree crop box score-it

answ e rs grow e r’s questions. Alabam a Lum be rm an.

3(5): 18-19 .

Crok e r, Tom . 19 54. Se ven years of m anagemen t on th e

Escam bia farm forest forty. Th e AT-FA Journal.

17(2): 14.

Tim ing of Scrub Oak Control

(See sum m ary, p. 107.)

Th is study w as conducted to dete rm ine w h e th e r

seedling age at tim e of re le ase from ove rtopping h ard6
w oods is an im portant factor in th e deve lopm ent of

longle af pine (Pinuspalustris) re gene ration. Seedling

grow th w as re tarded by ove rtopping h ardw oods

(m ostly scrub oak s), and th e largest seedlings at age

10 w e re th ose re le ased first. Th e im pact of h ardw ood

com pe tition w as m uch gre ate r on poor th an on ave rage sites. Seedlings re le ased at age 1 on poor sites

w e re th ree tim es large r at age 10 th an sim ilar

unre le ased seedlings, and seedlings re le ased early on

good sites w e re only 50 pe rcent large r th an sim ilar

unre le ased seedlings.

Seedling survival w as bette r on ave rage th an on poor

sites, re gardless of re le ase tre atm ent. Apparently, fire

w as th e m ajor dire ct cause of seedling m ortality. In

years w ith out fire, annual m ortality ave raged about

1.4 pe rcent, re gardless of site conditions and rele ase

tre atm ents. M ortality from fire is apparently re lated

to seedling siz e, degree of b row n spot (Scirrh ia acicola)

infe ction, and re le ase status. Th e risk of m ortality from

fire w as gre atest am ong unre le ased seedlings on poor

sites, so e arly seedling re le ase is m ost im portant on

poor sites, espe cially if th ese sites are to be burned.

Seed lings res ponded to re le ase w ith incre ase d

grow th , even w h en re le ase w as de layed as long as 8

years. Seedlings re le ased at ages 1 and 2 grew significantly bette r th an unre le ased seedlings during th e

first year afte r re le ase. Th ose re le ased at a late r age

gene rally did not sh ow a significant response until th e

second year afte r re le ase.

Apparently, 12 pe rcent of th e longle af pine seedlings

w e re inh e rently resistant to b row n spot dise ase and

w e re neve r m ore th an ligh tly infe cted during th e

course of th e study, alth ough close-neigh boring trees

w e re seve re ly infe cted. A follow -up e xam ination w h en

trees w e re 24 ye ars old indicated th at b row n spot-resistant individuals h ad an ave rage h eigh t advantage

of 8 ft ove r th e m ore b row n spot-susce ptible trees. Th e

dise ase-resistant longle af pines w e re cle arly th e dom inant m embe rs of th e ne w stand.

Th e diffe rences in seedling size associated w ith e arly

and delayed re le ase from ove rtopping h ardw oods w e re

h igh ly significant at age 10, w ith th e trees re le ased at

age 1 being five tim es as tall as trees re le ased at age

8. H ow e ve r, a re e xam ination of study plots w h en trees

w e re 31 ye ars old reve aled th at th e grow th of stands

re le ased late caugh t up w ith th ose re le ased early. Tim -

ing of re le ase from ove rstory h ardw oods no longe r h ad

any significant e ffe ct on stock ing, ave rage h eigh t and

d.b.h . of trees, or basal are a and volum e of stands.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 72. Brow n-spot resistance in natural stands of longle af pine seedlings. Res. Note

SO-142. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 4 p.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 74. Im pact of prescribed fires on

m ortality of re le ased and unre le ased longle af pine

seedlings. Res. Note SO-182. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 75. Tim ing ove rstory re m oval in

longle af pine. Journal of Forestry. 73(g): 578-580.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 85. Tim ing of longle af pine seedling re le ase from ove rtopping h ardw oods: a look 30

years late r. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry.

g(2): 114-116.

Gaines, Edw ard M . 19 50. Scrub oak h e lps longle af

seedlings on deep sand. South . For. Notes 69 . Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

[Not paged].

Gaines, Edw ard M . 19 51. Scrub oak as a nurse crop

for longle af pine on deep sandy soils. Alabam a Acade m y of Science Journal. 22: 107-108.

W alk e r, L.C. 19 54. Early scrub oak control h e lps

longle af pine seedlings. Journal of Forestry. 52(12):

9 39 .

W alk e r, L.C. 19 54. Rele ase longle af seedlings early.

South e rn Lum be rm an. 189 : 2369 .

Ae rial Application of Th ree New Silvicide s to

Longle af Pine Re gene ration Are as

(See sum m ary, p. 107.)

Th e purpose of th is study w as to dete rm ine if tw o

new form ulations of 2,4,5-T (butoxy eth anol este r and

e m ulsifiable acid) are as e ffe ctive as an older form ulation (e m ulsifiable am ine) for controlling h ardw oods

w h ile causing less dam age to longle af pine (Pinus

palustris) seedlings. Th e re com m ended form ulation of

2,4,5-T w as m ost e ffe ctive in controlling oak s (Quercu s

spp.), w ith no m ore dam age to pines th an any oth e r

form ulation tested. About 18 pe rcent of th e first-year

longle af pine seedlings sprayed w ith a silvicide we re

dead 1 ye ar afte r tre atm ent, com pared to less th an 3

pe rcent of th e older longle af seedlings.

Twen ty years afte r tre atm ent, th e este r-tre ated and

untre ated control plots in each of four 40-acre com -

partm ents w e re re e xam ined. Alth ough th e num be r of

longle af pines pe r acre w as th e sam e for both tre ated

and untre ated stands, th e ch e m ical re le ase tre atm ents

resulted in trees h aving a diam e te r ave raging 10 pe rcent gre ate r in size, 17 pe rcent gre ate r in h eigh t, and 40

pe rcent m ore in m e rch antable volum e th an trees in th e

untre ated stands. Th e volum e diffe rence re presents

about an 8-year grow th advantage for tre ated stands.

7
In 19 85, soils on th ese study sites w e re sam pled by

th e U.S. Environm ental Prote ction Agency for presence of dioxin residues.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Farrar, Robe rt M . 19 61. Ae rial application of four

silvicides in south Alabam a. In: Proceedings of th e

south e rn wee d confe rence ; 19 61 January 18; St.

Pe te rsburg, FL. Ch am paign, IL: W eed Science Socie ty of Am e rica; 14: 19 8-201.

M ich ae l, J.L. 19 80. Long-te rm im pact of ae rial application of 2,4,5-T to longle af pine (Pinus palustris).

W eed Science. 28(3): 255-257.

Longle af Pine Seed Production

(See sum m ary, p. 108)

Th is study w as conducted to e xplore factors affe cting cone production by longle af pine (Pinuspalustris)

and th e long-te rm variability in, and re lationsh ip between , pollen and cone production. Th e date of pe ak

flow e ring by longle af pine is closely associated w ith

air te m pe rature. In th is study, h e at sum s above a

th resh old of 50 “F accum ulated from January 1 accounted for nearly all th e year-to-year variation in

flow e ring date. Th e h e at sum required for pe ak pollen sh ed declined w ith late r flow e ring dates. Air te m -

pe ratures in th e im m ediate environm ent of th e flow e rs

w e re th e principal dete rm inant of th e rate of flow e r

deve lopm ent. Both m ale and fe m ale flow e rs de ve loped

concurrently and re ach ed a pe ak at th e sam e tim e.

Seventy pe rcent of th e variation in h e at sum s pre ceding pe ak pollen sh ed resulted from tree-to-tree diffe rences, w h ich ranged from 11,300 to 16,100 de gree-h ours.

Th ough m ost trees in a stand w ill re ach pe ak pollen

sh ed w ith in a pe riod of seve ral days, som e trees consistently sh ed pollen e arly and oth e rs late-so m uch

so th at in m ost years th e re w ill be little, if any, ove rlap in pollen sh ed between e arly and late flow e ring

trees w ith in a stand. Th e h e at requiremen ts for flow -

e ring are apparently an inh e rent ch aracte ristic of individual trees.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Boye r, W .D.; W oods, F.W . 19 73. Date of pollen sh edding by longle af pine advanced by incre ased te m -

pe ratures at strobili. Forest Science. 19 (4): 315-318.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 73. Air te m pe rature, h e at sum s,

and pollen sh edding ph enology of longle af pine. Ecology. 54(2): 420-426.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 74. Longle af pine cone production re lated to pollen density. In: Kraus, Joh n, ed.

Proceedings of a colloquium on seed yield from

south e rn pine seed orch ards; 19 74 April 2-3; M acon, GA. M acon, GA: Ge orgia Forest Research Council: 8-14.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 78. H e at accum ulation: an easy

w ay to anticipate th e flow e ring of south e rn pines.

Journal of Forestry. 76( 1): 20-23.

Boye r, W illiam D. 19 81. Pollen production and dispe rsal as affe cted by seasonal te m pe rature and rainfall patte rns. In: Frank lin, E. Carlyle, ed. Pollen

m anagemen t h andbook . Agric. H andb. 587. W ash -

ington, DC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture: 2-9 .

GENETICS OF SOUTH ERN PINES

A Seed Source Study and Progeny Te st of

Se le ct East Coast Loblolly Pine s

(See sum m ary, p. 108.)

Earlie r seed source tests h ad de m onstrated th at

loblolly pine (Pinus taed a) from th e Atlantic coast outpe rform s local loblolly pine in south e rn Ark ansas.

Furth e r testing w as indicated, using th e progeny of

plus tree sele ctions, w h ich sh ould give gre ate r im -

provemen t th an could be expe cted from trees of th e

“w oods run” or nonsele ct seed sources th at h ad been

previously tested. A study w as installed at tw o sites

in Ark ansas and one in Mississippi to test th e pe rform ance of progeny of 38 open-pollinated plus tree seed

orch ard sources from coastal counties of North and

South Carolina along w ith th ose of tw o w oods-run

sources from th e sam e are as. Progeny of a w oods-run

source and a m ixed seed lot fro& a plus tree seed orch ard in south e rn Ark ansas w e re also tested. Th e

study design w as a random ized block w ith 5 re plications and 64 trees pe r plot (Grigsby 19 73).

Afte r 13 ye ars, th e Atlantic coast sele ctions w e re

outpe rform ing th e w oods-run trees of Carolina or Ark ansas origin as w e ll as th e Ark ansas orch ard trees

in th e Ark ansas planting. Afte r 11 ye ars, th e advantage of th e coastal sources w as not as apparent at th e

M ississippi site. Th ese results substantiate th e value

of planting loblolly pine seeds from th e Carolina

Coastal Plain in south e rn Ark ansas (Sch m idtling

19 87).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Grigsby, H .C. 19 73. A seed source and progeny test of

sele ct e ast coast loblolly pines in south e rn Ark ansas. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

8
Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 11 p. On file w ith : South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Room T10210, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Sch m idtling, Ronald C. 19 87. A seed source and progeny test of sele ct e ast coast loblolly pines in south -

e rn Ark ansas. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 15 p. On file w ith :

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, Room T-10210, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Th irty-Six Seed Source s of Loblolly Pine

Te sted in South e rn Ark ansas

(See sum m ary, p. 109 .)

In a siz able provenance test in 19 57, loblolly pine

(Pinus taed a) w as planted in south e rn Ark ansas on

lands of th e Oz an and Fordyce Lum be r Com panies

(now ow ned by Potlatch and Ge orgia Pacific Corporations). Since th e first few years afte r planting, research e rs at th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station h ave colle cted and analyzed data from th e plots, and personnel of th e tw o

com panies h ave m aintained th e plantings. Th irty-six

range w ide seed sources of loblolly pine are re presented

in each of eigh t block s, four in H e m pste ad County, and

four in Cleve land County. Each plot (36/black ) contains 49 trees surrounded by 2 buffe r row s. Spacing

ave rages 6 by 7 ft in H e m pste ad County and 8 by 8 ft

in Cleve land County (W e lls and Lam beth 19 83).

Afte r 25 ye ars, trees from som e e aste rn seed sources

of loblolly pine ave raged 8 ft talle r th an local Ark ansas trees. Trees from m ost of th e range seem ed w e ll

adapted to th e clim ate of south e rn Ark ansas, alth ough

th ose from near th e gulf coast w e re poorly adapted.

Dam age from fusiform rust caused by Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e fungus w as negligible, but

th e weste rn trees w e re m ore resistant th an th ose from

e aste rn sources. Forest m anage rs can w e igh th e conside rable potential gain against possible risk wh en

ch oosing seed sources for planting loblolly pine in

south e rn Ark ansas (W e lls and Lam beth 19 83).

sults. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(2):

71-75.

Th e Effe cts of Intensive Culture and W ood

Quality on Grow th and Yie ld of Longle af,

Slash , and Loblolly Pine s

(See sum m ary, p. 109 .)

Th e m ajority of forest m anage rs do not consider

planting longle af pine (Pinuspalustris) because of its

slow e arly grow th rate com pared to slash (P. elliottii)

and loblolly (P. taed a) pines. H ow e ve r, m any foreste rs

belie ve th at th e long-te rm grow th rate of longle af pine

is supe rior to th at of th e oth e r tw o spe cies. Th e present

study w as undertak en to com pare th e re lative grow th

rates and yields of longle af, slash , and loblolly pines in a

25-ye ar-old intensive-culture e xpe rim ent (Sch m idtling

19 86).

One-year-old seedlings of th e th ree spe cies w e re barplanted at lo- by lo-ft spacings in 19 60. Th e design

w as a split-plot, random ized com ple te block w ith four

re plications. Each block consisted of 15 plots, w ith 5

plots each of th e 3 pine spe cies, and 100 trees pe r plot.

A diffe rent cultural tre atm ent w as applied to e ach plot

w ith in th e 5-plot are as for e ach spe cies: cultivated but

not fe rtilized, cultivated w ith 100 lb per acre of fe rtiliz e r, cultivated w ith 200 lb per acre of fe rtiliz e r, cultivated w ith 400 lb per acre of fe rtiliz e r, and control.

Afte r 9 years, all th ree spe cies grew be tte r on th e fe rtilized plots, w ith loblolly pine bene fiting th e m ost and

longle af pine lagging far beh ind. Afte r 25 ye ars, th e

e ffe cts of intensive culture we re still strik ing in all

th ree spe cies. Th e m ost im portant ch ange w as in re lative pe rform ance of longle af pine com pared to slash

and loblolly pines. H eigh t of all th ree spe cies w as equal

at th e low e st fe rtiliz e r leve ls, but longle af pine pe rform ed bette r th an th e oth e r spe cies at th e h igh est

leve ls of fe rtiliz e r. Th us, longle af pine is apparently a

desirable spe cies to plant. It is naturally resistant to

fusiform rust and south e rn pine beetles and is used

for m any forest products because of its h igh quality

(Sch m idtling 19 86).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Grigsby, H . C. 19 77. A 16-ye ar provenance test of

loblolly pine in south e rn Ark ansas. In: Proceed ings,

south e rn forest tree im provemen t confe rence ; [Dates

unk now n]; Gainesville, FL. Gainesville, FL: [Publish e r unk now n]: [Pagination unk now n].

W e lls, 0.0.; Lam beth , C. C. 19 83. Loblolly pine provenance test in south e rn Ark ansas-25th year reSch m idtling, R.C. 19 84. Early intensive culture affe cts

long-te rm grow th of loblolly pine trees. Forest Science. 30(2): 49 1-49 8.

Sch m idtling, R.C. 19 84. Spe cies and cultural e ffe cts

on soil ch e m istry in a south e rn pine plantation afte r 24 ye ars. In: Proceedings, 3rd biennial south e rn

silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r

7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-54. New Or9
le ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 573-

577.

Sch m idtling, R.C. 19 86. R e lative pe rform ance of

longle af com pared to loblolly and slash pines under

diffe rent le ve ls of intensive culture. In: Proceed ings,

4th biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 86 Novembe r 4-6; Jack son, M S. Gen . Te ch .

Rep. SE-42. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 39 5-400.

Sch m idtling, R.C.; Am burgey, T.L. 19 77. Grow th and

w ood quality of slash pines afte r e arly cultivation

and fe rtiliz ation. W ood Science. 9 : 154-159 .

Sch m idtling, Ronald C. 19 73. Intensive culture incre ases grow th w ith out affe cting w ood quality of

young south e rn pines. Canadian Journal of Forest

Research . 3: 565-573.

W olte rs, Gale L.; Sch m idtling, Ronald C. 19 75. Brow se

and h e rbage in intensive ly m anaged pine plantations. Journal of W ildlife M anagemen t. 39 (3): 557-

562.

Yie ld, Stability, and Fusiform R ust

Com parisons for Single and Multi-Fam ily

Blends of Slash Pine and Loblolly Pine

(Include s studie s 50-1401-4.1 th rough SO-1401-

4.3; see sum m arie s, p. 110-111.)

South e rn pine plantations are often establish ed w ith

seedlings grow n from seeds produced by seed orch ards.

Seed orch ards are com posed of ram e ts from m any

im proved fam ilies, and th e seeds from all ram e ts are

m ixed toge th e r during colle ction. Th is process cre ates

a com ple x blend of seeds from m any diffe rent fam ilies, w ith th e proportion of seeds contributed by a given

fam ily dete rm ined by th e fam ily’s current seed production in th e orch ard. Th is practice is not a rational

deploym ent strate gy but is done for conven ience in

seed colle ction and h andling. Th e re is a need for deploym ent strate gies based on som e definable goal, such

as m inim izing th e potential risk to seeds from dise ases

and pests. Th ese m ixing e xpe rim ents w e re designed

to provide forest m anage rs w ith th e k ind of inform ation needed to m ak e decisions re garding th e optim um

deploym ent of im proved trees (Nance 19 84a, 19 8413,

19 84c).

A se ries of plantings of h alf-sib fam ilies from com -

m e rcial seed orch ard clones w as establish ed, w ith

fam ilies of loblolly pine (Pinus taedcz ) m ixed toge th e r

in various proportions (Study SO-1401-4.1). Th e obje ctives of th e study are to dete rm ine th e yielding ab ility of re presentative fam ilies of loblolly pine in both

pure and m ixed fam ily plots, to deve lop a w ork ing

m odel for predicting th e yields of m ixed plots based

on a k now ledge of th e yields of e ach fam ily in pure

plots, to com pare th e pe rform ance of row -plot m ixtures

w ith th at of single random m ixtures (blends) for m ixtures of up to six fam ilies, to deve lop, if possible, a

w ork ing m odel to predict pure-plot and m ixed-plot

yie lds in large plots based on fam ily pe rform ance in

sm all row plots, and to com pare th e yield stability of

pure ve rsus m ixed plots. Plantings w e re establish ed

in tw o locations: th e H arrison Expe rim ental Forest in

M ississippi and on Crow n Z e lle rbach land near

Bogalusa, LA. Th e re are 4 test plantations, e ach w ith

4 block s and 30 test plots pe r block : 10 pure plots, 18

binary m ixtures (9 m ixtures, 2 proportions), 1 blend,

and 1 row m ix. H eigh t and fusiform rust stem cank e rs caused by Cronartium q ue rcuum f. sp. fusiform e

fungus w e re me asured afte r th e 1st and 2nd grow ing

seasons in th e fie ld, and h eigh t, stem cank e rs, d.b.h .,

and crow n length w e re to be m e asured afte r th e 3rd,

4th , 5th , 6th , 8th , lOth , and 12th grow ing se asons

(Nance 19 84b , 19 84c).

A sim ilar study (SO-1401-4.2) w as establish ed for

slash pine (P. elliottid in 19 84. Tw o test plantations

w e re establish ed on th e H arrison Expe rim ental Forest. Th e first test spacing w as 2 by 2 m , re plicated

th ree tim es, and th e second test spacing w as 2 by 1 m ,

re plicated four tim es (Nance 19 84c).

A th ird study in th e se ries (SO-1401-4.31, designed

to deve lop a strate gy of seed deploym ent for pine seed

orch ards, w as installed in th e Ouach ita Mountains of

Ok lah om a. North Carolina and Ark ansas loblolly pines

w e re planted in pure loo-tre e plots in 3 diffe rent seed

m ixtures: 25 pe rcent Ark ansas-75 pe rcent North Carolina, 50 pe rcent Ark ansas-50 pe rcent North Carolina,

and 75 pe rcent Ark ansas-25 pe rcent North Carolina.

Anoth e r obje ctive of th is study is to reduce th e potential risk of using loblolly pine seeds from North Carolina in Ark ansas (Nance 19 84a).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Nance, W arren L. 19 84a. M ixing e aste rn and w e ste rn

seed sources of loblolly pine in Ok lah om a plantings.

Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 3 p. On file w ith : South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Room T10210, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Nance, W arren L. 19 84b . Yie ld, stab ility, and fusiform

rust com parisons for single and m ulti-fam ily blends

of loblolly pine. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 3 p. On file w ith : South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue,

Room T-10210, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

10
Nance, W arren L. 19 84c. Yie ld, stab ility, and fusiform

rust com parisons for single and m ulti-fam ily blends

of slash pine. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 3 p. On file w ith : South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue,

Room T-10210, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

South w ide Pine Seed Source Study

(See sum m arie s, p. 111-113.)

H ow far can south e rn pine seeds be planted from

th e orch ard in w h ich th ey w e re colle cted? W h e re is

th e best place to obtain seeds for planting at a spe cific

site ? W h en seed orch ards are being establish ed, w h at

sh ould be k now n about th e ge ograph ic origin of th e

parent trees? Th e re are seve ral practical questions

re garding south e rn pine seed sources for w h ich answ e rs h ave long been sough t. Som e provenance tests

w e re establish ed before 19 50, but none sam pled th e

entire range of a spe cies, so th e inform ation from th ese

studies w as lim ited.

Th e South w ide Pine Seed Source (SPSS) study w as

proposed and undertak en at th e First South e rn Confe rence on Forest Tree Im provemen t in 19 51. Th e

study w as sponsored by th e south e rn forest tree im -

provemen t com m ittee th rough its subcom m ittee on

ge ograph ic sources of seeds. Th e spe cies studied w e re

longle af pine (Pinus palustris), slash pine (P. elliottii

var. elliottii), loblolly pine (P. taeda), and sh ortle af pine

(P. echinata). Th e obje ctive of th e SPSS study w as to

dete rm ine to w h at e xtent inh e rent ge ograph ic varia950

_

85“

tion in th e four pine spe cies is associated w ith ge ograph ic variation in clim ate and ph ysiograph y. Th e

resulting inform ation w as intended for use in m apping th e z ones in w h ich it is practical to m ove seeds

from orch ard to planting site (Com m ittee on South -

e rn Forest Tree Im provemen t 19 56; W e lls 19 69 ).

Th e plantations for all four spe cies w e re establish ed

in 19 52-53 from seeds colle cted in 19 51. Th e drough ts

of 19 53 and 19 54 de ple ted or destroyed m any of th e

original longle af and sh ortle af plantations, so new

plantations for th ose species w e re establish ed in 19 56-

57 from seeds colle cted in 19 55. Th e seed sources in a

re placemen t plantation paralle led as closely as possible th e source of th e original plantation (W e lls 19 69 ).

In th e SPSS slash pine study, th e re we re six seed

sources re presenting th e north e aste rn and w e ste rn

e xtre m ities of th e range and a m ore south e rly portion

of th e range th an w as included in any earlie r study

(fig. 1). Nine plantations w e re establish ed, from e aste rn Te xas to south e rn North Carolina and from central Ge orgia to south Florida. Th ree plantations w e re

located outside th e range of slash pine (Kore tz 19 87).

Th e study indicated th at trees of th e north e ast Floridasouth Ge orgia provenance do not survive planting

quite as w e ll as th ose from th e weste rn part of th e

spe cies’ range. Th e re is also evidence th at w ith in th e

spe cies’ range, diffe rences in grow th rates are not due

to ge ograph ic source of seeds. H ow e ve r, north of th e

range of slash pine, w e ste rn trees outgrew e aste rn

trees in som e plantings. Th us, slash pine seeds from

anyw h e re north and w e st of south -central Florida are

suitable for planting w ith in th e natural range of th e

spe cies. In th e North or W est or on adve rse sites, north

750

350

250

11
and w e st provenances m ay be prefe rable. No ge ograph ic diffe rence in rust resistance w as found. Th e

study suggests th at w ith in each provenance m uch

m ore individual variation is present th an is variation

am ong populations. H ence, th e traits of th e individual

parent trees m ay be m ore im portant th an th e ge ograph ic origin if clim ate or site is not adve rse. Seeds

from orch ard trees, w h ich h ave been rigorously sele cted, sh ould be superior to w ild stand seeds, re gardless of location or site. Be cause m any slash pine

plantations w e re establish ed w ith seeds of th e north -

e ast Florida-south Ge orgia provenance, plantations

grow n from seeds of even unk now n ge ograph ic origin

sh ould be good sources of seeds for orch ard trees

(Snyder and oth e rs 19 67).

Th e SPSS longle af pine study included 15 seed

sources re presenting th e gre ate r part of th e spe cies’

range, w ith a notice able gap between s outh Florida

and central Ge orgia. Th irty-seven plantations w e re

successfully establish ed from south e aste rn Virginia

to e aste rn Te xas and from north e aste rn Alabam a to

th e central gulf coast. Th e seed sources and plantings

w e re grouped into six se ries designed to test spe cific

h ypoth eses. In tw o series, seed sources from th e e astw e st e xtremes of th e range we re evaluated, and in

tw o oth e r series, seed sources from th e north -south

e xtremes w e re evaluated. In th e re m aining tw o series, diffe rences in soil prope rties w e re evaluated

(Kore tz 19 87). Trees from south e rn Florida seeds pe rform ed poorly at all locations w h e re th ose seeds h ad

been planted, but trees from th ree central gulf coast

seed sources pe rform ed w e ll th rough out th e Coastal

Plain. Figure 2 sh ow s th e z one w ith in w h ich trees from

gulf coast seeds h ave pe rform ed bette r th an th ose from

oth e r sources. W est of central Louisiana, seeds from

w e st of th e M ississippi Rive r pe rform ed bette r. Th e re

is no advantage in m oving seeds north m ore th an 4 “F

of annual m e an te m pe rature, and th e re are various

com binations of seed sources and plantings to be

avoided. Genetic diffe rences between sandh ill and

nonsandh ill e cotypes w e re too sm all to be im portant

(W e lls and W ak e ley 19 70).

Th e SPSS loblolly pine study included 15 seed

sources re presenting th e m ajor portion of th e range.

Eigh teen plantations w e re establish ed from e aste rn

M aryland to e ast Te xas and from central Ark ansas

and Tennessee to south Ge orgia and Louisiana. Th e

seed sources w e re grouped into tw o series, w ith one

series re presenting th e m ajor portion of th e range and

th e oth e r series being restricted to a m ostly continental e ast-w e st transect from North Carolina to Ark ansas. Th e study dem onstrated th at in m ost locations it

is best to use local seeds, but th e re are som e e xce ptions. In Tennessee, loblolly pine from th e e aste rn part

of th e range pe rform ed considerably bette r th an th at

from th e adjoining South e rn States. In are as w h e re

fusiform rust caused by Cronartium que rcu um f. sp

fusiform e fungus is a proble m , rust-resistant loblolly

95” 900 85” 8 0 ”

I I

Figure 2.- The optim um seed collection area (h atched ) for plantings of longleaf pine to be m ade w ith in the stippled area.

Isoth e rm s of ave rage annual tem perature are sh ow n (W ells and W ak e ley 19 70).

12
pine from Livingston Parish , LA, pe rform ed bette r

th an loblolly pine from local seeds (W e lls 19 83). Since

th e 10th year data w e re publish ed (W e lls and W ak e ley

19 661, results of th is study h ave been h e lpful to pe rsons w anting to m ove seeds or planting stock . Th e late r

m e asuremen ts confirm th e trends obse rved in th e e arlie r m e asuremen ts (W e lls 19 83).

In th e SPSS sh ortle af pine study, seeds from 23

sources located th rough out th e spe cies’ range we re

planted at 40 locations. Th e re we re a latitudinal, a

longitudinal, and an inte rm ediate se ries of sources and

plantings (W e lls 19 79 ). A m ap of seed colle ction and

planting z ones for sh ortle af pine w as pre pared based

on results of th e study (fig. 3). Th e m ajor findings of

th e study w e re as follow s: e ast of th e M ississippi Rive r,

trees from th e seed sources farth est south tend to grow

faste r th an th ose from north e rn sources as far north

as north e rn Mississippi; trees from th e m ost north -

e rn sources are far supe rior to th ose from near th e

north e rn edge of th e natural range ; and, in th e cente r

of th e range, seeds can be m oved fre e ly on both sides

of th e M ississippi Rive r (W e lls 19 79 ).

Alth ough th e adage “local seeds are best” h as long

been h e lpful to south e rn tree plante rs, th e study indicated th at, in som e are as, considerable genetic gain

can be re alized by m oving seeds fairly long distances.

In oth e r instances, espe cially near th e north e rn lim it

of a spe cies’ range, no im provemen t ove r th e local seeds

seem s possible (W e lls 19 69 ).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

South w ide Pine Seed Source Study

(SPSS)

Com m ittee on South e rn Forest Tree Im provemen t

(Subcom m ittee on Ge ograph ic Source of Seed ). 19 52.

W ork ing plan for coope rative study of ge ograph ic

sources of south e rn pine seed. 35 p.

Com m ittee on South e rn Forest Tree Im provemen t

(Subcom m ittee on Ge ograph ic Source of Seed .) 19 56.

Supplemen t No. 1 to th e original w ork ing plan of

Se ptembe r 12, 19 52, for th e South w ide Pine Seed

Source Study. 110 p.

H en ry, B.W . 19 59 . Dise ase and insects in th e South -

w ide Pine Seed Source Study plantations during th e

first five years. In: Proceedings, 5th south e rn confe rence on forest tree im provemen t; [Location unk now n]; [Dates unk now n]; [Place of publication

unk now n] : [Publish e r unk now n] : 12-17.

H en ry, B.W .; Coyne, J.F. 19 55. Occurrence of pests in

South w ide Pine Seed Source Study. In: Proceed ings,

400

350

300

Figure 3.- Seed collection and planting zones for sh ortleaf pine. Seeds for plantings in z ones I or 2 sh ould be collecte d

in z ones 1 or 5. Seeds for z one 5 sh ould com e from z one 5. Seeds for z one 3 can com e from eith e r z one 2

or 3 or the north e rn h alf of z one 5. Seeds for z one 4 and beyond sh ould be collected in z one 4 (W ells and

W ak e ley 19 70).

13
3rd south e rn confe rence on forest tree im provemen t;

[Location unk now n]; [Dates unk now n]; New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 49 -

54.

H en ry, B.W .; H e pting, G.H . 19 57. Pest occurrences in

35 of th e South w ide Pine Seed Source Study plantations during th e first th ree years. New O rle ans,

LA, and Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn and South e aste rn

Forest Expe rim ent Stations: 7 p.

Kore tz, J. 19 87. South w ide Pine Seed Source Study.

Unpub. Ms. On file w ith : RW U 4107, U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, New O rle ans, LA.

W ak e ley, PC. 19 59 . Five-year results of th e South w ide

Pine Seed Source Study. In: Proceed ings, 5th south -

e rn confe rence on forest tree im provemen t; [Location unk now n]; [Dates un k now n]. [Location of

publication unk now n]: [Publish e r unk now n]: 5-11.

W ak e ley, PC. 19 59 . Five-year results of th e South w ide

Pine Seed Source Study th rough 19 60-19 61. In: Proceedings, 6th south e rn confe rence on forest tre e

im provemen t; [Location unk now n]; [Dates unk now n]. [Place of publication unk now n] : [Publish e r

unk now n] : 10-24.

W ak e ley, P.C. 19 61. Results of th e South w ide Pine Seed

Source Study th rough 19 60-61. In: Proceedings, 6th

south e rn confe rence on forest tree im provemen t;

[Location unk now n]; [Dates unk now n]. [Place of

publication unk now n] : [Publish e r unk now n] : 10-24.

W e lls, 0.0. 19 69 . Results of th e South w ide Pine Seed

Source Study th rough 19 68-69 . In: Proceedings,

10th south e rn confe rence on forest tree im provem ent; [Location unk now n]; [Dates unk now n]. [Place

of publication unk now n1 : [Publish e r unk now n] : 117-

129 .

W e lls, 0.0. 19 83. South w ide Pine Seed Source Study

at 25 ye ars. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry.

7(2): 63-71.

SPSS-Loblolly Pine

Nance, W .L.; W e lls, 0.0. 19 81. Site index m odels for

h eigh t grow th of planted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda

L.) seed sources. In: Proceed ings, 10th south e rn confe rence on forest tree im provemen t; [Location unk now n]; [Dates unk now n]. [Place of publication

unk now n] : [Publish e r unk now n] : 86-9 6.

W e lls, 0.0.19 83. South w ide Pine Seed Source Studyloblolly pine at 25 ye ars. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 72(2): 63-70.

W e lls, 0.0. 19 85. Use of Livingston Parish , Louisiana loblolly pine by forest products industries in th e

South e ast. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry.

9 (3): 180-185.

W e lls, 0.0.; W ak e ley, PC. 19 66. Ge ograph ic variations

in survival, grow th , and fusiform -rust infe ction of

planted loblolly pine. Forest Science M onograph . 11.

40 p.

SPSS-Longle af Pine

W e lls, 0.0.; W ak e ley, P.C. 19 70. Variation in longle af

pine from seve ral ge ograph ic sources. Forest Science. 16(l): 28-42.

SPSS-Sh ortle af Pine

W e lls, 0.0. 19 79 . Ge ograph ic seed source affe cts pe rform ance of planted sh ortle af pine. In: Proceedings,

sym posium on th e m anagemen t of pines of inte rior

South ; [Location unk now n]; [Dates un k now n].

[Place of publication unk now n]: [Publish e r unk now n] : 48-57.

W e lls, 0.0.; W ak e ley, PC. 19 70. Variation in sh ortle af pine from seve ral ge ograph ic sources. Forest

Science. 16: 415-423.

SPSS-Slash Pine

Snyder, E.B.; W ak e ley, P.C.; W e lls, 0.0.19 67. Slash

Pine Provenance Tests. Journal of Forestry 65(6): 414-

420.

Control Pollinating to De te rm ine Efficient

M eth ods of Breed ing Longle af Pine for Brow n

Spot Res istance (See sum m ary, p. 113.)

Th e original study w as initiated in 19 78 by E.B.

Snyder and A.G. Kais. It w as based on previous genetic e xpe rim ents conducted by Snyder and H .R. De rr.

In particular, th e study @O-4153-3.10) w as a w indpollinated progeny test of m ore th an 500 longle af pine

trees (Pinus palustris). Tests w e re establish ed on th e

H arrison and Palustris Expe rim ental Forests near

Gulfport, M S, and Ale xandria, LA, respe ctive ly. M ost

of th e tested trees w e re native to and grow ing in th e

vicinity of Bogalusa, LA. Follow ing e xtensive me asurem ents and analyses of grow th and diseases, th e poorest trees w e re culled from th e test plantings, th us

producing first-gene ration-seedling seed orch ards.

M any questions w e re raised during th e analyses about

th e corre ct or optim al procedures for culling as w e ll

as for sele cting spe cific trees for b reeding th e ne xt

gene ration.

Th e follow ing questions form ed th e m otivation for

th e present study, w h ich w as installed in 19 82-83.

W h e re b row n spot needle bligh t (caused by th e fun14
gus Scirrh ia acicola) is a proble m , sh ould longle af pine

be b red for gene ral or spe cific adaptiveness? W h e re

b row n spot is not a proble m , sh ould longle af pine parents be sele cted w ith or w ith out dise ase pressure ? W ith

or w ith out dise ase pressure, do parents or offspring

m ak e bette r parents? Currently, all th e data h ave been

colle cted for th is study, and efforts are underw ay to

organize th ese data into a Statistical Analysis System (SAS) data library. W h en com ple te, th e library

w ill contain data from both gene rations of th is longle af

pine b reeding population. Quantitative genetic analyses w ill be m ade in h ope of answ e ring th e proposed

questions as w e ll as oth e rs th at h ave re cently surfaced.

Recent questions pertain m ore to th e genetic control

of th e grass stage and h ow new m ole cular te ch nologies m ay h e lp e lim inate th is proble m atic ch aracte ristic from im proved longle af pine. Answ e rs to th ese

questions conce rning b reeding and genetic proble m s

sh ould allow research e rs of th e USDA Forest Se rvice

and oth e r tree b reede rs to continue th e genetic im -

provemen t of longle af pine.

W OOD PRODUCTS INSECT RESEAR CH

Evaluation of Ch e m icals used to Control

Subte rrane an Te rm ite s (Include s studie s SO4502-4.102, 4.104, 4.105, 4.151 th rough 4.155,

4.158,4.161,4.163, 4.168, 4.173,4.176, 4.177, and

4.603; (see sum m arie s, p. 114-122.)

Subte rranean te rm ites are found in eve ry State of

th e Un ited States e xce pt Alask a, and dryw ood te rm ites

e xist along th e south e rn rim of th e Un ited States. Te rm ites play an im portant role in forest e cology by re cycling deadw ood on th e forest floor (fig. 4) and th e reby

Figu re 4.-A live elm tree infe sted w ith Form osan subterranean

term ite s. Term ites do not infe st live trees in m ost parts

of th e United State s.

en rich ing th e soil (H ave rty 19 77). Most buildings in

th e Un ited States are so constructed th at te rm ites can

e asily attack th e w ood (fig. 5) unless a te rm ite preventive or control is used (Mauldin 19 83). Th e USDA

Forest Se rvice W ood Products Insect Research Laboratory at Gulfport, M S, is th e only laboratory in th e

Nation e xclusive ly devoted to th e study of insects th at

attack w ood products (fig. 6) (Joh nston 19 67). Scientists at th e laboratory h ave conducted m any long-te rm

studies to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of various ch e m icals

used as soil tre atm ent for control of te rm ites (fig. 7).

Be cause th e studies and th e me th ods used are so sim ilar, th ey are com bined h e re.

Studies of subte rranean te rm ite control w e re begun

on th e H arrison Expe rim ental Forest in south e rn Mississippi during th e late 19 30’s. Late r studies w e re begun on sites in oth e r States to dete rm ine th e influence

of soil type, clim ate, and te rm ite spe cies on th e duration of prote ction (Joh nston 19 67). Aldrin, benzene

h e xach loride, ch lordane, DDT, die ldrin, h e ptach lor,

toxaph ene, and oth e r ch e m icals w e re tested sh ortly

afte r being deve loped.

Th e standard board and stak e me th ods w e re used

in m any of th e e xpe rim ents. In th e board m e th od,

ch e m icals are sprink led on th e surface of a 17-inch 2

are a th at h as been cle ared of le aves and debris. Afte r

th e ch e m icals h ave soak ed into th e soil, a l- by 6- by

6-inch sap pine board is laid on th e soil surface in th e

cente r of th e tre ated are a and w e igh ted w ith a b rick .

Te rm ites h ave to penetrate th e tre ated soil to attack

th e board. Tre atm ents are usually distributed in a

random ized block design w ith 10 re plications. Boards

th at decay are re placed w ith new ones.

Ch e m ical tre atm ents being evaluated by using th e

stak e me th od also are distributed in a random ized

block design w ith 10 re plications. Th ree m e th ods using stak es designed to sim ulate tre atm ent around th e

foundation of buildings are used. In th e first m e th od,

a h ole 15 by 19 inch es and 12 inch es deep is dug, and

th e ch e m ical is applied to th e soil as it is being returned to th e h ole ; afte r th e soil is re placed, th e stak e

is set. In th e second m e th od, afte r a h ole 15 by 10

inch es and 12 inch es deep is dug, h alf th e ch e m ical is

poured into th e h ole, th e soil is re placed, and th e stak e

is set; th en th e re m aining ch e m ical is applied at th e

soil surface. In th e th ird m e th od, four 12-inch -deep

h oles are m ade w ith a crow bar, equidistant from a

stak e, in a 2-ft sam ple are a. Th e ch e m ical is divided

equally and applied to th e four h oles.

W ith th e introduction of th e organic ph osph ate, carbam ate, and pyre th roid insecticides as te rm ite controls, a m odified ground-board te ch nique, th e concre te

slab m e th od, w as introduced in 19 67. Be cause of le ach -

ing or degradation in sunligh t, th ese ch e m icals could

not be fairly evaluated using th e standard board and

stak e me th ods. Th ese insecticides w ould be used under and around buildings in a prote cted environm ent

15
Figure 5.--Se ve re subterranean term ite dam age underneath a large com m ercial build ing.

Figure 6.-Japanese pest control personnel visiting th e Gulfport term iticide te sts at th e H arrison Experim e ntal

Fore st.

16
(Be al 19 84). W ith th e m odified ground-board te ch -

nique, le aves and debris are re m oved to e xpose soil in

a 24-inch 2 are a. A 2 l-inch

2 

w ooden fram e is placed in

th e cle ared are a, and a trench 2 inch es deep and 2

inch es w ide is dug inside and adjacent to th e fram e.

Th e insecticides are applied ove r a 17-inch 2 are a in

th e m iddle of th e surrounding trench . Avapor barrie r

is placed ove r th e tre ated area, and concre te is poured

ove r th e are a to a depth of 1 inch and into th e trench

to form a sim ulated h ouse slab , w ith a l- by 4-inch -

diam e te r plastic tube placed in th e cente r of th e tre ated

are a. Th e vapor barrie r is late r re m oved, and a sap

pine block is placed in th e tube, w h ich is cove red. Th e

e xpe rim ent is installed as a random ized block design,

and each tre atm ent is re plicated 10 tim es.

Ch e m icals w e re m ixed w ith fuel oil or w ate r and

tested at various concentrations. Study are as w e re

visited annually or sem iannually, and boards and

stak es w e re care fully exam ined for te rm ite attack .

W h en 50 pe rcent of th e boards or stak es of a re plication becam e dam aged by te rm ites, th e tre atm ent w as

considered a failure and closed.

Th e e xpe rim ents dem onstrated th at som e of th e

insecticides tested are h igh ly effe ctive against subte rranean te rm ites (Sm ith 19 69 ). Som e concentrations

of som e of th e ch lorinated h ydrocarbons tested still

gave loo-pe rce n t control afte r 20 ye ars or m ore

(Joh nston and oth e rs 19 71). Th e ch lorinated h ydrocarbons aldrin, ch lordane, die ldrin, and h e ptach lor

w e re ve ry e ffe ctive in th e studies in south e rn Mississippi and at th e nationw ide sites. More re cently, oth e r

ch e m icals h ave also proven e ffe ctive for te rm ite control in Mississippi and at oth e r nationw ide test sites

(Mauldin and oth e rs 19 87a, 19 8713).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Anon. 19 81. Prote cting your h om e from te rm ites.

South e rn Living. 16(5): 19 4, 19 6.

Anon. 19 84. Gulfport search es for new te rm ite te ch -

nology. Pest Control. 52: 20-24. (Th is article w as

w ritten by Roge r Standly of M organ & Mye rs Public Relations firm w ith inform ation furnish ed to h im

by all th e scientists in RW U-4502.)

Be al, Raym ond H . 19 71. Concre te im pre gnated w ith

ch lordane or die ldrin not tubed ove r by subte rranean te rm ites. Journal *of Econom ic Entom ology.

64(5): 1289 -129 1.

Be al, Raym ond H . 19 80. Th e use of ch e m icals for te rm ite control: m e th ods and te ch niques used w orldw ide. Sociobiology. 5(2): 163-170.

Be al, Raym ond H . 19 84. Te rm iticide research update.

Pest Control Te ch nology. 12(3): 71-72, 74.

Be al, Raym ond H . 19 86. Fie ld testing of soil insecticides as te rm iticides. In: Proceedings, 17th annual

Figure 7.- Gulfport em ployee Janet Terry screening pote ntial term iticides in th e laboratory

17
m e e ting of th e Inte rnational Research Group on

W ood Prese rvation-w ork ing group Ib : Biological

Proble m s; 19 86 M ay 26-30; Avignon , France .

Stock h olm , Sw e den: IRG Se cre tariat; Docum ent

IRG/W P/129 4. 9 p.

Be al, Raym ond H .; Carte r, Fairie Lyn. 19 68. Initial

soil penetration by insecticide e m ulsions used for

subte rranean te rm ite control. Journal of Econom ic

Entom ology. 61(2): 380-383.

Be al, Raym ond H .; H ow ard, Ralph W . 19 82. Subte rranean te rm ite control: results of long-te rm tests.

Inte rnational Biodete rioration Bulle tin. 18(l): 13-

18.

Be al, Raym ond H .; M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.

19 86. Subte rranean te rm ites-th eir prevention and

control in buildings; H om e and Garden Bull. 64.

W ash ington, DC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice. 36 p. (Revised from 19 72,19 79 , and

19 83.)

Be al, Raym ond H .; M ille r, W .O. 19 80. Te rm ite control

investigations w ith b road spe ctrum insecticides.

Dow n to Earth . 37(l): 16-21.

Be al, Raym ond H .; Sm ith , Virgil K. 19 72. Carbam ate

or ph osph ate insecticides for subte rranean te rm ite

control? Pest Control. 49 (7): 20, 22, 43.

Bieste rfe ldt, R.C.; Am burgey, T.L.; W illiam s, L.H .

19 73. Finding and k e e ping a h e alth y h ouse. Misc.

Pub. 1284. W ash ington, DC: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice. 22 p. (Issued June 19 74.

Th is publication w as originally issued as Gene ral

Te ch nical Report SO-l. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station.)

Carte r, Fairie Lyn; Stringe r, Ch arles A. 19 71. Soil pe rsistence of te rm ite insecticides. Pest Control. 39 (2):

13-14, 16, 18, 20, 22.

H ave rty, M ich ae l I. 19 77. You can prote ct your h om e

from te rm ites. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. [Not paged].

Joh nston, H .R. 19 54. Results of tests sim ulating application of soil poisons under concre te slabs. Pest

Control. 22: l-2.

Joh nston, H .R. 19 56. Soil poisons for subte rranean

te rm ites. Soil tre atm ent for subte rranean te rm ites.

Oct. Pap. 152. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 8 p.

Joh nston, H .R. 19 60. Soil tre atm ent for subte rranean

te rm ites. Oct. Pap. 152 (revised). New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

Joh nston, H .R. 19 63. Eigh teen years of soil poison

tests. Pest Control. 31(2): 27.

Joh nston, H .R. 19 65. Soil insecticides for prevention

and control of subte rranean te rm ites in buildings.

Forest Entom ology XII Inte rnational Confe rence ;

[Location unk now n]; [Dates unk now n]. [Place of

publication unk now n]: [Publish e r unk now n]: 687.

Joh nston, H .R.; Osm un, Joh n V. 19 60. Good-bye te rm ite control? Pest Control. 19 60: 62-63.

Joh nston, H .R.; Sm ith , Virgil K.; Be al, Raym ond H .

19 72. Subte rranean te rm ites, th eir prevention and

control in buildings. H om e and Garden Bull. 64.

W ash ington, DC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice. 30 p. (Revised in 19 79 and 19 86.)

Joh nston, H arm on R. 19 67. Update on research at

USDA’s Forest Se rvice Gulfport Laboratory. Pest

Control. 35( 11): 41-42.

Joh nston, H arm on R.; Sm ith , Virgil K.; Be al, Raym ond

H . 19 71. Ch e m icals for subte rranean te rm ite control; results of long-te rm tests. Journal of Econom ic

Entom ology. 64(3): 745-748.

Jones, Susan C. 19 86. Laboratory evaluation of ch e m icals as te rm iticides. In: Proceedings, 17th annual

m e e ting of th e Inte rnational Research Group on

W ood Prese rvation-w ork ing group Ib : Biological

Proble m s; 19 86 M ay 26-30; Avignon , France .

Stock h olm , Sw e den: IRG Se cre tariat; Docum ent

IRG/W P/129 3. 4 p. (Study 4.603).

Jones, Susan C. 19 88. Tunneling ability of subte rranean te rm ites th rough te rm iticide-tre ated soil. In:

Proceedings, 19 th annual m e e ting of th e Inte rnational Research Group on W ood Prese rvationw ork ing group Ib : Biological Proble m s; 19 88 April

24-29 ; M adrid, Spain. Stock h olm , Sw e den: IRG Se cre tariat; Docum e n t IRG/W P/1376. 11 p. (Study

4.603).

Jones, Susan C. 19 89 . H ow toxic and re pe llent are soil

insecticides to subte rranean te rm ites? Pest M anagem ent. 8(2): 16-19 . (Study 4.603).

Kard, Bradford M . 19 89 . W h at is new w ith Gulfport

te rm ite research ? In: Com m e rcial Pesticide Applicator Training Program s; 19 89 Novembe r 6-7; Gre at

Bend, KS; 19 89 Nov 9 -10; Topek a, KS. M anh attan,

KS: Coope rative Extension Se rvice, Kansas State

Unive rsity: 49 -57A.

Kard, Bradford M.; M auldin, Joe K. 19 9 0. Te rm iticide

Fie ld Tests-19 89 update. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 13 p.

Kard, Bradford M .; M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.

19 89 . Evaluation of soil te rm iticides for control of

subte rran e an te rm ites (Isopte ra). Sociobiology.

15(3): 285-29 7.

Kard, Bradford M .; M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.

19 89 . Th e latest on te rm iticides. Pest Control.

57(10): 58, 60, 68.

Kow al, R. Joseph . 19 54. W h at th e USDA is doing about

research on . . . te rm ite control in slab construction.

Pest Control. (Volum e unk now n): l-4.

Kow al, R. Jose ph . 19 57. Th e National Rese arch

Council’s study of prote ction against decay and te rm ites in residential construction. In: Proceedings

18
of th e Association of South e rn Agricultural W ork -

e rs 54th annual convention; 19 57 Feb ruary 4-6; Birm ingh am , AL. [Place of publication unk now n]:

[Publish e r unk now n]: 155-156.

M auldin, Joe K. 19 83. Alte rnatives to te rm iticides. In:

Kh asaw inah , Abdallah M ., ed. Te rm iticides in building prote ction: Proceedings of a w ork sh op; 19 82

Se ptembe r 22-23; W ash ington, DC, Ch icago, IL:

Ve lsicol Ch e m ical Corporation: 9 5-9 8.

M auldin, Joe K. 19 83. Th e Forest Se rvice research

program on prote ction of w ood in use. Pest M anagemen t. 2(l): 14, 16, 19 .

M auldin, Joe K. 19 83. Status of research and fie ld

e valuation . In : Kh asaw inah , Abdallah M ., ed .

Te rm iticides in building prote ction: Proceedings of

a w ork sh op; 19 82 Se ptembe r 22-23; W ash ington,

DC, Ch icago, IL: Ve lsicol Ch e m ical Corporation:

103-106.

M auldin, Joe K. 19 86. Econom ic im portance and control of te rm ites in th e United States. In: Vinson,

Bradleigh S., ed. Econom ic im pact and control of

social insects. New York : Prae ge r Publish e rs: 130-

143,421.

M auldin, Joe K.; Be al, Raym ond H .; Jones, Susan C.

19 82. Subte rranean te rm ites, part II. Pre-re gistration try-outs of te rm iticides. Pest Control. 50(8): 32,

34. (Study 4.603).

M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.; Be al, Raym ond, H .

19 87a. Soil te rm iticides: a review of e fficacy data

from fie ld tests. In: Proceedings, 18th annual m e e ting of th e Inte rnational Research Group on W ood

Prese rvation-w ork ing group Ib : Biological Proble m s; 19 87 M ay 17-22; H oney H arbor, Canada.

Stock h olm , Sw e den: IRG Se cre tariat; Docum ent NO.

IRG/W P/1323. 20 p. (Studies 4.172, 4.175).

M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.; Be al, Raym ond H .

19 87b . Vie w ing te rm iticides. Pest Control. 57(10):

46,48,52-53,56-57, 59 .

M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.; Be al, Raym ond H .

19 88. Soil te rm iticides: a re view of e fficacy data from

fie ld tests. [Abstract]. In: Proceedings, 34th annual

M ississippi Insect Control Confe rence ; 19 87 Nove m -

be r 16-18; M ississippi State Unive rsity Mississippi

State, M S: Coope rative Extension Cente r.

St. Ge orge, R.A.; Joh nston, H .R.; Kow al, R.J. 19 60.

Subte rranean te rm ites, th eir control in buildings.

H om e and Garden Bulle tin. 64: l-30.

Sm ith , V.K., Jr.; Joh nston, H .R. 19 70. Easte rn subte rranean te rm ite. [Revised]. Forest Pest Le afle t 68.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

6 P.

Sm ith , Virgil K. 19 68. Long-te rm m ovemen t of DDT

applied to soil for te rm ite control. Pesticides Monitoring Journal. 2(l): 55-57.

Sm ith , Virgil K. 19 69 . Te rm ite control and th e natural environm ent. In: Proceed ings, British W ood Preserve rs’ Association Te rm ite Sym posium ; [Dates

unk now n]; Cam b ridge, UK. [Place of publication

unk now n1 : [Publish e r unk now n1 : 202-204.

Sm ith , Virgil K. 19 76. Pe rsistence of te rm iticides in

soil. In: Proceedings, 4th annual Environm ental

Ch e m icals H um an and Anim al H e alth Confe rence ;

19 75 July 7-11; Fort Collins, CO. Fort Collins, CO:

Colorado State Unive rsity: 127-129 .

Sm ith , Virgil K. 19 79 . Im proved te ch niques designed

for screen ing candidate te rm iticides on soil in th e

laboratory. Journal of Econom ic Entom ology. 72(6):

877-879 . (Study 4.603).

Sm ith , Virgil K.; Be al, Raym ond H . 19 78. Th e best

w ay to figh t te rm ites is before your h ouse is built.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

and Louisiana State Unive rsity Coope rative Extension Se rvice. [Not paged].

Sm ith , Virgil K.; Be al, Raym ond H .; Joh nston, H arm on

R. 19 72. Twen ty-seven years of te rm ite control tests.

Pest Control. 40(6): 28, 42, 44.

W illiam s, Lonnie H .; Sm yth e, Rich ard V. 19 78. Estim ated losses caused by w ood products insects during 19 70 for single-fam ily dw e llings in 11 South e rn

States. Res. Pap. SO-145. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 10 p.

Evaluation of Se le cte d Inse cticide s as Soil

Tre atm e nts for Control of Coptoterm e s

form osanus Sh irak e , th e Form osan

Subte rrane an Te rm ite , on M idw ay Island

(See sum m ary, p. 122.)

Alth ough th e Form osan subte rran e an te rm ite ,

Coptote rm es form osanus, is one of th e m ost destructive spe cies of te rm ites in th e w orld, currently re com -

m ended insecticides h ave not been evaluated against

fie ld colonies of th is spe cies. Fie ld studies of oth e r te rm ite spe cies in Panam a indicate th at incre ased rates

of insecticide are needed in a tropical environm ent.

In 19 81, a study w as installed on Sand Island on

M idw ay Atoll near th e weste rn end of th e leew ard

H aw aiian Islands to dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of

various inse cticide form ulations applied to soil to prevent penetration of th e Form osan subte rranean te rm ite

th rough soils (fig. 8). Ch lordane, ch lordane-h e ptach lor

com bination, Dursban, Ectiban, h e ptach lor, N-259 6,

Oftanol, Pounce, and Tiove l w e re applied to th e soil in

concentrations varying from 62 to 1,000 p/m . A m odified stak e test m e th od w as used, w ith 10 re plications

pe r tre atm ent random ly distributed ove r th e e xpe rim ental are a. (See te rm iticide studies in th e United

States at th e beginning of th is section.) W h en te rm ites

penetrated th e tre ated soil in 50 pe rcent of a particular tre atm ent, it w as considered a failure.

19
In 19 89 , ch lordane, h e ptach lor, and Te rm ide applied

to th e soil at 250, 500, and 1,000 p/m and aldrin applied at 250 and 500 p/m re m ained 100 pe rcent e ffe ctive. Te rm ite attack of w ood in both untre ated control

plots and te rm iticide-tre ated plots h ad incre ased since

th e last annual e xam ination. Tw e lve tre atm ents w e re

closed because th e soil in five or m ore re plications w as

penetrated by te rm ites.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.; Be al, Raym ond H .

19 87. Soil te rm iticides: a re view of e fficacy data from

fie ld tests. In: Proceedings, 18th annual m e e ting of

th e Inte rnational Research Group on W ood Prese rvation-w ork ing group Ib : Biological Proble m s; 19 87

M ay 17-22; H oney H arbor, Canada. Stock h olm ,

Sw e den: IRG Se cre tariat; Docum ent IRG/W P/1323.

20 p.

Te sting of Inse cticide s for Use as Soil

Tre atm ents for th e Control of Subte rrane an

Te rm ite s-Republic of Panam a (See sum m ary,

p. 123.)

Th e gradual curtailm ent of th e production of ch lorinated h ydrocarbons for th e control of subte rranean

te rm ites in th e United States h as m ade necessary th e

e valuation of oth e r insecticides. Insecticides th at h ave

successfully k illed or re pe lled te rm ites in laboratory

tests m ust be evaluated in th e fie ld before th ey can be

considered effe ctive controls. Som e of th ese insecticides h ave been installed in fie ld tests in Ch iva Ch iva,

Panam a, on lands controlled by th e U.S. Arm y Tropic

Test Cente r.

Th e obje ctive of th is study is to dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of various form ulations of insecticides (tw o

form ulations of Dursban, [M-4504 and M-45481, six

concentrations of Pydrin and Ectiban, five concentrations of Oftanol, and th ree concentrations of Te rm ide )

w h en applied to th e soil to pre vent penetration of subFigure 8.-A view of a typical term iticide field te st.
te rranean te rm ites th rough th e soils in th is tropical

are a. Oftanol w as tested by th e standard concre te-slab

m e th od and Te rm ide by th e standard ground-board

m e th od. (See te rm iticide studies in th e United States

at b e ginning of th is section .) Dursban M-4504,

Dursban M-4548, Ectiban, and Pydrin w e re tested by

th e concre te-slab and ground-board m e th ods. Ten re plications of e ach tre atm ent w e re distributed ove r th e

study are a in a random ized fash ion. Inspections w e re

m ade annually. W h en tre ated soil in 5 of th e 10 re plications w as penetrated by te rm ites, th e tre atm ent w as

considered a failure.

In 19 85, te rm ites w e re ve ry active, and 24 tre atm ents h ad been attack ed by te rm ites (H eteroterm e s

spp. and Coptoterm es spp.). Th e only tre atm ents th at

w e re 100 pe rcent e ffe ctive we re 0.25 pe rcent ch lordane under th e concre te slab; 1.0 pe rcent ch lordane

in both m e th ods; and 0.125, 0.50, and 1.0 pe rcent

Te rm ide in th e ground-board m e th od. By 19 87, th e

e ffe ctiveness of 0.125 pe rcent Te rm ide in th e groundboard m e th od and 0.25 pe rcent ch lordane in th e concre te-slab m e th od h ad been reduced to 70- and

go-pe rcent control, respe ctive ly.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kard, Bradford M .; M auldin, Joe M .; Jones, Susan C.

19 89 . Evaluation of soil te rm iticides for control of

subte rraneante rm ites. Sociobiology. 15(3): 285-29 7.

M auldin, Joe K.; Jones, Susan C.; Be al, Raym ond H .

19 87. Soil te rm iticides: a re view of e fficacy data from

fie ld tests. In: Proceedings, 18th annual m e e ting of

th e Inte rnational Research Group on W ood Prese rvation-w ork ing group Ib : Biological Proble m s; 19 87

M ay 17-22; H oney H arbor, Canada. Stock h olm ,

Sw e den: IRG Se cre tariat; Docum ent NO. IRG/W P/

1323.20 p.

Isolation, Ch aracte rization, and Identification

of Biologically Active Com ponents from

Te rm ite-Resistant W oods 19 78 (See sum m ary,

p. 123.)

Research e rs in th is study are investigating e xtractive com ponents of w oods th at contain substances detrim ental to subte rranean te rm ites. Biologically active

com pounds obtained from w oods naturally resistant

to te rm ite attack m ay be useful in th e deve lopm ent of

new types of w ood prese rvatives to re place currently

used te rm iticides w h ose toxicity and environm ental

e ffe cts are in question. Th e ch e m ical constituent responsible for th e resistance of w ood m ay act as a repe llent or be distaste ful to te rm ites but is not toxic to

th e insects. Ch e m ical ch aracte riz ation of th e e xtractives w ould be valuable because som e e xtractives or

synth esized com pounds w ith sim ilar structures could

be used to prote ct susce ptible w ood from te rm ite attack .

Th e ove rall obje ctive of th is study is to obtain inform ation on th e fe asibility of preventing te rm ite dam -

age by ch oosing naturally resistant w oods or using

e xtractive constituents of th e w oods as w ood prese rvatives. Th e spe cific obje ctives are to fractionate, isolate , ch aracte riz e , and identify th e e xtran e ous

com ponents of th e w ood extracts th at are detrim ental

to th e te rm ites. A lim ited num be r of native and tropical w ood spe cies w e re sele cted for de tailed investigation of th eir e xtractive com ponents. Th e antite rm itic

prope rties tested include toxicity, re pe llency, antifeedant, and antiprotoz oan ch aracte ristics.

Com ponents of th e w ood extracts are separated for

bioassay and identification by colum n or th in-laye r

ch rom atograph y. A 1-m L aliquot of th e test solution

(e xtract, fraction, or isolate ) is applied to absorbent

pape r, and th e pape r is put in a containe r w ith 25 te rm ites. Condition of th e te rm ites is ch e ck ed at 24 and

72 h ours and biweek ly for 4 week s. Th e test solution

is considered as toxic if th e te rm ites die in less th an 10

days, as possibly a stom ach poison if th e te rm ites die

between 7 and 14 days, and as possibly a re pe llent,

antiprotoz oan, or antifeedant m ate rial if th e te rm ites

die between 2.5 and 4 week s. If th e te rm ites h ave e aten

th e test sam ple, th e antifeedant prope rty is ruled out.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Adam s, R.P.; M cDanie l, C.A.; Carte r, F.L. 19 88.

Te rm iticidal activities in th e h e artw ood, bark /sapw ood and le aves of Juniper-us spe cies from th e

United States. Bioch e m ical Syste m atics and Ecology. 16(5): 453-456.

Carte r, Fairie Lyn. 19 79 . Responses of R eticuliterm e s

flavipes to sele cted North Am e rican h ardw oods and

th eir e xtracts. Inte rnational Journal of W ood Prese rvation. l(4): 153-160.

Carte r, Fairie Lyn; Be al, Raym ond H . 19 82. Te rm ite

responses to susce ptible pine w ood tre ated w ith

antite rm itic e xtracts. Inte rnational Journal of W ood

Prese rvation. 2(4): 185-19 1.

Carte r, Fairie Lyn; de Cam argo, Ce lia R.R. 19 83. Testing antite rm itic prope rties of Brazilian w oods and

th eir e xtracts. W ood Fiber Science. 15(4): 350-357.

Carte r, Fairie Lyn; H uffm an, Jacob B. 19 82. Te rm ite

responses to w ood and extracts of m e laleuca. W ood

Science. 14(3): 127-133.

Carte r, Fairie Lyn; Jones, Susan C.; M auldin, J.K.; de

Cam argo, Ce lia R.R. 19 83. Responses of Coptoterm e s

form osanus Sh irak i to e xtracts from five Brazilian

h ardw oods. Z e itsch rift fue r Agn e w andte Entom ologie. 9 5: 5-14.

21
Carte r, Fairie Lyn; M auldin, Joe K. 19 81. Responses

of R eticuliterm es flavipe s to e xtracts from nine

antite rm itic h ardw oods. Mate rial and Organism en .

16(3X 175-188.

Jones, Susan C.; Carte r, Fairie Lyn; M auldin, Joe K.

19 83. R eticuliterm m flavipes (Kollar) (Isopte ra: Rh inote rm itidae ) responses to e xtracts from six Brazilian

w oods. Environm ental Entom ology 12(2): 458-462.

Evaluation of Ch e m icals Used as Soil

Tre atm ents for Control of Subte rrane an

Te rm ite s-Panam a Canal Z one

(See sum m ary, p. 124.)

Since construction of th e Panam a Canal in th e e arly

19 00’s, subte rranean te rm ites h ave dam aged th e canal facilities and nearby m ilitary installations. In 19 43

and 19 46, tests began on Barro Colorado Island,

Panam a, to dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of various

ch e m ical form ulations for use as soil tre atm ent for

control of subte rranean te rm ites and to e valuate m any

ch e m icals in a tropical environm ent. During 19 52-53,

th e te rm ite control studies w e re e xpanded in th e

Cunm du Jungle at Fort Clayton, Panam a, and in 19 63,

m ore tests w e re installed nearby (fig. 9 ) (Be al 19 81).

nivo standard fie ld test procedures w e re used to

evaluate th e e ffe ctiveness of various ch e m ical tre atm ents, th e standard stak e me th od and th e standard

ground-board m e th od. Each concentration of e ach

ch e m ical w as re plicated 10 tim es in a random ized com -

ple te block . Th e stak e or board w as south e rn pine or

som e oth e r te rm ite-susce ptible w ood th at w as inspe cted annually to dete rm ine if te rm ites h ad pene trated th e tre ated soil. Th e tre atm ent w as considered

a failure w h en te rm ites h ad penetrated th e soil in 5 of

th e 10 re plications. Mate rials tested included aldrin,

benzene h e xach loride, coppe r am m onium fluoride,

ch lordane, DDT (various concentrations and form ulations), die ldrin, h e ptach lor, pentach loroph enol, sodium

Figure 9 .- Gulfport em ployees Nely Rich and Eld on Mallette preparing a te st plot for evaluation of pote ntial term iticides.
arsen ite, sodium flurosilicate, and trich lorobenzene

(Be al 19 81).

Die ldrin (1.0 pe rcent) applied to th e soil as a w ate r

e m ulsion w as still 100 pe rcent e ffe ctive 27 ye ars late r

w h en th e study w as closed. Aldrin, ch lordane, and

h e ptach lor w e re still 100 pe rcent e ffe ctive when th e

tests w e re te rm inated afte r 16 ye ars (Be al 19 81).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Be al, Raym ond H . 19 81. Te rm ite control studies in

Panam a. Res. Note SO-280. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

DISEASES OF SOUTH ERN PINES

Lab and Fie ld Te sting for Grow th and Brow nSpot Res istance of Longle af Pine Progeny

(See sum m ary, p. 124.)

A re cently deve loped inoculation te ch nique can be

used to screen longle af pine (Pinus palustris) for resistance to b row n-spot needle bligh t caused by th e

fungus Scirrh ia acicola. Em ploying th is te ch nique

could reduce th e tim e necessary for fie ld testing from

4 ye ars to 1 ye ar or less. Alth ough laboratory screening cannot re place fie ld testing, it can be used for prelim inary screen ing and can reduce th e scope of fie ld

testing. Th is w ould bring about reduced costs for progeny testing and could expedite th e dete ction and rele ase of prom ising longle af sele ctions. A study w as

begun in 19 76 to test, e valuate, and corre late th e laboratory and fie ld te ch niques used to dete ct resistance

to b row n spot in longle af pine and to evaluate th e

grow th of and resistance to th is dise ase in prom ising

longle af parents and th eir progeny for use in future

b reeding program s (Kais 19 76).

Afte r 5 ye ars in th e fie ld, 30 open-pollinated fam ilies of longle af pine we re evaluated for survival, resistance to b row n spot, and grow th . Th e groups

included 5 resistant fam ilies previously tested and 25

untested fam ilies. Th e fie ld design consisted of a split

plot w ith wh ole plots (fam ilies) re plicated five tim es.

Fam ilies w e re re presented by 2 row s of 10 seedlings

e ach in each block . One-h alf of th e seedlings h ad been

pruned of all inoculated fascicled needle tissue at th e

tim e of outplanting (Kais and Bey 19 82).

Th e corre lation coe fficient between green h ouse infe ction and infe ction follow ing outplanting w as 0.641.

Fam ilies w ith th e h igh est infe ction in th e green h ouse

tended to be h igh est in th e fie ld, and th ose w ith th e

low e st infe ction in th e green h ouse w e re low e st in th e

fie ld. Afte r 5 ye ars, fam ily survival ranged from a low

of 38.0 pe rcent to a h igh of 9 2.0 pe rcent, w ith an ove rall m e an of 65.2 pe rcent. Infe ction by brow n spot

ranged from a low of 34.7 pe rcent to a h igh of 80.4

pe rcent, w ith an ove rall m e an of 57.4 pe rcent. Grow th

of th e progeny w as gene rally slow . Root-collar diam -

e te rs ranged from 1.67 to 3.72 cm , w ith an ove rall

m e an of 2.25 cm , and only 51.3 pe rcent of th e seedlings h ad begun rapid h eigh t grow th . Th e study confirm ed th e disease resistance of th e 5 pre viously tested

fam ilies and dem onstrated th at 5 of th e 25 previously

untested fam ilies w e re superior in disease resistance and

grow th capability Th e study closed in 19 82, but th e fam ilies w ill continue to be m onitored for dise ase resistance

and exce ptional grow th sele ction (Kais and Bey 19 82).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kais, A.G. 19 76. Lab and fie ld testing for grow th and

b row n-spot resistance of longle af pine progeny.

Study plan SO-2208-10.20. Gulfport, M S: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 7 p.

Kais, A.G.; Bey, C.F. 19 82. Lab and fie ld testing for

grow th and brow n-spot resistance of longle af pine

progeny. Study plan SO-2208-10.20. Gulfport, M S:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 12 p.

Control of Brow n-Spot Needle Bligh t on

Outplanted Longle af Pine Seedlings by

Stim ulation of Rapid H eigh t Grow th

(Study 50-2208-10.26; see sum m ary, p. 125.)

Longle af pine (Pinus palustris) seedlings go th rough

a pe riod of root and foliar deve lopm ent re fe rred to as

th e “grass stage.“Young needles of plants in th e grass

stage are e asily infe cted by th e fungus Scirrh ia acicola,

w h ich causes b row n-spot needle bligh t dise ase. Th is

dise ase delays grow th , prom otes furth e r infe ction, and

m ay k ill th e seedling. Once th e seedlings begin h eigh t

grow th , th e e ffe cts of th e disease dim inish rapidly, so

silvicultural te ch niques th at pe rm it th e initiation of

rapid h eigh t grow th by seedlings w ould be valuable.

Four factors (or com binations of th ese factors) th at

affe ct th e e arly rapid h eigh t grow th of outplanted

longle af pine seedlings are seedling siz e, b row n-spot

needle bligh t, wee d control, and nutrition (Kais 19 79 ).

To study th e e ffe cts of th ese four factors and th e

inte raction am ong th em on th e grow th of longle af pine,

tw o fie ld tests w e re establish ed. Both e xpe rim ents

w e re set up as a 24 factorial w ith a random ized com -

ple te block design w ith five block s. Th e variables m e asured included survival, pe rce n tage of infe ction ,

diam e te r grow th , and h eigh t grow th (Kais 19 79 ).

Benom yl root-dip tre atm ents provided significant

control of needle bligh t (fig. 10). Once th e disease w as

23
under control, fe rtiliz ation w as th e m ost im portant

single factor in th e stim ulation of grow th . H ow e ve r,

fe rtiliz ation along w ith h e rbicide tre atm ent provided

significantly gre ate r incre ases in grow th . In one test,

76 to 85 pe rcent of th e seedlings w e re in active h eigh t

grow th (gre ate r th an 10 cm ) afte r th e second year, and

in anoth e r test, 9 0 to 9 8 pe rcent of th e seedlings w e re

in active grow th afte r th e second year. Survival and

m e an stem length of seedlings w e re also significantly

incre ased by th e com bined fe rtiliz e r-h e rbicide tre atm ent along w ith b row n-spot control. Plot volum e index (a value com bining survival and grow th ) w as

significantly affe cted by th e com bined fe rtiliz e r-h e rbicide tre atm ent (Kais 19 84).

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan SO-2208-

10.26. 9 p.

Kais, A.G. 19 84. Control of b row n-spot needle bligh t

on outplanted longle af pine seedlings by stim ulation of rapid h eigh t grow th . New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Final Report SO2208-10.26. 32 p.

Kais, Albe rt G.; Cordell, Ch arles E.; Affe ltrange r,

Ch arles E. 19 86. Nurse ry application of benom yl

fungicide for fie ld control of b row n-spot needle bligh t

(Scirrh ia ocicola (De arn.) Sigg.) on longle afpine (Pinus

palu stris M ill.). Tree Plante rs’ Notes. 37( 1): 5.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kais, A.G. 19 79 . Control of b row n-spot needle bligh t

on outplanted longle af pine seedlings by stim ulation of rapid h eigh t grow th . New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

Th e Effe ct of a Pisolith us Ectom ycorrh iz al

Root-Dip Tre atm ent on th e Survival and

Grow th of Brow n-Spot Infe ction in Se le ct

Longle af Pine Fam ilie s (See sum m ary, p. 125.)

Pisolith us tinctorius (Pt) e ctom ycorrh iz ae h ave been

sh ow n to stim ulate both th e survival and grow th of

Figure lO.-Three-year-old longleafpines. The row on the right was treated with benomyl to control brown spot needle blight.

24
longle af pine (Pinus palu stris) seedlings. Se ve ral questions h ave arisen because of th is finding. Do sele ct

individual fam ilies from cross-pollination studies diffe r in th eir inh e rent ability to be infe cted w ith th e

e ctom ycorrh iz ae ofPt? Can a dip tre atm ent at th e tim e

of outplanting infe ct longle af pine seedlings m ore e ffe ctive ly th an Pt inoculation of seedlings w h ile th ey

are grow ing in nurse ry beds? H ow long w ill Pt

e ctom ycorrh iz ae pe rsist on inoculated seedlings in

both th e nursery bed and in th e fie ld? A study w as

conducted to provide answ e rs to th ese questions. Obje ctives of th e study w e re: to e valuate diffe rent longle af

pine fam ilies for susce ptibility to infe ction b y

e ctom ycorrh iz ae of Pt; to evaluate th e e ffe cts of Pt

e ctom ycorrh iz ae on th e survival and grow th of, and

infe ction by, b row n spot needle bligh t in th e diffe rent

longle af pine fam ilies; to e valuate a Pt dipping m e th od

for th e inoculation of longle af pine w ith e ctom ycorrh iz ae ; and to dete rm ine th e pe rsistence of Pt

e ctom ycorrh iz ae on longle af pine seedlings (Kais and

oth e rs 19 83).

Tw o fie ld tests involving 15 longle af pine fam ilies

w e re evaluated. Both of th e tests w e re designed as

split plots. Test 1, w ith bare-root seedlings, h ad 4

block s; and test 2, w ith seedlings grow n in tubes, h ad

20 block s. Paired seedlings w e re dip-tre ated w ith eith e r a Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae slurry or plain w ate r before being set out. Longle af pine seedlings w e re

successfully inoculated w ith Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae in th e

nursery seedbed. Th e Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae pe rsisted on

infe cted seedlings afte r planting in th e fie ld. M ach ineplanted seedlings proved to be supe rior to h andplanted seedlings in survival and grow th and in

re tention and persistence of e ctom ycorrh iz ae on th e

seedlings (Kais and oth e rs 19 86a, 19 8613).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kais, A.G.; Cordell, C.E.; Affe ltrange r, C.E. 19 83. Th e

e ffe ct of a Pisolith us e ctom ycorrh iz al root-dip tre atm ent on th e survival, grow th , and brow n-spot infe ction of sele ct longle af pine fam ilies. Study plan.

Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Kais, A.G.; Cordell, C.E.; Affe ltrange r, C.E. 19 86a.

Benom yl root tre atm ent controls brow n-spot dise ase

on longle af pine in th e South e rn United States. Forest Science. 32(2): 506-511.

Kais, A.G.; Cordell, C.E.; Affe ltrange r, C.E. 19 8613. Th e

e ffe ct of a Pisolith us e ctom ycorrh iz al root dip tre atm ent on th e survival, grow th , and brow n-spot infe ction of sele ct longle af pine fam ilies. Final re port.

Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 24 p.

Kais, Alb e rt G.; Snow , Glenn A.; M arx, Donald H . 19 81.

Th e e ffe cts of benom yl and Pisolith us tinctorius

e ctom ycorrh iz ae on survival and grow th of longle af

pine seedlings. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(4): 189 -19 5.

Fore st-Site Evaluation of Fusiform R ust in

M ississippi (See sum m ary, p. 126.)

Fusiform rust, caused by th e fungus Cronartium

quercuum , is a se rious m anagemen t problem in south -

e rn forests. It is espe cially h arm ful to slash pine (Pinus

elliottii) and loblolly pine (P.taed a). To study conditions affe cting th e incidence of fusiform rust, nine plantations of slash pine we re establish ed in 19 74 in

H ancock , H arrison, and Jack son Counties in coastal

M ississippi. Th e study are as w e re sele cted to re present a w ide range of potential site h az ards conducive

to th e deve lopm ent and spre ad of fusiform rust. Seedlings w e re h and planted in 25 row s, w ith 30 trees pe r

row . Seedlings from one of th ree seed sources w e re

planted in each row , w ith seven re plications of e ach

seed source. Th e variables studied included clim ate ;

seed source ; soil prope rties; pine grow th ; fungus and

h ost ph enology, including year of origin of gall, year of

discove ry of gall, h eigh t of gall above ground, distance

of b ranch galls from th e ste m , fate (ye ar of gall death ,

tree death , and year th at b ranch galls spre ad into th e

m ain ste m ), abundance of ae ciospore-producing galls

and te lia, and num be r of basidiospores trapped; and

th e spatial re lationsh ips of oak s to th e plantations

(Froe lich and Snow 19 86).

Th e am ount of fusiform rust infe ction varied conside rably by year from 19 74 th rough 19 78 (fig. 111,

depending on frequency of rain or nigh ts w ith prolonged h igh re lative h um idity. Large but inconsistent

diffe rences w e re re corded in annual infe ction am ong

sites due to a com bination of factors. Apparently, clim ate, seed source, soil prope rties, and pine grow th

w e re not re lated to site h az ard in th is study. Th e m ajor controlling factors for h az ard in e ach are a w e re

th e re lationsh ips of oak s to th e pine plantation, including h ow near th e oak s w e re to, and, in w h ich dire ction th e oak s w e re from , th e plantation and th e

total num be r of oak s (Froe lich and Snow 19 86).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Froe lich , R.C.; Nance, W .L.; Snow , G.A. 19 83. Size and

grow th of planted slash pines infe cted w ith fusiform

rust. Forest Science. 29 : 527-534.

Froe lich , R.C.; Snow , G.A. 19 86. Predicting site h azard to fusiform rust. Forest Science. 32(l): 21-35..

25
Figure ll.- Magnification of fusiform rust fu ngus in a pine gall.

R e action of Loblolly Pine Dialle l Fam ilie s to

Culture s of Fusiform Rust

(See sum m ary, p. 126.)

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seeds from ce rtain ge ograph ic seed sources are resistant to fusiform rust

caused by th e fungus, Cronartium quercuum f. sp.

fusiform e. Livingston Parish , LA, is an im portant

source for rust-resistant loblolly pine seeds, and trees

grow n from th ese seeds perform we ll th rough out m uch

of th e south e rn pine region. H ow e ve r, seedlings grow n

from bulk seed colle ctions vary in susce ptib ility to diffe rent sources of fusiform rust inocula. Th us, a need

e xisted to evaluate potential b reeding stock from th e

Livingston Parish are a w ith an array of diffe rent inocula to identify and m aintain adequate genetic resistance (Snow and oth e rs 19 82).

In th is study, seedlings of 43 control-pollinated

pine fam ilies w e re inoculated w ith 5 sources of fusiform rust. Th e seedlings w e re grow n from seeds produced in a dialle l crossing e xpe rim e n t w ith 10

loblolly pines in Livingston Parish . Th e pe rcentage

of trees w ith galls and th e form of galls on infe cted

trees w e re assessed. Diffe rences in pine fam ilies,

inocula, and th e inte raction of pine fam ilies w ith

inocula w e re identified. Th e m ost accurate separation

of inocula w as ach ieved w ith gall form . Th e variable

response of full-sib pine fam ilies to diffe rent inocula

underscores th e need to evaluate potential b reeding

stock w ith diffe rent rust inocula. Progeny from som e

parents w e re rath e r stable in response to th e various

sources of inocula. Th ese trees m ay be valuable as

teste rs in future b reeding program s (Snow and oth -

e rs 19 82).

26
Th e original trees of th is study are being m aintained

as “grafts” on th e H arrison Expe rim ental Forest in

south e rn Mississippi. All are considered valuable for

future genetic studies and as sources of rust-resistant

and rust-susce ptible m ate rial for tree b reeding.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Snow , G.A.; Nance, W .L.; Snyder, E.B. 19 82. Relative

virulence of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e

on lob lolly pine from Livingston Parish . In :

H eybroek , H .M.; Ste ph an, B.R.; von W eissenberg,

K., eds. Resistance to dise ases and pests in forest

trees: Proceedings of th e th ird inte rnational w ork -

sh op on th e genetics of h ost-parasite inte ractions

in forestry; 19 80 Se ptembe r 14-21; W agen ingen , th e

Ne th e rlands. W agen ingen : Centre for Agricultural

Publish ing and Docum entation: 243-250.

Snow , Glenn A. 19 85. A view of resistance to fusiform

rust in loblolly pine. In: Gaye r, Rich ard A.; Jones,

Joh n P., eds. Insects and diseases of south e rn forests: 34th annual forestry sym posium ; 19 85 M arch

26-27; Baton Rouge, LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Agricultural Expe rim ent Station: 47-51.

De te rm ining th e Virulence of Cronartium

quercu um fusiform e on Loblolly Pine

Plantations in and Ne ar M adison County,

Florida (See sum m ary, p. 127.)

Lob lolly pine (Pinus taed a) seed s ou rces in

Livingston Parish , LA, h ave sh ow n a h igh leve l of resistance to Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

w h ich causes fusiform rust, at m any locations in th e

South e aste rn United States. An e xce ption to th is fm ding w as re cently obse rved in a research study in Madison County, FL, w h e re Livingston Parish trees w e re

ve ry susce ptible to th e fusiform rust fungus.

Th e purpose of th e current w ork is to dete rm ine if

th e fusiform rust population is m ore virule n t to

Livingston Parish stock in th e M adison County are a

th an it is to stock in oth e r are as. Six se parate fie ld

plantings of loblolly pines re presenting seve ral seed

sources w e re establish ed in north e rn Florida. In th e

fifth grow ing season, th e trees h ad m oderate to h igh

rust infe ction.

Scre e ning of Rust-Free Slash Pine Tre e s in

Intensive ly Cultured Plantations for

Res istance to Fusiform R ust (See sum m ary,

p. 127.)

Expe rim ental trees in a study of th e e ffe cts of wee ding, drainage, irrigation, and fe rtiliz ation on th e

grow th of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in central Louisiana becam e h e avily infe cted w ith fusiform rust, w h ich

is caused by th e fungus Cronartium quercuum . By th e

end of th e sixth grow ing season, 67 to 9 6 pe rcent of

trees on individual plots w e re infe cted. Be cause rustfree trees in th ese plots are lik e ly to produce rust-fre e

progeny, a study w as carried out to dete rm ine th e re lative resistance of sele cted individuals from th e study

to fusiform rust and to prese rve th e ge rm plasm of at

le ast 20 individuals of good form and grow th rate th at

sh ow a h igh degree of resistance to fusiform rust w h en

screened at th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s Forest Pest

M anagemen t Resistance Screen ing Cente r at H arrison

Expe rim ental Forest, M S (Sh oulders and Snow 19 88).

In 19 83, 20 rust-free trees w ith good form and

grow th rate we re sele cted to be cloned; 1 or m ore successful grafts h ave been obtained from 19 of th e trees.

Progeny from th ese and oth e r dise ase-free trees w ill

be tested, and parent trees w ith good potential for

transm itting fusiform rust resistance to th eir progeny w ill be prote cted as a source of seeds and scions.

In 19 86, w ind-pollinated seeds w e re colle cted from 18

trees, including 6 trees th at h ad been cloned, 10 trees

w ith rust-free boles, and 2 trees th at h ad stem galls.

A com posite sam ple of seeds w as also colle cted, including seeds from 2 cones of e ach of 20 individuals.

In a routine screen ing for rust resistance, six seedlings from six of th ese seed lots w e re superior to th ose

in th e resistant slash pine ch e ck at th e Forest Pest

M anagemen t’s Resistance Screen ing Cente r in both

resistance index and percentage of galled trees (Sh oulders and Snow 19 88).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Sh oulders, Eugene; Snow , Glenn A. 19 88. Screen ing

of rust-free slash pine trees in intensive ly cultured

plantations for resistance to fusiform rust. Study

plan and establish m ent re cord. Gulfport, M S: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 44 p.

Th e Effe cts of Benom yl on Genetically

Im proved Longle af Pine (See sum m ary, p. 128.)

Notable e arly h eigh t grow th and control of b row nspot needle bligh t caused by th e fungus Scirrh ia

acicola h ave been obtained on longle af pine (Pinus

palustris) seedlings in th e fie ld follow ing tre atm ent

w ith benom yl. Also, control-pollinated tests of e lite x

e lite longle af pine trees h ave yielded superior progeny. Th ese results suggest th at th e use of benom yl and

genetically supe rior seed sources could result in significant gains in th e survival and grow th of longle af

27
pine. A study w as conducted to dete rm ine if benom yl

is equally effe ctive on 69 fam ilies of longle af pine h aving various leve ls of resistance to b row n-spot needle

bligh t. Effe ctiveness of th e fungicide w as evaluated

on th e basis of b row n-spot infe ction and grow th diffe rences between tre ated and untre ated seedlings

(Lott and oth e rs 19 82).

Longle af pine seedlings in tw o diffe rent tests (A and

B) we re tre ated w ith benom yl or a clay control and

th en planted at th e H arrison Expe rim ental Forest in

south e rn Mississippi in 19 82. Test A consists of 40

w ind-pollinated fam ilies, and test B consists of 24

cross-pollinated and 5 w ind-pollinated fam ilies. Both

tests h ave a paired plot design w ith five block s of th eir

respe ctive fam ilies, tw o tre atm ents pe r fam ily, and

eigh t seedlings in each row plot.

H eigh t grow th , survival, and infe ction w e re re corded

afte r grow th in 19 82, 19 83, and 19 84. Significant diffe rences in grow th w e re noted for test A fam ilies afte r

14 m onth s, and significant diffe rences in brow n spot

infe ction w e re noted for test B fam ilies afte r greenh ouse inoculations (Lott and oth e rs 19 82). Th e me an

survival w as 88.7 pe rcent for benom yl-tre ated seedlings and 73.9 pe rcent for untre ated seedlings. Th e

m e an brow n-spot infe ction rate w as 16.4 pe rcent for

tre ated seedlings and 67.6 pe rcent for untre ated seedlings. Me an stem length w as 17.9 cm for tre ated fam ilies and 9 .3 cm for untre ated fam ilies. In addition, 50.5

pe rcent of seedlings from tre ated fam ilies h ad begun

h eigh t grow th , but only 22.1 pe rcent of th ose in untre ated fam ilies h ad (Kais and oth e rs 19 84).

Th e seve re infe ction encounte red in th ese tests h as

e m ph asized th e e fficacy of benom yl for fie ld control of

b row n-spot needle bligh t of longle af pine and h as confirm ed th e inve rse re lationsh ip of b row n-spot needle

bligh t to th e survival and subsequent grow th of th e

spe cies (Kais and oth e rs 19 84).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kais, Alb e rt G.; Lott, Larry H .; H am ak e r, J.M.; Griggs,

M .M. 19 84. Th e e ffe cts of benom yl on genetically

im proved longle af pine. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 15 p. On

file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Lott, Larry H .; H am ak e r, Jam es M.; Kais, Albe rt G.;

Bey, Calvin F. 19 82. Th e e ffe cts of benom yl on genetically im proved longle af pine. Gulfport, M S: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station . Establish m e n t

re cord and progress re port. 14 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Control of Brow n-Spot Needle Bligh t on

Longle af Pine Seedlings by Benlate Root-Dip

Fungicidal Tre atm ent (See sum m ary, p. 128.)

Longle af pine (Pinus palustris) seedlings are ve ry

susce ptible to b row n-spot needle bligh t, caused by th e

fungus Scirrh ia acicola, during th e first 3 ye ars afte r

planting in th e fie ld. Infe ction during th is tim e can

inh ibit grow th for 10 ye ars or m ore or k ill th e seedlings. W h en h eigh t grow th begins, th e seedlings becom e resistant to furth e r infe ction. Consequently,

control of th e disease during th e first 3 ye ars afte r

planting is ve ry im portant. Soil-drench and root-dip

tre atm ents w ith Benlate (benom yl) h ave controlled

b row n-spot needle bligh t on longle af pine seedlings in

th e fie ld. Apparently, th e fungicide is translocated

syste m ically w ith in th e seedlings, th us preventing

infe ction. Application of th e fungicide to seedlings before planting is fe asible, practical, and environm entally safe (Kais and oth e rs 19 78).

Th e obje ctives of th is study w e re to test th e e ffe ctiveness of Benlate root-dip fungicidal tre atm ent for

th e control of b row n-spot needle bligh t ove r a w ide

ge ograph ic are a in five South e rn States, to dete rm ine

th e optim al dosage rate of th e fungicide and to dete rm ine th e duration of e ffe ctive control. Seedlings obtained from nurseries in Alabam a, Florida, Ge orgia,

Louisiana, and Mississippi w e re dip-tre ated w ith nine

le ve ls of Benlate and th en planted in th e fie ld in h igh -

h az ard are as in th eir respe ctive States. Th e e xpe rim ental design w as a random ized com ple te block w ith

nine tre atm ents. Th e re we re 6 block s, 1 row for e ach

tre atm ent, and 25 trees pe r row . Seedlings w e re

planted 3 ft apart in row s 10 ft apart, w ith block s being separated by 20-ft buffe r z ones. H eigh t grow th ,

survival, and percentage of infe ction w e re me asured

yearly during th e m onth of Novembe r.

A supplemen tal study w as initiated in 19 81 in four

of th ese States, w ith th e sam e obje ctives as th e original study and, in addition, to dete rm ine w h e th e r th e

fie ld survival and grow th of longle af pines could be

im proved by th e utiliz ation ofPisolith us tinctorius (Pt)

e ctom ycorrh iz ae. Th e design of th e supplemen tal study

w as sim ilar to th at of th e original study, e xce pt th at

h alf of th e seedlings h ad been inoculated w ith Pt. Afte r 3 years in th e fie ld, significant diffe rences in survival due to benom yl tre atm ent w e re evident at all

four of th e planting sites. And w ith th e e xce ption of

th e Alabam a site, significant diffe rences in tree survival could be attributed to Pt inoculation (Kais and

oth e rs 19 85).

28
M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kais, Albe rt G.; Cordell, Ch arles E.; Affe ltrange r,

Ch arles E. 19 78. Control of b row n-spot needle bligh t

on longle af pine seedlings by Benlate fungicide-dip

tre atm ent. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. Study plan. 9 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Kais, Albe rt G.; Cordell, Ch arles E.; Affe ltrange r,

Ch arles E. 19 85. Control of b row n-spot needle bligh t

on longle af pine seedlings by Benlate fungicide-dip

tre atm ent. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. Final re port. 9 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Kais, Albe rt G.; Cordell, Ch arles E.; Affe ltrange r,

Ch arles E. 19 86. Nurse ry application of benom yl

fungicide for fie ld control of b row n-spot needle bligh t

(Scirrh ia acicola [De ar-n.] Sigg.) on longle af pine (Pinus

palu stris M ill.). Tree Plante rs’ Notes. 37( 1): 5.

M ajor Factors of th e Succe ssful Grow th of

Longle af Pine s in th e South (See sum m ary,

p. 129 .)

Longle af pine (Pinus palustris) seed lings pass

th rough a pre lim inary pe riod of root and foliar deve lopm ent re fe rred to as th e “grass stage.” Th is condition is under genetic control, alth ough it is strongly

influenced by environm ental factors. Som e factors,

such as low soil fe rtility, vigorous com pe tition, and

b row n-spot needle bligh t infe ction, w h ich is caused

by th e fungus Scirrh ia acicola, could delay initiation

of h eigh t grow th for up to 15 or 20 ye ars. Th is study

w as conducted to m e asure th e e ffe cts of e ctom ycorrh iz ae, wee d control, and fe rtiliz e r on th e grow th

and survival of longle af pine in plantations w ith h igh

and low rates of infe ction by brow n-spot needle bligh t

and to quantify th e e ffe ctiveness of a ch e m ical fungicide in controlling th is dise ase in longle af pine plantations provided w ith diffe rent cultural tre atm ents

(Kais and oth e rs 19 84).

Longle af pine w as planted in five diffe rent locations

w ith in its natural range (Louisiana, M ississippi, Alabam a, South Carolina, and Florida). At e ach of 5 sites,

18 plots consisting of 6 diffe rent tre atm ents in each of

3 com ple te block s w e re laid out. Each plot m e asured

9 0 by 54 ft (0.1116 acre ) and contained 81 trees in 9

row s of 9 trees. Row s w e re 10 ft apart, and trees w e re

6 ft apart w ith in row s. Each m e asuremen t plot w as

70 by 42 ft (0.0674 acre ) in size and contained 49 trees

in 7 row s of 7 trees each (Kais and oth e rs 19 86).

Survival rates at all five sites w e re poor. M axim um

survival rates usually occurred on Pisolith us

tinctorius-infected seedlings th at h ad been tre ated

w ith benom yl be fore being planted on scalped row s.

Th ese results suggest th at com pe tition control plus

dise ase control w e re best for stim ulating survival.

Fe rtiliz e r applications stim ulated survival only w h en

com pe tition w as controlled.

Th ese plots are being m aintained for dem onstration

in a longle af pine te ch nology transfe r program .

Im pact of Fusiform R ust in South e rn Pine

Plantations (See sum m ary, p. 130.)

Alth ough fusiform rust, caused by th e fungus

(Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e), is th e m ost

serious disease of loblolly (Pinus taed a) and slash (P.

elliottii) pines, its true im pact th rough out th e South ,

or its im pact on individual forests, h as not been dete rm ined. Th e re fore, a study w as begun to dete rm ine

th e e ffe cts of fusiform rust ove r tim e on th e stock ing

and volum e yields of individual slash and loblolly pine

plantations. Th e secondary obje ctives of th e study are

to dete rm ine if resistance can be ove rcom e by unusually favorable clim ate, to dete rm ine if fungicides applied for 3 or 4 consecutive years afte r planting in th e

fie ld w ill prote ct plantations from serious infe ction,

and to define clim atic factors involved in years w h en

rust is espe cially prevalent (Froe lich and Snow 19 77).

Paired plots w e re establish ed to quantify th e e ffe cts

of fusiform rust on th e productivity of slash and loblolly

pines. Dise ase w as controlled w ith fungicides on th re e

h igh -h az ard sites for fusiform rust. On tw o low -h azard sites, fusiform rust m ortality w as sim ulated by

re m oving trees m e ch anically according to dise ase

progress curves. Th e re we re 5 re plications, w ith 300

plots and 80 trees pe r plot. Yie lds of rust-resistant

slash and loblolly pines w e re com pared w ith th ose of

trees m ore susce ptible to th e disease (Froe lich and

Snow 19 77).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Froe lich , R.C. 19 88. De te rm ining th e e ffe cts of fusiform rust on forest productivity. In: Econom ic and

social deve lopm ent: a role for forests and forestry

professionals. Proceedings of th e 19 87 Socie ty of

Am e rican Foreste rs national convention; 19 87 Octobe r 18-21; M inneapolis, MN. Beth esda, MD: Socie ty of Am e rican Foreste rs: 68-71.

Froe lich , R.C.; M ille r, T.; Be lange r, R.P. 19 88. An evaluation of m e th ods for assessing im pacts of pests on

29
forestry productivity. In : Ek , Alan R.; Sh ifley ,

Ste ph en R.; Burk , Th om as E., eds. Forest grow th

m odelling and prediction. Proceed ings of th e IUFRO

confe rence ; 19 87 August 23-27; M inneapolis, MN.

St. Paul, MN: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, North Central Forest Expe rim ent Station: 458-466. Vol. 1.

Froe lich , R.C.; Snow , G.A. 19 77. Im pact of fusiform

rust in south e rn pine plantations. Gulfport, M S: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 16 p.

On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Nance, W arren L.; Froe lich , Ronald C.; Dell, Tom m y

R.; Sh oulders, Eugene. 19 83. A grow th and yield

m odel for unth inned slash pine plantations infe cted

w ith fusiform rust. In: Jones, Earle P., Jr., ed. Proceedings of th e 2nd biennial south e rn silvicultural

research confe rence ; 19 82 Novembe r 4-5; Atlanta,

GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-24. Ash eville, NC: South -

e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 275-282.

Use of Top-Cross Te ste rs to Evaluate Loblolly

Pine s for Res istance to Cronartium quercuum

f. sp. f-usiform e (See sum m ary, p. 130.)

Se le ction of pine trees th at produce progeny th at

are resistant to th e fungus Cronartium quercuum f.

sp. fusiform e is one of th e first ph ases in establish ing

seed orch ards for producing rust-resistant stock . Sele ction is usually done by colle cting w ind-pollinated

seeds from candidate trees and testing th e seedlings

for resistance by artificial inoculation or in plantations

in h igh -rust-h az ard are as. Substantial gains h ave been

m ade in rust resistance w ith th is m e th od of sele cting

resistant parents, and im proved stock is being produced for m ost are as of th e South wh e re fusiform rust

is a se rious problem (Snow and oth e rs 19 83).

Th is study w as begun to screen seve ral loblolly pine

(Pinus taed a) trees for use as top-cross teste rs for rust

resistance and to assess th e potential of using topcross teste rs to evaluate parent trees for rust resistance. Teste rs w e re e valuated using 10 candidate trees,

w ith th e progeny being e xposed to 5 sources of inoculum in 2 green h ouse tests and 2 fie ld tests. Th e pe rform ance of e ach teste r w ill be com pared w ith th at of

th e oth e r teste rs for use in dete cting diffe rences in

resistance am ong candidate trees and for de te rm ining th e stab ility of th ese trees w h en encounte ring various sources of inocula in green h ouse and fie ld tests

(Snow and oth e rs 19 83).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Snow , G.A.; M atth e w s, F.R.; Nance, W .L.; Foste r, G.S.

19 9 0. Effe cts of pollen source on loblolly pine resistance to Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e. Forest Science. 36(2): 304-312.

Snow , G.A.; Nance, W .L.; M atth e w s, F.R.; Foste r, Sam .

19 83. Use of top-cross teste rs to evaluate loblolly

pines for resistance to Cronartium quercuum f. sp.

fusiform e. Gulfport, M S: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. Study plan. 11 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

An Evaluation of Loblolly Pine from East

Te xas for Res istance to Fusiform R ust

(See sum m ary, p. 131.)

During th e 19 60’s, loblolly pine (Pinus taed a) tre es

from e ast Te xas th at w e re free from fusiform rust

(caused by Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e or

C. quercuum f. sp. ech inata) w e re cloned and placed

in th e clone bank at th e H arrison Expe rim ental Forest in south e rn Mississippi. A breeding plan w as carried out w ith th e clones to produce seeds for a 10 by

10 dialle l. Som e of th ese seeds w e re used in th e study

to attain th e follow ing obje ctives: to rank 21 controlpollinated pine fam ilies of Te xas loblolly pine in order

of th eir susce ptibility to 4 single-gall cultures of C.

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e and 1 culture of C. quercuum

f. sp. ech inata; to com pare th e resistance of th ese fam ilies to th at of loblolly and sh ortle af (P. ech inata) pines

from bulk seed sources in south e rn Mississippi; to

e xam ine th e possible inte raction of pine fam ilies w ith

rust inocula, w h ich , if found, w ill be evidence of path ogen ic variation am ong th e rust inocula; to dete rm ine

if inocula from round or long galls on fie ld-infe cted

trees tend to cause galls of a sim ilar sh ape on inoculated seedlings; to corre late th e results of artificial

inoculation w ith fie ld infe ction at a h igh -rust-h az ard

site ; and to plant th e rust-free survivors from th e inoculation expe rim ents to establish a seedling orch ard

for a future source of rust-resistant stock (Snow and

oth e rs 19 85).

Tw o Te xas loblolly pine trees produced progeny w ith

h igh e r resistance to C. quercuum f. sp. fusiform e th an

all oth e rs tested. One Te xas loblolly pine tree h ad h igh

resistance to C. quercuum f. sp. ech inata, and th e oth -

e rs varied in susce ptibility to th is form of th e fungus.

30
M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Snow , GlennA.; Lott, Larry A.; Barnett, Jam es P 19 85.

An evaluation of loblolly pine from e ast Te xas for

resistance to fusiform rust. Gulfport, M S: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 9 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice , South e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station , 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

R e lation of Mycorrh izae on Longle af Pine to

Brow n-Spot Needle Bligh t (See sum m ary,

p. 131.)

Th is w as th e original study designed to dete rm ine

th e e ffe cts of Pisolith us tinctorius and benom yl on

outplanted longle af pine (Pinus palustris) seedlings.

Th e study w as establish ed at tw o diffe rent locations

in south e rn Mississippi in De cembe r 19 76.

Benom yl-tre ated seedlings h ad significantly less

infe ction by brow n-spot needle bligh t, caused by th e

fungus Scirrh ia acicola, during th e first 5 ye ars of th e

test th an did th e untre ated seedlings. Pith olith u s

tinctorius (Pt) e ctom ycorrh iz ae h ad no apparent e ffe ct on th e incidence of dise ase. Benom yl alone h ad a

gre ate r e ffe ct on stim ulating root-collar diam e te r, ste m

length , rapid h eigh t grow th , and plot volum e index

th an did Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae . In th e case of Pt

e ctom ycorrh iz ae, grow th stim ulation occurred only

w ith th e tw o h igh est leve ls of th e benom yl. Th e com -

bined tre atm ent of benom yl and Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae

resulted in a significant gain in both survival and

grow th .

Alth ough th is study is closed, th e trees are me asured pe riodically for grow th and diam e te r.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kais,A.G.; Snow , G.A.; M ark s, J.S. 19 81. Th e e ffe cts

of benom yl and Pisolith us tinctorius on survival and

grow th of longle af pine seedlings. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(4): 189 -19 5.

MULTIRESOUR CE M ANAGEMENT OF

NATURALLY REGENER ATED UPLAND

FORESTS IN TH E M IDSOUTH

Grow th and De ve lopm ent of W e ll-Stock ed,

Natural Even-Aged Stands of Loblolly

Sh ortle af Pine Under Diffe rent Th inning

M eth ods (See sum m ary, p. 132.)

Be ginning in th e 19 30’s, th e deve lopm ent of natural, w e ll-stock ed, second-grow th loblolly (Pinus taed ulsh ortle af (P.ech inata) pine stands in th e West Gulf

re gion w as encouraged by organized fire prote ction,

th e adoption of cutting practices th at provided for le aving a seed source, and im proved low -grade h ardw ood

control te ch niques. W ith an incre asing inte rest in

m anaging th ese young, w e ll-stock ed stands, a study

w as started in 19 49 in south Ark ansas and north Louisiana to investigate th e e ffe cts of type and intensity

of th inning on th e grow th and yield of young, e venaged stands of loblolly-sh ortle af pine.

Th e th inning types and intensities are th e follow -

ing: th inning from above and below to 70,85, and 100

ft2 pe r acre ; starting at a residual basal are a of 70 ft2

and incre asing th e residual density by 5 ft2 until 105

ft2 is re ach ed; th inning according to th e judgm ent of

th e tim be r m ark e r; and th inning from below to 55,

115, and 130 ft2 pe r acre. Most th inning w as started

at stand age 20, but nine plots w e re first th inned at

stand age 25.

Th e plots h ave been inventoried and th inned, if

w arranted, eve ry 5 ye ars. H ardw oods h ave also been

pe riodically controlled by ch e m ical or m e ch anical

m e th ods. Until 19 59 , detailed m e asuremen ts w e re

done on only a portion of th e plot trees. Subsequently,

m ost trees h ave h ad com ple te me asuremen ts.

Th e study is still active, and m e asuremen ts w e re

last m ade during th e dorm ant season of 19 89 -9 0.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Basse tt, J.R. 19 66. Pe riodic cubic grow th in natural

loblolly stands near Crossett, Ark ansas. Res. Note

SO-37. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 4 p.

Basse tt, J.R. 19 66. Th inning loblolly pine from above

and below . Res. Note SO-44. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 3 p.

Basse tt, J.R. 19 67. Pole production in natural loblolly

stands near Crossett, Ark ansas. Res. Note SO-58.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

31
Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

5 P.

Burton, J.D. 19 80. Grow th and yield in m anaged natural stands of loblolly and sh ortle af pine in th e West

Gulf Coastal Plain. Res. Pap. SO-159 . New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 23 p.

Murph y, P.A.; Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 84. Effe cts of diffe rent th inning re gim es on grow th and inventory of

50-ye ar-old loblolly-sh ortle af pine stands. In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceed ings of th e 3rd b ienn ial south e rn

silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r 7-

8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Re p. SO-54. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 241-246.

Murph y, P.A.; Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 88. Basal-are a proje ction equ ations for th inned even-aged forest

stands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research . 18:

827-832.

Crosse tt “Farm Fore stry Fortie s”

(See sum m ary, p. 132.)

In 19 37, tim be r m anagemen t w as begun in tw o 40-

acre tracts of m ostly pine in south e rn Ark ansas to

dete rm ine if sele ction m anagemen t could be used to

reh abilitate cut-ove r stands w h ile providing a pe riodic re turn to th e landow ne r. One tract w as w e ll

stock ed and th e oth e r w as poorly stock ed.

During th e first years, all com pe ting m idstory and

ove rstory h ardw oods w e re re m oved from th e stands,

and ligh t im provemen t cuts w e re begun to prom ote

th e grow th of th e residual trees and establish m ent of

pine re production. Understory h ardw oods w e re also

controlled periodically. Th e im provemen t cuts re m oved

only a portion of grow th ; th us, stock ing w as incre ased.

Afte r 15 ye ars, full stock ing w as re ach ed, and annual

saw log production re ach ed 400 tbm (Doyle rule ) pe r

acre. Th e we ll-stock ed stand needed only som e reme -

dial m e asures to incre ase stock ing.

Ove r th e first 41 ye ars of th e study, th e poorly

stock ed stand produced 16,300 fbm (Doyle rule ) pe r

acre, and th e initially w e ll-stock ed stand produced

16,9 00 fbm pe r acre. Se le ction m anagemen t is a viable and low -cost alte rnative for reh abilitating cutove r, understock ed loblolly (Pinus taeda)-sh ortle af (P.

e & in& a) pine stands.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Bak e r, J.B.; Bish op, L.M. 19 86. Crossett dem onstration forest guide. Gen . Te ch . Re p. R8-GTR 6. Atlanta,

GA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Region. 53 p.

Reynolds, R.R.; Bak e r J.B.; Ku, T.T. 19 84. Four decades of sele ction m anagemen t on th e Crossett farm

forestry forties. Bull. 872. Faye tteville, AR: Unive rsity of Ark ansas, Division of Agriculture, Agricultural Expe rim ent Station. 43 p.

M eth ods of Cutting and Reproduction

(See sum m ary, p. 133.)

Th is study w as conducted to com pare th e re gene ration and grow th and yield of stands com posed of both

pines and h ardw oods subje cted to four re production

cutting m e th ods: cle arcut, h e avy-seed-tre e, sele ction,

and diam e te r-lim it. All four m e th ods provided adequate re gene ration to establish or m aintain w e llstock ed pine stands. (If ove rstory and m idstory

h ardw oods are re m oved at th e beginning of m anagem ent and th e understory h ardw ood com ponent is periodically controlled m e ch anically, ch e m ically, or by

fire, low -quality h ardw oods sh ould be no proble m .)

During th e 36-ye ar study pe riod (19 42-78), h e avyseed-tree and diam e te r-lim it cutting m e th ods produced significantly m ore cubic-foot volum e th an did

sele ction and cle arcutting, and cle arcutting produced

significantly less board-foot (Doyle rule ) volum e. Inte rm ediate th innings w e re not done on th e plots th at

re ceived cle arcut and h e avy-seed-tree tre atm ents.

Be cause m any trees on th e cle arcut are as are just now

(19 9 3) re ach ing saw log siz e, board-foot volum e pro-.

duction on all tre atm ents w ill probably equalize as

tim e goes on.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Bak e r, J.B.; Murph y, P.A. 19 82. Grow th and yield follow ing 4 re production cutting m e th ods in loblollysh ortle af pine stands-a case study. South e rn

Journal of Applied Forestry. 6: 66-74.

Grano, C.X. 19 54. Re-establish m ent of sh ortle afloblolly pine under 4 cutting m e th ods. Journal of

Forestry. 52: 132-133.

R e cove ry and De ve lopm ent of Unde rstock ed

Loblolly-Sh ortle af Pine Stands and

Suppre ssed Tre e s (See sum m ary, p. 133.)

Plots in tw o uneven-aged loblolly (Pinus taedalsh ortle af (P. ech inatu) pine stands w e re cut back to

stock ing le ve ls of 10,20,30,40, and 50 pe rcent to sim ulate cutove r, understock ed stands in an effort to dete rm ine th e re cove ry pe riod required for th e stands.

One stand w as on a good site (Site index [SII = 9 0 ft,

age 50), and th e oth e r w as on a m edium site @I = 75

32
ft, age 50). As a reh abilitation tre atm ent, all h ardw oods 1 inch or large r in groundline diam e te r w e re

inje cted w ith h e rbicide. Th e plots w e re reinventoried

2 and 5 years late r.

During th e 5-ye ar re h abilitation period, th e

understock ed stands ch anged dram atically. Ave rage

incre ases in stock ing leve l, basal are a, and pulpw ood

and saw log volum e we re 40, 155, 160, and 355 pe rcent for th e good site and 35, 110, 125, and 220 pe rcent for th e me dium site, respe ctive ly.

Proje ctions of th e tim e required for unde rstock ed

stands to re ach 60 pe rcent or an acce ptable stock ing

le ve l indicate th at stands h aving at le ast 15 to 25 pe rcent stock ing or 5 ft2/acre of basal are a can re ach an

acce ptable stock ing leve l in 15 ye ars or less.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Bak e r, J.B. 19 89 . Recove ry and de ve lopm e n t of

understock ed loblolly-sh ortle af pine stands. South -

e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 13: 132-139 .

M cLe m ore, B.F. 19 83. Recove ry of understock ed, uneven-aged pine stands and suppressed trees. In:

Jones, El?, Jr., ed. Proceedings of th e 2nd biennial

south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 82

Novembe r 4-5; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE24. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 226-229 .

tween b asal are a grow th and various site and stand

variables for pine and h ardw ood trees. Se parate analyses w e re m ade for e ach spe cies. A com parison w as also

m ade between distance-independent m e asures and a

distance-dependent m e asure of com pe tition (are a potentially available or APA). Th e APA did not m ak e any

additional statistical contribution to re gressions of

basal are a grow th of trees in th e presence of oth e r

variables.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Murph y, P.A.; Farrar, R.M., Jr.; W ille tt, R.L. 19 89 .

Individual tree grow th re lationsh ips in pine-h ardw ood m ixtures. In: W aldrop, T.A., ed. Proceedings

of pine-h ardw ood m ixtures: a sym posium on m anagemen t and ecology of th e type ; 19 89 April 18-19 ;

Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-58. Ash eville, NC:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 181-188.

W igley, T.B.; W ille tt, R.L.; Garne r, M .E.; Bak e r, J.B.

19 89 . W ildlife h abitat quality in varying m ixtures

of pine and h ardw ood. In: W aldrop, T.A., ed. Proceedings of pine-h ardw ood m ixtures: a sym posium

on m anagemen t and ecology of th e type ; 19 89 April

18-19 ; Atlan ta, GA. Ge n . Te ch . Rep. SE-58.

Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 131-136.

Grow th and W ildlife H abitat Suitability of

Pine-H ardw ood Mixture s (See sum m ary,

p. 134.)

From 19 83 to 19 85, annual production of total forage, including w oody plants, le gum es, vines, and forbs,

did not diffe r by tre atm ent in test plots th at w e re cut

back to th e follow ing pe rcentages of pine to total basal

are a: 50, 70, 9 0, and 100. Afte r h ardw ood re gene ration w as k illed in 19 85, annual production of groundle ve l ve ge tation w as gene rally gre ate r on th e

loo-pe rcent pine plots th an on th e pine-h ardw ood

plots. Forage production typically did not diffe r am ong

th e pine-h ardw ood m ixtures during any year. Acorn

production per oak tree w as not diffe rent am ong tre atm ents. In 19 88, pe rcentage of cove r of ground-leve l

and sh rub laye rs w as gre atest in th e loo-pe rcent pine

plots. Cove r of m idstory and canopy laye rs w as gre atest in th e 50- and 70-pe rcent pine plots, favoring w ildlife spe cies dependent on th ese laye rs.

Th e 5-ye ar grow th data from tree ove rstory m e asuremen ts w e re used to e xam ine th e re lationsh ip bePre com m e rcial Th inning and Manageme nt of

Natural Loblolly-Sh ortle af Pine Stands for

Rapid Saw log Production (See sum m ary,

p. 134.)

Th is study w as conducted to dem onstrate a proven

and re com m ended pre com m e rcial th inning te ch nique

in dense, even-aged loblolly-sh ortle af pine stands and

to investigate th e production of saw log-sized pines in

an abbre viated tim e pe riod by use of com m e rcial th inning te ch niques. Analyses of fire e ffe cts and tree variables follow ing w inte r prescribed burns dem onstrated

th at diam e te r and h eigh t grow th during th e year afte r burning sh ow e d statistically significant negative

corre lation w ith incre asing crow n scorch . Measurem ents of flam e length and associated ste m -bark ch ar

and subsequent analyses re ve aled th at h eigh t of ste m -

bark ch ar unde restim ated flam e length . Th e re fore, th e

use of ste m -bark ch ar as a substitute variable for flam e

length , particularly to estim ate fire intensity, is not

re com m ended.

An evaluation of individual tree grow th from ages 8

to 12 sh ow e d th at loblolly pine (Pinus tczeda) gene rally outgrew sh ortle af pine (P. ech inata) in both

33
th inned and unth inned plots. From ages 12 to 14,

loblolly pine gene rally grew be tte r th an sh ortle af pine

on th e th inned plots, but th e re w as no statistical diffe rence on th e unth inned plots. Despite grow th diffe rences, sh ortle af pine w ill probably continue to e xist

in th e m aturing stand.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Farrar, R.M., Jr.; Murph y, P.A. 19 89 . Obje ctive re gulation of sele ction-m anaged stands of south e rn

pine-a progress re port. In: Mille r, J.H ., cam p. Proceedings of th e 5th biennial south e rn silvicultural

research confe rence ; 19 88 Novembe r l-3; Mem ph is,

TN. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-74. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 231-241.

Cain, M .D. 19 83. Pre com m e rcial th inning for th e private, nonindustrial landow ne r: a m e th odology report. In: Jones, E.P., Jr., ed. Proceedings of th e 2nd

biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ;

19 82 Novembe r 4-5; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep.

SE-24. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 200-205.

Cain, M .D. 19 84. H eigh t of ste m -bark ch ar unde restim ates flam e length in prescribed burns. Fire M anagemen t Notes. 45(l): 17-21.

Cain, M .D. 19 85. Prescribed w inte r burns can reduce

th e grow th of g-year-old loblolly pines. Res. Note

SO-312. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 4 p.

Cain, M .D. 19 9 0. Incidental obse rvations on grow th

and survival of loblolly and sh ortle af pines in an

even-aged stand. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 14: 81-84.

Obje ctive Re gulation of Une ven-Aged LoblollySh ortle af Pine Stands in Ark ansas

(See sum m ary, p. 135.)

Results cove ring 5 ye ars h ave been obtained from

th e initial nom inal 5-ye ar cutting cycle of 16 loblolly

(Pinus toe& )-sh ortle af (P. e ch inata) pine stands. Various structures of diffe rent basal are as, m axim um diam e te rs, and q values (th e ratio of th e num be r of trees

in successive diam e te r classes) w e re im posed on th e

16 stands to investigate th e e fficacy of th is m e th od

for re gulating th ese stands. Com pe ting h ardw oods

w e re controlled w ith h e rbicides. During th e grow th

pe riod, basal are a grow th ranged from a negative 0.2

to 3.4 ft2/acre, m e rch antable volum e grow th ranged

from 20 to 111 ft31acre, and saw tim be r grow th ranged

from 134 to 528 fbm (Doyle rule )/acre. Deve lopm ent

of re production w as adequate in m ost cases.

Unm anaged Stands (See sum m ary, p. 135.)

Eigh t inventories w e re tak en between 19 37 and

19 83 to docum ent long-te rm stand dynam ics and succession in unm anaged cut-ove r pine stands. In 19 83,

76 pe rcent of th e total m e rch antable cubic-foot volum e and 83 pe rcent of th e saw log cubic-foot volum e

w as pine, but pines h ave virtually disappe ared from

th e saw tim be r class. Oak s are th e predom inant h ardw oods in th e saw tim be r class, and nonoak h ardw oods

are m ost com m on in th e subsaw tim be r class. In th e

past tw o decades, pe riodic annual incremen t of pines

h as dropped dram atically, and h ardw ood grow th h as

not concom itantly incre ased. Th ese dynam ics classically illustrate th e transition of south e rn upland forests

from pine to h ardw ood in th e absence of disturbance.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Bak e r, J.B.; Bish op, L.M. 19 86. Crossett dem onstration forest guide. Gen . Te ch . Re p. R8-GTR 6. Atlanta,

GA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Region. 53 p.

Cain, M .D. 19 87. Survival patte rns of understory

w oody spe cies in a pine-h ardw ood forest during 28

years w ith out tim be r m anagemen t. In: Proceedings

of th e central h ardw ood forest confe rence VI; 19 87

Feb ruary 24-26; Knoxville, TN. Knoxville, TN: Unive rsity of Tennessee: 141-147.

Guldin, J.M .; Bak e r, J.B. 19 85. Dynam ics and deve lopm ent of a once-cutove r, unm anaged loblolly pine

stand in south e aste rn Ark ansas. In: Sh oulders, E.,

ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r 7-8;

Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-54. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 19 8-202.

Cutting Cycle Study (See sum m ary, p. 136.)

Se le ction m anagemen t ove r a 29 -year period (19 38-

66) dem onstrated th at cutting cycle length h ad no e f34
fe e t on volum e production . Merch antable volum e

grow th w as 84 ft3/acre, and periodic annual grow th

w as 430 fbm (Inte rnational l/4-inch ruleYacre. H arvests for th e pe riod ave raged 314 and 26 fbm (Inte rn a tion a l l/4-inch rule )/acre /ye ar for pine and

h ardw ood, res pe ctive ly. Ave rage annual pe r-acre

cordw ood h arvests w e re 0.35 and 0.17 cord for pine

and h ardw ood, respe ctive ly.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Farrar, R.M., Jr.; Murph y, P.A.; W ille tt, R.L. 19 84.

Tables for estim ating grow th and yield of unevenaged stands of loblolly-sh ortle af pine on ave rage

sites in th e West Gulf are a. Bull. 874. Faye tteville,

AR: Unive rsity ofArk ansas, Ark ansas Agricultural

Expe rim ent Station. 21 p.

Murph y, PA.; Farrar, R.M. 19 82. Inte rim m odels for

basal are a and volum e proje ction for uneven-aged

loblolly-sh ortle af pine stands. South e rn Journal of

Applied Forestry. 6: 115-119 .

Murph y, P.A.; Farrar, R.M. 19 82. Saw tim be r volum e

predictions for uneven-aged loblolly-sh ortle af pine

stands on ave rage sites. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 7: 45-50.

Reynolds, R.R. 19 59 . Eigh teen years of sele ction tim -

be r m anagemen t on th e Crossett Expe rim ental Forest. USDA Te ch . Bull. 1206. W ash ington, DC: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture. 68 p.

Reynolds, R.R. 19 69 . Twen ty-nine years of sele ction

tim be r m anagemen t on th e Crossett Expe rim ental

Forest. Res. Pap. SO-40. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 19 p.

Effe cts of Fe rtilization and R e le ase on th e

Diam e te r Grow th of Ove rstock ed Pole tim be r

Oak Stands (See sum m ary, p. 136.)

Fe rtiliz e r applications of a nitrogen and ph osph orus com bination w e re b roadcast at tw o leve ls to individual oak s (Quercus spp.) in stands th at h ad re ceived

th inning or no th inning tre atm ents. Both le ve ls of fe rtiliz ation incre ased diam e te r grow th of oak s in th inned

and unth inned stands. Maxim um response to fe rtiliz ation occurred during th e first and second years afte r tre atm ent. Response continued th rough th e sixth

year for w h ite oak s and th rough th e eigh th year for

red oak s. A significant diam e te r grow th response to

th inning occurred during th e th ird grow ing season

afte r tre atm ent for red and black oak s and during th e

fifth grow ing season for w h ite oak s. From th is point,

th e rate of annual diam e te r grow th for all oak s in th inned

stands incre ased annually th rough th e 10th year.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Graney, D.L. 19 82. Response of red oak s and w h ite

oak s to th inning and fe rtiliz ation in th e Boston Mountains of Ark ansas: 7-ye ar results. In: Mulle r, R.N.,

ed. Proceedings of 4th central h ardw ood forest confe rence ; [Dates unk now n]; [Location unk now n]. Le xington, KY: Unive rsity of Kentuck y: 64-78.

Graney, D.L. 19 87. Ten-year grow th of red and w h ite

oak crop trees follow ing th inning and fe rtiliz ation

in th e Boston Mountains of Ark ansas. In: Ph illips,

D.R., ed. Proceedings of th e 4th biennial south e rn

silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 86 Novembe r

4-6; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-42. Ash eville,

NC: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 445-450.

Graney, D.L.; Pope, P.E. 19 78. Fe rtiliz ation incre ases

grow th of th inned and unth inned oak stands in th e

Boston Mountains ofArk ansas. Res. Note SO-243. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 4 p.

Effe cts of Inte rm ediate Cutting and

Fe rtilization on Unde rstory De ve lopm ent in

Ozark H igh land and Boston Mountain

Pole tim be r Oak Stands (See sum m ary, p. 137.)

In unth inned stands, total oak (Que rcus spp.), ash

(Fraxinus spp.), and ch e rry (Prunus spp.) re production ave raged m ore th an 4,000 ste m s pe r acre ; but

fewe r th an 400 ste m s pe r acre we re talle r th an 1 ft

and only 4 ste m s exceeded a h eigh t of 4.5 ft. Afte r 5

years, th e num be r of re production ste m s talle r th an

4.5 ft ranged from 100 pe r acre in unfe rtilized stands

re ceiving a ligh t ove rstory th inning to 300 pe r acre in

fe rtilized stands re ceiving m edium to h e avy th inning

tre atm ents. Black ch e rry (P.s erotina) and ash accounted for m ore th an tw o-th irds of th e ste m s talle r

th an 4.5 ft and w e re th e only spe cies to e xceed 10 ft in

h eigh t grow th during th e 5-ye ar pe riod. Fe rtiliz ation

h ad no e ffe ct on th e h eigh t grow th of trees in establish ed oak re production, but incre ased 5-ye ar h eigh ts

of trees in ash and ch e rry re production by 1 to 2 ft.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Graney, D.L.; Roge rson, T.L. 19 85. De ve lopm ent of oak ,

ash , and ch e rry re production follow ing th inning and

35
fe rtiliz ation of upland h ardw ood stands in th e Boston Mountains of Ark ansas. In: Sh oulders, E., ed.

Proceedings of th e 3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Re p. SO-54. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 171-177.

Graney, D.L.; Roge rson, T.L. 19 85. Grow th of oak , ash ,

and ch e rry re production follow ing ove rstory th inning of upland h ardw ood stands in th e Boston Mountains ofArk ansas. In: Proceed ings of th e 5th central

h ardw ood forest confe rence ; 19 85 April 15-17; Urbana-ch am paign, IL. Urbana-Ch am paign, IL: Unive rsity of Illinois, De partm ent of Forestry: 4-10.

EVALUATION OF LEGAL, TAX, AND

ECONOM IC INFLUENCES ON FOREST

RESOUR CE M ANAGEMENT

A Continuing Analysis of Trends in Exports of

South e rn Fore st Products from th e Easte rn

United State s (See sum m ary, p. 137.1

Dom estic m ark e ts for w ood products in th e United

States h ave e xh ibited considerable instability ove r

tim e. As a consequence, dom estic w ood produce rs, including th ose in th e Easte rn United States, h ave in

re cent years sh ow n an incre ased inte rest in exporting. To guide th em in identifying th e ove rseas m ark e ts w ith th e gre atest potential for e xpansion, th ese

produce rs needed h istorical data on past foreign trade

patte rns and th e trends th e rein, but th is inform ation

w as large ly lack ing for th e e aste rn re gion. Th is study

w as im plemen ted in response to th is inform ational

need. Th e obje ctives of th e study are: (1) to m aintain

th e data base for south e rn w ood exports th at h ad been

deve loped under previous studies dating back to 19 67

at th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station; (2) to establish and m aintain a new data

base for north e rn softw ood exports, th e reby obtaining com ple te cove rage of all e aste rn softw ood exports;

and (3) to analyze export trends by product and country of destination.

Since th e study w as begun in 19 84, statistics on both

th e volum e and value of all e aste rn softw ood exports

(fig. 12) h ave been com piled by product cate gory, region or country of destination, and re gion or custom s

district of origin. Also, trade patte rns h ave been analyzed and appropriate im plications for potential e xporte rs draw n.

SOUTHERN WOO0 EXPORTS

Figure 12.-Changes in value of southern wood exports from 1970

to 1989.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Gransk og, J.E. 19 85. Easte rn softw ood exports. South -

e rn Lum be rm an. 246(3064): 32-33.

Gransk og, J.E. 19 86. Inte rnational trade and south -

e rn forests. In: Proceed ings of th e 4th b ienn ial south -

e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 86 Nove m -

be r 4--6;Atla_ nta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE-42. Ash e ville,

NC: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 8-12.

Gransk og, J.E. 19 86. Th e South ’s tim be r e xport potential. Forest Farm e r. 45(g): 14-15.

Gransk og, J.E. 19 88. North e rn exports of softw ood

products. North e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry. 5(3):

215-219 .

W isdom , H .W .; Gransk og, J.E.; Blatne r, K.A. 19 86.

Caribbean m ark e ts for U.S. w ood products. Res. Pap.

SO-225. New O rle ans, LA.: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 13 p.

A Continuing Analysis of Ch ange s and

De ve lopm ents in th e Fede ral Incom e Tax w ith

Im plications for th e Private Landow ne r and

Tim be r Ope rator (See sum m ary, p. 138.)

Th e profitability of a private tim be r grow ing venture can be significantly affe cted by th e Fede ral incom e tax. Alth ough th is tax h as h ad, and continues to

h ave, a num be r of provisions th at private forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors could use to gre atly reduce th eir Fede ral incom e tax burdens, m any taxpaye rs

fail to tak e advantage of th em e ith e r because th ey are

unaw are of th eir provisions or because th ey don’t un36
derstand h ow th e provisions apply to th eir individual

situations. Th e obje ctives of th is study, w h ich are aim ed

at ove rcom ing th is inform ational gap, are to describe and

analyze, on a continuing basis, any ch anges in th e Fede ral Incom e Tax Code th at influence th e tre atm ent of

tim be r-re lated re ceipts and expenditures.

Since th e ince ption of th is study in 19 79 , le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents pe rtaining to th e Fede ral incom e tax-and w h ich h ave

re levance to private forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors-h ave been docum ented and described. Analyses of th ese ch anges h ave been used to form ulate tax

guidelines th at sh ould m ak e th e im pacted parties m ore

aw are of both th eir responsibilities and pre rogatives

under th e law . In re cent years, e ffe cts resulting from

passage of th e 19 86 Tax Reform Act h ave been th e

cente r of attention.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Condre ll, W .K.; Tie rney, J.E.; Sie ge l, W .C. 19 87. Tim -

be r and tax re form : an ove rview of re cent ch anges.

Taxes-Th e Tax M agazine. 65(7): 411-433.

H oove r, W .L.; Sie ge l, W .C.; Myles, G.A.; H aney, H .L.,

Jr. 19 89 . Forest ow ne r’s guide to tim be r investm ents, th e Fede ral incom e tax, and tax re cord k e e ping. Agric. H andb . 681. W ash ington , DC: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture. 9 6 p.

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 85. Tax tips for tim be rland ow ne rs.

Am e rican Forests. 9 1(2): 20-21, 53, 55-56.

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 88. Tax h e lp for forest landow ne rs.

Am e rican Forests. 9 4( l& 2): 32-35, 49 .

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 89 . Tax tests for w oodland ow ne rs.

Am e rican Forests. 9 5(1& 2): 34-35, 72-73.

Sie ge l, W .C.; Ballou, W ., Jr. 19 85. Th e prim arily for

sale provisions of sections 1221 and 1231 of th e Inte rnal Revenue Code as re lated to tim be r transactions. Ark ansas Law Revie w . 39 (l): 73-9 8.

A Continuing Analysis of Ch ange s and

De ve lopm ents in Fede ral and State Death

Taxe s w ith Im plications for th e Private

Landow ne r and Tim be r Ope rator (Se e

sum m ary, p. 139 .)

Fede ral and State death taxes can h ave a negative

e ffe ct on leve ls of forest m anagemen t if th ey prom ote

instab ility of tenure and/or th e fragm entation of large

forest ow ne rsh ips. To a large degre e, private forest

ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors can avoid th ese proble m s th rough prope r tax (i.e., estate ) planning; but,

be fore such planning can be done, th ese individuals

need to becom e fam iliar w ith th e provisions of th e

applicable law s. Th is study, w h ich w as designed to h e lp

m e e t th is inform ational need, h as th e follow ing obje ctive: to describe and analyze, on a continuing basis,

any deve lopm ents in th e Fede ral and State death tax

are as th at h ave re levance to forest h oldings.

Since th e study w as begun in 19 80, all le gislative,

adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents pe rtaining

to Fede ral or State death taxes-and w h ich h ave im -

plications for private forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and

investors-h ave been d ocum e n ted and described .

Analyses of th ese deve lopm ents h ave been used to form ulate decision guidelines and planning strate gies for

th e im pacted parties.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 81. Th e Fede ral estate tax and forest

productivity. In: Proceed ings of th e national convention of th e Socie ty ofAm e rican Foreste rs; 19 81 Se ptembe r 28; Orlando, FL. Be th esda, MD: Socie ty of

Am e rican Foreste rs: 79 -83.

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 87. Forestry provisions of th e Fede ral

estate tax. In: Proceedings of th e national confe re n ce on forest taxation-adapting in an e ra of

ch ange ; 19 87 M ay 20-22; Atlanta, GA. M adison, W I:

Forest Products Research Socie ty: 65-70.

Sie ge l, W .C.; Utz, K.A. 19 83. Recent law im proves estate tax rules. Forest Farm e r. 43(2): 34-35.

W alden, J.B.; H aney, H .L., Jr.; Sie ge l, W .C. 19 87. Th e

im pact of re cent ch anges in State and Fede ral death

tax law s on private nonindustrial forest estates in

th e South . South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry.

11(l): 17-23.

W alden, J.B.; H aney, H .L., Jr.; Sie ge l, W .C. 19 88. Fede ral-state death tax im plications for private nonindustrial fore s t landow n e rs in th e North e ast.

North e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry. 5(2): 135-141.

A Continuing Analysis of Ch ange s and

De ve lopm ents in Fore st Resource and Fore st

Product Law as Th e se Im pact on th e

Econom ics of Practicing Fore stry in th e

Private Se ctor (See sum m ary, p. 139 .)

M any of th e actions initiated by private forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors are im pacted, dire ctly or

indire ctly, by th e provisions of various forest resource

and forest products law s enacted at th e State leve l of

gove rnm ent. Exam ples w ould include statutes dealing w ith such m atte rs as tim be r trespass, fire liability, landow ne r liability, tim be r sale contracts, and

tim be r le asing. Be cause of th e pe rvasiveness of such

le gislation, th ose engaged in tim be r-grow ing ventures

sh ould be k now ledge able about current and proposed

37
policies and h ow th ey could be affe cted by th e m . To h e lp

m e e t th is need, th e follow ing obje ctives w e re establish ed

for th is study: to describe, com pare, and analyze existing and new le gislation and le gal trends in th e gene ral

are as of forest resource and forest products law .

Since th e ince ption of th is study in 19 81, all m ajor

le gislative deve lopm ents in th e are as of inte rest h ave

been m onitored. To date, h ow e ve r, m ost of th e w ork

done h as been concentrated in tw o are as: (1) th e landow ne r liability are a-w h e re th e landow ne r liability

law s of all th e South e rn States h ave been reviewe d

and th eir k ey provisions sum m arized; and (2) th e tim -

be r le asing are a-w h e re th e am ount of forest land

under le ase in th e South h as been dete rm ined and

guide lines for th e pre paration of viable le ase agreem ents h ave been form ulated.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Meye r, R.D.; Kle m pe re r, W .D. 19 84. Current status of

long-te rm le asing and cutting contracts in th e South .

In: Proceedings of th e annual m e e ting of th e South -

e rn Forest Econom ics W ork e rs (SOFEW ); 19 84

M arch 13-15; Mem ph is, TN. Raleigh , NC: North

Carolina State Unive rsity: 125-130.

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 80. Landow ne r liability law -im plications for public use of private forest land. In: Proceed ings of th e 29 th annual Louisiana State

Unive rsity forestry sym posium -inte grating tim be r

and w ildlife m anagemen t in south e rn forests; [Dates

unk now n]; Baton Rouge, LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Unive rsity Press: 17-24.

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 81. Th e landow ne r liability puz z le.

Forests & Pe ople. 31(3): 9 -12, 38-41.

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 85. H ave you considered tim be r le asing? Forest Farm e r. 44(5): 58-60.

A Continuing Analysis of Le gislative and

Econom ic Trends Associated w ith th e Fore st

Prope rty Tax and Related Taxe s in th e United

State s (See sum m ary, p. 140.)

State prope rty and re lated forest taxes can significantly affe ct th e profitab ility of a tim be r-grow ing venture. Accordingly, private forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and

investors need to be k now ledge able about current and

proposed policies and h ow th ese m igh t im pact th e m .

To h e lp m e e t th is need, th e follow ing obje ctives w e re

establish ed for th is study: (1) to identify em e rging le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial trends in th e forest prope rty and re lated tax are as; and (2) to e valuate

th e potential im plications of th ese trends for th e im -

pacted parties.

Since th e study w as begun in 19 79 , le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents in th e forest

prope rty and re lated tax are as h ave been m onitored

for all 50 States. In addition, th e k ey provisions of all

e xisting forest prope rty and re lated tax policies h ave

been sum m arized. Th ese data sh ow th at m odified assessm ent law s, spe cifically th ose auth orizing currentuse valuation, are presently th e m ost pe rvasive type

of alte rnative forest tax. Th e provisions of th ese law s,

h ow e ve r, as w e ll as th ose of oth e r spe cial forest taxes,

diffe r gre atly in te rm s of such th ings as: (1) scope -

i.e., m andatory or optional; (2) conditions of e ligibility; (3) application requi remen ts; (4) pre s crib e d

valuation procedures for land and tim be r; (5) penalties im posed upon declassification or program w ith -

draw al; and (6) constraints placed on revenue usage.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

H ick m an, C.A. 19 82. Em e rging patte rns of forest prope rty and yie ld taxes. In: Proceedings of th e forest

taxation sym posium II; 19 82 Fe b ruary 10-11;

W illiam sburg, VA. Black sburg, VA: Virginia Polyte ch nic Institute, Sch ool of Forestry and W ildlife:

52-69 .

H ick m an, C.A. 19 83. Use valuation of forest lands in

th e United States. Inte rnational Real Estate Journal. 4(l): 62-70.

H ick m an, C.A. 19 87. Current status of m odified rate

and nonproductivity-based m odified assessm ent

law s. In: Proceedings of th e national confe rence on

forest taxation: adapting in an era of ch ange ; 19 87

M ay 20-22; Atlanta, GA. M adison, W I: Forest Products Research Socie ty: 15-20.

H ick m an, C.A. 19 89 . Tim be r seve rance taxes: current

status and ch anging role. Forest Products Journal.

39 (10): 31-34.

Kronrad, G.D.; H ick m an, C.A.; Sie ge l, W .C. 19 86.

Optional forest yie ld taxes in th e Un ited States. Res.

Pap. SO-227. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 14 p.

Sie ge l, W .C.; Ke rr, E. 19 82. Update on prope rty tax

law s. Am e rican Forests. 88(7): 36-38, 62-63.

Continuing Analysis of Le gislative,

Adm inistrative, and Judicial De ve lopm ents in

Fore st Practice and Environm ental Law

(See sum m ary, p. 141)

Expe rience h as sh ow n th at private forest lands w ill

not alw ays be voluntarily m anaged in a m anne r

38
deem ed to be consistent w ith th e b road public inte rest-both in te rm s of th e e m ph asis placed on th e production of nonm ark e t goods and services and th e

attention given to th e prote ction of environm ental values. Be cause of th is situation, gove rnm ent at all leve ls-Fede ral, State, and local-h as enacted a varie ty

of forest practice and environm ental law s. For th ese

law s to be e ffe ctive, h ow e ve r, private forest ow ne rs,

ope rators, and investors m ust be fam iliar w ith th eir

provisions. To h e lp m e e t th is need, th e follow ing obje ctives w e re establish ed for th is study: (1) to m onitor

current and future le gislative, adm inistrative, and

judicial deve lopm ents in th e forest practice and environm ental law are as; and (2) to describe and analyze

th ese deve lopm ents as th ey re late to th e im pacted

parties.

Since th e ince ption of th is study in 19 84, all m ajor

le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents

in th e are as of inte rest-and w h ich h ave re levance to

forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors-h ave been

m onitored. To date, h ow e ve r, m ost of th e w ork done

h as been concentrated in th ree are as: (1) State and

local forest practice law s; (2) State and local w ate r

quality law s; and (3) State and local w e tlands prote ction law s. Th e k ey provisions of th ese types of law s

h ave been sum m arized and th eir potential im plications for forestry partially evaluated.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Cubbage, F.W .; Sie ge l, W .C. 19 85. Th e law re gulating

private forest practices. Journal of Forestry. 83(9 ):

538-545.

Cubbage, F.W .; Sie ge l, W .C. 19 88. State and local re gulation of private forestry in th e East. North e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 5(2): 103-108.

Cubbage, F.W .; Sie ge l, W .C.; Lick w ar, P.M. 19 89 . State

w ate r quality law s and program s to control nonpoint

source pollution from forest lands in th e South . In:

Proceed ings of th e Am e rican W ate r Resource

Association’s (AW RA) national confe rence on w ate r:

law s and m anagemen t; 19 89 Se ptembe r 17-22;

Tam pa, FL. Be th esda, MD: Am e rican W ate r Resources Association: 8A-29 to 8A-37.

H aines, T.K.; Sie ge l, W .C.; Cubbage, F.W . 19 88. Recent deve lopm ents in State w ate r quality law s affe cting forestry in th e East. In: Proceedings of th e

Te ch nical Association of th e Pulp and Pape r

Industry’s (TAPPI) 19 88 environm ental confe rence ;

19 88 April 17-20; Atlanta, GA. New York , NY Te ch -

nical Association of th e Pulp and Pape r Industry:

457-467.

H ick m an, C.A. 19 87. Prese rving rural lands. Journal

of Forestry. 85(3): 31-35.

Sie ge l, W .C. 19 89 . State w ate r quality law s and program s to control nonpoint source pollution from fore s t land in th e Easte rn United State s. In :

Proceedings of th e Am e rican Socie ty OfAgricultural

Enginee rs’s (ASAE) national sym posium on

nonpoint w ate r quality conce rns-le gal and re gulatory aspe cts; 19 89 Decembe r 11-12; New O rle ans,

LA. St. Joseph , M I: Am e rican Socie ty OfAgricultural

Enginee rs: 131-140.

SILW CULTURE OF AR TIFICLALLY

REGENER ATED SOUTH ERN PINES

Row Ve rsus Se le ctive Th inning for Planted

Loblolly and Slash Pine s (See sum m ary,

p. 141.)

Forest stands can be th inned in num e rous w ays. In

plantations, tw o m ajor th inning m e th ods can be easily defined: (1) row or corridor th inning, in w h ich all

trees in ce rtain row s or sw ath s are re m oved (fig. 13);

and (2) sele ctive th inning, in w h ich trees are ch osen

for fe lling according to ce rtain crite ria.

M any studies h ad been conducted and articles w ritten conce rning th e e conom ic and silvicultural advantages of e ach of th ese tw o b road th inning m e th ods,

but for loblolly (Pinus toe & ) and slash (P. e lliottii)

pines, no studies h ad quantified, by ce rtain useful

aspe cts, th e grow th diffe rences th at can be e xpe cted

afte r th inning by alte rnative me th ods. Th ese aspe cts

deal w ith equivalent basal-are a leve ls in stands cove ring a range of site indices, initial planting densities, and diffe rent ages at th inning.

Th e obje ctives of th is study w e re to com pare th e

results of row th inning and sele ctive th inning for slash

and loblolly pine plantations from th e pe rspe ctives of

volum e, basal are a, and diam e te r grow th and yield.

Plantations w e re at diffe rent locations, w e re of various ages, h ad diffe rent site indices and initial planting densities, and h ad com parable stock ing le ve ls afte r

th inning.

Data for th e study w e re obtained from plots establish ed in six plantations at five locations in central

Louisiana. Basic pre th inning data w e re as follow s:

Location

Pin e Trees

species planted

Surviving trees Age at

at installation start of

be fore th inning study

Num b e rlacre Num b e rlacre Yr

McNary Slash 9 08 646 15

Melde r Loblolly 1,210 9 44 15

Pollock Slash 9 08 568 17

Leesville Loblolly 807 707 20

H ineston Loblolly 1,210 858 21

H ineston Slash 1,210 a22 22

39
Figure 13.-A th inned 15-year-old slash pine plantation

Estim ated site index (base age 50) for th e slash pine

plantations ave raged 9 7 ft and ranged from 86 to 104

ft on individual study plots. For th e loblolly pine plantations, site index ave raged 83 ft and ranged from 64

to 9 5 ft on individual plots.

Study plot are a varied according to th e planting

spacing. Rectangular tre atm ent plots contained a cente r m e asuremen t are a th at w as 12 row s in w idth by 1

ch ain in length . Isolation strips surrounding th e cente r plots w e re four row s in w idth on each side by 0.5

ch ain in length at e ach end; th us, e ach gross plot w as

20 row s in w idth by 2 ch ains in length .

Th e follow ing six th inning tre atm ents and an unth inned control w e re included in each study plantation:

A. R ow -th inning m e th ods :

1.

2.

3.

1 in 2: cle arcut eve ry oth e r row w ith no oth e r

th inning.

1 in 3: cle arcut eve ry th ird row w ith no oth e r

th inning.

1 in 4: cle arcut eve ry fourth row initially and

cut cente r row of re m aining th ree row s 5 ye ars

late r.

B. Se le ctive-th inning m e th ods:

1. Residual basal are a afte r th inning + 3 ft2 of

A-l (above ); th in once.

2. Residual basal are a afte r th inning + 3 ft2 of

A-2; th in once.

3. Residual basal are a afte r th inning initially,

and 5 years late r, w ith in + 3 ft2 of e ach respe ctive A-3 th inning; a total of tw o th innings.

C. Unth inned control.

Se le ctive-th inning m e th ods w e re carried out prim arily from below . Dom inant trees w e re cut only w h en

rough , defe ctive, fork ed, or dise ased, or w h en re m oval

w ould h e lp adjacent dom inants or codom inants.

Ove rall, th e study h ad a random ized block e xpe rim ental design w ith e ach location considered to be a

separate block . W ith in th e block , tre atm ents w e re random ly assigned to individual plots. Th e ove rall design

w as unbalanced because m ore th an one tre atm ent

re plication w as not possible at som e locations. Th e

slash pine plantation at M cNary h ad th ree re plications of all tre atm ents, th e loblolly pine plantation at

H ineston h ad tw o re plications, and all oth e rs h ad only

one re plication.

Plot and tree m e asuremen ts w e re m ade initially and

in th e 5th and 10th years follow ing th e first th inning

to dete rm ine th e ch anges in volum e, diam e te r, and

basal are a and also th e h eigh t, grow th and yield, m ortality, and diam e te r distributions of dom inant-codom inant trees.

Th e basal are as of plots w e re me asured using all

plot trees. Volum es w e re dete rm ined from a subset of

th ose trees, w h ich w e re ch osen proportionate ly from

40
e ach diam e te r class according to num be rs w ith in each

class. Th e volum es of th ese sele cted trees we re estim ated

by th e h eigh t-accum ulation m e th od. Cubic-foot volum es

of plots w e re estim ated from volum e-basal are a ratios.

Th e study is closed, but m ost of th e plots are still

m aintained and w ill be reme asured at & year inte rvals. All of th e slash pine plots and th ree of th e loblolly

pine plots at th e H ineston location w e re destroyed by

a south e rn pine beetle infestation in 19 87.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Baldw in, V.C., Jr.; Feduccia, D.I?;H ayw ood, J.D. 19 89 .

Post-th inning grow th and yield of row -th inned and

sele ctive ly th inned loblolly and slash pine plantations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research . 19 : 247-

256.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 76. Row vs. se le ctive th inning for

planted slash and loblolly pine. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent

re port. 177 p.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 82. Row vs. se le ctive th inning for

planted slash and loblolly pine. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress report. 182 p.

Th inned Slash Pine Plantation Grow th and

Yie ld (See sum m ary, p. 142.)

Th e th ree substudies discussed h e re we re establish ed in 19 58, 19 59 , and 19 64 in plantations establish ed on cut-ove r lands in four locations in Louisiana.

Th ese plantations are outside of th e natural range of

slash pine (Pinus e lliottii). Th e research obje ctives

w e re to consider th e e ffe cts of site, age, survival, tim -

ing of first th inning, subsequent re pe ated th innings,

and th inning intensity on th e grow th and yield of

planted slash pine. Each substudy w as establish ed

w ith som ewh at diffe rent obje ctives, but th e grow th

and yield m odeling to date h as com bined th e th re e

data se ts. Initial planting density did not vary w ith in

any of th e th ree substudies, but th e re w as som e variation am ong th e m .

Th e oldest substudy w as establish ed during th e

w inte r of 19 58-59 to m e asure th e e ffe cts of th e follow ing on th e grow th , yie ld, and quality of planted

slash pine on a good upland site: (1) five m ajor stock -

ing leve ls and variations of th e m ; (2) D+ th inning of

th e USDA Soil Conse rvation Se rvice (SCS); and (3) no

th inning. Th is substudy is a coope rative e ffort w ith

Be 1 Estate-Quatre Parish Com pany, Lak e Ch arles, LA.

Th e com pany furnish es th e study are a, prote cts th e

stand from fire, conducts preventative stum p tre atm ents against Fom es annosus root-rot infe ction, and

adm iniste rs tim be r sales. Furth e rm ore, th e SCS coope rates in m ark ing th e D+ plots, and soil scientists of th e

SCS h ave classified th e soils of th e study are a. Th e th inning tre atm ents for th is substudy are as follow s:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9 .

Th in to 70 ft2/acre of basal are a on a 5-ye ar cutting cycle, beginning at age 17.

Th in to 85 ft2/acre of basal are a on a 5-ye ar cutting cycle, beginning at age 17.

Th in to 100 ft2/acre of basal are a on a 5-ye ar cutting cycle, beginning at age 17.

Th in to 9 5 ft2/acre of basal are a at age 17 and to

55 ft2 at age 22 and eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r.

Th in to 9 5 ft2/acre of basal are a at age 17 and to

115 ft2 at age 22 and eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r.

Th in to 85 ft2/acre of basal are a on a lo-year cutting cycle, beginning at age 17.

Th in to progressive ly h igh e r basal are as on a 5-

year cutting cycle, starting w ith 85 ft21acre of

basal are a at age 17 and incre asing th e residual

basal are a to 9 0,9 5, 100, 104,108,111, 114,117,

and 120 ft21acre at successive 5-ye ar inte rvals.

Th in by th e D+ m e th od of SCS at age 17 and

eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r.

Do not th in (ch e ck ).

Th is substudy h as a random ized block design w ith

4 re plications; 36 plots w e re establish ed. One plot w as

destroyed by an Ips pine beetle infestation follow ing a

ligh tning strik e in th e plot. Measurem ent plot size is

0.25 acre. Each m e asuremen t plot is surrounded by a

47.8-ft-w ide isolation strip. Th e plantation w as establish ed by h and-planting during th e w inte r of 19 41-42

on cut-ove r longle af pine (Pinus palustris) land at a

spacing of about 6 by 7 ft.

Th e ne xt oldest substudy w as establish ed in 19 64

near H ineston, LA, to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of tim ing

of first th inning, residual basal are a, and age on th e

grow th and yield of planted slash pine on a good cutove r site. Site index on th is study are a ave raged 101

ft (base age 50). Eleven th inning tre atm ents are included in th is study. Pe riodic th inning w as on a 3-ye ar

cutting cycle until age 19 and on a 5-ye ar cycle th e reafte r. Th e tre atm ents are as follow s:

1. Th in to 70 ft21acre of basal are a, starting at age

10.

2. Th in to 70 ft21acre of basal are a; prune all le avetrees at age 10 to re m ove dead lim bs below th e

live crow n; e xtend pruned length to 17 ft at age

13.

3. Th in to 85 ft21acre of basal are a, starting at age

10.

4. Th in to 100 ft21acre of basal are a, starting at

age 10.

41
5. Th in to 70 ft21acre of basal are a, starting at age

13.

6. Th in to 85 f& acre of basal are a, starting at age

13.

7. Th in to 100 ft2/acre of basal are a, starting at

age 13.

8. Th in to 70 ft2/acre of basal are a, starting at age

16.

9 . Th in to 85 ft2/acre of basal are a, starting at age

16.

10. Th in to 100 ft2/acre of basal are a, starting at

age 16.

11. Do not th in (ch e ck ).

Th is substudy h as a random ized block design w ith

four re plications. Plots w e re grouped into block s by

proxim ity; tre atm ents w e re assigned w ith in block s at

random . Th e 44 plots are 0.1 acre in size and are surrounded by a 0.5ch ain buffe r strip. Th e plantation

w as establish ed by h and-planting in Decembe r 19 48

on form e r longle af pine land at a spacing of approxim ate ly 6 by 7 ft. Th e plantation is ow ned by Inte rnational Pape r Com pany.

Th e th ird substudy w as installed in 19 64-65 in tw o

plantations, 14 and 16 ye ars old. Th e research obje ctives w e re to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of diffe rent th inning intensities on th e grow th , yie ld, and diam e te r

distribution of slash pine planted on a cut-ove r are a

outside th e natural range of th is spe cies th at h as a

low to m edium site index. Th e plantations are ow ned

by Boise Cascade Com pany and are located in easte rn Sabine Parish , about 2 m iles from Pe ason, LA.

Th e tw o stands w e re establish ed by m ach ine-planting during th e w inte rs of 19 48-49 and 19 50-51 on cutove r longle af pine land at a spacing of approxim ate ly

6 by 8 ft. Eigh t tre atm ents are being tested in th is

substudy. Th e tre atm ents include th inning back to 40,

55, 70, 85, 100, 115, and 130 ft2/acre of basal are a at

5-ye ar inte rvals, beginning at ages 14 and 16, and an

unth inned ch e ck . All plots assigned to th e 40-, 55-,

and 70-ft2 stock ing leve ls w e re th inned at th e tim e of

study installation. Basal are a w as too low for cutting

on all plots of th e 14-ye ar-old stand th at w e re to carry

85 ft21acre or h igh e r stock ing leve ls. In th e 16-ye arold plantation, one of th e th ree plots w ith a basal are a

of 85 ft21acre, tw o of th e plots w ith a basal are a of 100

ft21acre, and all plots assigned h igh e r residual basal

are a leve ls w e re not th inned. Afte r 5 ye ars, all e xce pt

four plots subje cted to th e th inning tre atm ent to 130

ft21acre of basal are a h ad re ach ed th e assigned stock -

ing le ve l. In 19 74-75, th ree plots subje cted to th e tre atm ent to 130 ft21acre h ad bare ly re ach ed th e assigned

leve l of density and w e re not th inned until 19 79 -80.

Site index ave raged 80 and 72 ft for th e younge r

and older stands, respe ctive ly. Th e substudy h as a

random ized block design. Tw o block s are located in

th e younge r plantation and th ree block s, in th e older

plantation. Plots w e re grouped into block s according

to th e indicated site index at th e tim e of study installation, and tre atm ents w e re random ly assigned w ith in

th e block s. Th e me asuremen t plots are 0.15 acre in

size and are surrounded by a 0.5-ch ain buffe r strip.

To date, all plots are still active, and th e substudy continues (fig. 14).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Dell, T.R.; Feduccia, D.P.; Cam pbell, C.E.; [and oth -

e rs]. 19 79 . Yie lds of unth inned slash pine plantations on cutove r sites in th e West Gulf re gion. Res.

Pap. SO-147. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 84 p.

Engh art, H .G.; M ann, W .F. 19 72. Ten-year grow th of

planted slash pine. Res. Pap. SO-82. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 11 p.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 74. Grow th and yield of planted slash

pine on cutove r sites in th e West Gulf. In: Proceedings of th e sym posium on m anagemen t of young

pines; 19 74 Octobe r 22-24; Ale xandria, LA. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station:

9 7-107.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 77. Ten-year grow th follow ing th inning of slash pine planted on m edium to poor cutove r

sites. Res. Pap. SO-137. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 79 . Th inning slash pine on cutove r

flatw oods sites in th e West Gulf. Res. Pap. SO-158.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

8 P.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 84. Th inning alte rnatives for planted

slash pine. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 116 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Feduccia, D.l? 19 84. Tim ing of first th inning of planted

slash pine. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 130 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 88. Th e e ffe ct of age and residual

basal are a on grow th and yield of planted slash pine

on a m edium to poor site. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

42
Figure 14.-A th inned slash pine stand: a, at age 19 ; and b, at age 39 .

43
e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 120

p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Loh rey, R.E. 19 84. Above ground biom ass of planted

and dire ct-seeded slash pine in th e West Gulf region. In: Saucie r, J.L., ed. Proceed ings of 19 84 south -

e rn forest biom ass w ork sh op; 19 84 June 5-7;

Ath ens, GA. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 75-82.

Loh rey, R.E. 19 85. Stem volum e, volum e ratio, and

tape r equations for slash pine in th e West Gulf region. In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd

biennial south e rn silviculture research confe rence ;

19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep.

SO-54. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 451-459 .

M ann, W .F., Jr.; Engh ardt, H .G. 19 72. Grow th of

planted slash pine under seve ral th inning re gim es.

Res. Pap. SO-76. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 10 p.

Z arnoch , S.J.; Feduccia, D.P. 19 84. Slash pine plantation site index curves for th e West Gulf re gion.

South e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry. 8(4): 223-225.

Intensive Culture of South e rn Pine s (Include s

studie s SO-4101-1.150,1.177 and 28;

see sum m arie s, p. 143-144.)

Intensive cultural practices h ave been studied by

research e rs at th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station at Ale xandria, LA, since

th e m id-19 50’s by m e ans of site-pre paration tre atm ents. Fe rtiliz ation trials w e re establish ed in th e

19 60’s, and wee d control e xpe rim ents becam e im portant in th e 19 70’s (fig. 15). Many of th e first studies

utilized sm all plots because th e first obje ctive w as to

dete rm ine th e me th odology of th e practices, rath e r

th an th e long-te rm e ffe cts on pine grow th . As th e practices becam e bette r unde rstood, large r plots w e re establish ed to follow pine grow th to th e first th inning or

beyond.

Th e obje ctive of th e large r studies w as to dete rm ine

th e e ffe cts of cultural practices on pine grow th . Most

studies h ave m ore th an one practice because strong

inte ractions w e re e xpe cted based on th e results of e arlie r studies. Th us, tw o of th e th ree studies m entioned

h e re are factorial designs com paring diffe rent leve ls

of fe rtiliz ation and wee d control.

Th e plot size of th ese studies is re lative ly sm all because of th e labor and m ate rials required to establish

and m aintain th e tre atm ents. Th us, m ost of th e studFigu re 15.-Th e effect of w eed control (left) u s. no w eed control (righ t) in a lo-year-old slash pine stand.

44
ies w ill not be m e asured past age 15. W h en possible,

th innings w ill be used for m e asuremen t of w ood prope rties because of th e dram atic ch anges in early grow th

of th e trees.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Burton, J.D.; Sh oulders, E.; Snow , G.A. 19 85. Incidence

and im pact of fusiform rust vary w ith silviculture

in slash pine plantations. Forest Science. 31: 671-

680.

Burton. J.D.; Snow , G.A. 19 83. Triadim e fon controls

fusiform rust in young slash pine outplantings. Plant

Dise ase. 67: 853-854.

Burton. J.D.; Snow , G.A. 19 85. Intensive culture gives

slash pine plantations a fast start. In: Sh oulders,

E., ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r 7-

8;Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Re p. SO-54. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 39 0-39 4.

H ayw ood, J.D. 19 83. Sm all topograph ical diffe rences

affe ct slash pine response to site pre paration and

fe rtiliz ation. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry.

7: 145-148.

H ayw ood, J.D. 19 86. Response of planted Pinus taeda

L. to b rush control in north e rn Louisiana. Forest

Ecology and Managemen t. 15: 129 -134.

H ayw ood, J.D. 19 88. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) re -

sponse to wee d control in central Louisiana. W eed

Te ch nology. 2: 49 0-49 4.

H ayw ood, J.D.; Tiark s, A.E. 19 81. W eed control and

fe rtiliz ation affe ct young pine grow th . In: Proceedings of th e south e rn wee d confe rence ; [Dates unk now n]; [Location unk now n]. Ch am paign, IL: W eed

Science Socie ty of Am e rica. 34: 145-151.

Sh oulders, E.; H ayw ood, J.D.; Tiark s, A.E.; Burton,

J.D. 19 85. Ve ge tation m anagemen t in south e rn pine

plantations. In: Spe e ch es and pape rs of th e inte rnational forest congress, forest resources m anagem ent-th e influence of policy and law ; 19 84 August

6-7; Quebec, Canada. Ottaw a, Ontario: Canadian

Institute of Forestry: 245-249 .

Tiark s, A.E.; H ayw ood, J.D. 19 86. Loblolly pine response to fe rtiliz ation, h e rbace ous plant control and

w oody plant control. Forest Ecology and Managem ent. 14: 103-112.

Site Pre paration (Include s studie s SO-4101-9 .2,

9 .4 th rough 9 .7,9 .11,9 .23,9 .43,9 .57, and (1115)-

3.5; See sum m arie s, p. 144-150.)

W ill pine seedlings on poorly drained soils deve lop

m ore rapidly if planted in beds or discontinuous

m ounds? Is destruction of th e h e rbace ous cove r sufficient to boost seedling grow th w ith out raising th e

planting spot on th ese soils? W ork done by scientists

of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station on seve ral sands in Florida de te rm ined

th at seedling deve lopm ent w as de pendent on soil

drainage. But w h at w ould h appen on finer te xtured,

m ore fe rtile soils in oth e r re gions? W h ich spe cies of

south e rn pines w ill grow best on th ese poorly drained

soils? W ill any early gains in grow th be m aintained or

lost as th e pines re ach sapling and pole size? Th ese

were am ong th e practical questions research e rs began seek ing answ e rs for in th e West Gulf re gion during th e e arly 19 60’s.

Pine plantations of th e South ’s th ird forest w e re

being establish ed on m any sites w h e re a h ardw ood

com ponent w as deve loping and aggressive ly com pe ting for ligh t, w ate r, and nutrients w ith th e planted

pine trees. Pre vious research and practical e xpe rience

h ad de alt m ostly w ith th e establish m ent and grow th

of pines on old fie lds and open range and th e conve rsion of scrub h ardw ood stands to pine. Foreste rs k new

th at m e ch anical site pre paration w ould control residual h ardw oods on pine planting sites, but w h ich

m e th od of site pre paration w as best? H ow m uch of a

h ardw ood com ponent w ould deve lop afte r e ach m e th od

of site pre paration? H ow w ould th e plantation pines

deve lop? H ow w ould diffe rent soil types and fe rtilize rs influence th e ch oice of site-pre paration m e th od,

and could th e best ch oice be predicted on a case by

case basis? Th ese w e re am ong th e practical questions

research e rs began seek ing answ e rs for in th e West

Gulf re gion during th e e arly 19 70’s.

To answ e r th e above tw o sets of questions, South -

e rn Station scientists began establish ing study sites

in th e We st Gulf re gion. Th e studies dealt w ith loblolly

(Pinus taeda) and slash (P. elliottii) pines, and often

both spe cies w e re planted on th e sam e research site.

Tre atm ents of inte rest w e re studied using random -

ized com ple te block designs to ensure statistical validity. Th e length of th ese studies ranged from 6 to 20

years. Tree h eigh t, and, late r, dise ase data w e re colle cted yearly at planting, but norm ally th e inte rval

between m e asuremen ts incre ased to 2 or 5 ye ars afte r age 5, and diam e te r data w e re sam pled afte r th e

trees re ach ed sapling siz e.

Seve ral im portant findings h ave com e from th is research . Both loblolly and slash pine plantations are

m ost productive if soil drainage ave rages about 1.5

acre-ft during w inte r. In th e We st Gulf re gion ,

45
flatw oods soils h ave an ave rage w inte r drainage of

about 0.6 acre-ft. Th e re fore, bedding is beneficial on

th e m ore poorly drained sites. H ow e ve r, single-pass

bedding incre ases th e volum e on w e ll-drained soil by

only about 0.4 acre-ft, and m axim um pine productivity w ould still not h ave been re alized exce pt for anoth e r, and unexpe cted, finding. Th e w ate r table drops

under bedded sites, and grow th gains norm ally attributed to planting on beds actually result large ly from

th is drop in th e w ate r table. Forest m anage rs w ish -

ing to m e asure th e w inte r w ate r table do not need to

m onitor fluctuations in its depth . Th e best indicator

of depth to w inte r w ate r table is th e depth to gray

m ottling in th e soil, w h ich can be dete rm ined at any

tim e .

M any silt loam flatw oods in th e West Gulf re gion

h ave gently rolling topograph ies. It is gene rally belie ved th at th ese sligh t topograph ic ch anges affe ct h ow

planted pines respond to site am e lioration, but little

quantitative inform ation w as available. In re cent

years, South e rn Station scientists h ave been able to

re com m end ce rtain cultural practices based on topograph ic diffe rences of flatw oods soils. One of th ese

practices is to form distinct m ounds for planting slash

pine seedlings rath e r th an bedding if beds w ill cle arly

disrupt surface drainage and im pound w ate r.

Th e me th od used to pre pare bette r drained soils for

planting is less im portant th an accom plish ing th e four

m ajor obje ctives of site pre paration: to destroy existing plant cove r, reduce th e ch ance of w ildfires, provide access for planting, and im prove soil ae ration and

w ate r infiltration. Site pre paration beyond ensuring

stand establish m ent w ill not significantly incre ase

long-te rm yie lds and w ill reduce th e re turn on investm ent on bette r drained soils. If e xcessive soil displacem ent results from site pre paration, yie lds m ay actually

be reduced. Forest m anage rs sh ould fore go e xtra practices in th e h ope of gre atly incre asing yie lds from pole

stands of south e rn pines on bette r drained soils.

Ph osph orus fe rtiliz ation provides one e xce ption to

th e above rule. Forest m anage rs w ish ing to rapidly

produce large individual pole-size loblolly pine trees

sh ould consider ph osph orus fe rtiliz ation w ith m ech anical site pre paration before planting on Udult

(Ultisols) soils. If m axim izing total stand volum e is

th e prim ary obje ctive, no sim ple fe rtiliz e r re com m endations can be m ade because of th e confounding e ffe cts of soil types and site-preparation m e th ods on th e

survival and yield of stands. Fe rtiliz e r re com m endations for m axim izing total stand volum e on bette r

drained soils w ill h ave to be m ade on a case-by-case

basis w ith risk of failure.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Cain, M ich ae l D. 19 78. Planted loblolly and slash pine

response to bedding and flat disk ing on a poorly

drained site-an update. Res. Note SO-237. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

Derr, H .J.; M ann, W .F., Jr. 19 70. Site pre paration im -

proves grow th ofplanted pines. Res. Note SO-106. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 3 p.

Derr, H .J.; M ann, W .F., Jr. 19 77. Bedding poorly

drained sites for planting loblolly and slash pines in

south w est Louisiana. Res. Pap. SO-134. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

H ayw ood, J.D.; Burton, Jam es D. 19 9 0. Ph osph orus

fe rtiliz e r, soils, and site pre paration influence

loblolly pine productivity. New Forests. 7: 275-287.

H ayw ood, J.D.; Th ill, R.E.; Burton, J.D. 19 81. Intensive site pre paration affe cts loblolly pine grow th on

upland sites. In: Forest re gene ration: Proceedings

of a sym posium on enginee ring syste m s for forest

re gene ration by th e Am e rican Socie ty ofAgricultural

Enginee rs; 19 81 M arch 2-6; Raleigh , NC. St. Joseph , M I: Am e rican Socie ty of Agricultural Enginee rs: 224-231.

H ayw ood, Jam es D. 19 80. Planted pines do not respond

to bedding on an Acadia-Be aure gard-Kolin silt loam

site. Res. Note SO-259 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 4 p.

H ayw ood, Jam es D. 19 81. Discontinuous m ounding

as a site tre atm ent on a flatw oods soil. In: Proceedings of th e 1st biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 80 Novembe r 6-7; Atlanta, GA.

Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-34. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station: 88-9 1.

H ayw ood, Jam es D. 19 83. Response of planted pines

to site pre paration on a Be aure gard-Caddo soil. In:

Jones, Earle P., Jr., ed. Proceed ings of th e 2nd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 82

Novembe r 4-5; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE24. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 14-17.

H ayw ood, Jam es D. 19 83. Sm all topograph ic diffe rences affe ct slash pine response to site pre paration

and fe rtiliz ation. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(3): 145-148.

H ayw ood, Jam es D. 19 87. Effe cts of site am e lioration

on grow th and yield of slash and loblolly pines

planted on a Caddo silt loam in south w este rn Louisiana. In: Ph illips, Douglas R., ed. Proceedings of

46
th e 4th b ienn ial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 83 Novembe r 4-6; Atlanta, GA. Gen .

Te ch . Rep. SE-42. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent

OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station: 389 -39 4.

H ayw ood, Jam es D. 19 87. Response of slash pine

planted on m ounds in central and south w este rn

Louisiana. New Forests. 4: 29 1-300.

H ayw ood, Jam es D.; Burton, Jam es D. 19 87. Loblolly

pine productivity-m e asuring th e influence of site

pre paration and soil type. Forest Farm e r. 46(8):

13-15.

H ayw ood, Jam es D.; Burton, Jam es D. 19 89 . Loblolly

pine plantation deve lopm ent is influenced by site

pre paration and soils in th e We st Gulf Coastal Plain.

South e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry. 13(-l): 17-21.

M ann, W .F., Jr.; Derr, H .J. 19 70. Response of planted

loblolly and slash pine to disk ing on a poorly drained

site. Res. Note SO-110. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 3 p.

M ann, W .F., Jr.; M cGilvray, J.M. 19 74. Response of

slash pine to bedding and ph osph orus application

in south e aste rn flatw oods. Res. Pap. SO-9 9 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 9 p.

Sh oulders, Eugene. 19 74. Fe rtiliz ation and soil m oisture m anagemen t in south e rn pine plantations. In:

Proceedings of th e sym posium on m anagemen t of

young pines; 19 74 Octobe r 22-24; Ale xandria, LA.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station:

55-64.

Sh oulders, Eugene. 19 82. Fitting practice to site. In:

Proceed ings of a se m inar, site pre paration w ork sh op;

[Dates unk now n]; Baton Rouge, LA. Baton Rouge,

LA: Forestry and H arvesting Training Cente r and

Louisiana State Unive rsity Sch ool of Forestry and

W ildlife M anagemen t: 133-148.

Sh oulders, Eugene; H ayw ood, Jam es D.; Tiark s, Allan

E.; Burton, Jam es D. 19 84. Ve ge tation m anagemen t

in south e rn pine plantations. In: Spe e ch es and pape rs of th e inte rnational forest congress, forest resources m anagemen t-th e influence of policy and

law ; 19 84 August 6-7; Quebec, Canada. Ottaw a,

Ontario: Canadian Institute of Forestry: 245-249 .

Tiark s, Allan E. 19 83. Effe ct of site pre paration and

fe rtiliz ation on slash pine grow ing on a good site.

In: Jones, Earle P., ed. Proceedings of th e 2nd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 82

Novembe r 4-5; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE24. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 34-39 .

Tiark s, Allan E. 19 87. Effe ct of site pre paration and

fe rtiliz ation on second rotation slash pine . In :

Gresh am , C.A., ed. Proceedings of th e second rotation plantation establish m ent w ork sh op; 19 87 February 17-19 ; Baruch Forest Scie n ce Institute ,

Ge orge tow n, SC. Cle m son, SC: Cle m son Unive rsity:

56-62.

Long-Te rm Soil Productivity of South e rn Pine

Site s (Include s studie s SO-4101-2.10,2.14 and

15-7.11; see sum m arie s, p. 151-152.)

Th e e ffe cts of m anagemen t practices on future rotations of south e rn pines h ave been e xam ined by scientists of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station at Ale xandria, LA, since about

19 80. All studies h ave sound expe rim ental designs so

th at negative results (assum ing no diffe rences between

tre atm ents) can be acce pted w ith assurance by land

m anage rs. Th e studies w e re installed w ith th e ph ilosoph y th at using pines as a biological grow th index

is a bette r base on w h ich to deve lop future policy th an

grow th -predicting m odels th at do not h ave an underlying data base.

Studies h ave been installed in new are as to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of logging practices on th e grow th of

th e ne xt rotation and on old study sites to dete rm ine

th e e ffe cts of site pre paration and fe rtiliz ation on th e

grow th of a succeeding rotation (fig. 16). Th e studies

range in size from forty-eigh t 0.16-acre plots to fiftytw o 0.55-acre plots. Th e tim e pe riod during w h ich

m e asuremen ts w ill be tak en be fore ending th e study

or cutting and re planting varies w ith th e plot siz e,

w ith sm all plots being reestablish ed afte r 15 ye ars.

Be cause th is type of research w as initiated since

19 80, only th ree studies are included. H ow e ve r, because th eir use fulness is now apparent, m ore studies

are being installed and w ill be added as stands re ach

age 10.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Tiark s, Allan E. 19 87. Effe ct of site pre paration and

fe rtiliz ation on second rotation slash pine . In :

Gresh am , C.A., ed. Proceedings of th e second rotation plantation establish m ent w ork sh op; 19 87 February 17-19 ; Baruch Forest Scie n ce Institute ,

Ge orge tow n, SC. Cle m son, SC: Cle m son Unive rsity:

56-62.

Tiark s, Allan E. 19 89 . Grow th of slash pine planted in

soil disturbed by w e t-w e ath e r logging. Journal of

Soil and W ate r Conservation. 45(3X 405-407.

47
48
Figure 16.-Effects of s kidde rs: a, a site in south ern Louisiana rutted by skidders operating on saturated soil; b, a

s kidde r in operation in saturated soil in 40.year-old slash pine stand; and c, cross section of com pacte d

soil beneath a sk idde r rut.

Effe cts of Initial Spacing and Pre com m e rcial

Th inning in Fore st Stands Establish ed by

Dire ct-Seed ing (See sum m ary, p. 152.)

An artificial re gene ration alte rnative to planting

seedlings is dire ct-seeding of an are a. Th is m e th od of

forest establish m ent w as espe cially appe aling in th e

20th century in th e United States because vast cutove r are as needed to be re forested as quick ly as possible. Dire ct-seeding could be m ost e asily accom plish ed

by broadcasting seeds ove r large are as by h and or by

airplane. H ow e ve r, it w as difficult to control seedling

density by th is m e th od. M any of th e seeds w e re consum ed by birds or rodents before sprouting could occur. To counte ract th is loss, large r num be rs of seeds

w e re sow e d th an w e re actually needed, w h ich m ost

often produced ve ry dense forest stands. Inform ation

w as needed to dete rm ine th e influence of various m e th -

ods and intensities of e arly pre com m e rcial th inning

in th ese dense young forest stands on survival, pe riodic grow th and yield, w ood ch aracte ristics, and financial re turns.

Anoth e r m e th od of controlling seeding density w as

to sow seeds in row s. Density could be controlled by

varying th e space between row s and th e space between

w ith in-row seed spots. Inform ation w as also needed to

dete rm ine th e influence of various initial spacings in row s

and between row s on tree survival, pe riodic grow th and

yie ld, w ood ch aracte ristics, and financial re turns.

To m e e t th ese obje ctives, studies utilizing dire ctseeded loblolly (Pinus taeda), longle af (P. palustris),

and slash (P. e lliottii) pines w e re establish ed on low ,

m edium , and h igh sites. Th e e xpe rim ental designs

w e re random ized com ple te block w ith th ree or four

tre atm ent re plications. In th e b roadcast-seeded studies, 3- to & year-old stands w e re th inned sele ctive ly,

in row s or sw ath s or a com bination of th ese m e th ods,

to various residual stem densities. Unth inned control

plots w e re also establish ed. In th e row -th inning studies, initial in-row spacings of 1 to 8 ft w ith row s 8 ft

apart and an in-row spacing of 4 or 8 ft w ith row s 12

ft apart w e re establish ed for com parison. Th e study

plots h ave been pe riodically reme asured since establish -

m ent-eve ry 1 to 3 ye ars initially, eve ry 3 ye ars from

age 5 th rough age 20, and eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r.

49
M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Baldw in, V.C., Jr. 19 85. Survival curves for unth inned

and early-th inned dire ct-seeded slash pine stands.

In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84

Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO54. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 460-465.

Loh rey, R.E. 19 85. Above ground biom ass of planted

and dire ct-seeded slash pine in th e West Gulf region. In: Saucie r, J.R., ed. Proceedings of th e 19 84

south e rn forest biom ass w ork sh op; 19 84 June 5-7;

Ath ens, GA. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 75-81.

Loh rey, R.E. 19 85. Stem volum e, volum e ratio, and

tape r equations for slash pine in th e West Gulf region. In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd

biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ;

19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen Te ch . Rep.

SO-54. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 451-459 .

Loh rey, R.E. 19 87. Site index curves for dire ct-seeded

slash pines in Louisiana. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 11(l): 15-17.

Effe cts of Planting Spacing and Th inning

Intensity on th e Grow th and Yie ld of Loblolly

Pine (See sum m ary, p. 153.)

Tw o planting spacing studies establish ed in th e late

19 40’s and 19 50’s w ith loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) we re

conve rted to th inning density studies. Th e first (now

closed) w as located near W oodw orth in central Louisiana, and th e second is near Merryville in south w est

Louisiana. Th e W oodw orth study w as on State-ow ned

land and w as m aintained by th e Louisiana Office of

Forestry; th e Me rryville study is located on land ow ned

and m aintained by Rice Land Lum be r Com pany. In

both are as, th e study obje ctives w e re to dete rm ine h ow

initial planting density, site, age, survival, re pe ated

th innings, and th inning intensity affe ct th e grow th

and yield of loblolly pine planted on sites sim ilar to

th ose studied. Both study sites w e re located on cutove r land form e rly occupied by longle af pine (P.

palustris). No m e ch anical or ch e m ical site pre paration w as required.

In both study are as, th e me asuremen t plots w e re

0.1 acre in size, w ith about a 0.5-ch ain-w ide buffe r

strip surrounding e ach plot. Th e W oodw orth study

contained 69 plots, 4 of w h ich w e re unth inned control

plots. Site index (base age 25) ove r th e are a ranged

from 53 to 67 ft. Th e planting densities ranged from

400 to 2,700 ste m s pe r acre, and th e residual basal

are a pe r-acre densities ranged from 70 to 100 ft’. Th e

first th inning occurred at planting age 20 in th ose plots

th at h ad sufficient basal are a to be th inned to th eir

targe t basal are a. Th e Me rryville study contains 73

th inned plots and 15 unth inned control plots. Site index ranges from 56 to 72 ft, planting densities range

from 300 to 1,200 ste m s pe r acre, and afte r-th inning

densities range from 60 to 120 ft?/acre of basal are a.

Th is study w as first th inned at planting age 17. In

both studies, th e th inning inte rval w as 5 ye ars, and

th inning w as gene rally from below , alth ough nearly

equal attention w as given to m aintaining rath e r uniform tree spacing in th e stands.

Th e W oodw orth study h ad to be closed in 19 75 afte r

a tornado destroyed num e rous k ey plots. H ow e ve r,

data are available th rough stand age 45. Th e M e rryville study, w ith trees 41 ye ars of age from planting at

th e tim e of th is re port (19 9 51, continues.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Baldw in, V.C., Jr. 19 87. Green and dry-w e igh t equations for above-ground com ponents of plante d

loblolly pine trees in th e West Gulf re gion. South -

e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry. ll(4): 212-218.

Baldw in, V.C., Jr.; Feduccia, D.P. 19 82. Validation of

th e unth inned loblolly pine plantation yield m ode lUSLYCOW G. Res. Note SO-283. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Baldw in, V.C., Jr.; Feduccia, D.P. 19 87. Loblolly pine

grow th and yield prediction for m anaged W est Gulf

plantations. Res. Pap. SO-236. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 27 p.

Box, B.H .; Linartz, N.E.; Applequist, M .B. 19 64. Com -

parative grow th and volum e of loblolly pine planted

at variable spacings. LSU For. Note 60. Baton

Rouge, LA: Louisiana State Unive rsity. 2 p.

Cam pbell, T.E.; M ann, W .F., Jr. 19 74. Grow th in a

loblolly pine spacing study in south w est Louisiana.

In: Proceedings of th e sym posium on m anagemen t

of young pines; 19 74 Octobe r 22-24; Ale xandria, LA.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station:

108-115.

Feduccia, D.P.; Dell, T.R.; M ann, W .F., Jr.; [and oth -

e rsl. 19 79 . Yie lds of unth inned loblolly pine plantations on cutove r sites in th e West Gulf re gion. Res.

Pap. SO-148. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 88 p.

50
Feduccia, D.l?; M ann, W .F., Jr. 19 76. Grow th follow -

ing initial th inning of loblolly pine planted on a

cutove r site at five spacings. Res. Pap. SO-120. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 8 p.

Feduccia, D.P.; M osie r, J. 19 77. Th e W oodw orth spacing and th inning study: an obituary. Forests and

Pe ople. 27(l): 18-21.

Fe rguson, R.B.; Baldw in, V.C., Jr. 19 87. Com preh ensive outlook for m anaged pines using sim ulated

tre atm e n t e xpe rim e n ts-plan ted lob lolly pine

(COMPUTE-P-LOB): a use r’s guide. Res. Pap. SO241. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 64 p.

M ann, W .F., Jr. 19 54. Th inning loblolly pine. Forests

and Pe ople. 4(2): 2-31, 54.

M ann, W .F., Jr.; Dell, T.R. 19 71. Yie lds of 17-ye ar old

loblolly pine planted on a cutove r site at various

spacings. Res. Pap. SO-70. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 9 p.

M ann, W .F., Jr.; Feduccia, D.P. 19 76. Tree sizes h arvested in diffe rent th innings-anoth e r look . Res.

Pap. SO-131. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

Poph am , T.W .; Feduccia, D.P.; De ll, T.R.; [and oth e rs].

19 79 . Site index for loblolly plantations on cutove r

sites in th e West Gulf Coastal Plain. Res. Note SO250. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 8 p.

De ve lopm ent of a Loblolly Pine Plantation

Th inned to Diffe rent Density Le ve ls in

South e rn Ark ansas (See sum m ary, p. 154.)

Th e study discussed h e re w as establish ed in a 12-

year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation located

in south e ast Ark ansas. Th is study w as designed to

evaluate th e e ffe cts of various th inning and crow nsh orten ing tre atm ents on volum e grow th . In 19 70,

pe rsonnel at th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station establish ed 40 e xpe rim ental

plots. Th ese plots w e re m aintained and inventoried

by th e USDA Forest Se rvice until 19 81. Since 19 81,

th e study h as been conducted by th e Departm ent of

Forest Resources at th e Unive rsity of Ark ansas at

M ontice llo in coope ration w ith th e USDA Forest Se rvice and Ge orgia-Pacific Corporation. Continuity of

m e th ods and te ch niques (in particular, th e use of th e

Z eiss te ledendrom e te r for m e asuring uppe r stem diam e te rs and h eigh ts) h as been m aintained to ensure

th e com patibility of results from all inventories. In

19 87, th e seventh reme asuremen t of th e 30-ye ar-old

trees w as com ple ted.

Th e original study design includes four le ve ls of th inning and th ree leve ls of crow n sh orten ing. Each com -

bination h as th ree re plications w ith in a random ized

com ple te block design. Four additional plots w e re establish ed to re present e ach of th e four th inning tre atm ents w ith out crow n sh orten ing. Each plot is 132 by

132 ft in size and contains an inner 66- by 66-ft plot in

w h ich all trees are individually identified w ith num -

be rs. Th us, th e O.l-acre me asuremen t plot is surrounded by a sim ilarly tre ated 0.3-acre buffe r z one

th at is 0.5 ch ain in w idth .

Plots w e re initially th inned at 12 ye ars of age to 40,

60,80, and 100 fi?/acre of basal are a, and crow ns w e re

pruned to 25, 40, and 55 pe rcent of th e total tre e

h eigh t. Afte r th e second inventory at age 15, basal

are as w e re reduced to 30,50,70, and 9 0 f& acre, wh e re

th ey h ave since been m aintained. A salvage cutting

w as m ade afte r a se ve re ice storm at age 16, and plots

w e re th inned again at ages 24,27, and 30. Trees w e re

pruned only tw ice, at ages 12 and 15.

During th e w inte r of 19 74 and again in 19 79 , seve re ice storm s caused extensive dam age to th e plots.

Trees on th ree plots w e re so h e avily dam aged th at

basal are a w as reduced and still re m ains below th at

intended for th e tre atm ents. Alth ough data h ave been

colle cted on individual trees, th ese plots h ave been

e lim inated from th e analysis.

Five control plots (w ith out th inning or pruning) w e re

establish ed on th e adjacent untre ated part of th e plantation in 19 84. Th e size and arrangemen t of e ach plot

is th e sam e as th at of th e 40 original plots. Th e natural h ardw ood com pe tition w as k illed on th e control

plots by inje ctions of Tordon 101-R. In 19 86, th e construction of a new road resulted in th e e lim ination of

a plot (afte r only one inventory pe riod of m e asurem ent). Th e lost plot w as re placed in 19 86 w ith a plot

th at w as m e asured for th e first tim e in 19 87.

W h en colle cting inventory in th e buffe r strip, th e d.b.h .

of e ach tree w as tak en , basal are a w as calculated, and

th inning w as planned to m aintain th e sam e tre atm ent le ve l

as th e corresponding inne r plots. On all inne r plot trees,

diam e te rs w e re m e asured at 1,3, and 4.5 R (bre ast h eigh t)

and at crow n base. Th e crow n radius w as m e asured in th e

longest dire ction and 9 0 de grees to it. H eigh ts w e re dete rm ined to th e b ase of th e live crow n, to th e top of th e

tre e, and to th e e ven diam e te rs of th e stem required to

calculate volum e by th e Grosenbaugh (19 54) h eigh t accum ulation m e th od. M e asuremen ts ofh eigh t and upper

stem diam e te rs w e re done w ith a Z eiss te ledendrom e te r,

and low e r diam e te rs w e re me asured w ith a diam e te r

tape or calipe r. W h en sele cting trees to be th inned, foreste rs th inned th e trees from below based on th e follow -

ing, som ewh at ove rlapping, crite ria (in orde r of

decre asing im portance ): d.b.h ., current incremen t, ste m

form , h eigh t, spatial distribution, and cone production.

51
M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Burton, Jam es D. 19 71. Loblolly pine crow n size, stand

density, production le ve l, and w ood quality. Crosse tt,

AR: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent

re port FS-SO-1115-4.2. 33 p. On file w ith : U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 81. Th inning and pruning influence glaze dam age in a young loblolly pine plantation. Res. Note SO-264. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 4 p.

Leduc, Danie l J.; Z eide, Boris. 19 87. Th e e ffe ct ofth inning and pruning on th e grow th of planted loblolly

pine stands. In: Ph illips, R.D., ed. Proceedings of

th e 4th b ienn ial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 86 Novembe r 4-6; Atlanta, GA. Gen .

Te ch . Rep. SE-42. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent

OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station: 473-482.

W iley, Suzanne; Z eide, Boris. 19 89 . Th irty-year deve lopm ent of loblolly pine stands at various densities.

In: Mille r, Jam es H ., ed. Proceedings, 5th biennial

south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 88

Novembe r l-3; Mem ph is, TN. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO74. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 19 9 -204.

Z eide, Boris. 19 85. De ve lopm ent of a loblolly pine plantation th inned to diffe rent density leve ls in south -

e rn Ark ansas. Mon tice llo, AR: Unive rsity of

Ark ansas. Study plan. 8 p. On file w ith : U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Z eide, Boris; Leduc, Danie l J. 19 85. Deve lopm ent of a

loblolly pine plantation th inned to diffe rent density

leve ls in south e rn Ark ansas. Montice llo, AR: Unive rsity of Ark ansas. Progress re port. 154 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice , South e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station , 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Ch oice of Spe cie s for Planting Site s

(See sum m ary, p. 154.)

Th e purpose of th is study w as to dete rm ine w h ich

south e rn pine species to plant on a particular site.

W h ich spe cies sh ould I grow h e re ? Th is question is

ask ed and answ e red annually for about a m illion acres

of pine forest land in 12 South e rn States th at are

planted or dire ct-seeded. In 19 69 , planne rs of th e

South ’s th ird forest predicted th at it m ust be answ e red

for m ore th an 30 m illion acres in th e South by 19 85.

To date, research e rs h ave provided only fragm entary

inform ation to th e forest m anage r on th is subje ct.

Cle arly, th en , th e subje ct “ch oice of spe cies” is as tim e ly

today as it w as in th e m id-19 50’s w h en research e rs at

th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, w ith th e h e lp of both public and private

forestry organizations, establish ed 113 trials w ith

south e rn pine species on uniform sites in Louisiana

and Mississippi.

Th e 113 outplantings w e re w ide ly distributed in th e

tw o States south of a line form ed by extending

Louisiana’s north e rn boundary across Mississippi.

Colle ctive ly, th ese trials re presented a w ide range of

site conditions. Th e installations w e re stratified into

w e t, inte rm ediate, and dry sites from fie ld estim ates

of inte rnal drainage and h oriz on deve lopm ent of th e

soils. Th ese dete rm inations w e re m ade at th e tim e or

soon afte r sites w e re sele cted. Soils of th e we t and inte rm ediate sites correspond to Z ah ne r’s az onal and

z onal soils, respe ctive ly Dry-site soils h ave no re al

counte rparts in Z ah ne r’s site-index w ork .

W e t-site soils lack prom inent, ab rupt ch anges in

color or te xture w ith in 3 or 4 ft of th e surface. Th ese

soils re m ain subm e rged or saturated w ith w ate r during w e t pe riods, espe cially in th e w inte r, and are poorly

to m oderate ly drained.

Th e m ain distinguish ing ch aracte ristic of inte rm ediate sites is th at th e soils h ave we ll-defined h oriz ons

th at diffe r from e ach oth e r in both te xture and color.

Th ese soils are m oderate ly w e ll to w e ll drained.

Th e soils on dry sites h ave a th ick surface laye r of

coarse sand to sandy loam th at m igh t or m igh t not

grade into som ewh at h e avie r m ate rial below a de pth

of 3 ft. Th e soils are we ll to e xcessive ly drained and

h ave a ve ry lim ited capacity to store re adily available

m oisture.

Th ree spe cies of south e rn pines w e re planted on each

site , loblolly (Pinus taeda), slash (P. e lliottii), and

longle af(P. palustris). Sh ortle af pine (P. e & natal w as

also planted on m ost of th e sites. Th ree plots of e ach

spe cies w e re planted at e ach location in a random ized

block design. Th e planting inte rval w as 6 ft w ith in

and between th e row s. In Mississippi and th e Florida

parish es of Louisiana, gross plots contained 12 row s

of 12 trees each ; w e st of th e M ississippi Rive r, plots

contained 11 row s of 11 trees. First-year survival w as

com puted from data for th e gross plots. All oth e r data

w e re obtained from th e cente r are a of e ach of th e 113

outplanting locations, 64 planting positions in plots

e ast of th e M ississippi Rive r and 49 in plots w e st of

th e rive r.

Seedlings for th e study w e re grow n in State and

Fede ral nurse ries in Louisiana and Mississippi.

Loblolly pine seedlings planted east of th e M ississippi

Rive r w e re from seed lots colle cted in Mississippi, and

52
th ose planted w e st of th e rive r w e re from Louisiana

seed lots. Slash pine seedlings for m ore th an 80 pe rcent of th e plots w e re produced from seeds colle cted

in south M ississippi or th e Florida parish es of Louisiana. Seeds for th e re m aining stock we re obtained from

a Ge orgia de ale r. No genetically im proved seeds w e re

used.

Seedlings w e re planted at 19 of th e installations in

January 19 54,42 in 19 55,38 in 19 56,12 in 19 57, and

2 in 19 58. De ad seedlings w e re re placed afte r 1 ye ar,

as follow s. In Mississippi and th e Florida parish es of

Louisiana, survivors on individual inadequ ate ly

stock ed plots w e re destroyed, and th e plots w e re com -

ple te ly re planted. More th an once on a few plots, seedlings w e re destroyed, and th e plots w e re re planted.

In Louisiana, w e st of th e rive r, individual dead or m issing seedlings w e re re placed w ith 1-O nursery stock , or

th e entire outplantings w e re destroyed and re planted.

Replacemen t trees becam e a part of th e establish ed

stand if th ey survived but w e re not included in th e

com putation of first-year survival.

Survival w as inventoried at th e end of th e first grow -

ing season. Subsequent inventories, w h en trees on th e

m ajority of plots in individual installations w e re 2,3,

10, 15, 20, or 25 ye ars old, provided inform ation on

stock ing, grow th and yield, and fie ld infe ctions of fusiform rust caused by th e fungus Cronartium q ue rcuum

f. sp. fusiform e.

Soil in each block of e ach installation w as sam pled

and analyzed at th e tim e of planting for th e follow ing

prope rties:

W e t site s: organic m atte r in A, h oriz on, te xture of

6- to lo-inch laye r, and te xture and l/3 and 15 atm osph e re pe rcentages for m oisture content of th e B h oriz on .

Inte rm ediate site s: organic m atte r in A, h oriz on,

te xture of A h oriz on, and te xture and l/3 and 15 atm osph e re pe rcentages for m oisture content of th e B

h oriz on.

Dry site s: organic m atte r in A, h oriz on, te xture of

6- to lo-inch laye r, and te xture and l/3 and 15 atm osph e re pe rcentages for th e m oisture contents of th e

16- to 20-inch and 36- to 40-inch laye rs of soil.

Th ese prope rties h ad been identified in com ple ted

and ongoing research as th e ph ysical ch aracte ristics

of soils m ost lik e ly to be associated w ith tree grow th .

During 19 86-88, soils in 62 of th e re m aining 70 pine

plantations (43 plantations did not survive until 19 86)

w e re sam pled. A total of 3,029 core segm ents w e re

colle cted, re presenting individual h oriz ons from 581

research plots. Each h oriz on w as described in th e fie ld,

and enough soil w as colle cted from e ach to analyze

soil prope rties. Laboratory analyses of th e ph ysical

prope rties of th e soils w e re pe rform ed on all th e Louisiana sam ples (1,39 3). Th e testing consisted of te xture or particle size analysis (sand, silt, and clay) and

soil m oisture dete rm inations giving th e l/3 and 15

atm osph e re pe rcentages.

Rainfall inform ation w as com piled from U.S.

W e ath e r Se rvice re cords for w e ath e r stations nearest

e ach installation. Fusiform rust infe ction of th e m ain

bole w as re corded. Measuremen ts of or dete rm inations

for th e follow ing crite ria w e re m ade: d.b .h . to 0.1 inch

and total h eigh ts to 1.0 ft of all trees at age 10; d.b.h .

to 0.1 inch and total h eigh ts to 1.0 ft of all plot trees

at ages 15 th rough 25; uppe r stem dim ensions and

crow n classes of sam ple trees at ages 15 th rough 25;

and h eigh t to base of th e full live crow n to 1.0 ft at age

25. H eigh t of th e dom inant stand w as de te rm ined, and

m e an annual incremen ts w e re e xpressed in th re e

w ays-basal are a, total cubic volum e, and m e rch antable cubic volum e. Also, re lationsh ips be tween th e 15-

year h eigh ts of loblolly and slash pines w e re com pared.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Sh oulders, E. 19 76. Site ch aracte ristics influence re lative pe rform ance of loblolly and slash pine. Res. Pap.

SO-115. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 16 p.

Sh oulders, E. 19 77. W h ich to plant, loblolly or slash

pine ? Tree Plante rs’ Notes. 28(2): 10-14, 29 .

Sh oulde rs, E. 19 82. Fitting practice to site . In :

Ste ph enson, E.H ., ed. Proceed ings of th e site pre paration m anagemen t w ork sh op; 19 81 Novembe r lo12; W oodw orth , LA. Long Be ach , M S: Forestry and

H arvesting Training Cente r: 133-148.

Sh oulders, E. 19 82. Spe cies sele ction: a critical ch oice.

In: Ste ph enson, E.H ., ed. Proceed ings of a w ork sh op

on re gene ration of south e rn pines; 19 82 Octobe r lo21; W oodw orth , LA. Long Be ach , M S: Forestry and

H arvesting Training Cente r: 44-70.

Sh oulders, E. 19 83. Com parison of grow th and yield

of four south e rn pines on uniform sites in th e Gulf

Coastal Plain. In: H otvedt, J.E.; Jack son, B.D., eds.

Predicting grow th and yield in th e M idsouth : Proceedings of th e 31st annual forestry sym posium ;

19 82 April 13-14; Baton Rouge, LA. Baton Rouge,

LA: Louisiana State Un ive rsity, Division of Continuing Education: 75-100.

Sh oulders, E. 19 85. Th e case for planting longle af pine.

In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84

Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-54.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station:

255-260.

Sh oulders, E.; Tiark s, A.E. 19 80. Predicting h eigh t and

re lative pe rform ance of m ajor south e rn pines from

53
rainfall, slope, and available soil m oisture. Forest

Science. 26: 437-447.

Sh oulders, E.; W alk e r, F.V. 19 79 . Soil, slope, and rainfall affe ct h eigh t and yield in 15-ye ar-old south e rn

pine plantations. Res. Pap. SO-153. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 52 p.

Planting Site-Genotype Inte ractions in

Loblolly and Slash Pine s (See sum m ary, p. 155.)

Twen ty fam ilies of trees from sele ct parents, 10 e ach

from loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash (P. e lliottii) pines,

are being tested on 4 soil types th at range from poorly

drained to m oderate ly w e ll drained. Th e purpose of

th e study is to dete rm ine to w h at e xtent site ch aracte ristics influence th e grow th of sele ct genotypes diffe rently, to obse rve h ow fam ilies native to spe cific soil

m icroenvironm ents pe rform ove r a range of site conditions, and to com pare th e survival and grow th of

th e tw o spe cies on th e various sites. Results w ill be

evaluated on th e basis of survival, grow th , and resistance to fusiform rust caused by th e fungus Cronartium q ue rcuum f. sp. fusiform e. Foreste rs w h o h ave

obtained detailed inform ation about particular soils can

utilize th e results of th is study in m ak ing th e best m atch

of genotype and site to obtain m axim um production.

Th ese fam ilies of trees w e re outplanted at four locations w ith in Louisiana (Obe rlin, Pitk in, Jonesboro,

and H aile ) in th e spring of 19 77. At e ach location, th e

fam ilies w e re random ly organized into 3 block s, re plicated 3 tim es, and planted in 81-tre e plots at a spacing of 8 by 8 ft. Each plot h as 4 row s of isolation

surrounding th e me asuremen t plot of 25 trees. Th e

four soil types are Guyton silt loam and Caddo silt

loam (Typic Glossoqualfs), Providence silt loam (Typic

Fragiudalfs), and Malbis fine sandy loam (Plinth ic

Paleudults). Th e seedlings cam e from w ind-pollinated

seeds of 20 se le ct seed orch ard clones. A total of 9 72

trees pe r source, or a grand total of 19 ,440 trees, w as

planted in all 4 plantations.

Th e slash pine seeds w e re from sele ctions in th e

Osce ola and Appalach icola National Forests of Florida

(e xtreme n orth e rn part of th e State ) and th e DeSoto

National Forest of M ississippi. Restricting th e Florida

slash colle ctions to th e north e rn part of th e State

avoided th e possibility of natural h ybridiz ation w ith

south Florida slash pine (P. elliottii var. densa), wh ich

is present in central and south e rn Florida.

Th e loblolly pine colle ctions w e re from sele ct clones

from south e ast Ark ansas, north e ast Louisiana, south -

e ast Louisiana, south w est M ississippi, and coastal

South Carolina. Loblolly pine sources from m ountain

are as and from th e e xtreme n orth e rn portion of th e

range of th e spe cies w e re not used because seed source

tests h ave indicated th at trees from th ese sources do

not pe rform w e ll in th e proposed planting are as. Seed

lots used in th e study are listed in table 1.

Table I.- Seed lots used in th e planting site-ge notype interactions in loblolly and slash pines study*

Num be r Seed parent Origin

1 SH -13 (Loblolly) Union Parish , LA

2 A-1-14 (Loblolly) W ash ington Parish , LA

3 B-5-3 (Loblolly) Livingston Parish , LA

4 CR-4 (Loblolly) Ash ley County, AR

5 SH -7 (Loblolly) Union County, AR

6 SC 2-131-4-l-402 (Loblolly) Be rk e ley County, SC

7 M-2-C (Loblolly) Law rence County, MS

8 SH -11 (Loblolly) Union Parish , LA

9 B-l-8 (Loblolly) St. H e len a Parish , LA

10 B-4-5 (Loblolly) Livingston Parish , LA

11 Fla. 30 (Slash ) W ak ulla County, FL

12 Fla. 27 (Slash ) Bak e r County, FL

13 Fla. 24 (Slash ) Le on County, FL

14 Fla. 32 (Slash ) W ak ulla County, FL

15 MS 38 (Slash ) W ayne County, MS

16 MS 32 (Slash ) W ayne County, MS

17 Fla. 36 (Slash ) W ak ulla County, FL

18 Fla. 38 (Slash ) W ak ulla County, FL

19 MS 21 (Slash ) W ayne County, MS

20 Fla. 3 (Slash ) W ak ulla County, FL

21 Continental W oodsrun (Loblolly)

21 SH -3 (Loblolly) Union Parish , LA

22 Continental Se le ct (Loblolly)

22 B-5-7 (Loblolly) Livingston Parish , LA

23 Fla. 41 (Slash ) Bak e r County, FL

*No articles from th is research h ave been publish ed to date (19 9 5).

Source

Olink raft

Crown Ze lle rbach

Crown Ze lle rbach

USDA, Forest Se rvice

Olink raft

USDA, Forest Se rvice

Crown Ze lle rbach

Olink raft

Crown Ze lle rbach

Crown Ze lle rbach

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

USDA, Forest Se rvice

Continental W oodlands

Olink raft

Continental W oodlands

Crown Ze lle rbach

USDA, Forest Se rvice

54
Grow th and Yie ld of Loblolly and Slash Pine s

in Unth inned Plantations (See sum m ary,

p. 155.)

Grow th and yield of loblolly (Pinus taeda), longle af

(P. palustris), and slash (P. elliottii) pines h ave been

studied by personnel at Research W ork Unit 4101 of

th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station for about 40 ye ars. Pe rm anent plots

m e asured at re gular inte rvals ove r long pe riods of tim e

h ave been used in th e studies. Th e plots w e re used to

dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of initial planting spacing and

th inning re gim es on periodic grow th and total production. Incidental to th e prim ary obje ctives of th ese studies, a large body of inform ation h as been accum ulated

on yields from unth inned stands. In 19 72 and 19 73,

supplemen tary plots w e re establish ed in loblolly and

slash pine plantations to b roaden th e array of sites,

ages, planting densities, and survival pe rcentages. Th e

description of th ese additional studies and th e accum ulated data follow .

Th e obje ctives w e re to dete rm ine h ow site, age, initial planting spacing, and survival affe ct yie lds of

unth inned loblolly and slash pine plantations on cutove r sites. For loblolly pine, trees survived in 76 of 9 6

plots originally establish ed in plantations ranging in

age from 16 to 36 ye ars on 18 study are as in Louisiana, M ississippi, and Te xas. Th e “lost” plots w e re eith e r accidentally cut by coope rators or w e re destroyed

by insect, dise ase, w ind, or ice dam age. Th e re we re 47

slash pine plots ranging in age from 21 to 41 ye ars in

plantations located in 12 areas in 3 States. No e ffort

w as m ade to establish th ese plots in any particular

statistical design for h ypoth esis testing because th e

m ain obje ctive w as to obtain grow th and yield data

for m odeling purposes. Th e plots for e ach spe cies w e re

m e asured at establish m ent and reme asured eve ry 5

years th e re afte r until studies w e re closed.

Th e study plots varied in size but w e re no sm alle r

th an 0.1 acre and contained at le ast 50 m e asuremen t

trees at th e tim e of establish m ent. A O.& ch ain buffe r

strip surrounded each m e asuremen t plot. Th e basal

are as of th e plots w e re me asured using trees in all

m e asuremen t plots. Volum es w e re dete rm ined from a

subset of th ose trees, w h ich w e re ch osen proportionate ly from e ach diam e te r class according to num be rs

w ith in each class. Th e volum es of th ese sele cted trees

w e re estim ated by th e h eigh t-accum ulation m e th od.

Cubic-foot volum es of plots w e re estim ated from volum e-basal are a ratios.

Th e study is closed, and m ost of th e plots th at rem ained w e re eith e r cle arcut or th inned by th e study

coope rators.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Baldw in, V.C., Jr. 19 87. Green and dry-w e igh t equations for above-ground com ponents of plante d

loblolly pine trees in th e West Gulf re gion. South -

e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. ll(4): 212-218.

Baldw in, V.C., Jr.; Busby, R.L. 19 88. A grow th and yield

prediction system w ith a m e rch andising optim iz e r

for planted loblolly pine in th e We st Gulf re gion. In:

Ek , A.R.; Sh ifley, S.R.; Burk , T.E., eds. Forest grow th

m odelling and prediction. Proceedings of an inte rnational confe rence ; 19 87 August 23-27; M inneapolis, MN. Gen . Te ch . Re p. NC-120. St. Paul, MN. U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, North

Central Forest Expe rim ent Station: 835-841. Vol. 2.

Baldw in, V.C., Jr; Feduccia, D.P. 19 87. Loblolly pine

grow th and yield prediction for m anaged W est Gulf

plantations. Res. Pap. SO-236. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 27 p.

Dell, T.R.; Feduccia, D.P.; Cam pbell, C.E. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 79 . Yie lds of unth inned slash pine plantations on cutove r sites in th e West Gulf re gion. Res.

Pap. SO-147. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 84 p.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 83. Effe cts of site, age, planting density, and survival on yield of slash pine on cutove r sites.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Final

re port. 9 8 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Feduccia, D.P. 19 87. Effe cts of site, age, planting density, and survival on yield of loblolly pine planted

on cutove r sites. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Final re port. 100 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Feduccia, D.P.; Dell, T.R.; M ann, W .F., Jr. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 79 . Yie lds of unth inned loblolly pine plantations on cutove r sites in th e West Gulf re gion. Res.

Pap. SO-148. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 88 p.

Loh rey, R.E. 19 84. Above ground biom ass of planted

and dire ct-seeded slash pine in th e West Gulf region. In: Saucie r, J.L., ed. Proceedings of th e 19 84

south e rn forest biom ass w ork sh op; 19 84 June 5-7;

Ath ens, GA. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 75-82.

55
Loh rey, R.E. 19 85. Stem volum e, volum e ratio, and

tape r equations for slash pine in th e West Gulf region. In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd

biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ;

19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep.

SO-54. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 451-459 .

Poph am , T.W .; Feduccia, D.P.; Dell, T.R. [and oth e rs].

19 79 . Site index for loblolly plantations on cutove r

sites in th e West Gulf Coastal Plain. Res. Note SO250. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 7 p.

Z arnoch , S.J; Feduccia, D.P. 19 84. Slash pine plantation site index curves for th e West Gulf. South e rn

Journal of Applied Forestry. 8(4): 223-225.

Acce le rated Saw log Production (See sum m ary,

p. 156.)

Tw e lve 0.25-acre square plots, e ach w ith a 0.5-ch ainw ide isolation zone, w e re establish ed in a g-year-old

loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation in Ark ansas to

dete rm ine and com pare th e e ffe cts of four intensive

tre atm ents on th e cubic and board-foot yie lds and w ood

prope rties of sele cted trees. Th e plots w e re organized

into th ree block s according to basal are a and suspected

diffe rences in site quality. In each plot, 100 crop trees

pe r acre (25 pe r plot) th at w e re we ll spaced, vigorous,

and w e ll form ed w e re sele cted. Four tre atm ents w e re

assigned random ly w ith in each block , m ak ing th re e

re plications of e ach plot. Tw o tre atm ents w e re begun

im m ediate ly, and tw o w e re started at age 12 w h en

th e ave rage tree h ad attained m e rch antable pulpw ood

size-at le ast 4.6 inch es in d.b.h . and containing at

le ast tw o 63-inch bolts to a 3-inch (d.i.b .) top. Th e four

tre atm ents w e re as follow s:

(1) Saw tim be r only.-All but th e crop trees w e re

cut at age 9 , w h ich reduced basal are a to 10 ft21

acre. Stands w e re th inned to 76 trees pe r acre

at age 19 , 64 trees at age 24,48 trees at age 27,

and 41 trees at age 30.

(2) Saw tim b e r-pulpw ood.-At ages 9 and 12,

noncrop trees h aving crow ns th at w e re w ith in 5

ft of crop tree crow ns w e re re m oved. Th e last

noncrop trees w e re re m oved at age 15. Furth e r

th innings le ft 80 trees pe r acre at age 19 ,63 trees

at age 27, and 52 trees at age 30.

(3) D e layed saw tim b e r.-All but th e 100 crop

trees pe r acre we re re m oved at age 12. Th e 0.25-

acre plots w e re th inned to 80 trees pe r acre at

age 24,53 trees at age 27, and 45 trees at age 30

(fig. 17).

(4) Control.-Plots w e re th inned, m ainly from below , to a basal are a of 85 f@/acre at age 12 and

Figure IT.-Loblolly pine trees pruned at age 16.

eve ry 3 ye ars afte rw ard th rough age 30. Th e

th innings reduced stand density to 712 ste m s

pe r acre at age 12,468 ste m s at age 15,333 ste m s at

age 18,251 ste m s at age 21,19 3 ste m s at age 24,148

ste m s at age 27, and 116 ste m s at age 30.

Crop trees in th e intensive tre atm ents w e re pruned

to about one-h alf of th eir total h eigh t afte r th e first

th inning in th e tre atm ent and eve ry 3 ye ars afte rw ard

th rough age 24 (fig. 18).

Be ginning at age 19 , th e w oody understory (h ardw ood sprouts, vines, and sh rubs) in th e intensive-culture plots w as controlled by m ow ing at ‘+ -year

inte rvals. Th e purpose of h e avy th inning and understory control w as to reduce com pe tition for soil m oisture and th us to acce le rate th e grow th of th e crop trees.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss R e ports

Burton, J.D. 19 81. Saw tim be r by prescription-th e

sudden saw log story th rough age 33. Res. Pap. SO56
179 . New Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 9 p.

R ANGE M ANAGEMENT FOR SOUTH ERN

PINE ECOSYSTEM S

Inte rre lated Effe cts of Cattle Grazing and

R e fore station in th e Pine-Slende r Blue ste m

Type (See sum m ary, p. 157.)

Th e re forestation of cut-ove r lands in th e South e aste rn United States gained m om entum during th e 19 50’s

and 19 60’s. Gene rally, re forested stands in th e pine

(Pinus spp.)-slende r blueste m (Andropogon spp.) type

w e re grazed by cattle, eith e r continuously or afte r a

pe riod of e xclusion follow ing planting or seeding. Alth ough tim be r production w as considered th e prim ary

land use in th e are a, substantial num be rs of range

livestock grazed th e re forested are as until th e trees

sh aded out th e forage resource. W ith th e use of prescribed burning, th e graz e able resource w as m aintained for longe r pe riods beneath th e young tim be r

stand by re m oval of th e litte r.

Th e purpose of th is study w as to le arn w h e th e r cutove r south e rn pine ranges could be successfully regene rated artificially w ith slash pine (Pinus elliottii)

w h ile being grazed yearlong by beef cattle. Spe cific

obje ctives w e re: (1) to dete rm ine w h e th e r bee f cattle

production w as com patible w ith th e establish m ent and

grow th of artificially re gene rated slash pine stands;

(2) to m e asure th e e ffe cts of various grazing intensities on th e survival and grow th of planted and dire ctseeded slash pine re gene ration; (3) to dete rm ine th e

e ffe cts of various grazing intensities on th e production efficiency of bee f b reeding h e rds; and (4) to com -

pare th e e conom ic re turns from com bined cattle

grazing and pine production w ith th ose from tim be r

alone.

Th e study, w h ich w as initiated in 19 60, w as located

in th ree range units com posed of about 1,600 acres on

th e Longle af Tract in th e Palustris Expe rim ental Forest near M cNary, LA. Th e th ree range units w e re

stock ed w ith native cow s to produce ligh t, m edium ,

and h e avy grazing intensities equal to 30-, 45, and

go-pe rcent utiliz ation, respe ctive ly. About 17 pe rcent

of e ach range unit w as planted to 1-O slash pine seedlings, and about 8 pe rcent of e ach unit w as dire ctseeded to slash pine during e ach of th e first 4 ye ars of

th e study. Seedlings w e re planted in May.

Site pre paration by disk ing be fore seeding did not

en h ance th e survival of a residual stand of pine. W ith -

out grazing, th e num be r of pine seedlings decre ased

from an initial 5,000 to 6,000 pe r acre in May to less

th an 2,000 pe r acre by Octobe r of th e second year. An

initial 9 08 planted pine seedlings pe r acre decre ased

Figure 18.-A h eavily th inned loblolly pine plantation.

57
to an ave rage of 731 trees by Octobe r of th e second

year on ungrazed are as. Th e gre atest losses occurred

by th e first Octobe r follow ing re gene ration.

Afte r 5 ye ars, only h e avy grazing intensities significantly reduced planted slash pine stands. Th ese reductions m ainly occurred be fore M ay follow ing

planting. None of th e grazing intensities significantly

reduced th e num be r of seeded trees due to th e h igh

seedling survival. Tree h eigh ts afte r 5 ye ars w e re

about 6 and 10 ft for dire ct-seeded and planted pines,

respe ctive ly. Only on th e m oderate ly grazed planted

are a w e re th e grazed trees significantly sh orte r th an

prote cted trees.

H e rbage production before forest re gene ration ave raged ove r 2,000 lb/acre initially, re m ained above

1,600 lb until tree age 9 , and w as about 1,300 lb at

tree age 10. All range units produced less th an 1,000

lb/acre by th e 12th year and re m ained so until com -

m e rcial pulpw ood th innings.

H e avy grazing reduced th e density of planted seedlings during th e first few m onth s follow ing re gene ration. Alth ough diffe rences between h e avily grazed and

paired ungrazed plots pe rsisted th rough th e study,

significant m ortality occurred only during th e first

seve ral m onth s afte r planting. At tree age 18, tre e

density w as less on h e avily grazed plots, d.b.h . w as m ore,

and volum e w as th e sam e com pared to ungrazed plots.

Th ese results illustrate th at th e gre atest e conom ic

re turns are obtained by a com b ination of livestock and

tim be r. Equally im portant is th at fle xibility in land

m anagemen t aids in surviving poor m ark e ts.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Clary, W arren P. 19 79 . Grazing and ove rstory effe cts

on rotationally burned slash pine plantation ranges.

Journal of Range M anagemen t. 32(4): 264-266.

Duffy, Isabel T. 19 72. Landow ne rs and stock m en gain

from forest forage. Forest Farm e r. 32(l): 15-16.

Duffy, Isabel T. 19 73. Pines, grass, and cattle-a good

pack age deal. Th e Progressive Farm e r. 88(2): 86.

Duvall, V.L.; W h itak e r, L.B. 19 60. Inte rre lated effe cts

of cattle grazing and re forestation in th e pine-slender blueste m type. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA. W ork plan, FS-SO1701-3.3. 29 p.

Gre len , H .E.; Pe arson, H .A.; Th ill, R.E. 19 85. Establish m ent and grow th of slash pine on grazed cutove r

range in central Louisiana. South e rn Journal of

Applied Forestry. g(4): 232-236.

Gre len , H .E.; Pe arson, H .A.; Th ill, R.E. 19 85. Response

of slash pines to grazing from re gene ration to th e

first pulpw ood th inning. In: Sh oulders, Eugene, ed.

Proceedings of th e 3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Re p. SO-54. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 523-527.

Pe arson, H .A. 19 71. M anaging bee f cow h e rds on forest ranges. In : Proceed ings of Louisiana State

Unive rsity’s 11th Annual Livestock Produce rs’ Day;

[Dates unk now n]; Baton Rouge, LA. Baton Rouge,

LA: Louisiana State Unive rsity Press: 14-20.

Pe arson, H .A. 19 75. H e rbage disappe arance and grazing capacity dete rm inations of south e rn pine

blueste m range. Journal of Range M anagemen t.

28( 1): 71-73.

Pe arson, H .A. 19 82. Econom ic analysis of forest grazing. Th e Stock m an. 39 (10): 26, 28, 30, 32.

Pe arson, H .A.; Gre len , H .E.; Th ill, R.E. 19 84. Inte rrelated effe cts of cattle grazing and re forestation in

th e pine-slende r blueste m type. Pineville, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 17+

p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

Pineville, LA.

Pe arson, H .A.; W h itak e r, L.B. 19 70. Inte rre lated effe cts of cattle grazing and re forestation in th e pines lende r blueste m type . Pin e ville , LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station . Establish m e n t

re cord and progress re port. 26 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Pe arson, H .A.; W h itak e r, L.B. 19 72. Inte rre lated effe cts of cattle grazing and re forestation in th e pines lende r blueste m type . Pin e ville , LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 40+

p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

Pineville, LA.

Pe arson, H .A.; W h itak e r, L.B. 19 72. Th rice-week ly

supplemen tation adequate for cow s on pine -

blueste m range. Journal of Range M anagemen t.

25(4): 315-316.

Pe arson, H .A.; W h itak e r, L.B. 19 73. Returns from

south e rn forest grazing. Journal of Range M anagem ent. 26(2): 85-87.

Pe arson, H .A.; W h itak e r, L.B. 19 74. Forage and cattle

responses to diffe rent grazing intensities on south -

e rn pine range. Journal of Range M anagemen t.

27(6): 444-446.

Pe arson, H .A.; W h itak e r, L.B. 19 74. Yearlong grazing

of slash pine ranges: e ffe cts on h e rbage and brow se.

Journal of Range M anagemen t. 27(3): 19 5-19 7.

Pe arson, H .A.; W h itak e r, L.B.; Duvall, V.L. 19 71. Slash

pine re gene ration under re gulated grazing. Journal

of Forestry. 69 (10): 744-746.

58
Pe arson, H en ry A. 19 82. Econom ic analysis of forest

grazing. In: Clason, Te rry, ed. Multiple use land

m anagemen t for nonindustrial pine forest landow ne rs: Proceedings of a sym posium ; 19 82 M arch 17-

18; Ruston, LA. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State

Agricultural Expe rim ent Station: 78-88.

W h itak e r, L.B.; Pe arson, H .A.; M onroe, W .M. 19 70.

Crossbred cattle-custom built for south e rn pine

range. Louisiana Cattle m an. 70(B): 8-9 .

Som e Effe cts of Planted Pine s on Range

Forage Ve ge tation in Central Louisiana

(See sum m ary, p. 157.)

Long-te rm studies m e asuring ove rstory pine and

understory h e rbage re lationsh ips w e re started on th e

Longle af Tract in th e Palustris Expe rim ental Forest

near M cNary, LA, in 19 60. Th e slash pine (Pinus

e lliottiil plantations w e re planted in 19 55-56, and th e

longle af pine (P.palustris) plantations w e re planted

in 19 51-52.

Th e purpose of th is study w as to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of canopy conditions in pine plantations on th e

quantity and ch e m ical and botanical com position of

understory h e rbage. Th e slash pine plantation w as 4

years old, and th e longle af pine plantation w as 8 ye ars

old w h en th e study w as initiated in 19 60. Crow n closure at th at tim e h ad not occurred in eith e r plantation; th e re fore, canopies did not h ave any im portant

e ffe cts on forage com position. In 19 69 , additional plots

of longle af pine we re added to th e study to dete rm ine

th e e ffe cts of m oderate grazing by cattle on th e h e rbage ve ge tation.

Ve ge tation m e asuremen ts included h e rbage yie ld,

botanical com position and nutritive value, and basal

are a of trees; th ese m e asuremen ts of th e native range

ve ge tation continued from 19 60 th rough 19 75. Ch e m ical analyses of th e h e rbage sam ples w e re conducted

by personnel of th e Feed and Fe rtiliz e r Laboratory at

Louisiana State Unive rsity.

During th e first 10 ye ars of investigation, h e rbage

production decre ased about 15 lb/acre for e ve ry square

foot of incre ase in th e basal are a of longle af or slash

pine. Pineh ill and slende r blueste m (An d ropogon spp.)

produced about equal am ounts of h e rbage on both th e

longle af and slash pine ranges in 19 60, yie lding nearly

50 pe rcent of th e total; in 19 69 , pineh illblueste m produced about 50 pe rcent of th e total h e rbage, and slender blueste m gene rally produced less th an 10 pe rcent.

Th e nutritive value of h e rbage w as low but w as enh anced th rough re forestation. (H e rbages gene rally

contain m ore protein and ph osph orus on re forested

pine range th an on cut-ove r range.)

By 19 75, pineh ill and slende r blueste m we re still

th e principal h e rbace ous species on unforested tre atm ent plots, and a m ixture of forbs, pineh ill blueste m ,

and oth e r blueste m grasses w e re m ost abundant on

forested tre atm ent plots. Are gression equation based

on th e b asal are a of pine and th e pre cipitation for April

th rough Octobe r e xplained 80 to 85 pe rcent of th e

variation in h e rbage production.

Productive m ixtures of h e rbace ous species can be

m aintained th rough pe riodic tim be r h arvest and rotational burning, alth ough 2 to 3 ye ars of h e avy use

can be e xpe cted if cle arcuts m ak e up a m inor pe rcentage of a grazed range unit. H e avy use conve rts cle arcuts predom inantly to carpe tgrass (Axonopu s sp.) and

forested range to a m ixture of forbs.

Th e study w as closed in 19 81, and th e plots w e re

subsequently incorporated into a subte rranean clove r

(Difolium subterranean) study in coope ration w ith th e

Sch ool of Forestry and W ildlife at Louisiana State

Unive rsity.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Duvall, V.L. 19 60. Som e e ffe cts of planted pines on

range forage ve ge tation in ce n tral Louisiana.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

W ork plan. 14 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Pe arson, H .A. 19 81. Som e e ffe cts of planted pine on

range forage ve ge tation in ce n tral Louisiana.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Final re port. 40 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

W olte rs, G.L. 19 73. South e rn pine ove rstories influence h e rbage quality. Journal of Range M anagem ent. 26(6): 423-426.

W olte rs, G.L. 19 81. Tim be r th inning and prescribed

burning as m e th ods to incre ase h e rbage on grazed

and prote cted longle af pine ranges. Journal of Range

M anagemen t. 34(6): 49 4-49 7.

W olte rs, Gale L. 19 71. Som e e ffe cts of planted pines

on range forage ve ge tation in central Louisiana.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Establish m ent and progress re port. 49 p. On tile

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Pineville,

LA.

W olte rs, Gale L. 19 82. Longle af and slash pine decre ases h e rbage production and alte rs h e rbage com -

position. Journal of Range M anagemen t. 35(6):

762-763.

59
R e lationsh ips of Stand Density to H e rbage

Yie ld in a Longle af Pine Plantation

(See sum m ary, p. 158.)

Th e re lationsh ips be tween ove rstory pines and understory forages h ave been studied for about 30 ye ars.

Studies of ove rstory-understory re lationsh ips in

longle af pine (Pinus palustris) plantations w e re initiated in 19 64 on th e Joh nson Tract in th e Palustris

Expe rim ental Forest near M cNary, LA, in a coope rative e ffort between Rese arch W ork Units 4201 and

4101 of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station.

Th e study obje ctive w as to dete rm ine th e re lationsh ips of h e rbage yie ld to basal are a and oth e r stand

variables in a longle af pine plantation th at w as prescribed burned and th inned at & year inte rvals.

Th e 40-acre study plantation, w h ich w as establish ed

on cut-ove r range in south -central Louisiana in 19 35,

contained four lo-acre block s, e ach containing sixteen

0.62-acre plots. Trees w e re 30 ye ars old at study initiation and w e re planted on four plots pe r block at

e ach of four grid spacings of approxim ate ly 4, 5, 6,

and 13 ft. Th ree of th e four plots pe r block of e ach

spacing (e xce pt 13 ft) w e re th inned initially at age 20

to basal are as of 60,80, and 100 ft2/acre and h ave been

th inned eve ry 5 ye ars since th en . Th e fourth plot of

th ese spacings w as th inned at age 16 to 100 trees pe r

acre and pruned to a h eigh t of 17 ft. Oth e r pruning

tre atm ents, including an unpruned ch e ck , w e re assigned to th e 13-ft plots; only th e unpruned 13-ft plots

w e re used in th is study. Tim be r M anagemen t Research

pe rsonnel provided stand m e asuremen ts for ages 30

and 35, including basal are a, num be r of trees pe r acre,

and h eigh t to live crow n. Prescribed burning of th e

plots w as during w inte r at 2- to 3-ye ar inte rvals. Measuremen t plots w e re 0.1 acre in size w ith a 0.5-ch ain

buffe r between plots. Me asuremen ts included h e rbage production, pre cipitation, and basal are a of trees.

Plots w e re me asured from tree age 30 th rough age 45.

H e rbage production w as m e asured annually in th is

ungrazed expe rim ental longle af pine plantation from

age 30 to age 40 and again at age 45. H e rbage yie lds

at tree age 30 w e re 49 4, 486, and 332 lb /acre

(ovendried) for basal are as of 60,80, and 100 ft2/acre,

respe ctive ly; at tree age 35, yie lds w e re 1,09 3, 9 04,

and 79 0 lb/acre ; at tree age 40, yie lds w e re 1,322,1,073,

and 9 03 lb/acre ; and at tree age 45, yie lds w e re 1,354,

1,340, and 1,084 lb/acre.

Tim be r m e asuremen ts included basal are a, num -

be r of trees pe r acre, and tree h eigh ts. Of all tim be r

m e asuremen ts, basal are a w as m ost significantly related to h e rbage yie ld, and th e re lationsh ip w as

strength ened by th e inclusion of rainfall am ounts for

M ay th rough Se ptembe r. H e rbage m e asuremen ts before tree age 35 w e re affe cted by prior h e avy grazing

in th e plantation.

Th e study w as closed in 19 82, but plots and tre atm ents re m ain intact at th e present and are being

m aintained by Research W ork Unit 4101.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Gre len , H .E. 19 82. Relationsh ips of stand density to

h e rbage yie ld in a longle af pine plantation. Pineville,

LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Final re port.

7 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Pineville, LA.

Gre len , H .E.; Engh ardt, H .G. 19 73. Burning and th inning m aintain forage in a longle af pine plantation.

Journal of Forestry. 71(7): 419 -420.

Gre len , H arold E. 19 64. Relationsh ips of stand density to h e rbage yie ld in a longle af pine plantation.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 15 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Gre len , H arold E. 19 67. Relationsh ips of stand density to h e rbage yie ld in a longle af pine plantation.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Establish m ent and progress re port. 30 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

Gre len , H arold E. 19 71. Relationsh ips of stand density to h e rbage yie ld in a longle af pine plantation.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Progress re port II. 29 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Gre len , H arold E.; Loh rey, Rich ard E. 19 78. H e rbage

yie ld re lated to basal are a and rainfall in a th inned

longle af plantation. Res. Note SO-232. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 4 p.

Unde rstory H e rbage Response s Follow ing

Tim be r Site Pre paration (See sum m ary,

p. 158.)

Th ousands of acres of tim be r are h arvested annually in th e loblolly (Pinus taedu)-sh ortle af (P. e& in& z)

pine-h ardw ood forest type ; h ow e ve r, reestablish m ent

of a fully stock ed stand of pines is extreme ly difficult

due to aggressive h ardw ood com pe tition. Industrial

60
tim be r com panies and gove rnm ent agencies h ave used

various pre planting m e ch anical site-preparation tre atm ents to im prove establish m ent and grow th of planted

pines. Mech anical site pre paration gene rally re fe rs to

tre atm ent of a site be fore planting w ith equipm ent

such as sh e aring blades, h e avy disk s, or rolling ch oppe rs to reduce or e lim inate th e com pe ting h ardw oods.

Be cause of th e spe cific intent of th e tre atm ent, m ech anical site pre paration is de trim ental to understory

ve ge tation.

Th e loblolly-sh ortle af pine-h ardw ood forest type

provides yearlong grazing for th ousands of cattle, in

addition to being prim e dee r h abitat. Th e im m ediate

and long-te rm im pact of m e ch anical site pre paration

on understory ve ge tation needs to be k now n to dete rm ine th e m ultiple-use potentials of th is forest type

follow ing th ese tre atm ents.

Th e obje ctives of th is study w e re: (1) to dete rm ine

th e e ffe cts of various m e ch anical site-pre paration

tre atm ents on th e production and botanical com position of understory ve ge tation; (2) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of soils on plant succession follow ing site pre paration; and (3) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of fe rtiliz ation on

th e understory ve ge tation.

Eigh t site-pre paration tre atm ents w e re applied to

five soils during th e fall of 19 70 and 19 71; years served

as re plications. Soil te xture types included: (1) sand;

(2) loam ; (3) grave l; (4) clay (m oderate pe rm e ability);

and (5) clay (poor pe rm e ability).

Site pre paration tre atm ents included: (1) underplantre le ase ; (2) ch op-burn; (3) ch op-burn-flat disk ; (4) ch opdelay-ch op; (5) ch op-burn-m ound disk ; (6) sh e ar-burn;

(7) sh e ar-w indrow -burn; and (8) sh e ar-w indrow -disk . Th e

under-plant-re le ase tre atm ent served as th e control for

th e seven m e ch anical tre atm ents.

Th e study, located th rough out central and north e rn

Louisiana and south e rn Ark ansas, consisted of 80 plots

m e asuring 144 by 162 ft. Afte r site-pre paration tre atm ents w e re com ple ted, th e 80 plots w e re split; approxim ate ly one-th ird of e ach plot w as fe rtilized, and th e

re m aining tw o-th irds se rved as th e untre ated control.

Plots w e re h and-planted to loblolly pine at 6- by 8-ft

spacings during January.

H e rbace ous ve ge tation w as sam pled on 20 syste m -

atically spaced quadrats (9 .6 ft2) on each plot. Pe rcentages of basal cove r, production, and com position

w e re estim ated for e ach spe cies. Th e num be r, h eigh t,

and crow n diam e te r of all w oody ste m s less th an 1

inch in d.b.h . w e re dete rm ined for e ach spe cies in four

O.Ol-acre circular quadrats on each plot. W oody ste m s

1 inch in d.b.h . and large r w e re me asured on four

0.025acre circular quadrats on each plot. Pre tre atm ent inventories w e re m ade on 80 plots, and posttre atm ent inventories w e re m ade on 160 split plots.

Initial posttre atm ent inventories w e re begun one

com ple te grow ing season afte r site pre paration and

w e re re pe ated annually for 3 ye ars and again at tre e

age 7. Th e responses of understory h e rbage to th e

tre atm ents w e re com pared. Be cause of th e nature and

e xtent of th e proble m , m any industrial tim be r com panies and gove rnm ent agencies pooled resources and

facilities for th e study. Installation began during June

19 70. Study m e asuremen ts are com ple te.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

H ayw ood, J.D.; Th ill, R.E.; Burton, Jam es D. 19 81.

Intensive site pre paration affe cts loblolly pine

grow th on upland sites. In: Forest re gene ration:

proceedings of sym posium on enginee ring syste m s

for forest re gene ration; 19 81 M arch 2-6; Raleigh ,

NC. St. Joseph , M I: Am e rican Socie ty of Agricultural Enginee rs: 224-231.

W olte rs, G.L. 19 74. Understory h e rbage responses follow ing tim be r site pre paration. Pineville, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent and

progress re port. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Pineville, LA.

W olte rs, Gale L. 19 71. Unde rstory h e rbage responses

follow ing tim be r site pre paration. Pineville, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 16 p. Study plan.

On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

Pineville, LA.

W olte rs, Gale L.; M artin, Alton, Jr.; Clary, W arren P.

19 77. Tim be r, b row se, and h e rbage on sele cted

loblolly-sh ortle af pine-h ardw ood forest stands. Res.

Note SO-223. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 9 p.

Asse ssm ent of Nonpoint Source Pollution from

Intensive Silvicultural Practice s and

Live stock Grazing in South e ast Fore sts

(Coope rative w ith Te xas A& M Unive rsity; se e

sum m ary, p. 159 .)

Conce rn ove r th e im pact of silvicultural practices

and livestock grazing and an aw areness of possible

environm ental e ffe cts of sedim ent-laden stre am w ate rs underscore th e need for basic inform ation on

nonpoint source pollution from silvicultural practices

and livestock grazing. Reliable data on w ate r quality

are also urgently needed by th e State of Te xas for it to

com ply w ith Fede ral re gulations set forth in Se ction

208 of th e 19 72 Fede ral W ate r Pollution Control Act

Am endm ents (PL 9 2-500). Such inform ation is not available at present for Te xas or th e south -central re gion.

61
Th is coope rative study, w h ich w as initiated in 19 80

near Broad& s, TX, provided data from five e xpe rim ental w ate rsh eds on th e quality and quantity of

w ate r during and afte r tre atm ent. Th e obje ctives of

th e study w e re: (1) to deve lop baseline data on th e

quality and quantity of w ate r for stab ilized forest sites

(th ose th at h ave been re lative ly undisturbed for 15 to

20 ye ars); (2) to assess th e im pact of cle arcutting and

m e ch anical site pre paration on th e quality and quantity of w ate r during tre atm ent and for 10 ye ars follow ing tre atm ent; and (3) to assess th e im pact of

tw o livestock grazing syste m s and no grazing on th e

quality and quantity of w ate r for 10 ye ars follow ing

tre atm ent.

Th ree of th e w ate rsh eds w e re tre ated by cle arcutting

and sh e aring all re m aining ve ge tation (sh rubs, culls,

and unm e rch antable tim be r) w ith a V-blade. Slash and

debris w e re w indrow e d. Th e fourth w ate rsh ed w as

cle arcut and site pre pared by rolle r ch opping. Tw o of

th e cle arcut w ate rsh eds w e re grazed by livestock , and

th e re m aining th ree w ate rsh eds w e re not grazed; tw o

of th ose w e re used to evaluate cle arcutting and site

pre paration, and one (untre ated) w as th e control. Each

w ate rsh ed w as ch aracte rized as to w ate r yie ld; sedim entation; turbidity; nitrogen , ph osph orus, potassium , and bacte ria pe rcentages; soil bulk density; and

plant biom ass.

Th is study also assessed th e im pact of livestock grazing syste m s on large grazing allotm ents located on th e

Ange lina District of th e Te xas National Forest and th e

Ve rnon District of th e Kisatch ie National Forest in

Louisiana; th e e ffe cts of prescribed burning w e re also

studied on th e Palustris Expe rim ental Forest near

M cNary, LA. Th rough use of a rainfall sim ulator,

cle arcut and tim be red are as, grazed and ungrazed

are as, and burned and unburned are as w e re ch aracte rized by infiltration, sedim ent production, am ount

of standing crop and ground cove r, soil bulk density,

organic m atte r concentration, coliform bacte ria pe rcentage, runoff, and nitrate n itrogen , total ph osph ate,

and orth oph osph ate concentrations.

Th e study continued th rough 19 9 0.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Black burn, W .H . 19 80. Assessm ent of nonpoint source

pollution from livestock grazing on cle arcuts in east

Te xas. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity. Study plan. 24 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Black burn, W .H . 19 82. Status re port of coope rative

w ate rsh ed research proje cts between Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, and Ange lina and Kisatch ie National

Forests. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity. Progress re port. 5 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Black burn, W .H . 19 83. Assessm ent of nonpoint source

pollution from intensive silvicultural practices and

livestock grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity. Study plan. 46 p.

On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

Pineville, LA.

Black burn, W .H . 19 83. Resum e ofw ork accom plish ed.

Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity.

Progress re port. 30 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Pineville, LA.

Black burn, W .H .; W ood, J.C.; Pe arson, H .A. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 86. Assessm ent of w ate r yie ld and quality

from intensive silvicultural practices and livestock

grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX:

Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, Te xas A &

M Unive rsity. Annual progress re port. 223 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

Black burn, W .H .; W ood, J.C.; Pe arson, H .A.; Knigh t,

R.W . 19 87. Storm flow and sedim ent loss from intensive ly m anaged forest w ate rsh eds in east Te xas.

In: Pe arson, H enry A.; Sm eins, Fred E.; Th ill, Ronald

E., cam ps. Ecological, ph ysical, and socioe conom ic

re lationsh ips w ith in south e rn national forests: Proceed ings of th e south e rn evaluation w ork sh op; 19 87

M ay 26-27; Long Be ach , M S. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO68. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 233-243.

Black burn, W .H .; W ood, J.C.; W eich e rt, A.T. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 86. Assessm ent of w ate r yie ld and quality

from intensive silvicultural practices and livestock

grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX:

Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, Te xas A &

M Unive rsity. Annual progress re port. 19 8 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

Black burn, W ilbe rt H . 19 82. Assessm ent of nonpoint

source pollution from intensive silvicultural practices and livestock grazing in south e ast forests.

Study plan. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity. Study plan. 46 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

De H aven , M .; Black burn, W .H . 19 80. Assessm ent of

nonpoint source pollution from intensive forest practices in east Te xas. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A &

M Unive rsity. Progress re port. 37 p. On file w ith :

62
U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Dob row olsk i, JI?; Black burn, W .H .; Gre len , H .E. 19 84.

Infiltration rates and w ate r quality of longle af pine/

blueste m range follow ing 22 ye ars of seasonal burning. [Abstract]. In: Abstract of pape rs of th e 37th

annual m e e ting of th e Socie ty for Range M anagem ent; 19 84 Feb ruary 12-17; Rapid City, SD. Denve r, CO: Socie ty for Range M anagemen t: 67.

Dob row olsk i, J.P.; Black burn, W .H .; Gre len , H .E. 19 85.

Effe cts of long te rm burning on th e h ydrological and

ch e m ical prope rties of south e ast forest soils. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity. Final report. 370 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm e n t of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Dob row olsk i, J.P.; Black burn, W .H .; Gre len , H .E. 19 85.

Th e influences of fire on nutrient m ovemen t in a

longle af pine /pineh ill blueste m association. [Abstract]. In: Abstract of pape rs of th e 38th annual

m e e ting of th e Socie ty for Range M anagemen t; 19 85

Feb ruary 11-15; Salt Lak e City, UT. Denve r, CO:

Socie ty for Range M anagemen t: 56.

Dob row olsk i, J.P.; Black burn, W .H .; Gre len , H .E. 19 87.

Sedim ent production from long-te rm burning of a

longle af pine-bluestem association. In: Pe arson,

H en ry A.; Sm eins, Fred E.; Th ill, Ronald E., cam ps.

Ecological, ph ysical, and socioe conom ic re lationsh ips

w ith in south e rn national forests: Proceed ings of th e

south e rn evaluation w ork sh op; 19 87 M ay 26-27; Long

Be ach , M S. Gen . Te ch . Re p. SO-68. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 251-260.

Dob row olsk i, Jam es Ph illip. 19 85. Soil h ydrologic

ch anges and nutrient flux follow ing long-te rm burning of a longle af pine-bluestem association. Colle ge

Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity. 367 p. M .S.

th esis. Vol. 1.

Fuch s, C.R.; Gray, L.D. 19 82. Soil survey of a sm all

forested w ate rsh ed on nonpoint source loading in

San Augustine County, Te xas. USDA Soil Conservation Se rvice. Soil survey re port. 45 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

H unte r, T.K.; Black burn , W .H .; De H aven , M .G.;

W eich e rt, A.T. 19 84. Assessm ent of nonpoint source

pollution from intensive silvicultural practices and

livestock grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M Unive rsity, Te xas W ate r Resources Institute. Inte rim progress re port TR-132.

111 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

Pineville, LA.

H unte r, T.K.; Black burn, W .H .; Knigh t, R.; W eich e rt,

A.T. 19 81. Assessm ent of nonpoint source pollution

from livestock grazing on intensive m anaged forest

in th e South e ast. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas A & M

Unive rsity. Progress re port. 57 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

H unte r, T.K.; Black burn, W .H .; Niebe r, J.L. [and oth -

e rsl. 19 84. Assessm ent of nonpoint source pollution

from intensive silvicultural practices and livestock

grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX:

Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, Te xas A &

M Unive rsity. Annual progress re port. 140 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

H unte r, T.K.; Black burn , W .H .; W e ich e rt, A.T.;

Dob row olsk i, J.P. 19 83. Effe ct of forest site pre paration and livestock grazing on storm flow and w ate r quality in th e South e ast. Colle ge Station, TX:

Te xas A & M Unive rsity, Te xas W ate r Resources

Institute. Inte rim progress re port. 100 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

Knigh t, R.W .; Black burn, W .H .; W ood, J.C. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 88. Assessm ent of w ate r yie ld and quality

from intensive silvicultural practices and livestock

grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX:

Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, Te xas A &

M Unive rsity. Annual progress re port. 267 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

Knigh t, R.W .; Spillm an, J.W .; Caffey, R.J. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 89 . Assessm ent of w ate r yie ld and quality

from intensive silvicultural practices and livestock

grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX:

Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, Te xas A &

M Unive rsity. Annual progress re port. 180 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

Knigh t, R.W .; Spillm an, J.W .; Caffey, R.J. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 9 0. Assessm ent of w ate r yie ld and quality

from intensive silvicultural practices and livestock

grazing in south e ast forests. Colle ge Station, TX:

Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, Te xas A &

M Unive rsity. Annual progress re port. 208 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville,

LA.

W ood, J.C.; Black burn, W .H .; Pe arson, H .A. [and oth -

e rs]. 19 87. Assessm ent of silvicultural and grazing

tre atm ent im pacts on infiltration and runoff w ate r

quality of longle af-slash pine forest, Kisatch ie National Forest, Louisiana. In: Pe arson, H en ry A.;

Sm eins, Fred E.; Th ill, Ronald E., cam ps. Ecological, ph ysical, and socioe conom ic re lationsh ips w ith in

south e rn national forests: Proceedings of th e south -

e rn evaluation w ork sh op; 19 87 M ay 26-27; Long

63
Be ach , M S. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-68. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 245-249 .

W ood, Jam es C.; Black burn, W ilbe rt H .; Pe arson,

H en ry A.; H unte r, Th om as K. 19 89 . Infiltration and

runoff w ate r quality response to silvicultural and

grazing tre atm ents on a longle af pine forest. Journal of Range M anagemen t. 42(5): 378-381.

Unde rstory H e rbage Response to Spacing of

Loblolly Pine Follow ing Site Pre paration

(See sum m ary, p. 160.)

Me ch anical site pre paration and w ide spacing in

pine plantations w e re re lative ly new in th e 19 60’s and

19 70’s; h ow e ve r, both are now standard practices in

th e South . Th e purpose of pre paring sites is to provide a m ore favorable environm ent for grow th of

planted pine seedlings. W ide spacing reduces tree com -

pe tition during e arly grow th years and pe rm its sunligh t to re ach th e understory ve ge tation during th e

grow th cycle of trees. Th e influence of site pre paration and w ide spacing on th e value of range and w ildlife h abitat is not w e ll docum ented.

Th e loblolly (Pinus taeda)-sh ortle af (P. e & in& a)

pine-h ardw ood forest type provides yearlong grazing

for cattle and se rves as prim e wh ite-tailed dee r

(Od ocoileus virginianus) h abitat. Th e im m ediate and

long-te rm im pacts of site pre paration and w ide spacing on understory ve ge tation need docum enting to

dete rm ine th e future m ultiple-use potential of th is

forest type.

Th is study, w h ich w as initiated in 19 70 in central

Louisiana, w as a coope rative e ffort am ong Research

W ork Unit 4101 of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, th e Kisatch ie National

Forest, and th e Louisiana Forestry Com m ission. Th e

obje ctives of th e study w e re: (1) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of diffe rent site-pre paration tre atm ents on pretre atm ent and posttre atm ent production and botanical

com position of understory ve ge tation; (2) to dete rm ine

th e e ffe cts of soils on plant succession follow ing site

pre paration; and (3) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of pine

spacing on deve lopm ent of understory ve ge tation.

Tw o site-pre paration tre atm ents (underplant and

re le ase, and sh e ar-w indrow -burn) w e re applied to tw o

soils, Ruston (Typic Paleudults) and Saw yer (Aquic

Paleudults), annually during 19 70 and 19 71; years

served as re plications. Follow ing site pre paration,

plots w e re subdivided into five 144- by 162-ft plots

and h and-planted to loblolly pine on spacings of 4 by

6, 6 by 8, 8 by 12, and 12 by 16 ft; an unplanted control plot w as included.

H e rbace ous ve ge tation w as sam pled on 20 syste m -

atically spaced quadrats (9 .6 ft2) on each plot. Th e

pe rcentages of basal cove r, production, and com position w e re estim ated by species. Th e num be r, h eigh t,

and crow n diam e te r of all w oody ste m s less th an 1

inch in d.b.h . w e re dete rm ined for e ach spe cies in four

O.Ol-acre circular quadrats on each plot. W oody ste m s

1 inch in d.b.h . and large r w e re me asured on four

0.025-acre circular quadrats on each plot.

Initial posttre atm ent inventories w e re begun th e

first grow ing season afte r site pre paration and w e re

re pe ated annually for 3 ye ars and again at tree age 7.

Th e responses of understory h e rbage to tre atm ents

w e re com pared follow ing e ach inventory by appropriate analysis of variance.

Pre tre atm ent analysis of ve ge tation indicated th at

density and basal are a of trees, density and crow n

cove r of b row se, and h e rbage production w e re gre ate r

on Saw yer soil th an on Ruston. Approxim ate ly 50 pe rcent of th e total basal are a w as pine on Saw yer soil,

and h ardw oods furnish ed nearly 75 pe rcent of th e

basal are a on Ruston soil. French m ulbe rry (Cullicurpa

am ericana) w as, by far, th e m ost abundant b row se

spe cies of Saw yer soil, but on Ruston, french m ulbe rry

and sh ining sum ac (Rh u s copullinum ) sh ared im portance. Longle af and spik e uniola (Uniok z spp.) produced about 55 pe rcent of th e h e rbage on Saw yer soil

but less th an 5 pe rce n t on Ruston. Pine h ill and

b room sedge blueste m (An d ropogon spp.) produced 40

pe rcent of th e h e rbage on Ruston soil but less th an 5

pe rcent on Saw yer.

Th e study m e asuremen ts are com ple te.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

W olte rs, G.L. 19 71. Unde rstory h e rbage response to

spacing of loblolly pine follow ing site pre paration.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 15 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

W olte rs, G.L. 19 74. Unde rstory h e rbage response to

spacing of loblolly pine follow ing site pre paration.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Establish m ent and progress re port. 18 p. On tile

w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Com parison of Burning Date s in a Young

Natural Loblolly-Sh ortle af Pine Stand

(See sum m ary, p. 161.)

Th e loblolly (Pinus tueda)-sh ortle af (P. ech inuta)

pine type in Louisiana typically consists of natural

uneven-aged pine stands w ith a fairly dense m idstory

of h ardw oods, an abundance of sh rubs, and a paucity

64
of h e rbace ous ve ge tation in th e unde rstory. Th e

longle af (Z ?paZ ustris)-slash (I’. elliottii) pine type usually lack s a h ardw ood m idstory and h as an abundance

of h e rbace ous ve ge tation in th e understory. Alth ough

th e soils and topograph y of th e tw o pine types diffe r,

seve ral m illion acres of longle af pine in th e Coastal

Plain h ave been re placed by loblolly-sh ortle af pineh ardw ood forests because fire w as e xcluded during

stand deve lopm ent.

Current m e th ods of h arvesting loblolly-sh ortle af

pine tim be r include cle arcutting sm all 40- to 50-acre

com partm ents th at are th en site pre pared and re gene rated. Th ese re gene rated cle arcuts ultim ate ly le ad

to even-aged com partm ent m anagemen t and provide

m anage rs an opportunity to restore fire to a m ore

prom inent role in th e silviculture of loblolly-sh ortle af

pine stands. Early and frequent burning, if accom panied by periodic th inning, sh ould m aintain adequate

h e rbace ous forage for livestock and w ildlife.

Th e first burn sh ould be m ade as e arly as possible

afte r a stand of seedlings is establish ed if m axim um

control of h ardw oods is to be obtained and com pe tition from younge r unw anted pine re gene ration elim inated. Som e research e rs re com m end 10 ye ars as th e

m inim um age at w h ich young pines, oth e r th an

longle af, can be safe ly burned, and oth e rs suggest th at

burns can be successful in 4- or & year-old plantations

ave raging 8 to 10 ft in h eigh t.

Th is study, w h ich w as initiated in 19 82, w as located

on Saddle Bayou in th e Catah oula Range r District of

th e Kisatch ie National Forest near W illiana, LA. A

46-acre stand w as cle arcut and m e ch anically site prepared in 19 76 and planted w ith loblolly pine seedlings

in early 19 77.

Th e original study obje ctive w as to dete rm ine th e

best dates for burning young natural stands of loblollysh ortle af pine on re gene rated cle arcuts for: (1) im proving th e h e rbage re s ource (in con junction w ith

th inning); (2) controlling h ardw ood and unw anted pine

re gene ration; and (3) producing m axim um h e rbace ous

forage in th e absence of pines and h ardw oods (as a

m ultiple-use alte rnative ).

Research e rs in th e study com pared March , M ay, and

July burns in a young natural stand of loblolly and

sh ortle af pines to dete rm ine th e burning season m ost

e ffe ctive for pine grow th , h e rbage production, and

h ardw ood control.

Be ginning in 19 82, burning tre atm ents w e re applied

e ve ry oth e r ye ar to plots th inned to approxim ate ly 700

trees pe r acre. An unburned control plot w as included.

Pines w e re 5 ye ars old at th e beginning of th e 19 82

season. Tre atm ents w e re also applied to plots from

w h ich pines and h ardw oods h ad been com ple te ly rem oved. Tre atm ents w e re applied in th ree random izedblock re plications to 0.25acre plots.

A 7-acre study are a w as fenced in w ith in th e 46-

acre re gene rated cle arcut. Burning tre atm ents w e re

applied biennially to th e sm alle r are a in even-num -

be red years th rough 19 9 2.

By th e end of th e 19 83 grow ing season, som e h ardw ood re grow th on burned plots w as obviously too large

to be controlled by th e 19 84 burning tre atm ents. Th us,

th e study w as revised to include top re m oval of h ardw oods and sh rubs not controlled by burning. Tops w e re

seve red during M ay of th e odd-num be red years; burning tre atm ents w e re applied in even-num be red years.

Th e revised obje ctives w e re as follow s:

(1)

(2)

(3)

to com pare th e survival and grow th of pines and

yie ld and botanical com position of h e rbage on

unburned , unth inned, and oth e rw ise undisturbed plots w ith th ose m e asuremen ts on plots

w ith pines th inned and h ardw oods controlled by

cutting and biennial burning in March , M ay, or

July;

to com pare th e yield and com position of h e rbage on plots w ith pines, h ardw oods, and sh rubs

controlled by top re m oval alone w ith th ose m e asuremen ts on plots w ith w oody plants controlled

by com binations of cutting and biennial burning in March , M ay, and July;

to dete rm ine if th e w oody understory on loblollysh ortle af pine sites could be controlled by biennial fires afte r seve ral years of top re m oval by

th e com bination of burning and cutting.

Tre atm ent w as applied th rough 19 9 2 (see table 2

for tre atm ents), and th e study w as com ple ted in 19 9 3.

Table 2.- Treatm e nts for th e com parison of burning d ates in a

young natural loblolly-sh ortleaf pine stand study

Tre atmen t

Control

Burn:

March 1

May 1

July 1

Tim be red plots Cle arcut plots

Unburned; pines Unburned; all w oody

unth inned; no w oody plants above 3 ft tall cut

plant control back in odd-num be red

years

Burned in e ven- Burned in even-num be red

num be red years; years; all w oody plants

pines th inned; cut back in oddh ardw oods cut back num be red years

in odd-num be red years

Sam e as for Sam e as for

March burn March burn

Sam e as for Sam e as for

March burn March burn

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Gre len , H arold E. 19 82. Com parison of burning dates

in a young natural loblolly-sh ortle af pine stand.

65
G

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 9 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

re len , H arold E. 19 84. Com parison of burning dates

in a young natural loblolly-sh ortle af pine stand.

Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Establish m ent Report. 8 p. On file w ith : U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Grazing Syste m s for Fore st Range

(See sum m ary, p. 161.)

Rotational burning studies for m anagemen t of bee f

cattle on forest range can be successful. Moderate

stock ing on th e range h as been com patible for forage

production, spe cies com position, and livestock pe rform ance. W ith incre ased pressures for th e forest range,

new and innovative alte rnatives for grazing syste m s

are needed by th e land m anage r. Intensive livestock

grazing syste m s h ave not been tested in th e forest

range of th e South e aste rn United States. An array of

alte rnatives could be used th at vary from an extensive, one-pasture, low -investm ent system (rotational

burning) to an intensive, m ultiple-pasture, h igh -investm ent system (sh ort-durational grazing).

Research e rs in th is study are testing th ree forest

range grazing syste m s th at m ay h ave applicab ility for

th e south e aste rn forest ranges. Spe cifically, th ese grazing syste m s are: (1) one-pasture rotational burning;

(2) tw o-pasture sw itch back ; and (3) m ultiple-pasture,

sh ort-durational grazing. Th e obje ctives of th e study

are: (1) to com pare th e e conom ic and livestock production e fficiencies of th e th ree forest grazing syste m s

and (2) to m e asure th e e ffe cts of th ree grazing syste m s on th e livestock , w ildlife, w ate rsh ed, and tim be r

resources.

Th e study, w h ich w as initiated in 19 84, is located

on th e Longle af Tract of th e Palustris Expe rim ental

Forest in central Louisiana. About 3,600 acres in six

range units are being used in th is re plicated study of

grazing syste m s. Breeding cattle consist of crossbred

Brah m an cow s and English b reed bulls. Th e data colle cted include calf crop pe rcentages, calf w e aning

w e igh ts, and periodic cow we igh ts; frequency, cove r,

and botanical com position of ve ge tation; and econom ic

costs and re turns. Tim be r m anagemen t gene rally follow s National Forest System guide lines; trees are

th inned periodically to m aintain re lative ly open

stands, w ith tree b asal are as ranging from 60 to 100

ft2/acre. Supplemen tal studies, w h en ove rlaid on th e

th ree grazing syste m s, address w ate rsh ed and w ildlife im plications.

Th e study is to be continued th rough 19 9 6.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Knigh t, Robe rt W . 19 87. Assessm ent of infiltration and

w ate r quality from forest range grazing syste m s.

Supplemen t A. Colle ge Station, TX: Te xas Agricultural Expe rim ent Station, Te xas A & M Unive rsity.

Study plan. 8 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

Pe arson, H .A. 19 89 . Forest-range m anagemen t system e ffe cts on w ildlife populations in th e longle afslash pine type. Supplemen t B. Pineville, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study Plan. 10 p.

On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

Pineville, LA.

Pe arson, H .A.; Gre len , H .E.; Th ill, R.E.; Rollins, D.A.

19 84. Grazing syste m s for forest range. Pineville,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan.

15 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

Pineville, LA.

Pe arson, H en ry A.; Rollins, Douglas A.; M artin, Alton

Jr.; Joh nson, Ch arles Randal. 19 9 0. Grazing syste m s

for forest range. Pineville, LA: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent re port. 13 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, Pineville, LA.

TROPICAL AMERICAN FOREST

M ANAGEMENT

Se condary Fore st Inventory (See sum m ary,

p. 162.)

An inventory w as started in 19 80, m ainly in th e

subtropical m oist and w e t forests in th e central m ountains of Puerto Rico (fig. 19 ). Th e purposes of th e inventory are to assess th e tim be r potential of th e

secondary forest, to dete rm ine th e grow th and ch ange

in spe cies com position, and to assess th e forestry-related resources. H ope fully, th e study w ill stim ulate

m anagemen t of th e secondary (ne w ) forest.

Com m e rcial and noncom m e rcial lands w e re separated and th e form e r w e re partitioned by life z one and

66
Figure 19 .-A s econdary forest in th e m ou ntainous interior of Puerto Rico.

soil type. Asyste m atic 3-by 3-km grid w ith 437 ground

locations w ith in th e com m e rcial are a w as used. Standard inventory te ch niques used by th e USDA Forest

Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station w e re

m odified for local conditions. All spe cies w e re identified, and diam e te r, h eigh t, and tim be r quality w e re recorded as w e ll as seve ral ph ysical site ch aracte ristics.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Birdsey, R.A.; W e ave r, P.L. 19 82. Th e forest resources

of Puerto Rico. Resour. Bull. SO-85. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 59 p.

Birdsey, R.A.; W e ave r, P.L. 19 87. Forest are a trends

in Pue rto Rico. Res. Note SO-331. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 83. Puerto

Rico’s tim be rland. Journal of Forestry. 81(10): 671-

672, 69 9 .

W e ave r, I?L.; Birdsey, R.A. 19 86. Tree succession and

m anagemen t opportunities in coffee sh ade stands.

Turrialba. 36(l): 47-58.

W e ave r, P.L.; Birdsey, R.A.; Lugo, A.E. 19 87. Soil organic m atte r in secondary forests of Puerto Rico.

Biotropica. 19 (l): 17-23.

Th e Fore st Resource s of St. Vincent

(See sum m ary, p. 163.)

Th e Island of St. Vincent, one of th e Lesser Antilles

located about 175 km w est of Barbados, w as inventoried, beginning in 19 84. Th e program w as undertak en

to provide inform ation on th e resources of th e island,

to deve lop prescriptions for th e m anagemen t of th e

forest, and to train forestry pe rsonnel in inventory

te ch niques (fig. 20). Th e study w as funded by th e

United States Agency for Inte rnational Deve lopm ent,

w ith th e coope ration of th e St. Vincent Forestry Division, th e South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, and th e

Institute of Tropical Forestry.

Results of th e study include h istorical inform ation,

data on ge ology, ph ysiograph y, clim ate, soils, agriculture, w ate r resources, natural ve ge tation, forest le gislation, and a plantation survey. Statistics w e re

deve loped describing th e com position of th e tim be rland h aving som e com m e rcial potential. Forest are as,

spe cies com position, and tim be r volum e we re dete rm ined from ae rial ph otos and fie ld w ork , using 88-

grid inte rsections spaced at 2 by 2 k m . Standard

67
inventory te ch niques used by th e South e rn Station

w e re m odified for th e tropical forest. All spe cies w e re

identified, and diam e te r, h eigh t, and tim be r quality

w e re re corded, as w e ll as seve ral ph ysical site ch aracte ristics. De tailed m e asuremen ts w e re m ade on 57

plots at 19 locations.

Im provemen t of tim be r stock ing in secondary stands

w ith desirable saplings and pole tim be r is th e best

m anagemen t plan for th e are a. Additional surveys of

forest com position and th e response of spe cies to rele ase m ay be carried out.

Th irty-eigh t pe rcent of St. Vincent’s 345 k m 2 is forested, and m ore th an one-h alf of th e forest is secondary; th e re are substantial are as of palm , dw arf, and

dry scrub forest. Most of th e prim ary forest is located

at th e h igh est e le vations and far from roads. Z nga Vera,

Licania ternatensis, Dacryodes excelsa, and Cecropia

peltata are com m on tree spe cies in th e natural forest.

H ibiscus elatu s, Pinus caribaea, and Sw i eteni a

m acroph ylla are planted tree spe cies. Of th e planted

spe cies, P. caribaea h as grow n best (Birdsey and oth -

e rs 19 86). Tim be r volum e for all sound w ood w ith an

inside bark diam e te r of 10 cm and m inim um length of

1 m ave raged about 50 m 3/h a in young secondary forest, about 100 m 3/h a in advanced secondary forest,

and about 250 m 3/h a in m ature forest.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Birdsey, R.A.; W e ave r, P.L.; Nich olls, C.F. 19 85. Th e

forest resources of St. Vincent. In: Deve lopm ent,

forestry, and environm ental quality in th e e aste rn

Caribbean. Rio Piedras, PR: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, Institute of Tropical

Forestry: 35-102.

Birdsey, RA.; W e ave r, PL.; Nich olls, C.F. 19 86. Th e

forest resources of St. Vincent, W est Indies. Res. Pap.

SO-229 . New O rle ans: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 25 p.

If population, tourism , and sm all industrial deve lop- W e ave r, P.L.; Birdsey, R.A.; Nich olls, C.F. 19 86. Los

m ent continue to grow on St. Vincent, dem ands on th e re cu rs os fore s tales de San Vice n te , Indias

w ate r supply w ill incre ase. A continuous supply of good- Occidentales. Res. Pap. SO-244. New O rle ans, LA:

quality w ate r de pends on m aintaining th e forest on gov- U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

e rnm ent-ow ned lands in th e inte rior of th e island. South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 27 p.

Figu re 20.- Z Faining of local assistants at th e initiation of th e St. Vince nt fore st inuentoty.

68
Pilot M anageme nt Study (See sum m ary,

p. 163.)

Inform ation on th e grow th rates of individual trees

and forest stands is necessary to forest planning and

m anagemen t. In th e m oist tropical forests of th e We ste rn H e m isph e re, such k now ledge is needed for a varie ty of sites and conditions. A study w as installed in

th e low e r m ontane rain forest of th e Luquillo M ountains of Puerto Rico in 19 56 to dete rm ine th e spe cies

com position of prim ary and secondary forests, to dete rm ine th e grow th rates of th e trees, and to assess

th e e ffe cts of th inning on grow th in th e secondary forest. Th e plots w e re installed at Sabana 8 (80 h a) and

Rio Grande (40 h a) in secondary forest and at Sabana

4 (129 h a) in prim ary forest. About one h undred 0.08-

h a plots w e re placed syste m atically th rough out e ach

of th e 3 study are as. On each plot, topograph y w as

classified as bottom , low e r slope, uppe r slope, or ridge.

All com m e rcial spe cies w e re identified, potential crop

trees w e re sele cted, and h eigh t and d.b.h . w e re me asured. One th inning w as conducted at th e beginning

of th e study in th e tw o study are as in secondary forest. Th e plots w e re reme asured in 19 75.

Th e me asuremen t results indicate slow rates of diam e te r grow th for trees in th e m oist tropical forest.

Pe riodic annual diam e te r incremen ts (PAI’s) for species typically ranged from 0.30 to 0.60 cm /yr. Th e

m axim um PA1 for th e sam ple population w as only 1.83

cm /yr. Significant diffe rences in grow th rates existed

am ong spe cies and crow n classes.

Th is study indicates th at year-round grow ing conditions, w arm te m pe ratures, and abundant rainfall

do not produce rapid rates of diam e te r grow th in th e

rain forests of th e Luquillo M ountains. Th e slow e st

grow ing spe cies in th e study w e re th ose of th e gene ra

Cecropia and Did ym opanax, both considered to be

rapidly grow ing pionee r tree types.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Crow , T.R.; W e ave r, P.L. 19 77. Tree grow th in a m oist

tropical forest of Puerto Rico. Res. Pap. ITF-22. Rio

Piedras, PR: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, Institute of Tropical Forestry. 17 p.

Long-Te rm Grow th Rate s in th e Natural Fore st

of th e Luquillo M ountains in Pue rto Rico

(See sum m ary, p. 164.)

During 19 4346, seven research plots w e re establish ed in th ree of th e five life z ones of th e Luquillo

M ountains of Puerto Rico, in subtropical w e t forest,

rain forest, and low e r m ontane we t forest. Plots in th e

subtropical w e t forest included an undisturb e d

tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa) stand on a slope, a

th inned tabonuco stand, and a palm (Pre s toe a

m ontana) stand on a slope. Late r, a plot w as establish ed in th is study in th e low e r m ontane rain forest,

and th e plot w as studied for 4.5 ye ars. Th e purpose of

th is study w as to dete rm ine diam e te r grow th rates in

th e natural forest and to dete rm ine ch anges in species com position ove r tim e. Most plots w e re 0.4 h a in

siz e. Spe cies w e re identified, diam e te rs w e re me asured, and ingrow th and m ortality w e re tallied (fig.

21). On som e plots, h eigh t w as m e asured or estim ated.

Th e num be r of ste m s, basal are a and volum e pe r h e ctare, and ch anges in species com position w e re correlated w ith a past h urricane disturbance. Patte rns of

volum e and basal are a re cove ry ove r tim e we re linear

to conve x in subtropical w e t and rain forests but w e re

linear to concave in low e r m ontane w e t forest. Th e

patte rns seem to be re lated to th e diffe rences in forest structure and to th e nature of disturbance and

re cove ry m e ch anism s (W e ave r 19 83).

Volum e grow th ranged from 0 to 5 m 31h alyr, basal

are a from 0 to 0.6 m 2/h a/yr, and diam e te r grow th from

0.03 to 0.21 cm fyr. Diam e te r grow th of spe cies according to seral stage in th inned secondary subtropical w e t

forest w as com pared w ith diam e te r grow th of spe cies

in undisturbed clim ax subtropical w e t forest. Th e

th inned clim ax spe cies grew 100 pe rcent faste r th an

control spe cies, th e secondary spe cies about 50 pe rcent faste r, and th e pionee r spe cies only 10 pe rcent

faste r. Th e re w as no diffe rence in diam e te r grow th

between th e th inned clim ax low e r m ontane w e t forest

and th e clim ax low e r m ontane w e t forest, but basal

are a and volum e grow th , in contrast, w e re considerably h igh e r on th e th inned plot.

Th inning provides a w ay to en h ance grow th w ith in

th e subtropical w e t and low e r m ontane w e t forests.

Slow grow th on all undisturbed plots w as attributed

to h igh respirational dem and of forests approach ing

ste ady state, as w e ll as to th e ph ysiognom y of th e forests, low solar insolation, and poorly drained soils

(W e ave r 19 83).

Th e undisturbed long-te rm plots w e re com posed of

33 to 48 spe cies; Sh annon-W eine r indices ranged from

2.60 to 4.48. During th e years of th e study, th e num -

be r of spe cies declined on th e undisturbed plots but

incre ased on th e th inned plots. Pionee r spe cies gradually disappe ared ove r tim e on th e undisturbed plots,

causing th e reduction in th e num be r of spe cies. Species rich ness w as inte rm ediate between continental

tropical and continental te m pe rate forests (W e ave r

19 83).

Despite th e frequency of h urricanes in th e re gion

and num e rous obse rvations of dam age to th e ve ge tation, few studies of long-te rm ch anges in forests afte r

69
Figu re 21.-Rem easurem e nt of long-term Colorad o plots in th e Luquillo Mou ntains, Puerto Rico.

h urricanes h ave been carried out. Th e 35-ye ar re cove ry in seven pe rm anent plots in th e Colorado forest

cove red th e 14- th rough 49 -year period afte r a m ajor

disturbance. Patte rns of disturbance and re cove ry

seem to vary along e levational and topograph ic gradients w ith in th e Luquillo Forest (W e ave r 19 86b).

Th e grow th rates of m agnolia (Magnolia splendens)

w e re investigated to ve rify th at th e spe cies is declining and to dete rm ine th e re asons for th e decline. Magnolia splendens, a valuable cabinet w ood, is de clining

in abundance due to past logging and com pe tition w ith

oth e r tree spe cies in a forest re cove ring from h urricane disturbance. Poor seed ge rm ination, slow grow th ,

and th e need for canopy gaps are all factors contributing to m agnolia’s current decline (W e ave r 19 87).

Th e grow th rates and probable ages of cyrilla

(Cyrilla racem iflora) trees ofdiffe rent diam e te rs w e re

also investigated to provide plausible e xplanations for

th e large size of som e cyrilla trees in th e Colorado forest. Th e conclusion w as th at th e large cyrillas in Pue rto

Rico are th e result of grow th and deve lopm ent on favorable, leew ard sites at th e low e r lim its of th eir range

in elevation. Th e ve ry large cyrillas are probably

form ed by th e coalescence of proxim ate trees. If th is

is th e case, th e largest cyrillas are probably not m uch

m ore th an 1,000 ye ars old. Apparently, cyrillas are

finely attuned to life in a w e t, m ontane h abitat w ith

re current storm s (W e ave r 19 86a).

70

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Crow , T.R. 19 80. A rain forest ch ronicle: a th irty year

re cord of ch ange in structure and com position at El

Ve rde, Puerto Rico. Biotropica. 12: 42-55.

W e ave r, P.L. 19 83. Tree grow th and stand ch anges in

th e subtropical life z ones of th e Luquillo M ountains

of Puerto Rico. Res. Pap. SO-19 0. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 24 p.

W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 86a. Grow th and age of Cyrilla

racem iflora L. in m ontane forests of Puerto Rico.

Inte rciencia. ll(5): 221-228.

W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 86b . H urricane dam age and recove ry in th e m ontane forests of th e Luquillo M ountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science.

22(1-2): 53-70.

W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 87. Ecological obse rvations on

Magnolia splendens Urban in th e Luquillo M ountains of Puerto Rico. Caribbean Journal of Science.

23 (3-4): 340-351.

W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 89 . Forest ch anges afte r h urricanes

in Puerto Rico’s Luquillo M ountains. Inte rciencia.

14(4): 181-19 2.

W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 89 . Rare trees in th e Colorado forest of Puerto Rico’s Luquillo M ountains. Natural

Are as Journal. g(3): 169 -173.
W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 9 0. Forest structure and productivity in Pu e rto Rico’s Luquillo M ountains.

Biotropica. 22(l): 69 -82.

Population Dynam ics of a Dry Fore st Avian

Com m unity (See sum m ary, p. 164.)

Th e com m unity structure of th e b irds of south w este rn Puerto Rico is being assessed by dete rm ining th e

spe cies dive rsity, dem ograph y, dispe rsal, longe vity, and

ph ilopatry of m igrant and perm anent resident populations. Th e study w as undertak en in 19 72 to dete ct

ab rupt population fluctuations or dire ctional trends

ove r tim e by designating indicator spe cies and sum -

m arizing data accum ulated since th e start of th e study.

Anoth e r obje ctive is to dete rm ine th e b iological, e cological, and clim atic factors affe cting avian species th at

m igh t result in sh arp de cre ases or incre ases in population. Appropriate m anagemen t prescriptions w ill be

offe red to m itigate th e im pact of factors affe cting avian

populations in Guanica, using inform ation from sim ilar ve ge tation associations th rough out th e Caribbean

re gion. Variable-w idth transect census te ch niques are

being e m ployed in th e study, and standard m ist nets

are being used.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Faaborg, J.; Arendt, W .J. 19 84. Population sizes and

ph ilopatry of w inte r resident w arble rs in Puerto

Rico. Journal of Fie ld Ornith ology. 55: 376-378.

Faaborg, J.; Arendt, W .J.; Kaise r, M S. 19 84. Rainfall

corre lates of b ird population fluctuations in a Pue rto

Rican dry forest: a nine-year study. W ilson Bulletin. 9 6: 575-59 3.

R e productive Ecology of th e Pe arly-Eyed

Th rash e r (See sum m ary, p. 165.)

A study of th e b reed ing b iology, e cology, and dem ograph y of th e pe arly-eyed th rash e r (Margarops

fu scatu s) w as begun in 19 79 . One obje ctive of th e study

is to obtain data on th e e cological and biological requiremen ts of th e b ird, a com pe titor and predator of

th e end an ge red Pu e rto Rican parrot (Am azona

vittata). Th e results w ill be used to prescribe m anagem ent procedures to m itigate th e th rash e r’s im pact on

parrot re production. Populations of th is bird in th e

Luquillo Forest w ill be com pared w ith th rash e r populations in are as w h e re th e parrot m ay be introduced,

espe cially th e Rio Abajo are a. Density, distribution,

predatory h abits, prey species, die t, e tc., w ill be com -

pared. Th e suitability of th e th rash e r as a surrogate

of th e endange red parrot in experim ental studies w ill

be evaluated using th e follow ing crite ria: parasite control m e asures; m onitoring of grow th , deve lopm ent, and

m ortality rates resulting from h e avy ectoparasitism ;

ph ysiological responses (production of antigens); and

beh avioral traits in com bating h e avy parasitism .

Each year, 30 to 50 artificial nesting boxes h ave been

m onitored. Th e entire study population h as been

banded w ith colored plastic and alum inum le g bands.

Each bird w e ars a distinct color band com bination for

fie ld identification w ith out re capture. Th is study

sh ould result in indepth k now ledge of th e com ple te

b reed ing b iology, e cology, and dem ograph y of th is predator of and com pe titor w ith th e Puerto Rican parrot.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Arendt, W .J. 19 85. Ph ilornis e ctoparasitism of pe arlyeyed th rash e rs. I. Im pact on grow th and deve lopm ent of nestlings. Auk . 102: 270-280.

Arendt, W .J. 19 85. Ph ilornis e ctoparasitism of pe arlyeyed th rash e rs. II. Effe cts on adults and re production. Auk . 102: 281-29 2.

Plantation Adaptability Trials (See sum m ary,

p. 165.)

Be ginning in th e 19 30’s, m any tree spe cies w e re

planted in Puerto Rico and th e Virgin Islands. Ove r

50 spe cies w e re planted using diffe rent m e th ods and

various plantation sizes and spacings in th e range of

soil types, topograph y, and clim ate of th e study are a.

Th e obje ctives of th e study are to identify plantation

spe cies th at are adapted to local clim ates, to dete rm ine soil and site pre fe rences of e ach spe cies, and to

docum ent grow th rates and m ak e m anagemen t re com m endations. Pe riodic m e asuremen ts w ill be m ade

until e ach plantation re ach es optim um siz e, and th e

site w ill be described. Th e grow th of a spe cies w ill be

com pared w ith th e grow th of th at sam e spe cies in oth e r

locations and w ith th at of oth e r locally adapted com -

m e rcial spe cies.

71
M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Figueroa, J.C.; W h itm ore, J.L. 19 80. Th ree spe cies of

eucalypts tested in Puerto Rico; five years afte r

outplanting. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry.

4(4): 169 -174.

Lie ge l, L.H .; Balm e r, W .E.; Ryan, G.W . 19 85. H onduras pine spacing trial results in Puerto Rico. South -

e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 9 9 2: 69 -75.

Lugo, A.E.; Figue roa, J.C. 19 85. Pe rform ance of

Anth oceph alus ch inensis in Puerto Rico. Canadian

Journal of Forest Research . 15: 577-585.

Tree Grow th in Se ve ral Tropical Fore sts of

Pue rto Rico (See sum m ary, p. 166.)

Be tween 19 43 and 19 51, th e staff of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s Institute of Tropical Forestry establish ed

plots in seve ral forests in Puerto Rico but discontinued th em seve ral years late r. In th e m id-19 70’s, th e

plots w e re reme asured to obtain data on long-te rm

pe riodic annual d.b.h . incremen t (PAI), stand ch anges

ove r tim e, and stand dive rsity in tropical forests

(W e ave r 19 79 ).

Nine research plots w e re establish ed in th ree life

z ones as follow s: one in subtropical dry forest on azonal

lim estone at Guanica; six in subtropical m oist forest,

including tw o on azonal lim estone at Cam balach e,

th ree in m angrove forest at Pifiones (fig. 22), and one

on zonal soil at St. Just; and tw o in th e low e r m ontane w e t Colorado association, one at Toro Ne gro and

one at M aricao. All trees on each plot w e re me asured

at b re ast h eigh t, crow n classes w e re re corded, and, in

som e instances, th innings or cle arcuts w e re m ade.

Pe riodically th e plots w e re revisited, trees w e re me asured, and m ortality w as re corded. During th e last

m e asuremen t, ingrow th w as re corded as w e ll. Th e

Sh annon-W iene r index w as used to dete rm ine species

dive rsity (W e ave r 19 79 ).

Th e PAI’s for all ste m s gre ate r th an or equal to 4.1

cm in d.b.h . ranged from around 0.05 cm lyr in th e dry

lim estone forest at Guanica in south w est Puerto Rico

to about 0.45 cm /yr in th e m angrove forest at Pifiones

and early secondary rain forest at St,. Just in th e subtropical m oist life z one. Th e PAI’s re ported in th is

study are sim ilar to th ose re corded in oth e r studies in

Pue rto Rico and to th ose found in th e Te m pe rate Z one

(W e ave r 19 79 ).

Alth ough com parisons am ong stands are difficult

because of confounding due to seve ral factors, som e

trends seem apparent. Th e e arly secondary forests at

St. Just and Pifiones are fast grow ing, but ste m s in

th e secondary forest th at h ave been m e asured ove r a

Figu re 22.-A m angrove forest in a coastal area of Puerto Rico.

72
long pe riod sh ow a gradual decline in grow th , pe rh aps

due to closing of th e stand or senescence. In th e we t

lim estone forest, trees on e xposed sum m its h ave low e r

PAI’s th an th ose on slopes, probably due to m oisture

stress; PAI’s also decre ase w ith e le vation. Tree grow th

is slow e r in th e dry lim estone forest due to lack of

m oisture. Th e forests of Puerto Rico seem to be inte rm ediate in dive rsity, between th ose in th e continental

tropical forests and th ose in th e continental te m pe rate forests (W e ave r 19 79 ).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 79 . Tree grow th in seve ral tropical forests of Puerto Rico. Res. Pap. SO-19 0. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

15 p.

A Ph ytosociological Study of Cinnam on Bay

W ate rsh ed, St. Joh n, U.S. Virgin Islands

(See sum m ary, p. 166.)

Th e original ve ge tation of St. Joh n w as m odified to

som e e xtent by th e original inh abitants and gre atly

m odified by th e colonists w h o settled th e island afte r

Danish occupation in 1717. M any of th e estates, w h ich

grew sugarcane and cotton, w e re abandoned by th e

late 19 th century, and a secondary forest grew up. Th e

Cinnam on Bay w ate rsh ed is now part of th e Virgin

Islands National Park , w h ich is adm iniste red by th e

U.S. De partm ent of th e Inte rior, National Park Se rvice. Th e National Park Se rvice h as carried out seve ral studies to understand th e re lationsh ip between

th e ve ge tation and th e surrounding aquatic syste m s.

Th is study w as undertak en to describe th e structure and species com position of w oody ve ge tation in

th e w ate rsh ed and to understand th e ph ytosociological re lationsh ips of th e trees based on elevation and

topograph y (fig. 23). Sixteen plots 50 by 10 m in size

w e re establish ed w ith in th e w ate rsh ed. Groups of

th ree plots w e re located on ridges and slopes and in

valleys at e levations of about 60, 120, 180, 210, and

240 m . One plot w as near th e sum m it at about 275 m

in elevation. Th e h eigh t and diam e te r of all trees

gre ate r th an 4.1 cm in d.b.h . w e re me asured. All trees

w e re pe rm anently tagged and identified as to spe cies,

and crow n classes w e re re corded (W e ave r and Ch ineaRive ra 19 87).

R e ciprocal ave ragin g ordinations de te cte d

e levational trends and topograph ic pre fe rences for

seve ral spe cies. W ate rsh ed values for seve ral structural param e te rs w e re as follow s: stem density,

3,372f336/h a; m e an h eigh t of ste m s, 8.0+ 0.23 m ; m e an

diam e te r of ste m s, 9 .1k O.33 cm ; basal are a, 30.4k 2.3

Figu re 23.-Low forest ch aracterizes th e slopes and uplands on St.

Joh n, U.S. Virgin Islands.

m 2/h a; num be r of tree spe cies, 69 ; and Sh annonW eine r spe cies dive rsity index, 4.76. Th e largest num -

be r of tree spe cies occurred on ridges, and th e sm allest

num be r occurred in valleys. Mean h eigh ts and diam -

e te rs for all spe cies varied only sligh tly on diffe rent

topograph ies, but th ese m e asuremen ts for dom inant

and codom inant trees w e re largest in valleys and

sm allest on ridges. Stem density w as h igh est on th e

pe ak s and low e st in th e valleys. Basal are a w as also

h igh est on th e pe ak s and low e st on th e ridges (W e ave r

and Ch inea-Rive ra 19 87).

Th e spe cies found in th e Cinnam on Bay w ate rsh ed

also occur at oth e r locations in th e Caribbean. Many

of th e islands of th e Lesser Antilles h aving th e sam e

type of ve ge tation as St. Joh n are densely populated,

and th e ve ge tation is ve ry disturbed. It seem s unlik e ly

th at agricultural activities w ill be abandoned in th e

near future on th ese islands (W e ave r and Ch ineaRive ra 19 87).

73
M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 9 0. Tree diam e te r grow th rates in

Cinnam on Bay w ate rsh ed, St. Joh n, Virgin Islands.

Caribbean Journal of Science. 26( l-2): l-6.

W e ave r, Pe te r L.; Ch inea-Rive ra, J.D. 19 87. A ph ytosociological study of Cinnam on Bay w ate rsh ed, St.

Joh n, U.S. Virgin Islands. Caribbean Journal of

Science. 23(2): 318-336.

TECJXNOLOGY OF EASTER N FOREST

TREE SEEDS

Long-Te rm Storage of Seeds of M ajor

“Orth odox” Spe cie s (See sum m ary, p. 167.)

Storage of seeds of “orth odox” spe cies ove r pe riods

of 5 ye ars or less is not difficult, but th e re are som e

unansw e red questions about such seed storage th at

deserve study. It is not k now n w h e th e r seeds of a species th at are given th e sam e tre atm ent alw ays re act

in th e sam e w ay. If re liable m odels of storage beh avior w e re available, storage practices could be tailored

to m e e t spe cific needs, resulting in cost savings. Th is

inform ation w ould also be useful in planning for longte rm conservation of genetic m ate rial.

A long-te rm , l& ye ar study (test 1) w as establish ed

in 19 82 to provide data on seed storage of four m ajor

spe cies: swee tgum (Liquidam bar styraciflua), sycam ore (Platanus occidentalis), loblolly pine (Pinus

taeda), and slash pine (P. elliottii). In addition, a sh ortte rm study (test 2) w as initiated to provide data for

deve lopm ent of survival curves, or m odels of storage

beh avior for th ese spe cies. In test 1, th ree storage te m -

pe ratures: -18, 2, and 10 “C, and th ree m oisture leve ls: 6, 10, and 14 pe rcent w e re used; th e re are th re e

re plications of all te m pe rature-m oisture com b inations.

In test 2, four storage te m pe ratures: 15, 25, 35, and

45 “C, and four m oisture leve ls: 8, 12, 14, and 18 pe rcent w e re used. Sam ples are tested for survival at

annual inte rvals in th e long-te rm test and w e re tested

at daily to bim onth ly inte rvals in th e sh orte r test

(Bonne r 19 81).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Bonne r, F.T. 19 81. Long-te rm storage of seeds of m ajor “orth odox” spe cies. Stark ville, M S: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 5 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Ch rom osom e Effe cts During Storage of

Sycam ore, Sw e e tgum , Loblolly Pine, and

Slash Pine Seeds (See sum m ary, p. 167.)

Significant genetic ch ange can occur in seeds during prolonged storage. Swee tgum (Liquidam bar

styraciflua), sycam ore U’latanus occidentalis), loblolly

pine (Pinus taeda), and slash pine (P. elliottii) are colle cted and stored in re lative ly large am ounts for long

pe riods, and th is storage m ay prom ote associated com -

plications such as ch rom osom e abe rrations (fig. 24). A

study w as establish ed in 19 82 to dete rm ine if noticeable ch rom osom e ch anges, asce rtained by exam ination of root tips, occur in th e seeds of th ese four spe cies

during prolonged storage under acce ptable storage

conditions (Voz z o 19 82).

Locally colle cted seeds w e re stored at -18, 2, and

10 “C, w ith initial seed m oisture leve ls of 6, 10, and

14 pe rcent; all com binations w e re re plicated th re e

tim es. Seeds are ge rm inated at bim onth ly inte rvals,

and prim ary roots are colle cted, m e asured, and fixed

in 1:3 ace tic acid/e th anol solution. Th e roots are th en

stained in ace tocarm ine solution and fixed as squash

pre parations. Results are e xpressed as m ititic index

Figure %I.- Upper and low er ph otos sh ow ch rom osom e fragm entation in germ inating 50-year-old slash pine seeds.

74
(MI) calculations. Data are colle cted to re late root

length to M I, pe rcentage of ge rm ination to M I, and

pe rcentage of ge rm ination to abe rrant anaph ase during m itosis. Th e pre parations are also e xam ined for

oth e r com m only re ported abe rrations (Voz z o 19 82).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Voz z o, J.A. 19 82. Ch rom osom e e ffe cts during storage

of sycam ore, swee tgum , loblolly, and slash pine seed.

Stark ville, M S: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 5 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

GROW TH AND YIELD OF NATURAL

EVEN-AGED LONGLEAF PINES

R e gional Longle af Grow th Study

(See sum m ary, p. 168.)

Th is study of longle af pine (Pinus palustris) w as

initiated by th e USDAForest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station in 19 64 and h as been m aintained for 30 ye ars w ith coope ration from industrial

and nonindustrial private forest ow ne rs, Region 8 of

th e USDA Forest Se rvice and oth e r public ow ne rs, and

unive rsities in th e M idsouth . In 19 9 0, th is ongoing

study w as com posed of 274 pe rm anent plots installed

on coope rator lands in a broad array of stand ages,

site indices, and residual densities m aintained by periodic low th inning W ig. 25). Th e study is inventoried

on a 5-ye ar cycle, and th e plots are re th inned at e ach

inventory, as needed, to m aintain th e assigned density leve l. Approxim ate ly one-th ird of th e plots are

inventoried each year during th e dorm ant season for

3 consecutive years during an inventory pe riod. Th e

fifth & year inventory w as started in th e fall of 19 89

and w as sch eduled to end before th e spring of 19 9 2.

Th e obje ctive of-th e study is to m onitor th e deve lopm ent of th inned even-aged stands of naturally re gene rated longle af pine ove r tim e so th e output in product

volum es can be predicted at various ages for virtually

any stand on a given site and m aintained under a ce rtain density re gim e. Th is is th e only w ay such inform ation can be obtained-it cannot be “sim ulated.” Th e

best such inform ation ultim ate ly com es from young

stands th at are m anaged to rotation age. H ow e ve r,

rath e r th an research e rs h aving to w ait th rough a rotation to obtain th e estim ates, plots w e re sele cted to

fit into th e array of ce lls form ed by all possible com b iFigure 25.-One of th e perm anent plots of th e regional longleafpine grow th stu d y, installed in 19 65, in th e 20-year

class, w ith site index of 80 ft at 50 years and residual basal area of 9 0 ft2/acre.

75
nations of four 20-ye ar age classes, five lo-ft site index classes, and five 30-ft2 basal are a classes, w ith a

targe t of th ree re plications of e ach com bination. Th is

design allow s responses to be quick ly estim ated afte r

a few years and le ads to a study structure th at w ill

afford bette r and bette r estim ates as tim e passes.

Stands h aving th e desired age and site conditions w e re

purposely sele cted for plot installation, and residual

densities w e re assigned to plots w ith in such stands

as random ly as possible.

In th e array of plot ce lls, th e age classes initially

ranged from 20 to 80 ye ars, site indices ranged from

50 to 9 0 ft at age 50, and residual basal are as ranged

from 30 to 150 ft2/acre. Approxim ate ly 80 pe rcent of

th e ce lls w e re filled w ith one or m ore plots. Be cause of

incre asing inte rest in th e pe rform ance of stands older

th an th ose in w h at w ould be considered a norm al rotation, th e oldest plots are being m aintained to an age

of 120 ye ars. In addition to th e initial set of 20-ye arold plots installed in th e m id-19 60’s, a second set of

20-ye ar-old plots w as installed in th e m id-19 70’s and

a th ird se t, in th e m id-19 80’s, e ach w ith a sim ilar

com plemen t of site and density com binations. Plans

are to carry e ach set to a rotation age of 120 ye ars.

Besides affording th e best inform ation on stand and

product deve lopm ent ove r tim e, th ese sets of plots w ill

allow dete ction of any ch anges in grow th rate th at m ay

occur w ith tim e.

On th e net plots, all longle af pines m ore th an 0.5

inch in d.b.h . are positive ly and uniquely identified

and re fe renced to plot cente r by azim uth and distance.

All trees are included in basal are a m e asuremen t, and

th e utility pole class and h eigh t of all qualifying trees

are assessed. A subset of about one-fifth of th e trees

in each l-inch d.b.h . class is syste m atically sele cted as

a sam ple of trees for estim ating plot age, site index,

and volum e. Age and site index are estim ated from

th e age and total h eigh t of th e dom inant and codom inant sam ple trees. Regressions of total h eigh t and

h eigh t to base of crow n of sam ple trees on th e d.b .h . of

sam ple trees are fitted to pe rm it estim ates of th ese

tw o h eigh ts for e ach tree on th e plot. Volum es for various products and m e rch antability spe cifications are

estim ated for e ach plot tree via ste m -profile (tape r)

functions em ploying th e d.b .h ., total h eigh t, and crow n

ratio of th e tree as input variables. Volum e estim ates

for trees are sum m ed to obtain estim ates of plot volum e. Th e 0.5-ch ain-w ide isolation strip surrounding

e ach net plot is m aintained at th e sam e density leve l

as th e net plot.

Th e study is a continuing one w ith ove rall m aintenance, inventory, and analysis responsibilities sh ared

by th e USDA Forest Se rvice, South e rn Region, Auburn Unive rsity, M ississippi State Un ive rsity, and th e

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. H ow e ve r, th e

study could not e xist w ith out th e land, tim be r, plot

tre atm ent, and plot-prote ction support provided by th e

seve ral e xce llent coope rating landow ne rs on w h ose

prope rty th e plots are installed.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Farrar, R.M. 19 63. Regional longle af grow th study.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study Plan. 4 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 67. Re gional longle af grow th study.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Establish m ent re port. 12 p. On file w ith : U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 79 . Grow th and yield predictions

for th inned stands of even-aged natural longle af

pine. Res. Pap. SO-156. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 78 p.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 79 . Volum e production of th inned

natural longle af. In: Proceed ings of th e longle af pine

w ork sh op; 19 78 Octobe r 17-19 ; M obile, AL. Te ch .

Publ. SA-TP3, S& PF-SA. Atlanta, GA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Region: 30-53.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 81. Cubic-ft volum e, surface are a,

and m e rch antable h eigh t functions for longle af pine

trees. Res. Pap. SO-166. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 7 p.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 81. A site-index function for naturally re gene rated longle af pine in th e e ast gulf are a.

South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 5: 150-153.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 85. Crow n ratio used as a surrogate for form in a volum e equation for natural

longle af pine ste m s. In: Proceedings of th e 3rd bienn ial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ;

19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep.

SO-54. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 429 -435.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 85. Predicting stand and stock

tables from a spacing study in naturally re gene rated longle af pine. Res. Pap. SO-219 . New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 28 p.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 85. Volum e and grow th predictions

for th inned even-aged natural longle af pine stands

in th e e ast gulf are a. Res. Pap. SO-220. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 172 p.

76
Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 87. Ste m -profile functions for predicting m ultiple-product volum e in natural longle af

pines. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 11:

161-167.

Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 9 0. Predictions of volum e and volum e grow th in naturally-re gene rated longle af pine

stands. In: Proceedings of th e sym posium on m anagemen t of longle af pine ; 19 88 April 4-6; Long

Be ach , M S. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-75. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 170-19 2.

Kush , J.S.; Bolton, R.K.; Bottenfie ld, T.R.; Meldah l,

R.S.; Farrar, R.M., Jr. 19 89 . Longle af pine crow n

re lationsh ips: a pre lim inary analysis. In: Proceedings, fifth biennial south e rn silvicultural research

confe rence ; 19 88 Novembe r 1-3; M em ph is, TN. Gen .

Te ch . Rep. SO-74. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 433-436.

Kush , J.S.; Meldah l, R.S.; Dw yer, S.P.; Farrar, R.M.,

Jr. 19 87. Naturally re gene rated longle af pine grow th

and yield research . In: Proceedings of th e 4th biennial south e rn silvicultural research confe rence ; 19 86

Novembe r 4-6; Atlanta, GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SE42. Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station: 343-344.

FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS FOR

M IDSOUTH srfm3s

Fore st Inventory and Analysis (See sum m ary,

p. 168.)

Th e USDA Forest Se rvice began conducting surveys

of United States forests in 19 33. Th e nationw ide forest survey is a continuing e ffort to dete rm ine th e e xtent, condition, and grow th of th e Nation’s forests. Th e

Forest Inventory and Analysis Unit of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station conducts th e surveys in seven States in th e M idsouth

(Alabam a, Ark ansas, Louisiana, M ississippi, Ok lah om a, Tennessee, and Te xas) and Pue rto Rico. Th e 100

m illion acres of forested land in th e re gion are assessed

by m e asuring m ore th an 17,000 pe rm anently establish ed sam ple plots syste m atically located across th e

re gion. Th e forests are me asured on a State-by-State

basis until inventories in all States are com ple te, and

th en th e cycle begins again. A com ple te cycle tak es 8

to 10 ye ars to com ple te, depending on th e num be r of

w ork e rs in th e fie ld cre w . At present (19 9 4), th e fie ld

crew consists of 24 professional foreste rs w h o w ork in

pairs (fig. 26) w ith e ach oth e r or w ith assistants provided by outside agencies or private industry (M ay

19 89 ).

Figure 26.-A m em ber of th e South ern Fore st Experim e nt Station’s

Fore st Inve ntory and Analysis field crew . The field cr ew

is m ade up of 24 professional foresters.

Sam ple plots are spaced on a 3- by 3-m i grid and re present approxim ate ly 5,760 acres of land. A forest/

nonforest classification of 25 ph oto points around each

sam ple plot is used to estim ate forest are a; th en each plot

is visited, and th e forest resources are m e asured (fig. 27).

Th e plots are me asured using a cluste r of ten 37.5prism

points cove ring approxim ate ly 1 acre. Trees at le ast 5

inch es in d.b.h . are me asured; sm alle r trees are sam pled

on th ree 0.0036-acre fixed plots at th e first th ree prism

points. Fie ld data are ente red into portable data re corde rs and at 3- to 5-day inte rvals are transm itted via te leph one to a survey com pute r in Stark ville, M S. Th e re,

th e data undergoes extensive editing and processing, and

any errors are sent to th e fie ld crew for corre ction. Finalized data are tabulated for e asy inte rpre tation and

are publish ed as resource bulle tins (May 19 89 ).

W h en an entire State h as been surveyed and th e

results ve rified, data are also ente red into th e South -

e rn Forest Inventory and Analysis (SOFIA) data base

to facilitate th e re trieval and dissem ination of survey

results. Th e data base contains alm ost tw o com ple te

77
data base ove r th e te le ph one. Th e data base currently

accom m odates m ore th an 50 inte ractive users (May

19 89 ).

Figure 27.-Data are collected by th e South ern Fore st Experim e nt

Station’s Inve ntory and Analysis field crew on m ore

th an 17,000 sam ple plots in 7 south ern State s, Puerto

Rico, and th e U.S. Virgin Islands.

cycles of data. Th e survey data in th e data base are

m anaged by tw o syste m s th at allow for diffe ring degrees of user soph istication and data de tail. Th e first,

a re lational data base m anagemen t system called

INGRES, re trieves data in answ e r to spe cific que ries

w ritten in fle xible and user-friendly languages, QUEL

or SQL. Th e data are stored in tables organized at

th ree leve ls, tre e, plot, and county or parish , w ith diffe ring degrees of detail in th e data and diffe rent leve ls of user soph istication required. Th e tree-leve l

tables contain th e m ost detailed data but require a

h igh degree of user soph istication. Th e second syste m

is a m enu-driven program called EZ TAB th at sum -

m arizes data into 50 standard tables for use r-de fined

resource are as. Th e user answ e rs a se ries of screen

prom pts to sele ct th e resource are a, ow ne rsh ip group,

and standard table desired. Training w ork sh ops lasting 2 days are h e ld pe riodically to provide users w ith

th e k now ledge necessary to inte ractive ly access th e

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Alig, Ralph J.; Knigh t, H e rbe rt A.; Birdsey, Rich ard

A. 19 86. Recent are a ch anges in south e rn forest

ow ne rsh ips and cove r types. Res. Pap. SE-260.

Ash eville, NC: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 10 p.

Be ltz, Roy C.; Leiste r, Randall; Sm ith , W alte r R. 19 87.

M idcycle survey of Ark ansas’ forest resources.

Resour. Bull. SO-123. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 19 p.

Birdsey, R.; W e ave r, P. 19 86. Th e forest resources of

St. Vincent. In: Deve lopm ent, forestry and environm e n tal quality in th e e aste rn Caribbe an . Rio

Piedras, PR: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station:

35-102.

Birdsey, Rich ard A. 19 86. Ove rview of forest survey

h ardw ood assessm ent in th e South . In: Application

of forest inventory and analysis research to h ardw ood resource issues; 19 85 Octobe r 29 -30; Ale xandria,

VA. W ash ington, DC: [publish e r unk now n]: 2-12.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 87. Forest

statistics for north e ast Ok lah om a counties-19 86.

Resourc. Bull. SO-120. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station: 30 p.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 87. Forest

statistics for south e ast Ok lah om a counties-19 86.

Resourc. Bull. SO-119 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 30 p.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; Jim enez, Die go. 19 85. Th e forests of Toro Ne gro. Res. Pap. SO-222. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofagriculture , Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 29 p.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; M cW illiam s, W illiam H . 19 86.

M idsouth forest are a trends. Resour. Bull. SO-107.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

17 p.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; Pitch e r, J.A. 19 86. M anagemen t

options for poorly stock ed stands in th e South Central United States. South e rn Journal of Applied

Forestry. lO(2): 73-77.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; W e ave r, Pe te r L. 19 87. Forest are a

trends in Puerto Rico. Res. Note SO-331. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

78
Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Birdsey, Rich ard A.; W e ave r, Pe te r L.; Nich olls, Calvin

F. 19 86. Th e forest resources of St. Vincent, W est

Indies. Res. Pap. SO-229 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 25 p.

Donne r, Bryan L.; H ines, F. Dee. 19 87. Forest statistics for Mississippi counties-19 87. Resourc. Bull.

SO-129 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 79 p.

H ines, Frank lin D.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 87. Forest

statistics for e ast Ok lah om a counties-19 87.

Resourc. Bull. SO-121. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 35 p.

Kelly, Joh n F. 19 89 . Inte ractive data access user m anual.

Unpublish ed m anual; updated periodically. 375 p.

Kelly, Joh n F.; Be ltz, Roy C. 19 87. A com parison of

tree volum e estim ation m odels for forest inventory.

Res. Pap. SO-233. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 9 p.

Kelly, Joh n F.; H ines, F. Dee. 19 87. Forest statistics

for ce n tral M ississippi counties-19 87. Resourc.

Bull. SO-127. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 34 p.

Kelly, Joh n F.; H ines, F. Dee. 19 87. Forest statistics

for Mississippi de lta counties-19 87. Resourc. Bull.

SO-126. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 34 p.

Kelly, Joh n F.; H ines, F. Dee. 19 87. Forest statistics

for north M ississippi counties-19 87. Resourc. Bull.

SO-122. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 39 p.

Kelly, Joh n F.; H ines, F. Dee. 19 87. Forest statistics

for south M ississippi counties-19 87. Resourc. Bull.

SO-124. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 34 p.

Kelly, Joh n F.; H ines, F. Dee. 19 87. Forest statistics

for south w est M ississippi counties-19 87. Resourc.

Bull. SO-128. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 33 p.

Lang, Linda L.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 87. Forest statistics for e ast Te xas counties-19 86. Resourc. Bull.

SO-118. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 66 p.

Lord, Roge r G.; M cW illiam s, W .H . 19 86. Forest survey results for south e ast Te xas. Te xas Forestry. Octobe r: 10-11.

Lord, Roge r G.; M cW illiam s, W .H . 19 86. Forest survey sh eds ligh t on status of Te xas’ forest resource.

Te xas Forestry. De cembe r: 12-14.

Lord, Roge r G.; M cW illiam s, W .H . 19 86. Forest survey sh ow s grow th dow n, h arvests up in north e ast

Te xas. Te xas Forestry. Se ptembe r: 8-9 .

M ay, Denn is M. 19 86. M idsouth pulpw ood prices, 19 84.

Res. Note SO-325. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 2 p.

M ay, Denn is M. 19 86. Ok lah om a forest industries,

19 84. Resourc. Bull. SO-109 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 2 p.

M ay, Denn is M. 19 86. South e rn pulpw ood production,

19 84. Resourc. Bull. SO-111. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 25 p.

M ay, Denn is M. 19 87. M idsouth pulpw ood prices, 19 85.

Res. Note SO-333. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 2 p.

M ay, Denn is M. 19 89 . Forest survey inform ation syste m s in th e South Central United States. Unpublish ed m s.

M ay, Denn is M.; Be rte lson, Danie l F. 19 86. Forest statistics for Louisiana parish es. Resourc. Bull. SO-115. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 59 p.

M cW illiam s, W .H . 19 86. Data m anagemen t: a forest

survey pe rspe ctive. In: Proceedings of a com pute r

confe rence and 3rd annual m e e ting of th e Forest

Resource Syste m s Institute annual m e e ting; 19 86

April 7-9 ; Atlanta, GA. Florence, AL: Forest Resources Syste m s Institute: 13-15.

M cW illiam s, W .H . 19 87. Deve loping tim be r supply

proje ctions for th e South ’s “fourth ” forest. In: Current ch allenges to traditional w ood procuremen t

practices: proceedings of th e Forest Products Research Socie ty; 19 87 Se ptembe r 20-30; Atlanta, GA.

Atlanta, GA: [publish e r unk now n]: 16-21.

M cW illiam s, W .H .; Birdsey, R.A. 19 89 . Graph ic displays for resource analysis. In: Proceedings of th e

land and resource evaluation for national planning

in th e Tropics inte rnational confe rence and w ork -

sh op; 19 87 January 25-31; Ch e tum al, Me xico. Gen .

Te ch . Rep. W O-39 . W ash ington, DC: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice: 357-362.

M cW illiam s, W illiam H .; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 86.

Forest statistics for north e ast Te xas counties-19 86.

Resourc. Bull. SO-113. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 29 p.

M cW illiam s, W illiam H .; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 86.

Forest statistics for south e ast Te xas counties-19 86.

Resourc. Bull. SO-114. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 29 p.

79
M cW illiam s, W illiam H .; Birdsey, Rich ard A. 19 86.

M idsouth tim be r statistics. Resourc. Bull. SO-108.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

42 p.

M cW illiam s, W illiam H .; Frey, Paul D. 19 86. Status

of private ly ow ned h arvested tim be rland in Louisiana, 19 74-84. Res. Note SO-329 . New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

M cW illiam s, W illiam H ; Kelly, Joh n F. 19 86. A forest

survey pe rspe ctive. In: Proceedings of a com pute r

confe rence and 3rd annual m e e ting of th e Forest

Resource Syste m s Institute ; 19 86April7-9 ; Atlanta,

GA. Florence, AL: Forest Resources Syste m s Institute: 13-15.

M cW illiam s, W illiam H .; Sh e ffie ld, Raym ond M.;

H ansen, M ark H .; Birch , Th om as W . 19 86. Th e

sh ortle af resource. In: Proceedings of a sym posium

on th e sh ortle af pine e cosyste m ; 19 86 M arch 31-

April 2; Little Rock , AR. Montice llo, AR: Ark ansas

Coope rative Extension Se rvice: 9 -24.

M cW illiam s, W illiam H .; Sk ove, David J. 19 87. Status of private ly ow ned h arvested tim be rland in east

Te xas, 19 75-19 86. Res. Note SO-338. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

M istre tta, Paul A.; Bylin, Carl A. 19 86. Incidence and

im pact of dam age to Alabam a’s tim be r, 19 83. Resour.

Bull. SO-112. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 20 p.

M istre tta, Paul A.; Bylin, Carl A. 19 87. Incidence and

im pact of dam age to Louisiana’s tim b e r, 19 85.

Resour. Bull. SO-117. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 19 p.

M istre tta, Paul A.; Bylin, Carl A.; Bak e r, Roge r. 19 86.

Incidence and im pact of dam age to Tennessee’s tim -

be r, 19 82. Resour. Bull. SO-110. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 18 p.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr. 19 87. Th e residual w oody biom -

ass on h arvested tim be rland in Mississippi. In: Proceed ings of th e 9 th south e rn forest b iom ass w ork sh op;

19 87 June 8-11; Biloxi, M S. [Place of publication unk now n] : [Publish e r unk now n] : 152-162.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 86. Forest statistics for north delta Louisiana parish es.

Resourc. Bull. SO-105. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 31 p.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 86. Forest statistics for north w est Louisiana parish es.

Resourc. Bull. SO-102. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 31 p.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 86. Forest statistics for south delta Louisiana parish es.

Resourc. Bull. SO-106. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 31 p.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 86. Forest statistics for south e ast Louisiana parish es.

Resourc. Bull. SO-104. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 31 p.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr.; Be rte lson, Daniel F. 19 86. Forest statistics for south w est Louisiana parish es.

Resourc. Bull. SO-103. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 31 p.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr.; Doolittle, Larry. 19 87. Profiles

of M idsouth nonindustrial private forests and ow ne rs. Resourc. Bull. SO-125. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 39 p.

Rosson, Jam es F., Jr.; Th om as, Ch arles E. 19 86. Th e

w oody biom ass resource of Alabam a. Res. Pap. SO228. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 31 p.

Ruddell, Edw ard J.; Gram ann, Jam es H .; Rudis, Victor A. 19 88. Th e psych ological utility of visual pene tration in predicting scen ic beauty responses to

forest re cre ation environm ents. [Abstract]. In: Abstracts of th e proceedings of th e leisure research

sym posium ; 19 87 Se ptembe r 17-21; New O rle ans,

LA. Ale xandria, VA: National Recre ation and Park s

Association: 59 .

Rudis, VA. 19 85. Dom estic fuelw ood production in

Louisiana. In: Sm ith , W .H ., ed. Biom ass ene rgy deve lopm ent: proceedings of th e 3rd south e rn biom -

ass ene rgy research confe rence ; 19 85 M arch 12-14;

Gainesville, FL. New York : Plenum Press: 43-55.

Rudis, VA. 19 85. Screenom e te r: a device for sam pling

ve ge tative screen ing in forested are as. Canadian

Journal of Forest Research . 15: 9 9 6-999 .

Rudis, VA. 19 86. Em e rging patte rns in th e distribution of roadless forested are as in th e M idsouth . In:

Kulh avy, D.L.; Conne r, R.N., eds. W ilderness and

natural are as in th e Easte rn United States: a m anagemen t ch allenge: sym posium proceedings; 19 85

M ay 13-15; Nacogdoch es, TX. Nacogdoch es, TX:

Cente r for Applied Studies, Sch ool of Forestry,

Ste ph en F. Austin State Unive rsity: 265-270.

Rudis, VA. 19 86. Recre ational use of forested are as:

activities, ch aracte ristics, and pre fe rences am ong

Alabam a residents. [Abstract]. In: 1st national sym -

posium on social science in resource m anagemen t:

program abstracts; 19 86 M ay 12-16; Corvallis, OR.

Corvallis, OR: USDI National Park Se rvice and

Departm ent of Resource Recre ation, Ore gon State

Unive rsity: 155.

80
Rudis, Victor A.; Birdsey, Rich ard A. 19 86. Forest resource trends and current conditions in th e low e r

M ississippi Valley. Resourc. Bull. SO-116. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 7 p.

Strauss, C.E.; M cW illiam s, W .H . 19 87. Saw tim be r

availability in north central Pennsylvania: th e ne xt

th ree decades. North e rn Journal ofApplied Forestry.

4(3): 119 -124.

Teube r, Kurt B. 19 87. Use of Landsat th e m atic m appe r data for classification of forest lands in north -

e rn Louisiana. In : Proceed ings of Pe cora XI

sym posium , sate llite land re m ote sensing: current program s and a look to th e future ; 19 87 M ay 5-7; Sioux

Falls, SD. Falls Ch urch , VA: Am e rican Socie ty for Ph otogram m e try and Rem ote Sensing: 451-456.

Th om as, Ch arles E. 19 85. Ok lah om a m idcycle survey

sh ow s ch anges in forest resources. Resourc. Bull.

SO-100. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 19 p.

Th om as, Ch arles E.; Birdsey, Rich ard; M cW illiam s,

W ill. 19 83. Th e sm all tim b e r resource in th e

M idsouth . In: Proceedings of h arvesting th e South ’s

sm all trees; 19 83 April 18-20; Biloxi, M S. M adison,

W I: Forest Products Research Socie ty: 18-28.

Th om as, Ch arles E.; M cW illiam s, W illiam H . 19 85.

M idcycle survey of M ississippi’s forest resources.

Resourc. Bull. SO-101. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture. Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 37 p.

W adsw orth , F.H .; Birdsey, R.A. 19 85. A new look at

th e forests of Puerto Rico. Turrialba. 35( 1): 11-17.

W e ave r, Pe te r L.; Birdsey, Rich ard A. 19 86. Tree succession and m anagemen t opportunities in coffe e

sh ade stands. Turrialba. 36(l): 47-58.

W e ave r, Pe te r L.; Birdsey, Rich ard A. 19 87. Soil organic m atte r in secondary forests of Puerto Rico.

Biotropica. 19 ( 1): 17-23.

REGENER ATION AND M ANAGEMENT OF

SOUTH ERN H ARDW OODS

Effe cts of Spacing on Spe cie s Yie lds in Minor

Bottom s (See sum m ary, p. 171.)

Grow th and deve lopm ent of bottom land h ardw ood

plantations h ave been studied by Research W ork Unit

4104 of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station for about 20 ye ars. Th ese studies

h ave utilized pe rm anent plots m e asured at re gular

inte rvals ove r long pe riods of tim e. Plots h ave been

used to study th e e ffe cts of initial planting spacing,

site-species re lationsh ips, and various leve ls of cultural intensities on nutrient and soil w ate r availability. Bodies of k now ledge h ave been gath e red on

th inned and unth inned plantations (fig. 28).

Th is study w as initiated in 19 76 on an area 55 to 60

acres in size near Montice llo, AR; th e coope rator is

Ge orgia-Pacific. Aw ide r range data base is needed for

varying tim ing of th inning and h arvesting in closespaced h ardw oods, pe ak biom ass production, and site

e ffe cts of intensive ly m anaged bottom land h ardw oods.

Data h ave been colle cted annually on total h eigh t,

diam e te r 6 inch es above groundline, d.b.h ., survival,

le af w e igh t, b ranch w eigh t, bole we igh t, w ood-bark

ratio, spe cific gravity, m oisture content, w ood and bark

volum es, and soil and tissue nutrient le ve ls. Tw o trees

from e ach of th ree plots in each spe cies-by-spacing

tre atm ent h ave been destructive ly sam pled each year.

Trees in 2- by 8-, 3- by 8-, and 4- by 8-ft spacings of

green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), sycam ore

(Platanus occidentalis), and swee tgum (Liquid am bar

styracifh a) we re cle arcut afte r 7 ye ars w h en m e an

annual incremen t pe ak ed. Trees in 8-by 8- and 12- by

12-ft spacings w e re th inned by tak ing out eve ry se cond diagonal row . Th e sam e data as th ose on th e large

trees h ave been colle cted on coppice in th e close spacings. Trees in th ree close spacings of four oak s (Quercu s

spp.) we re cle arcut afte r 11 ye ars.

Th e study is continuing.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Kennedy, H arvey E., Jr.; Krinard, Roge r M .; Sch ae ge l,

Bryce E. 19 87. Grow th and deve lopm ent of 4 oak s

th rough age 10 planted at five spacings in a m inor

stre am bottom . In: Proceedings of th e 9 th annual

south e rn forest biom ass w ork sh op; 19 87 June 8-11;

Biloxi, M S. M ississippi State, M S: M ississippi State

Unive rsity: 81-9 1.

Kennedy, H arvey E., Jr.; Sch lae ge l, Bryce E. 19 84.

Biom ass and nutrient distribution in 3-year-old

green ash and sw am p ch estnut oak grow n in a m inor stre am bottom . In: Sh oulders, E., ed. Proceedings of th e 3rd biennial south e rn silvicultural

research confe rence ; 19 84 Novembe r 7-8; Atlanta,

GA. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-54. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 507-513.

Kennedy, H arvey E., Jr.; Sch ae ge l, Bryce E.; Krinard,

Roge r E. 19 86. Nutrient distribution and tree deve lopm ent th rough age 8 of four oak s planted at five

spacings in a m inor stre am bottom . In: Proceedings

of th e 19 86 south e rn forest b iom ass w ork sh op; 19 86

June 16-19 ; Knoxville TN. Norris, TN: Tennessee

Valley Auth ority: 65-70.

Sch lae ge l, Bryce E.; Kennedy, H arvey E., Jr. 19 84. Do

diffe rent young plantation-grow n species require

diffe rent biom ass m odels. In: Saucie r, J.R., ed. Pro81
Figure 28.-Th irteen-year-old oaks at 12- by 12-p spacing in a h ard w ood plantation near Monticello, AR.

ceedings of th e 19 84 south e rn forest biom ass w ork -

sh op; 19 84 June 5-7; Ath ens, GA. Ash eville, NC:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e aste rn Forest Expe rim ent Station: 23-35.

Sch lae ge l, Bryce E.; Kennedy, H arvey E., Jr. 19 85.

Deriving biom ass estim ation equations for seven

plantation h ardw ood spe cies. In: Rock w ood, Conal

L., ed. Proceedings of th e 19 85 south e rn forest biom ass w ork sh op; 19 85 June 11-14; Gainesville, FL.

Gainesville, FL: Institute of Food and Agricultural

Sciences, Unive rsity of Florida: 31-39 .

Seed Tree ve rsus Se le ction in Bottom land

H ardw oods (See sum m ary, p. 172.)

Grow th and yield of swee tgum (Liquidam bar

styraciflua)-red oak (Quercus spp.) stands h ave been

studied for m ore th an 30 ye ars by Research W ork Unit

4104 of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station. Research e rs in th is study h ave

utilized pe rm anent plots m e asured at re gular inte rvals ove r a long pe riod of tim e (fig. 29 ). Th e obje ctives

of th e study are to com pare stand establish m ent and

stand grow th and deve lopm ent under tw o silvicultural

syste m s on tw o sites.

Each site, Saline Rive r bottom and Ch e m in-a-h aut

Cre ek bottom , h ad th ree lo-acre tre atm ent are as.

Each of tw o tre atm ents w as assigned at random to

th e th ree tre atm ent are as in e ach bottom . Th e tre atm ents w e re sele ction and seed-tree cutting. W ith in

e ach lo-acre are a, 10 pe rm anent 0.2-acre re ctangular

plots w e re establish ed in a row , le aving 2 ch ains of

isolation strip between plot strip and tre atm ent boundary. Cente red w ith in each 0.2-acre plot w e re one 0.03-

acre plot and four 1-m ilacre plots. Trees large r th an

5.0 inch es in d.b.h . w e re tallied on th e 0.2-acre plots,

trees from 1.0 to 5.0 inch es in d.b.h . w e re tallied on

th e 0.03-acre plot, and th ose sm alle r th an 1.0 inch in

d.b.h . w e re tallied on each 1-m ilacre plot.

Data from sele ction syste m s are not ve ry useable.

Th e study variables w e re spe cies, num be r of trees pe r

acre, diam e te r, h eigh t, basal are a and volum e, and

spe cies com position. Most w ork h as been done on re82
Figure 29 .-tienty-nine-year-old h ard w ood regeneration in a seed-tree cut.

83
gene ration deve lopm ent in th e seed-tree are a, spe cies

com position ove r th e me asuremen t pe riods, and stand

volum e by species.

Som e plots w e re th inned at age 29 . Th e study w as

reme asured at age 35 and continues.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Joh nson, R.L.; Krinard, R.M. 19 76. H ardw ood re gene ration afte r seed tree cutting. Res. Pap. SO-123.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

9 P.

Joh nson, R.L.; Krinard, R.M. 19 83. Regene ration in

sm all and large saw tim be r swee tgum -red oak stands

follow ing sele ction and seed tree h arvest: 23-ye ar

results. South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 7(4):

176-184.

Joh nson, Robe rt L.; Krinard, Roge r M. 19 88. Grow th

and deve lopm ent of tw o swee tgum -red oak stands

from origin th rough 29 years. South e rn Journal of

Applied Forestry. 12(2): 73-78.

Crow n Length and Tree Grow th of OpenGrow n Cottonw ood (See sum m ary, p. 172.)

Grow th and yield of cottonw ood (Populus deltoides)

plantations h ave been studied by Research W ork Unit

4104 of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest

Expe rim ent Station for m ore th an 20 ye ars. Scientists

w ork ing on th ese studies h ave utilized pe rm anent

plots m e asured at re gular inte rvals ove r long pe riods

of tim e. Th e plots h ave been used to dete rm ine th e

e ffe cts of various spacing, th inning, and pruning regim es on grow th and total production. Incidental to

th e prim ary obje ctives of th ese studies are large bodies of data th at h ave accum ulated on yields from

unth inned stands.

Th e m ain study obje ctive w as to dete rm ine m axim um grow th of w ide-spaced cottonw oods subje cted to

four pruning tre atm ents. Anoth e r obje ctive w as to see

if cottonw ood trees spaced w ide enough to h ave m axim um grow ing space w ould follow grow th patte rns

sim ilar to th ose grow n at closer spacings. Diffe rences

in d.b.h . grow th am ong pruning tre atm ents began to

occur in th e second year w ith th e first pruning, continued th rough th e sixth year, and occurred again

during th e eigh th year. Th e sm allest diam e te r w as in

trees pruned by one-h alf of total h eigh t, follow e d by

th ose pruned by one-th ird of total h eigh t, trees pruned

to 17 ft, and trees in th e control plots h aving th e largest diam e te r. Th e re w as a trend tow ard h eigh t reduction in th e trees pruned to one-h alf of th eir total h eigh t,

but th is reduction w as only obse rvable for 7 ye ars afte r pruning. Th e 40- by 40-ft spacing (fig. 30) resulted

in four to six tim es m ore volum e pe r tree by pruning

tre atm ent afte r 10 ye ars th an th e lo- by lo-ft spacing

but in only th ree- to four-tenth s tim es as m uch total

volum e pe r acre.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Krinard, R.M. 19 79 . Five years grow th of pruned and

unpruned cottonw ood planted at 40-by-40 ft spacing. Res. Note SO-252. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Krinard, R.M. 19 85. Ten years grow th of pruned and

unpruned cottonw ood planted at 40-by-40-spacing.

Res. Note 316. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent

of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Dire ct-Seed ing Nuttall Oak in R e lation to

Environm ent, Sow ing De pth , and

Stratification Tre atm ent (Study 50-4104-06;

See sum m ary, p. 173.)

[Tre atm ents to favor oak in m ixed stands of

h ardw ood re gene ration (Study 50-4104-38;

supe rim posed on SO-4104-06j.l

Dire ct-seeding of bottom land oak and stand deve lopm ent follow ing re le ase h ave been studied for m ore

th an 20 ye ars by Research W ork Unit 4104 of th e

USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station (fig. 31). Research e rs in th e studies h ave utilized pe rm anent plots m e asured at re gular inte rvals

ove r long pe riods of tim e. In one study (SO-4104-061,

th e plots w e re used to study th e e ffe cts of various environm ents, sow ing depth s, and stratification tre atm ents on th e ge rm ination and survival of acorns. In

anoth e r study (SO-4104-381, various m e ch anical and

ch e m ical re le ase tre atm ents are being studied in sapling-sized, dire ct-seeded stands.

In th e acorn study, Nuttall oak (Que rcus nuttallii)

acorns w e re eith e r m ach ine or m anually sow n at 2-,

4-, or 6-inch depth s in open ings of 20 by 9 0 ft and 40

by 9 0 ft and in cle arings 2.5 acres in size. Acorns w e re

sow n at a rate of tw o or th ree pe r spot in row s 10 ft

apart and w ith spots 3 to 5 ft apart in row s. Fie ld ge rm ination ave raged 36 pe rcent of all acorns sow n, w ith

80 to 9 0 pe rcent of seed spots h aving one or m ore trees.

Th e re we re no significant diffe rences in ge rm ination

84
. -

Figure 30.-Cottonw ood trees planted at 40- by 40.ft spacing.

85
am ong seeding m e th ods or sow ing depth s. Afte r 11

years, tw o-th irds of th e Nuttall oak s, or 551 pe r acre

in th e 2.5acre cle arings, w e re free to grow , ave raging

2.1 inch es in d.b.h . and 16.7 ft in h eigh t.

In th e re le ase study, seven re le ase tre atm ents w e re

tested as follow s: control; cut all nonoak s 15,20, or 25

ft tall; and deaden all nonoak s 15, 20, or 25 ft tall.

Th e re we re no significant diffe rences am ong re le ase

tre atm ents. Research e rs fe lt confident th at th e m ore

intensive re le ase tre atm ents im proved stock ing of freeto-grow oak s but w e re not sure th e additional trees

and th us, th e tre atm ents, w e re ne cessary. W ith out rele ase, m any of th e oak s w ould apparently be destined

to becom e part of th e predom inant ove rstory upon

re ach ing saw tim be r siz e. Stands w ith a low e r stock -

ing of sapling oak s w ould possibly ge t diffe rent results.

Th e study w ill be reme asured afte r 17 ye ars, and a

decision m ade as to w h e th e r to continue on w ith th e

study.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Joh nson, Robe rt L. 19 83. Nuttall oak dire ct seedings

still successful afte r 11 ye ars. Res. Note SO-301.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

5 P.

Joh nson, Robe rt L.; Krinard, Roge r M. 19 88. Deve lopm ent of Nuttall oak follow ing re le ase in a sapling-sized stand. South e rn Journal of Applie d

Forestry. 12(l): 46-49 .

nual incremen t on th ese trees w as 0.53 inch pe r ye ar,

considerably m ore th an th e 0.32 inch pe r ye ar estim ated for dom inant trees in natural stands during

th e prim e deve lopm ent pe riod. Survival of baldcypress

planted on clay soil at a 6- by lo-ft spacing decre ased

from 41 pe rcent at age 21 to 26 pe rcent at age 31. In

th e lo-year period, ave rage diam e te r incre ased from

6.1 to 8.6 inch es, basal are a from 72 to 9 0 f& acre , and

total volum e outside bark for trees gre ate r th an or

equal to 3.0 inch es in d.b.h . from 1,288 to 2,333 ft3/

acre. Th e 30 largest trees pe r acre ave raged 14.2 inch es

in d.b.h . and 72 ft in h eigh t at age 31.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Joh nson, R.L. 19 58. Clip or de e p-plant cypress. South -

e rn Forestry Notes 116. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 1 p.

Krinard, R.M. 19 59 . No advantages to clipping

baldcypress planting stock . Tree Plante rs’ Notes.

36: 14.

Krinard, R.M.; Joh nson, R.L. 19 76.21-ye ar grow th and

deve lopm ent of baldcypress planted on a flood-prone

site. Res. Note SO-217. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 4 p.

Krinard, Roge r M.; Joh nson, Robe rt L. 19 87. Grow th

of 31-ye ar-old baldcypress plantation. Res. Note SO339 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 4 p.

De lta Expe rim ental Fore st Cypre ss Planting

(See sum m ary, p. 173.)

Th e grow th and yield of baldcypress (Taxod ium

d istich um ) w as studied on perm anent plots in a sm all

cypress plantation for m ore th an 30 ye ars by Research

W ork Unit 4104 of th e USDA Forest Se rvice ’s South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station (fig. 32). Th e plots w e re

used to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of re gular and deep planting on th e survival and grow th of cypress seedlings

w ith and w ith out top clipping on five m icrosites. Seedlings w e re top-clipped to see if it w ould reduce transpiration during drough ts.

Afte r th ree grow ing se asons, ave rage survival

ranged from 60 to 68 pe rcent and ave rage h eigh ts,

from 3.9 to 4.1 ft, but diffe rences between planting

m e th ods w e re not significant. Survival at age 21 w as

41 pe rcent, and ave rage diam e te r w as 6.1 inch es. Som e

cypress w e re suppressed by oth e r h ardw oods such as

green ash (Fraxinuspennsyluanica) and boxe lder (Acer

n egundo). Diam e te rs of th e best 10 pe rcent of th e cypress trees ave raged 11.1 inch es at age 21. Me an anSEW ANEE RESEAR CH CENTER

Com parative Pe rform ance of Se ve ral Spe cie s

in Plantations (See sum m ary, p. 174)

In th e 19 50’s, ve ry little research h ad been done on

th e pe rform ance of spe cies grow n in forest plantations

on th e Cum be rland Plate au. Alth ough m ost e xisting

plantations h ad been planted on open land, m ost future planting w ould h ave to tak e place in poorly

stock ed, low -grade, h ardw ood forests. Consequently,

th e re w as no basis for com parison of th e grow th and

quality of tree spe cies underplanted in th e are a.

In 19 59 , a study w as establish ed to com pare th e

pe rform ance of eigh t tree spe cies under a narrow range

of site conditions in one locality h aving re lative ly uniform slope and soil. Th e spe cies tested w e re e aste rn

w h ite pine (Pinus strobus), loblolly pine (P. taed a),

sh ortle af pine (P. ech inata), Virginia pine (P.

uirginiana), Scotch pine (P. syluestris), Austrian pine

86
Figure 31.-Eigh teen-year-old d irect-seeded Nuttall oak s

(P. nigra), Norw ay spruce (Picea abies), and yellow -

poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera). H ardw ood saw tim -

b e r on th e are a w as cut, and oth e r trees w e re

deadened. Th e re we re th ree block s each com posed of

eigh t plots, and one spe cies w as assigned at random

to e ach plot. Plots w e re 0.25 acre in size (104.3 ft pe r

side ), w ith 221 seedlings pe r plot spaced 6 ft apart in

north -south row s 8 ft apart. Th e 25 trees in th e cente r

of e ach plot w e re me asured, and an individual re cord

w as k e pt for e ach tre e. H eigh t and survival w e re me asured m onth ly for th e first tw o grow ing seasons and

at 5-ye ar inte rvals afte r th e fifth -year m e asuremen ts

(fig. 33). Diam e te r w as m e asured afte r th e 5th , lOth ,

and 15th grow ing seasons, and diam e te r and volum e

w e re me asured at th e end of th e 20th grow ing season.

Afte r 15 grow ing seasons, ave rage survival for all

spe cies w as 72 pe rcent or h igh e r. Loblolly, e aste rn

w h ite, Virginia, and sh ortle af pines h ad grow n best

w ith ave rage h eigh ts of from 33.1 to 38.2 ft and ave rage d.b .h .‘s of 4.9 to 5.7 inch es.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Burton, Jam es D. 19 59 . Com parative pe rform ance of

seve ral spe cies in plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan and estab lish m e n t re cord. 26 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 61. Com parative pe rform ance of

seve ral spe cies in plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Fore s t Expe rim e n t Station . Se cond year

progress re port. 26 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 65. Com parative pe rform ance of

seve ral spe cies in plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

87
Figure 32.-A 30.year-old bald cypress plantation.

88
Figure 33.-W h ite pine: a, 5 years after planting; b, at age 5, an average tree (left) and som e exceptional trees (righ t).

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Fifth year progress

re port. 55 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

Loftus, Ne lson S. 19 69 . Com parative pe rform ance of

seve ral spe cies in plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Tenth year progress

re port. 9 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

Loftus, Ne lson S. 19 74. Com parative pe rform ance of

seve ral spe cies in plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station . Fifteen th year

progress re port. 10 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Dire ct Seed ing of Easte rn W h ite Pine on th e

Cum be rland Plate au (See sum m ary, p. 174.)

A study w as carried out on dire ct-seeding of e aste rn w h ite pine (Pinus strobus) to dete rm ine if th is

w ould be a satisfactory m e th od of seeding in conve rting low -grade h igh land h ardw ood stands to th is pine

spe cies. Th e study are a w as located on th e dom ain of

th e Unive rsity of th e South at Se w anee, TN, on typical cutove r plate au land. Four random ly sele cted O.lacre plots w e re sow n w ith seeds tre ated w ith re pe llent,

and four w e re sow n w ith untre ated seeds. Fie ld ge rm ination, survival, and stock ing w e re ch e ck ed on ten

1-m ilacre block s pe r plot.

Significantly m ore tre ated seeds ge rm inated and

survived th e first grow ing season th an did untre ated

seeds. Afte r four grow ing seasons, 2,050 seedlings pe r

acre survived on plots planted w ith tre ated seeds, and

1,250 survived on plots planted w ith untre ated seeds.

Fourth -year h eigh t of th e tallest trees w as 1.3 ft.

89
Th is study indicates th at dire ct-seeding of e aste rn

w h ite pine is appropriate for th e Cum be rland Plate au.

Alth ough planting of eith e r tre ated or untre ated seeds

results in satisfactory stands, seed prote ction provides

bette r stock ing.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

H arrington, T.A. 19 59 . Dire ct seeding of e aste rn w h ite

pine on th e Cum be rland Plate au. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan and estab lish m e n t re port. 14 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

H arrington, Th addeus A. 19 60. Dire ct seeding of e aste rn w h ite pine on th e Cum b e rland Plate au.

Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Progress re port. 14 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Russell, Th om as E. 19 61. Dire ct seeding of e aste rn

w h ite pine on th e Cum be rland Plate au. Se w anee,

TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress report. 3 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

Russell, Th om as E. 19 63. Dire ct seeding of e aste rn

w h ite pine on th e Cum be rland Plate au. Se w anee,

TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Final office

re port. 20 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

Optim um Spacing of Planted Loblolly Pine s on

th e Cum be rland Plate au (See sum m ary,

p. 175.)

Be cause of a good m ark e t for pine pulpw ood, e xtensive are as of th e Cum be rland Plate au of Tennessee

w e re planted to pine in th e 19 50’s. Much of th e Plate au h ad neve r been cle ared, so m any of th e pines w e re

planted on h ardw ood sites afte r th e h ardw oods w e re

k illed. Various spacings w e re used under th ese adve rse

conditions.

A study w as establish ed to evaluate th e influence

of spacing on th e volum e production of unth inned

loblolly pine (Pinus toe & ) ove r a 30-ye ar rotation.

Four study plots w e re located on th e dom ain of th e

Unive rsity of th e South at Se w anee, TN, tw o on poor

h ardw ood sites, and tw o on old fie lds. Spacings of 6 by

6,9 by 9 , and 12 by 12 ft w e re e ach random ly assigned

to th ree of nine 0.25-acre plots in a block . H eigh t m e asuremen ts w e re tak en th e first few years, and diam -

e te r m e asuremen ts w e re tak en afte r th e 3d, 5th , 7th ,

and 10th grow ing seasons and continued eve ry 5 ye ars

th rough age 25 on all sites and th rough age 30 on tw o

sites.

Afte r 5 ye ars, spacing h ad no influence on survival

or h eigh t grow th and little influence on diam e te r

grow th . Only one of th e sites is still intact and h as

future value.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

H arrington, T.A. 19 57. Optim um spacing of planted

loblolly pines on th e Cum be rland Plate au. Se w anee,

TN: U.S.De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. W ork plan and

establish m ent re port. 16 p. On file w ith : U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

H arrington, Th addeus A. 19 58. Optim um spacing of

planted loblolly pines on th e Cum be rland Plate au.

Se w anee, TN: U.S.De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Supplemen t No.1 to w ork plan and establish m ent

re port. 6 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 Loyola A venue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

Russell, Th om as E. 19 61. Optim um spacing of planted

loblolly pines on th e Cum be rland Plate au. Se w anee,

TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress report. 32 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

Russell, Th om as E. 19 64. Optim um spacing of planted

loblolly pines on th e Cum be rland Plate au. Se w anee,

TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress report. 18 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

Ve ge tation Response s Follow ing Canopy

R e m oval by Sh e aring and Ch ipping on th e

Cum be rland Plate au (See sum m ary, p. 175.)

Large are as of th e South , such as th e Cum be rland

and Piedm ont Plate aus, are forested w ith low -quality

h ardw ood stands th at probably w ill not produce h igh -

90
quality tim be r if le ft alone. Often , sm all landow ne rs

do not h ave m uch m oney to spend on im proving th eir

stands. Sh e aring and w h ole-tree ch ipping m igh t provide an inexpensive and effe ctive w ay to im prove tim -

be r production. Ch ipping th e low -grade h ardw oods

w ould provide th e ow ne r w ith som e financial re turn

and reduce site-pre paration costs, but it w as not ce rtain w h at e ffe ct th e ope ration w ould h ave on th e various forests and diffe rent sites in th e are a. Costs could

be reduced furth e r by re gene rating a pine-h ardw ood

m ixture (Sim s and oth e rs 19 81).

Cum be rland Plate au

A site typical of th e Cum be rland Plate au forest land,

w h ich h as been logged and burned from tim e to tim e,

w as se le cted on land belonging to th e Unive rsity of

th e South at Se w anee, TN, to dem onstrate and evaluate low -cost options for forest re gene ration follow ing

sh e aring and w h ole-tree ch ipping. Th e land w as forested w ith about 135 ste m s pe r acre of m ostly inte rm ediate-sized scarle t oak (Que rcus coccinea) and w h ite

oak (Q. alba). M ost ove rstory trees w e re re lics and

culls. Ste m s gre ate r th an 4 inch es in d.b.h . w e re

sh e ared w ith a fe lle r-bunch e r, and th e trees w e re sk idded to a central site and fed into a ch ippe r. Th e fe w

saw tim be r trees present w e re fe lled by conventional

m e th ods. Twen ty-four l-acre plots w e re establish ed

aw ay from th e central com pacted are a. Six plots w e re

sele cted at random for e ach of four re gene ration tre atm ents: planting loblolly pine (Pinus taed a), planting

e aste rn w h ite pine (P. strobus), planting yellow -poplar (Liriodend ron tulipifera), and natural re gene ration. In th ree random ly sele cted plots in each cate gory,

all re m aining trees m ore th an 4.5 ft tall w e re inje cted

w ith h e rbicide (McGee 19 86).

Afte r five grow ing seasons, m ore th an 9 0 pe rcent of

th e planted loblolly pine, e aste rn w h ite pine, and yellow -poplar h ad survived. And, 80 pe rcent of th e naturally re gene rated plots contained one or m ore wh ite

oak , scarle t oak , black oak (Q. u elutina), yellow -poplar, h ick ory (Carya spp.1, black ch e rry (Prunus

s erotina) or oth e r desirable spe cies. Loblolly pines w e re

talle r th an th e oth e r spe cies. (Even on th e inje cted

plots, th e stand w ill eventually becom e a pine-h ardw ood m ixture.) Th e re w as not m uch variation in h eigh t

grow th between inje cted plots and th ose th at w e re not

inje cted, but th e re we re m ore free-to-grow seedlings

on th e inje cted plots, espe cially loblolly pines (McGe e

19 86).

W e ste rn H igh land Rim of th e Cum be rland

Plate au

Th is part of th e study w as sim ilar to th at on th e

Cum be rland Plate au. Th e study site is located in

H um ph rey County on Koppe rs Com pany land near

Buffalo, TN. Th e site index for oak at 50 ye ars ranged

from 57 to 74 ft. Th e study site is ch aracte rized by

narrow ridges forested w ith a m oderate ove rstory,

m any inte rm ediate ste m s, and an abundant understory (M cGee 19 86).

Trees 1 inch in d.b.h . and large r w e re sh e ared, sk idded, and ch ipped. Few ste m s re m ained afte r th e cutting. Th irty-tw o plots w e re establish ed and grouped

into 4 block s containing 2 plots each of planted loblolly

pine, planted yellow -poplar, planted sh ortle af pine (P.

e& natal, or naturally re gene rated trees. One of e ach

pair of plots re ceived com pe tition control.

Alm ost all th e sh ortle af pine seedlings died, and

th ese plots w e re re planted th e follow ing year. Afte r 3

years, survival of th e planted and naturally re gene rated trees w as acce ptable to e xce llent. Drough t, tip

m oth s (Rh yacionia spp.), and saw flies (Tenth redinidae ) we re e xpe cted to cause future losses of loblolly

pines. Ne arly one-th ird of th e yellow -poplars suffe red

top dieback and m ay not survive (McGee 19 86).

H e igh t grow th of naturally re gene rated trees,

loblolly pine, and yellow -poplar w as acce ptable afte r

th e second grow ing season but w as disappointing follow ing th e th ird grow ing season w h ich w as h ot and

dry. Sh ortle af pine did not grow m uch at all and

seem ed unlik e ly to com pe te w ith naturally re gene rated trees w ith out re le ase (McGee 19 86).

Th is study dem onstrates th at intensive h arvesting

can provide seve ral inexpensive options for im proving forests on th e Cum be rland Plate au, including th e

W este rn H igh land Rim . Be cause m ost of th e old stand

h as been utilized, site-pre paration costs can be k e pt

to a m ininum . Loblolly pine is alre ady e xtensive ly

planted in th e plate au re gion. Ye llow -poplar, now

planted on th e bette r plate au sites, h as survived w e ll

but h as poor h eigh t grow th on th ese m ediocre sites. It

is unce rtain w h at th e final outcom e w ill be for th is

spe cies. Easte rn w h ite pine provides anoth e r option

for landow ne rs, provided re le ase from ove rtopping

ve ge tation is planned. Natural re gene ration is apparently far m ore prom ising th an th e low -quality stand

it re placed. It w ill be valuable for w ildlife be cause oak s

are plentiful. Untre ated ste m s w ill becom e m ore com -

pe titive in tim e, so re le ase on an as-needed basis is

advised for all tre atm ents. It is im portant to note th at

th e results obtained on th ese m ediocre sites for h ardw ood probably w ould not be re produced on bette r sites

w h e re m ore h ardw ood com pe tition w ould be expe cted

(McGee 19 86).

Intensive utiliz ation is re com m ended for landow ne rs w h o cannot afford expensive site pre paration or

for th ose w h o do not necessarily w ant m axim um production and w ill acce pt reduced survival and grow th .

Be cause th e re is a vast acre age of low -quality stands

and a large m ark e t for ch ips, m ore private nonindustrial landow ne rs w ill be inclined to im prove th eir

9 1
stands if m ade aw are th at site pre paration and rele ase can be inexpensive.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

M cGe e , C.E. 19 76. Ve ge tative res ponse follow ing

canopy re m oval by sh e aring and ch ipping on th e

Cum be rland Plate au. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 10 p. On

file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e , C.E. 19 77. Ve ge tative res ponse follow ing

canopy re m oval by sh e aring and ch ipping on th e

Cum be rland Plate au. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent re port.

6 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e , C.E. 19 79 . Ve ge tative res ponse follow ing

canopy re m oval by sh e aring and ch ipping. I. Expanding options for re forestation of th e Cum be rland

Plate au. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 16 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e , C.E. 19 79 . Ve ge tative res ponse follow ing

canopy re m oval by sh e aring and ch ipping on th e

Cum be rland Plate au. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan am endm ent

1.3 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e, C.E. 19 80. Expanding options for re forestation of th e Cum be rland Plate au. South e rn Journal

of Applied Forestry. 4(4): 158-162.

M cGe e , C.E. 19 83. Ve ge tative res ponse follow ing

canopy re m oval by sh e aring and ch ipping. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study

plan am endm ent and establish m ent re port. 5 p. On

file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e, C.E. 19 86. Re gene ration afte r sh e ar fe lling and

ch ipping of upland h ardw oods. Res. Pap. SO-224.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

13 p.

Pie rce, Kenneth . 19 81. Ve ge tative response follow ing

canopy re m oval by sh e aring and ch ipping. New Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice , South e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station .

Progress re port. 14 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Pie rce, Kenneth . 19 82. Ve ge tative response follow ing

canopy re m oval by sh e aring and ch ipping on th e

W este rn H igh land Rim . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. 10 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Sim s, D.H .; M cGe e, C.E.; Gallaw ay, J.; Rick m an, B.

19 81. M ixed pine-h ardw ood stands-a low -cost option for re forestation. Forest Farm e r. 40(10): 10-11,

16-17.

W h ite Oak R e le ase in R e lation to Ste m

Ch aracte ristics (See sum m ary, p. 176.)

Th e presence of m illions of ove rtopped w h ite oak s

(Que rcus al& ) on th e Cum be rland Plate au presents

difficult ch oices to forest m anage rs. Opinions vary on

th e value of inte rm ediate w h ite oak s, and th e re is little

factual evidence to support eith e r th ose w h o w ould

cut m ost ove rtopped ste m s or th ose w h o w ould save

ce rtain individuals for future crop trees. W h at inform ation does one need to dete rm ine if individual trees

sh ould be cut or le ft to grow ? A study w as planned to

dete rm ine h ow wh ite oak s th at h ave been ove rtopped

by oth e r trees respond to re le ase. Obje ctives of th e

study are to re late stem ch aracte ristics such as age,

siz e, and quality to response afte r re le ase ; to com pare

re le ased w ith unre le ased tree response; and to com -

pare th e response of ste m s th at are re le ased and cut

at ground le ve l w ith ste m s th at are uncut and

unre le ased, uncut and re le ased, or cut and unre le ased

(McGee and Bivens 19 84).

Th ree e xpe rim ents w e re carried out, tw o on th e dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e South in Frank lin

County, TN, and one on Frank lin-Marion State Forest in Marion County, TN. Ove r 300 trees, ranging in

age from 20 to 100 ye ars and in d.b.h . from 1 to 12

inch es w e re sele cted for study. Th e trees w e re me asured using a dendrom e te r and rank ed for quality

according to form , e picorm ic sprouting, and apparent

vigor. Rem e asuremen ts w e re m ade eve ry 2 ye ars.

Expe rim ent 1

H igh -, m edium -, and low -quality trees w e re re le ased

from com pe tition. A re gression analysis w as used to

92
evaluate re lationsh ips of diam e te r, age, and quality

class to grow th . H igh -quality trees grew m ore vigorously th an m edium - and low -quality trees and w e re

less variable. Large r trees incre ased m ore in volum e

afte r re le ase th an sm alle r trees. Surprisingly, a num -

be r of trees decre ased in h eigh t afte r re le ase because

of tops th at died or drooped. Th e num be r of e picorm ic

sprouts on butt logs doubled afte r re le ase (McGee and

Bivens 19 84).

Expe rim ent 2

Th e grow th response afte r re le ase of 40 h igh -quality w h ite oak s w as com pared w ith th e grow th of a sim ilar num be r of unre le ased trees. Th e study and analysis

w e re sim ilar to Expe rim ent 1. Afte r 4 ye ars, th e rele ased trees incre ased in volum e tw ice as m uch as th e

unre le ased trees. H ow e ve r, unre le ased trees gre w

talle r th an re le ased trees and h ad h alf as m any

e picorm ic sprouts (McGee and Bivens 19 84).

Expe rim ent 3

Th e re we re four tre atm ents, as follow s: (1) re m oval

of ove rtopping trees; (2) re m oval of ove rtopping trees

and cutting of sam ple tre e ; (3) no re le ase but cutting

of sam ple tre e ; and (4) no re le ase and no cutting of

sam ple tre e. (In tre atm ents 1 and 2, dire ctly ove rtopping trees w e re re m oved, but th e re w as only partial

re le ase com parable to th at follow ing sele ction cutting,

im provemen t cutting, or h e avy th inning.) Me asurem ents w e re carried out as above. Th e partially re le ased

trees h ad incre ased 30 pe rcent m ore in volum e th an

th e unre le ased trees but h ad not grow n as w e ll as th e

com ple te ly re le ased trees in th e first e xpe rim ent. Partially re le ased trees h ad m ore e picorm ic sprouts th an

unre le ased trees but fewe r th an com ple te ly re le ased

trees. Sm alle r re le ased and unre le ased stum ps

sprouted vigorously, but trees m ore th an 8 inch es in

d.b.h . h ad few or no sprouts. Sprouts on re le ased

stum ps grew talle r th an th ose on sh aded ones (McGe e

and Bivens 19 84).

Th is study is ongoing, but results so far indicate th at

m any ove rtopped w h ite oak s w ill not m ak e good crop

trees. Alth ough volum e grow th incre ases in re le ased

trees, h eigh t grow th is poor, and epicorm ic sprouting

doubles. Manage rs m ay w ish to le ave ove rtopped w h ite

oak s as crop trees w h en th e re are a num be r of good quality trees, th us decre asing site-preparation costs.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Bivens, D.L. 19 81. W h ite oak response to re le ase in

re lation to stem ch aracte ristics. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 19

p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Bivens, D.L. 19 84. W h ite oak response to re le ase in

re lation to stem ch aracte ristics. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 21

p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 76. W h ite oak re le ase in re lation to stem ch aracte ristics. Se w anee, TN: U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 17 p. On

tile w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 79 . W h ite oak response to rele ase in re lation to stem ch aracte ristics. Se w anee,

TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress report. 23 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 81. Response of ove rtopped w h ite

oak to re le ase. Res. Note SO-273. New O rle ans, LA:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 4 p.

M cGe e, Ch arles E.; Bivens, Donald L. 19 77. W h ite oak

re le ase in re lation to stem ch aracte ristics. Se w anee,

TN: U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent

re port. 16 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA70113.

M cGe e, Ch arles E.; Bivens, Donald L. 19 84. A billion

ove rtopped w h ite oak -asse ts or liabilities? South -

e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. S(4): 216-220.

Spe cie s, Site, and Plantation Yie ld

(See sum m ary, p. 177.)

During th e 19 60’s, th e re w as grow ing enth usiasm

am ong tim b e rland ow n e rs of th e Gre at Valley ,

Cum be rland Plate au, and H igh land Rim of Alabam a

and Tennessee for im proved m anagemen t of h ardw ood

spe cies because of an incre ased m ark e t for pulpw ood.

Alth ough loblolly (Pinus toe & ), Virginia (P. uirginiam ), sh ortle af (P. ech inata), and easte rn w h ite (P.

strobus) pines w e re th e s pe cies m ost com m only

planted, th e pulp and pape r m ills acce pted nearly all

93
com m e rcial forest tree spe cies com m on to th e study

are a. Be cause alm ost no research h ad been done on

th e response and yield of sites artificially establish ed

w ith pure h ardw ood stands, a study w as establish ed

to give forest m anage rs inform ation on th e best species or sele ction to plant on a particular site. Th e

grow th and yield and adaptability of tw o ge ograph ic

sources of seeds of lob lolly pine , y e llow -poplar

(Liriodend ron tulipifera), black ch e rry (Prunus

s erotina), and black oak (Quercus velutina) we re com -

pared on four diffe rent sites in th e uplands of central

Tennessee. Th e sites included h ollow s and low re lie f

ridges on th e Cum be rland Plate au and V-sh aped h ollow s bounded by narrow ridges and gently undulating topograph y of th e Easte rn H igh land Rim . Th e soils

of e ach site we re m apped, described, sam pled, and

analyzed .

Afte r 5 ye ars, loblolly pine grew consistently w e ll

on all sites, and yellow -poplar did w e ll on th e Weste rn H igh land Rim and on m ost plots on th e

Cum be rland Plate au. All h ardw oods did poorly on sites

on th e Easte rn H igh land Rim , w h e re soils usually contained fragipans. Ye llow -poplar and black ch e rry survived w e ll (9 8 and 9 5 pe rcent respe ctive ly), and loblolly

pine ave raged go-pe rcent survival ove rall, but only

76 pe rcent on th e We ste rn H igh land Rim , w h e re natural h ardw oods h ad invaded. Be cause black oak gre w

poorly at all sites and w as unable to com pe te w ith

wee ds, it is not re com m ended as a com m e rcial spe cies

on th ese sites.

A re gression analysis re lating topograph ic and soil

fe atures to & year h eigh t of yellow -poplar, black ch e rry,

and loblolly pine e xplained 85 pe rcent of th e variation in h eigh t for yellow -poplar, 9 2 pe rcent for black

ch e rry, and 50 pe rcent for loblolly pine. Incre ased slope

seem ed to be associated w ith incre ased 5-ye ar h eigh t

of all th ree spe cies. Ye llow -poplar and black ch e rry

grew talle r w h en available n itrogen w as incre ased,

and loblolly pine grew talle r w ith an incre ase in total

nitrogen . An incre ase in exch ange able m agnesium in

th e Al h oriz on of th e soil h e lped yellow -poplar, and

incre ased calcium in th e B2 h oriz on w as beneficial to

black ch e rry. Grow th of loblolly pine w as best w h en

th e bulk density at 20 inch es and th e m oisture-h olding capacity in th e Al h oriz on w e re low . Som e re lationsh ips indicated by th e analysis m ay h ave been

fortuitous and not biological because th ey w e re not

e asily explainable.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Burton, Jam es D. 19 65. Spe cies, site, and plantation

yie ld. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 31 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

9 4

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Francis, J.K.; Loftus, N.S. 19 77. Ch e m ical and ph ysical prope rties of Cum be rland Plate au and H igh land

Rim forest soils. Res. Pap. SO-138. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 44 p.

Francis, Joh n K. 19 77. Spe cies, site, and plantation

yie ld; ph ase I: survival, h eigh t grow th and soils data.

Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Fifth year progress re port. 16 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Francis, Joh n K. 19 77. Spe cies, site, and plantation

yie ld.; ph ase II: soil prope rties - h eigh t grow th studies. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Fifth year progress re port. 16 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Loftus, Ne lson S., Jr. 19 71. Spe cies, site, and plantation yield, installations l-5. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent report. 15 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm e n t of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Loftus, Ne lson S., Jr. 19 72. Spe cies, site, and plantation yield; installation 1, Se w anee, Tennessee; installation 2, Cente rville, Tennessee. Se w anee, TN:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Fifth year

progress re port. 16 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Loftus, Ne lson S., Jr. 19 72. Spe cies, site, and plantation yield, installations 6-8. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent report. 15 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm e n t of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Russell, T.E. 19 77. Planting yellow -poplar-w h e re we

stand today Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-17. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 17 p.

Russell, Th om as E. 19 78. H ow to grow yellow -poplars.

Alabam a Forests. April: 28-29 .

Russell, T.E.; Loftus, N.S.; M igne ry,A.L.; Sm alley, G.W .

19 70. Planting yellow -poplar in central Tennessee
and north e rn Alabam a. Res. Pap. SO-63. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 17 p.

Russell, T.E.; Poore, Steve. 19 77. Ye llow -poplar can

be planted successfully in th e South e rn H igh lands.

South e rn Lum be rm an. De cembe r 15: [Not paged].

Russell, T.E. 19 78. H ow to plant yellow -poplar on th e

Cum be rland Plate au and H igh land Rim . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. [Not

paged].

Russell, Th om as E. 19 79 . H ow to grow yellow -poplars.

Tennessee Forestry Association Annual Meeting

M agazine and Mem be rsh ip Dire ctory. M ay: 14-15.

M ortality Patte rns in Old Grow th Upland

H ardw ood Fore sts (See sum m ary, p. 178.)

M any acres of upland h ardw ood forests h ave been

set aside as natural are as, park s, or w ildernesses, but

little is k now n about th e m ortality patte rns th at m igh t

occur in th ese are as. An opportunity to study m ortality in an undisturbed old grow th forest e xisted in Dick

Cove on th e dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e South in

Tennessee. To dete rm ine th e e xtent and patte rns of

m ortality, surveys and cruises w e re m ade on living

trees, and age, spe cies, cause of death , tree siz e, and

approxim ate date of death w e re dete rm ined for de ad

trees on a loo-acre study are a.

During an & year pe riod, 26 pe rcent of th e h ick ories

(Carya spp.) and 18 pe rcent of th e wh ite oak (Que rcus

alba) and north e rn red oak (Q. rubra) m ore th an 17

inch es in d.b.h . died in th e cove. Th e dead trees ranged

in age from 9 0 to 375 ye ars. North e rn red oak ave raged 135 ye ars, and w h ite oak , ch estnut oak (Q.

prinus), and h ick ories ave raged about 210 ye ars. Th e

cause of th e acce le rated m ortality obse rved in th e

study are a w as apparently a com bination of senescence, drough t, insect attack , and blow dow n.

Spe cies com position is ch anging as a result of th e

m ortality. Sugar m aple (Acer sacch arum ) and yellow -

poplar (Liriodend ron tulipifera) are incre asing in th e

ove rstory, and oak s, espe cially north e rn red oak , are

decre asing. H ick ories are decre asing in num be r but

w ill still be re presented in th e ove rstory. It is inte resting th at th e tw o spe cies th at are incre asing in im -

portance are e cologically ve ry diffe rent. Sugar m aple

is slow grow ing and sh ade tole rant, and yellow -poplar is fast grow ing and sh ade intole rant. Pe rh aps th e

tw o spe cies re gene rated under diffe rent conditions,

alth ough th ey are grow ing in th e sam e are a (M cGe e

19 84).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 82. M ortality patte rns in an old

grow th m ixed m esoph ytic forest. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Progress re port. 22

p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 82. M ortality patte rns in old

grow th upland h ardw ood forests. Se w anee, TN: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 6 p. On

file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 84. H e avy m ortality and succession in a virgin m ixed m esoph ytic forest. Res. Pap.

SO-209 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 9 p.

Spe cie s-Site Re lations in Fore st Plantations

(See sum m ary, p. 178.)

W h ich are th e best spe cies for forest plantations in

central Tennessee and north e rn Alabam a? W h at yie lds

and w h at losses can be e xpe cted in large plantations

in th e diffe rent ph ysiograph ic re gions and soil associations? H ow do old-fie ld plantations diffe r from

underplanted stands w ith respe ct to th ese topics? A

study w as begun in 19 60 to provide partial answ e rs

to th ese questions. Th e dem and for m e rch antable forest products h ad been incre asing rapidly, and large

are as of m arginal farm lands and deple ted forests w e re

being planted, m ostly w ith loblolly (Pinus tueda) or

sh ortle af (P. ech inata) pine (Burton 19 60).

Five s pe cies-lob lolly, sh ortle af, Virginia (P.

virginiana), and easte rn w h ite pines (P. strobus) and

yellow -poplar (Liriodend ron tulipifera-w ere plante d

in seven w ide ly separated localities h aving a w ide

range of site conditions. In each are a, th e study site

w as located on th e soil series and land type m ost lik e ly

to be used for industrial pulpw ood plantations, som e

on old fie lds and som e on low -quality natural stands.

Th e study w as intended to continue for 30 ye ars. Th e

study design w as a random ized block , w ith th re e

block s of five plots, e ach w ith a diffe rent spe cies. Each

plot w as 104.3 ft on a side and contained 221 seedlings spaced 6 ft apart in row s 8 ft apart. Data w e re

colle cted from 35 trees in th e cente r of th e plot (Burton 19 60).

95
Me asuremen ts 10 ye ars afte r planting sh ow e d th at

loblolly pine ave raged 26.2 ft in h eigh t and 4.4 inch es

in diam e te r and th at Virginia and sh ortle af pines ave raged 22.2 and 19 .0 ft in h eigh t and 3.9 and 3.4 inch es

in diam e te r, respe ctive ly. Easte rn w h ite pine gre w

slow ly at first but im proved afte r th e first 5 ye ars.

Yellow -poplar grew poorly w h e re soil m oisture w as low

and depth of roots w as restricted. Survival of all species w as 67 pe rcent or h igh e r e xce pt for one plantation of Virginia pine, w h ich w as dam aged by voles

0ficrotus spp.) (Loftus 19 74).

Th e lo-year results of th e study suggest th at loblolly

and Virginia pines are th e best spe cies to plant on

narrow ridge tops w ith drough ty soil, on degraded sites,

or on sh allow soils. Virginia pine can be substituted

for loblolly pine on th e drie r ridges of th e Cum be rland

Plate au. Sh ortle af pine grow s m ore slow ly th an th e

spe cies m entioned above but pe rform s re asonably w e ll

w h en com pe tition is controlled. Easte rn w h ite pine

incre ases in grow th afte r an initial establish m ent period and is a satisfactory spe cies for th e Cum be rland

Plate au and H igh land Rim . Ye llow -poplar can be e xpe cted to grow we ll only w h en sites are care fully sele cted and com pe tition is controlled. Th ese results

indicate th at loblolly, Virginia, sh ortle af, and easte rn

w h ite pines and yellow -poplar can be grow n successfu lly on sites h aving s oil lim itations on th e

Cum be rland Plate au and H igh land Rim , barring unusual w e ath e r conditions and serious injury by pests

or dise ases (Loftus 19 74).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Burton, Jam es D. 19 60. Spe cies-site re lations in forest plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 35 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 62. Spe cies-site re lations in forest plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent re port, installations

1 and 2. 24 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 62. Spe cies-site re lations in forest plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe ri-.

m ent Station. Establish m ent re port, installations

3 and 4. 12 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 63. Spe cies-site re lations in forest plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent re port, installations

5 and 6. 62 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 66. Spe cies-site re lations in forest plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Establish m ent re port, installation 7.

49 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent OfAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 66. Spe cies-site re lations in forest plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Fifth year progress re port, installations 1 and 2. 28 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Burton, Jam es D. 19 67. Spe cies-site re lations in forest plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Fifth year progress re port, installation 3 and fourth year progress and reestablish m ent

re port, installation 4. 25 p. On file w ith : U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Francis, J.K.; Loftus, Ne lson S. 19 77. Ch e m ical and

ph ysical prope rties of Cum be rland Plate au and

H igh land Rim forest soils. Res. Pap. SO-138. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

44 p.

Loftus, Ne lson. 19 69 . Spe cies-site re lations in forest

plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station . Fifth y e ar progress re port,

installations 5 and 6.6 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Loftus, Ne lson. 19 71. Spe cies-site re lations in forest

plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Fifth year progress re port, installation

4.7 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station,

701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Loftus, Ne lson 19 71. Spe cies-site re lations in forest

plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Ag96
riculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Tenth year progress re port, installations 1 and 2. 16 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Loftus, Ne lson. 19 72. Spe cies-site re lations in forest

plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station . Te n th y e ar progress re port,

installation 3. 11 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

OfAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Loftus, Ne lson. 19 73. Spe cies-site re lations in forest

plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station . Te n th y e ar progress re port,

installations 5 and 6. 15 p. On file w ith : U.S. Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn

Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, Ne w

Orle ans, LA 70113.

Loftus, Ne lson S. 19 74. Pe rform ance of pine and yellow -poplar planted on low -quality sites in central

Tennessee. Res. Note SO-176. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 5 p.

Russell, T.E. 19 77. Planting yellow -poplar-w h e re we

stand today. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-17. New O rle ans:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 17 p.

Russell, T.E. 19 78. H ow to plant yellow -poplar on th e

Cum be rland Plate au and H igh land Rim . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. [Not

paged].

Russell, T.E.; Loftus, N.S.; M igne ry, A.L.; Sm alley, G. W .

19 70. Planting yellow -poplar in central Tennessee

and north e rn Alabam a. Res. Pap. SO-63. Ne w

Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

17 p.

Russell, T.E.; Poore, Steve. 19 77. Ye llow -poplar can

be planted successfully in th e South e rn H igh lands.

South e rn Lum be rm an. De cembe r 15: [Not paged].

Russell, Th om as E. 19 78. H ow to grow yellow -poplars.

Alabam a Forests. April: 28-29 .

Russell, Th om as E. 19 79 . H ow to grow yellow -poplars.

Tennessee Forestry Association Annual Meeting

M agazine and Mem be rsh ip Dire ctory. M ay: 14-15.

Sm alley, G.W . 19 67. Spe cies-site re lations in forest

plantations. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Final re port, installation 7. 1 p. On

file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Volum e , Yie ld, and Soil-Site Re lations of Young

Loblolly and Sh ortle af Pine Plantations in th e

Te nne ssee R ive r Drainage (See sum m ary,

p. 179 .)

Eve r since th e Tennessee Valley Auth ority cam e into

e xistence, h undreds of th ousands of acres h ave been

re forested in th e Tennessee Valley. Much of th e land

planted w as e roded farm land. Loblolly (Pinus taeda)

and sh ortle af (P. e ch inata) pines w e re th e m ost e xtensive ly planted species, and expansion of th e pulping

process in Tennessee provided a m ark e t for th e pine

plantations. Th e re w as a gre at need for inform ation

on th e volum e and yield of young plantations of th ese

spe cies and for a m e th od of predicting th e potential of

idle lands for forest production. Data on com parative

grow th for assessing th e need for ch anging from species com prising th e e xisting forest cove r on ce rtain

soils to b e tte r adapted species w as also lack ing

(Sm alley and Burton 19 64).

A study w as begun in 19 64 to deve lop yie ld estim ations for loblolly and sh ortle af pine plantations up to

25 ye ars of age based on stand param e te rs and/or soil

prope rties, including soil taxonom ic units; to deve lop

site index estim ators, base age 25, for th ese spe cies

based on th e sam e param e te rs; and to deve lop tre e

volum e estim ators for young loblolly and sh ortle af pine

trees in plantations. Th e study are a included plantations in Tennessee, Alabam a, and Ge orgia, on th e

Cum be rland Plate au, H igh land Rim , and Ridge and

Valley (Sm alley and Bow e r 19 71).

Data w e re colle cted during th is com preh ensive study

of plantations in th e re gion. Loblolly pine plantations

9 to 30 ye ars of age we re sam pled on 302 te m porary

plots, w h ich w e re 0.05 acre in size. Th e ave rage

h eigh t of dom inant and codom inant trees ranged

from 22 to 72 ft, and site index (base age 25 from

seed) ranged from 31 to 89 . Of th e 305 to 3,460

trees th at w e re planted per acre, 202 to 2,240 pe r acre

survived .

Detailed sch edules of th e num be r of trees pe r acre,

basal are a, m e an tree h eigh t, and cubic-foot yie lds in

eigh t volum e cate gories by l-inch diam e te r classes are

presented for all com binations of four site indices,

seven ages from seed, and nine planting densities in

Sm alley and Bailey (19 74a).

Sh ortle af pine plantations 10 to 34 ye ars old w e re

sam pled on 116 te m porary plots, w h ich w e re m ostly

0.05 acre in size. Th e ave rage h eigh t of dom inant and

codom inant trees ranged from 20 to 66 ft, and site index (base age 25 from seed) ranged from 26 to 58. Of

th e 400 to 4,500 trees th at w e re planted pe r acre, 320

to 3,400 pe r acre survived.

Detailed sch edules of th e num be r of trees pe r acre,

basal are a, m e an tree h eigh t, and cubic-foot yie lds in

eigh t volum e cate gories by l-inch diam e te r classes are

presented for all com binations of four site indices,

97
seven ages from seed, and six planting densities in

Sm alley and Bailey (19 7413).

Results of th is study h ave been w ide ly publish ed

and used by a num be r of pe ople ; h ow e ve r, th e soil

ph ase of th e study w as neve r begun.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Sm alley, G.W .; Burton, Jam es D. 19 64. Volum e, yie ld

and soil-site re lations of young loblolly and sh ortle af pine plantations in th e Tennessee Rive r drainage. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan. 34 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans, LA

70113.

Sm alley, G.W . 19 73. W eigh ting tree-volum e equations

for young loblolly and sh ortle af pines. Res. Note SO16i. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 5 p.

Sm alley, G.W . 19 78. Grow th and yield of sh ortle af pine

Effe cts of Intensity of R e le ase on Survival and

Grow th of Unde rplanted Yellow -poplar

(See sum m ary, p. 179 .)

plantations. In: Proceedings of a sym posium for th e

m anagemen t of pines of th e inte rior South ; 19 78

Novembe r 7-9 ; Knoxville, TN. Atlanta, GA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e aste rn Are a, State and Private Forestry: 28-47.

Sm alley, G.W . 19 86. Stand dynam ics of unth inned and

th inned sh ortle af pine plantations. In: Proceedings

of a sym posium on th e sh ortle af pine e cosyste m ;

19 86 M arch 31-Apri12; Little Rock , AR. Montice llo,

AR: Ark ansas Coope rative Extension Se rvice: 114-

134.

Sm alley, G.W .; Bailey, R.L. 19 74a. Yie ld tables and

stand structure for loblolly pine plantations in Tennessee, Alabam a, and Ge orgia h igh lands. Res. Pap.

SO-9 6. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent

Station. 81 p.

Sm alley, G.W .; Bailey, R.L. 19 74b . Yie ld tables and

stand structure for sh ortle af pine plantations in

Tennessee, Alabam a, and Ge orgia h igh lands. Res.

Pap. SO-9 7. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 57 p.

Sm alley, G.W .; Bow e r, D.H . 19 68. Volum e tables and

point-sam pling factors for loblolly pines in plantations on abandoned fie lds in Tennessee, Alabam a,

and Ge orgia h igh lands. Res. Pap. SO-32. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 13 p.

Sm alley, G.W .; Bow e r, D.H . 19 68. Volum e tables and

point-sam pling factors for sh ortle af pines in plantations on abandoned fie lds in Tennessee, Alabam a,

and Ge orgia h igh lands. Res. Pap. SO-39 . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 13 p.

Sm alley, G.W .; Bow e r, D.H . 19 71. Site index curves

Yellow -poplar (Liriodend ron tulipifera) h as often

been planted on cut-ove r are as of th e south e rn

Applach ians, but th e plantations often did poorly because of com pe tition. Com ple te re le ase solves th is

problem bu t is e xpensive. A study w as installed to

dete rm ine if partial control m e asures for com pe ting

ve ge tation w ould result in adequate grow th of yellow -

poplar.

Yellow -poplar seedlings from tw o seed sources w e re

plan ted on be tte r-th an-a ve rage s oil on th e

Cum be rland Plate au near Sew anee, TN. Th e re we re

th ree intensities of tre atm ent: com ple te re le ase, partial re le ase (all ste m s gre ate r th an 2 inch es in d.b.h .

inje cted), and m inim um re le ase (all ste m s gre ate r th an

6 inch es in d.b.h . inje cted).

Afte r 15 ye ars, saplings planted w h e re all com pe ting h ardw oods h ad been inje cted w ith 2,4-D am ine

ave raged 43 ft in h eigh t and 4.2 inch es in d.b.h . Saplings planted w h e re trees large r th an 2 inch es in d.b.h .

h ad been inje cted ave raged 35 ft in h eigh t and 3.7

inch es in d.b.h ., and th ose planted w h e re ste m s large r

th an 6 inch es in d.b.h . h ad been inje cted ave raged only

18 ft in h eigh t and 1.4 inch es in d.b.h .

Th is study dem onstrates th at th e m ore e ffort put

into control of com pe tition, th e gre ate r th e response

of yellow -poplar. Th e results suggest th at yellow -poplar is a viable alte rnative to pines on H artsells fine

sandy loam (Typic H apludults) soil, w h ich cove rs m illions of acres on th e Cum be rland Plate au. H ow e ve r,

bette r-th an-ave rage rainfall occurred during th e duration of th e study, and results m ay h ave been d iffe rent w ith inadequate rainfall.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

for loblolly and sh ortle af pine plantations on abandoned fie lds in Tennessee, Alabam a, and Ge orgia

h igh lands. Res. Note SO-126. New O rle ans, LA: U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 76. Effe cts of intensity of re le ase

on survival and grow th of underplanted yellow -poplar. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

98
Progress re port. 9 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

M cGe e, Ch arles E. 19 77. Planted yellow -poplar grow s

w e ll afte r essential site pre paration. Tree Plante rs’

Notes. 28: 5-7.

M igne ry, Arnold L. 19 67. Effe cts of intensity of re le ase

on survival and grow th of underplanted yellow -poplar. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Study plan and establish m ent re cord. 14 p. On file

w ith : U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice , South e rn Forest Expe rim e n t Station , 701

Loyola Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Pie rce, Kenneth . 19 82. Effe cts of intensity of re le ase

on survival and grow th of underplanted yellow -poplar. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

Progress re port. 9 p. On file w ith : U.S. De partm ent

ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 LoyolaAvenue, New O rle ans,

LA 70113.

Th irty-Ye ar Yie lds, H eigh t Grow th , and SoilSite Re lations of Ye llow -Poplar, Sh ortle af Pine,

and W h ite Pine Plantations on th e Norris

W ate rsh ed (See sum m ary, p. 180.)

In th e late 19 30’s, L.S. M inck le r establish ed eigh t

plantations on abandoned fie lds near Norris Lak e, TN,

one of th e m ost e xtensive planting e xpe rim ents up to

th at tim e. Th e study included 117 block s and 700 plots,

a total of 167 acres. Most of th e plantations w e re establish ed on abandoned fie lds in various stages of soil

e xh austion and erosion and included pure and m ixed

stands of 11 h ardw oods and 3 conife rs. A few plantings

w e re establish ed in understock ed natural sh ortle af

pine (Pinus ech inata) and sassafras (Sassafras

albidum ) stands. Th e initial e m ph asis w as on plantation success as re lated to aspe ct and ve ge tative cove r

and to d e pth , type , and consiste n cy of s oils

(H oh ansh e lt 19 85).

In 19 48-49 , four e xpe rim ents w e re me asured by

pe rsonnel of th e USDAForest Se rvice ’s South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station and th e Tennessee Valley Auth ority, but th e results w e re not publish ed. By th en ,

th e oth e r e xpe rim ents h ad failed for various re asons.

A 20-ye ar inventory w as m ade in 19 57-58 by th e sam e

group, and th e results w e re publish ed by Burton

(19 64). In 19 68, m e asuremen ts w e re m ade in tw o of

th e four e xpe rim ents on successful portions of 17 ye llow -poplar (Liriodend ron tulipifera), 27 sh ortle af pine,

and 22 e aste rn w h ite pine (P. strobus) plots. Th e obje ctives of th is study w e re to dete rm ine th e potential

yie lds of 30-ye ar-old yellow -poplar, sh ortle af pine, and

e aste rn w h ite pine plantations, to calculate th e h eigh t

on age curves for th ese spe cies, and to corre late th e

ph ysical and ch e m ical prope rties of soils and site factors w ith seve ral m e asures of site productivity for e ach

spe cies (Sm alley 19 68). H ow e ve r, th e data w e re not

analyzed or re ported.

Th e Departm ent of Forestry, W ildlife, and Fish e ries of th e Un ive rsity of Tennessee h as acce pted responsibility for future activity on Minck le r’s plots. Re cent

data h ave been turned ove r to th e Un ive rsity of Tennessee, w h ich is responsible for m aintenance of th e plots.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Burton, J.D. 19 64. Twen ty years of grow th in th e

Norris w ate rsh ed plantations. Journal of Forestry.

62: 39 2-39 7.

Fow le r, Joh n H . 19 86. Use of m e rch antable h eigh t and

corre lated m e asuremen ts in tape r equations. Knoxville, TN: Unive rsity of Tennessee. 79 p. M .S. th esis.

H oh ansh e lt, C.L. 19 85. Site index curves and yield

predictors for th ree spe cies in th e vicinity of Norris

Lak e. Knoxville, TN: Unive rsity of Tennessee. 79 p.

M .S. th esis.

M inck le r, L.S. 19 41. Forest plantation success and soilsite ch aracte ristics on old fie lds in th e Gre at Appalach ian Valley. Soil Science Socie ties of Am e rica

Proceedings. 6: 39 6-39 8.

M inck le r, L.S. 19 41. Plantation survival as re lated to

soil type, aspe ct, and grow ing season. Journal of

Forestry. 39 : 26-29 .

M inck le r, L.S. 19 41. Th e righ t tree in th e righ t place.

Journal of Forestry. 29 : 685-688.

M inck le r, L.S. 19 43. Effe ct of rainfall and site factors

on th e grow th and survival of young forest plantations. Journal of Forestry. 41: 829 -833.

M inck le r, L.S.; Ch apm an, A.G. 19 48. Tree planting in

th e Central, Piedm ont, and South e rn Appalach ian

re gions. U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture Farm e r’s

Bulle tin. [Place of publication unk now n]: [Publish e r

unk now n]. 3 p.

Sm alley, G.W .; Be ck , D.E. 19 71. Cubic-R volum e tables

and point-sam pling factors for w h ite pine plantations in th e south e rn Applach ians. Res. Note SO118. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm e n t of

Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 2 p.

Sm alley, Glendon W . 19 68. Th irty year yie lds, h eigh t

grow th , and soil-site re lations of yellow -poplar,

sh ortle af pine, and w h ite pine plantations on th e

Norris W ate rsh ed. Se w anee, TN: U.S. De partm ent

of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan. 28 p. On file w ith :

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

99
South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola

Avenue, New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Sm alle y , Glendon W . 19 86. Stand dynam ics of

unth inned and th inned sh ortle af pine plantations.

In: Proceed ings of a sym posium on th e sh ortle af pine

e cosyste m ; 19 86 M arch 31-Apri12; Little Rock , AR.

M ontice llo, AR: Ark ansas Coope rative Extension

Se rvice: 114-134.

Effe ct of Spacing on Grow th and Yie ld of

Planted Virginia Pine (See sum m ary, p. 180.)

Alth ough spacing of pines in plantations h as been

w ide ly research ed, little inform ation on spacing is

available for Virginia pine (Pinus uirginiana). Be cause

th is spe cies is com m e rcially im portan t on th e

Cum be rland Plate au, a study w as establish ed in 19 61

near Se w anee, TN, to test th e e ffe cts of spacing on

th e grow th of unth inned Virginia pine. Anoth e r obje ctive of th e study w as to dete rm ine if self-pruning,

w h ich is poor in Virginia pine, could be im proved at

h igh densities (Russell 19 62).

Seedlings w e re planted at spacings of 4 by 4,6 by 6,

and 8 by 8 ft on 0.25-acre plots in a random ized block

design w ith four re plications. Th e me asuremen t plot

w as approxim ate ly 0.1 acre in size. At age 20, survival w as 38, 58, and 75 pe rcent; d.b.h . ave raged 5.1,

5.8, and 6.4 inch es; and basal are a ave raged 141,123,

and 114 ft2, respe ctive ly, for th e th ree spacings. Despite gre ate r m ortality, th e re we re m any m ore surviving pines in th e 4- by 4-ft spacing th an in th e w ide r

spacings. Se lf-pruning w as not im proved in th e 4- by

4-ft spacing. Th e re we re m ore trees 4.6 inch es in d.b.h .

and large r in th e 4- by 4-ft plots th an in th e oth e r

plots, but th e re we re m ore trees 5.6 inch es in d.b.h .

and large r in th e w ide r spaced plots. At age 20, th e re

w e re no significant diffe rences in stand volum e am ong

spacings.

Alth ough th e final decision on spacing of Virginia

pine cannot be m ade from th is study alone, th e 20-

year data sh ow in detail th e re lative gains and losses

associated w ith diffe rent spacings. Th ese data provide

inform ation for planning establish m ent of Virginia

pine plantations on sim ilar sites. Th e study w as intended to continue for 30 ye ars, but th e plantations

w e re e xtensive ly dam aged by an ice storm in Feb ruary 19 85, so th e study w as closed.

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Russell, T.E. 19 79 . Plantation spacing affe cts early

grow th of planted Virginia pine. Res. Note SO-248.

New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture,

Forest Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station.

5 P.

Russell, Th om as E. 19 62. Effe ct of spacing on grow th

and yield of planted Virginia pine. Se w anee, TN:

U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Study plan

and establish m ent re port. 10 p. On file w ith : U.S.

Departm ent of Agriculture, Forest Se rvice, South -

e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station, 701 Loyola A venue,

New O rle ans, LA 70113.

Sm alley, Glendon W . 19 85. Grow th of 20-ye ar-old Virginia pine planted at th ree spacings in Tennessee.

South e rn Journal of Applied Forestry. 9 (l): 32-37.

Ye llow -Poplar Ge ograph ic Seed Source Study

(See sum m ary, p. 181.)

Yellow -poplar (Liriodend ron tulipifera) is one of th e

South ’s m ost w ide ly planted h ardw oods. Research in

genetic im provemen t of th e spe cies w as needed because th e association of genetic variation w ith ge ograph ic source is im portant to both b reeding and

cultural e fforts.

A ge ograph ic seed source study of yellow -poplar w as

undertak en in th e m id-Cum be rland Plate au and e aste rn H igh land Rim re gions of Tennessee in 19 61. Th e

obje ctive of th e study w as to evaluate th e e xtent of

ge ograph ic variation am ong four south e rn seed

sources: Se w anee, TN; Oxford, M S; Birm ingh am , AL;

and Gloste r, M S. Th e Se w anee installations w e re just

one part of th e study. At Se w anee, a random ized block

design w as used w ith four re plications at e ach of tw o

sites. One area w as a good m ixed-h ardw ood cove site,

and th e oth e r w as an oak -h ick ory site on th e top of

th e Cum be rland Plate au. Seedlings from th e four

sources w e re planted at th e tw o sites, and oth e r h ardw oods w e re controlled (Russell and oth e rs 19 70).

Afte r 20 ye ars, no significant diffe rences w e re dete cted am ong th e seed sources at th e h ardw ood cove

site for any ch aracte ristic, but significant variation

am ong block s of individual seed sources existed for

m any ch aracte ristics. At th e oak -h ick ory site, h eigh t,

diam e te r, basal are a, and yield of plantations from th e

tw o Plate au seed sources (Se w anee and Oxford) w e re

significantly gre ate r th an th ose from th e Coastal Plain

sources (Birm ingh am and Gloste r) at ages 15 and 20.

Th e diam e te r and h eigh t of yellow -poplars at th e h ardw ood cove site we re gre ate r th an th ose at th e oak -

h ick ory site (Sm alley 19 82).

It w as concluded th at seeds for planting yellow -poplar in th e m id-Cum be rland Plate au re gion can be obtained from seve ral south e rn locations, and grow th

on less th an optim al sites is m ore dependent on seed

source. On sites such as th e oak -h ick ory site, seeds

from th e Plate au re gion are probably best, and seeds

100
from th e Coastal Plain sh ould be avoided. On bette r

h ardw ood cove sites, trees from all four sources gre w

w e ll. Th e study confirm ed th at th e cool h ardw ood cove

site w as e xce llent for yellow -poplar and th at th e upland on top of th e Plate au w as ave rage (Sm alley 19 82).

M ajor Publications or Progre ss Reports

Russell, T.E. 19 77. Planting yellow -poplar-w h e re we

stand today. Gen . Te ch . Rep. SO-17. New O rle ans,

LA: U.S. De partm ent ofAgriculture, Forest Se rvice,

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 17 p.

Russell, T.E. 19 78. H ow to plant yellow -poplar on th e

Cum be rland Plate au and H igh land Rim . New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. Le afle t. [Not paged].

Russell, T.E.; Loftus, N.S.; M igne ry,A.L.; Sm alley, G.W .

19 70. Planting yellow -poplar in central Tennessee

and north e rn Alabam a. Res. Pap. SO-63. New Orle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 17 p.

Russell, T.E.; Poore, Steve. 19 77. Ye llow -poplar can

be planted successfully in th e south e rn h igh lands.

South e rn Lum be rm an. De cembe r 15. [Not paged].

Russell, Th om as E. 19 78. H ow to grow yellow -poplars.

Alabam a Forests. April: 28-29 .

Russell, Th om as E. 19 79 . H ow to grow yellow -poplars.

Tennessee Forestry Association Annual Meeting

M agazine and Mem be rsh ip Dire ctory. M ay: 14-15.

Sm alley, G.W . 19 82. Landtype and seed source affe ct

20-ye ar grow th of planted yellow -poplar on th e

Cum be rland Plate au in Tennessee. In: Mulle r, R.N.,

ed. Proceed ings of th e 4th central h ardw ood forestry

confe rence ; 19 82 Novembe r 8-10; Le xington, KY

Le xington, KY: Unive rsity of Kentuck y: 158-168.

Sm alley, G.W .; Pie rce, K. 19 72. Ye llow -poplar, loblolly

pine, and Virginia pine com pared in Cum be rland

Plate au plantations. Res. Note SO-141. New O rle ans, LA: U.S. De partm ent of Agriculture, Forest

Se rvice, South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station. 6 p.

101

STUDY SUMMARIES
ENVIRONMENTAL IM PACTS OF AND

ECOSYSTEM R ESPONSES TO VEGETATION

M ANAGEMENT IN SOUTH ERN FORESTRY

Study Title: Com pe tition Im pacts on Loblolly

Pine: a R e gional Asse ssm ent of th e

Com pe tition Om ission Monitoring Proje ct

(COM Proje ct) (See description, p. 4.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es H . Mille r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W . Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Key w ords: Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t,

grow th com pe tition, loblolly pine, Pinus taed a, silviculture, site pre paration, stand establish m ent.

Study Locations: Fourteen locations in Louisiana,

Ark ansas, M ississippi, Tennessee, Alabam a, Ge orgia,

and Virginia.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e grow th response

of loblolly pine establish ed under four com pe tition situations on m ajor soil series across th e re gion; (2) to com -

pare th e re lative im portance of h e rbace ous ve rsus

w oody com pe tition as th ey affe ct th e e arly and longte rm grow th of loblolly pine on a w ide range of sites;

(3) to identify th e m ajor h e rbace ous and w oody com -

pe titors and docum ent e arly succession; and (4) to

study th e e ffe cts of th e inte raction between com pe tition and pine grow th on insect predation and disease

infe ction.

De sign: Th e four com pe tition conditions under study

re present th e corne r e xtremes of a pine-grow th response surface whe re th e independent variables are

w oody com pe tition and h e rbace ous com pe tition. Tre atm ents during th e first 4 ye ars w e re control of: (1) all

com pe tition (total control); (2) w oody com pe tition; (3)

h e rbace ous com pe tition; and (4) no control. Factorial

random ized com ple te-block design using 4 block s of 4

plots each establish ed at 12 of th e 14 locations. Five

block s establish ed at one location and com ple te ly random ized design at anoth e r. All sites re cently h arvested

and site-pre pared by rolle r drum ch opping; also, one

site w indrow e d and anoth e r le ft to re gene rate naturally. Tre atm ent plots 0.25 acre in size, and m e asurem ent plots 0.09 acre in size. Pines double-planted at a

9 - by 9 -ft spacing and th inned to one pe r spot afte r 1

year (538 pe r acre ).

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually on

pines and com pe tition.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, data se ts of Statistical Analysis Syste m s.

Variable s: Pine: stock ing, cove r, diam e te rs (ground

line diam e te r, D6, and d.b.h .1, total h eigh t, h eigh t to

crow n, crow n diam e te r, and incidence of tip m oth

(Rh yocionia spp.), fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiform e), pitch cank e r fungus (Fusarium

lateritium f. pini), and ice dam age. Com pe tition: cove r

(grasses and sedges, forbs, vines, sem iw oody, and

w oody), principal h e rbace ous species, and rootstock

counts by arborescent and nonarborescent spe cies.

Nutrition: soil sam pling and m acronutrient analyses

by depth at establish m ent; pine foliar analysis of m acronutrients at ages 2 and 6.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 87.

Study Title: Th e Im pact of M ech anical Site

Pre paration on th e Continued Fore st

Productivity of Piedm ont Soils (Se e

description, p. 4.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es H . Mille r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W . Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Key w ords: Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t,

grow th com pe tition, loblolly pine, nutrition, Pinus

taed a, silviculture, site pre paration, soils, stand establish m ent.

Study Locations: Ge orgia and Alabam a Piedm ont.

104
Obje ctive s: To m onitor ch anges in th e nutritional

and ph ysical prope rties of soils follow ing m e ch anical

site pre paration th at can influence th e establish m ent

and grow th of loblolly pine.

De sign:

Stu d y l-Effe cts of rootrak ing on leve ls of available nutrients and organic constituents of soils h ave

been unde r investigation at six locations on th e Ge orgia and Alabam a Piedm ont-five ope rationally tre ated

sites and one ch e ck . At e ach location, soil sam ples

tak en be fore tre atm ent (July and August), im m ediate ly afte r sh e aring and rootrak ing (Se ptembe r), and

for 3 consecutive years, and th en in th e fifth year. Sam -

pling along pe rm anent lOO-ft sam ple lines. Afte r tre atm ent, sam ple lines reestablish ed between w indrow s

and w ith in a w indrow on th e ridge, uppe r slope, and

low e r slope positions. At lo-ft inte rvals along lines,

sam ples tak en from depth s of 0 to 1,1 to 2,2 to 4,4 to

6,6 to 12,12 to 18, and 18 to 24 inch es and cornposited

by depth .

Stu d y 2-Six leve ls of site pre paration applied to

re plicated 2-acre plots at H itch iti De m onstration and

Research Forest. Tre atm ents w e re as follow s:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Ch e ck (no site pre paration & plots h arveste d

only.

H and-cle ar-all trees gre ate r th an 1 inch in

d.b.h . w e re fe lled.

Sh e ar and ch op (single pass of a single drum

ch oppe r).

Sh e ar, ch op, and apply h e rbicide (h e xazinone

pe lle ts).

Sh e ar, ch op, burn, and disk .

Sh e ar, ch op, burn, disk , fe rtiliz e, and apply h e rbicide-afte r m e ch anical site pre paration, 100 lb/

acre of soluble n itrogen added and sulfom e turon

applied for h e rbace ous wee d control.

Soils sam pled at re gular inte rvals along diagonal

transects before tre atm ent (afte r h arvest) and at inte rvals for 7 ye ars. Cornposited bulk sam ples from

depth s 0 to 6 and 6 to 24 inch es analyzed for available

nutrients, te xture, pH , organic m atte r, and nitrogen .

Six core sam ples (0 to 3 inch es in depth ) pe r plot used

to dete rm ine ch anges in ph ysical prope rties.

Ye ar Installed: 19 81.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Study 1: 19 81-

84 and 19 86;study 2: 19 82-83, 19 85, and 19 88.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, data se ts of Statistical Analysis Syste m s.

Variable s: Soils in both studies: available ph osph orus, potassium , calcium , and m agnesium ; te xture ; pH ;

organic m atte r; and organic nitrogen; in study 1: bulk

density, available m oisture-h olding capacity, and

m acropore space.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Study 1: 19 82 and 19 84; Study 2: 19 84.

Study Title: Unde rstory Succe ssion and

Ove rstory Grow th in Longle af Pine Sm all Pole

Stands Follow ing Fire, M ech anical, and

Ch e m ical Tre atm ents (See description, p. 5.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam D. Boyer or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W . Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Keyw ords: Fire, forest grow th , forest m anagemen t,

longle af pine, Pinus pah stris, plant succession, silvicultural tre atm ents, site pre paration.

Study Location: Escam bia Expe rim e n tal Forest,

AL.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of fire, m ech anical, and ch e m ical tre atm ents for unde rstory

h ardw ood control on understory succession and ove rstory grow th .

De sign: Tw e lve tre atm e n ts, random ly assigned

am ong tw e lve 0.4-acre plots in each of th ree block s;

included biennial burns in w inte r, spring, and sum -

m e r and an unburned ch e ck , e ach com b ined w ith th re e

supplemen tal tre atm ents, nam e ly: (1) initial h e rb icide

tre atm ent of all h ardw ood ste m s; (2) pe riodic h andcle aring of all w oody ve ge tation ove r 4.5 ft tall; and

(3) untre ated ch e ck . Tre atm ents establish ed in 14-

year-old longle af pine stands th inned to 500 ste m s pe r

acre.

Ye ar Installed: 19 73.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

105
Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Pine: Ages 14,

21, 24, 27, and 30; h ardw ood: 19 80, 19 83, 19 86, and

19 89 ; understory biom ass (w oody plants, grasses,

forbs, le gum es, and organic litte r) by species group:

19 73, 19 80, 19 82; stem counts of trees, sh rubs, and

vines by species and size class: 19 80, 19 83, 19 86, and

19 89 .

Data Mach ine Re adable ? Ye s, all trees pe r net plot

gre ate r th an 1.5 inch es in d.b.h .

Variable s: Pine: d.b.h . (0.1 inch ), h eigh t (fe e t), and

crow n class; grow th -d.b.h ., h eigh t, basal are a, and

volum e (total, m e rch antable ); survival. H ardw ood:

d.b.h . (0.1 inch ) by species, trees gre ate r th an 0.5 inch

in d.b.h .; grow th -d.b.h ., volum e, basal are a, and num -

be r of ste m s pe r acre. Biom ass: by species group, num -

be r of pounds per acre ovendried. Fire: w ind (speed,

dire ction), clouds, te m pe rature, h um idity, type of fire,

flam e length , fire w idth , rate of spre ad, and crow n

scorch (e ach net plot of pine ).

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord and Progre ss

R e ports: 19 85, 19 88, and 19 9 0.

Study Title: Longle af Pine Re gene ration

Trials (See description, p. 5.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam D. Boyer or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W . Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Keyw ords: Forest m anagemen t, longle af pine, pine

re gene ration, Pinus palustris, sh e lte rw ood syste m ,

stand establish m ent, survival.

Study Locations: Alabam a, M ississippi, Louisiana,

Florida, Ge orgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina.

Obje ctive s: Operational tests of th e tw o-cut and

th ree-cut sh e lte rw ood syste m s of natural re gene ration

of longle af pine.

Ye ars Installed: 19 66-70.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing; obse rvations com -

ple ted on 10 of 20 coope rator tests.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, all

tests continuing, e xce pt w h e re presence of th e redcock aded w oodpe ck e r (Dendrocopus borealis) h as prevented com ple tion of th e re gene ration trials.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Annual springtim e counts of flow e rs,

conele ts, and cones on m ark ed sam ple trees; 4-m ilacre,

1-m ilacre, and 0.25-m ilacre stock ing of longle af pine

re gene ration; h eigh t of tallest seedling pe r stock ed 4-

m ilacre and 1-m ilacre plots; seedling counts on sele cted plots.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 67-89 .

Study Title: Escam bia “Farm Forty”

(See description, p. 6.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam D. Boyer, Robe rt M . Farrar, or Proje ct

Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W . Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Key w ords: Forest m anagemen t, h arvesting re -

turns, longle af pine , m anagemen t costs, Pinus

palustris, product yie lds, silviculture, stand grow th .

Study Location: Escam bia Expe rim ental Forest,

AL.

Obje ctive s: M anagemen t dem onstration on sm all

farm w oodlot to produce h igh -quality logs and poles

using low -cost natural re gene ration m e th od.

De sign: Non e .

De sign: None; re gionw ide tests and dem onstrations. Ye ar Installed: 19 47.

106
Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 63 (study closed); obse rvations

continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Com ple te inventory of all ste m s gre ate r th an 3.5 inch es in d.b.h .

on entire 40 acres, beginning in w inte r of 19 47-48;

annual h arvests associated w ith farm forestry fie ld

days for first 15 ye ars; product yie lds and m anagem ent costs and re turns th rough 19 years; annual le afle ts on m anagemen t results th rough 19 years.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Stand grow th , product yie lds, m anagem ent costs, and re turns.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 49 -52,19 54,19 60, and 19 63.

Study Title: Tim ing of Scrub Oak Control

(See description, p. 6.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam D. Boyer or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W , Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Keyw ords: Com pe tition control, forest m anage -

m ent., longle af pine, pine re le ase, Pinus palu stris, silviculture, stand establish m ent.

Study Locations: Escam bia Expe rim ental Forest

and Conecuh National Forest, AL.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if seedling age at tim e of

re le ase from ove rtopping h ardw oods is an im portant

factor in deve lopm ent of longle af pine re gene ration.

De sign: Six block s of six plots each , tw o on ave rage

sites and tw o on poor sites in Escam bia Expe rim ental

Forest and tw o on ave rage sites in Conecuh National

Forest. Six tre atm ents: re le ase from h ardw ood com -

pe tition at seedling ages 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8, plus

unre le ased ch e ck . Six additional plots added to th e

four Escam bia block s in 19 50 to test e ffe cts of h ardw ood re m oval 1 ye ar be fore seedling establish m ent,

at tim e of seedling establish m ent, and at seedling ages

1 and 2; plus tw o ch e ck plots, one w ith h ardw oods and

one in a natural open ing w ith out h ardw oods.

Ye ar Installed: 19 49 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 66 (final re port); obse rvations

continued periodically th rough age 31.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 19 47 seed crop

seedlings: ages 1-4, 6, 8, 10, 24, and 31; 19 51 seed

crop seedlings: ages 1, 2, 4, and 6.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Pine diam e te r (root collar for seedlings)

and h eigh t, b row n spot (Scirrh ia acicola) infe ction,

quadrat stock ing, num be r and diam e te r class of h ardw oods, and percentage of h e rbace ous ground cove r.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 50,19 54, and 19 66.

Study Title: Ae rial Application of Th ree Ne w

Silvicide s to Longle af Re gene ration Are as

(See description, p. 7.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam D. Boyer or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W . Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Keyw ords : Forest m anagemen t, h ardw ood control,

h e rbicides, longle af pine, pine re gene ration, Pinus

palustris, silviculture, stand establish m ent.

Study Location: Escam bia Expe rim e n tal Forest,

AL.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if tw o new form ulations

of 2,4,5-T are as e ffe ctive as an older form ulation for

107
controlling h ardw oods w h ile causing less dam age to

longle af pine seedlings.

De sign: Butoxy e th anol este r, e m ulsifiable acid, and

e m ulsifiable am ine plus untre ated ch e ck random ly

assigned am ong four lo-acre plots in each of four 40-

acre com partm ents.

Ye ar Installed: 19 59 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 61 (final re port).

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1 m onth and 1

year afte r tre atm ent.

tion; and (2) to e xam ine th e we ath e r factors affe cting

date of pe ak pine flow e ring and m e th ods of predicting

flow e ring date.

De sign: Tw o block s, e ach w ith five 2.5acre plots.

In 19 57, plots cut to assigned densities of 9 , 18, 27,

36, and 45 f& acre of basal are a of dom inant longle af

pines gre ate r th an 8.5 inch es in d.b.h . All trees in central 0.9 -acre net plots m e asured in 19 64: h eigh t, diam e te r, and stem length to base of live crow n. Pollen

sh ed m onitored by pollen traps m aintained in standard w e ath e r instrum ent sh e lte r.

Ye ar Installed: 19 64.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Variable s: M ortality and dam age to: 600 longle af

pine seedlings from 19 58 seed crop (first grow ing season), 600 older longle af pine seedlings, 750 scrub oak s

less th an 2 inch es in d.b.h ., and 750 scrub oak s 2 to 8

inch es in d.b.h .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Annual cone production by each pine in

e ach net plot; dates and am ounts (num be r of grains

pe r square centim e te r) of pollen sh ed annually. Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 60 and 19 61.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 68-69 .

Study Title: Longle af Pine Seed Production

(See description, p. 8.1

GENETICS OF SOUTH ERN PINES

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam D. Boyer or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ge orge W , Andre w s Forestry Sciences Laboratory

DeVall Drive

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849 -5426

Ph one: (205) 826-8700

Keyw ords : Cone production, flow e ring date, forest

m anagemen t, longle af pine, pine flow e ring, Pinus

palustris, pollen production, seed production, silviculture.

Study Location: Escam bia Expe rim e n tal Forest,

AL.

Obje ctive s: (1) To e xplore factors affe cting cone production by longle af pine and th e long-te rm variability

in, and re lationsh ip between , pollen and cone producStudy Title: A Seed Source Study and

Progeny Te st of Se le ct East Coast Loblolly

Pine s (Study 50-1401-13.31; see description,

p. 8.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Ronald C. Sch m idtling or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords: Loblolly pine, Pinus taed a, progeny test,

provenance test, seed source.

Study Locations: Tw o sites in Ark ansas and one

in north M ississippi.

108
Obje ctive s: To study th e ge ograph ic and tree-to-tre e

genetic e ffe cts of open-pollinated seed orch ard fam ilies.

De sign: Random ized block , 5 re plications, 64 tre e

plots.

De sign: Th irty-six seed sources, 8 block s (36 plots

pe r block ), 49 trees pe r square plot.

Ye ar Installed: 19 57.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Installed: 19 73.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Afte r 3, 5, 10,

and 25 ye ars; sam ples m e asured at age 16; yearly

m e asuremen ts for 576 trees.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Eve ry 5 ye ars.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: H eigh t, d.b.h ., and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum ).

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 73, 19 80, and 19 87.

Study Title: Th irty-Six Seed Source s of

Loblolly Pine Te sted in South e rn Ark ansas

(Study 50-1401-13.29 ; see description, p. 9 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Bill Pope

Potlatch Com pany

Box 39 0

W arren , AR 71671

Ch e ryl Talbe rt (Busby)

W eye rh aeuser Com pany

Tacom a, W A 9 6413

R.C. Sch m idtling or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O.Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Key w ords: Gene tics, loblolly pine , Pinus taed a,

provenance test, seed source.

Study Location: South e rn Ark ansas.

Obje ctive s: To study ge ograph ic variation in loblolly

pin e.

Variable s: H eigh t, d.b.h ., fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum ), and unexplained late m ortality.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 57.

Study Title: Th e Effe cts of Intensive Culture

and W ood Quality on Grow th and Yie ld of

Longle af, Slash , and Loblolly Pine s (Study SO1401-1.52; see description, p. 9 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Ronald C. Sch m idtling or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords: Genetics, grow th and yield, intensive

culture, loblolly pine, longle af pine, Pinus elliottii,

R palustris, I? taed a, silviculture, slash pine, w ood

quality.

Study Location: H arrison County, M S.

Obje ctive s: To com pare th e re lative grow th rates

and yields of th ree spe cies of pine subje cted to intensive cultural tre atm ents.

De sign: Large s plit plots, random ized com ple te

block , total of 60 acres, four re plications.

Ye ar Installed: 19 59 .

109
Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cte d : Annually 1

th rough 5 ye ars; th en afte r 9 , 12, and 26 ye ars.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing, e xpe cted com ple tion

date, 2004.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: lst-Gth , 8th ,

lOth , and 12th grow ing seasons in th e fie ld.

Variable s: H eigh t, d.b.h ., spe cific gravity

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not available. Variable s: H e igh t, diam e te r, fusiform rust, and

crow n dim ensions.

Study Title: Yie ld, Stability, and Fusiform

Rust Com parisons for Single and Multifam ily

Blends of Loblolly Pine (Study 50-1401-4.1; se e

description, p. 10.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren L. Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

PO. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Key w ords: Cronartium que rcu um , d e ploym e n t

strate gy, fusiform rust, genetics, loblolly pine, Pinus

taed a, seed blends, yie ld.

Study Locations: H arrison Expe rim ental Forest,

M S, and near Bogalusa, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e yielding ability of

re presentative fam ilies of loblolly pine in both pure

and m ixed fam ily plots; (2) to deve lop a w ork ing m odel

for predicting th e yields of m ixed plots based on a

k now ledge of th e yields of e ach fam ily in pure plots;

(3) to com pare th e pe rform ance of row -plot m ixtures

w ith th at of single random m ixtures (blends) for m ixtures of up to six fam ilies; (4) to deve lop, if possible, a

w ork ing m odel to predict pure-plot and m ixed-plot

yie lds in large plots based on fam ily pe rform ance in

sm all row plots; and (5) to com pare th e yield stability

of pure ve rsus m ixed plots.

De sign: Four test plantations, e ach w ith 4 block s,

30 test plots pe r block ; 10 pure plots, 18 binary m ixtures (9 m ixtures, 2 proportions), 1 blend, 1 row m ix.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 84.

Study Title: Yie ld, Stability, and Fusiform

Rust Com parisons for Single and Multifam ily

Blends of Slash Pine (Study 50-1401-4.2; se e

description, p. 10.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren L. Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords : Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

deploym ent strate gy, fusiform rust, genetics, Pinus

elliottii, seed blends, slash pine, yie ld.

Study Location: H arrison Expe rim e n tal Forest,

M S.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e yielding ability of

re presentative fam ilies of slash pine in both pure and

m ixed fam ily plots; (2) to deve lop a w ork ing m odel for

predicting th e yields of m ixed plots based on a k now ledge of th e yields of e ach fam ily in pure plots; (3) to

com pare th e pe rform ance of row -plot m ixtures w ith

th at of single random m ixtures (blends) for m ixtures

of up to six fam ilies; (4) to deve lop, if possible, a w ork -

ing m odel to predict pure-plot and m ixed-plot yie lds

in large plots based on fam ily pe rform ance in sm all

row plots; and (5) to com pare th e yield stab ility of pure

ve rsus m ixed plots.

110
De sign: Ten pure m ain-test fam ily plots of th e 10

m ain-test fam ilies, 1 pure ch e ck plot, 10 binary fam -

ily m ixtures of m ain-test fam ilies (5 m ixtures, in 2

proportions), 10 ch e ck -fam ily m ixtures (25:75 ratio),

2 com m on b inary fam ily m ixtures in each of th e 2 proportions, 1 blend of all m ain-test fam ilies, and 1 row

m ix of all m ain-test fam ilies; test 1: 2- by 2-m spacing, 3

re plications; test 2: 2- by l-m spacing, 4 re plications.

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

Ye ar Com ple ted:

date 2004.

Continuing, e xpe cted com ple tion

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: lst-Gth , 8th ,

lOth , and 12th grow ing seasons in th e fie ld.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Partly.

Variable s: H eigh t, diam e te r, fusiform rust, and

crow n dim ensions.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 84.

Study Title: M ixing Easte rn and W e ste rn

Seed Source s of Loblolly Pine in Ok lah om a

Plantings (Study 50-1401-4.3; see description,

p. 10.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren L. Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords : Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

fusiform rust, genetics, loblolly pine, Pinus taed a, see d

blends, yie ld.

Study Location: Ok lah om a.

Obje ctive s: (1) To deve lop a strate gy for deploym ent

of seed source m ate rial; and (2) to reduce potential

risk s of using loblolly pine seeds from North Carolina

in Ark ansas.

De sign: Five tre atm ents: pure North Carolina seeds

(NC), 3 m ixes of Ark ansas seeds (AR) and NC in ratios of 25:75,50:50, and 75:25, and pure AR, 100 trees

pe r plot, 8- by 8-ft spacing.

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

Year Com ple te d : Continuing; e xpe cted com ple tion

date, 2004.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: lst-Gth , 8th ,

lOth , and 12th grow ing seasons in th e fie ld.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: H eigh t, diam e te r, fusiform rust, and

crow n dim ensions.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 84.

Study Title: South w ide Pine Seed Source

Study-Slash Pine (see description, p. 11.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

R.C. Sch m idtling, W arren L. Nance, or Proje ct

Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords: Genetics, ge ograph ic variation, Pinus

elliottii, provenance test, seed source, slash pine.

Study Location: South e aste rn United States.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine to w h at e xtent inh e rent

ge ograph ic variation in th e spe cies is associated w ith

ge ograph ic variation in clim ate and ph ysiograph y.

De sign: Random ized com ple te block , four re plications in each 2.4-acre plantation; one se ries of seed

sources in each plantation. Six seed sources re presenting th e north e aste rn and w e ste rn extre m ities of th e

range and a m ore south e rly portion of th e range th an

w as included in any earlie r study. Nine plantings es111
tablish ed, w ith at le ast one plantation in vicinity of

e ach of six seed sources and th ree plantations outside

th e range of slash pine. Each plantation w as intended

to be an installation of an entire se ries, but m any w e re

incom ple te. A plot contained 121 trees of a given seed

source planted at a spacing of 6 by 6 ft. Measurem ent

plot consisted of th e central 49 trees.

Ye ars Installed: 19 52-53.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 83.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1,3,5, 10, 15,

20, and 25 ye ars afte r planting.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: H eigh t, d.b.h ., and fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e).

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not available.

Study Title: South w ide Pine Seed Source

Study-Longle af Pine Study (See description,

p. 11.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

R.C. Sch m idtling, W arren L. Nance, or Proje ct

Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords: Genetics, ge ograph ic variation, longle af

pine, Pinus palustris, provenance test, seed source.

Study Location: South e aste rn United States.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine to w h at e xtent inh e rent

ge ograph ic variation in th e spe cies is associated w ith

ge ograph ic variation in clim ate and ph ysiograph y.

De sign: Random ized com ple te block , 4 re plications

in each 2.4-acre plantation; 15 seed sources ove r

gre ate r part of th e range, w ith notice able gap between

south Florida and central Ge orgia. Th e re we re 37

plantings from south e aste rn Virginia to e aste rn Te xas,

as far north as north e aste rn Alabam a and as far south

as th e central gulf coast. Seed sources and plantings

grouped into six se ries for testing. In tw o of th e plantations, seed sources from th e e ast-w e st e xtremes of

th e range we re evaluated; in tw o, sources from th e

north -south e xtremes w e re evaluated; and in tw o, diffe rences in soil prope rties w e re e valuated. Th e re we re

15 seed sources and 18 plantings, w ith at le ast 1 plantation in th e vicinity of e ach of 6 seed sources. Each

plantation w as intended to be an installation of an

entire se ries, but m any w e re incom ple te. A plot contained 121 trees of a given seed source planted at a

spacing of 6 by 6 ft. Th e me asuremen t plot consisted

of th e central 49 trees.

Ye ars Installed: 19 52-53 and 19 56-57.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 83.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1,3,5, 10,15,

20, and 25 ye ars afte r planting.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: H eigh t and’d.b.h .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not available.

Study Title: South w ide Pine Seed Source

Study-Loblolly Pine (See description, p. 11.1

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

R.C. Sch m idtling, W arren L. Nance, or Proje ct

Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords : Genetics, ge ograph ic variation, loblolly

pine, Pinus taed a, provenance test, seed source.

Study Location: South e aste rn United States.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine to w h at e xtent inh e rent

112
ge ograph ic variation in th e spe cies is associated w ith

ge ograph ic variation in clim ate and ph ysiograph y.

De sign: Random ized com ple te block , four re plications in each 2.4-acre plantation; tw o series of seed

sources, one re presenting a m ajor portion of th e range

and th e oth e r restricted to a m ostly continental e astw e st transect. Th e re we re 15 seed sources and 18

plantings from e aste rn Maryland to e ast Te xas and

from central Ark ansas and Tennessee to south Ge orgia, w ith at le ast 1 plantation being in th e vicinity of

e ach of 6 seed sources. A plantation w as intended to

be an installation of an entire se ries, but m any w e re

incom ple te. A plot contained 121 trees of a given seed

source planted at a spacing of 6 by 6 ft. Measurem ent

plot consisted of th e central 49 trees.

Ye ars Installed: 19 52-53.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 83.

Ages or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1, 3,5, 10, 15,

20, and 25 ye ars afte r planting.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variab le s : H e igh t, d.b.h ., and fusiform rust

(Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e).

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not available.

Study Title: South w ide Pine Seed Source

Study-Sh ortle af Pine Study (See description,

p. 11.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

R.C. Sch m idtling, W arren L. Nance, or Proje ct

Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Keyw ords: Genetics, ge ograph ic variation, Pinus

ech inata, provenance test, seed source, sh ortle af pine.

Study Location: South e aste rn United States.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine to w h at e xtent inh e rent

ge ograph ic variation in th e spe cies is associated w ith

ge ograph ic variation in clim ate and ph ysiograph y.

De sign: Random ized com ple te block , four re plications in each 2.4-acre plantation. Th e re we re six series of seed sources and plantations; e ach of four se ries

included sources from diffe rent parts of latitudinal

range, and tw o series included sources from along an

e ast-w e st transect. Th e re we re 23 range w ide seed

sources and 40 plantations, w h ich e xtended from

south e aste rn Virginia to e aste rn Te xas and as far

south as th e M ississippi gulf coast and as far north as

central New Je rsey. A plot contained 121 trees of a

given seed source planted at a spacing of 6 by 6 ft.

Me asuremen t plot consisted of th e central 49 trees.

Ye ars Installed:

Ye ar Com ple ted:

19 52-53and19 56-57.

19 83.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1,3,5, 10, 15,

25, and 30 ye ars afte r planting.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: H eigh t and d.b.h .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not available .

Study Title: Control Pollinating to De te rm ine

Efficient M eth ods of Breed ing Longle af Pine

for Brow n Spot Res istance (Study SO-3.45; se e

description, p. 14.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Dana Ne lson or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4108

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 72

Larry Lott, RW U-4503

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

113
Keyw ords: Brow n spot needle bligh t, b row n spot

resistance, genetics, longle af pine, Pinus palustris,

pollination, progeny test, Scirrh ia acicola.

Study Locations: H arrison Expe rim e n tal Forest

near Gulfport, M S, and Ale xandria, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine, w h e re b row n spot is

ch ronic, w h e th e r m ore gain can be re alized by breeding trees for spe cific ge ograph ic are as th an by breeding trees for gene ral adaptiveness; (2) to dete rm ine,

w h e re b row n spot is ch ronic in one are a but not in

anoth e r, w h e th e r m ore re lative gain can be re alized

by breeding trees for spe cific ge ograph ic are as th an

by breeding trees for gene ral adaptiveness; and (3) to

dete rm ine w h e th e r gains m ade by crossing a set of

e lite parents are equal to gains obtained by crossing

th e best individuals in th e best fam ilies.

De sign: For obje ctive l-partial dialle l of 9 parents

w h ose progeny h ave displayed th e particular tre atm ent tendency desired; 4 dialle ls w ith 18 crosses

planted as single-tree plots, w ith 24 re plications, at

tw o sites, H arrison Expe rim ental Forest and Ale xandria. For obje ctive 2-tw o l& fam ily dialle ls planted

in single-tree plots, w ith 24 re plications at 2 sites,

H arrison Expe rim ental Forest. For obje ctive 3-split

plot, h aving an l& fam ily dialle l of parent trees and

an N-fam ily dialle l of progeny of th ese parents paired

and planted in single-tree plots, w ith 24 re plications,

H arrison Expe rim ental Forest.

Ye ars Installed: 19 82-83.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, years

l-5.

Data M ach ine Re ad ab le ? Ye s; M icrovac at

Gulfport; Larry Lott files ST345Al. M TW , ST345A2.

M TW , ST4586B3. M TW , and STC345. M TW .

Variable s: Survival, b row n spot needle b ligh t,

h eigh t, and groundline diam e te r.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 84-85.

W OOD PRODUCTS INSECT RESEAR CH

Study Title: Evaluation of Ch e m icals Used as

Soil Tre atm ents for Control of Subte rrane an

Te rm ite s, Gulfport, M S (Study SO-4.102; se e

description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Bradford M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Gulfport, M S.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of form ulations of various inse cticides for use as soil tre atm ents to control subte rranean te rm ites.

De sign: Various ch e m icals tested, m ixed w ith fuel

oil or w ate r, at seve ral dosages pe r cubic foot of soil.

Ch e m icals sprink led on surface of a 17-inch 2 are a th at

h ad been cle ared of le aves and debris. Afte r th e ch e m icals h ad soak ed into th e soil, a l- by 6- by g-inch sap

pine board w as laid on surface of tre ated are a and

w e igh ted w ith a b rick . Tre atm ents distributed in a

random ized block design w ith 10 re plications. Boards

th at h ad de cayed re placed w ith new ones. Stak es also

used in testing ch e m ical tre atm ents in a random ized

block design w ith 10 re plications. Th ree m e th ods using stak es designed to sim ulate tre atm ent around th e

foundation of buildings w e re used. In first m e th od, a

h ole 15 by 19 inch es in size and 12 inch es deep w as

dug, and as th e soil w as being re turned to th e h ole, it

w as tre ated w ith th e ch e m ical; afte r th e soil w as replaced, th e stak e w as se t. In second m e th od, afte r a

h ole 15 by 10 inch es in size and 12 inch es deep w as

dug, h alf th e ch e m ical w as poured into th e h ole, th e

soil w as re placed, th e stak e w as se t 12 inch es deep,

and th e re m aining ch e m ical w as applied at soil surface. In th ird m e th od, four h oles 12 inch es deep w e re

m ade w ith a crow bar, equidistant from a stak e, in a 2-

ft2 sam ple are a. Th e ch e m ical w as divided equally

am ong, and applied to, th e four h oles.

Ye ars Installed: 19 46-52.

114
Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 87.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Pe rcentage ofboards and stak es attack ed

by te rm ites. W h en five boards or stak es becam e dam -

aged by te rm ites, tre atm ent w as considered a failure

and closed.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not available.

Study Title: Control of th e Form osan Te rm ite

(Coptote rm e s form osanus Sh irak i) (Study

50-4.104; see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

J.K. M auldin or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: Coptoterm es form osanus, Form osan te rm ite, subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Lak e Ch arles, LA.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if soils tre ated w ith ch lordane and dieldrin could control th e Form osan subte rranean te rm ite.

De sign: Standard ground-board m e th od (see study

SO-4.102) and a m odified stak e me th od w e re used.

Be cause te rm ite colonies live in cypress stum ps, a circular trench w as dug around sele cted stum ps, th e

trench w as divided into 12 equal sectors in w h ich th e

soil w as tre ated, and stak es w e re placed 12 inch es

dee p.

Ye ar Installed: 19 66.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 79 .

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Penetration of tre ated soil by te rm ites.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 66and19 67-79 .

Study Title: Soil Tre atm ent Te st at Be ltsville,

M aryland, 19 43-49 (Study SO-4.105; se e

description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Bradford M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Be ltsville, MD.

Obje ctive s: To evaluate various ch e m icals as soil

tre atm ents for subte rranean te rm ite control.

De sign: Th e re we re 74 tre atm ents, re presenting 27

ch e m icals and ch e m ical m ixtures. A h ole 15 by 19

inch es in size and 12 inch es deep w as dug, and ch e m ical w as applied to th e soil as it w as being re turned to

th e h ole. A sap pine stak e 2 by 4 by 18 inch es in size

w as set ve rtically in cente r of h ole and buried to depth

of 12 inch es.

Ye ars Installed: 19 43-49 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 87.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, in

th e fall.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite attack on pine stak es in tre ated

soil.

115
Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss Study Title: Evaluation of Ch e m icals Used as

R e ports: 19 43,19 68,19 70,19 73,19 76,19 79 ,19 83, Soil Tre atm ents, Gulfport, M S, 19 58 (Study SO19 86, and 19 87. 4.152; see description, p. 15.)

Study Title: Evaluation of Ch e m icals Used as

Soil Tre atm ents for Control of Subte rrane an

Te rm ite s, Gulfport, M S, 19 56 (Study SO-4.151;

see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rniite control.

Study Location: Gulfport, M S.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e re lative e ffe ctiveness

of various form ulations of ce rtain soil poisons for control of subte rranean te rm ites.

De sign: Tests include both ground-board and stak e

m e th ods; ve ry h igh and ve ry low concentrations of

ch e m icals are used.

Ye ar Installed: 19 56.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Gulfport, M S.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of diffe rent concentrations, form ulations, and dosages of

aldrin, benzene h e xach loride, ch lordane, ch lordaneh e ptach lor m ixture, die ldrin, and th iodan as soil tre atm ent te rm iticides.

De sign: Standard ground-board and stak e me th ods

(see study SO-4.102) w e re used. Random ized block

design w ith 10 re plications used for distributing tre atm ents ove r test are a.

Ye ar Installed: 19 58.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 87.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Eve ry 2 ye ars.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Twen ty-six progress re ports th rough 19 88.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 58-87.

116
Study Title: Evaluation of Ch e m icals Used as

Soil Tre atm ents, Gulfport, M S, 19 59 (Study SO4.153; see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Study Title: Evaluation of Carbam ate s,

Ph osph ate s, and Te rpenes Against th e

Subte rrane an Te rm ite s in Ground-Board Te sts

and Unde r Concre te Slabs, Gulfport, MS, 19 65

(Study SO-4.154; see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Gulfport, M S.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of ce rtain new insecticides for use as soil tre atm ents to control subte rran e an te rm ite s ; including K e pon e ,

Dich lordane, and SD-4402.

De sign: Standard ground-board and stak e me th ods

(see study SO-4.102) used. Random ized block design

w ith 10 re plications used for distributing tre atm ents

ove r test are a. Various concentrations of ch e m ical form ulations applied in fuel oil solutions or w ate r e m ulsions at th e rate of 1 ptift2 using ground-board m e th od

and in fuel oil or w ate r e m ulsions at th e rate of 3.2 pt/

ft3 using th e stak e me th od.

Study Location: Gulfport, M S.

Obje ctive s: (1) To e valuate newe r insecticides in an

atte m pt to find one th at is less toxic th an ch lorinated

h ydrocarbons and th at w ould still give satisfactory

control of subte rranean te rm ites; and (2) to dete rm ine

th e duration of e ffe ctiveness of th e ch lorinated h ydrocarbon insecticides ch lordane and dieldrin w h en applied under a concre te slab for prevention and control

of subte rranean te rm ites.

De sign: Standard ground-board m e th od and concre te-slab m e th od; e ach tre atm ent h as 10 re plications

distributed ove r e xpe rim ental are a in random ized

block design.

Ye ar Installed: 19 59 .

Ye ar Installed: 19 65.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 79 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cte d : Grou n d

boards-se m iannually for 5 ye ars, th en annually

th e re afte r; stak es-annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not available .

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Twen ty-one progress re ports th rough 19 9 0.

117
Study Title: Evaluation of Soil Inse cticide s Study Title: Fie ld Evaluation of Laboratoryfor Control of Various Spe cie s of Subte rrane an Scre e ned Ch e m icals as Subte rrane an Te rm ite

Te rm ite s in Various Soil Type s and Clim atic Controls, H arrison Expe rim ental Fore st, 19 72

Conditions (Study SO-4.155 and suppleme nt 3; (Study SO-4.158 and suppleme nt 1; se e

see description, p. 15.) description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Bradford M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R e ticulite rm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Keyw ords: R e ticulite rm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Locations: Pim a County, AZ ; Calh oun

County, FL; Prince Ge orges County, MD; Union

County, SC; and Dent County, MO.

Study Location: H arrison Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Saucie r, M S.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e fficacy of applying

aldrin, ch lordane, die ldrin, and h e ptach lor to th e soil

to prevent and/or control various spe cies of subte rranean te rm ites in diffe rent soil types and clim atic conditions.

Obje ctive s: To evaluate th e prom ising insecticides

H CS-3260 and Brom odan, sele cted from laboratory

bioassays, for control of subte rranean te rm ites in th e

fie ld.

De sign: Standard ground-board m e th od of installation.

De sign: H CS-3260 installed using both th e groundboard and concre te-slab m e th ods, w ith 10 re plications;

Brom odan installed using concre te-slab m e th od only.

Ye ar Installed: 19 64. Ye ar Installed: 19 72.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing. Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually. Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No. Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Twen ty-five progress re ports th rough

19 9 0.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 72-77 and 19 79 -9 0.

118
Study Title: Fie ld Evaluation of LaboratoryScre e ned Ch e m icals as Subte rrane an Te rm ite

Controls, H arrison Expe rim ental Fore st,

M ississippi, Santa Rita Expe rim ental Fore st,

Arizona, and Ch ipola Expe rim ental Fore st,

Florida, 19 74 (Study SO-4.161; see description,

p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Locations: H arrison Expe rim ental Forest,

M S; Santa Rita Expe rim ental Forest, AZ ; and Ch ipola

Expe rim ental Forest, FL.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e fficacy of laboratoryscreened insecticides applied to th e soil to control various species of subte rranean te rm ites in diffe rent soil

types and clim atic conditions.

De sign: Insecticides applied at th e rate of 1 ptlft2 of

soil surface are a using concre te-slab installation

m e th od, w ith 10 re plications per tre atm ent.

Ye ar Installed: 19 74.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Study Title: Fie ld Evaluation of LaboratoryScre e ned Ch e m icals as Subte rrane an Te rm ite

Controls at Five Locations: M ississippi,

Florida, Arizona, South Carolina, and

M aryland, 19 75 (Study SO-4.163; se e

description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Key w ords: Am ite rm es spp., Gn a th am ite rm e s

perplexus, H ete rote rm es aureus, Reticulite rm e s

flavipes, R. h ageni, R. tibia& , R. virginicus, subte rranean te rm ites.

Study Locations: H arrison County, M S; Calh oun

County, FL; Pim a County, AZ ; Union County, SC; and

Prince Ge orges County, MD.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e fficacy of Brom odan,

N-259 6, and Tiove l w h en applied to th e soil to prevent subte rranean te rm ites from penetrating th rough

th e soil and attack ing th e w ood above th e tre ated area.

De sign: Th ree insecticides (Brom odan, N-259 6, and

Tiove l) installed in five concentrations (0.125, 0.25,

0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 pe rcent) pe r location at th e rate of 1

pt/ft2 of soil surface are a by concre te-slab m e th od. Each

tre atm ent h ad 10 re plications distributed ove r study

are a in random ized fash ion. Insecticides installed in

tw o concentrations (0.125 and 1.0 pe rcent) pe r location at th e rate of 1 pt/ft2 of soil surface are a by standard ground-board m e th od.

Ye ar Installed: 19 75.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 9 0.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 75, 19 77, and annually 19 79 -9 0. Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

119
Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 75-88, 19 9 0.

Study Title: Fie ld Evaluation of LaboratoryScre e ned Ch e m icals as Subte rrane an Te rm ite

Controls at Four Locations: M ississippi,

Florida, Arizona, and South Carolina, 19 58

(Study SO-4.168; see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Locations: M ississippi, Florida, Ariz ona, and

South Carolina.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e fficacy of Pounce and

Pydrin w h en applied to th e soil to prevent subte rranean te rm ites from penetrating th rough th e soil and

attack ing th e w ood above th e tre ated are a.

De sign: Tw o insecticides installed in five concentrations (0.062, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 pe rcent) pe r

location at th e rate of 1 ptlfts of soil surface are a by

standard concre te-slab m e th od.

Study Title: Evaluation of LaboratoryScre e ned Inse cticide s in th e Fie ld as

Subte rrane an Te rm ite Controls: Arizona,

Florida, M ississippi, and South Carolina, 19 80

(Study SO-4.173; see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

B.M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Locations: Ariz ona, Florida, M ississippi, and

South Carolina.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine w h e th e r various form ulations of insecticides, w h en applied to th e soil, w ill

e ffe ctive ly prevent penetration of th e soil by subte rranean te rm ites.

De sign: Ectiban installed in six conce n trations

(0.05, 0.062, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 pe rcent) at th e

rate of 1 pt/ft2 of soil surface are a using concre te-slab

and ground-board m e th ods; Am aiz e installed in th re e

concentrations (0.50, 1.0, and 2.0 pe rcent) at th e rate

of 1 ptlfts of soil surface are a using only ground-board

m e th od. Ch lordane served as a standard. Expe rim ent

w as a random ized com ple te block w ith 10 re plications.

Ye ar Installed: 19 80.

Ye ar Installed: 19 58.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 78, 19 79 , 19 81, and annually 19 83-88.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 80-81 and 19 83-88.

120
Study Title: Evaluation of LaboratoryScre e ned Inse cticide s in th e Fie ld as

Subte rrane an Te rm ite Controls, 19 82 (Study

SO-4.176; see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

J.K. M auldin or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

PO. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Locations: Ariz ona, Florida, M ississippi, and

South Carolina in th e United States, and Panam a.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine w h e th e r various concentrations of Sum ith rin and Acte llic, w h en applied to

th e soil, w ould effe ctive ly prevent penetration of th e

soil by subte rranean te rm ites.

De sign: Sum ith rin installed in four concentrations

at th e rate of 1 ptift2 of soil surface are a using concre te-slab m e th od. Le aves and debris re m oved to e xpose soil in 24-in2 are a. A 21-in2 w ood fram e w as

placed in cle ared are a, and a trench (2 inch es deep

and 2 inch es w ide ) w as dug inside and adjacent to th e

fram e. Insecticides applied ove r a 17-in2 are a in m iddle

of surrounding trench . Vapor barrie r placed ove r

tre ated are a, and concre te poured ove r it to depth of 1

inch and into trench to form sim ulated h ouse slab ,

w ith a 4-inch -diam e te r plastic tube placed in th e cente r of tre ated are a. Vapor barrie r late r re m oved, and

a sap pine block w as placed in th e tube, w h ich w as

cove red. Ground-board m e th od also used (see study

SO-4.102). Expe rim ent installed as a random ized block

design , and each tre atm e n t re plicated 10 tim es.

Acte llic soil tre atm ents installed only in four States.

Ye ars Installed: 19 82 and 19 84.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 87.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 82-87.

Study Title: Evaluation of Ro 13-5223 for

Te rm ite Control Whe n Applied in a Bait to

Infe sted Buildings at Fort Sill, Ok lah om a

(Study SO-4.177; see description, p. 15.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Susan C. Jones or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: R eticuliterm es spp., subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Fort Sill, OK.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of Ro 13-

5223 applied in bait block s to infested are as in and

around buildings for te rm ite control.

De sign: Four concentrations of Ro 13-5223 applied

to block s of swee tgum (Liquid am bar spp.) th at h ad

decayed to a 15-pe rcent loss in w e igh t due to b row nrot

fungus. Five buildings of slab-type construction and

five of pie r-type construction w e re tre ated w ith e ach

concentration of Ro 13-5223. Five bait block s buried 1

to 2 in in soil at e ach point of te rm ite entry, and five

bait block s placed w ith in infested w ood at e ach site.

Ye ar Installed: 19 83

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 89 .

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cte d : Eve ry 6

m onth s.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

121
Variable s: Te rm ite attack s on bait block s, e xtent of

te rm ite activity, and m orph ological ch anges in te rm ites.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

Study Title: Evaluation of Se le cted

Inse cticide s as Soil Tre atm ents for Control of

Coptote rm es form osanus Sh irak i, th e

Form osan Subte rrane an Te rm ite, on Midw ay

Island (Study SO-4.175; see description, p. 19 .)

R e ports: Annually 19 83-89 .

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Study Title: Scre e ning Candidate

Te rm iticide s in th e Laboratory (Study SO4.603; see description, p. 15.)

Bradford M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, R& VU-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Susan C. Jones or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Keyw ords: Coptoterm es form osanus, Form osan te rm ite, subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Sand Island on M idw ay Atoll, near

th e weste rn end of th e leew ard H aw aiian Islands.

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: Coptoterm es form osanus, Reticuliterm e s

uirginicus, subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Gulfport, M S.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of various insecticide form ulations applied to soil to prevent

penetration of th e soil by Form osan subte rranean te rm ites.

Obje ctive s: To evaluate candidate te rm iticides in

th e laboratory as soil toxicants or re pe llents to control subte rranean te rm ites; or to pre vent te rm ites from

attack ing w ood in buildings or in storage.

De sign: Potential te rm iticides tested for toxicity on

soil and for re pe llency; 3 re plications of 10 te rm ites

e ach e xposed to 10 concentrations of th e ch e m ical.

De sign: Ch lordane, ch lordane-h e ptach lor com bination, Dursban, Ectibane, h e ptach lor, N-259 6, Oftanol,

Pounce, and Tiove l applied to soil in concentrations

varying from 62 to 1,000 ppm . Modified stak e test

m e th od used (see U.S. te rm iticide studies at beginning of th is section), w ith 10 re plications per tre atm ent random ly distributed ove r e xpe rim ental are a.

W h en te rm ites h ave penetrated tre ated soil in 50 pe rcent of a particular tre atm ent, th e tre atm ent is conside red a failure.

Ye ar Installed: 19 76. Ye ar Installed: 19 81.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Not applicable.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Condition of e xposed te rm ites.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 76, 19 78, 19 80, 19 82, 19 84, 19 88, and

19 89 .

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 81 and 19 89 .

122
Study Title: Te sting of Inse cticide s for Use as

Soil Tre atm ents for th e Control of

Subte rrane an Te rm ite s-Republic of Panam a

(Study SO-4.172; see description, p. 20.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Bradford M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Key w ords: Coptotermes spp., Heterotermes spp.,

subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Ch iva Ch iva, Panam a.

Obje ctive s: To com pare th e e ffe ctiveness of tw o form ulations of Dursban (M-4504 and M-4548), six concentrations of Pydrin and Ectiban, five concentrations

of Oftanol, and th ree concentrations of Te rm ide when

applied to th e soil to prevent subte rranean te rm ites

from penetrating th rough th e soils in tropical are as.

De sign: Oftanol tested by standard concre te-slab

m e th od and Te rm ide by standard ground-board

m e th od (see U.S. te rm iticide studies at beginning of

th is section). Dursban M-4504, Dursban M-4548,

Pydrin, and Ectiban tested by concre te-slab and

ground-board m e th ods. Ten re plications of e ach tre atm ent distributed ove r study are a in a random ized fash -

ion. Inspections m ade annually. W h en tre ated soil in

5 of th e 10 re plications is penetrated by te rm ites, tre atm ent is considered a failure.

Ye ars Installed: 19 80-82.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Te rm ite penetration of tre ated soil.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 80-87 and 19 89 -9 0.

Study Title: Isolation, Ch aracte rization, and

Identification of Biologically Active

Com ponents from Te rm ite-Resistant W oods,

19 78 (Study SO-9 .541; see description, p. 21.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

C.A. M cDanie l or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: Subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

Study Location: Gulfport, M S.

Obje ctive s: To obtain inform ation conce rning th e

fe asibility of preventing te rm ite dam age by ch oosing

naturally resistant w oods or using e xtractive constituents of th e w oods as w ood prese rvatives. Th e spe cific

obje ctives are to fractionate, isolate, ch aracte riz e, and

identify extraneous com ponents of th e w ood extracts

th at are detrim ental to th e te rm ites.

De sign: A 1-m L aliquot of test solution (e xtract, fraction, or isolate ) applied to absorbent pape r, and pape r

is put into a containe r w ith 25 te rm ites. Condition of

te rm ites ch e ck ed at 24 and 72 h ours and biweek ly for

4 week s.

Ye ar Installed: 19 78.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Not applicable.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Survival of te rm ites, duration of survival

of te rm ites th at die during th e 4-week pe riod.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually 19 78-88.

123
Study Title: Evaluation of Ch e m icals used as

Soil Tre atm ents for Control of Subte rrane an

Te rm ite s-Panam a Canal Z one (Study SO4.103; see description, p. 22.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Bradford M . Kard or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4502

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-39 9 1

Keyw ords: Subte rranean te rm ites, te rm ite control.

DISEASES OF SOUTH ERN PINES

Study Title: Lab and Fie ld Te sting for Grow th

and Brow n Spot Res istance of Longle af Pine

Progeny (Study SO-2208-10.20; see description,

p. 23.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Larry Lott or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Study Location: Panam a.

Keyw ords: Brow n spot needle bligh t, b row n spot

resistance, dise ases, genetics, longle af pine, Pinus

palustris.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe ctiveness of various ch e m ical form ulations applied as e m ulsions and/

or oil solutions for use as soil tre atm ent for control of

subte rranean te rm ites in tropical are as.

De sign: Standard ground-board m e th od (see study

SO-4.102) and standard stak e me th od used. Tre atm ents distributed ove r e xpe rim ental plots in a random ized block ; e ach tre atm ent h ad 10 re plications.

Study Location: H arrison Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Saucie r, M S.

Obje ctive s: (1) To com pare laboratory and fie ld te ch -

niques for de te cting resistance to b row n spot needle

bligh t in longle af pine ; and (2) to evaluate th e grow th

of and resistance to th is dise ase in prom ising longle af

parents and th eir progeny for use in future b reeding

program s.

De sign: Split plot w ith five com ple te ly random ized

Ye ars Installed: 19 43,19 52-53, and 19 63. block s; total num be r of trees, 3,000.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 79 .

Ye ar Installed: 19 76.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 82.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, data sh e e ts only.

Variable s: Te rm ite dam age to tre ated boards and

stak es.

Variable s: H eigh t grow th , pe rcentage of infe ction,

survival, and diam e te r grow th .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 52, 19 66, 19 75,19 77, and 19 79 . R e ports: 19 77 and 19 82.

124
Study Title: Control of Brow n Spot Needle

Bligh t on Outplanted Longle af Pine Seedlings

by Stim ulation of Rapid H eigh t Grow th (Study

50-2208-10.26; see description, p. 23.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Larry Lott or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

PO. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords : Brow n spot needle bligh t, dise ases, genetics, longle af pine, Pinuspalustris, Scirrh ia acicola.

Study Location: H arrison Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Saucie r, M S.

Obje ctive s: To study th e e ffe cts of seedling quality,

wee d control, nutrition, and brow n spot needle bligh t,

and th e inte raction am ong th ese factors on th e grow th

of longle af pine.

De sign: Tw o e xpe rim ents, e ach establish ed as a 24

factorial w ith a random ized com ple te block design w ith

5 block s; 25 trees pe r block , or a total of 4,000 trees.

Study Title: Th e Effe ct of a Pisolith us

Ectom ycorrh izal Root-Dip Tre atm ent on th e

Survival and Grow th of Brow n Spot Infe ction

in Se le ct Longle af Pine Fam ilie s

(See description, p. 24.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Larry Lott or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

C.E. Corde ll

Region 8, South e rn Region

Forest Pest M anagemen t

P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 259 -0643

C.E. Affe ltrange r

Region 8, South e rn Region

Forest Pest M anagemen t

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7160

Keyw ords: Brow n spot needle bligh t, e ctom ycorrh iz al root dip, genetics, longle af pine, Pinuspalu stris,

Pisolith us tinctorius, Scirrh ia acicola.

Ye ar Installed: 19 74.

Study Location: M ississippi.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 84.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s , in Larry Lott

M icrovac file at Gulfport; ST1026182.Dat and

ST102628d.Dat.

Variable s: Survival, pe rcentage of infe ction, diam -

e te r grow th , and h eigh t grow th .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 79 and 19 84.

Obje ctive s: (1) To evaluate diffe rent longle af pine

fam ilies for susce ptibility to infe ction by ectom ycorrh iz ae of P. tinctorius (Pt); (2) to evaluate th e e ffe cts

of Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae on th e survival and grow th of,

and infe ction by, b row n-spot needle bligh t in th e diffe rent longle af pine fam ilies; (3) to evaluate a Pt dipping m e th od for th e inoculation of longle af pine w ith

e ctom ycorrh iz ae ; and (4) to dete rm ine th e pe rsistence

of Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae on longle af pine seedlings.

De sign: Tw o fie ld tests involving 15 longle af pine

fam ilies evaluated. Both tests designed as split plots;

test 1, w ith bare-root seedlings, h ad 4 block s; test 2,

w ith seedlings grow n in tubes, h ad 20 block s. Paired

seedlings dip-tre ated w ith eith e r a Pt e ctom ycorrh iz ae

slurry or plain w ate r be fore being set out.

125
Ye ar Installed: 19 82.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 86.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: At 1, 2, and 3

years afte r planting.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, Gulfport M icrovax,

Larry Lott file 10.32 TF85 data.

Variable s: Survival, h eigh t grow th , pe rcentage of

infe ction by brow n spot needle bligh t, and presence

and percentage of Pt e ctom ycorrh iz al roots.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 82.

Study Title: Fore st Site Evaluation of

Fusiform R ust in Mississippi (Study SO-20.30;

See description, p. 25.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren Nance, Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords : Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

fusiform rust, genetics, Pinus elliottii, slash pine.

Study Locations: H ancock , H arrison, and Jack son

Counties in coastal M ississippi.

Obje ctive s: (1) To docum ent factors affe cting th e

incidence of fusiform rust in plantations re presenting

a w ide range of potential site h az ards conducive to

th e deve lopm ent and spre ad of th e disease; (2) to study

th e e ffe cts of fusiform rust on th e h eigh t and diam -

e te r grow th of planted slash pine ; and (3) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of fusiform rust on th e probabilities

of tree death .

De sign: Th e re we re originally 10 study are as, but 2

h ave been lost-l to fire and 1 to land sale. Seedlings

h and-planted in 25 row s, w ith 30 trees pe r row . Seedlings from one of th ree seed sources planted in each

row , w ith seven re plications of e ach seed source.

Ye ar Installed: 19 74.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in Froe lich files on

Gulfport M icrovax.

Variable s: Clim ate ; seed source ; soil prope rties; pine

grow th ; fungus and h ost ph enology, including year of

origin of gall, year of discove ry of gall, h eigh t of gall

above ground, distance of b ranch galls from ste m , fate

(ye ar of gall death , tree death , and year b ranch galls

spre ad into m ain ste m ), abundance of ae ciospore-producing galls and te lia, num be r of basidiospores trapped;

and spatial re lationsh ips of oak s to th e plantations.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not re ported.

Study Title: R e action of Loblolly Pine Dialle l

Fam ilie s to Culture s of Fusiform R ust (Study

SO-2208-20.44; see description, p. 26.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) And Addre ss(

W arren Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords: Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

fusiform rust, genetics, loblolly pine, Pinus taed a.

Study Location: H ancock County, M S, on Inte rpine

lands.

Obje ctive s: To e valuate th e inte raction of pine fam ilies w ith fusiform rust inocula.

De sign: Breed ing: l/2 dialle l w ith 10 parents; greenh ouse: random ized block w ith tw o re plications; fie ld:

126
random ized block , w ith 6 re plications, 10 tree row

plots.

Ye ar Installed: 19 86.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Installed: 19 79 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 88.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Fie ld plantings:

e ach year th rough year 5.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, Dana Ne lson h as

green h ouse data on Gulfport Vax Com pute r; h eigh t

and rust infe ction re corded; data in Larry Eth e ridge

file 20.44 M TW 18.

Variable s: Pe rce n tage of trees galled , gall form

(length and diam e te r), num be r of galls pe r tre e, and

tree h eigh t.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e port: 19 82.

Study Title: M apping Virulence of

Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e on

Loblolly Plantations in and ne ar M adison

County, Florida (Study 50-2208-20.54; se e

description, p. 27.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords: Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

fusiform rust, genetics, loblolly pine, Pinus elliottii, P.

taed a, slash pine.

Study Locations: M adison County, FL, and adjacent counties in Ge orgia.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if fusiform rust in Madison County, GA, diffe rs in virulence from th at at oth e r

locations in Ge orgia and Florida.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1, 2, 3, and 4

years afte r planting.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, Containe r Corporation ofAm e rica h as first 3 ye ars of data; year 4 is on

Gulfport com pute r: Larry Lott files FLA 50, 51, 55,

66, M TW ;FLA50,64, M TW :4; and FLA50,9 7, M TW :l.

Variable s: Tree h eigh t and num be r of galls pe r tre e

e ach year afte r outplanting.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 86.

Study Title: Scre e ning of Rust-Free Slash

Pine Tre e s in Intensive ly Cultured Plantations

for Res istance to Fusiform R ust (Study

50-4503-20.60; see description, p. 27.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M ississippi 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords : Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

fusiform rust, genetics, Pinus elliottii, slash pine.

Study Locations: Palustris Expe rim ental Forest in

Louisiana and H arrison Expe rim ental Forest in Mississippi.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e re lative resistance of

sele cted individuals from th e study to fusiform rust;

and to prese rve ge rm plasm of at le ast 20 individuals

of good form and grow th rate th at sh ow a h igh degre e

of resistance to fusiform rust.

De sign: Not applicable .

De sign: Eigh teen plots of 324 trees, w ith a spacing

of 6 by 8 ft; 20 rust-free trees w e re ch osen for cloning.

127
Ye ar Installed: 19 88. Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Afte r 1,2, and

3 ye ars in th e fie ld.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, files ST10.28, 87,

M TW : 19 .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: H eigh t grow th , survival, and infe ction.

Variable s: Presence of rust.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 88.

Study Title: Th e Effe cts of Benom yl on

Genetically Im proved Longle af Pine (Study

SO-2208-10.28; see description, p. 27.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Larry Lott or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 505

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords : Benom yl, b row n spot needle bligh t, genetics, longle af pine, Pinuspalustris, Scirrh ia acicola.

Study Location: H arrison Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Saucie r, M S

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if a ben om yl root-dip

tre atm ent is required for sele ctions of longle af pine

th at are resistant to b row n spot needle bligh t.

De sign: Test A consisted of seedlings of 40 w ind-pollinated fam ilies, and test B consisted of seedlings of

24 cross-pollinated and 5 w ind-pollinated fam ilies.

Roots of e ach test group (A and B) we re m oistened in

w ate r and sh ak en in a plastic bag containing dry k aolinite clay or m ixture of dry clay and benom yl (10

pe rcent a.i. by volum e ). Seedlings in each test planted

in 5 block s in a paired design w ith 40 or 29 fam ilies, 2

tre atm ents pe r fam ily, and 8 seedlings in each row

plot, th e e xpe rim ental unit.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 82 and 19 84.

Study Title: Control of Brow n Spot Needle

Bligh t on Longle af Pine Seedlings by Benlate

Fungicide-Dip Tre atm ent (Study SO-220%

10.22; see description, p. 28.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Larry Lott or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

C.E. Corde ll

Region 8, South e rn Region

Forest Pest M anagemen t

Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 259 -0643

C.E. Affe ltrange r

Region 8, South e rn Region

Forest Pest M anagemen t

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7160

Keyw ords: Brow n spot needle b ligh t, fungicide ,

gene tics, longle af pine, Pinus palustris, Scirrh ia

acicola.

Study Locations: Louisiana, M ississippi, Ge orgia,

Alabam a, and Florida.

Ye ar Installed: 19 82.

Obje ctive s: (1) To test th e e ffe ctiveness of Benlate

root-dip fungicidal tre atm ent for th e control of b row n

128
spot needle bligh t ove r a w ide ge ograph ic are a in five

South e rn States; (2) to dete rm ine th e optim al dosage

rate of th e fungicide ; and (3) to dete rm ine th e duration of e ffe ctive control.

P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 259 -0643

De sign: Th e re we re 9 tre atm e n ts, random iz e d

w ith in each of 6 block s, 1 row for e ach tre atm ent and

25 trees pe r row . Seedlings w e re planted 3 ft apart in

row s 10 ft apart, w ith block s separated by 20-ft buffe r

C.E. Affe ltrange r

Region 8, South e rn Region

Forest Pest M anagemen t

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7160

z ones.

Ye ar Installed: 19 78. Keyw ords: Genetics, longle af pine, Pinuspalustris.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 85. Study Locations: Louisiana, M ississippi, Alabam a,

Florida. and South Carolina

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually.

Data M ach ine Re ad ab le ? Ye s , Larry Lott

M icrovax file at Gulfport, files 5 ST102284.Dat and

ST10222S.M TW ; 3.

Variable s: H eigh t grow th , survival, and percentage

of infe ction.

Obje ctive s: (1) To m e asure and dem onstrate th e

e ffe cts of Pisolith us tinctorius e ctom ycorrh iz ae, wee d

control, and fe rtiliz e r on th e grow th and survival of

longle af pine in plantations w ith h igh and low rates

of infe ction by brow n spot needle bligh t (Scirrh ia

acicola); and (2) to quantify th e e ffe ctiveness of a

ch e m ical fungicide in controlling b row n spot needle

bligh t in longle af pine plantations provided w ith diffe rent cultural tre atm ents.

De sign: At e ach of 5 sites, 18 plots consisting of 6

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 78 and 19 85.

diffe rent tre atm ents in each of 3 com ple te block s; e ach

plot m e asured 9 0 by 54 ft (0.1116 acre ) in size and

contained 81 trees in 9 row s of 9 trees; row s w e re 10 ft

apart, and trees, 6 ft apart w ith in row s. Each m e asuremen t plot 70 by 42 fe e t (0.0674 acres) in size contained 49 trees in 7 row s of 7 trees each .

Study Title: M ajor Factors of th e Succe ssful

Grow th of Longle af Pine s in th e South (Study

SO-10.33; see description, p. 29 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Larry Lott or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

PO. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 505

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

C.E. Corde ll

Region 8, South e rn Region

Forest Pest M anagemen t

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 86.

Age s Data Colle cted: Pe riodically. Exact ages not

re ported .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, on file at Gulfport

Com pute r Cente r Microvax: Larry Lott file 10.33-85

data.

Variable s: Mycorrh iz ae , wee d control, fe rtiliz e r,

survival, pine h eigh t and diam e te r.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not re ported.

129
Study Title: Im pact of Fusiform R ust in

South e rn Pine Plantations (Study SO-2208-

20.38, see description, p. 29 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords : Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

fusiform rust, genetics, loblolly pine, Pinus elliottii,

P taed a, slash pine.

Study Location: Coastal M ississippi.

Obje ctive s: To e xpe rim entally dete rm ine th e e ffe cts

of fusiform rust on th e yields of planted slash and

loblolly pines.

De sign: Study re plicated 5 consecutive years and

involves approxim ate ly 300 plots w ith 80 trees pe r

plot. Yie lds of rust-resistant slash and loblolly pines

com pared w ith th ose of trees m ore susce ptible to th e

dise ase .

Ye ars Installed:

Ye ar Com ple ted:

19 78-83.

19 9 3.

Age s Data Colle cted: Annually since planting.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in Froe lich files on

Gulfport M icrovax.

Variable s: H eigh t, diam e te r, and rust infe ction.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 84.

130

Study Title: Use of Top-Cross Te ste rs to

Evaluate Loblolly Pine s for Res istance to

Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fk siform e (Study

50-2208-20.53; see description, p. 30.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 684-8256

Keyw ords : Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e,

fusiform rust, genetics, loblolly pine, Pinus taed a.

Study Location: Eigh t m iles w e st of Bogalusa, LA,

off H igh w ay 60 on Frank linton Road; plot is on land

ow ned by Cavenaugh , Inc.

Obje ctive s: (1) To screen seve ral loblolly pines for

use as top-cross teste rs for fusiform rust resistance ;

and (2) to assess th e potential value of th ese teste rs

to evaluate parent trees for rust resistance.

De sign: Planting utilized single-tree plots; th e re are

60 row s; e ach row h as 64 fam ilies; i.e., 1 tree from

e ach of 64 fam ilies. Th e re we re 10 candidate trees,

w ith progeny exposed to 5 sources of inoculum in 2

fie ld tests and 2 green h ouse tests.

Ye ar Installed: 19 86.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ages or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Yearly th rough

fourth year.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, Larry Lott file BOG

9 0: M PW ; 12.

Variable s: Num b e r of galls pe r tre e , gall form

(length and diam e te r), and tree h eigh t.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 86.
Study Title: An Evaluation of Loblolly Pine

from East Te xas for Res istance to Fusiform

Rust (Study SO-2208-20.55; see description,

p. 30.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W arren Nance or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Science Laboratory

P.O. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Jam es Barnett, RW U 4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

Keyw ords: Cronartium quercuum f. sp. ech inata,

C. quercuum f. sp. fusiform e, fusiform rust, genetics,

loblolly pine, Pinus taed a.

Study Locations: Ph ase l-Ale xandria, LA; ph ase

2-H arrison Expe rim ental Forest, Saucie r, M S, and

Savannah Rive r Proje ct, SC.

Obje ctive s: (1) To rank 21 full-sib pine fam ilies for

susce ptib ility to Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiform e

and C. quercuum f. sp. ech inata; and (2) to plant rustfree survivors for future sources of resistant stock .

Study Title: R e lation of Mycorrh izae on

Longle af Pine to Brow n Spot Needle Bligh t

(Study 50-2208-10.21; see description, p. 31.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Larry Lott or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4153

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Science Laboratory

P. 0. Box 2008, GM F

Gulfport, M S 39 503

Ph one: (601) 864-8256

Key w ords: Brow n spot needle b ligh t, gene tics,

longle af pine, m ycorrh iz ae, Pinus palustris, Scirrh ia

acicola ,

Study Location: H arrison Expe rim ental Forest on

H 2 Road, near Saucie r, M S; part of Longle af Te ch nical Transfe r Tour.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of Pisolith us

tinctoris and benom yl on outplanted longle af pine seedlings .

De sign: Tw o sites, random ized block , w ith 8 re plications and 8 tre atm ents; 24 plants pe r tre atm ent row .

Ye ar Installed: 19 76.

De sign: Random ized block .

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 82.

Ye ars Installed: 19 85 and 19 89 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Y e arly.

Data Mach ine Re adable ? Ye s, Larry Lott file 20.55

ALEX data.

Variable s: Tree h eigh t, num be r of galls pe r tre e, gall

length , and gall diam e te r.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 85.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Years 1-5, ye ar

10, and periodically for grow th and diam e te r.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Year 10 only, rest on

data sh e e ts; Larry Lott M icrovac file at Gulfport, 10.21

87.M TW ;50.

Variable s: Mycorrh iz ae, needle bligh t.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Final re port, 19 82.

131
MULTIRESOUR CE M ANAGEMENT OF

NATURALLY REGENER ATED UPLAND

FORESTS IN TH E M IDSOUTH

Study Title: Grow th and De ve lopm ent of

W e ll-Stock ed, Natural Even-Aged Stands of

Loblolly-Sh ortle af Pine Under Diffe rent

Th inning M eth ods (See description, p. 31.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Paul A. Murph y or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

P.O. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3463

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, h arvesting incom e, loblolly pine, m anagem ent costs, Pinus ech inata, I? taed a, sh ortle af pine,

silviculture.

Study Locations: Ash ley County, AR, and M oreh ouse Parish , LA.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine grow th and stand deve lopm ent of natural, even-aged stands of loblolly-sh ortle af pine as affe cted by diffe rent th inning re gim es.

De sign: Th e 19 49 installation consisted of 9 th inning tre atm ents re plicated 3 tim es each on a good site

(site index 85 to 9 0 ft, loblolly pine, base age 50) and a

m edium site (site index 75 to 80 fe e t, loblolly pine, base

age 50) in 20-ye ar-old stands for a total of 54 plots.

Th e 19 54 installation consisted of 3 supplemen tal

tre atm ents re plicated 3 tim es and installed in 25-ye arold stands on good sites for a total of 63 plots. No specific study design w as follow e d. Th e plots w e re circular,

0.1 acre in size, and surrounded by a 33-ft isolation

strip. Th e plots h ave been reme asured eve ry 5 ye ars

and th inned if needed. H ardw oods h ave been pe riodically controlled by h e rbicides or m ow ing.

Ye ars Installed:

Ye ar Com ple ted:

19 49 and 19 54.

Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 19 59 , 19 64,

19 69 , 19 74, 19 79 , 19 84, and 19 89 .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Until 19 59 , detailed m e asuremen ts w e re

tak en on sele cted crop trees on each plot. Th e me asuremen ts included d.b.h . to th e ne arest 0.1 inch , total h eigh t, length of cle ar bole, crow n diam e te r, Girard

form class, log grade, m e rch antable h eigh t (3-inch top,

inside bark ), saw log h eigh t (8-inch top, inside bark ),

pole class, and crow n class. Oth e r trees w e re tallied

by l-inch d.b.h . classes and 4-ft h eigh t classes. In 19 59 ,

all trees w e re given num be rs, and m ore com ple te me asuremen ts w e re tak en . Since 19 79 , th e sam e variables

h ave been m e asured on all trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 54,19 59 ,19 64,19 69 ,19 74,19 79 ,19 84,

and 19 89 .

Study Title: Crosse tt “Farm Fore stry Fortie s”

(See description, p. 32.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es B. Bak e r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

P.O. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3463

Keyw ords : Forest yie ld, loblolly pine, Pinus

ech inata, I? taed a, sele ction m anagemen t, sh ortle af

pine, silviculture.

Study Location: Crossett Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Crossett, AR.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if sele ction m anagemen t

can be used to reh abilitate cut-ove r stands w h ile providing good incom e to th e ow ne r.

De sign: Unre plicated case study consisting of tw o

40-acre tracts, one re asonably w e ll stock ed and th e

oth e r, poorly stock ed. Stock ing w as gradually incre ased by cutting only a portion of grow th . Annual

cuts w e re m ade until stock ing and diam e te r distributions w e re acce ptable ; th en h arvests w e re conducted

eve ry 5 ye ars.

Ye ar Installed: 19 37.

132
Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing. Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 79 ; continuing as a de m onstration are a, and periodic h arvesting is still being done.

Ages or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Approxim ate ly

eve ry 5 ye ars, Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, m ost of th e data.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Partially.

Variable s: Com ple te inventories of trees 3.6 inch es

in d.b.h . and large r by l-inch diam e te r classes; cut

trees also tallied by l-inch classes.

Variable s: Ove rstory m e asuremen ts consisting of

tallies by l-inch diam e te r classes.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not applicable . R e ports: Dates not re ported.

Study Title: R e production Cutting M eth ods

for Establish ing and Maintaining W e ll-Stock ed

Pine Stands (See description, p. 32.)

Study Title: R e cove ry and De ve lopm ent of

Unde rstock ed Loblolly-Sh ortle af Pine Stands

and Suppre ssed Tre e s (See description, p. 32.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es B. Bak e r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

PO. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3464

Jam es B. Bak e r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

P.O. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3464

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest yie ld, h arvesting

m e th ods, loblolly pine, Pinus ech inata, I? taed cz, sh ortle af pine, silvicultural syste m s, stand re gene ration.

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, Pinus ech inutu, P. tuedu, sh ortle af pine, silviculture, stand density, stock ing control.

Study Location: Crossett Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Crossett, AR. Study Location: South Ark ansas.

O bje ctive s: To com pare th e re gene ration and

grow th and yield of stands com posed m ostly of loblolly

and sh ortle af pines subje cted to four re production cutting m e th ods.

O bje ctive s: To d e te rm ine th e re cove ry pe riod

needed for unde rstock ed, cut-ove r stands of loblollysh ortle af pine of diffe rent stock ing leve ls to re gain

acce ptable stock ing leve ls.

De sign: Four cutting m e th ods-cle arcut, h e avyseed-tre e , sele ction , and diam e te r-lim it-w e re im -

posed on tw e lve 4.4-acre plots in a 3-re plicate ,

com ple te ly random ized design. Measurem ents w e re

tak en on an inte rior 2.5-acre m e asuremen t plot.

De sign: Th ree re plications of five l-acre tre atm ent

plots installed on a good site and a m edium site ; m e asuremen t plots w e re 0.5 acre in size.

Ye ar Installed: 19 79 .

Ye ars Installed: 19 42-43. Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

133
Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Com ple te tallies of m e rch antable trees

by l-inch diam e te r classes and detailed m e asuremen ts

on sele cted suppressed trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 80, 19 82, and 19 85.

Study Title: Suitability of Pine-H ardw ood

M ixture s for Stand Grow th and W ildlife

H abitat (See description, p. 33.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es B. Bak e r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

P.O. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3464

Keyw ords: Forest m anagemen t, loblolly pine, pineh ardw ood stands, Pinus ech inata, P taed a, sh ortle af

pine, uneven-aged m anagemen t, w ildlife h abitat.

Study Location: Crossett Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Crossett, AR.

Obje ctive s: To investigate th e suitab ility of unevenaged pine-h ardw ood stands com posed of diffe rent pe rcentages of loblolly-sh ortle af pine and h ardw ood for

stand grow th and w ildlife h abitat.

De sign: Th ree re plications of five tre atm ents in a

partially random ized design; plots 0.62 acre in size,

w ith inte rior m e asuremen t plots approxim ate ly 0.22

acre in size.

Ye ar Installed: 19 83.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Plots w e re cut back to 65 ft2/acre of basal

are a and to th e follow ing pe rcentages of pine to total

basal are a-50, 70, 80, 9 0, and 100. Individual ove rstory tree tallies w e re by diam e te rs to th e ne arest 0.1

inch , and species and tree locations w e re dete rm ined

by azim uth and distance from cente r of plot. Pe rcentage of cove r of groundleve l ve ge tation w as m e asured

annually on tw e lve l-m 2 subplots in each 0.22-acre

plot, and current year’s grow th w as clipped, ovendried,

and w e igh ed. Five years afte r establish m ent, pe rcentages of cove r of groundleve l, sh rub, and m idstory ve ge tation w e re me asured at 30 sam ple points w ith in each

plot.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 83 and 19 88.

Study Title: Pre com m e rcial Th inning and

M anageme nt of Natural Loblolly-Sh ortle af

Pine Stands for Rapid Saw log Production

(See description, p. 33.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

M ich ae l D. Cain or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

P.O. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 364-8730

Keyw ords: Forest m anagemen t, loblolly pine, Pinus

ech inata, P. taed a, pre com m e rcial th inning, saw log

production, sh ortle af pine, stand density control.

Study Location: Crossett Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Crossett, AR.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dem onstrate a proven and re com m ended pre com m e rcial th inning te ch nique in

dense, natural, e ven-aged loblolly-sh ortle af pine

stands; and (2) to investigate th e production of saw logsized pines in an abbreviated tim e pe riod by use of

com m e rcial th inning te ch niques.

De sign: In part 1 of th e study, th e re are 15 com -

ple te ly random ized 0.4-acre tre atm ent plots w ith 0.2-

acre me asuremen t plots. In 19 86, 200 crop trees pe r

acre we re ch osen for de tailed m e asuremen t. In part 2

134
of th e study, th e tre atm ents are: control-th inning

natural m ortality; conventional-th inning from below

to 85 ft2/acre eve ry 3 to 5 ye ars; and 200 crop tre essele cting 200 crop trees and th inning to 75 ft2/acre

eve ry 3 to 5 ye ars w h ile favoring crop trees. Part 2

w as installed afte r 19 9 0 grow ing season.

Ye ar Installed: 19 79 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: ‘Iw o-year inte rvals.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Stem counts of pines and h ardw oods on

l-m ilacre , 0.00125-acre , and 0.002-acre subplots;

h eigh t and d.b.h . on all pines w ith in each subplot; total h eigh t (nearest 0.1 ft), h eigh t to live crow n (nearest 0.1 ft), and d.b.h . (nearest 0.1 inch ) of 200 crop

trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 80,19 82, 19 84, 19 86,19 88, and 19 9 0.

Study Title: Obje ctive Re gulation of Une venAged Loblolly-Sh ortle af Pine Stands in Ark ansas (See description, p. 34.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Paul A. Murph y or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

PO. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3464

Keyw ords: Forest grow th , forest yie ld, loblolly pine,

Pinus ech inata, P. taed a, sh ortle af pine, stand density

control, uneven-aged m anagemen t.

Study Location: South Ark ansas.

Obje ctive s: To investigate th e e fficacy of th e basal

are a-m axim um diam e te r-q m e th od for re gulating uneven-aged loblolly-sh ortle af pine stands (q is th e ratio

of th e num be r of trees in successive diam e te r classes).

De sign: No statistical design; consists of 16 stands

ranging from 4.32 to 10.12 acres in size th at w e re cut

to varying basal are as, m axim um diam e te rs, and q’s.

Ye ars Installed: 19 80-81.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Stand tables by l-inch diam e te r classes

for loblolly and sh ortle af pines.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 85 and 19 89 .

Study Title: Inventorie s of Unm anaged

Cutove r Pine Stands (See description, p. 34.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es B. Bak e r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

P.O. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3464

Keyw ords: Forest grow th , forest yie ld, loblolly pine,

Pinus ech inata, I? taed a, plant succession, sh ortle af

pine, stand dynam ics.

Study Location: Crossett Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Crossett, AR.

Obje ctive s: To docum ent long-te rm stand dynam -

ics and succession in unm anaged cut-ove r loblollysh ortle af pine stands.

De sign: No statistical design; study consists of tw o

40-acre com partm ents originally cut in 19 15.

Ye ar Installed: 19 37.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

135
Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Variable s: Com ple te be fore-cut and h arvest inventories of loblolly and sh ortle af pines by l-inch diam -

e te r classes for e ach cutting cycle.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not applicable . Variable s: Pe riodic loo-pe rcent tallies of trees by

l-inch diam e te r classes and broad spe cies groups.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not applicable .

Study Title: Effe cts of Cutting-Cycle Length

on th e Production and De ve lopm ent of

Une ven-Aged Pine Stands (See description,

p. 34.)

Study Title: Effe cts of Fe rtilization and

R e le ase on th e Diam e te r Grow th of

Ove rstock ed Pole tim be r Oak Stands

(See description, p. 35.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Paul A. Murph y or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Unive rsity of Ark ansas at M ontice llo

P.O. Box 3516

M ontice llo, AR 71655

Ph one: (501) 367-3464

David L. Graney or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

612 North Oak land

Faye tteville, AR 72701-3146

Ph one: (501) 521-569 5

Keyw ords: Fe rtiliz ation, forest grow th , forest yie ld,

pole tim be r stands, Quercus spp., stand density control, stock ing, th inning, upland oak s.

Key w ords: Cutting cycles, forest grow th , forest

yie ld, loblolly pine, Pinus e ch inata, P taed a, sh ortle af

pine, stand deve lopm ent, uneven-aged m anagemen t.

Study Location: North Ark ansas.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of th inning and

Study Location: Crossett Expe rim e n tal Forest,

Crossett, AR.

fe rtiliz ation on th e diam e te r grow th of red and w h ite

oak trees.

Obje ctive s: To investigate th e e ffe cts of cuttingcycle length on th e production and deve lopm ent of

De sign: Split-plot, w ith th inning as m ajor plot tre atm ent and fe rtiliz ation as subplot tre atm ent.

uneven-aged loblolly-sh ortle af pine stands.

Ye ar Installed: 19 75.

De sign: No statistical design; study consisted of

twen ty-four 40-acre com partm ents of w h ich 8 w e re

assigned to e ach cutting cycle of 3, 6, and 9 years.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Installed: 19 37.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 68. Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Variable s: Tree diam e te rs to th e ne arest 0.1 inch .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not re ported.

136
Study Title: Effe cts of Inte rm ediate Cutting

and Fe rtilization on Unde rstory De ve lopm ent

in Pole tim be r Oak Stands of th e Ozark

H igh land and Boston Mountains

(See description, p. 35.1

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

EVALUATION OF LEGAL, TAX, AND

ECONOM IC INFLUENCES ON FOREST

RESOUR CE M ANAGEMENT

Study Title: A Continuing Analysis of Trends

in Exports of South e rn Fore st Products from

th e Easte rn United State s (Study 50-4802-5.2;

see description, p. 36.)

David L. Graney or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4106

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

612 North Oak land

Faye tteville, AR 72701-3146

Ph one: (501) 521569 5

Keyw ords: Fe rtiliz ation, forest grow th , forest yie ld,

pole tim be r stands, Quercus spp., stand density control, stock ing, th inning, upland oak s.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es E. Gransk og or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4802

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

701 Loyola Avenue

New O rle ans, LA 70113

Ph one: (504) 589 -6652

Study Location: North Ark ansas.

Keyw ords: Exports, forest products, w ood products.

Obje ctive s: To obse rve th e response of oak , ash , and

ch e rry re production to fe rtiliz ation and ove rstory rele ase in pole tim be r stands.

De sign: Fourteen to sixteen 2-m ilacre circular subplots on each of sixty-four 0.4- to 0.5-acre ove rstory

plots. Th e ove rstory plots are surrounded by a 33-ft

buffe r strip.

Study Location: New Orle ans, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To m aintain th e data base for south -

e rn w ood exports th at h as been deve loped under previous South e rn Station studies dating back to 19 67;

(2) to establish and m aintain a new data base for north -

e rn softw ood exports, th e reby obtaining com ple te cove rage of all e aste rn softw ood exports; and (3) to analyze

e xport trends by product and country of destination.

Ye ars Installed: 19 75-78.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

De sign: A form al e xpe rim ental design or sam pling

sch eme w as not deem ed to be necessary. All th e trade

figures used in th e study originated from th e foreign

trade statistical re cords m aintained by th e U.S. Bure au of th e Census. Each year th e Bureau publish es

Report EA622, w h ich sh ow s exports from th e United

States by product, custom s district of e xportation,

country of destination, and m e th od of transportation.

Th ese data are available on eith e r m agnetic tape or

m icrofich e, and, once secured, are com bined or disaggre gated as needed for purposes of th is undertak ing.

Ages or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

Variable s: All re gene ration on each 2-m ilacre plot

w as tallied by species, origin, and total h eigh t. Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent Or Progre ss Reports: Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, since

Dates not re ported. ince ption of th e study.

137
Data M ach ine Re adable ? Th e raw data com piled

by th e U.S. Bure au of th e Census are available on com -

pute r tape ; h ow e ve r, th e data, as com piled for purposes of th is study, are not available on com pute r tape.

Variable s: Th e statistics th at h ave been pre pared

in connection w ith th is study sh ow , for th e entire period of th e study, both th e volum e and value of annual

e aste rn softw ood exports. Th is inform ation is available for: (1) diffe rent cate gories of products; (2) various re gions or countries of destination; and (3) various

re gions or custom s districts of origin.

Th e product cate gories th at h ave been re cognized

in th e analysis include th e follow ing: (1) roundw oodlogs, posts, poles and pulpw ood, and w ood ch ips; (2)

lum be r-rough , dressed, and oth e r; (3) w ood-based

panels-venee r, plyw ood, and particleboard; and (4)

m isce llan e ous m anu factured products-build e rs’

w oodw ork , pick e t fences, pre fab ricated w ood structures, and oth e r products. W ith in som e of th ese product classes, spe cies distinctions h ave also been noted;

i.e ., south e rn pine, e aste rn w h ite and red pines,

spruce-fir, and oth e r softw oods.

Th e various re gions or countries of destination th at

h ave been re cognized in th e analysis include th e follow ing: Canada, Caribbean, South Am e rica, Europe an

Econom ic Com m unity, Oth e r Europe, Ne ar East Asia,

Oth e r Asia, Japan, Oce ania, and Africa.

Finally, th e various re gions or custom s districts of

origin th at h ave been re cognized in th e analysis are

as follow s: (1) in th e north -Pemb ina, ND; Duluth ,

MN; M ilw auk e e, W I; Ch icago, IL; Detroit, M I; Cleveland, OH ; Ogdensburg, NY; Buffalo, NY; St. Albans,

VT; Portland, ME; Boston, MA; Providence, RI; Bridgeport, CT, New York , NY; Ph ilade lph ia, PA; and Baltim ore , M D ; and (2) in th e South -Norfolk , VA;

W ilm ington, NC; Ch arleston, SC; Savannah , GA; M iam i, FL; Tam pa, FL; M obile, AL; New O rle ans, LA;

Port Arth ur, TX; H ouston, TX; and Laredo, TX.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Progress re ports h ave been pre pared annually since th e study w as begun.

Study Title: A Continuing Analysis of

Ch ange s and De ve lopm ents in th e Fede ral

Incom e Tax w ith Im plications for th e Private

Landow ne r and Tim be r Ope rator (Study SO4802-1.4; see description, p. 36.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam C. Sie ge l or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4802

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

701 Loyola Avenue

New O rle ans, LA 70113

Ph one: (504) 589 -6652

Keyw ords: Fede ral incom e tax, private forest ow ne r,

private tim be r ope rator.

Study Location: New Orle ans, LA.

Obje ctive s: To describe and analyze, on a continuing basis, ch anges in th e Fede ral incom e tax th at apply to forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors. Of

necessity, th is involves considering new le gislative

deve lopm ents in th e incom e tax are a, new adm inistrative rulings and re gulations of th e Inte rnal Revenue Se rvice, and new court decisions on re levant

cases.

De sign: A form al e xpe rim ental design or sam pling

sch eme w as not deem ed to be necessary. Re le vant le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents are

identified by m onitoring various tax re porting services

such as Com m e rce Cle aring H ouse’s “Fede ral Tax

Reporte r” and th e Research Institute of Am e rica’s

“Fede ral Tax Coordinator.” Detailed inform ation on

new pie ces of le gislation is com piled by re vie w ing both

th e ne w law s and th e various congressional com m ittee re ports th at w e re pre pared pursuant to passage of

th e ne w law s. Sim ilarly, detailed inform ation on new

judicial deve lopm ents is obtained by revie w ing th e

re levant case transcripts. Th e latte r are re trievable

by com pute r using eith e r th e VERLEX or LEXIS data

base.

Ye ar Installed: 19 79 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, since

ince ption of th e study.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: All le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents pe rtaining to th e Fede ral incom e

tax-and w h ich h ave re levance to forest ow ne rs, op138
e rators, and investors-h ave, for th e pe riod of th e

study, been docum ented and described. Analyses of

th ese deve lopm ents h ave been used to form ulate tax

guidelines th at sh ould m ak e th e affe cted parties m ore

aw are of both th eir responsibilities and perogatives

under th e law .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Pe riodic progress re ports h ave been prepared since th e study w as begun.

Study Title: A Continuing Analysis of

Ch ange s and De ve lopm ents in Fede ral and

State Death Taxe s w ith Im plications for th e

Private Landow ne r and Tim be r Ope rator

(Study 50-4802-1.7; see description, p. 37.1

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam C. Sie ge l or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4802

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

701 Loyola Avenue

New O rle ans, LA 70113

Ph one: (504) 589 -6652

Key w ords: Fede ral death taxes, private forest

ow ne r, private tim be r ope rator, State death taxes.

Study Location: New Orle ans, LA.

Obje ctive s: To describe and analyze, on a continuing basis, ch anges and deve lopm ents in State and

Fede ral death taxes as th ey apply to private forest

ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors. Of necessity, th is

involves considering new tax le gislation and regulations, new adm inistrative decisions and revenue rulings, and new court decisions.

De sign: A form al e xpe rim ental design or sam pling

sch eme w as not deem ed to be necessary. Re le vant le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents are

identified by m onitoring such tax re porting services

as Com m e rce Cle aring H ouse’s “State Tax Re vie w ” and

“Fede ral Estate and Gift Tax Re porte r.” M ore detailed

inform ation conce rning th e situation in particular

States is com piled on an “as needed” basis by using

re fe rence m ate rials available in th e Louisiana Law

Library. Sim ilarly, detailed inform ation on im portant

judicial d e ve lopm e n ts is ob tained by using th e

VERLEX and LEXIS com pute r data bases to re trieve

copies of th e desired case transcripts.

Ye ar Installed: 19 80.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, since

th e ince ption of th e study.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: All le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents pe rtaining to both State and Fede ral death taxes-and w h ich h ave re levance to forest

ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors-h ave, for th e pe riod

of th e study, been docum ented and described. Analyses of th ese deve lopm ents h ave been used to form ulate decision guide lines th at sh ould m ak e th e affe cted

parties m ore aw are of both th eir responsibilities and

pe rogatives under th e law .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Pe riodic progress re ports h ave been prepared since th e study w as begun.

Study Title: A Continuing Analysis of

Ch ange s and De ve lopm ents in Fore st

Resource and Fore st Product Law as th e se

Im pact on th e Econom ics of Practicing

Fore stry in th e Private Se ctor (Study SO-4802-

2.3; see description, p. 37.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(e s1:

W illiam C. Sie ge l or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4802

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

701 Loyola Avenue

New O rle ans, LA 70113

Ph one: (504) 589 -6652

Keyw ords : Forest product law , forest resource law ,

private forest ow ne r, private tim be r ope rator.

Study Location: New Orle ans, LA.

Obje ctive s: To describe, com pare, and analyze new

and existing le gislation and le gal trends in th e gene ral are as of forest resource and forest products law .

W ith in th ese gene ral are as, th e spe cific topics th at

h ave been addressed include: (1) tim be r trespass law ;

(2) m e asuremen t, m ark e ting, and h arvesting law ; (3)

139
labor law in re lation to forest w ork e rs; (4) landow ne r

liability law ; and (5) th e le gal fram e w ork for th e e xtension of forest credit.

De sign: A form al e xpe rim ental design or sam pling

sch eme w as not deem ed to be necessary. Relevant deve lopm ents in th e various are as of inte rest are initially identified by m onitoring appropriate professional

journals and, as th ey becom e available, le gislative

re ports from th e diffe rent States. More detailed inform ation is th en obtained on an “as needed” basis by

consulting such sources as th e annotated statute book s

of e ach State, re ported court decisions, law revie w

articles, and k now ledge able State and local officials.

Ye ar Installed: 19 81.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, since

ince ption of th e study.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Alth ough m ajor le gislative deve lopm ents

in all th e are as of inte rest h ave been m onitored, to

date, m ost of th e w ork done in connection w ith th is

study h as focused on th e landow ne r liab ility issue. Th e

landow ne r liability law s of all th e South e rn States

h ave been reviewe d, and th eir k ey provisions, sum -

m arized . Also, various proposals for a m odel State law

h ave been critically evaluated. In a som ewh at diffe rent vein, som e attention h as been given to th e tim be rle asing question, Data h ave been gath e red as to th e

am ount of forest land th at is under le ase in th e South .

In addition, guide lines for th e pre paration of viable

le ase agre e m ents h ave been form ulated.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Pe riodic progress re ports h ave been prepared since th e study w as begun.

Study Title: A Continuing Analysis of

Le gislative and Econom ic Trends Associated

w ith th e Fore st Prope rty Tax and Related

Taxe s in th e United State s (Study 50-4802-1.3;

see description, p. 38.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam C. Sie ge l or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4802

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

701 Loyola Avenue

New O rle ans, LA 70113

Ph one: (504) 589 -6652

Key w ords: Forest prope rty tax, private forest

ow ne r, private tim be r ope rator.

Study Location: New Orle ans, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To identify em e rging le gislative, judicial, adm inistrative, and econom ic trends th at pe rtain to th e forest prope rty tax and re lated forest taxes

in th e United States and (2) to analyze th ese trends

in te rm s of th eir potential im plications for private

w oodland ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors.

De sign: A form al e xpe rim ental design or sam pling

sch eme w as not deem ed to be necessary. Re le vant le gislative, judicial, and adm inistrative deve lopm ents are

identified by m onitoring various tax re porting services

such as Com m e rce Cle aring H ouse’s “State Tax Revie w .” M ore detailed inform ation conce rning th e situation in particular States is com piled on an “as needed”

basis by using re fe rence m ate rials available at th e

Louisiana Law Library and contacting k now ledge able

tax and forestry officials in th e States of inte rest.

Ye ar Installed: 19 79 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, since

ince ption of th e study,

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Th e forest prope rty and re lated tax policies of all 50 States h ave been identified and th e k ey

provisions th e re of sum m arized. Th e tax policies h ave

been cate gorized as follow s: (1) traditional ad valorem prope rty tax law s; (2) e xe m ption and reb ate law s;

(3) m odified assessm ent law s; (4) m odified rate law s;

(5) yie ld tax law s; and (6) seve rance tax law s. For e ach

type of law and State, inform ation h as been com piled

as appropriate on each of th e follow ing variables: (1)

dates of enactm ent and subsequent am endm ents; (2)

scope ; i.e., m andatory or optional; (3) conditions of e ligibility; (4) application requiremen ts; (5) valuation

procedures prescribed for forest land and tim be r; (6)

spe cified tax rates; (7) penalties im posed upon declas140
sification or program w ith draw al; and (8) any constraints th at lim it revenue usage.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: W ith a few e xce ptions, progress re ports h ave

been pre pared annually since th e study w as begun.

Study Title: Continuing Analysis of

Le gislative, Adm inistrative, and Judicial

De ve lopm ents in Fore st Practice and

Environm ental Law (Study 50-4802-2.9 ; se e

description, p. 38.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam C. Sie ge l or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4802

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

701 Loyola Avenue

New O rle ans, LA 70113

Ph one: (504) 589 -6652

Keyw ords : Environm ental law , forest practice law ,

private forest ow ne r, private tim be r ope rator.

Study Location: New Orle ans, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To m onitor current and future le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents in

th e forest practice and environm ental law are as; and

(2) to describe and analyze th ese deve lopm ents as th ey

re late to forest landow ne rs, ope rators, and investors.

De sign: A form al e xpe rim ental design or sam pling

sch eme w as not deem ed to be necessary. Re le vant le gislative, adm inistrative, and judicial deve lopm ents are

identified by screen ing various professional journals;

by track ing appropriate resource and environm ental

new sle tte rs; e.g., “Land Le tte r,” “Resource H otline,”

“Natural Resources Law Ne w sle tte r,” “National W e tlands New sle tte r,” e tc.; and by revie w ing th e Environm e n tal Law Institute ’s “Environm e n tal Law

Reporte r.” M ore detailed inform ation conce rning a

spe cific issue is obtained on an “as needed” basis by

using re fe rence m ate rials available at th e Louisiana

Law Library and by contacting k now ledge able State

and Fede ral officials.

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, since

ince ption of th e study.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: All m ajor le gislative, adm inistrative, and

judicial deve lopm ents in th e are as of inte rest-and

w h ich h ave re levance to forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and

investors-h ave been m onitored during th e duration

of th is proje ct. To date, h ow e ve r, th e bulk of th e w ork

done in th is study h as been concentrated in th ree are as: (1) State and local forest practice law s; (2) State

and local w ate r quality law s; and (3) State and local

w e tlands prote ction law s. Th ese types of law s h ave

been described in te rm s of th eir k ey provisions. Furth e rm ore, th e potential im plications of th ese types of

law s for forest ow ne rs, ope rators, and investors h ave

been partially evaluated.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Progress re ports h ave been pre pared annually since th e study w as begun.

SILVICULTURE OF AR TIFICIALLY

REGENER ATED SOUTH ERN PINES

Study Title: Row Ve rsus Se le ctive Th inning

for Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine s (Study

SO-4101-3.33; see description, p. 39 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

V.C. Baldw in, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7227

Keyw ords : Forest m anagemen t, loblolly pine, pine

plantation, Pinus elliottii, P. taed a, silviculture, slash

pine, th inning.

Study Location: Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine h ow row th inning com -

pares w ith sele ctive th inning in cubic volum e, basal

are a, and diam e te r grow th for slash and loblolly pine

plantations of various ages, on diffe rent sites, and

h aving various initial planting densities w h en stock -

141
ing leve ls afte r th inning are com parable ; and (2) to

dete rm ine h ow diam e te r distributions are affe cted by

th e tw o th inning m e th ods.

De sign: Random ized block design; e ach study location w as considered a block , but th e design w as unbalanced because e ach tre atm ent w as not re plicated

at e ach location. A total of 63 total plots w e re establish ed-35 w e re slash pine and 28 loblolly pinew ith in 6 plantations. At establish m ent, th e plots

ranged in age from 15 to 22 ye ars, in site index (base

age 50) from 64 to 104 ft, and in initial planting density from 800 to 1,200 trees pe r acre. Plot size varied

according to tre atm ent but w as 12 row s in w idth and

1 ch ain in length , w ith a buffe r of 4 row s on 2 sides

and 0.5 ch ain on each of th e oth e r 2 sides. Th e th inning tre atm ents w e re: (1) re m ove eve ry oth e r row sele ctive ly th inning to th e sam e basal are a; (21 re m ove

eve ry th ird row sele ctive ly th inning to th e sam e basal

are a; (3) re m ove eve ry fourth row initially sele ctive ly

th inning to th e sam e basal are a, and th en cut th e

m iddle of th e re m aining th ree row s 5 ye ars late r se le ctive ly th inning to th e sam e b asal are a; (4) no th inning.

V.C. Baldw in, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r, RW IJ-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7227

Ye ar Installed: 19 76; reme asured in 19 81 and 19 86.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 9 0.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 19 76, 19 81,

and 19 86.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

Variable s: D.b.h . to 0.1 inch on all plot trees; total

h eigh t and h eigh t to base of full live crow n to 1.0 ft,

and crow n class on sam ple trees; uppe r-stem diam -

e te rs of outside bark on sam ple trees; and estim ates

of cubic-foot volum e of plots.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 76, 19 82, and 19 86.

Ye ars Installed: 19 58, 19 59 , 19 64, and 19 65.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Study Title: Grow th and Yie ld of Th inned

Slash Pine Plantations (Studie s 50-4101-3.5,

3.6,3.14; see description, p. 41.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, pine plantations, Pinus e lliottii, silviculture,

slash pine, th inning.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine h ow site, age, survival,

tim ing of first th inning, subsequent re pe ated th innings, and th inning intensity affe ct th e grow th and

yie ld of slash pine plantations on cut-ove r sites.

De sign: Random ized block design for e ach of th re e

substudies. In som e cases th e re are unequal num be rs

of re plications w ith in th e block s. Altoge th e r, th e re are

113 plots at 4 locations. Targe t planting density pe r

acre for 2 locations w as 1,037 trees and for th e oth e r 2

locations w as 9 08 trees. At establish m ent, th e plots

ranged in age from 10 to 17 ye ars and in site index

(base age 50), from 80 to 111 ft. Th e various th inning

tre atm ents are as follow s: th in to residual basal are a

(BA) of 40,55,70,85, 100,115, or 130 ft2/acre at study

installation and eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r; th in to BA

9 5 and th en to BA 55 or BA 115 ft2/acre 5 ye ars late r

and to BA55 or BA 115 ft2/acre eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r; initially th in to BA 9 0 ft2/acre at installation and

th en up to BA 120 ft2/acre in 3- to 5-ft2/acre incremen ts

ove r eigh t 5-ye ar pe riods; th in eve ry 5 ye ars according to th e D+ th inning rule ; th in to BA 70,85, or 100

ft2/acre at age 10 and re pe atedly th in to th e sam e respe ctive BA; th in to BA 70, 85, or 100 ft2/acre at age

13 and re pe atedly th in to th e sam e respe ctive BA; or

th in to BA 70,85, or 100 ft2/acre at age 16 and re pe atedly th in to th e sam e respe ctive BA. Measurem ent

plots are at le ast 0.1 acre in size w ith a 0.5-ch ain buffe r

strip surrounding th e m .

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 10, 14,

16, and 17.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

142
Variable s: D.b.h . to 0.1 inch on all plot trees; total

h eigh t and h eigh t to base of full live crow n to 1.0 ft,

and crow n class on sam ple trees (and re cently on all

trees ); uppe r-stem diam e te rs of outside b ark on sam ple

trees; and estim ates of cubic-foot volum e of plots.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 58, 19 59 , 19 64, and approxim ate ly eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r.

Study Title: Grow th Response of Planted

Loblolly Pine to Brush Control, H e rbace ous

Plant Control, and Fe rtilization (Study SO4101-1.150; see description, p. 44.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood and Allan E. Tiark s, or Proje ct

Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226 or 7204

Keyw ords: Com pe tition control, fe rtiliz ation, forest

grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, fungicidal

control, fusiform rust, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus taed a, silviculture, site pre paration.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To evaluate th e grow th response of

loblolly pine unde rgoing th e follow ing tre atm ents: fe rtiliz ation (yes or no), w oody com pe tition control (yes

or no), and h e rbace ous wee d control (yes or no); and

(2) to dete rm ine th e optim um com bination of th ese

cultural tre atm ents for im proving survival, w ood production, and w ood quality.

De sign: Tre atm ents w e re applied in a 2 by 2 by 2

factorial re plicated four tim es in a random ized com -

ple te block design; rotary m ow ing w as appended to

th e factorial.

Ye ar Installed: 19 77.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing until 19 9 5.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Yearly th rough

age 11, th en approxim ate ly eve ry 5 ye ars until close.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 77, 19 82.

Study Title: Response of Planted Pine

Seedlings to H e rbace ous Wee d Control on a

Grass-Bound Site (Study 50-4101-1.177; se e

description, p. 44.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Com pe tition control, fe rtiliz ation, forest

grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, fungicidal

control, fusiform rust, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus taed a, silviculture, site pre paration.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e grow th response

of loblolly pine to th e follow ing wee d control tre atm ents: ch e ck , h arrow ing be fore planting only, h arrow -

ing be fore and afte r planting, glyph osph ate be fore

planting only, and glyph osph ate afte r planting; and

(2) to dete rm ine th e optim um com bination of th ese

cultural tre atm ents for use be fore and afte r planting.

De sign: Tre atm ents w e re applied in a com ple te ly

random ized block design w ith th ree re plications.

Ye ars Installed: 19 81-82.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 9 3

143
Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cte d : Annually

th rough age 5; th en at ages 7 and 10.

Ye ar Installed: 19 79 .

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercumm f. sp. fusiform e ) w as noted.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 82, 19 87, 19 9 3.

Study Title: Fungicidal Control of Fusiform

Rust in Intensive ly Cultured Slash Pine

Plantations (Study 50-4101-28; se e

description, p. 44.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood, Allan E. Tiark s, Glenn A. Snow ,

or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226 or 7204, or (601) 864-8256

Keyw ords: Com pe tition control, fe rtiliz ation, forest

grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, fungicidal

control, fusiform rust, pine plantations, Pinus elliottii,

silviculture, site pre paration, slash pine.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To m e asure th e successive contributions of wee d control and fe rtiliz e r to incre ase d

stemw ood yie ld of slash pine in plantations h aving

h igh and low rates of rust infe ction; and (2) to quantify th e e ffe ctiveness of a ch e m ical fungicide in controlling fusiform rust in slash pine plantations given

diffe rent degrees of cultural tre atm ent.

De sign: Tw o wee ding tre atm ents (yes and no), th re e

fe rtiliz e r tre atm ents (fe rtilized at planting, fe rtilized

5 ye ars afte r planting, and no fe rtiliz e r), and tw o fungicidal tre atm ents (yes and no) w e re applied in th e

follow ing sele cted com binations: (1) ch e ck ; (2) ch e ck

w ith fungicide ; (3) wee ded; (4) wee ded w ith fungicide ;

(5) wee ded w ith delayed fe rtiliz e r; (6) wee ded, delayed

fe rtiliz e r w ith fungicide ; (7) wee ded w ith fe rtiliz e r at

planting; and (8) wee ded, fe rtilized at planting w ith

fungicide. Each tre atm ent is re plicated th ree tim es in

a com ple te block random design.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing until 1999 .

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually, ages

2 th rough 10, and th en at age 14.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercu um f. sp. fusiform e ) w as noted.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 79 .

Study Title: Effe cts of Furrow ing and

Disk ing on th e Grow th of Planted Loblolly and

Slash Pine (Study 50-4101-9 .2; see description,

p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus elliottii, l? taeda, site pre paration, slash pine,

soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly on silty soils w h en planted on beds;

(2) to dete rm ine if destruction of th e h e rbace ous cove r

is sufficient to boost seedling grow th w ith out raising

th e planting spot; (3) to dete rm ine w h ich spe cies,

loblolly or slash pine, grow s best on th ese soils; and

(4) to dete rm ine if e arly gains in grow th are m aintained or lost as th e pines re ach sapling and pole size.

De sign: Tre atm ents and spe cies w e re in a random -

ized com ple te block factorial design w ith th ree block s.

Site tre atm ents w e re: (1) ch e ck -seedlings planted in

144
a h e avy grass rough ; (2) disk ed-2.1-m -w ide strips

double flat-disk ed w ith a h e avy-duty offset plow ing

h arrow th at cuts about 10 cm deep; (3) bedded-2.1-

m -w ide strips double flat-disk ed, th en continuous beds

m ade w ith a te rracing h arrow ; and (4) furrow e d-furrow s 8 to 10 cm deep and about 1.2 m w ide and cut

w ith a fire plow . Tre atm ents installed in 19 63. Beds

about 30 cm h igh b e fore se ttling. Fresh ly lifted ,

graded, 1-O loblolly and slash pine seedlings planted

by h and at a 2.4- by 1.8-m spacing on 0.17-h a plots

during Feb ruary 19 64.

Ye ars Installed: 19 63-64.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 78.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

5, 10, and 15.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, on fie ld data sh e e ts,

but plans are to transcribe th e 5th -, lOth -, and 15th -

year data into ASCII form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 64, 19 69 , 19 74, 19 79 .

Study Title: M odification of a W e t Site to

Prom ote Pine Grow th (Study SO-4101-9 .4;

see description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus elliottii, I! taed a, site pre paration, slash pine,

soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly on silty soils w h en planted on beds;

(2) to dete rm ine if destruction of th e h e rbace ous cove r

is sufficient to boost seedling grow th w ith out raising

th e planting spot; (3) to dete rm ine w h ich spe cies,

loblolly or slash pine, grow s best on th ese soils; and

(4) to dete rm ine if e arly gains in grow th are m aintained or lost as th e pines re ach sapling and pole size.

De sign: Tre atm ents and spe cies w e re in a random -

ized com ple te block factorial design w ith four block s.

Site tre atm ents w e re: (1) ch e ck -plots burned before

planting to reduce th e h e avy grass rough ; (2) disk e dafte r burning, plots double flat-disk ed w ith a h e avyduty offset plow ing h arrow th at cuts about 10 cm deep;

and (3) bedded-afte r burning, plots double flatdisk ed, and th en continuous beds m ade w ith a h arrow not equipped w ith a sh aping rolle r. Tre atm ents

installed in 19 60. Beds about 45 cm from furrow to

crest be fore settling and spaced 2.4 m apart. Fresh ly

lifted, graded, 1-O loblolly and slash pine seedlings

planted by h and at a 2.4- by 1.8-m spacing on 0.15-h a

plots during M arch 19 61.

Ye ars Installed: 19 60-61.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 70.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

5 and 10.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, on fie ld data sh e e ts.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Final re port, 19 70.

Study Title: Te st of Site M odification to

Prom ote Pine Grow th on Be aure gard-Caddo

Soils (Study 50-4101-9 .5; see description,

p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

145
Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus elliottii, P. taed a, site pre paration, slash pine,

soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly on th ese soils w h en planted on beds

to dete rm ine if destruction of th e h e rbace ous cove r is

sufh cient to boost seedling grow th w ith out raising th e

planting spot; (2) to dete rm ine w h ich spe cies, loblolly

or slash pine, grow s best on th ese soils; and (3) to dete rm ine if e arly gains in grow th are m aintained or

lost as th e pines re ach sapling and pole size.

De sign: Tre atm ents and spe cies w e re in a random -

ized com ple te block factorial design w ith four block s.

Site tre atm ents w e re: (1) ch e ck -plots burned before

planting to reduce th e h e avy grass rough ; (2) disk edafte r burning, plots double flat-disk ed w ith a h e avyduty offset plow ing h arrow th at cuts about 10 cm deep;

and (3) bedded-afte r burning, plots double flat-disk ed

and th en continuous beds m ade w ith a h arrow . Tre atm ents installed in 19 60-61. Beds about 50 cm from

furrow to crest be fore settling and spaced 2.4 m apart.

At age 15, beds w e re 25 cm h igh . Fresh ly lifted, graded,

1-O loblolly and slash pine seedlings planted by h and

at a 2.4- by 1.8-m spacing on 0.15-h a plots during February 19 62.

Ye ars Installed: 19 60-62.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 79

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

10, 13, 15, and 20.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, on fie ld data sh e e ts,

but plans are to transcribe 5th -, lOth -, 13th -, 15th -,

and 20th -year data into ASCII form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and h eigh ts w e re me asured,

and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 60, 19 65, 19 70, 19 75, 19 80.

Study Title: Effe ct of Site M odification on

Grow th of Loblolly and Slash Pine s on a

Poorly Drained Site in Central Louisiana

(Study 50-4101-9 .6; see description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus elliottii, P. taed a, site pre paration, slash pine,

soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly on poorly drained soils w h en

planted on beds; (2) to dete rm ine if destruction of th e

h e rbace ous cove r is sufficient to boost seedling grow th

w ith out raising th e planting spot; (3) to dete rm ine

w h ich spe cies, loblolly or slash pine, grow s best on

th is soil; and (4) to dete rm ine if e arly gains in grow th

are m aintained or lost as th e pines re ach sapling and

pole size.

De sign: Tre atm ents and spe cies w e re in a random -

ized com ple te block factorial design w ith four block s.

Site tre atm ents w e re: (1) ch e ck -plots burned before

planting to reduce th e h e avy grass rough ; (2) disk edafte r burning, plots double flat-disk ed w ith a h e avyduty offset plow ing h arrow th at cuts about 10 cm deep;

(3) bedded-afte r burning, plots double flat-disk ed,

th en continuous beds m ade w ith a bedding h arrow not

equipped w ith a sh aping rolle r; and (4) draine d

(ch e ck & afte r burning, dik es form ed around each plot

so w ate r w ith in dik es could be pum ped out as needed

and w ate r outside dik es w ould not ente r. (H ow e ve r,

th e tre atm ent failed and th e dik es w e re opened.) Tre atm ents installed in 19 63. Beds about 38 cm h igh furrow to crest be fore settling. Fresh ly lifted, graded, 1-O

loblolly and slash pine seedlings planted by h and at a

2.4- by 1.8-m spacing on 0.14-h a plots during Feb ruary 19 65. (First-year planting failed on bedded plots.)

146
Ye ars Installed:

Ye ar Com ple ted:

19 63-65.

19 84.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 5,10, and

20. (M ost of th e plots w e re com m e rcially th inned once

or tw ice be fore age 20.1

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, on fie ld data sh e e ts.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 63, 19 68, 19 73, 19 84.

Study Title: Site Tre atm ents to Incre ase

Grow th of Loblolly and Slash Pine s on a

Caddo Silt Loam Soil (Study SO-4101-9 .7;

see description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (3 18) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus elliottii, P taed a, site pre paration, slash pine,

soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly on th is soil w h en planted on beds;

(2) to dete rm ine if destruction of th e h e rbace ous cove r

is sufficient to boost seedling grow th w ith out raising

th e planting spot; (3) to dete rm ine w h ich spe cies,

loblolly or slash pine, grow s best on th is soil; and (4)

to dete rm ine if e arly gains in grow th are m aintained

or lost as th e pines re ach sapling and pole sizes.

De sign: Tre atm ents and spe cies w e re in a random -

ized com ple te block factorial design w ith four block s.

Site tre atm ents w e re: (1) ch e ck -plots burned before

planting to reduce th e h e avy grass rough ; (2) disk e dafte r burning, plots double flat-disk ed w ith a h e avyduty offset plow ing h arrow th at cuts about 10 cm deep;

and (3) bedded-afte r burning, plots double flatdisk ed, and th en continuous beds m ade w ith a h arrow equipped with a sh aping rolle r. Tre atm e n ts

installed in 19 70. Beds about 36 cm from furrow to

crest be fore settling and spaced 2.4 m apart. Fresh ly

lifted, graded, 1-O loblolly and slash pine seedlings

planted by h and at a 2.4- by 2.4-m spacing on 0.15-h a

plots during Feb ruary 19 71.

Ye ars Installed: 19 70-71.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 85.

Ages Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

5, 10, and 15.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, on fie ld data sh e e ts,

but plans are to transcribe 5th -, lOth -, and 15th -year

data into ASCII form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) and tip m oth (Rh yacionia

spp.) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 70, 19 75, 19 80, 19 85.

Study Title: Coope rative Study on

M ech anical Site Pre paration for Planting on

H ardw ood-Dom inated Upland Site s

(Study 50-4101-9 .11; see description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations,

Pinus taed a, site pre paration, soil drainage.

147
Study Locations: Ark ansas and Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine w h ich site-preparation

m e th od is best on upland bette r drained soils in th e

w e st gulf re gion; (2) to dete rm ine h ow m uch of a h ardw ood com ponent deve lops afte r e ach m e th od of site

pre paration; (3) to dete rm ine h ow th e plantation pines

deve lop; (4) to dete rm ine h ow th e diffe rent soil types

and fe rtiliz e r tre atm ents influence th e ch oice of sitepre paration m e th od; and (5) to dete rm ine if th e best

ch oice for a site-pre paration m e th od can be predicted

on a case-by-case basis.

De sign: Tre atm ents, subsoil te xtures, and fe rtiliz e r

w e re block ed on year of planting (19 71 or 19 72) in a

random ized com ple te block , split-plot design. Th e sitepre paration tre atm ents and subsoil te xtures w e re th e

m ajor factors, and th e ph osph orus fe rtiliz e r tre atm ent

w as th e split-plot factor. Site-pre paration tre atm ents

w e re underplant-inje ct, ch op-burn, ch op-burn-disk ,

double ch op, sh e ar-burn, sh e ar-w indrow , and sh e arw indrow -disk . Subsoil te xtures w e re loam , grave lly

clay, silt, silty clay, and clay. Th e tw o fe rtiliz e r leve ls

w e re none and 168 k g/h a P,O, (as triple supe rph osph ate ) b roadcast be fore planting. Tre atm ents installed

in 19 70 and 19 71. Fresh ly lifted, graded, 1-O loblolly

pine seedlings planted by h and at a 2.4- by 1.8-m spacing on 0.22-h a plots during th e w inte r be fore h ardw ood inje ction on unde rplan ted plots or afte r

m e ch anical site pre paration.

Ye ars Installed: 19 70-72.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 83.

Ages Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

5, 7, and 12.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, 7th - and 12th -year

data in ASCII form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re m e asured,

and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 71, 19 76, 19 83.

148

Study Title: Site Tre atm ent and Fe rtilization

to Stim ulate Grow th of Slash Pine on a Poorly

Drained W righ tsville Silt Loam Soil (Study

4101-9 .23; see description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(e s1:

soJam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4103

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, pine plantations, Pinus

elliottii, site pre paration, slash pine, soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly on th is soil w h en planted on beds;

(2) to dete rm ine if destruction of th e h e rbace ous cove r

is sufficient to boost seedling grow th w ith out raising

th e planting spot; (3) to dete rm ine if fe rtiliz e r boosts

th e deve lopm ent of pine seedlings; and (4) to dete rm ine if e arly gains in grow th are m aintained or lost

as th e pines re ach sapling and pole sizes.

De sign: Site-pre paration and fe rtiliz e r tre atm ents

w e re in a random ized com ple te block factorial design

w ith four block s. Site tre atm ents w e re: (11 ch e ck -

plots burned before planting to reduce th e h e avy grass

rough ; (2) disk ed-afte r burning, plots double flatdisk ed w ith a h e avy-duty offset plow ing h arrow th at

cuts about 10 cm deep; and (3) bedded-afte r burning, plots double flat-disk ed, and th en continuous beds

m ade w ith a h arrow not equipped w ith a sh aping

rolle r. Tre atm ents installed in 19 72. Beds w e re about

25 cm from furrow to crest afte r settling and spaced

2.4 m apart. Tw o fe rtiliz e r leve ls w e re used, none and

560 k g/h a of triple superph osph ate b roadcast be fore

m e ch anical site pre paration. Fresh ly lifted, graded,

1-O slash pine seedlings planted by h and at a 2.4- by

2.4-m spacing on 0.16-h a plots during Feb ruary 19 73.

Ye ars Installed: 19 72-73.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 81.
Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

6 and 9 .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, th e 5th -, 6th -, and

Sth -year data are in ASCII form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 72, 19 78, 19 82.

Study Title: Discontinuous Mounds for

Planting Slash Pine Seedlings on Poorly

Drained Site s (Study 50-4101-9 .43; se e

description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, pine plantations, Pinus

elliottii, site pre paration, slash pine, soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly on th ese soils w h en planted on discontinuous m ounds; and (2) to dete rm ine if e arly gains

in grow th are m aintained or lost as th e pines re ach

sapling and pole sizes.

De sign: Tre atm ents w e re in a random ized com ple te

block design, w ith tw o block s on tw o soils. Th e soils

(both Typic Glossaqualfs) w e re a som ewh at poorly

drained Caddo silt loam and a poorly draine d

W righ tsville silt loam . Th e site-preparation tre atm ents

w e re: (1) ch e ck -before planting, plots burned to reduce th e grass rough ; (2) low m ounds-38-cm -h igh

m ounds form ed w ith a Joh n Dee re T350 craw le r tractor push ing piles of topsoil w ith a straigh t 1.8-m doz e r

blade ; and (3) h igh m ounds-75cm h igh m ounds

form ed as before. Tre atm ents installed in 19 75. Row s

of m ounds spaced 3 m apart, cente r to cente r; adjacent row s offset in a stagge red patte rn. Th is arrangem e n t allow e d for 537 m ounds per h e ctare . Afte r

settling, th ree uniform ly graded O-l slash pine seedlings planted on each m ound at 60-cm inte rvals in February 19 76. Untre ated ch e ck s planted at sam e rate

and spacing. If all seedlings survived, one pe r m ound

w as rogued based on presence of fusiform rust galls,

spacing on m ound, and vigor.

Ye ars Installed:

Ye ar Com ple ted:

ice storm .)

19 75-76.

19 81. (Study w as destroyed by an

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

6.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, on fie ld data sh e e ts.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 75, 19 81.

Study Title: M ounding and Bedding Poorly

Drained Site s to Boost Grow th of Slash Pine

(Study 50-4101-9 .57; see description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, pine plantations, Pinus

elliottii, site pre paration, slash pine, soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings de149
ve lop m ore rapidly on th ese soils w h en planted on discontinuous m ounds; and (2) to dete rm ine if e arly gains

in grow th are m aintained or lost as th e pines re ach

sapling and pole sizes.

De sign: Tre atm ents w e re in a random ized com ple te

block design w ith four block s. Th e soils (both Typic

Glossaqualfs) w e re a som ewh at poorly drained Caddo

silt loam and a poorly drained W righ tsville silt loam .

Th e site-pre paration tre atm ents w e re: (1) ch e ck -before planting, plots burned to reduce th e grass rough ;

(2) low m ounds--3%cm h igh m ounds form ed w ith a

Joh n Dee re T350 craw le r tractor push ing piles of topsoil w ith a straigh t 1.8-m doz e r blade ; (3) h igh

m ounds-70-cm h igh m ounds form ed as before ; (4)

bedded-beds form ed 3 m apart w ith a bedding disk

equipped w ith a sh aping rolle r, and beds 23 cm h igh

furrow to crest afte r settling; and (5) inte rm ittent

beds-beds form ed as before but disk w as lifted pe riodically so continuous beds w e re not form ed. Row s of

m ounds spaced 2 m apart, cente r to cente r; adjacent

row s offset in a stagge red patte rn, w h ich allow e d for

537 m ounds per h e ctare. Tre atm ents installed in 19 75

and 19 76. Afte r settling, uniform ly graded O-l slash

pine seedlings planted in Feb ruary 19 77.

Ye ars Installed: 19 75-76.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 83. (Study w as destroyed by a

w ildfire.)

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1,3, and

6.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, on fie ld data sh e e ts.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 75, 19 83.

Study Title: Effe ct of Site Pre paration and

Fe rtilization on Grow th of Slash Pine (Study

SO-4101-(1115)-3.5; see description, p. 45.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Allan E. Tiark s or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7204

Keyw ords: Bedding, fe rtiliz ation , forest grow th ,

forest soils, forest yie ld, pine plantations, Pinus

elliottii, site pre paration, slash pine, soil drainage.

Study Location: Pineville, LA.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pine seedlings deve lop m ore rapidly w h en planted on beds; (2) to dete rm ine if destruction of th e h e rbace ous cove r is sufficient

to boost seedling grow th w ith out raising th e planting

spot; (3) to dete rm ine th e influence of fe rtiliz e r on th e

deve lopm ent of pine seedlings; and (4) to dete rm ine if

e arly gains in grow th are m aintained or lost as th e

pines re ach sapling and pole sizes.

De sign: Site-pre paration and fe rtiliz e r tre atm ents

w e re in a random ized com ple te block , split-plot design w ith four block s. Th e site-preparation tre atm ents

w e re th e m ajor factors, and th e fe rtiliz e r tre atm ents

w e re th e split-plot factors. Site-preparation tre atm ents

w e re: (1) ch e ck -plots burned before planting to reduce th e h e avy grass rough ; (2) disk ed-plots double

flat-disk ed w ith an offset h arrow ; and (3) beddedplots bedded w ith a bedding h arrow , form ing th e beds

30 cm h igh from furrow to crest. Four fe rtiliz e r tre atm ents broadcast to subplots: (1) no fe rtiliz e r; (2) lim e -

1,120 k g/h a; (3) ph osph orus-99 k g/h a as triple

supe rph osph ate ; and (4) lim e plus ph osph orus. Tre atm ents installed in 19 67. Graded, 1-O slash pine seedlings planted by h and on 0.16-h a plots at a 2.4- by

1.8-m spacing in Feb ruary 19 69 .

Ye ar Installed: 19 67.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 81.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

5, 7, 10, and 13.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No, data on fie ld sh e e ts.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

150
Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 67, 19 72, 19 77,19 8l.

Study Title: Grow th of Slash Pine Seedlings

on Site s Subje cted to W e t- and Dry-W e ath e r

Logging and to Diffe rent R e pair Practice s

(Study 50-4101-2.10; see description, p. 47.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Allan E. Tiark s or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7204

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest soils, nutrient deple tion, pine plantations, Pinus

elliottii, silviculture, site am e lioration, slash pine, soil

com paction.

Study Location: Louisiana (Boise Cascade-W est

Bay, Allen Parish ; section 13, T4S R5W ).

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if com paction of th e

soil and surface disturbance caused by w e t-w e ath e r

logging reduces th e grow th of th e ne xt pine rotation;

(2) to dete rm ine if sh e aring follow ing w e t-w e ath e r logging im proves pine grow th m ore th an sh e aring on soils

logged w h en dry; (3) to dete rm ine th e grow th response

of seedlings to ph osph orus fe rtiliz ation; and (4) to dete rm ine if e arly diffe rences in grow th ch ange as th e

pines re ach sapling and pole sizes.

De sign: Tre atm ents re plicated four tim es in a random ized com ple te block design. Site tre atm ents w e re:

(1) logged w h en dry w ith no site pre paration; (2) logged

w h en dry follow e d by sh e aring and piling; (3) logged

w h en w e t w ith no site pre paration; (4) logged w h en

w e t follow e d by sh e aring; (5) logged w h en we t follow e d

by sh e aring and th en root rak ing; and (6) logged w h en

w e t follow e d by sh e aring, root rak ing, and disk ing.

Plots split, and 50 lb/acre of ph osph orus applied to

one of th e splits. Tre atm ents installed in 19 79 . Fresh ly

lifted, graded 1-O slash pine seedlings planted by h and

at a 6- by lo-ft spacing on 200- by 400-ft plots during

Feb ruary 19 80.

Ye ars Installed: 19 79 -80.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Full rotation, pe rh aps 30 ye ars,

w ill be required to ve rify th e e arly results.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1, 3, 5,

and 9 .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, presently on obsole te m ach ine, but plans are to transcribe into ASCII

form at.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust iCronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 79 , 19 84, 19 88.

Study Title: Effe cts of Site Am e lioration on

Ne xt-Rotation Slash and Loblolly Pine s (Study

50-4101-2.14; see description, p. 47.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7226

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest soils, loblolly pine, nutrient deple tion, pine plantations, Pinus elliottii, P. taed a, silviculture , site

am e lioration, slash pine, soil com paction.

Study Location: Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pines can be replanted dire ctly on beds form ed before th e prior rotation; (2) to dete rm ine if disk ing or bedding be fore th e

prior rotation h as any e ffe ct on th e grow th and production of pines during th e ne xt rotation; and (3) to

dete rm ine if any unk now n factors m ay lim it th e

grow th and production of pines.

De sign: Ch e ck , h arrow , and bed tre atm e n ts installed in a com ple te ly random ized block design w ith

four re plications. Seedlings planted between stum ps

151
of a previous study (SO-1102-9 .5) th at h ad re ceived

th e site-preparation tre atm ents. No furth e r site pre paration done be fore planting seedlings in second study.

Ye ars Installed: 19 83-84.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Th e present rotation w ill be h arvested in 2003.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

5.

tre atm ents m ay lim it th e grow th and production of

pines.

De sign: Ch e ck , h arrow , and bed tre atm e n ts installed in a com ple te ly random ized block design w ith

four re plications. Seedlings planted between stum ps

of a previous study (SO-1102-3.5) th at h ad re ceived

th e site-preparation tre atm ents. No furth e r site pre paration done be fore planting seedlings in second study.

Plots in previous study h ad been split, w ith subplots

re ceiving P or no P and lim e or no lim e. Th e P tre atm ents w e re re pe ated, but application of nitrogen at

age 7 w as substituted for th e lim e.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

Ye ars Installed: 19 83-84.

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re me asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cro~ ~ rtium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Th e present rotation w ill be h arvested in 1999 .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1 th rough

R e ports: 19 83, 19 88. 5, and eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Study Title: Effe cts of Site Pre paration and

Fe rtilization on Se cond-Rotation Slash Pine

(Study SO-4101-15-7.11; see description, p. 47.)

Variable s: Pine d.b.h . and total h eigh t w e re m e asured, and occurrence of stem fusiform rust (Cronartium

quercuum f. sp. fusiform e) w as noted for all pine trees.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 83, 19 88.

Allan E. Tiark s or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7204

Study Title: Effe cts of Initial Spacing and

Pre com m e rical Th inning in Fore st Stands

Establish ed by Dire ct Seed ing (Se e

description, p. 49 .)

Keyw ords: Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest soils, nutrient deple tion, pine plantations, Pinus

elliottii, silviculture, site am e lioration, slash pine, soil

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

com paction. V.C. Baldw in or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (3181 473-7227 Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine if pines can be replanted dire ctly on beds form ed before th e prior rotation; (2) to dete rm ine if disk ing, bedding, or application

of lim e or ph osph orus (P) fe rtiliz e r be fore th e prior

rotation h as any e ffe ct on th e grow th and production

of pines during th e ne xt rotation; and (3) to dete rm ine

if any unk now n factors trigge red by th ese cultural

Study Location: Louisiana.

Key w ords: Dire ct seeding, forest m anagemen t,

loblolly pine, longle af pine, Pinus elliottii, P palu stris,

P. taed a, pre com m e rcial th inning, silviculture, slash

pin e.

152
Study Location: Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e influence of initial

spacing in row s and between row s on survival; pe riodic grow th in diam e te r, h eigh t, and volum e ; total

yie ld; w ood ch aracte ristics; and financial re turns in

forest stands establish ed by dire ct seeding in row s.

De sign: Initial in-row spacings of 1 to 8 ft w ith row s

8 ft apart, and an in-row spacing of 4 or 8 ft, w ith

row s 12 ft apart, w e re establish ed in eigh t stands, including slash and loblolly pines on low , m edium , and

h igh sites and longle af pine on low and m edium sites.

W ith in each stand is a random ized com ple te block test

w ith eith e r th ree or four re plications.

Ye ars Installed: 19 64-7 1.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Eve ry 1 to 3

years initially, th en ages 5,8,11,14,17,20, and eve ry

5 ye ars th e re afte r.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at;

OS or SAS data se ts on g-track tape.

Variable s: D.b.h . to 0.1 inch on all trees, total h eigh t

to 1.0 ft and crow n class on sam ple trees, uppe r-ste m

diam e te rs outside bark on sam ple trees at som e ages.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: An establish m ent re port w as produced for

e ach individual study, and progress re ports w e re w ritten pe riodically, usually eve ry 5 ye ars.

Study Title: Effe cts of Planting Spacing and

Th inning Intensity on th e Grow th and Yie ld of

Loblolly Pine (See description, p. 50.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(e s1:

V.C. Baldw in or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7227

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations, Pinus taed a,

silviculture, stand density, th inning.

Study Locations: Oldest study w as near W oodw orth , LA; oth e r study is near Merryville, LA.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine h ow initial planting density, site, age, survival, re pe ated th innings, and th inning intensity affe ct th e grow th and yield of loblolly

pine planted on cut-ove r sites in th e We st Gulf Coastal

Plain.

De sign: Random ized block design for e ach study. In

both studies, m e asuremen t plots w e re 0.1 acre in size,

w ith about a 0.5-ch ain-w ide buffe r strip surrounding

e ach plot. W oodw orth study contained 69 plots, 4 of

w h ich w e re unth inned control plots. Site index (base

age 25) ranged from 53 to 67 ft, th e planting densities

ranged from 400 to 2,700 ste m s pe r acre, and residual

basal are a pe r-acre densities ranged from 70 to 100

ft2. First th inning w as done at planting age 20.

Me rryville study contains 88 plots of w h ich 15 are

unth inned controls. Site index ranges from 56 to 72

ft, planting densities range from 300 to 1,200 ste m s

pe r acre, and afte r-th inning densities range from 60

to 120 f& acre of basal are a. Plots in th is study w e re

first th inned at planting age 17. In both studies, th e

th inning inte rval w as 5 ye ars, and th inning gene rally

w as from below , alth ough nearly equal attention w as

given to m aintaining rath e r uniform tree spacing in

th e stands.

Ye ars Installe d : W oodw orth , 19 48; M e rryville ,

19 69 .

Ye ar Com ple te d: W oodw orth study w as closed in 19 75

due to tornado dam age ; M e rryville study continues.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: W oodw orth :

ages 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45; Me rryville: ages 17,

22, 27, 32, 37, and 42.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

Variable s: D.b.h . to 0.1 inch on all trees; total h eigh t

and h eigh t to base of full live crow n to 1.0 ft, and crow n

class on sam ple trees (and re cently on all trees ); uppe r-stem diam e te rs outside bark on sam ple trees at

som e ages; estim ates of plot cubic-foot volum e.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cords And Progre ss

R e ports: An establish m ent re port w as produced for

153
e ach individual study afte r installation, and progress

re ports w e re w ritten eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r. Re ports

are available for th e W oodw orth study for 19 48-73

and for th e Me rryville study for 19 69 -87.

Study Title: De ve lopm ent of a Loblolly Pine

Plantation Th inned to Diffe rent Density

Le ve ls in South e rn Ark ansas (See description,

p. 51.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

V.C. Baldw in, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7227

Keyw ords: Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations, Pinus taed a,

silviculture, stand density, th inning.

Study Location: South e rn Ark ansas

Obje ctive s: To evaluate th e e ffe cts of various th inning and crow n-sh orten ing tre atm ents on volum e

grow th .

De sign: Four leve ls of th inning and th ree leve ls of

crow n sh orten ing. Each com bination h as th ree re plications w ith in a random ized com ple te block design.

Four additional plots establish ed to re present e ach of

th e four th inning tre atm ents w ith out crow n sh ortening. Each plot is 132 by 132 ft in size and contains an

inner plot th at is 66 by 66 ft in size (0.1 acre ) in w h ich

all trees are individually identified w ith num be rs.

Th us, th e O.l-acre me asuremen t plot is surrounded

by a sim ilarly tre ated 0.3-acre buffe r z one th at is 0.5

ch ain in w idth .

Ye ar Installed: 19 70.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 12, 15,

16, 19 , 24, 27, and 30.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Diam e te rs at 1 ft, 3 ft, and 4.5 ft (b re ast

h eigh t) and at crow n base ; crow n radius m e asured in

th e longest dire ction and 9 0 de grees to it; h eigh ts to

base of live crow n, to top of tre e, and to even diam -

e te rs of stem required to calculate volum e by th e

Grosenbaugh h eigh t accum ulation m e th od.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 70, 19 74, 19 77, 19 82, 19 87, 19 9 0.

Study Title: Ch oice of South e rn Pine Spe cie s

for Planting Site s (See description, p. 52.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

V.C. Baldw in, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 7 1360

Ph one: (318) 473-7227

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, longle af pine, pine plantations,

Pinus elliotti, P ech inata, P palustris, P taed a, sh ortle af pine, silviculture, site quality, slash pine.

Study Locations: Louisiana and Mississippi.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine w h ich of th e four m ajor

south e rn pine species to grow on a particular site as

based on best ove rall pe rform ance re lative to th e site.

De sign: Random ized block design . Initially, 113

outplantings establish ed. Th ree plots of e ach spe cies

planted at e ach location. Planting inte rval 6 ft w ith in

and between row s. In Mississippi and th e Florida parish es of Louisiana, gross plots contained 12 row s of 12

trees each ; w e st of th e M ississippi Rive r, plots contained 11 row s of 11 trees.

Ye ars Installed: M id-19 50’s.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cte d : Ages 1, 2, 3,

10, 15, 20, and 25.

154
Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

Variable s: Fusiform rust infe ction of m ain bole ;

d.b.h . to 0.1 inch and total h eigh t to 1.0 ft of all trees

at age 10; d.b.h . to 0.1 inch and total h eigh t to 1.0 ft

on all plot trees at ages 15 th rough 25; uppe r-ste m

dim ension and crow n class on sam ple trees at ages 15

th rough 25; h eigh t to base of full live crow n to 1.0 ft at

age 25; h eigh t of dom inant stand dete rm ined and

m e an annual incremen t e xpressed in th ree w aysbasal are a, total cubic volum e, and m e rch antable cubic volum e.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: At installation and eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r.

Study Title: Planting Site-Genotype

Inte ractions in Loblolly and Slash Pine s

(See description, p. 54.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

V.C. Baldw in, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

Keyw ords: Forest grow th , forest soils, fusiform rust

resistance, loblolly pine, Pinus elliottii, P. taed a, site

quality, slash pine, survival.

Study Location: Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine to w h at e xtent site

ch aracte ristics, espe cially th e ph ysical prope rties of

soils, influence th e grow th of sele ct genotypes diffe rently; (2) to obse rve h ow fam ilies native to spe cific soil

m icroenvironm ents pe rform ove r a range of site conditions re presented by th e outplantings and th us gain

inform ation th at w ill contribute to th e successful sele ction of genotypes best able to utilize particular sites;

(3) and to com pare th e survival and grow th of th e tw o

pine spe cies on th e various sites.

De sign: Random ized block design; e ach of 4 study

locations contains 3 block s of seedlings grow n from

seed lots of k now n origin from 20 diffe rent fam ilies.

Ye ar Installed: 19 77.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 1, 3, 7,

and 10.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Survival of all plot trees; h eigh ts th rough

age 3 to th e ne arest 0.1 ft and to th e ne arest 0.5 ft for

ages 7 and 10; diam e te rs to th e ne arest 0.1 inch at

age 10; trees h aving fusiform rust infe ction identified

as h aving b ranch , ste m , or b ranch and stem infe ctions.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 79 .

Study Title: Grow th and Yie ld of Loblolly and

Slash Pine in Unth inned Plantations (Se e

description, p. 55.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

V. C. Baldw in, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7227

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, Pinus elliottii, I? taed a, silviculture, slash pine, stand density.

Study Locations: Louisiana, M ississippi, and

Te xas.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine h ow site, age, initial planting density, and survival affe ct yie lds of unth inned

loblolly and slash pine plantations on cut-ove r sites.

Plots w e re installed to supplemen t e xisting data available from oth e r ongoing studies. Th e goal w as to

b roaden th e array of sites, ages, planting densities,

and survival in th ose active studies.

De sign:

Loblolly Pine-Th e re we re 76 plots on 15 study

are as in th e 3 States; at establish m ent, th ey ranged

155
in age from 16 to 36 ye ars, in site index (base age 501,

from 35 to 113 ft, and in planting density, from 109 to

1,39 0 ste m s pe r acre. Plots varied in size, but w e re no

sm alle r th an 0.1 acre and contained at le ast 50 m e asuremen t trees at th e tim e of establish m ent. A 0.5

ch ain buffe r strip w as le ft around each plot.

Slash Pine--Th e 47 plots at 12 locations in 3 States

ranged in age at establish m ent from 21 to 41 ye ars, in

site index, from 33 to 116 ft, and initial planting density, from 302 to 1,253 ste m s pe r acre. Spe cific plot

ch aracte ristics w e re th e sam e as th ose m entioned

above for loblolly pine. Th e re w as no e ffort m ade to

set up any particular statistical design for h ypoth esis

testing. Study obje ctives w e re to obtain data for deve lopm ent of growth and yield prediction m odels. Th e

plots w e re me asured at establish m ent and reme asured

tw ice at 5-ye ar inte rvals.

Ye ars Installe d : Slash pine, 19 72; loblolly pine,

19 73; reme asured 19 77, 19 78.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Slash pine, 19 87; loblolly pine,

19 88.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: At establish -

m ent and eve ry 5 ye ars th e re afte r until studies w e re

closed .

V. C. Baldw in, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

Keyw ords : Forest grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, loblolly pine, pine plantations, Pinus taed a,

pruning, silviculture, stand density, th inning.

Study Location: Ark ansas.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine w h e th e r large-size,

good-quality loblolly pine saw tim be r could be grow n

in a rotation m uch sh orte r th an th e 60- to BO-year

pe riod com m only planned in 19 53; and (2) to com pare

cubic yie lds, board-foot yie lds, and w ood prope rties resulting from application of four intensive tre atm ents h aving th e sam e attributes as th ose used under conventional

industrial silviculture.

De sign: Random ized block design; th ree block s w ith

four leve ls of th inning at diffe rent ages establish ed in

a g-ye ar-old loblolly plantation.

Ye ar Installed: 19 54.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, in ASCII form at.

Variable s: D.b.h . to O.l-inch on all plot trees; total

h eigh t and h eigh t to th e base of th e full live crow n to

1.0 ft, and crow n class, on sam ple trees; uppe r-ste m

diam e te rs outside bark on sam ple trees; estim ates of

plot cubic-foot volum e.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 72, 19 73, 19 77, 19 78, 19 82, 19 83, 19 87,

19 88.

Study Title: Acce le rated Saw log Production

in a Loblolly Pine Plantation (See description,

p. 56.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Age 9 and at

3-ye ar inte rvals th rough age 33. Th e study w as

reme asured again at ages 39 and 45.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s

Variable s: D.b.h . to 0.1 inch on all plot trees; total

and m e rch antable h eigh ts to 0.5 ft on sam ple trees;

uppe r-stem diam e te rs outside bark on sam ple trees;

estim ates of cubic-foot volum e on each sam ple tre e ;

crow n class and crow n w idth to 1.0 ft on sam ple trees;

also, tw o m e asuremen ts of stem form calculated:

Girard form class and absolute form quotient.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 54 and eve ry 3 ye ars until 19 78.

156
R ANGE M ANAGEMENT FOR SOUTH ERN

PINE ECOSYSTEM S

Study Title: Inte rre lated Effe cts of Cattle

Grazing and Refore station in th e Pine-Slende r

Blue ste m Type (Study 1701-3.3; se e

description, p. 57.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es P. Barnett, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Agroforestry, artificial re gene ration ,

cattle grazing, h e rbage production, pine survival,

Pinus elliottii, range m anagemen t, slash pine.

Study Location: Central Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine w h e th e r bee f cattle

production is com patible w ith th e establish m ent and

grow th of planted slash pine stands; (2) to m e asure

th e e ffe cts of various grazing intensities on th e survival and grow th of planted and dire ct-seeded slash

pine re gene ration; (3) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of various grazing intensities on th e production efficiency of

bee f b reeding h e rds; and (4) to com pare th e e conom ic

re turns from com bined cattle grazing and pine production w ith th ose from tim be r alone.

De sign: Th e study w as located in th ree range units

com posed of about 1,600 acres on th e Longle af Tract,

Palustris Expe rim ental Forest, M cNary, LA. All units

w e re stock ed w ith native cow s to produce ligh t, m edium , and h e avy grazing intensities equal to 30-, 45,

and go-pe rcent utiliz ation, respe ctive ly. About 17 pe rcent of e ach range unit w as planted to 1-O slash pine

seedlings, and about 8 pe rcent of e ach unit w as dire ct

seeded to slash pine during e ach of th e first 4 ye ars of

th e study.

Ye ar Installed: 19 60.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 84.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Calf crop pe rce n tages, calf w e aning

w e igh ts, and periodic cow we igh ts; frequency, cove r,

and botanical com position ofve ge tation; and econom ic

costs and re turns.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Establish m ent re port 19 60; progress reports 19 70, 19 72, 19 84.

Study Title: Som e Effe cts of Planted Pine s on

Range Forage Ve ge tation in Central Louisiana

(Study 1701-2.1; see description, p. 59 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es P. Barnett, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Agroforestry, artificial re gene ration ,

cattle grazing, h e rbage production, longle af pine, pine

survival, Pinus elliottii, P palustris, range m anagem ent, slash pine.

Study Location: Central Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of canopy

conditions in longle af and slash pine plantations on

th e quantity and ch e m ical and botanical com position

of understory h e rbage ; and (2) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts

of m oderate grazing by cattle on th e h e rbage ve ge tation.

157
De sign: Th e slash pine plantation w as 4 ye ars old,

and th e longle af pine plantation w as 8 ye ars old w h en

th e study w as initiated in 19 60. Crow n closure at th at

tim e h ad not occurred in eith e r plantation; th e re fore,

canopies did not h ave any im portant e ffe cts on forage

com position.

Ye ar Installed: 19 60.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 81.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: H e rbage yie ld, botanical com position and

nutritive value. and basal are a of trees.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Study plan, 19 60; progress re ports, 19 71,

19 81.

Study Title: R e lationsh ips of Stand Density

to H e rbage Yie ld in a Longle af Pine Plantation

(Study 1701-2.2; see description, p. 60.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Allan Tiark s, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Agroforestry, forage production, longle af

pine, pine plantations, Pinus palustris, th inning.

Study Location: Central Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e re lationsh ips of h e rbage yield to basal are a and oth e r stand variables in a

longle af pine plantation th at w as prescribe-burned and

th inned at & year inte rvals.

De sign: Th e 40-acre study plantation contained four

lo-acre block s each containing sixteen 0.62-acre plots

w ith O.l-acre me asuremen t plots and a O.& ch ain

buffe r between plots. Trees w e re 30 ye ars old at study

initiation in 19 64 and w e re planted on four plots pe r

block at e ach of four grid spacings of about 4,5,6, and

13 ft. Th ree of th e four plots pe r block of e ach spacing

(e xce pt 13 ft) we re th inned initially at age 20 to basal

are as of 60,80, and 100 ft2/acre and h ave been th inned

e ve ry 5 ye ars since th en . Th e fourth plot of th ese spacings w as th inned at age 16 to 100 trees pe r acre and

pruned to a h eigh t of 17 ft. Oth e r pruning tre atm ents,

including an unpruned ch e ck , w e re assigned to th e

13-ft plots, but only th e unpruned 13-ft plots w e re used

in th is study. Plots w e re prescribe-burned during th e

w inte r at 2- to S-year inte rvals.

Ye ar Installed: 19 64.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: D.b.h . to 0.1 inch on all plot trees; total

h eigh t and h eigh t to base of full live crow n to 1.0 ft,

and crow n class on sam ple trees; uppe r-stem diam -

e te rs outside b ark on sam ple trees; basal are a pe r unit

are a; and estim ates of plot cubic-foot volum e. H e rbage production m e asured in dry w e igh t pe r unit are a.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 64, 19 67, 19 71, 19 82.

Study Title: Unde rstory H e rbage Response to

Spacing of Loblolly Pine Follow ing Site

Pre paration (Study 1701-1.1; see description,

p. 60.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

158
V.C. Baldw in, Jr., RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Forage production, forest m anagemen t,

forest soils, loblolly pine, pine survival, Pinus taed a,

site pre paration.

Study Locations: Central and north Louisiana and

south e rn Ark ansas.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of various

m e ch anical site-preparation tre atm ents on th e production and botanical com position of understory ve ge tation;

(2) to dete rm ine e ffe cts of soils on plant succession follow ing site pre paration; and (3) to dete rm ine e ffe cts of

fe rtiliz ation on th e unde rstory ve ge tation.

De sign: Eigh t site-pre paration tre atm e n ts w e re

applied to five soils during th e fall of 19 70 and 19 71;

years se rved as re plications. Soil te xtural types included: (1) sandy; (2) loam ; (3) grave lly; (4) clayey (m ode rate pe rm e ab ility); and (5) clayey (poor pe rm e ab ility).

Site-pre paration tre atm ents w e re: (1) underplantre le ase ; (2) ch op-burn; (3) ch op-burn-flat disk ; (4) ch opdelay-ch op; (5) ch op-burn-m ound-disk ; (6) sh e ar-burn;

(7) sh e ar-w indrow -burn; and (8) sh e ar-w indrow -disk .

Th e underplant-re le ase tre atm ent served as th e control for th e seven m e ch anical tre atm ents. Follow ing

site pre paration, 80 plots m e asuring 144 by 162 ft w e re

split; approxim ate ly one-th ird of e ach plot w as fe rtilized and th e re m aining tw o-th irds se rved as th e untre ated control. Plots w e re planted on 6- by 8-ft

spacings. H e rbace ous ve ge tation w as sam pled on 20

syste m atically spaced quadrats (9 .6 ft2) on each plot.

Estim ates for w oody spe cies w ith stem diam e te rs less

th an 1 inch in d.b.h . w e re m ade from four O.Ol-acre

circular quadrats on each plot. W oody ste m s 1 inch in

d.b.h . and large r w e re me asured on four 0.25-acre circular quadrats on each plot.

Ye ars Installed:

Ye ar Com ple ted:

19 70 and 19 71.

19 9 2.

Age s or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: M e asured at

ages 1, 2, 3, and 7.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Num be r, total h eigh t, and d.b.h . of w oody

ste m s gre ate r th an or equal to 1 inch in d.b.h .; num -

be r, total h eigh t, and crow n diam e te r of w oody ste m s

less th an 1 inch in d.b.h .; and percentage of basal cove r,

production, and com position of th e h e rbace ous ve ge tation by species.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 70, 19 74, 19 9 4.

Study Title: Asse ssm ent of Nonpoint Source

Pollution from Intensive Silvicultural

Practice s and Live stock Grazing in South e ast

Fore sts (Study 1701-1.121; see description,

p. 61.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es P. Barnett, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords : Forest m anagemen t, livestock grazing,

loblolly pine, Pinus taed a, silviculture, site pre paration, w ate r pollution.

Study Locations: East Te xas and Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To deve lop baseline data on th e quality and quantity of w ate r for stabilized forest sites

(th ose th at h ave been re lative ly undisturbed for 15 to

20 ye ars); (2) to assess th e im pact of cle arcutting and

m e ch anical site pre paration on th e quality and quantity of w ate r during tre atm ent and for 10 ye ars follow ing tre atm ent; and (3) to assess th e im pact of tw o

livestock grazing syste m s and no grazing on th e quality

and quantity of w ate r for 10 ye ars follow ing tre atm ent.

159
De sign: Five 12-acre forested w ate rsh eds w e re instrum ented to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of forest h arvesting, m e ch anical site pre paration, and livestock grazing

on storm flow , pe ak disch arge rate, and sedim ent loss.

Afte r 3 ye ars of pre tre atm ent calibration, four of th e

w ate rsh eds w e re tre ated as follow s: (1) cle arcutting

follow e d by rolle r ch opping; (2) cle arcutting follow e d

by sh e aring and w indrow ing; (3) cle arcutting follow e d

by sh e aring, w indrow ing, and rotational grazing; and

(4) cle arcutting follow e d by sh e aring, w indrow ing, and

continuous grazing. Th e re m aining w ate rsh ed w as th e

control.

Ye ar Installed: 19 80.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: Storm flow rate, pe ak disch arge rate,

sedim ent production, standing crop, ground cove r, soil

bulk density, organic m atte r, coliform bacte ria, runoff,

nitrate n itrogen , total am ount of ph osph ates and orth oph osph ate, turb idity, potassium , and plant b iom ass.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually, 19 80-86 and 19 88-9 0.

Study Title: Unde rstory H e rbage Response to

Spacing of Loblolly Pine Follow ing Site

Pre paration (Study 1701-1.2; see description,

p. 64.)

Keyw ords : Forage production, forest m anagemen t,

forest soils, loblolly pine, pine survival, Pinus taed a,

site pre paration.

Study Location: Central Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of diffe rent

site-preparation tre atm ents on pretre atm ent and posttre atm ent production and botanical com position of

understory ve ge tation; (2) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of

soils on plant succession follow ing site pre paration;

and (3) to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of pine spacing on th e

deve lopm ent of understory ve ge tation.

De sign: Tw o site-pre paration tre atm e n ts (underplant-re le ase and sh e ar-w indrow -burn) w e re applied

to tw o soils (Ruston and Saw yer) annually during 19 70

and 19 71; years se rved as re plications. Follow ing site

pre paration, plots w e re subdivided into five 144- by

162-ft plots and h and-planted to loblolly pine spacings of 4 by 6,6 by 8,8 by 12, and 12 by 16 ft; and an

unplanted control plot w as included. H e rbace ous ve ge tation w as sam pled on 20 syste m atically spaced quadrats (9 .6 ft2) on each plot. Inform ation on w oody species

w ith stem diam e te rs less th an 1 inch in d.b.h . w as

estim ated from four O.Ol-acre circular quadrats on

e ach plot. W oody ste m s 1 inch in d.b.h . and large r w e re

m e asured on four 0.025-acre circular quadrats on each

plot.

Ye ar Installed: 19 70.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 9 2.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Me asured at

ages 1, 2, 3, and 6.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

V. C. Baldw in, Jr., RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Variable s: Num be r, total h eigh t, and d.b.h . of all

w oody ste m s gre ate r th an or equal to 1 inch in d.b.h .;

num be r, total h eigh t, and crow n diam e te r of w oody

ste m s less th an 1 inch d.b.h .; and percentage basal

cove r, production, and com position of th e h e rbace ous

ve ge tation by species.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 70, 19 71, 19 74, 19 9 4.

160
Study Title: Com parison of Burning Date s in

a Young Natural Loblolly-Sh ortle af Pine Stand

(Study 1701-3.26; see description, p. 64.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es D. H ayw ood, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

m ents w e re applied in th ree random ized-block re plications to 0.25-acre plots. A 7-acre study are a w as

fenced in w ith in th e 46-acre re gene rated cle arcut.

Burning tre atm ents w e re applied biennially to th e

sm alle r are a in even-num be red years.

Ye ar Installed: 19 82.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 9 4.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Variable s: Survival, grow th , and yield of pines; and

yie ld and botanical com position of com pe ting h ardw oods and h e rbage.

Keyw ords: Controlled burning, forage production,

forest m anagemen t, h ardw ood control, loblolly pine,

Pinus ech inata, I?taed u , sh ortle af pine, silviculture.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 82, 19 84, 19 9 5.

Study Location: Central Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e best dates for burning young natural stands of loblolly-sh ortle af pine on

re gene rated cle arcuts by: (1) com paring survival and

grow th of pines and yield and botanical com position

of h e rbage on unburned, unth inned, and oth e rw ise

undisturbed plots w ith th ose m e asuremen ts on plots

of pines th inned and h ardw oods controlled by cutting

and biennial fires in March , M ay, or July; (2) com paring yie ld and com position of h e rbage on plots w ith

pines, h ardw oods, and sh rubs controlled by top rem oval alone w ith th ose m e asuremen ts on plots w ith

w oody plants controlled by com b inations of cutting and

biennial fires in March , M ay, and July; and (3) dete rm ining if th e w oody understory on loblolly-sh ortle af

pine sites could be controlled by biennial fires afte r

seve ral years of top re m oval by th e com bination of

burning and cutting.

De sign: Th e 46-acre study are a w as cle arcut in 19 76.

Be ginning in 19 82, burning tre atm ents w e re applied

eve ry oth e r ye ar to plots th inned to about 700 trees

pe r acre. An unburned control plot w as included. Pines

w e re 5 ye ars old at th e beginning of th e 19 82 se ason.

Tre atm ents w e re also applied to plots from wh ich pines

and h ardw oods h ad been com ple te ly re m oved. Tre atStudy Title: Grazing Syste m s for Fore st

Range (Study 1701-3.27; see description, p. 66.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es P. Barnett, RW U-4101

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Ale xandria Forestry Cente r

2500 Sh reve port H igh w ay

Pineville, LA 71360

Ph one: (318) 473-7216

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords : Cattle grazing, forage production, livestock production , longle af pine, Pinus elliottii, I?

palustris, slash pine.

161
Study Location: Central Louisiana.

Obje ctive s: (1) To com pare th e e conom ic and livestock production efficiencies of th ree forest grazing

syste m s: one-pasture rotational burning, tw o-pasture

sw itch back , and m ultiple-pasture, sh ort-durational

grazing; and (2) to m e asure th e e ffe cts of grazing syste m s on th e livestock , w ildlife, w ate rsh ed, and tim be r

resources.

De sign: About 3,600 acres in six range units are

utilized in th e re plicated grazing syste m s. Th ese six

units range in size from about 550 to 700 acres. Breeding cattle consist of crossbred Brah m an cow s and English b reed bulls. Tim b e r m anagemen t gene rally

follow s National Forest System guide lines; trees are

th inned periodically to m aintain re lative ly open

stands, w ith tree b asal are as ranging from 60 to 100

ft2/acre. Supplemen tal studies, w h en ove rlaid on th e

th ree grazing syste m s, address w ate rsh ed and w ildlife im plications.

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

TROPICAL AMERICAN FOREST

M ANAGEMENT

Study Title: Inventory of th e Se condary

Fore st of Pue rto Rico (See description, p. 66.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Pe te r L. W e ave r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335, 4336, or 4588

Keyw ords: Inventory, Puerto Rico, secondary forest, tropical forest.

Study Location: Puerto Rico.

Obje ctive s: (1) To assess th e tim be r potential of

secondary forests in Puerto Rico; (2) to dete rm ine grow th

and ch ange in spe cies com position in establish ed pe rm anent plots; (3) to utilize th e basic data for th e deve lopm ent of studies to stim ulate secondary forest

m anagemen t; and (4) to assess forestry-re lated resources on th e island.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing th rough at le ast 19 9 6. De sign: Syste m atic 3- by 3-km grid w ith 437 ground

locations w ith in th e com m e rcial are a.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Ye ar Installed: 19 80.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s. Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: All ages, eve ry 5 or 10 ye ars.

Variable s: Calf crop pe rce n tages, calf w e aning

w e igh ts, and periodic cow we igh ts; frequency, cove r,

and botanical com position of ve ge tation; and econom ic

costs and re turns.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Spe cies, diam e te r, h eigh t, tim be r quality, and seve ral site ch aracte ristics.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 84,19 9 O.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Establish m ent re port, 19 84; no inform ation

available on progress re ports.

162
Study Title: Th e Fore st Resource s of St. Study Title: Pilot M anageme nt Study In Th e

Vincent Island, W e st Indie s (See description, Luquillo M ountains of Pue rto Rico

p. 67.) (See description, p. 69 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Pe te r L. W e ave r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335, 4336, or 4588

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Frank H . W adsw orth , Pe te r L. W e ave r,

or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335, 5336, or 4588

Keyw ords: Forest inventory, St. Vincent, tropical

forest.

Keyw ords : Prim ary forest, Puerto Rico, secondary

forest, tree grow th rates, tropical forest.

Study Location: Th e island of St. Vincent, W est

Indies.

Study Location: Luquillo M ountains of Pue rto Rico

in th e subtropical w e t forest; Sabana 8 (80 h a), Rio

Grande (40 h a), and Sabana 4 (129 h a).

Obje ctive s: (1) To estim ate th e are a of various forest classes; (2) to deve lop statistics describing th e

com position of th e tim be rland h aving com m e rcial potential; and (3) to provide inform ation on th e resources

of th e island.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine species com position of

prim ary and secondary forests; (2) to dete rm ine th e

grow th rates of th e spe cies present; and (3) to assess

th e e ffe cts of th inning on grow th in secondary forests.

De sign: Eigh ty-eigh t grid inte rsections spaced at 2

by 2 k m ; standard South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station inventory te ch niques m odified for local conditions.

Ye ar Installed: 19 84.

De sign: One h undred plots 0.08 h a in size placed

syste m atically th rough out e ach of th ree study are as;

topograph y classified (bottom , low e r slope, uppe r slope

of ridge ); com m e rcial spe cies identified, potential crop

trees sele cted; m e asuremen ts tak en; and one th inning

done in secondary are as.

Ye ar Installed: 19 56.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: All ages; data

colle ction cycle not dete rm ined.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 19 62, 19 75,

and in th e 19 80’s.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Spe cies, diam e te r, h eigh t, tim be r quality, and seve ral ph ysical site ch aracte ristics. Variable s: Diam e te r, h eigh t, topograph y, and species.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Establish m ent re port, 19 84; no inform ation

available on progress re ports.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Establish m ent re port, 19 56; no inform ation

available on progress re ports.

163
Study Title: Long-Te rm Grow th Rate s in th e

Natural Fore st of th e Luquillo M ountains in

Pue rto Rico (See description, p. 69 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Pe te r L. W e ave r, Arie l E. Lugo, or Proje ct Le ade r,

RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335,4336, or 4588

Keyw ords : Puerto Rico, tree grow th rates, tropical

forest.

Study Location: Luquillo M ountains of Pue rto

Rico, m ainly subtropical w e t forest, rain forest, and

low e r m ontane w e t forest.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine diam e te r grow th rates

in th e natural forest; and (2) to dete rm ine ch anges in

spe cies com position ove r tim e.

De sign: Eigh t plots, m ost are 0.4 h a in size; includes

th inned and undisturbed forests in four life z ones.

Ye ars Installed: 19 43-47.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: All ages, depending on plot: 19 43, 19 46, 19 48, 19 51, 19 56, 19 76,

and 19 81.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Spe cies, diam e te r, ingrow th , and m ortality; h eigh t m e asured or estim ated on som e plots.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

164

Study Title: Population Dynam ics of a Dry

Fore st Avian Com m unity in Pue rto Rico

(See description, p. 71.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W ayne J. Arendt or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U 415

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335,4336, or 4588

Joh n Faaborg

110 Tuck e r H all

Unive rsity of M issouri

Colum bia, MO 65211

Keyw ords: Avian population dynam ics, Pue rto Rico,

tropical forest.

Study Location: South w este rn Puerto Rico.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine and assess avian com -

m unity structure ; (2) to dete ct ab rupt population fluctuations or dire ctional trends ove r tim e in both

m igrant and native b ird populations by designating

indicator spe cies using cum ulative data sum m arized

since th e start of th e study; (3) to dete rm ine biological, e cological, and clim atic factors affe cting avian

spe cies th at m igh t result in sh arp population incre ases

or decre ases; and (4) to offe r appropriate m anagemen t

prescriptions in Guanica.

De sign: Variable-w idth transect census; use of standard m ist nets.

Ye ar Installed: 19 72.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Spe cies, dem ograph y,

ove r rate, longevity, and ph ilopatry.

dispe rsal, turnYe ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.
Study Title: R e productive Ecology of th e Study Title: Plantation Adaptability Trials in

Pe arly-Eyed Th rash e r in Pue rto Rico Pue rto Rico and th e Virgin Islands

(See description, p. 71.) (See description, p. 71.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W ayne J. Arendt or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335,4336, or 4588

Joh n K. Francis or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335, 4336, or 4588

Keyw ords: Pe arly-eyed th rash e r, Puerto Rico, reproductive e cology, tropical forest. Keyw ords: grow th rates, Puerto Rico, site pre fe rence, soil pre fe rence, tropical forest.

Study Location: Luquillo Expe rim ental Forest in

Puerto Rico.

Study Locations: Pue rto Rico and th e Virgin

Islands.

Obje ctive s: (1) To obtain data on th e e cological and

biological requiremen ts of th e pe arly-eyed th rash e r

in an effort to m itigate its dele te rious effe cts on th e

endange red Puerto Rican parrot; (2) to com pare populations of th is bird in th e Luquillo Forest w ith th ose

in potential parrot reintroduction are as; and (3) to

evaluate th e suitability of th is spe cies as a surrogate

for th e parrot in experim ental studies.

Obje ctive s: (1) To identify plantation species th at

are adapted to local clim ates; (2) to dete rm ine soil and

site pre fe rences of e ach spe cies; and (3) to docum ent

grow th rates and m ak e m anagemen t re com m endations.

De sign: Entire study population banded, 30 to 50

artificial nesting boxes m onitored yearly, individual

neste rs follow e d yearly.

De sign: Various.

Ye ars Installed: Be ginning in 19 30’s.

Ye ar Installed: 19 79 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ages Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Various.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Inform ation not re ported.

Variable s: Diam e te r and h eigh t.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

165
Study Title: Tree Grow th in Se ve ral Tropical

Fore sts of Pue rto Rico (See description,

p. 72.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Pe te r L. W e ave r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335, 4336, or 4588

Keyw ords: Pue rto Rico, stand dive rsity, tree grow th

rates, tropical forest.

Study Location: Puerto Rico.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine periodic annual d.b.h .

incremen t (PAI); and (2) to evaluate th e potential of

diffe rent spe cies and forest types for tim be r production.

De sign: Nine research plots in th ree life z ones; d.b.h .

of ste m s gre ate r th an or equal to 4.1 cm w as re corded.

Ye ars Installed: 19 43-51.

Ye ar Com ple ted: M aricao and Toro Ne gro are still

ongoing; oth e r plots are closed.

Ages Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: In form ation

not available.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variab le s: D.b.h ., crow n class, m ortality, and

ingrow th .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

166

Study Title: A Ph ytosociological Study of

Cinnam on Bay W ate rsh ed, St. Joh n, U.S.

Virgin Islands (See description, p. 73.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Pe te r L. W e ave r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4151

USDA Forest Se rvice

Inte rnational Institute of Tropical Forestry

Call Box 25000

Rio Piedras, PR 009 28

Ph one: (809 ) 753-4335, 4336, or 4588

Keyw ords : St. Joh n, secondary forest, spe cies com -

position, tropical forest, Virgin Islands.

Study Location: St. Joh n, U.S. Virgin Islands.

Obje ctive s: (1) To describe th e structure and species com position of arborescent ve ge tation of th e w ate rsh ed; and (2) to e xplore ph ytosociological re lationsh ips

of trees according to e levation and topograph y w ith in

th e w ate rsh ed.

De sign: Sixteen plots located on ridges and slopes

and in valleys at e levations of about 60,120,180,210,

and 240 m ; one plot, about 275 m .

Ye ar Installed: 19 83.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: All ages, approxim ate ly eve ry 5 ye ars.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: H eigh t, d.b.h ., and crow n class.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.
TECH NOLOGY OF EASTER N

FOREST TREE SEEDS

Study Title: Long-Te rm Storage of Seeds of

M ajor “Orth odox” Spe cie s (Study 4103-3.2; se e

description, p. 74.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

F.T. Bonne r or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4103

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

Spring Stre e t Extended

P.O. Box 9 06

Stark ville, M S 39 759

Ph one: (601) 323-8162

Keyw ords : Liquid am bar styracifiua, loblolly pine,

orth odox spe cies, Pinus elliottii, P. taed a, Platanus

occidentalis, seed storage, slash pine, swee tgum , sycam ore .

Study Title: Ch rom osom e Effe cts during

Storage of Sycam ore, Sw e e tgum , and Loblolly

and Slash Pine Seeds (Study 50-4103-3.3;

see description, p. 74.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

J.A. Voz z o or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4103

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

Spring Stre e t Extended

P.O. Box 9 06

Stark ville, M S 39 759

Ph one: (601) 323-8162

Key w ords: Ch rom osom e ch anges, Liquid am b ar

styraciflua, loblolly pine, Pinus elliottii, P. taed a,

Platanus occidentalis, seed storage, slash pine, swee tgum , sycam ore.

Study Location: Stark ville, M S.

Study Location: Stark ville, M S.

Obje ctive s: To study 15-ye ar storage of seeds of four

m ajor tree spe cies.

De sign: Test 1: th ree storage te m pe ratures: -18, 2,

and 10 “C; th ree m oisture leve ls: 6, 10, and 14 pe rcent; and th ree re plications of all te m pe rature- m oisture com binations. Test 2: four storage te m pe ratures:

15, 25, 35, and 45 OC; and four m oisture leve ls: 8, 12,

14, and 18 pe rcent.

Ye ar Installed: 19 82.

Ye ar Com ple te d : Test 1 still ongoing; test 2

com ple te .

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Test 1: annually; test 2: daily to bim onth ly.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Seed viability.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 81; progress re port inform ation not

re ported .

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if notice able ch rom osom e

ch anges in seeds occur during prolonged storage under acce ptable storage conditions.

De sign: Seeds stored at -18, 2, and 10 “C, w ith initial seed m oisture leve ls of 6, 10, and 14 pe rcent; all

com binations re plicated th ree tim es.

Ye ar Installed: 19 82.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Bienn ially.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Num be r of ce lls in proph ase, anaph ase,

and te loph ase, and total num be r of ce lls in squash

pre parations; root length , pe rcentage of ge rm ination,

pe rcentage of ge rm ination w ith abe rrant anaph ase

during m itosis, and oth e r com m on aberrations.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports : 19 82; progress re port inform ation not

re ported .

167
GROW TH AND YIELD OF NATURAL

EVEN-AGED LONGLEAF PINES

Study Title: R e gional Longle af Pine Grow th

Study (See description, p. 75.)

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cte d : 19 69 -72,

19 74-77,19 79 -82,19 84-87, and 19 89 -9 2.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

W illiam D. Boyer or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4105

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

G. W . Andre w s Forestry Science Laboratory

Devall Stre e t

Auburn Unive rsity, AL 36849

Ph one: (205) 887-4518

Keyw ords : even-aged stands, grow th and yield,

longle af pine, natural re gene ration, Pinus palustris.

Study Location: Alabam a, Florida, Ge orgia, and

M ississippi.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine h ow stand age, site index,

and residual density le ft afte r th inning influence th e

deve lopm ent of individual trees and stands of naturally re gene rated even-aged longle af pines.

De sign: In 19 9 0,274 pe rm anent plots h ad survived

out of 29 6 installed on coope rator lands in a rectangular distribution of ce lls form ed by all com binations of

a se t of age, site-index, and density classes. Initially,

age classes w e re 20, 40, 60, and 80 ye ars; site-index

classes w e re 50, 60, 70, 80, and 9 0 ft at age 50; and

residual basal are a classes w e re 30, 60, 9 0, 120, and

150 ft?/acre. Age classes w e re e xtended to include 100

and 120 ye ars. Ne t plots are circular and are surrounded by a 0.5-ch ain-w ide isolation strip (re ceiving

th e sam e density tre atm ent as th e net plot) plus an

additional 0.5-ch ain-w ide untre ated prote ctive buffe r.

Virtually all net plots (282) w e re 0.2 acre in size; only

14 w e re 0.1 acre in size. Rem e asuremen ts are m ade

at 5-ye ar inte rvals. Residual densities w e re establish ed by im provemen t cutting andfor low th inning

and h ave been m aintained by low th inning, as needed,

at e ach reme asuremen t. Th ree-tim e re plications of th e

youngest age class (20 ye ars) h ave been establish ed

at lo-year inte rvals. Intent is to m aintain th e study

until all th ree-tim e re plications re ach a rotation of 120

years.

Ye ars Installed: 19 64-67.

Variable s: For all plot trees large r th an 0.5 inch in

d.b.h .: d.b .h . to nearest 0.1 inch , crow n class, m agnetic azim uth from plot cente r to nearest degre e, distance from plot cente r to nearest 0.1 ft, and utility

pole class and length . For a syste m atic sam ple of about

20 pe rcent of trees in each l-inch d.b.h . class: total

h eigh t to nearest foot, h eigh t to crow n base to nearest

foot, age to nearest year (if dom inant or codom inant).

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 63 and 19 67; subsequently, publications

h ave se rved in lieu of progress re ports.

FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS FOR

M IDSOUTH STATES

Study Title: Fore st Inventory and Analysis

(See description, p. 77.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Roy C. Be ltz or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4109

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

Forestry Sciences Laboratory

P.O. Box 9 06

Stark ville, M S 39 759

Ph one: (601) 324-1611

Keyw ords: Forest inventory, forest survey, M idsouth States.

Study Location: M idsouth .

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e forest resources of th e

M idsouth .

168
De sign: M ore th an 17,000 pe rm anently establish ed

sam ple plots are syste m atically located across th e region. Plots are spaced on a 3- by 3-m i grid and include

approxim ate ly 5,760 acres of land. AforestJnonforest

classification of 25 ph oto points around each sam ple

plot is used to estim ate forest are a; th en e ach plot is

visited, and th e forest resources are me asured. Th e

plots are me asured using a cluste r of ten 37.5-prism

points cove ring approxim ate ly 1 acre. Trees at le ast 5

inch es in d.b.h . are me asured; sm alle r trees are

sam pled on th ree 0.0036-acre fixed plots at th e first

th ree prism points.

Ye ar Installed: 19 33.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

& es Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Not applicable.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s:

No. Acronym Description

1 tia

2 st

3 un

4 CO

5 lo

6 sdate

I m atch

8 cdate

9 pdate

10 sam p

11 guse

12 pause

13 ow n

14 or g

15 site c

16 ph yc

17 age

18 n cru

19 W C

20 sizec

21 ftype

22 top0

23 slope

24 aspe ct

25 rdis

26 fare a

27 e xp

28 re xp

29 ask

30 rrsk

31 lsk

32 invsk

33 nosk

34 nosk ov

35 unsk

Forest inventory and analysis code

State code

Unit num be r

County num be r

Plot location num be r

Date of th e survey

State+ unit+ county+ location com bination

(specific location)

Current date - year, m onth , day

Past date - year, m onth , day

Sam ple k ind

Current ground use

Past ground use

Currrent owne rsh ip code, m ajor cate gories

Stand origin

Site class

Ph ysiograph ic class

Stand age, m idpoint

Num be r of points cruised

Stand volum e class

Stand class size

Forest type

Topograph y

Slope (pe rcent)

Aspe ct

Distance to ne arest all-w e ath e r road

Size of forest

Current e xpansion factor

Resurveyed expansion factor

Acce ptable stock ing (pe rcent/acre )

Rough and rotten stock ing (pe rcent/acre )

All live tree stock ing (pe rcent/acre )

Inh ibiting ve ge tation stock ing (pe rcent/acre )

Nonstock e d (pe rcent/acre )

Nonstock e d and ove rtopped (percent/acre )

Nonstock able (pe rcent/acre )

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

pnsk

h w sk

cfgssw

cfgsh w

cfgs

cflvsw

cflvh w

cflv

cfrrsw

cfrrh w

cfrr

cfctsw ”

cfcth w *

cfct*

cfm tsw *

cfm th w *

cfm t*

gcflvsw *

gcflvh w

gcflv

slgssw

slgsh w

slgs

s1ctsw *

slcth w *

s1ct*

slm tsw *

slm th w *

slm t*

gslgssw

gslgsh w

gslgs

bfgssw

bfgsh w

b fgs

bfctsw *

bfcth w *

Pine live trees stock ing (pe rcent/acre ); species

codes 100 th rough 150

H ardw ood live trees stock ing (pe rcent/acre )

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, grow ing stock

trees, softw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, grow ing stock ,

h ardw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, grow ing stock

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, all live trees,

softw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, all live trees,

h ardw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, all live trees

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, rough and rotten ,

softw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, rough and rotten ,

h ardw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre, rough and rotten

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre, cut and

re m oval trees, softw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre, cut and

re m oval trees, h ardw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre, cut and

re m oval trees

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre, m ortality

trees, softw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre, m ortality

trees, h ardw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre, m ortality

trees

Gross cubic-foot volum e /acre, all live trees,

softw oods

Gross cubic-foot volum e /acre, all live trees;

h ardw oods

Gross cubic-foot volum e /acre, all live trees

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log, grow ing

stock , softw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log, grow ing

stock , h ardw oods

Ne t cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log, grow ing

stock

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log, cut

and rem oval trees, softw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log, cut

and rem oval trees, h ardw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log, cut

and rem oval trees

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

m ortality trees, softw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

m ortality trees, h ardw oods

Annual cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

m ortality trees

Gross cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

grow ing stock , softw oods

Gross cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

grow ing stock , h ardw oods

Gross cubic-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

grow ing stock

Ne t board-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

grow ing stock , softw oods

Ne t board-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

grow ing stock , h ardw oods

Ne t board-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

grow ing stock

Annual board-foot volum e /acre in saw log, cut

and rem oval trees, softw oods

Annual board-foot volum e /acre in saw log, cut

and rem oval trees, h ardw oods

169
73 b fct*

74 bfm tsw *

15 bfm th w *

76 b fm t*

77 lvacsw

78 lvach w

79 lvac

80 grgssw *

81 grgsh w *

82 grgs*

83 bagssw

84 bagsh w

85 bags

86 barrsw

87 barrh w

88 barr

89 balvsw

9 0 balvh w

9 1 balv

9 2 top1

Annual board-foot volum e /acre in saw log, cut

and rem oval trees

Annual board-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

m ortality trees, softw oods

Annual board-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

m ortality trees, h ardw oods

Annual board-foot volum e /acre in saw log,

m ortality trees

Num be r of live trees pe r acre, softw oods

Num be r of live trees pe r acre, h ardw oods

Num be r of live trees pe r acre

Cubic-foot volum e /acre /year (pe riodic grow th

pe r ye ar), grow ing stock , softw oods

Cubic-foot volum e /acre /year (pe riodic grow th

pe r ye ar), grow ing stock , h ardw oods

Cubic-foot volum e /acre /year (pe riodic grow th

pe r ye ar), grow ing stock

Basal are a, grow ing stock , softw oods

Basal are a, grow ing stock , h ardw oods

Basal are a, grow ing stock

Basal are a, rough and rotten , softw oods

Basal are a, rough and rotten , h ardw oods

Basal are a, rough and rotten

Basal are a, all live trees, softw oods

Basal are a, all live trees, h ardw oods

Basal are a, all live trees

Tre atm ent opportunities

* Th ese variables are calculated using th e past num be r of trees

pe r acre w ith th e e xce ption of a condition in th e grow th calculations. (See ne xt section.) Use caution in th e use of th ese variables.

Se ve ral of th e States h ave ze ro values for th e m . Also, depending

upon th e State, th e de rivation of th ese values is distinctive.

Data Base M anageme nt System Dire ctory--Tre e

Le ve l

Variable

No. Acronym Description

1 st

2 un

3 co

4 lo

5 sdate

6 m atch

7 Pt

8 tr

9 sP

10 th is

11 d.b.h .

12 pdbh

13 az

14 tdis

15 b ole Current bole length (fe e t)

16 pbole Past bole length (fe e t)

17 cfcull Cubic-foot cull (current)

18 bfcull Board-foot cull (current)

State code

Unit num be r

County num be r

Plot location num be r

Date of th e survey

State+ unit+ county+ location

com bination (specific location)

Point num be r

Tree num be r

Spe cies

Tree h istory

Current diam e te r at bre ast h eigh t

(inch es, tenth s of an inch )

Past diam e te r at bre ast h eigh t (inch es,

tenth s of an inch )

Azim uth to th e tree (degrees )

Distance to th e tree (fe e t, tenth s of an

inch )

19 saw

20 th

21 h tc

22 tc1

23 ptc1

24 dam g

25 ddbk

26 stdia

27 sth t

28 lg

29 crow n

30 s whw

31 tw o

32 tsz

33 Psz

34 e xp

35

36

re xp

tim e

37 rtim e

38 ryr

39 stock

40 tpa

41 ptpa

42 cf

43 Pcf

44 cfsl

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

pcfsl

cfgr

cfslgr

cb f

pb f

bfgr

baf

edb h

53 ibk

54

55

56

57

58

59

ve q

60

lgl

lg2

lg3

lg4

Saw log length (fe e t)

Total h eigh t (fe e t)

H eigh t to base of live crown (fe e t)

Current tree class or cove r code

Past tree class or cove r code

Dam age code

Double bark th ick ness at bre ast h eigh t

(inch es, h undredth s of an inch )

Stum p diam e te r (inch es, tenth s of an

inch )

Stum p h eigh t (fe e t, tenth s of an inch )

Current log grade

Crown class

Softw ood-h ardw ood code

Current 2-inch diam e te r size (m idpoint

inch )

Current tree size

Past tree size

Current e xpansion factor (acres/plot,

tenth s of an inch )

Resurveyed expansion factor (acres/

plot, tenth s of an inch )

Pe riod e lapsed tim e (ye ars, tenth s of a

year)

Rem oval or m ortality elapsed tim e

(ye ars, tenth s of a ye ar)

Num be r of years since tree died or w as

re m oved

Stock ing pe rcentage of th e tre e

Num be r of trees pe r acre

Past num be r of trees pe r acre

Current net cubic-foot volum e

Past net cubic-foot volum e

Current net cubic-foot volum e in

saw log

Past net cubic-foot volum e in saw log

(calculated)

Annual ch ange in net cubic-foot volum e

(grow th pe r ye ar)

Annual ch ange in net cubic-foot volum e

in saw log (grow th pe r ye ar)

Current net board-foot volum e

Past net board-foot volum e

Annual ch ange in net board-foot

volum e (grow th pe r ye ar)

Basal are a factor pe r acre

Estim ated d.b.h . (if used equation or

estim ated from annual ch ange in

diam e te r, inch es, tenth s of an inch )

Inside bark surface are a (square

inch es, tenth s of a square inch )

Volum e equation species code

Log grade 1 (board fe e t/acre )

Log grade 2 (board fe e t/acre )

Log grade 3 (board fe e t/acre ),

h ardw oods only

Log grade 4 (board fe e t/acre ),

h ardw oods only

Biom ass W e igh ts (lb)

61 bioflv

62 biofgs

Total green we igh t (bole, lim bs, top, e tc., all

live trees, tree h istory code ~ 20)

Grow ing stock , m e rch antable portion (bole to

4-inch top, green we igh t)

170
63 biofsap

64 biofrg

65 biofro

66 biofres

67 biodlv

68 biodgs

69 biodsap

70 biodrg

71 biodro

72 biodres

73 guse

74 ow n

75 ownz

76 sam p

77 ftype

78 biofcw n

79 biodcw n

80 biofm rt

81 biodm rt

Sapling size tre e, green we igh t

Rough tree (tree class = 301, total green

w e igh t

Rotten sound portion, green we igh t

Total residual, green we igh t

(nonm e rch antable we igh t)

Total dry w e igh t (bole, lim bs, top, e tc., all live

trees, tree h istory code < 201

Grow ing stock , m e rch antable portion (bole to

4-inch top), dry w e igh t

Sapling size tre e, dry w e igh t

Rough tree (tree class = 301, total dry w e igh t

Rotten sound portion, dry w e igh t

Total residual, dry w e igh t (nonm e rch antable

w e igh ts)

Current ground use

Current owne rsh ip code, m ajor cate gories

Current owne rsh ip, de tail-sensitive

Sam ple k ind

Forest type

Biom ass of crow n , green we igh t

Biom ass of crow n , dry w e igh t

Biom ass of m ortality trees, green we igh t

Biom ass of m ortality trees, dry w e igh t

*Th e first four variables are th e ke y for m atch ing w ith th e plot

and oth e r data lists; variable 6 is th e com bination of th e first four

variables.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Not applicable .

REGENER ATION AND M ANAGEMENT OF

SOUTH ERN H ARDW OODS

Study Title: Effe cts of Spacing on th e Yields

of H ardw ood Spe cie s in Minor Bottom s (Se e

description, p. 81.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

H arvey E. Kennedy, Jr., or Proje ct Le ade r,

RW U-4104

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

South e rn H ardw oods Laboratory

PO. Box 227

Stoneville, M S 38776

Ph one: (601) 686-7218

Keyw ords: Ch e rrybark oak , forest grow th , forest

m anagemen t, forest yie ld, Fraxinus pennsylvanica,

green ash , h ardw ood plantations, Liqui d am b a r

styraciflua, Nuttall oak , Platanus occiden tali s,

Quercus falcata var. pagod ifolia, Q. m ich auxii, Q. nigra, Q. nuttallii, silviculture, sw am p ch estnut oak ,

swee tgum , sycam ore, th inning, w ate r oak .

Study Location: South e aste rn Ark ansas; m inor

stre am bottom s.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of spe cies

and spacing on th e we igh t yie ld of h ardw oods planted

in m inor stre am bottom s; (2) to com pare coppice ve rsus pulpw ood m anagemen t of e ach spe cies; (3) to dete rm ine th e com b ination of spacing and rotation length

th at w ill m axim ize fiber yie ld for e ach spe cies; and (4)

to dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of spe cies, spacing, and rotation length on nutrient and soil w ate r availability.

De sign: Th e re are 140 plots, e ach planted on a 13-

by 13-row re ctangular grid, or 169 trees pe r plot. Spacings are 2 by 8, 3 by 8,4 by 8,8 by 8, and 12 by 12 ft.

Th e re are four re plications of e ach spacing-by-species

com bination. Th e inte rior 5 by 5 row s are m aintained

as pe rm anent m e asuremen t plots. Th e outside four

row s are buffe r row s, and destructive sam pling is done

on th e tw o inte rior buffe r row s. Statistical design is a

random ized com ple te block .

Ye ar Installed: 19 76.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ages Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually from

ages 1 th rough 13.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, th rough age 10.

Variable s: Biom ass production, coppice rotations

ve rsus pulpw ood m anagemen t, m axim iz ation of fiber

yie ld, possible site dete rioration, and nutrient cycling

in eigh t bottom land h ardw oods planted at five spacings. Cottonw ood w as dropped from th e study at age

5 because of m ortality caused by being off-site.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 83.

171
Study Title: Seed -Tree ve rsus Se le ction

Cutting in Bottom land H ardw oods (Se e

description, p. 82.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es S. Me adow s or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4104

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

South e rn H ardw oods Laboratory

P.O. Box 227

Stoneville, M S 38776

Ph one: (601) 686-7218

Keyw ords: Ch e rrybark oak , forest grow th , forest

yie ld, h ardw ood m anagemen t, Liquid am bar styraciflua,

Quercus falcata var. pagod ifolia, Q. nigra, Q. ph ellos,

seed tree m e th od, sele ction m e th od, silvicultural syste m s, swee tgum , w ate r oak , w illow oak .

Study Location: South e aste rn Ark ansas; stre am

bottom s in Coastal Plain.

Obje ctive s: To com pare stand establish m ent and

stand grow th and deve lopm ent under tw o silvicultural

syste m s on tw o sites.

De sign: Sixty acres in th e Saline Rive r bottom and

Ch e m in-a-h aut Cre ek bottom we re divided into six loacre tre atm ent are as. Each of 2 tre atm ents, sele ction

and seed-tree cutting, w e re assigned at random to th e

3 tre atm ent are as in e ach bottom , and 10 pe rm anent

0.2-acre re ctangular plots w e re establish ed in a row ,

le aving 2-ch ain isolation strips be tween plot strip and

tre atm ent boundary. W ith in each 10.2-acre plot, at plot

cente r, one 0.03-acre plot and four 1-m ilacre plots w e re

establish ed to m e asure sm all trees.

Ye ar Installed: 19 57.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 19 57, 19 58,

19 59 , 19 62, 19 6519 79 , and 1985.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Stand deve lopm ent (spe cies, num be r of

trees pe r acre, diam e te r, h eigh t, basal are a, and volum e ) follow ing seed-tree and sele ction cutting.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 58,19 59 ,19 60,19 64,19 66,19 75,19 82,

and 19 86.

Study Title: Crow n Length and Tree Grow th

of Open-Grow n Cottonw ood (See description,

p. 84.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Joh n A. Stanturf or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4104

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

South e rn H ardw oods Laboratory

P.O. Box 227

Stoneville, M S 38776

Ph one: (601) 686-7218

Keyw ords: Cottonw ood, establish m ent density, forest grow th , forest yie ld, h ardw ood plantations, Platanus

occidentalis, Populus spp., pruning, th inning.

Study Location: W est-central M ississippi, M ississippi Rive r batture.

Obje ctive s: To com pare grow th of cottonw ood trees

planted at 40- by 40-ft spacing and subje cted to four

tre atm ents controlling crow n length from th e second

th rough eigh th years.

De sign: Random ized com ple te block w ith four block s

of four tre atm ents.

Ye ar Installed: 19 74.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 9 4.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually from

19 76 th rough 19 88.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Pruning tre atm ents w e re: (1) control; (2)

prune one-th ird of total h eigh t yearly; (3) prune oneh alf of total h eigh t yearly; and (4) prune 17 ft w h en

ave rage d.b.h . e xceeded 8.5 inch es, w h ich occurred in

th e fourth year.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Annually from 19 78 to 19 88.

172
Study Title: Dire ct Seed ing of Nuttall Oak in

R e lation to Environm ent, Sow ing De pth , and

Stratification Tre atm ent (Study SO-4104-06;

see description, p. 84.) (Tre atm ents to favor

oak in m ixed stands of h ardw ood re gene ration,

Study 50-4104-38, supe rim posed on SO-4104-06.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Jam es S. Me adow s or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4104

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

South e rn H ardw oods Laboratory

P.O. Box 227

Stoneville, M S 38776

Ph one: (601) 686-7218

Keyw ords: Forest m anagemen t, Nuttall oak , Quercus

nuttallii, seed ge rm ination, seed stratification, silvicultural syste m s, silviculture, survival.

Study Location: W est-ce n tral M ississippi, De lta

Expe rim ental Forest.

Obje ctive s:

Study SO-4104-O& (1) to solve proble m s associated w ith dire ct seeding of Nuttall oak ; spe cifically,

(2) to study th e e ffe cts of various com binations of four

fie ld environm ents, th ree stratification tre atm ents,

and th ree sow ing depth s on th e ge rm ination and survival of Nuttall oak acorns.

Study SO-4104-3& (3) to test and evaluate seven

diffe rent stand tre atm ents for favoring th e deve lopm ent of 11-ye ar-old, dire ct-seeded Nuttall oak s in com -

pe tition w ith natural re gene ration in th e sam e are a.

De sign:

Study SO-4104-O& split-plot design, w ith th re e

re plications of four tre atm ents (environm ents).

Study SO-4104-38-random iz e d com ple te block

w ith th ree re plications of seven stand tre atm ents.

Ye ars Installed: SO-4104-06: 19 69 ; SO-4104-38:

19 80.

Ye ar Com ple ted: SO-4104-06: 19 79 ; SO-4104-38:

Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: SO-4104-06:

ye ars 1, 2, 5, and 10; SO-4104-38: ye ars 7 and 17.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s:

SO-4104-06ge rm inatioq grow th , and survival of

dire ct-seeded Nuttall oak acorns.

SO-4104-38-de ve lopm e nt of Nuttall oak follow ing

re le ase tre atm ents afte r 11 grow ing seasons in a sapling-sized stand.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: SO-4104-06: 19 69 and 19 80; SO-4104-38:

19 80 and 19 87.

Study Title: Planting Cypre ss in th e Delta

Expe rim ental Fore st (See description, p. 86.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Joh n A. Stanturf or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4104

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

South e rn H ardw oods Laboratory

P.O. Box 227

Stoneville, M S 38776

Ph one: (601) 686-7218

Keyw ords : Baldcypre ss, fore st grow th , fore st m anagemen t, forest yie ld, silviculture, Taxod ium d istich um ,

tree survival.

Study Location: W e st-central M ississippi, De lta

Expe rim e ntal Fore st.

Obje ctive s: To test re gular and deep planting of

cypress seedlings, w ith and w ith out top clipping, on

five m icrosites: ridge (0.27 acre ); slope (0.23 acre ); and

th ree flat slough s (0.23, 0.23, and 0.27 acre ).

De sign: Probably random ized com ple te block .

Ye ar Installed: 19 55.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 58, but tre e s w e re reme asure d

in 19 76 and 19 86.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Age s 4,21, and

31.

173
Data M ach ine Re adable ? No. Ye ar Installed: 19 59 .

Variable s: Seedling survival, d.b.h ., and h eigh t. Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 56,19 57,19 58, and m anuscripts in 19 77

and 19 87.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Survival and

h eigh t m onth ly for first tw o grow ing seasons, th en

eve ry 5 ye ars afte r 5th -year m e asuremen ts; diam e te r

at end of 5th , lOth , and 15th grow ing seasons; and

diam e te r and volum e at end of 20th and 30th grow ing

se asons.

SEW ANEE RESEAR CH CENTER

Study Title: Com parative Pe rform ance of

Se ve ral Tree Spe cie s in Plantations

(See description, p. 86.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Austrian pine, e aste rn w h ite pine, forest

grow th , forest m anagemen t, forest yie ld, Liriodend ron

tulipifera, loblolly pine, Norw ay spruce, Picea abies,

Pinus ech inata, l? nigra, P strobus, Psyluestris, l? taed a,

l? virginiana, Scotch pine, sh ortle af pine, silviculture,

Virginia pine, yellow poplar.

Study Location: Dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e

South , Se w anee, TN.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine w h ich of th e eigh t spe cies

w ould produce th e gre atest volum e of m e rch antable

w ood, th e gre atest m onetary value of product, th e

gre atest w e igh t of dry fiber, and th e gre atest w e igh t

of cordw ood.

De sign: Th ree random ized block s of eigh t plots, e ach

0.25 acre in size (104.3 ft pe r side ), w ith 221 seedlings

pe r plot spaced 6 ft apart in north -south row s 8 ft

apart; th e cente r 25 trees in each plot com prised th e

m e asuremen t plot.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Survival, h eigh t, d.b.h ., and volum e.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Study Title: Dire ct Seed ing of Easte rn W h ite

Pine on th e Cum be rland Plate au

(See description, p. 89 .)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Dire ct seeding, e aste rn w h ite pine, Pinus

strobus, seed tre atm ents, silviculture, site tre atm ent.

Study Location: Dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e

South , Se w anee, TN.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine if th e site and seed tre atm ents th at h ad proven satisfactory for dire ct seeding

of south e rn pines w ould also be satisfactory for dire ct

seeding of e aste rn w h ite pine on th e south e rn Cum -

be rland Plate au.

De sign: Repe llent-tre ated seeds w e re sow n on four

of eigh t random ly sele cted re ctangular O.l-acre plots,

and untre ated seeds w e re sow n on th e oth e r four plots.

On each plot, 20 tre ated and 20 untre ated seeds w e re

174
placed under w ire cones to ch e ck ge rm ination. During th e first year, th e num be r of seedlings and m onth ly

survival w e re re corded on 10 re gularly spaced l-7

m ilacre plots in each block ; survival w as re corded

m onth ly during th e second grow ing season and th re e

tim es during th e th ird and fourth grow ing seasons.

H eigh t of th e th ree m ost vigorous seedlings on each

plot w as m e asured each year.

Ye ar Installed: 19 59 .

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 63.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: First, second,

th ird, and fourth grow ing seasons.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Total ge rm ination, survival, and h eigh t.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Study Title: Optim um Spacing of Planted

Loblolly Pine s on th e Cum be rland Plate au

(See description, p. 9 0.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords : Forest yie ld, loblolly pine, Pinus taed a,

spacing.

Study Location: Dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e

South , Se w anee, TN.

Obje ctive s: Dete rm ine w h ich of th e th ree spacings

of planted loblolly pines w ould yie ld th e gre atest cubic

volum e of w ood during a 30-ye ar pulpw ood rotation.

De sign: Th e study consisted of four 2.25-acre sites,

tw o on old fie lds and tw o on poor h ardw ood sites. Each

block contained nine square 0.25acre plots, w ith th re e

spacings of planted pines: 6 by 6,6 by 9 , and 12 by 12

ft, e ach random ly assigned to th ree plots in a block .

Th e central 0.1 acre w as used for plot m e asuremen ts.

H eigh t m e asuremen ts w e re m ade at th e end of e ach

grow ing season until trees h ad re ach ed 6 ft in h eigh t,

afte r w h ich only th e 10 tallest trees on each plot w e re

m e asured annually. Diam e te r m e asuremen ts 6 inch es

above th e ground w e re tak en afte r th e th ird, fifth , and

seventh grow ing seasons. At th e end of th e 10th grow -

ing, season, d.b.h . w as m e asured at 5-yr inte rvals

th rough age 25 on all sites and th rough age 30 on tw o

sites. Data from th ese m e asuremen ts w e re used to

com pute basal are a, diam e te r grow th , and cubic volum e grow th ; a local volum e table w ill be pre pared

based on d.b.h . m e asuremen ts.

Ye ars Installed: 19 57-58.

Ye ar Com ple ted: One site still intact.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Afte r lst, 2d,

3d, 5th , 7th , and 10th grow ing seasons and th en eve ry 5 ye ars th rough age 25 on all sites and th rough

age 30 on tw o sites.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s, on tape.

Variable s: H eigh t, diam e te r 6 inch es above th e

ground, and d.b.h .

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Study Title: Response s of Ve ge tation to

Canopy R e m oval by Sh e aring and Ch ipping on

th e Cum be rland Plate au (See description,

p. 9 0.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Offrce of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Canopy re m oval, e aste rn w h ite pine,

forest grow th , forest re gene ration , Liriodend ron

tulipifera, loblolly pine, Pinus ech inata, P strobus, I?

taed a, sh ortle af pine, yellow -poplar.

175
Study Locations: Dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e

South , Se w anee, TN, and th e Weste rn H igh land Rim

of th e Cum be rland Plate au near Buffalo, TN.

Obje ctive s: To dem onstrate and evaluate low -cost

options for forest re gene ration follow ing sh e aring and

w h ole-tree ch ipping. Spe cific obje ctives w e re (1) to

com pare th e grow th and deve lopm ent of naturally regene rated trees w ith th ose m e asuremen ts of planted

e aste rn w h ite pine, yellow -poplar, sh ortle af pine, and

loblolly pine on th e sh e ared area; and (2) to dete rm ine

w h at e ffe ct sm all ste m s m issed by sh e aring m ay h ave

on subsequent re gene ration.

De sign:

Se w anee- random ized com ple te block , th ree re plications, twen ty-four l-acre plots on 37 acres; 0.25

acre me asuremen t plot w ith in each l-acre plot. Be fore

h arvest, ve ge tation w as sam pled by species and size

classes in a series of nested plots. M ost of th e w oody

ve ge tation w as h arvested by sh e aring at ground leve l

and feeding th e sh e ared m ate rial into th e ch ippe r. On

one-h alf of th e plots, sm all le ftove r ste m s w e re inje cted

or sprayed. Four re gene ration tre atm ents included

naturally re gene rated trees, planted loblolly pine,

planted yellow -poplar, and planted easte rn w h ite pine,

e ach random ly assigned to th ree l-acre plots w ith ste m

control and th ree w ith out stem control. Seedlings w e re

planted at an 8 by lo-ft spacing. Cle aning w as carried out around easte rn w h ite pine afte r 6 ye ars in

e ach of th e six plots.

W este rn H igh land Rim -random ized com ple te

block w ith four block s and eigh t tre atm ents in each

block , th irty-tw o l-acre plots, w ith a central 0.25acre

m e asuremen t plot. Plots w e re grouped into th e four

block s based on soil series, topograph ic position, and

aspe ct. Four plots in each block re ceived no com pe tition control afte r h arvest, and four plots re ceived h andadm iniste red brush control tre atm ents 1 or 2 ye ars

afte r h arvest. Ve ge tation w as sam pled before h arvest

as at th e Se w anee site, and 32 w e ll-distributed trees

w e re me asured for age and h eigh t. Afte r h arvesting

of all standing trees, th e l-acre plots w e re planted w ith

loblolly pine, sh ortle af pine, and yellow -poplar or allow e d

to re gene rate naturally Spacing w as 10 by 10 ft.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? In form ation not re -

ported .

Variable s: H eigh t, diam e te r, and volum e of natural ste m s and planted seedlings; num be r of free-togrow ste m s on plot and num be r of residual ste m s ove r

4.5 ft tall.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Study Title: W h ite Oak R e le ase in R e lation to

Stem Ch aracte ristics (See description, p. 9 2.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords : Forest m anagemen t, Quercus alba, rele ase, w h ite oak .

Study Locations: Expe rim ents 1 and 2 on th e dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e South , Se w anee, TN;

e xpe rim ent 3 on Frank lin-Marion State Forest in

M arion County, TN.

Obje ctive s: Th e b road obje ctive is to dete rm ine h ow

w h ite oak s th at h ave been ove rtopped by oth e r trees

respond to re le ase. Spe cific obje ctives are (1) to dete rm ine w h ich stem ch aracte ristics are re lated to response afte r re le ase ; (2) to com pare th e pe rform ance

of re le ased and unre le ased ste m s; and (3) to com pare

th e response of ste m s th at are re le ased and cut at

stum p leve l, re le ased and not cut, not re le ased and

cut, and not re le ased and not cut.

De sign:

Ye ars Installed: Sew anee: 19 76; W e stern H igh land Experim ent l-a total of 104 sam ple trees 2 to 12

Rim : 19 80. inch es in d.b.h ., 20 to 60 ye ars old, and ch aracte rized

as h aving low -, m edium -, or h igh -quality ste m s w e re

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

re le ased. Age w as de te rm ined from a core tak en 1 ft

above th e ground, and a point 4.5 ft from th e ground

w as m ark ed on th e sam ple trees for diam e te r m e asuremen t. H eigh t, crow n length and diam e te r, and bole

length w e re me asured w ith a Barr and Stroud dendroAge s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 2, 5, and 10

years afte r planting.

176
m e te r to dete rm ine m ain-stem volum e. Swee p and

crook w e re obse rved and m e asured, and epicorm ic

sprouts on th e first 16-ft log w e re counted and assigned

to length cate gories. Trees ove rtopping th e sam ple

trees w e re eith e r fe lled or poisoned. Rem e asuremen t

w as carried out eve ry 2 ye ars afte r tre atm ent.

Expe rim ent 2-forty h igh -quality sam ple tre es

w e re me asured (sam e me asuremen ts as th ose tak en

in experim ent 1) and re le ased, and 40 w e re me asured

and not re le ased.

Expe rim ent 3-sam e me asuremen ts as th ose tak en

in Expe rim ent 1. Eigh ty trees w e re re le ased from th e

ove rtopping trees; 40 w e re cut at ground leve l. Eigh ty

trees w e re not re le ased; 40 w e re cut at ground leve l.

Num be r of sprouts pe r stum p and h eigh t, quality, and

condition of tallest sprout pe r stum p w e re re corded.

Ye ar Installed: 19 76.

Keyw ords : Black ch e rry, black oak , forest m anagem ent, forest yie ld, Liriodend ron tulipifera, loblolly

pine, Pinus taed a, Prunus serotina, Quercus velutina,

yellow -poplar.

Study Locations: East-ce n tral Tennessee and

north e rn Alabam a; th e h ollow s and uplands of th e

Cum be rland Plate au and H igh land Rim .

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine w h ich of four tree species is best adapted to th e four m ost im portant upland h ardw ood sites in east-central Tennessee and

north e rn Alabam a w h en unde rplanted in pure stands;

(2) to dete rm ine th e e xpe cted ave rage pe riodic yie lds

for e ach spe cies on each site ; and (3) to obtain som e

m e asuremen t of th e inte raction between race and site.

Tw o ge ograph ic sele ctions of e ach spe cies are included

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

in each plantation.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Eve ry 2 ye ars

afte r tre atm ent.

Data M ach ine Re adable : In form ation not reported .

Variable s: D.b.h .; age ; quality class; volum e grow th ;

h e igh t; num b e r and le n gth cate gory of e picorm ic

sprouts; num be r of stum p sprouts; and h eigh t, quality, and condition of tallest sprout.

De sign: Random ized com ple te block ; eigh t installations w e re establish ed consisting of tw o re plications

of eigh t plots, one for e ach of tw o ge ograph ic sources

of seeds of four spe cies. Each m e asuremen t plot w as a

square 0.25acre in size, w ith a 7- by 7-ft spacing, surrounded by a 35ft isolation zone h aving th e sam e stock

and spacing. All plots w e re unde rplanted in h ardw ood

forests, and ove rstory and understory w oody ve ge tation w e re controlled.

Ye ars Installed: Installations 1 th rough 5, 19 67;

installations 6 th rough 8, 19 72.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing, but black oak w as

dropped from th e study

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Study Title: Spe cie s, Site, and Plantation

Yie ld (See description, p. 9 3.)

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: H eigh t m e asured at end of 1st2d, 5th , lOth , 15th , and 20th grow -

ing seasons and at subsequent lo-year inte rvals. D.b.h .

w as m e asured along w ith h eigh t afte r d.b .h . approxim ated 1 inch .

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Variable s: Survival, h eigh t, basal are a, and yield

at various ages.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

177
Study Title: M ortality Patte rns in an

Old-Grow th Upland H ardw ood Fore st

(See description, p. 9 5.)

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Acer sacch arum , Am e rican beech , black

oak , Carya spp., ch estnut oak , Fagus gran d ifolia,

Fraxinus am ericana, h ick ory, Liriodend ron tulipifera,

m ortality, north e rn red oak , old-grow th forest, Quercu s

alba, Q. prinus, Q. rubra, Q. velutina, sugar inaple, wh ite

ash , w h ite oak , yellow -poplar.

Study Location: Dick Cove Natural Are a, Unive rsity of th e South , Se w anee, TN.

Obje ctive s: (1) To e xam ine past, current, and future tree m ortality in an old-grow th forest; and (2) to

dete rm ine if m ortality patte rns exist in re lation to age,

spe cies, siz e, and stand position of th e dead trees.

De sign: Spe cies and diam e te rs of all live trees 5

inch es in d.b.h . or large r w e re dete rm ined; trees ove r

9 inch es in d.b.h . th at apparently h ad been dead for 8

years or less w e re e xam ined and data w e re colle cted.

Ring counts w e re tak en w h en possible, and tim e of

m ortality w as estim ated. Monitoring of m ortality is

continuing.

Ye ar Installed: 19 82.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Annually

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Spe cies, d.b.h . of live trees 5 inch es in

d.b.h . or large r; spe cies, d.b.h . of dead trees m ore th an

9 inch es in d.b.h ., as w e ll as estim ated total h eigh t,

num be r of years de ad, cause of m ortality (blow dow n,

insects, drough t, or unk now n), density of surrounding trees (prism count), age (ring counts on som e trees ),

and condition of trees (standing, b rok en , w ind-th row n,

e tc.)

Study Title: Spe cie s-Site Re lations in Fore st

Plantations (See description, p. 9 5.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Easte rn w h ite pine, forest m anagemen t,

forest yie ld, Liriodend ron tulipifera, loblolly pine, Pinus

ech inata, F! strobus, P taed a, I? virginiana, sh ortle af

pine, soil productivity, Virginia pine, yellow -poplar.

Study Locations: Central Tennessee and north e rn

Alabam a.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine w h ich of five tree species are m ost suitable for planting on th e m ajor soil

sites in central Tennessee and north e rn Alabam a; (2)

to com pare th e productivity of th e m ajor soils of th e

various ph ysiograph ic provinces of th e are a; and (3)

to dete rm ine th e soil factors th at are corre lated w ith

volum e grow th for e ach spe cies.

De sign: Random ized block , w ith th ree block s of five

plots each , one spe cies pe r plot. Th e five spe cies w e re

to be com pared for h eigh t grow th and pulpw ood volum e incremen t for up to 30 ye ars. Th e study w as re plicated in seven diffe rent localities w ith in th e are a.

Ye ars Installed: Installations 1 and 2: 19 60; installations 3 and 4: 19 62;installations 5 and 6: 19 63;and

installation 7: 19 64.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Installations 1 th rough 5 continuing; installation 7 closed in 19 67.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cte d : At close of

lst, 2d, 3rd, 5th , lOth , 15th , 2Oth , and 30th grow ing

seasons.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

178
Variable s: Survival, h eigh t, volum e and quality of

m e rch antable dry fibe r production ove r a 30-yr pe riod,

d.b.h ., spe cific gravity, and soil type.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

Study Title: Volum e, Yie ld, and Soil-Site

R e lations of Young Loblolly and Sh ortle af Pine

Plantations in th e Tennessee Rive r Drainage

(See description, p. 9 7.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Gre gory Ream s or Proje ct Le ade r, RW U-4107

South e rn Forest Expe rim ent Station

701 Loyola Avenue, Rm . T-10210

New O rle ans, LA 70113

Ph one: (504) 589 -4544

Keyw ords: Forest yie ld, loblolly pine, Pinus ech inatu,

Z ?taed a, sh ortle af pine.

Study Locations: Tennessee, Alabam a, and Ge orgia; Cum be rland Plate au, H igh land Rim , and Ridge

and Valley.

Obje ctive s: (1) To deve lop form ulas for estim ating

site index at 25 ye ars and yie lds of loblolly and sh ortle af pine plantations up to 25 ye ars of age based on

stand param e te rs and/or soil prope rties, including soil

taxonom ic units; and (2) to construct volum e tables for

young loblolly and sh ortle afpm es grow ing in plantations.

De sign: Th e re we re 200 plantations of e ach spe cies,

and trees w e re me asured on 0.05-acre re ctangular

plots.

Ye ar Installed: 19 64.

Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 79 .

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Ages 9 to 30

for loblolly; ages 10 to 34 for sh ortle af.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? Ye s.

Variable s: D.b.h . of all trees, h eigh t and crow n classification of sam ple trees, m e asuremen ts of four fe lled

trees pe r plot in plantations at le ast 25 ye ars old, and

soil prope rties.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 64, 19 67, 19 68, 19 70, 19 73, and 19 79 .

Study Title: Effe cts of Intensity of R e le ase on

th e Survival and Grow th of Unde r-planted

Ye llow -Poplar (See description, p. 9 8.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.0 Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Key w ords: Fore s t m anagemen t, Liriodend ron

tulipifera, re le ase, yellow -poplar.

Study Location: Dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e

South , Se w anee, TN.

Obje ctive s: To dete rm ine th e e ffe cts of com ple te

re le ase and tw o lesser intensities of re le ase on th e

survival and early grow th of yellow -poplar seedlings

planted on a m ediocre site.

De sign: Random ized block , w ith th ree intensities of

re le ase and tw o seed sources, th ree re plications, in

eigh teen 0.25-acre plots at a spacing of 7 by 7 ft.

Ye ar Installed: 19 66.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing, but re com m ended for

closure .

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Eve ry m onth

for first year, th en yearly.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Survival and h eigh t.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: Dates not available.

179
Study Title: Th irty-ye ar Yie lds, H eigh t

Grow th , and Soil-Site Re lations of Ye llow -

Poplar, Sh ortle af Pine, and W h ite Pine

Plantations on th e Norris W ate rsh ed

(See description, p. 9 9 .)

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 68, 19 70, 19 83, 19 84, and 19 85.

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

Joh n C. Rennie

Unive rsity of Tennessee

Departm ent of Forestry, W ildlife, and Fish e ries

P.O. Box 1071

Knoxville, TN 379 01

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Keyw ords: Easte rn w h ite pine, forest m anagemen t,

forest yie ld, Liriodend ron tulipifera, Pinus ech inata,

I?strobus, sh ortle af pine, yellow -poplar.

Study Title: Effe cts of Spacing on th e Grow th

and Yie ld of Planted Virginia Pine

(See description, p. 100.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 267-4304

Keyw ords : Forest yie ld, Pinus virginiana, spacing,

Virginia pine.

Study Locations: M iddle Cum be rland Plate au and

th e dom ain of th e Unive rsity of th e South , Se w anee,

TN.

Study Location: Norris Lak e w ate rsh ed, Tennessee.

Obje ctive s: (1) To dete rm ine th e potential yie lds of

yellow -poplar, sh ortle af pine, and easte rn w h ite pine

grow ing on th ree parent m ate rials (lim estone, dolom ite, and sh ale ) and tw o aspe cts (north and south );

(2) to deve lop site index curves for e ach spe cies; and

(3) to corre late ph ysical, ch e m ical, and m orph ological

soil prope rties w ith seve ral m e asuremen ts of site productivity.

Obje ctive s: To e valuate th e e ffe cts of spacing on th e

grow th of unth inned Virginia pine and to dete rm ine

if self-pruning could be im proved at h igh densities.

De sign: Random ized block w ith four re plications;

four block s of th ree plots 0.25 acre in size, w ith spacings of 4 by 4,6 by 6, and 8 by 8 ft. Th e me asuremen t

plot w as th e central 0.1 acre.

De sign: Various. Ye ars Installed: 19 61-62.

Ye ars Installed: 19 37-38. Ye ar Com ple ted: 19 86.

Ye ar Com ple ted: Continuing. Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1 th rough 5,

10, 15, and 20 ye ars afte r planting.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: 1,3,5,11,20,

30, and 46 ye ars afte r planting. Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No. Variable s: Survival, h eigh t, d.b.h ., and volum e.

Variable s: Diam e te r, h e igh t, volum e , and ste m

analysis m e asuremen ts.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 62,19 68,19 72, 19 77, and 19 83.

180
Study Title: Ge ograph ic Seed Source Study of

Ye llow -Poplar (See description, p. 100.)

Principal Inve stigator(s) Or Contact And

Addre ss(

South e rn Research Station

Office of Planning and Applications

200 W e ave r Blvd., P.O. Box 2680

Ash eville, NC 28802

Ph one: (704) 257-4304

Key w ords: Ge ograph ic variation , Liriodend ron

tulipifera, seed source, yellow -poplar.

Study Locations: M id-Cum b e rland Plate au and

Easte rn H igh land Rim , TN.

Obje ctive s: To evaluate th e e xtent of ge ograph ic

variation am ong four south e rn seed sources of yellow -

poplar.

De sign: Random ized block design w ith four re plications at e ach of tw o sites; seedlings from four seed

sources w e re planted at e ach site.

Ye ars Installed:

Ye ar Com ple ted:

19 61.

Inform ation not re ported.

Age s Or Inte rvals Data Colle cted: Afte r 20 years.

Data M ach ine Re adable ? No.

Variable s: Inform ation not re ported.

Ye ar(s) Of Establish m ent R e cord And Progre ss

R e ports: 19 61, 19 64, 19 72,19 77, and 19 83.

181

Inde x

Ace r sacch arum , 9 5, 178

Agroforestry, 57, 59 -60, 157-158

Am ite rm es spp., 119

Artificial re gene ration, 57, 59 , 157

Austrian pine, 86, 174

Avian population dynam ics, 71, 164

Baldcypress, 86, 173

Bedding, 45,144-150

Benom yl (Benlate ), 23-24,27-29 ,31,128-129 ,131

Black ch e rry, 9 1,9 4, 177

Black oak , 9 1,9 4, 177

Brow n spot needle bligh t, 14,23-24,27-29 ,31, 114, 124-125, 128-129 , 131

Brow n spot resistance, 14,23, 27, 113-114, 124, 128

Canopy re m oval, 9 0-9 1,175

Carya spp., 9 1,9 5, 178

Cattle grazing, 57-60, 157-158

Ch estnut oak , 9 5, 178

Ch rom osom e ch anges, 74, 167

Com pe tition control, 4, 5, 29 , 9 1, 104-106, 143, 174

Cone production, 6, 8, 106, 108

Controlled burning, 57,59 -62,64-65, 158-161

Coptote rm es form osanus, 19 , 115, 122

Coptote rm es spp., 21, 123

Cottonw ood, 84, 172

Cronartium q ue rcuum f. sp. fusiform e, 9 -10, 12, 25-26, 30, 109 -113, 126-127, 130-131

Cutting cycles, 34-35, 135-136

Deploym ent strate gy, 10, 110-111

Dire ct seeding, 49 , 84, 89 , 152, 173-174

Dise ases, 7, 10, 14,23-25,27-29 , 31, 107, 110-111, 114, 124-131

Easte rn w h ite pine, 86, 89 , 9 1, 9 3, 9 5, 9 9 , 174-175, 178, 180

Ectom ycorrh iz al root dip, 24, 125

Environm ental law , 38-39 , 141

Establish m ent density, 84, 172

Even-aged stands, 75, 168

Exports, 36, 137

Fede ral death taxes, 37, 139

Fede ral incom e tax, 37, 138

Fe rtiliz ation, 24, 27, 35,44, 46-47, 61, 129 , 136-137, 143-152, 159

Fire, 5, 7, 32-33, 105-106

Flow e ring date, 8, 108

Forage production, 57,59 -60,65-66, 157-161

Forest grow th , 4-5, 9 , 31-35, 39 42,44-47,49 -57, 61, 64-66, 69 , 71-72, 75, 77, 81-82, 84, 86-87, 89 , 9 1, 9 3-

100,104-105,109 ,132-137,141-157,159 -161

Forest inventory, 66-67, 75, 77, 9 9 , 162-163, 168

Forest m anagemen t, 4, 6, 31-32, 34, 39 ,41, 44, 47,49 -52, 55-57,60, 64-65, 81, 84, 86, 9 2-9 3, 9 5, 9 8-9 9 , 104,

106,132-136,141-157,159 -161,171

185
Forest practice law , 38-39 , 141

Forest product law , 37, 139

Forest products, 36, 137

Forest prope rty tax, 38, 140

Forest re gene ration, 82, 84, 89 , 171-173, 175

Forest resource law , 37, 139

Forest soils, 45,47,52-54,60-61,64,66-67,71,86,9 4-9 5,9 7-9 9 ,144-152,155, 159 -160, 165,179 -180

Forest survey, 67, 77, 9 5, 163, 168

Forest yie ld, 9 -10, 29 , 31-32, 41, 45, 50, 55-57, 81-82, 84, 86-87, 9 4-9 5, 9 7, 9 9 -100, 109 -111, 130, 132-133,

135-137,142-150, 153-156,171-175,177,179 -180

Form osan te rm ites, 19 , 122

Fraxinus pennsylvanica, 81, 86, 171

Fungicidal control, 143-144

Fungicide, 28-29 , 128-129

Fusiform rust, 10, 12,25-27,29 -30,53-54, 111-113, 126-127, 130-131, 143-145, 155

Fusiform rust resistance, 143-145, 155

Genetics, 10-11, 15,23-30, 110-114, 124-131

Ge ograph ic variation, 11, 26, 28, 9 4, 100, 111-113, 126, 128, 177, 181

Gnath am iterm es perplexus, 119

Green ash , 81, 86, 171

Grow th , 4-7,9 ,11,14,23-25,27-29 ,31-35,39 ,41,44-45,47,49 -57,60,64-66,69 ,71-72,75,77,81-82,84,

86-87,89 ,9 1,9 3-100

Grow th com pe tition, 4-5, 104-105

Grow th rates, 9 , 69 , 71

H ardw ood control, 5, 31,65, 105, 132, 161

H ardw ood m anagemen t, 82, 171-172

H ardw ood plantations, 81, 84, 171-172

H arvesting incom e, 31, 132

H arvesting m e th ods, 32, 133

H arvesting re turns, 6, 106

H e rbage production, 57, 59 , 157-158

H e rbicide, 4, 24, 33

H eteroterm es aureus, 119

H eteroterm es spp., 21, 123

H ick ory, 9 1, 100

Intensive culture, 9 , 109

Inventory, 64,66-67, 75, 77,9 9 , 162-163, 168

Liquid am bar styraciflua, 74, 81-82, 167, 171-172

Liriodend ron tulipifera, 86, 9 1, 9 4-9 5, 9 8-100, 174-175, 177-181

Livestock grazing, 57, 61, 66, 157, 159 , 161

Livestock production, 66, 161-162

Loblolly pine, 4, 8-12, 25-27, 29 -34, 39 , 45, 49 -52, 54-56, 60, 64, 74, 87, 9 0-9 1, 9 3, 9 5, 9 7, 104, 108-112,

126-127, 130-136, 141, 143-144, 152-156,159 -161,167, 174-175, 177-179

Longle af pine, 5-9 , 11, 14-15, 23-24, 27-29 , 31, 41, 49 , 50, 52, 55, 57, 59 -60, 65-66, 75, 105-109 , 112, 114,

124-125,128-129 , 131, 152, 154,157-158,161, 168

M anagemen t costs, 6, 75

186
M idsouth States, 75, 77

M ortality, 69 , 72, 9 5, 164, 166, 178

Mycorrh iz ae, 24-25, 28-29 ,31, 125, 129 , 131

Natural re gene ration, 6,31-34,9 1, 106, 132, 134, 175

Needle bligh t, 14,23-24,27-29 ,31, 114,124-125,128-129 ,131

North e rn red oak , 9 5, 178

Norw ay spruce, 87, 174

Nutrient deple tion, 47, 151-152

Nutrition, 4, 104

Nuttall oak , 84, 171-173

Oak spp., 7,34-35,81-82,84,9 1-9 2,9 4-9 5, 100,107

Old-grow th forest, 9 5, 178

Orth odox spe cies, 74, 167

Pe arly-eyed th rash e r, 71, 165

Picea abies, 87, 174

Pine flow e ring, 8, 108

Pine plantations, 10-11, 27, 29 , 39 , 41, 44-45, 50-52, 54-55, 59 -60, 64-65, 86, 9 3, 9 5, 9 7, 9 9 -100, 110-113,

127, 129 -130, 141-156, 158, 174, 177-180

Pine re gene ration, 6-7, 106-107

Pine re le ase, 6-7, 23, 107, 124

Pine survival, 6-7, 23-25, 27-29 , 31, 41, 46, 49 -50, 52-55, 57, 65, 74, 86, 89 -9 1, 9 4, 9 6, 100

Pine-h ardw ood stands, 32-34, 9 0-9 1, 175

Pinus ech inata, 11, 31-34, 52, 60, 64, 86, 9 1, 9 3, 9 5, 9 7, 9 9 , 113, 132-136, 154, 161, 174-175, 178-180

Pinus elliottii, 9 -11, 25, 27, 29 , 39 , 41,45, 52, 54-55, 57, 59 , 65, 74, 9 9 , 109 -111, 126-127, 130, 141-142,

144-152,154-155,157, 167

Pinuspalustris, 5-9 , 11, 14, 23-24, 27-29 , 31, 41, 49 -50, 52, 55, 57, 59 -60, 65, 75, 105-109 , 112, 114,

124-125, 128-129 ,131,152, 154, 157-158, 161,168

Pinus strobus, 86, 89 , 9 1, 9 3, 9 5, 9 9 , 174-175, 178, 180

Pinus sylve stris, 86, 174

Pinus taed a, 4,8-11,25-27,29 -34,39 ,45,49 -52,54-56,60,64,74,86,9 0-9 1,9 3,9 5,9 7, 104, 108-112,

126-127,130-136, 141, 143-144,152-156,159 -161, 167, 174-175, 177-179

Pinus virginiana, 86, 9 3, 9 5, 100, 174, 178, 180

Pisolith us tinctorius, 24, 28-29 , 31, 125, 129 , 131

Plant succession, 5, 34, 105, 135

Planting density, 41, 49 , 142, 153

Platanus occidentalis, 74, 81, 167, 171-172

Pole tim be r stands, 35, 136-137

Pollen production, 8, 108

Pollination, 25, 108

Populus deltoides, 84

Pre com m e rcial th inning, 33, 49 , 134, 152

Prim ary forest, 68-69

Private forest ow ne r, 36-39 , 138-141

Private tim be r ope rator, 36-39 , 138-141

Product yie lds, 6, 106

Progeny test, 8, 14, 23, 108, 114, 124

187
Provenance test, 9 ,11, 108-109 , 111-113

Pruning, 84, 100, 172, 180

Prunus serotina, 9 1, 9 4, 177

Puerto Rico, 66, 69 , 71-72, 77, 162-166

Quercus alba, 9 1-9 2,9 5, 176, 178

Quercus m ich auxii, 17 1

Quercus nuttallii, 84, 171, 173

Quercus prinus, 9 5, 178

Quercus rubra, 9 5, 178

Quercus spp., 7,35,81-82,136-137, 171-172

Quercus velutina, 9 1, 9 4, 177

Range m anagemen t, 57,59 ,157

Rele ase, 68, 84, 9 1-9 2, 9 8, 173, 176, 179

Reproductive e cology, 71, 165

R eticuliterm es flavipes, 119

R eticuliterm es h ageni, 119

R eticuliterm es spp., 114-122

R eticuliterm es tibialis, 119

Saw log production, 32, 156

Se condary forest, 66, 68-69 , 72-73, 162-163, 166

Seed blends, 10, 110-111

Seed ge rm ination, 70, 74, 85,89 , 167, 173-174

Seed production, 10, 110-111

Seed source, 8-9 , ll-13,25-27,30-31,9 8,100,108-109 ,111-113, 126, 179 -181

Seed storage, 74, 167

Seed stratification, 85, 173

Seed tre atm ents, 85, 89 , 173-174

Seed tree m e th od, 82, 172

Se le ction m anagemen t, 34, 82, 172

Se le ction m e th od, 82, 172

Sh e lte rw ood syste m , 6, 106

Sh ortle afpine, 11, 13, 30-31, 32-34, 52, 60, 64-65, 86, 9 1, 9 3, 9 5, 9 7, 9 9 , 113, 132-136, 154, 161, 174-175,

178-180

Silvicultural syste m s, 32, 82, 84, 133, 172-173

Silviculture, 4-7, 9 , 32-33, 39 ,41, 44, 47, 49 -54, 56-57, 65, 84, 104-109 , 132-133, 141-144, 151-154, 156,

161,171,173-174

Site am e lioration, 46, 144-152

Site pre paration, 4, 6, 44-45, 47, 50, 57, 60-61, 64, 9 1, 104-105, 143-152, 159 -160

Site quality, 52, 56, 154-155

Site tre atm ent, 89 , 174

Slash pine, 9 -11, 25, 27, 29 , 39 , 41,45, 52, 54-55, 57, 59 , 65, 74, 9 9 , 109 -111, 126-127, 130, 141-142,

144-152,155, 157, 167

Soil com paction, 47, 151-152

Soil drainage, 45, 144-150

Soil pre fe rence, 71, 165

Soil productivity, 9 5, 178

188
Soils, 4, 45, 47, 52, 54, 61-62, 64, 67, 69 , 9 4-9 5, 9 7, 9 9 , 104, 144-152, 155, 159 -160, 178-180

Spacing, 39 ,49 -50,54-55,64,71, 75,81,84,86,9 0,100,152-153,165,168,171-172,175,180

Spe cies com position, 59 , 61, 64-69 , 73, 82, 9 5, 157, 159 -164, 166, 172, 178

St. Joh n, 73, 166

St. Vincent, 67, 163

Stand density, 32, 41, 49 -51, 56, 58, 60, 64, 133, 142, 153-156, 158-159

Stand density control, 33, 35, 134, 136-137

Stand deve lopm ent, 34, 136

Stand dive rsity, 72, 166

Stand dynam ics, 34, 9 7, 135

Stand establish m ent, 4, 6-7, 45, 49 , 82, 104, 106-107, 144-150, 153, 172

Stand grow th , 6,82, 106, 172

Stand re gene ration, 32, 133

State death taxes, 37, 139

Stock ing, 39 , 41, 53, 68, 86, 89 , 141, 154, 163

Stock ing control, 7, 29 , 32-33, 107, 132-133

Subte rranean te rm ites, 15-17, 19 , 21-22, 114-124

Sugar m aple, 9 5, 178

Survival, 6-7, 23-25, 27-29 , 31, 41,46, 49 -50, 52, 54-55, 57, 65, 74, 81, 84, 86, 89 -9 1, 9 4, 9 6, 9 8, 100,

106-107,124-125,128-129 , 131,142,144-150,153,155, 157,161,171,173-175,177,179 -180

Swee tgum , 74,81-82,167, 171-172

Sycam ore, 74, 81, 167, 171

Taxod ium d istich u m , 86, 173

Te rm ite control, 15-17, 19 , 21-22, 114-124

Th inning, 31, 39 -41,44, 49 -51, 55-56, 58, 65, 69 , 72, 75, 81, 84, 9 3, 132, 137, 141, 142-144, 152-157, 161,

163-164, 168, 171-172, 176

Tree grow th rates, 69 , 71, 75-76, 163-166

Tree survival, 6-7, 23-25, 27-29 , 31, 41, 46, 49 -50, 52, 54-55, 57, 65, 74, 81, 84, 86, 89 -9 1, 9 4, 9 6, 9 8, 100,

106-107,124-125,128-129 ,131,142,144-150,153,155,157,161,171, 173-175,177,179 -180

Tropical forest, 66-67, 69 , 71-73, 162-166

Uneven-aged m anagemen t, 32,34, 134-135

Upland oak s, 35, 136-137

Virgin Islands, 71, 165-166

Virginia pine, 86, 9 3, 9 5, 100, 174, 178, 180

W ate r pollution, 61, 159

W h ite oak , 9 1, 9 2, 9 5, 176, 178

W h ite pine, 86, 89 , 9 1, 9 3, 9 5, 9 9 , 174-175, 178, 180

W ildlife h abitat, 33, 9 1, 134

W ood products, 36, 137

W ood quality, 9 , 109

Yellow -poplar, 86, 9 1, 9 4-9 5, 9 8-100, 174-175, 178-181

Yield, 6, 9 -10, 29 , 31-32, 35, 39 , 41,45, 49 -50, 53, 55-56, 75, 81-82, 84, 86, 9 3, 9 7, 9 9 -100, 106, 109 -111, 130,

132-133,135-137,141-142,144-150,153-156,168, 171-175,177,179 -180

189
Table of Equivalents

Metric Units Approxim ate English Units

1 cubic m e te r

1 square m e te r

1 m e te r or 100 centim e te rs

1 centim e te r or 25.4 m illim e te rs

1 h e ctare or 10,000 square m e te rs

0.41 h e ctare

Degrees Ce lsius (“Cl

(degrees F-32) (5/g)

1.6 k ilom e te rs

1 k ilogram

35.3 cubic fe e t or 424 board fe e t

10.9 square fe e t

39 .4 inch es or 3.3 fe e t

2.54 inch es

2.45 acres or 106,722 square fe e t

1 acre or 43,560 square fe e t

Degrees Fah ren h eit (“F)

(degrees C) (5/g) + 32

1 m ile or 5,280 fe e t

2.2 pounds

19 0
Th is publication re ports research involving pesticides. It does not contain re com m endations

for th eir use, nor does it im ply th at th e uses discussed h e re h ave been re giste red. All uses of

pesticides m ust be re giste red by appropriate State and/or Fede ral agencies before th ey can

be re com m ended.

CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to h um ans, dom estic anim als, desirable plants,

and fish or oth e r w ildlife-if th ey are not h andled or applied prope rly. Use all pesticides

sele ctive ly and care fully. Follow re com m ended practices for th e disposal of surplus pesticides

and pesticide containe rs.
Th e use of trade or firm nam es in th is publication is for re ade r

inform ation and does not im ply endorsem e n t by th e U .S.

Departm ent of Agriculture of any product or service.


Devall, Margaret S.; Baldwin, Virgil C., camps. 1998. Long-term research

does pay off; a summary of the Southern Station experience. Gen. Tech.

Rep. SO-124. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Research Station. 190 p.

Description and summaries of completed and ongoing long-term research

studies (those in existence for 5 or more years) conducted by scientists of

the USDA Forest Service’s former Southern Forest Experiment Station

(now part of the Southern Research Station) are presented in this report.

Keywords: Forestry, long-term studies, Midsouth, Southern Forest

Experiment Station.
The Forest Service, United States Department of

Agriculture (USDA), is dedicated to the principle of

multiple use management of the Nation’s forest

resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and

recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States

and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests

sod National Grasslands, it strives-as directed by Congress-to

provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.

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