Tmd’a Woody Plant list forl@tlgua

and Barbuda: Past and Present

John Francis, Cados Riira, and Julio Figurema
S_

Durina;thel7thandl8~centuriea,theielandofAntiguawas~~

foragri~.viuauyalloftheremaining foresbwemcutover,grazed,and

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retunledtQsecondaryf&.BarbudasufferedmeiIllyfromovercuttiIlgand

overgrazing begiming in the 17th century. Very heavy grazing preamre continues in ISarbuda. l&spit23 great d&W, a mqjority of the native qe45ee

remainrmbothislande.Lista0fnativeandexoticepecieaarep~~bere.A

prote&i~plansbauldbe~hedforsevleralareasmboth~
Tk~ward a Woody Plant List for Antigua and Barbuda:

Past and Present

John Francis, Carlos Rivera, and Julio Figureroa

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY

Antigua and Barbuda are two small islands with a

total area of 440 km2 located in the Lesser Antilles in

the eastern Caribbean. Although not differing greatly

in size and separated by only 50 km, the origin and

physiography of the islands are quite different. Antigua

was formed by vulcanism more than 40 million years

ago during the Eocene. The rock foundation of Barbuda is entirely of Pleistocene limestone. A land bridge

apparently connected the two islands during the

Pleistocene (Schuchert 1935). From the time the

islands emerged, a flora began to assemble through

chance introductions, mainly transported by birds.

Intermittent human habitation of both Antigua and

Barbuda has been dated from about 3,000 B.C. The

aboriginal groups, archaic Amerindians, agricultural

Amerindians, and Island Caribs never had large populations and probably did not clear a great deal of land

for agriculture. However, they apparently introduced a

number of plant species such as Annona muricdu L.

and Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Christopher Columbus visited Antigua and named it

after Santa Maria della Antigua during his second voyage in 1493. Because of the scarcity of fresh water and

the presence of threatening &ribs, no attempt was

made to colonize the island until a group of English

settlers arrived in 1632. The first export crop, tobacco,

was soon replaced by sugar cane. The sugar enterprise

became profitable with the importation of slave labor,

and a number of large plantations were established. By

the early 1700’s, most of the island had been cleared for

sugar production. Subsistence farming extended to the

top of Boggy Peak, the highest mountain. Even the

rocky hills in the drier parts were cut over periodically

for firewood and charcoal. Goats, cattle, and horses

grazed and browsed all the uncultivated remnants of

land. The phasing out of the sugar industry between

1960 and 1972 led to extensive abandonment of cultivation. At the same time, the emergence of the tourist

industry and urbanization has moved hundreds of people off subsistance farms and has allowed thousands of

hectares of Antigua to grow up as secondary forest

while sparing the pre-existing secondary forest from

further disturbance.

English attempts to settle Barbuda began in 1628

and continued intermittently with attacks of the

Caribs and French until early in the 18th century. The

small island community subsisted for almost three centuries by raising livestock. During this period, virtually every tree large enough to use for construction

materials was felled. Grazing must have been intense,

and fuelwood cutting heavy, at least near Codrington,

the only town. Tourism, government services, and agriculture are the primary sources of income today for the

island’s 1,252 residents. Cement blocks and imported

lumber are the current building materials.

Today, grazing may be as intense as ever in Barbuda’s history. Domestic goats and cattle, feral donkeys

and pigs,. and introduced deer have left the ground

under the dry forest canopy nearly barren. All the

shrubs and trees within reach, except for a few toxic or

unpalatable species, are being consumed or cropped

severely.

With the emergence of tourism as the driving force

of the economy and the decline of agriculture, concern

for the environment has grown. The protection of natural areas and the setting aside of areas to be used as

parks are being suggested. This study was undertaken

by the International Institute of Tropical Forestry

(IITF) in response to a request to identify local plant

species and classify them as native or exotic. This basic

data will be important for future management of natural reserves.

METHODS

Lists of trees, shrubs, and woody vines, including

ornamentals, were assembled from field observations

(tables 1 and 2). The survey consisted of two visits to

Antigua and one to Barbuda. In the spring of 1991, a

botanist and a research forester spent 5 days on the

island of Antigua. Six months later, they returned with

John Francis is a research forester and Carlos Rivera is a botanist at the International Institute of lkopical Forestry, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service, Rio Pi&as, PR 00928-2500; Julio Figueroa is a graduate student at Oxford University, Oxford, UK. In cooperation

with: University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras, PR 009364984.
a dendrologist and spent 3 days on Antigua and 2 days

surveying Barbuda. Guided by local experts, the group

visited as much of each island as possible.

Because Antigua is thoroughly interlaced with roads,

the survey was conducted by driving through all portions of the island. Frequent walks were taken a few

hundred meters into forest stands. The names of

positively identified species and the locations of their

sightings were noted. Samples of species that were not

readily identifiable were collected for checking against

references. Those specimens that could not be identified were brought to the University of Puerto Rico

Herbarium for examination by resident taxonomists.

As a result, all but two of the observed species (represented by foliage only) were identified. All scientific

names were checked for currency and spelling using

Howard’s “Flora of the Lesser Antilles” (1979, 1988,

1989a, 1989b). Other references consulted during the

process of identification and correlation of species were

Fournet (1978), Grisebach (1963), Liogier and Martorell (1982), Little and others (19741, and Little and

Wadsworth (1964).

RESULTS

Plant lists derived from different surveys in Antigua

and Barbuda are compared in tables 3 and 4. It should

be noted that the lists by Howard (1979, 1988, 1989a,

198913) were compiled from ranges documented by

herbarium specimens deposited in world museums and

that these specimens were collected from the early 18th

century onward, many before the destruction and disturbance of Antiguan forests were complete.

A total of 286 woody species was observed on Antigua, of which 153 were determined to be native. A

species was concluded to be native if its documented

native range included Antigua or Barbuda and if it

grew in uncultivated conditions. A few technically

native species, mainly food producers such as Annona

squamosa L. (sugar-apple) and Munihot esculenta

Crantz (cassava), were apparently introduced in preColumbian times and today are rarely found growing

outside cultivated areas.

Roystonea oleracea O.F. Cook is listed as exotic by

Howard (1979), but may be native to Antigua. Antigua

has established populations in moist secondary forests,

and large R. oleracea trees may be seen in the oldest

photos of Antiguan plantations. ‘Iwo other islands with

native populations of this species, Monserrat and

Guadeloupe, lie within sight of Antigua. Because the

seeds are bird-dispersed and the leaves are useful to

humans for roofing material, it would be remarkable if

the species had not become established before the

arrival of Columbus.

Nearly all the exotic species are or were cultivated as

ornamentals, shade, or crop plants. Most of the naturalized species are only rarely found growing outside

cultivation in waste places near planted specimens. A

handful of species, notably Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile,

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth., Azadirachta indica Adr.

Juss., Cordia obliqua Willd., Haematoxylon campechianum L., Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit,

Phoenix dactylifera L., Prosopis juliflora (SW.) DC.,

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol., and Ziziphus mauritiana

Lam., compete successfully with native species in secondary forests on dry sites. A total of 127 woody species

was observed on Barbuda, of which 65 were believed to

be native to the island. The only exotic woody plant

species competing significantly with native vegetation

is H. campechianum.

As an exercise to evaluate the rate of tree species loss

as a result of the clearing, cutting, grazing, and fire

associated with settlement, in table 5 of this survey is

used to compare the canopy tree species (excluding

naturalized ornamentals and fruit trees) that were

observed with those collected by botanists from the

18th century onward (Howard 1979, 1988, 1989a,

198913). For Antigua, 39 species in common with the

herbarium collections were listed. Howard lists six species that were not found, and two species not represented in the herbarium collections were found. Of

those not found in the IITF survey, DacryocEes excelsa

Vahl has certainly been lost (it is unknown to Antiguans today). Beilschmiedia pendulu (SW.) Hemsley,

Cecropia schreberiana Miq., Sapium caribaeum

Urban, and Vita divuricutu SW. probably have disappeared from Antigua. All are present on other Antillian

islands. The two new species noted were Cordia

Zaevigatu Lam. and Ochromapyrumidczle (Cav.) Urban.

The former probably was missed in earlier surveys; the

latter may be a new natural introduction.

For Barbuda, the IITF survey and the herbariums

had 15 canopy species in common. Howard lists three

species that were not observed: Coccoloba pubescens L.,

Sapindus saponaria L., and Sideroxylon salicifolium

(L.) Lam., which must be either rare or extinct on

Barbuda. Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq. was observed in

this survey as well as by Beard and Harris (1949,1960X

It was undoubtedly overlooked in other surveys.

DISCUSSION

In a single survey of a flora, one cannot be sure of

finding every species. Field time in this survey was

somewhat limited; an additional 10 to 25 native species

on Antigua and a few on Barbuda may have been found

if a thorough search of all parts of both islands had

been completed. This survey, combined with previous

efforts, adds a significant contribution to the compilation of a checklist of the woody flora of Antigua and

Barbuda. The most satisfactory next step would be for

2
a resident botanist to conduct extensive field checking

and eventually compile checklists and descriptive

floras.

Because of the individual experience of the participants, the IITF survey was probably most reliable in

identifying forest trees and introduced trees and

shrubs (ornament& and fruit species). Participants

were less familiar and less attuned to the shrubs and

woody vines, although an effort was made to collect and

identify every species seen, Early botanists contributing to the collections used by Howard (1979, 1988,

1989a, 1989b) to compile his flora of the Lesser

Antilles apparently missed a few species as well. There

are undoubtedly errors of identification in this survey’s

lists and even in those from herbarium collections.

Careful rechecking by future researchers is suggested.

Present and Presettlement Forests

Today, a large portion of Antigua is covered with

secondary forests. Most of these forests are less than 30

years old, although a few areas, such as the Wallings

watershed, have been largely undisturbed for more

than 50 years. No primary forest remains, and, excluding the mangroves, only a few small areas were never

cleared for agriculture. Consequently, tree diameters

tend to be relatively small.

Four broad forest types that were probably more

distinct in their pristine states than they are today

were recognized (fig. 1). The upper portion of Boggy

Peak is the wettest and coolest area of the island. It is

currently dominated by Ingu Zaurina (SW.) Willd. Other

important canopy species in the area are Clusia major

L., Cordia sulcutu DC., Ficus citrifoliu Mill., Lonehocurpus benthaniunus (Jacq.) DC., and Pisonia subcorduta SW. The original forest was probably

dominated by Dacryodes excelsa Vahl, other important

forest dominants being C. major, I. Zaurinu, Simaroubu

umuru Aubl., and Zunthaxylum murtinicense (Lam.)

DC.

The moist uplands of Antigua today have a mix of

dominant Andiru inermis (Wright) Kunth ex DC., Burseru simarubu (L.) Sarg., Hymenaeu courbaril L., I.

Zuurinu, Mungiferu indicu L., R. oleraceu, Spondias

mombin L., and ‘Ihbebuiu heterophyllu (DC.) Britt. The

primordial forest was probably dominated by CedreZa

o&rata L., I. Zuurina, T. heterophylla, Z. murtinicense,

and a host of other species.

The dry hills and coastal plains support several forest types depending on the history of the site. The most

recently abandoned or most abused sites are currently

dominated by Acacia spp. and Leucaenu Zeucocephala

(Lam.) de Wit. They are succeeded by Haematoxylon

cumpechianum and Prosopis juliflora. More advanced

sites support Capparis spp., Pisoniu spp., PiZosocereus

royeni (L.) Byles & Rowley, and Ziziphus muuritianu.

Those that have developed further also support

Bourreriu succulenta Jacq. and Canella winterunu (L.)

Gaertn. Rocky hills that may have passed the settlement era as open woodland pasture are dominated

today by large Bucidu bucerus L. and Burseru simurubu trees. With some variation reflecting soil conditions, the dry hills and plains of Antigua would have

been dominated in pre-Columbian times by Bucida

bucerus, Burseru simaruba, Guuiacum ofiinale L.,

Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. Moore, Pisoniu subcordata, and Zunthoxylum flwum Vahl.

Streams and nonsaline floodplains are still dominated by Annonu glabru L., Ceiba pentundru (L.1

Gaertn., Hippomane mancinellu L., and Hura crepituns L. The mangrove swamps also still contain the

original species, Avicennia germinuns CL.> L., Lugunculuriu rucemOsa (L.) Gaertn. f., and Rhizophoru mungle L.

Barbuda was divided into four broad site types (fig.

2): the highlands, clay slopes and plains, sandy coastal

plains and beach strands, and mangrove swamps. The

highlands are dominated today by CuneZZu winteranu,

Haematoxylon campechianum, and Pilosocereus royeni

on the plateau and C. winterana, F. citrifoliu, Krugiodendron ferreum (M. Vahl) Urban, and Pisonia s&ordata on the slopes. In presettlement times, the

highlands were probably dominated by 2. flmurn with

associates C. winteranu, F. citrifoliu, G. officinule, K.

HIGH ELEVATION MOIST

m MOIST

u DRY

FLOODPLAIN, 8 MANGROVE SWAMPS

0 IO mi

Figure 1. -Major forest types on Antigua.
CLAY SLOPES, 8. PLAINS

HIGHLANDS

SANDY COASTAL PLAINS, B BEACH STRANDS

MANGROVE SWAMPS

Figure 2. -Major forest types on Barbuda.

ferreum, and l? subcordata. The clay slopes and plains

are dominated today by Acacia farnesiana, C. winterana, Capparis spp., G. offtcinale, H. campechianum,

and Pilosocereus royeni. In former times, the site type

was probably dominated by Canella winterana, Capparis spp., Coccoloba diversifolia Jacq., Coccothrinax

barbadensis (Lodd. ex Mart.) Bacc., G. officinate, and

Pisonia subcordata. The sandy coastal plains and

beach-strand areas are dominated today by Bucida

buceras, Canella winterana, Chrysobalanus icaco L.,

Hippomane mancinella, Jaquinia armillaris Jacq., and

Pilosocereus royeni. The dominant species were probably much the same in former times. Mangrove vegetation, although it was heavily exploited for fuel before

electricity and fossil fuels were available, is now much

the same as it was in ancient times.

Disturbance and Extinction

The degree of disturbance to the terrestrial habitat

of Antigua was very severe. Excluding the mangroves,

probably 95 to 99 percent of the forest was cleared and

converted to agricultural uses at least once in the 300-

year history of its development. All the remaining forest was heavily disturbed by cutting and grazing. It is

not surprising that extinctions and rarefaction

occurred. In this survey, evaluation of tree loss indicates that about 13 percent of the native canopy tree

species have disappeared from Antigua since the late

18th century. Cedrela odorata, once cut for its valuable

wood, no longer grows in the wild. Guaiacum oflicinale

and Z. flavum also produce very valuable wood and

have become extremely rare in the wild. The rate of

extinction of small trees, shrubs, and woody vines may

be even more severe. Smaller plant forms are more

short-lived, are more subject to browsing by goats and

other livestock, and are more easily cut down than

large trees. On the other hand, given the thorough

destruction and disturbance of the forests of Antigua,

it is remarkable that such a large percentage of species

has survived.

The Barbudan forests suffered in different ways, and

severe disturbances continue. Most trees large enough

to use for construction materials were felled long ago,

resulting in the near disappearance of several species.

Grazing over the centuries and very heavy browsing by

goats, donkeys, cattle, deer, and feral hogs in recent

times have made reproduction difficult or impossible

for all but toxic or very unpalatable species. The very

survival of several species is threatened. Coccothrinax

barbadensis and Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl., both

palms, are cases in point. A hundred or more large C.

barbadensis still grace the skyline in the northern part

of the island; not a single plant less than 2 m high was

found in this survey. Thrinax morrisii seems to have

disappeared entirely. The heavy grazing has allowed G.

officinale and Canella winterana, both untouched by

grazing, to reproduce in large numbers.

The loss of biodiversity is somewhat offset by the

naturalization of a number of exotic species. Notable on

Antigua are Acacia nilotica, Azadirachta indica Adr.

Juss., Calotropisprocera (Ait.) Ait. f., Cocos nucifera L.,

C. obligua, Haematoxylon campechianum, Leucaena

leucocephala, Mangifera indica, Melicoccus bzjugatus

Jacq., Parkinsonia aculeata L., P dactylifera, P.

juliflora, Ricinus communis L., R. oleraceae, Solanum

torvum SW., Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq., Tamarindus indica L., Terminalia catappa L., T. populnea,

and Ziziphus mauritiana.

Barbuda supports the naturalized exotics Caparia

biflora L., C. obliqua, Jatropha curcas L., S. mahagoni,

and Tamarindus indica. Because of its isolation, Barbuda has escaped many introductions. Noticeably

absent are P. juliflora, Calotropis procera, R. communis, and T. populnea.

Plea for Conservation

The natural vegetation of the island of Antigua has

passed through an era of neglect and abuse with surprisingly few species lost. The current trends of

reforestation and succession toward stand composi4
tions more like the original forest should be aided protected. The highlands are certainly the most unique

through formalized protection of at least unique vege- geological and biological area of the island and, for that

tative areas such as Boggy Peak, most of the remaining reason, deserve complete protection. Any management

mangroves, the Wallings watershed, and representative scheme for Barbuda must address the problem of opendry forest sites. For these sites, statutory protection range grazing of domestic animals and control of the

and some minimal physical protection are a minimum populations of feral animals. Without it, the highland

requirement. Likewise, in Barbuda, much of the man- thicket ecosystem will continue to deteriorate, and sevgroves, the salt ponds, and the dune areas should be eral species of plants will disappear from Barbuda.

Table 1. -Dee and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

Cycadaceae

Cycas circinalis L. St. John’s t Asia and Africa+

Araucariaceae

Aroucaria heterophylla (Salisb.) Franc0 St. John’s T Norfolk Island’

Cupressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L.

Thuja orientalis L.

Belleview Heights

St. John’s

t

t

South Europe’

West Asia+

Camarinaceae

Casuarina equisetifolia L. Dickinson Bay T Oceania+

Piperaceae

Piper aduncum L.

Ulmaceae

Edema micrantha CL.1 Blume

Figtree

Body Ponds

Native*

Native

Moraceae

Artocarpus altilis 6. Park) Fosb.

A. heterophyllus Lam.

Ficus benjamina L.

F. citrifolia Mill.

I? elastica Boxb. ex Hornem.

I? microcarpa L. f.

R trigonata L.

Dophis racerrwsa CL.1 Urban

St. John’s

Buckleys

St. John’s

St. John’s

St. John’s

St. John’s

St. John’s

Jolly Beach

Oceania+

India+

Malaya+

Native

Tropical Asia+

Southeast Asia+

Tropical America

Native

Proteaceae

Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. Botanic Garden T Australia+

Olacacea

Schoepfia artmaria Urban & Britt.

S. Schreberi Gmel.

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

S

S

Probably native

Native

Polygonaceae

Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn.

Coccolobo diversifolia Jacq.

C. pubescens L.

C. uvifera CL.1 L.

C. wnosa L.

English Harbour

Shirley Heights

Boggy Peak

Runaway Bay

Figtree

Mexico+

Native

Native

Native

Native

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillea spectobilis Willd.

Pisonia fragrans DumXours.

P. subcordata SW.

Cedar Grove

Cedar Grove

Cedar Grove

V

t

T

Brazil+

Native

Native
lhble 1. -!lhee and shrub species identi@d during field studies in Antigua - Continued

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

Annonaceae

Anmna glnbra L.

A. montana Macfad.

A. muricata L.

A. reticulata L.

A. squamosa L.

Collins

Wallings

St. John’s

St. John’s

St. John’s

Lauraceae

Licaria paruifolia (Lam.) Kostermans

Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez

0. coriocea (SW.) Britt.

Persea americana Mill.

Boggy Peak

Figtree

St. John’s

Capparaceae

Capparis flenuosa (L.) L.

C. baducca L.

C. hastota Jacq.

C. in&a (I~.) Druce

Cedar Grove

Figtree

Mercers Creek

Cedar Grove

Moringaceae

Moringa oleifera Lam. English Harbour

R.esaceae

Rosa spp. St. John’s

Leguminosae-Mimosoideae

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Wad.

A. macracantha Humb. & Bonpl.

A. n&&a CL.1 Delile

A. tortuosa CL.1 Willd.

Albizia lebbek (L.) Benth.

Desmanthus virgatus (L.) Willd.

Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Jacq.) Griseb.

Inga laurina (SW.) Willd.

Leucaena leucocephulu (Lam.) de Wit

Mimosa ceratonia L.

Pitheceltiium unguis-coti CL.1 Benth.

Prosopis ju&lora (SW.) DC.

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Cedar Grove

Collins

Mercers Creek

Cedar Grove

Cedar Grove

Runaway Bay

Botanic Garden

Boggy Peak

Ailp0l-t

Body Ponds

St. John’s

Cedar Grove

Dickinson Bay

Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae

Bauhinia monandm Kurz

B. multineruia (Kunth.) DC.

Caesalpinin bonduc (L.) Roxb.

C. pulcherrima CL.1 SW.

Cassia fistula L.

C. grandis LX

C. jooanica L.

Runaway Bay

Figtree

Shirley Heights

Dickinson Bay

Golden Grove

St. John’s

Freemans

Chnmaecrista glandulosa CL.) Greene

var swartzii (W&s.) Irwin & Barneby Shirley Heights

Delonti regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. St. John’s

Haematoxylom campechianum L. Wallings

Hymenuea courbaril L. Boggy Peak

Parkinsonia oculeata L. Bethesda

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Back. & Heyne Dickinson Bay

Sennu al&a CL.) Roxb. Greencastle

5’. atomaria (L.) Irwin & Barneby Shirley Heights

5’. bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. var. bicapsularis Dark Valley

S. siamea Irwin & Barneby St. John’s

lllzmarindus indica L. Body Ponds

Leguminosae-Papilionoideae

Andira inermis (Wright) Kunth

Cajanus cajun (L.) Huth

Erythrina berterwann Urban

E. variegata L.

Wallings

Scotts Hill

St. John’s

St. John’s

6

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

T

t

t

t

t

t

S

t

t

t

t

T

;

T

t

S

5

t

T

t

t

V

;

T

t

t

T

t

T

t

T

s

8

;

T

T

s

t

t

Native

Native

Probably native

Probably native

Tropical America+

Native

Native

Native

Mexico+

Native

Native

Native

Native

South Asia+

Asia+

Native

Native

Africa, Asia

Native

South Asia

Native

Tropical America+

Native

IYopical America

Native

Native

South America

Tropical America+

Southeast Asia+

Probably native

Native

South America+

Asia+

Tropical America+

Southeast Asia+

Native

Madagascar+

Central America

Native

Tropical America

Southern Asia+

Tropical America+

Native

Native

Southeast Asia+

Africa

Native

Africa+

Central America+

India to Oceania+
Table 1. -7bee and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua - Continued

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth Runaway Bay

Zndigofera suffruticosa Mill. Shirley Heights

Lonchocarpus violoceus (Jacq.) DC. Boggy Peak

Machaerium lunatum (L.f.1 Ducke Figtree

Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq. Shirley Heights

Sesbania gmndiflora CL.1 Pers. Body Ponds

Oxalidaceae

Aver&a carambola L. Greencastle

Erythroxylaceae

Erythroxylon havanense Jacq.

Zygophyllaceae

Guaiocum ofiinole L.

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) Swingle

C. limon CL.1 Burm.f.

C. maxima (J. Burm.) Merr.

C. pamdisi Macf.

C. reticulata Blanc0

C. sinensis CL.1 Osbeck

Murraya paniculata CL.1 Jack

Diphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils.

Zanthoxylum flavum Vahl

2. martinicense (Lam.1 DC.

2. monophyllum (Lam.) P. Wils.

2. spinifex (Jacq.1 DC.

Simaroubaceae

Castela erecta %-pin

Picmmnia pentandm Sw.

Picrasma excelsa (SW.) Planch.

Simarwuba amara Aublet

Surianaceae

Suriana maritima L.

Burseraceae

Bursera simaruba CL.1 Sarg.

Meliaceae

Amdirachta in&a Adr. Juss.

Cedrela oo?omta L.

Melia azedarach L.

Swietenia mahagoni CL.) Jacq.

Wchilia hirta L.

Malpighiaceae

Bunchosia glandulosa (Cav.) L.C. Rich.

Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) DC.

B. spicata (Cav.) DC.

Malpighia emarginata DC.

M. linearis Jacq.

Euphorbiaceae

Acalypha amentocea Roxb. ssp. wilkesiana

(Muell. Arg.) Fosberg

Cod&urn variegatum CL.1 Blume

Croton astroites Dryand.

Euphorbia continifolia L.

E. lactea Haw.

E. neriifolia L.

E. pulcherrima Willd.

E. tirucalli L.

Shirley Heights

Nelson’s Dockyard

St. John’s

St. John’s

Greencastle

Freemans

Cades Bay

Christian Valley

Mercers Creek

Mercers Creek

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Freetown

Indian Town Point

Wallings

Wallings

Boggy Peak

Cades Bay

Jennings

Dickinson Bay

St. John’s

Cedar Grove

St. John’s

Figtree

Flashes

Greencastle

Boggy Peak

Runaway Bay

Nelson’s Dockyard

St. John’s

Dickinson Bay

Cedar Grove

St. John’s

Dickinson Bay

Liberta

St. John’s

Runaway Bay

t

S

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

t

S

;

T

t

t

8

t

t

T

8

T

T

T

t

T

t

8

t

t

t

8

S

S

8

t

t

t

S

8

Tropical America+

Native

Native

Probably native

Native

South Asia+

Tropical Asia+

Native

Native

East Indies+

Southeast Asia+

East Indies+

West Indies+

East Indies+

China+

Southeast Aam+

Southeast Asia

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

South Asia

Native+

South Asia

Greater Antilles

Native

Native

Native

Native

West Indies

Probably native

Oceania+

Sunda Islands+

Native

Tropical America+

Old World+

East Indies+

IYopicsl America+

North Africa+

7
‘Ibble 1. -!&ee and shrub species identified during f?eld studies in Antigua - Continued

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

Gymnanthes lucida SW. Shirley Heights

Hippomane mancinella L. Dickinson Bay

Hum crepitans L. Bethesda

Jatropha curcas L. St. John’s

J. gossypiifdia L. Cades Bay

J. multifida L. St. John’s

Manihot esculenta Crantz Sea View Farm

Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels Cedar Grove

F! epiphyllanthus L. Shirley Heights

Ricinus communis L. Sea View Farm

Anacardiaceae

Anacardium occidentate L.

Conwclodiu dodonoea CL.1 Urban

Ma&fern indica L.

Spondias c@wea Sonn.

S. mombin L.

S. purpurea L.

Hamiltons

Shirley Heights

Hodges Bay

English Harbour

St. John’s

St. John’s

Celaetrace@s

Cassine xylocarpo Vent.

Cmssopetalum rhacoma Crantz

Schaefferia frutescens Jaq.

English Harbour

Freetown

Shirley Heights

Sapindaceae

Allophylus mcemosus SW.

Melicoccus bgugatus Jacq.

Sapindus sapon4wio L.

Schleichera oleosa (Low.1 Oken

Boggy Peak

St. John’s

Wallings

Dark Valley

Rhamnf8ceae

CoZz&rinu arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.

Krugiodendmn ferreum (M. Vahl) Urban

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Crabs Mill

St. Phillips

Cedar Grove

TiIiaceae

!&iumfetta grandifira M. Vahl Body Ponds

Mahceae

Hibiscus pernambucensis Arntda

H. rosa-sinensis L.

H. schizopetalus (M.T. Mast.) HookX

Maluastrum coromand-elianum CL.) Garcke

Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.

Thespesia populnea CL.) Sol.

St. John’s

St. John’s

St. John’s

Wailings

St. John’s

Dickinson Bay

Bombacaceme

Ceiba pentandm (L.) Gaertn.

Ochmma pymmidale (Cav.) Urban

Body Ponds

Figtree

Sterculiaceae

Guaxumn ulmifdia Lam.

Sterculia foetida L.

Theobroma cacao L.

Wallillgs

Botanic Garden

John Hugh’s

Ochnaceae

Ouratea guildingii (Planch.) Urban Ail Saints

Clusiaceae

Calophyllum calaba L.

Clusia major L.

Mammea americana L.

Figtree

Boggy Peak

Greencastle

lhmaricaceae

!&maria sp. Old Road

8

t

T

T

9

S

8

8

t

t

S

t

;

T

T

t

t

5

S

t

T

t

T

t

t

t

8

t

t

S

9

S

t

T

T

t

T

t

S

T

T

T

t

Native

Native

Probably native

Central America

Probably native

Tropical America+

South America+

Tropical Asia+

Native

Tropical Africa

Probably native+

Native

Tropical Asia

Society Islands+

Native

Tropical America+

Native

Native

Native

Native

South America

Native

South Asia+

Native

Native

Southeast Asia

Probably native

South America+

Tropical Asia+

Africa+

Tropical America

Mexico-Brazil+

Old World

Native

Native

Native

Tropical Asia+

Neotropicst

Native

Native

Native

West Indies+

Old World+
Table 1. -lhce and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua - Continued

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

Cocblospermaceae

Cochlospermum vitifolium (willd.1 Spreng. All Saints

Canellaceae

Canella wintemna (L.) Gaertn. Mercers Creek

Flacourtiaceae

Casearia okcandra Jacq.

Samyda o!o&candra Jacq.

Walhngs

Flashes

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L. St. John’s

Cactaceae

Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill.

0. rubescens Sslm-Dyck

Pilosocereus royeni (L.) Byles & G. Rowley

Mercers Creek

St. Phillips

Shirley Heights

Thymelaeaceae

Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J. Johnston ssp.

americana (Griseb.) Nevl. Boggy Peak

Lythraceae

Lagerstmemia indica L.

Lawsonia inermis L.

St. John’s

Body Ponds

Punicaceae

Punica granatum L. St. John’s

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia asiotica (L.) Kurz St. Lukes

Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophora mangle L. Runaway Bay

Combretaceae

Bucida bucems L.

Conocarpus erectus L.

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.

!lkminalia catappa L.

Runaway Bay

Runaway Bay

Flashes

Body Ponds

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.

Eugenia biflora CL.) DC.

E. confusa DC.

St. John’s

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

E. cordata SW. DC. var. sintenisii (Kiaersk.)

Krug & Urban

E. pseudopsidium Jacq.

E. rhombea Krug & Urban

Myrcia platyclada DC.

Pimenta racemosa Will.) J. Moore

Psidium guajava L.

Syzygium jumbos (L.) Al&on

S. malaccense CL.) Merr. & Perry

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Mercers Creek

Wailings

Figtree

Greencastle

Melastomataceae

Miconia laevigata (L.) D. Don

M. mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O. Wms.

M. pmsina (SW.) DC.

!lktrazygia angustifolia (SW.) DC.

Boggy Peak

Body Ponds

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Araliaceae

Brassaia actinophylla Endl.

Polyscias guilfoylei (Bull) L.H. Bailey

Greencastle

St. John’s

T

t

t

9

t

8

S

t

t

8

S

S

T

t

T

6

t

T

T

t

8

9

8

9

t

t

t

t

T

S

9

S

8

8

8

Tropical America+

Native

Native

Native

Probably native

Jamaica+

Puerto Rico+

Native

Native

China+

Africa to Asia

South Asia+

East Indies+

Native

Native

Native

Native

East Indies

Australia+

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Probably native

Malaya

Malaya+

Native

Native

Native

Native

Australia+

New Caledonia+

9
‘Ibble 1. -!llce and shrub specks identifkd during field studies in Antigua - Continued

Family and species Life form* Native range

Sapotaceae

Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.

C. cainito L.

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen

Sidcmxylon foetidissimum Jacq.

S. salicifdium (L.) Lam.

Where first seen

Boggy Peak

St. John’s

Greencastle

Botanic Garden

Hamiltons

Native

Greater Antilles+

Central America+

Tropical America

Native

Oleaceae

Chiananthus compacta SW. Boggy Peak t

Apocynaceae

Alkmmda cathartica L.

Nerium oleander L.

Plumeria alba L.

l?rubaL.

Rauvolfia viridis Wtid.

%bernaemantana citrifdia L.

Thevetia peruviana Schum.

2i.p:

St. John’s

St. John’s

Jolly Bay

Boggy Peak

Bolans

V

8

t

t

S

Native

South America

Mediterranean+

Native

Central America+

Native

Native

Tropical America

Adepiadaceae

Calotropis procem (Ait.) Ait. E Dickinson Bay 8 Old World

COllVOIVUlaCe~

Ipomaea carnea Jacq. ssp. fistulosa (C. Mart.)

D. Austin Runaway Bay 8 Tropical America+

Bomglnaceae

Bourreria succuknta Jacq.

Co&a alliodom (Ruiz & Pav..) Oken

c. cdlowcco L.

C. cumswica (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.

C. dent&a Poiret

C. nesophila I.M. Johnston

c. lo&g& Lam.

C. obliqua Wad.

C. sebestena L.

C. sulcata DC.

Heliatrvpium ternatum Vahl

Avicenniaceae

Avicennia germinans CL.) L.

A. schaueriana Stapf. & Leech. ex Mold.

Verbenaceae

Citharezylum spinasum L.

Clerodendrum acukatum CL.) Schlecht.

Cornutia pymmidata L.

Dumnta repens L.

Lontano iruducrata L.

Lippia micnnnem Schauer var. helkrii (Britt.)

Mold.

!lbctona gmndis L.f.

SoIanaceae

Cestrum macmphyllum Vent.

Solanum racemasum Jacq.

S. mgosum Dunal

S. torvum SW.

Mercers Creek

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peek

Dark V&y

Betty’s Hope

Boggy Peak

Dark Valley

Dickinson Bay

St. John’s

Boggy Peak

Freetown

t

T

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

India

Greater Antilles

Native

Native

Runaway Bay

Runaway Bay

Native

Native

t

S

Native

Native

Native

Native

Native

Boggy Peak

Shirley Heights

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Cedar Grove

Native

Southeast Asia+

Fh?etown

Greencastle

Native

Native

Probably native

Pantropical

Boggy Peak

Shirley Heights

Bogw Peak

Figtree

Scrophulariaceae

Capraria biflora L.

Bignoniaceae

Crescentia cujete L.

Jacamnda mimasifolia D. Don

Kiglia africana &am.) Benth.

Runaway Bay Tropical America

St. John’s

St. John’s

Botanic Garden

Probably native

South America+

Africa+

t

t

T

10
Table 1. -lhee and shrub species identified during field studies in Antigua - Continued

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

Spa&&a campanulnta Beauv.

Zlzbebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) Nichols.

T. heterophylkz (DC.) Britt.

T. rosea (Bertol.) DC.

Tecoma stuns CL.) Juss.

Rubiaceae

Catesboca melanocarpa Urban

Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc.

Coffea ambica L.

Erithalis fruticosa L.

Exostema caribaeum (Jacq.) Roem. & Schult.

Fammea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.

Gardenia augusta CL.1 Merrill

Guettarda crispiflora Vahl

G. oualifolia Urban

G. parviflom Vahl

G. scabra (L.) Vent.

G. patens Jacq.

Zrora coccinea L.

I. thwaitesii Hook E

Palicourea crocea (SW.) Roem. & Schult.

Psychotria neruOsa SW.

P tenuifolia Sw.

Randin oculeata L.

Compositae

Pluchea camlinensis (Jacq.) G. Don

PandanaCe~

Pandanus utilis Bory

Gramineae

Bambusa sp.

B. vulgaris Schrad.

Palmae

Acrocomia acukata (Jacq.) Lodd

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (Borg) H. Wendl.

Cocos nucifem L.

E&is guineensis N.J. Jacquin

Hyophorbe verschuffelti Wendl.

Phoenix doctylifem L.

Z+itchnrdia pacifica Seem. & Wendl.

Roystonea okracea O.F. Cook

R. regia (HBK.) O.F. Cook

Sobal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.

Thrinax morrisii H. Wendl.

Veitchia merrillii (Bacc.) H.E. Moore

Agavaceae

Agave kamtto Mill.

Liliaceae

Yucca aloifolia L.

Dmcaena fragmns CL.1 Ker-Gawl.

St. John’s

Greencastle

Cedar Grove

Botanic Garden

Valley Church

Shirley Heights

Boggy Peak

Body Ponds

Shirley Heights

Freetown

Boggy Peak

St. John’s

Boggy Peak

Walljngs

Shirley Heights

Boggy Peak

St. John’s

St. John’s

St. John’s

Boggy Peak

Boggy Peak

Body Ponds

Boggy Peak

Cedar Grove

St. Lukes

Collins Dam

Swetes

Body Ponds

St. John’s

Cedar Grove

Figtree

St. John’s

Airport

St. John’s

St. John’s

Botanic Garden

Old Road

St. John’s

St. John’s

Johnsons Point

Runaway Bay

St. John’s

8

S

t

t

8

8

8

t

t

t

t

8

8

8

S

S

8

8 Native

t

t

t

t

T

T

t

T

t

T

T

T

t

8

t

S

Central Africa+

Grenada-Trinidad+

Native

South America+

Probably native

Native

Native

Africa+

Native

Native

Native

Asia+

Native

Native

Native

Native

Tropical America+

East Indies+

Sri Lanka+

Native

Native

Native

Native

East Indies+

Asia+

Tropical Asia+

Native

Madagascar

East Indies

Africa

Mascarenet

Africa, Asia

Hawaii+

Probably native

Cuba and Florida+

Puerto Rico

Native

Philippines+

Native

united states+

East Africa+

*t = small tree (sometimes shrub or medium tree), T = medium to large tree, s = shrub (sometimes a small tree).

+Species that were observed only under cultivation (not naturalized).

*Native means present on Antigua (and usuaIly in other areas) before European settlement.

11
Table 2. -Dee and shrub species observed in Barbuda

Family and species Where first seen Life form* Native range

CaeuarinaCeae

Casuarina equisetifolia L.

Moraceae

Artocarpus altilis (S. Park) Fosb.

&us benjamina L.

l? citrifoliu Mill.

F. elnstica Boxb.

OIaeaeeae

Schoepfia schreberi Gmel.

Pol~ollaCWLe

Coccoldm diversifdiu Jm.

C. krugii Lindau

C. uuifera (L.) L.

Nyctaginaceae

Bougainvillin spectabilis Wild.

Guapira discolor (Spreng.) Little

Pisonia subcoraUa Sw.

Ann -

Annona muricaia L.

A. squamosa L.

Lauraceae

&o&a coriacea (SW.) Britt.

Persea americana Mill.

Capparaceae

Capparis cynophallop~ra L.

C. in&a (L.) Bruce

Cbryaobalanaceae

Chrysobalanus icaco L.

Easaeeae

Rosa spp.

Legumhome-Mimosoideae

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Wad.

L.eucaena leucocephalu (Lam.) de Wit

PitheceJlobium unguis-cati (L.) Benth.

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Leguminoeae-Caemlpinioideae

Czesalpinia bonduc CL.1 Boxb.

Dekmix &a (Bojer) Raf.

Haemutazylon campechianum L.

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

Senna sinmea Irwin & Barneby

lbmarindus indica L.

Leguminosae-Papilionoideae

Cajanus cajan CL.1 Huth

Erythrina berteroana Urban

Gliricidia sepium (Jscq.) Kunth

Pictetia a&e&a (V&l) Urban

Sesbania grandiflora CL.1 Pers.

ErythroxyIaoeae

Erytmzylum sp.

12

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

Martello Tower

South of Codrington

South of Codrington

South of Codrington

Codrington

Highlands

South of Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

Welsh Point

Codrington

Welsh Point

Pelican point

Mart&o Tower

Codrington

Codrington

South of Codrington

South of Codrington

Codrington

Martello Tower

Codrington

South of Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

Msrtello Tower

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

South of Codrington

Codrington

South of Codrington

T

T

;

T

S

t

t

t

V

I

t

t

t

T

t

t

8

8

t

t

;

;

t

t

T

T

S

t

t

S

t

t

oceania+

Oceania+

Malaya

Native

Tropical Asia+

Native

Native

Native

Native

Brazil+

Native

Native

West Indies+

West Indies

Native

Mexico+

Native

Native

Native

India+

Native

Probably nstive

Native

Tropical Americs+

Native

Madagascar+

Mexico

lbxas to Mexico+

Southeast Asia+

Africa

Africa+

Tropical Americs+

Central America+

Native

Tropical Asia+

Native
Tsble 2. - Ibee and shrub species observed in Barbuda- Continued

Family and species

Where

fast seen

Life

form* Native range

Zygophyllaceae

Guaiacum officinale L. Codrington

Rutaceae

Amyris elemifera L.

Citrus aumntifolia (Christm. 8z Panzer) Swingle

C. reticulata Blsnco

C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Wphasia trifolia (Burmf.) P. Wils.

Zanttiylum flwum Vahl

Z. martinicense (Lam.) DC.

Highlands

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

South of Codrington

Codrington

Simaroubaceae

Castela erecta Bnpin South of Codringtan

Surianaceae

Suriana maritima L. South of Codrington

Burseraceae

Bursem simaruba (L.) Sarg. Codrington

Meliaceae

Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.

Melia azedarach L.

Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.

Codrington

Cockington

South of Codringtan

Malpighiaceae

Byrsonima lucida Will.) DC.

Malpighia linearis Jscq.

Codrington

salt Pond

Euphorbiaceae

Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume

Croton astroites Drysnd.

Euphorbia &tea Haw.

E. pulcherrima Wad.

Hippomane mancinella L.

Jatropha curcas L.

J. gossypiifdia L.

J. multif?da L.

Manihot esculenta Grants

Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L.

CodrhlgtXXl

Spanish Wells

Codrington

Codringtdn

Msrtello Tower

Codrington

Msrtello Tower

Cadrington

Codringtan

South of Cadriqton

Anacardiaceae

Comacladia a&fana.ea (L.) Urban

Mangifem indica L.

Spondias purpurea L.

South of Codri@on

Codringtan

Codringtan

CeIastraceae

Caasine xylocarpa Vent. Martello Tower

Cmssopetalum rhacoma Crantz Highlands

SapincIaneae

Doo!onaea viscosa CL.1 Jaq.

Melicoccus bi,iugatus Jacq.

Msrtello Tower

Codringtcm

Rhamnaceae

Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.

Krugiodendron firmum (M. Vshl) Urban

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.

Z. reticuhzta (M. Vahl) DC.

South of Codrin@n

Highlands

Cadrinmn

South of Codri@an

Malvaceae

Gossypium barbadense L.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. vsr. rosa-sinensis

Malvwiscus arboreus Cav.

Welsh Point

Cadringtan

Codrington

8

t

t

t

t

!

T

8

8

T

T

t

T

t

8

8

S

t

f

S

8

8

8

8

I

t

t

a

;

t

t

t

t

8

t

8

Native

Native

East Indies+

South Asia+

South Asia+

Java+

Native

West Indies+

Native

Native

Native

India

South Asia’

Antilles

Native

Native

Sunda Islands+

Native

Old World+

Mexico+

Native

central America+

Native

lkopical America+

South America+

Native

Nat&

lkopical Asia+

Tropical Anu?rica+

Native

Nativs

Natiws

Venezuela

Nativs

Native

Sauth Asia

Native

Prabahly native

IYopical Asia+

‘Itopical

13
Table 2. -Ike and shrub species observed in Barbuda- Continued

Family and species

Where

first seen

Life

form* Native range

Bombacaceae

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.

Sterculiaceae

Melochiu tomentosa L.

CancIIaceae

Can&o winterana (L.) Gaertn.

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L.

Cactaceae

Opuntia rubescens Salm-Dyck

pilosocereus myeni (L.) Byles & G. Rowley

Lythraceae

Lagerstmemia in&a L.

Punicaceac

Punica granatum L.

Rhizophoraceae

Rhizophom mangle L.

Combretaceae

Bucidu bucems L.

Conocarpus erectus L.

Laguncularin racenwsa (L.) Gaertn. f.

!i%rminaliu catappa L.

Myrtaceae

Eugeniu bifira (L.) DC.

E. cord&a SW. DC. var. sintenisii

E. rhombea Krug & Urban

Psidium guqjwa L.

Araliaceae

Polyscias guilfoylei (Bull.) L.H. Bailey

TheophrastaCe~

Jacquinia arborea Vahl

Sapotaceae

Sidemzylon obovatum Lam.

Apocynal%W

Allamandn cathartica L.

Nerium oleander L.

Plumeriu alba L.

Raumlfiu viridis Wtid.

CcmvcIvuIaceac

Zponwea carnea Jacq. sap. fistulosa (C. Mart.)

D. Austin

J3craginaceae

Argusia gnapholodss CL.1 Heine

Bourreria succulenta Jaoq.

Cordio obliqua Willd.

Avicenniaceae

Avicennia germinuns CL.1 L.

14

Codrington

Highlands

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

Martello Tower

Codringkm

Codrington

Welsh Point

South of Codrington

South of Codrington

‘Iwo Foot Bay

South of Codrington

South of Codrington

South of Codrington

Highlands

Codrillgtcn

Codrington

Martello Tower

Martello Tower

Codrington

Codrington

Codrington

South of Codrington

Codrington

Welsh Point

Salt Pond

Codrington

South of Codrington

T

8

t

t

8

t

8

8

t

T

8

t

T

8

8

t

t

8

8

t

V

8

t

t

8

8

t

t

t

‘propical America+

Probably native

Native

Probably native

Puerto Rico+

Native

South Asia+

Mediterranean+

Native

Native

Native

Native

Indonesia+

Native

Native

Native

Tropical America+

New Caledonia+

Native

Native

South America+

Old World+

Native

Native

Brazil+

Native

Native

India

Native
‘Ibble 2. -!lYee and shmb species obserwd in Barbuda- Continued

Family end species

Where

fast seen

Life

form*

Verbenaceae

Citharerylum spinosum L.

Clerookndrum aculeatum CL.1 Schlecht.

Lantana involucrata L.

Codrington t

South of Codrington 8

South of Codrington 8

Solanaceae

Solanum racenwsum Jacq.

Scrophulariaceae

Capraria biflora L.

Codrington

Rubbish Bay

Bignoniaceae

Crescentia cujete L.

Jacaranda mimosifoliu D. Don

lhbebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britt.

lkcoma stuns (L.) Juss.

Codrington

Codrington

South of Codrington

Codrington

Acanthaceae

Gmptophyllum pi&urn (L.) Griff. Codrington

Rubiaceae

Erithalis fruticosa L.

Ernodea littomlis SW.

Gardenia augusta (L.) Merrill

Zoom coccinea L.

Randia aculeata L.

ltK0 Foot Bay

Mertello Tower

Codrington

Codrington

Spanish Well Point

Compositae

Eupatorium corymbosum Aubl.

Pluchea symphytifoZin (Mill.) Gillis

Palmae

Coccothrinar barbadensis (Lodd. ex Mart.1 Becc.

Cocos nucifem L.

Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.

Agavaeeae

Agaue kamtto Miller

Highlands

Codrington

Msrtello Tower

Codrington

Codrington

Highlands

Native rsnge

8

t

t

I

8

8

S

8

t

T

T

8

West Indies

Native

Native

Native.

Old World

Tnpical America+

South America+

Native

West Indies+

New Guinea+

N&h

Native

Asia+

East Indies+

Native

Native

lYopical America

Native

East Indies

Puerto Rica+

Native

l T = medium to large tree, t = small tree (sometimes shrub or medium tree), s = shrub (sometimes a small tree).

+Species that were observed only in cultivation (not naturalized).

15
Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua

Suecies Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

CktSUarillaCeae

Casuarina equisetifoliu L.

Piperaceae

Lepianthes pelt&a CL.) Fkf

Piper aduncum L.

E! am&go L.

P dilatatum Rich.

l? dussii C. DC.

&? reticulaturn L.

ulmaceae

C&is iguaruxa (Jacq.) Sarg.

lkemn micrantha (L.) Blume

Moraceae

Cecropiu schreberianu Miq.

Ficus americana Aublet

l? citrifdia Mill.

I? nymphaeifolia Mill.

l? trigonata L.

tiphis mcenwsa CL.) Urban

Loranthaceae

Dendropenwn caribaeus Krug. &

Urban

Olacaceae

Wwepfiu arenaria Urban & Britt.

S. schreberi Gmel.

Polygonaceae

Coccobba dioersifolia Jacq.

C. krugii Lindau

C. pubescens L.

C. szuartzii Meisn.

C. uvifem CL.) L.

C. wwsa L.

Amaranthaceae

Irvsine angustifolia Euphrasen

Nyctaginaceae

pisoni5 aculeata L.

I? fragmns Dum.-Cours.

p. subcordata SW.

Phytolaccaceae

!&i&stigma octandrum (L.) H.

Walter

Meniqmmaceae

Hyperboena domingensis (DC.)

Benth.

Annonaceae

Annona gl5bm L.

A. montana Macfad.

A. muricata L.

A. reticulata L.

A. squamosa L.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

r

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

16
‘Ihble 3. -Notion and noturalizcd trees and shrubs observed or colkcted in Antigua

- Continued

source*

Snecies Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

Laumeeae

Beikchmkdiu pendulu (SW.) Hemsley

Licaria parvifdiu (Lam.) Kostermans

Ocotea cernua (Nees) Mez

0. coriacea (SW.) Britt.

0. floribanda (SW.) Mez

0. kucoxylon (SW.) De Laness

0. membmnacea (SW.) R. Howard

0. patens (SW.) Nees

capparaceae

. Capparis baducca L.

c. cynopha8ophora L.

C. flexuosa CL.1 L.

C. hnstata Jacq.

C. in&a CL.1 Druce

Morisonia americann L.

Moringaaeae

Moringa okifem Lam.

c-m

Chrysobalanus icaco L.

Leguminoaae-Mimosoideae

Acacia farnesiann (L.) Wad.

A. mucracanthn Humb. & Bonpl.

A. murk&a CL.1 Wdld.

A. nilotica CL.1 Delile

A. polyacantha Willd.

A. tortuosa (L.) Wtid.

AZbizia kbbeck CL.1 Benth.

Calliandm purpurea CL.1 Benth.

Desmanthus virgatus CL.1 Willd.

Znga Zaurina (SW.) Wad.

Lcacacna kucocephulu (Lam.) de wit

Mimosa cemtonia L.

Pithe&obium unguis-cati CL.1

Benth.

Pmsopis juliflom (SW.) DC.

Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.

Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae

Bauhinia acukatn L.

B. multinervin (Kunth.) DC.

Caesalpiniu bonduc (L.) Boxb.

C. cilia&z (Berglus ex Wikstroml

Urban

C. coriaria (Jacq.1 Willd.

C. pukherrima (L.1 Sw.

Chamaecrista glandulosa var.

swartzii GViitrom) Irwin &

B=eby

D&nix regia @ojer) Raf.

Haemaiaxylum campechianum L.

Hymennea courbaril L.

Parkinsonia acukata L.

Senna atomaria CL.1 Irwin &

Barneby

S. bocilknis (LX.1 Irwin & Bsrneby

var. bacillnris

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

X

-

-

X

X

-

X

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

17
‘lkble 3. -Native and natbralized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua

- Continued

source*

Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

S. bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. var.

bicapsularis

lkmarindus indica L.

Leguminosae-Papilionoideae

Andim inermis (wright) Kunth

A. sapindoides (DC.) Benth.

Dalbergia ecastaphyllum (L.) Taubert

Erythrina velutina Willd.

Flemingia stmbilifem (L.) Ait. f.

Zndigofem suffruticosa Mill.

I. tinctoria L.

Lonchocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.)

DC.

L. violaceus (Jacq.) DC.

Machaerium lunatum (LX.) Ducke

Piscidia carthagenensis Jacq.

Erythroxylaceae

Erythroxylon brevipes DC.

E. havanense Jacq.

Zygophylhceae

Guaiacum ofiinale L.

Rutaceae

Amyris elemifera L.

7kiphasia trifolia (Burm. f.) P. Wils.

Zanthazylum flavum V&l

Z. martinicense (Lam.) DC.

Z. monophyllum (Lam.) P. Wils.

Z. punctatum Vahl

Z. spinifa (Jacq.) DC.

Simaroubaceae

CasteZa erecta Turpin

Picmmnia pentandm SW.

Z’icmsma excelsa (SW.) Planch.

Simarvuba amam Aubl.

Surianaceae

Suriana maritima L.

Burseraceae

Bursem simaruba (L.) Sarg.

Dacryodes ercelsa Vahl

Meliaceae

Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.

Cedm!a odorata L.

Guarea glabra Vahl

Meh azedamch L.

Swietenia mahagoni CL.) Jacq.

!Dichilia hirta L.

Malpighiaceae

Bun&o& glandulosa Ov..) L.C.

Rich.

Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) DC.

B. spicata V&v.) DC.

B. trinitensis A&. Juss.

Malpighia emarginata DC.

M. linearis Jacq.

M. martinicensis Jacq.

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

-

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

-

-

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

18
Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed OF collected in Antigua

- Continued

Source*

Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

Krameriaceac

Kramerin ixine L.

Euphorbiaceae

Actinostemon caribaeus Griseb.

Argythamnia polygama (Jacq.)

Kuntze

Bernardia corensis (Jacq.) Muell.

Arg.

Chamaesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britt.

C. mesembrianthemif~ia (Jacq.)

Dugand

C&on astroites Dryand.

C. frowns L.

Drypetes sermta (Maycock) Krug 8~

Urban

Oymnanthes lucio!u Sw.

Hippomane mancinelln L.

Hum crepitans L.

Jatropha curcas L.

J. gossypiifdia L.

Margaritaria rwbilis LX

Pedilanthus tithymaloides CL.) Poit.

Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L.

Rich&a gmndis M. Vahl

Ricinus communis L.

Sapium caribaeum Urban

Anacardiaceae

Ariacardium occidentale L.

Comocladia dodonaea (L.) Urban

Mangifem indica L.

Spondias mombin L.

Celastraceae

Cassine xylocarpa Vent.

Cmssopetalum rhacoma Crantz

Gyminda latifolia (SW.) Urban

Schaefferia frutescens Jacq.

Sapimlaceae

Allophylus racemosus SW.

Dodonaea viscosa CL.) Jacq.

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Sapindus saponaria L.

Rhamnaceae

Colubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.

Krugiodendmn ferreum (M. V&l)

Urban

Ziziphus muuritiuna Lam.

2. reticuluta (M. Vahl) DC.

Tiliaceae

Wumfetta gmndifira Vahl.

T. rhomboioka Jacq.

T. semitriloba Jacq.

Malvaceae

Abut&m guineense @chum.) E.G.

Baker & Exell.

A. umbellatum CL.) Sweet

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

19
Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua

- Continued

Source*

Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

Bastardia viscosa (L.) Kunth. var.

viscosa

Gossypium barbadense L.

Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.)

Garcke

Sida acuta Burman f.

S. spinosa L.

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol.

Urena lobata L.

Bombacaceae

Ceiba pentandra CL.) Gaertn.

Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urban

Sterculiaceae

Guasuma ulmifolia Lam.

Melochia tomentosa L.

Waltheria indica L.

Ochuaceae

Ouratea guildingii (Planch.) Urban

Clusiaceae

Calophyllum calaba L.

Clusia major L.

Can*eae

Canella wintemna (L.) Gaertn.

Flacourtiaceae

Casearia o!ecandra Jacq.

C. guianensis (Aubl.) Urban

Pmckia crucis P. Browne ex L.

Samyda o!odecandm Jacq.

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L.

ThymeIeaceae

Daphnopsis americana (Mill.) J.

Johnston sap. caribaea (Griseb.)

Navl.

LythraCeae

Lawsonia inermis L.

Rhizophoraceae

Rhiwphora mangle L.

Combretaceae

B&da bucems L.

Conocarpus erectus L.

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn.

E

MyrtaCeae

Eugenia axillaris (SW.) Willd.

E. bifZom CL.) DC.

E. confusa DC.

E. com!ata (SW.) DC. var. sintenisii

(Kiaersk.) Krug & Urban

E. monticola (SW.) DC.

E. pseudopsidium Jacq.

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

-

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

20
Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua

- Continued

Source*

Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

E. rhombea Krug & Urban

E. uniflora L.

Myrcia citrifolia (Aubl.) Urban var.

imrayana Greseb.

M. o!efZexa (Pair.) DC.

M. splendens (SW.) DC.

M. platyclada DC.

Myrcianthes fragrans (SW.) McVaugh

Myrciaria floribunda (West) 0. Berg.

Pimenta mcemosa (Mill.) J. Moore

Psidium guajava L.

P longipes (O.Berg) McVaugh var.

orbiculare (O.Berg.) McVaugh

Syzygium jambos CL.) AIston

lkrminalia catappa L.

Melastomataceae

Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don

Miconia laevigata (L.) D. Don

M. mirabilis (Aubl.) L.O. Wms.

M. prasina (SW.) DC.

M. striata (M. Vahl) Cog-n.

M. trichotoma (Dew.) DC.

Mouriri domingensis (lkss.) Spach

i’ktrazygia angustifolia (SW.) DC.

T. discolor (L.) DC.

Myrsinaceae

Ardisia obouata Ham.

Plumbaginaceae

Plumbago auriculata Lam.

P: scandens L.

Sapotaceae

Chrysophyllum argenteum Jacq.

Micropholis guyanensis (A. DC.)

Pierre

Sideraxylon foetidissimum Jacq.

S. obovatum Lam.

S. salicifol’ium (L.) Lam.

Oleaceae

Chionanthus compacta SW.

Forestiera segregata (Jacq.) Krug. &

Urban

Apocynaceae

Allamanda cathartica L.

Plumeria alba L.

Rauvolfia viridis Willd.

lkbernaemontana citrifolia L.

Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum.

Aeclepiadaceae

Calotropis procem (Ait.) Ait. f.

Boraginaceae

Argusia gnaphalodes CL.) Heine

Bourreria succulenta Jacq.

Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken

C. collococca L.

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

- - X

_ - X

X X

_ - X

X X

- - X

X X

x x X

- - X

X X

X X

X X

x x X

X X

X X

- - X

x x X

X X

X X

21
Table 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua

- Continued

Source*

Species Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

C. curasavica (Jacq.) Boem. & Schult.

C. o!entata Poir.

C. globosa (Jacq.) Kunth

C. laevigata Lam.

C. nesophila I.M. Johnston

C. obliqua Willd.

C. sebestena L.

C. sulcata DC.

Heliotmpium micmphyllum SW. ox

Witstrom

H. ternatum Vahl

Rochefortia acanthophora (DC.1

Griseb.

R. spinosa (Jacq.1 Urban

lburnefortia f&flora Griseb.

T. volubilis L.

Avicenniaceae

Avicennia germinans CL.1 L.

A. shaueriana Stapf. & Leech. ex

Mold.

Verbenaceae

Aegiphila martinicensis Jacq.

Citharerylum spinosum L.

Clemdendrum aculeotum CL.1

Schlecht.

Cornutia pyramidata L.

Duranta repens L.

Lantana camara L.

L. involucrata L.

L. urticifolia Mill.

Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Br.

Ocimum gratissimum L.

Stachytarpheta cayennensis (L.C.

Rich.) Vahl

VitQ divaricata SW.

Solanaceae

Acnistus arborescens CL.1 Schlecht.

Brugmansia suaveolens (Willd.1

Berth. & Presl.

Brunfelsia americana L.

Cestrum laurifolium L’lterit.

C. macrvphyllum Vent.

Datum mete1 L.

Lycium americanurn Jacq.

Solanum racemosum Jacq.

S. rugosum Dunal

S. torvum SW.

Bignoniaceae

Amphitecna latifolia (Mill.) A. Gentry

Cmscentia cujete L.

lhbebuia hetervphylla (DC.) Britt.

!&coma starts (L.) Juss.

Cactaceae

Pilosocereus royenii CL.1 Byles 8z G.

Rowley

Acanthaceae

Justicia carthaginensis Jacq.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

-

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

22
Teble 3. -Native and naturalized trees and shrubs observed or collected in Antigua

- Continued

Species

Source*

Beard Harris M&H IITF Howard

Justicia carthaginensis Jacq.

J. eustachiana Jecq.

Oobntonema nit&m (Jecq.) Kuntze

Oplonia microphylla (Lam.) Steern

Myoporaceae

Bontia daphnaides L.

Rubiaceae

Antirhea acutata (DC.) Urban

Catesbaea melanocarpa Urban

Chiococca al&z (L.) Hitchc.

C. parvif&a Wiillschl. ex Griseb

Erithalis fruticosa L.

E. odorifem Jacq.

Ernodea littomlis SW.

Exostema caribaeum (Jecq.) Roem. &

Schult.

Fammea occidentalis (L.) A. Rich.

Gonzalagunia hirsuta (Jecq.) Schum.

Guettarda crispifim VahI

G. odor&a (Jacq.) Lam.

G. ovalifdia Urban

G. parvifim Vehl

G. scabra (L.) Vent.

Zxam ferrea (Jacq.) Benth.

Palicourea crvcea (SW.) Roem. &

Schult.

Psychotria obmingensis Jacq.

l? micrvdan (DC.) Urban

l? nervosa SW.

Z? tenuifolia SW.

Randia aculeata L.

Spermacoce bahamensis (Britt.)

Howard

Strumpfia maritima Jacq.

Compositae

Eupatorium corymbosum Aubl.

E. odamtum L.

E. sinuatum Lam.

Pluckea carolinensis (Jecq.) G. Don

Verrwnia alkicaulis Pers.

WeoMia calycina Rich.

Palmae

Acmcomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd.

Coccothrinax barbadensis (Lodd.)

Becc.

Cocos nucifera L.

Elaeis guineensis N.J. Jacquin

Phoenix dactylifem L.

Roystonea oleracea O.F. Cook

Sabal causiarum (O.F. Cook) Becc.

Agavaceae

Agate kamtto Mill.

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

X

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

*Beard = Beard 1949; Harris = Harris 1960; M&H = Mackler end Hannah

1988; IITF = International Institute of Tropical Forestry survey; Howard =

Howard 1987; 1988; 1989a, 1989b.

23
lhble &-Native and naturalized tree and shrub specks observed or collected in

Barbuda

Source*

Family and species Beard Harris IITF Howard

Ulmaceae

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq.) Sarg.

Moraceae

Ficus citrifolia Mill.

Olacaceae

Schoepfia schreberi Gmel.

Polygonaceae

Coccoloba dioersifdia Jacq.

C. krugii Lindau

C. pubescens L.

C. uuifera (L.) L.

Nyctaginaceae

Pisonia discolor Spreng.

I? fmgrans Dum.-Cours.

E! subcordata SW.

PhYtolaccaceae

Rchostigma octandrum (L.) H. Walter

Annonaceae

Annonu gkbm L.

A. squamosa L.

Lauraceae

Ocotea coriacea (SW.) Britt.

Capparaceae

Capparis baducca L.

C. cynophallophora L.

C. flezuosa (L.) L.

C. in&a (L.) Druce

Cbqsobalanaceae

Chrysobalanus kaco L.

Leguminoaae- Mimosoideae

Acacia farnesiana (L.) Willd.

A. macmcantha Humb. & Bonpl.

A. nilotica (L.) Delile

A. tortuosa (L.) Willd.

Leucaenn kucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Pithecellobium unguis-cati CL.) Benth.

Rusopis juliflom (SW.) DC.

Leguminosae-Caeaalpinioideae

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.

C. pukherrima CL.) Sw.

Chamaecrista glandulosa var, swartzii

(W&&ram) Irwin & Bameby

Haematoxylon campechianum L.

Senna bicapsularis (L.f.) Rnxb. ~81:

bicapsularis

Thmarindus indka L.

Leguminosae-Papilionoideae

Indigofera tinctoria L.

L.on&ocarpus pentaphyllus (Pair.) DC.

Pictetiu acukata (V&l) Urban

Sophom tomentosa L.

ZYeophyllace~

Guaiacum ofiinak L.

Rutaceae

Amyris ekmifera L.

Zanthoxylum flavum Vabl

2. spinifer (Jacq.) DC.

SilUaroubaCe~

Castela erecta Turpin

SUrianaCe~

Suriana maritima L.

Burseraceae

Bursem simaruba CL.1 Sarg.

-X-XX-XXXX---XX-X----X--XX-X--XXX

-X----XX-X------X----X-X-XXX---X

-XXXX-X-X--XX-X-XXX--XX-X--XX--XXXXXXX

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX-XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

24
Table I.-Native and naturalized tree and shrub species observed or collected in

Barbuda - Continued

Family and species

SOUlTd

Beard Harris IITF Howard

Meliaceae

Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.

Swietenia mahagoni CL.) Jacq.

Malpighiaceae

Bunchosia glnndulosa (Cav.) L.C. Rich.

Byrsonima lucida (Mill.) DC.

Malpighiu linearis Jacq.

Euphorbiaceae

Chamnesyce articulata (Aubl.) Britt.

C. mesembrianthemifoliu (Jacq.) Dugand

C&on astrvites Dryand.

c. plvem L.

Gymnanthes lucida Sw.

Hippomane mancinella L.

Hum crepitans L.

Jatropha gossypiifdia L.

Phyllunthus angustifolius (SW.) SW.

l? epiphyllanthus L.

Ricinus communis L.

Anacardiaceae

Comocludia dodonaea (L.) Urban

Celastraceae

Cassine xylocaqa L.

Cnxsopetalum rhacoma Crantz

Gyminda &if&a (SW.) Urban

Sapindaceae

Dodonaea elueagrwides Rudolphi

D. viscosa CL.) Jacq.

Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.

Sapindus saponaria L.

Rhamnaceae

CoZubrina arborescens (Mill.) Sarg.

Krugiodendmn ferreum (M. Vahl) Urban

Ziziphus mauritinna Lam.

Z. reticulata (M. Vahl) DC.

Malvaceae

Gossypium barbadense L.

Sidu spinosa L.

Sterculiaceae

Melochia tomentosa L.

CanelIaceae

Can&z wintemna CL.) Gaertn.

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L.

Cactaceae

Opuntia cochenillifem CL.) Mill.

Pilosocereus royeni CL.) Byles & G.

Rowley

Rhizophoraceae

Rhiwphom mangle L.

Combretaceae

Bucida buceras L.

Comarpus erectus L.

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.

MyrtaCeae

Eugenia axillaris (SW.) Wad.

E. bifim (L.) DC.

E. cord&a (SW.) DC. var. sintenisii

(Kiaersk.) Krug & Urban

E. rhombea Krug 19, Urban

Pimenta mcemosa Nil.) J. Moore

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

X

-

-

X

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

X

-

X

X

-

X

X

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

25
l?&le 4.-Native and naturalized tree and shrub species observed or collected in

Barbuda - Continued

Family and species

Source*

Beard Harris IITF Howard

Melastomataceae

!llzmonea baxiana (Mold.) Howard

Theophrastaceae

Jacquinia armillaris Jacq.

Plumbaginaceae

Plumbago scandens L.

Sapotaceae

Sidenxylon obovatum Lam.

S. salicifolium (L.) Lam.

Oleaceae

Fore&era segregata (Jacq.) Krng. &

Urban

Apocynaceae

Plumeria alba L.

Rauvolfia viridis Willd.

Asclepiadaceae

Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. f.

Boraginaceae

Argusia gnaphalodes (L.) Heine

Bourreria succulenta Jacq.

Cordia o!entata Poir.

C. globosa (Jacq.) Kunth

C. mawostachya Ftoem. & Schult.

C. nesophila I.M. Johnston

C. obliqua Wtid.

C. sebestena L.

Heliotrvpium micmphyllum SW. ex

Wiksttim

Rochefortia acanthophom (DC.) Griseb.

!lbumefortia volubilis L.

Avicenuiaceae

Avicennia germinans CL.) L.

Verbenaceae

Cithamylum spinosum L.

Clenxdendrum aculeatum (L.) Schlecht.

Lantana camara L.

L. iruolucrata L.

Solanaceae

Solanum racemosum Jaca,

Bignoniaceae

!Ihbebuia hetervphylla (DC.) Britt.

T. lepidota (HBK.) Britt.

Acanthaceae

Justicia carthaginensis Jacq.

J. eustachiana Jacq.

Rubiaceae

Catesbaea melnrwcarpa Urban

Chiococca parvifdia Wiillechl ex Griseb

Erithalis fruticosa L.

Ernoaka littoralis SW.

Guettarda o&rata (Jacq.) Lam.

G. scabm CL.) Vent.

Hamelia patens Jacq.

Randia aculeata L.

Spermacoee bahamensis (Britt.) Howard

Strumpfia maritima Jacq.

Goodeniaceae

Scaewlu Plumieri (L.) Vahl

Compositae

Baccharis dioica Vahl

Borrichia arborescens CL.) DC.

Eupatorium corymbosum Aubl.

X

X

X

-

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

X

X

X

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

X

-

X

-

-

X

X

-

X

X

-

-

-

X

-

-

-

X

X

X

-

X

X

X

-

-

-

X

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

-

X

-

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

26
lhble 4.-N&& and naturalized tree and shrub specks observed or collected in

Barbuda - Continued

Source*

Femilv end species Beerd Harris IITF Howard

Gundlachia corymbosa (Urban) Britt.

--

X

Pluchea carolinensis (Jecq.) G. Don

-

-

XX

We&la calycina Rich.

--

X

PalmIlt?

Coccothrinax barbadensis &odd.) Becc. x 

- x

X

Thrinax morrisii H. WendI.

--

X

Agavaeeae

Agaue kamtto MiII. x x x

X

*Beard = Beerd 1949; Harris = Harris 1960; IITF = the InternationaI Institute of

Tropical Forestry survey; Howard = Howard 1987; 1988; 1989a, 1989b.

Teble 5.-Native canopy tree species listed in Howard (1979; 1988; 1989a, 1989bJ

identified in the International Institute of Tropical Forestry (ZZTF) survey

of Antigua and Barbuda, and appearing in both surveys

Location end species name

Both

Howard IITF Surveys

Antigua

Acrvcomia acukata (Jacq.) Lodd.

Andim inermis (Wright) Kunth

Avicennia germinans (L.) L.

Beikchmiedia pendula (SW.) Hem&y

Bourreria succuknta Jecq.

Bucida bucems L.

Bursera simaruba (L.1 Serg.

Byrsonima spicata (Cav.) DC.

Cakphyllum calaba L.

Canella winterana (L.) Geertn.

Cecropia schmberiana Miq.

Cedrela &rata L.

Ceiba pentandra CL.) Gaertn.

Clusia major L.

Coccoloba dioersifdia Jecq.

C. pubescens L.

Coccothrinax barbadensis &odd.) Bacc.

Co&a alliodora (Ruis& Pav.) Oken

C. collococca L.

C. laevigata Lam.

C. sukata DC.

Dacryodes exceka V&I

Ficus citrifdia MiII.

F. trigonata L.

Guaiacum ofjicinak L.

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.

Hippomane mancinella L.

Hum crepitans L.

Hymenaea courbaril L.

Inga kurina &v.) Wtid.

Laguncularia racemosa CL.) Geertn. f.

Lmchocarpus violaceus (Jecq.1 DC.

Melicoccus buugatus Jacq.

Ochroma pyramidale (Cav.) Urban

Ocotea membmnacea (SW.) R. Howard

Pimenta mcemosa (MiII.) J. Moore

Pisonia subco?wka SW.

Rhiwphora mangle L.

Sapindus saponaria L.

Sapium caribaeum Urban

Siokmzylon foetidissimum Jacq.

Simarouba amam AubIet

----X----X

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

27
Table 5.-Native canopy tree species listed in Howard (1979; 1988; 1989a, 1989b),

identified i,n the International Institute of lkopical Forestry (IITF) survey

of Antigua and Barbuda, and appearing in both surveys-Continued

Location and species name

Both

Howard IITF Surveys

Spondias mombin L. _ X

ZMebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britt. - X

Vitex divaricata SW. x - -

Zanthoxylum flwum Vahl - X

2. martinicense (Lam.) DC. - X

Barbuda

Avicennia germinans (L.) L.

Bourreria succulenta Jacq.

Bucida buceras L.

Bursera simaruba (L.) Sarg.

Canella winterana (L.) Gaertn.

Coccoloba dioersifolia Jacq.

C. pubescens L.

Ficus citrifolia Mill.

Guaiocum officinale L.

Hippomane mancinella L.

Krugiodendron ferreum (M. Vahl) Urban

Laguncularia racemosa (L.) Gaertn. f.

Ocotea coriacea (SW.) Britt.

Pisonia subcordata SW.

Rhizophora mangle L.

Sapindus saponaria L.

Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam.

Rzbebuia heterophylla (DC.) Britt.

Zantharylum fhwum Vahl

- X

- X

- X

- X

- X

- X

x - -

- X

- X

- X

- X

- X

- X

- X

- X

x - -

x - -

X

- X

LITERATURE CITED

Beard, J.S. 1949. The natural vegetation of the Windward and Leeward Islands. Oxford For. Mem. 21.

Oxford, UK: Oxford University. 192 p.

Fournet, Jacques. 1978. Flore illustree des phanerogames de Guadeloupe et de Martinique. Paris:

Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique.

1,654 p.

Grisebach, A.H.R. 1963. Flora of the British West

Indian islands. New York: J. Cramer-Weinheim. 789

P*

Harris, David R. 1960. The vegetation of Antigua and

Barbuda, Leeward Islands, The West Indies. Berkeley, CA: Department of Geography, University of

California, preliminary report of field work. 88 p.

Howard, Richard A. 1979. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:

Leeward and Windward Islands. Monocotyledoneae.

Jamaica Plain, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard

University. 586 p. Vol. 3.

Howard, Richard A. 1988. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:

Leeward and Windward Islands. Part 1: Dicotyleoneae. Jamaica Plain, MAz Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 673 p. Vol. 4.

Howard, Richard A. 1989a. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:

Leeward and Windward Islands. Part 2: Dicotyleoneae. Jamaica Plain, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 604 p. Vol. 5.

Howard, Richard A. 198913. Flora of the Lesser Antilles:

Leeward and Windward Islands. Part 3: Dicotyleoneae. Jamaica Plain, MA: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. 658 p. Vol. 6.

Liogier, Henri AIain; Martorell, Luis F. 1982. Flora of

Puerto Rico and adjacent islands: a systematic

synopsis. Rio Piedras, PR: Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 342 p.

Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Wadsworth, Frank H. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.

Agric. Handb. 249. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 548 p.

Little, Elbert L., Jr.; Woodbury, Roy 0.; Wadsworth,

Frank H. 1974. Trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin

Islands. Second volume. Agric. Handb. 449. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1,024

Pm

Mackler, R.; Hannah, P. 1988. The forest at Wallings

Reservoir, Antigua, West Indies, 44 years after J.S.

Beard’s study: conjecture on the patterns of change.

Commonwealth Forest Review. 67(3): 269-278.

Schuchert, Charles. 1935. Historical geology of the

Antillean-Caribbean region. New York: John Wiley &

Sons, Inc. 811 p.

28 *U.S.GPO:1994-565-016/00009
Francis, John; Bivera, Carlos; Figueroa, Julio. 1994. Toward a woody

plant list for Antigua and Barbuda: past and present. Gen. Tech. Rep.

SO-102. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 28 p.

Beginning in the 17th century, the forest lands of Antigua and Barbuda were cleared for agriculture, burned, cut over, and grazed

severely. A survey by personnel of the USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry and previous surveys were used to

assemble lists of native and exotic woody plants. A large majority of

the original woody flora still grows on both islands.

Keywords: Botanical survey, extinction, Lesser Antilles native species, woody flora.

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