II 

109TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 2321 

To require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration 

of Louis Braille. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

FEBRUARY 17, 2006 

Mr. SANTORUM (for himself, Mr. DODD, Mr. BENNETT, Ms. LANDRIEU, Mr. 

DEWINE, Mr. LOTT, Mr. BUNNING, Mr. HATCH, Mr. BURNS, Mr. 

INHOFE, Mr. MENENDEZ, Mr. LAUTENBERG, Mr. LIEBERMAN, Mrs. 

CLINTON, Mr. SCHUMER, Ms. STABENOW, Mr. DAYTON, Mr. GRASSLEY, 

Mr. CRAIG, Mr. BURR, Mr. CRAPO, Mrs. LINCOLN, and Mr. HARKIN) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 

A BILL 

To require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins 

in commemoration of Louis Braille. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Louis Braille Bicenten5 nial—Braille Literacy Commemorative Coin Act’’. 

6 SEC. 2. FINDINGS. 

7 Congress finds as follows: 


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1 (1) Louis Braille, who invented the Braille 

2 method for reading and writing by the blind that has 

3 allowed millions of blind people to be literate partici4 pants in their societies, was born in Coupvray, a 

5 small village near Paris, on January 4, 1809. 

6 (2) Braille lost his sight at the age of 3, after 

7 injuring himself with an awl in the shop of his fa8 ther Rene, a maker of harnesses and other objects 

9 of leather. 

10 (3) A youth who was both intelligent and cre11 ative, Braille was blessed with dedicated parents, a 

12 thoughtful local priest, and an energetic local school13 teacher. 

14 (4) Braille adapted to his situation and at15 tended local school with other children of his age, an 

16 unheard-of practice for a blind child of the period. 

17 (5) At the age of 10, when his schooling other18 wise would have stopped, Braille, with the aid of his 

19 priest and schoolteacher, was given a scholarship by 

20 a local nobleman and went to Paris to attend the 

21 Royal Institute for Blind Children, where he became 

22 the youngest pupil. 

23 (6) At the Institute, most instruction was oral 

24 but Braille found there were books for the blind, 


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1 large, expensive-to-produce books, in which the text 

2 was of large letters embossed upon the page. 

3 (7) Soon, Braille had read all 14 books in the 

4 school, but thirsted for more. 

5 (8) Charles Barbier de la Serre, a captain in 

6 Napoleon’s army, had invented ‘‘night writing’’, a 

7 method for communicating on the battlefield amidst 

8 the thick smoke of combat, or at night without light9 ing a match (which would aid enemy gunners), that 

10 used dots and dashes that were felt and interpreted 

11 with the fingers. He later adapted the method for 

12 use by the blind, calling it ‘‘Sonography’’, because it 

13 represented words by sounds, rather than spelling. 

14 (9) Braille adopted the Sonography method in15 stantly, but soon recognized that the basis in sound 

16 and the large number of dots, as many as 12, used 

17 to represent words was too cumbersome. 

18 (10) By the age of 15, and using a blunt awl, 

19 the same sort of tool that had blinded him, Braille 

20 had developed what is essentially modern Braille, a 

21 code that uses no more than 6 dots in a ‘‘cell’’ of 

22 2 columns of 3 dots each to represent each letter, 

23 and contains a system of punctuation and of ‘‘con24 tractions’’ to speed writing and reading. 


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1 (11) In contrast to the bulky books consisting 

2 of large embossed letters, Braille books can contain 

3 as many as 1,000 characters or contractions on a 

4 standard 11-by-12-inch page of heavy paper, and to 

5 this day, Braille can be punched with an awl-like 

6 ‘‘stylus’’ into paper held in a metal ‘‘slate’’ that is 

7 very similar to the ones that Louis Braille adapted 

8 from Barbier’s original ‘‘night writing’’ devices. 

9 (12) Also a talented organist who supported 

10 himself by giving concerts, Braille went on to de11 velop the Braille representation of music, and in 

12 1829, published the first-ever Braille book, a manual 

13 about how to read and write music. 

14 (13) 8 years later, in 1837, Braille followed 

15 that publication with another book detailing a sys16 tem of representation of mathematics. 

17 (14) Braille’s talents were quickly recognized, 

18 and at age 17, he was made the first blind appren19 tice teacher at the school, where he taught algebra, 

20 grammar, music, and geography. 

21 (15) He and 2 blind classmates, his friends who 

22 probably were the first people to learn to read and 

23 write Braille, later became the first 3 blind full pro24 fessors at the school. 


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1 (16) However, despite the fact that many blind 

2 people enthusiastically adopted the system of writing 

3 and reading, there was great skepticism among 

4 sighted people about the real usefulness of Braille’s 

5 code, and even at the Royal Institute, it was not 

6 taught until after his death on January 6, 1852. 

7 (17) Braille did not start to spread widely until 

8 1868 when a group of British men, later to become 

9 known as the Royal National Institute for the Blind, 

10 began publicizing and teaching the system. 

11 (18) Braille did not become the official and sole 

12 method of reading and writing for blind United 

13 States citizens until the 20th Century. 

14 (19) Helen Keller, a Braille reader of another 

15 generation, said: ‘‘Braille has been a most precious 

16 aid to me in many ways. It made my going to college 

17 possible—it was the only method by which I could 

18 take notes on lectures. All my examination papers 

19 were copied for me in this system. I use Braille as 

20 a spider uses its web—to catch thoughts that flit 

21 across my mind for speeches, messages, and manu22 scripts.’’. 

23 (20) While rapid technological advances in the 

24 20th Century have greatly aided the blind in many 

25 ways by speeding access to information, each adVerDate Aug 31 2005 00:43 Feb 23, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2321.IS S2321

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1 vance has seen a commensurate drop in the teaching 

2 of Braille, to the point that only about 10 percent 

3 of blind students today are taught the system. 

4 (21) However, for the blind not to know Braille 

5 is in itself a handicap, because literacy is the ability 

6 to read and the ability to write and the ability to do 

7 the 2 interactively. 

8 (22) The National Federation of the Blind, the 

9 Nation’s oldest membership organization consisting 

10 of blind members, has been a champion of the 

11 Braille code, of Braille literacy for all blind people, 

12 and of the memory of Louis Braille, and continues 

13 its Braille literacy efforts today through its divisions 

14 emphasizing Braille literacy, education of blind chil15 dren, and employment of the blind. 

16 (23) Braille literacy aids the blind in taking re17 sponsible and self-sufficient roles in society, such as 

18 employment. While 70 percent of the blind are un19 employed, 85 percent of the employed blind are 

20 Braille-literate. 

21 SEC. 3. COIN SPECIFICATIONS. 

22 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of the Treasury 

23 (hereafter in this Act referred to as the ‘‘Secretary’’) shall 

24 mint and issue not more than 400,000 $1 coins bearing 

25 the designs specified in section 4(a), each of which shall— 


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1 (1) weigh 26.73 grams; 

2 (2) have a diameter of 1.500 inches; and 

3 (3) contain 90 percent silver and 10 percent 

4 copper. 

5 (b) LEGAL TENDER.—The coins minted under this 

6 Act shall be legal tender, as provided in section 5103 of 

7 title 31, United States Code. 

8 (c) NUMISMATIC ITEMS.—For purposes of section 

9 5134 of title 31, United States Code, all coins minted 

10 under this Act shall be considered to be numismatic items. 

11 SEC. 4. DESIGN OF COINS. 

12 (a) DESIGN REQUIREMENTS.— 

13 (1) IN GENERAL.—The design of the coins 

14 minted under this Act shall be emblematic of the life 

15 and legacy of Louis Braille. 

16 (2) OBVERSE.—The design on the obverse shall 

17 bear a representation of the image of Louis Braille. 

18 (3) REVERSE.—The design on the reverse shall 

19 emphasize Braille literacy, and shall specifically in20 clude the word for Braille in Braille code (the 

21 Braille capital sign and the letters Brl) represented 

22 in a way that complies with section 3 of specification 

23 800 of the National Library Service for the Blind 

24 and Physically Handicapped of the Library of ConVerDate Aug 31 2005 00:43 Feb 23, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00007 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S2321.IS S2321

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1 gress specifications for Braille, and is tactilely indis2 cernible from printed or written Braille. 

3 (4) DESIGNATION AND INSCRIPTIONS.—On 

4 each coin minted under this Act, there shall be— 

5 (A) a designation of the value of the coin; 

6 (B) an inscription of the year ‘‘2009’’; and 

7 (C) inscriptions of the words ‘‘Liberty’’, 

8 ‘‘In God We Trust’’, ‘‘United States of Amer9 ica’’, and ‘‘E Pluribus Unum’’. 

10 (b) SELECTION.—The design for the coins minted 

11 under this Act shall be— 

12 (1) selected by the Secretary, after consultation 

13 with the Commission of Fine Arts and the National 

14 Federation of the Blind; and 

15 (2) reviewed by the Citizens Coinage Advisory 

16 Committee. 

17 SEC. 5. ISSUANCE OF COINS. 

18 (a) QUALITY OF COINS.—Coins minted under this 

19 Act shall be issued in uncirculated and proof qualities. 

20 (b) MINT FACILITY.—Only 1 facility of the United 

21 States Mint may be used to strike any particular quality 

22 of the coins minted under this Act. 

23 (c) PERIOD FOR ISSUANCE.—The Secretary may 

24 issue coins minted under this Act only during the 1-year 

25 period beginning on January 1, 2009. 


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1 SEC. 6. SALE OF COINS. 

2 (a) SALE PRICE.—The coins issued under this Act 

3 shall be sold by the Secretary at a price equal to the sum 

4 of— 

5 (1) the face value of the coins; 

6 (2) the surcharge provided in section 7(a) with 

7 respect to such coins; and 

8 (3) the cost of designing and issuing the coins 

9 (including labor, materials, dies, use of machinery, 

10 overhead expenses, marketing, and shipping). 

11 (b) BULK SALES.—The Secretary shall make bulk 

12 sales of the coins issued under this Act at a reasonable 

13 discount. 

14 (c) PREPAID ORDERS.— 

15 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall accept 

16 prepaid orders for the coins minted under this Act 

17 before the issuance of such coins. 

18 (2) DISCOUNT.—Sale prices with respect to pre19 paid orders under paragraph (1) shall be at a rea20 sonable discount. 

21 SEC. 7. SURCHARGES. 

22 (a) SURCHARGE REQUIRED.—All sales of coins under 

23 this Act shall include a surcharge of $10 per coin. 

24 (b) DISTRIBUTION.—Subject to section 5134(f) of 

25 title 31, United States Code, all surcharges which are re26 ceived by the Secretary from the sale of coins issued under 


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1 this Act shall be promptly paid by the Secretary to the 

2 National Federation of the Blind, to further its programs 

3 to promote Braille literacy. 

4 (c) AUDITS.—The National Federation of the Blind 

5 shall be subject to the audit requirements of section 

6 5134(f)(2) of title 31, United States Code, with regard 

7 to the amounts received by the National Federation of the 

8 Blind under subsection (b). 

Æ 


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