UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

PENSACOLA DIVISION

LADIES MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION,

INC., et al., 

Plaintiff,

v. CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

CITY OF PENSACOLA, FLORIDA, et al.,

Defendants.

 /

ORDER

Plaintiffs Ladies Memorial Association, Inc. (“LMA”), Randall Crooke, Save 

Southern Heritage, Inc. (“SSH”), and Veterans Monuments of America, Inc. 

(“VMA”) filed this action, alleging numerous state and federal claims against 

Defendants City of Pensacola (the “City”) and Laurel Lee, in her Official Capacity 

as Secretary of State, (“Secretary Lee”) related to the proposed removal of a 

confederate “cenotaph”1 located in Pensacola, Florida. The City has filed a motion 

to dismiss for lack of standing and failure to state a claim. On thorough

consideration, the motion is granted.

1 “A cenotaph is ‘[a]n empty tomb or a monument erected in honor of a person who is 

buried elsewhere.’” Gardner v. Mutz, 962 F.3d 1329, 1335 n.2 (11th Cir. 2020) (quoting Webster’s 

Second New International Dictionary 433 (1934)).

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 1 of 20
Page 2 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

Background

The basic facts, as alleged in the Complaint, ECF No. 1-1, and construed in 

favor of Plaintiffs, are as follows.

Plaintiffs include a group of organizations and individuals with an interest in 

preserving the confederate cenotaph located in Florida Square, (formerly “Lee 

Square”), in downtown Pensacola, Florida. Specifically, LMA is a “reconstituted 

entity”2 that originally erected the cenotaph and whose members include ancestors 

of confederate soldiers honored by the monument. Crooke is a descendant of a 

confederate soldier and a member of “the Stephen Russell Mallory Camp 1315, Sons 

of Confederate Veterans” (“SCV Camp”), a subdivision of Sons of Confederate 

Veterans, Inc. (“SCV”). ECF No. 1-1 at 8–9. SSH is the Florida chapter of “a South 

Carolina non-profit organization whose purpose is historical preservation, 

specifically the history of the South for future generations.” Id. at 9. VMA is a 

Florida not-for-profit corporation dedicated to the protection and preservation of 

military memorials.

On June 8, 1887, the City of Pensacola, which was then run by a stateappointed commission, adopted an ordinance renaming Florida Square as Lee 

Square, in honor of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. The commission also 

approved plans to erect a confederate cenotaph in the square, which was 

2 Plaintiffs do not specify when LMA was “reconstituted” or explain what this means.

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 2 of 20
Page 3 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

commissioned by the LMA.3 In 1891, the project was completed and the cenotaph

was erected.4 The cenotaph is a 50-foot tall shaft with an 8-foot tall statue atop, 

which, according to the complaint, honors a number of historical figures, including 

former U.S. Senator Stephen R. Mallory, former Florida Governor Edward A. Perry, 

and former U.S. Senator and President of the Confederate States of America 

Jefferson Davis. The memorial is inscribed with the following: “Our Confederate 

Dead”; “Uncrowned Heroes... Whose Joy Was to Suffer and Die...”; and “Tis Not 

In Mortals to Command Success; But We’ll Do More, Sempronius, We’ll Deserve 

It.” ECF No. 1-1 at 4–5. Plaintiffs allege that the memorial has been used by LMA 

and SCV for memorial observances and that SCV has spent “thousands of dollars 

and thousands of man-hours maintaining and improving Lee Square and the 

Cenotaph.” Id. at 6.

On July 14, 2020, the Pensacola City Council voted 6-1 to remove the 

cenotaph and voted unanimously to restore the square’s original name, Florida 

Square.5 On the same date, Plaintiffs filed the instant action for declaratory and 

3 LMA members also helped raise funds for the cenotaph “by holding lectures, benefit 

suppers, auctions, and horse races.” ECF No. 1-1 at 4.

4 The complaint contains a typographical error regarding the date the cenotaph was erected.

5 While not necessary to the Court’s decision, the Court takes judicial notice of the minutes 

of the city council meeting, which were referenced in the City’s affidavit in support of its motion 

to dissolve, ECF No. 8-1, to provide context. See City of Pensacola City Counsel, Special Meeting 

Minutes dated July 14, 2020 at 4, available at https://pensacola.legistar.com/Calendar.aspx (last 

visited August 28, 2020); see also Vestavia Plaza, LLC v. City of Vestavia Hills, Ala., No. 2:11-

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 3 of 20
Page 4 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

injunctive relief in the Circuit Court for Escambia County, Florida, raising various 

state and federal claims, including a free speech claim pursuant to the United States 

and Florida constitutions.

6 Plaintiffs also filed a motion for a temporary restraining 

order (“TRO”) and preliminary injunction against the City, seeking to prevent the 

removal of the cenotaph, which was granted by the state court pending a preliminary 

injunction hearing. On July 21, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a motion for contempt against 

the City for alleged violations of the TRO. 

On July 27, 2020, the City removed the action to this Court. ECF No. 1. After 

removal, the Court held a telephone conference, following which– and with the 

parties’ consent– it extended the TRO to August 24, 20207 and set various deadlines 

for motions and responses. Thereafter, the City filed its motion to dismiss on July 

30, 2020, ECF No. 7, and motion to dissolve the TRO on August 5, 2020, ECF No. 

CV-4152-TMP, 2013 WL 4804196, at *2 (N.D. Ala. Sept. 9, 2013) (taking judicial notice of city 

council minutes). 

6 Specifically, the Complaint raised the following claims against the City: 1) violation of 

Pensacola City Ordinance § 12-2-10(b)(1); 2) violation of Pensacola City Ordinance § 12-2-9; 3) 

violation of Fla. Stat. § 852.02; 4) violation of Fla. Stat. § 276.031(5)(h); 5) Breach of Bailment 

Agreement; 6) violation of 16 U.S.C. § 470a; and 7) violations of plaintiffs’ right to free speech 

under the Florida and United States constitutions, due process under the Fifth Amendment, equal 

protection under the Fourteenth Amendment, and a violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See ECF No. 1-

1. The complaint also raised claims against Secretary Lee for violations of Fla. Stat. § 276.031 and 

16 U.S.C. § 470a. See id.

7 The parties consented to an extension of the TRO to August 24, 2020 to allow additional 

time for motions and briefing related to the TRO.

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 4 of 20
Page 5 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

8.8 After Plaintiffs moved for an extension of time to file responses to the City’s 

motions, the Court extended Plaintiffs’ response deadlines for the motion to dissolve 

and the motion to dismiss to August 22, 2020 and August 24, 2020, respectively,9

see ECF No. 14. On August 20, 2020, Plaintiffs filed a motion to stay the proceeding 

and extend the TRO, ECF No. 16. The Court denied the motion, but nonetheless 

found it appropriate to extend the TRO until September 7, 2020, given the extensive 

motion practice. ECF No. 17. The matter is now ripe for review. 

Discussion

Plaintiffs did not file a proper response to the City’s Motion to Dismiss but 

instead filed a motion for leave to amend their complaint,

10 acknowledging that their 

initial complaint was hastily drafted and “in-artfully” pled.11 In light of Plaintiffs’ 

failure to address the City’s arguments in support of its motion to dismiss, the motion 

is granted and the Complaint is dismissed against the City without prejudice.12 See

N.D. Fla. Loc. R. 7.1(H). 

8 On August 10, 2020, Plaintiffs filed their Motion to Remand, ECF No. 9, and a 

memorandum in support of their motion for contempt, ECF No. 10. On August 25, 2020, the Court 

denied the motion to remand, ECF No. 21. 

9 The Court denied Plaintiffs’ request for an indefinite extension of time; instead, it granted 

a 10-day extension of the response deadlines, which the City did not oppose. 

10 Plaintiffs failed to address any of the arguments raised by the City. 

11 This is a gross understatement. The Initial Complaint—filed not by a pro se litigant but 

by a member of the Florida Bar—miscited civil statutes, wrongly cited to criminal statutes, and 

asserted patently meritless claims. 

12 The claims against Secretary Lee remain pending, as she has yet to appear or respond to 

the Complaint. 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 5 of 20
Page 6 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

Regarding the motion to amend, Plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint 

suffers from many of the same careless errors as the initial complaint. Plaintiffs’ 

counsel is admonished to do better. But even more problematic for Plaintiffs is the 

fact that the proposed amended complaint is legally infirm.

The proposed amended complaint drops a number of claims from the initial 

complaint;13 adds two new plaintiffs, Wesley Odom and his company, Go Retro, 

Inc.; and asserts new claims for “breach of a public trust agreement” under state law

and for free speech and free exercise of religion under the Florida Constitution 

against the City.

14 Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a plaintiff who fails 

to amend his complaint within 21 days of service of a Rule 12(b) motion “may 

amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s 

leave.”15 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). Rule 15 further provides that “[t]he court should 

freely give leave when justice so requires.” Id. Nonetheless, “denial of leave to 

13 See N.D. Fla. R. 15.1(A) (“Allegations in a prior pleading that are not set out in the 

amended pleading are deemed abandoned . . . .”).

14 “Florida’s courts have treated the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses of the Florida 

Constitution as being coextensive with those embodied in the United States Constitution, and have 

adopted the same principles and methods of analysis.” Cambridge Christian Sch., Inc. v. Fla. High 

Sch. Athletic Ass'n, Inc., 942 F.3d 1215, 1228 n.2 (11th Cir. 2019) (citing Cafe Erotica v. Fla. 

Dep't of Transp., 830 So. 2d 181, 183 (Fla. 1st DCA 2002); Toca v. State, 834 So. 2d 204, 208 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2002)).

15 Plaintiffs failed to amend their complaint within 21 days after service of the City’s 

motion to dismiss. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 6 of 20
Page 7 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

amend is justified by futility when the ‘complaint as amended is still subject to 

dismissal.’” Burger King Corp. v. Weaver, 169 F.3d 1310, 1320 (11th Cir. 1999). 

As a threshold matter, Plaintiffs lack standing. Standing is a fundamental

jurisdictional prerequisite that originates from the case or controversy requirement 

of Article III of the Constitution.16 See Gardner v. Mutz, 962 F.3d 1329, 1338 (11th 

Cir. 2020) (“[T]he standing doctrine is an essential and unchanging part of the caseor-controversy requirement.”) (internal quotations and citations omitted). Standing 

has three essential elements: (1) an injury in fact; (2) a causal connection between 

the injury asserted and the defendant’s conduct; and (3) an injury that is likely to be 

redressed by a favorable decision. See Lujan v. Def. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 

(1992). An injury in fact is “an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) 

concrete and particularized, . . . and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or

hypothetical.” See id. (internal quotations and citations omitted). An injury is only 

concrete when it is “de facto” and “real”, not merely “abstract.” See Mutz, 962 F.3d 

at 1341. Moreover, “purely psychic injuries arising from disagreement with 

government action” do not meet the concreteness requirement. Id. (citing Diamond 

v. Charles, 476 U.S. 54, 67 (1986); Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 

16 The Eleventh Circuit has recognized that “Article III standing requirements apply to 

state-law claims brought in federal court.” See Wilding v. DNC Servs. Corp., 941 F.3d 1116, 1124–

25 (11th Cir. 2019), cert. denied, 207 L. Ed. 2d 159 (June 1, 2020) (citing Nicklaw v. Citimortgage, 

Inc., 839 F.3d 998, 1002–03 (11th Cir. 2016)).

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 7 of 20
Page 8 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

417–18 (2013)); see also Valley Forge Christian Coll. v. Americans United for 

Separation of Church & State, Inc., 454 U.S. 464, 485 (1982). To meet the 

particularity requirement, the alleged injury must “affect the plaintiff in a personal 

and individual way” that is “distinct” to the plaintiff. See Mutz, 962 F.3d at 1342. In 

order to establish a particularized injury, the plaintiff must show that he is not merely 

a “concerned bystander” seeking “vindication of value interests,” id. (quoting 

Hollingsworth v. Perry, 570 U.S. 693, 707 (2013)); instead, he must show that he 

“has been directly affected apart from his special interest in the subject at issue.” See 

Mutz, 962 F.3d at 1342 (citing Koziara v. City of Casselberry, 392 F.3d 1302, 1305 

(11th Cir. 2004)). The imminence requirement “ensure[s] the alleged injury is not 

too speculative for Article III purposes,” by requiring the plaintiff to show that the 

threatened injury is “certainly impending.” See Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409 (quotations 

omitted). Notably, “‘[a]llegations of possible future injury’ are not sufficient.” See 

id. (quoting Whitmore v. Arkansas, 495 U.S. 149, 158 (1990)).

In the proposed amended complaint, Plaintiffs state that the purpose of their 

lawsuit “is to protect the Monument from inadvertent or intentional destruction.”

ECF No. 23 at 14. In a section marked “CONCLUSION”, Plaintiffs seek:

. . . equitable relief stating that the City commit to use any and all resources 

to safely move the Monument under a plan directed and conceived by the 

[Architectural Review Board (“ARB”)], the Secretary of State of the State of 

Florida and [t]he US Department of the Interior, and, furthermore, seek 

injunctive relief barring the City from taking any further action related to the 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 8 of 20
Page 9 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

movement of the Cenotaph without first establishing to this Court that they 

[sic] have a plan that ensures the safe movement of the Monument . . . .

Id. at 12–13. In another section marked “STATEMENT OF RELIEF 

REQUESTED”, Plaintiffs request this Court to, inter alia: 

(a) Enter a declaratory judgment that the relocation of the Monument without 

attestation from ARB, Secretary of State and Department of Interior that 

City’s Plan [sic] is improper. Or in the alternative, find that Plaintiffs [sic]

Federal rights would be violated by any movement of the monument and order 

that no relocation be attempted.

(b) Enter a temporary injunction prohibiting the City Council from ordering 

the relocation of the Monument without first receiving a feasibility study from 

the ARB which does not compromise the structure or Historical value of the 

Cenotaph . . . .

Id. at 15. It is difficult to tell what the plaintiffs are claiming their injury is. On the 

one hand, they have no constitutional (or other) objection to the cenotaph’s removal 

with a “proper” and “safe” removal plan, while on the other, they claim their 

constitutional rights will be violated by removal without such a plan, yet they do not 

claim any constitutional right in a removal plan. Setting aside the nonsensicalness 

of this, it appears Plaintiffs’ entire lawsuit is premised on a “safe” removal plan, the 

absence of which they fear will result in the cenotaph’s damage or destruction. 

First, Plaintiffs have failed to show any legally protected interest in a “safe” 

removal plan, see Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, and their allegations that the cenotaph

could possibly be damaged or destroyed in the absence of a such a plan are entirely 

too speculative to confer standing. See Clapper, 568 U.S. at 409 (recognizing that 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 9 of 20
Page 10 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

“the threatened injury must be certainly impending to constitute injury in fact, and 

that allegations of possible future injury are not sufficient.”) (internal quotations and 

alterations omitted). Second, to the extent Plaintiffs allege their constitutional rights 

will be violated by any removal of the cenotaph (i.e., even with a plan), they still 

lack standing. In the proposed amended complaint, Plaintiffs attempt to reframe 

their free speech right as the right to speak about the confederacy and/or confederate 

soldiers at Florida Square, and they claim removal of the cenotaph will “effectively 

block” or otherwise have a “profound material impact” on this speech right.17 ECF 

No. 23 at 11. This too makes no sense. There is no allegation, whatsoever, that 

Plaintiffs are being restricted from speaking at Florida Square or that their speech 

has been restricted by the City in anyway.18 Nor could there be. By removing the 

cenotaph, the City is not preventing anyone from speaking about anything. See 

Patterson v. Rawlings, 287 F. Supp. 3d 632, 641 (N.D. Tex. 2018) (finding that an 

17 Plaintiffs initially alleged “that removing the Cenotaph’s memorial speech is eliminating 

their constitutionally guaranteed freedom of expression and speech rights.” ECF No. 1-1 at 12 

(emphasis added). They now concede the cenotaph is “undisputed government speech.” ECF No. 

23 at 11. Additionally, while Plaintiffs have dropped their First Amendment claim under the 

United States Constitution and now only allege a free speech claim under the Florida Constitution, 

they still reference the First Amendment and the United States Constitution in their proposed 

amended complaint. See ECF No. 23 at 4. To the extent Plaintiffs are still attempting to assert a 

First Amendment claim under the United States Constitution, it would be futile for the reasons 

discussed herein. See Cambridge Christian Sch., Inc., 942 F.3d at 1228 n.2.

18 Plaintiffs’ citation to Knight First Amendment Inst. At Columbia Univ. v. Trump, 928 

F.3d 226 (2d Cir. 2019) is seriously misplaced. That case involved the blocking of certain users 

from President Trump’s social media account, which the court found to be a public forum for First 

Amendment purposes. See id. at 237–39. Here, there is no allegation that Plaintiffs are in any way 

being restricted from speaking at Florida Square, the alleged public forum at issue.

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 10 of 20
Page 11 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

organization did not have standing to bring a First Amendment claim when they

failed to “allege that the city took any action that would prevent [its member] from 

expressing [his] political view”). To the extent any sense could be made from these 

allegations, any claimed injury is far too abstract to confer standing. See Mutz, 962 

F.3d at 1329 (“[T]he plaintiffs’ inchoate agreement with what they take to be the 

cenotaph’s meaning or message—and their consequent disagreement with the 

monument’s relocation [or removal]—does not alone give rise to a concrete injury 

for Article III purposes.”); see also Patterson, 287 F. Supp. 3d at 641 (allegation that 

the organizational plaintiff’s member “shares the political view communicated to 

the public by the Confederate monuments . . . . does not explain how the removal of 

confederate monuments from City-owned property prevents [him] from expressing 

his political viewpoint.”).

Plaintiffs similarly lack standing to bring a free exercise of religion claim. 

Plaintiffs’ free exercise of religion claim, raised in Count II of their proposed 

amended complaint, states in its entirety: 

Plaintiffs, and their members, allege prohibition of the free exercise of their 

religion as guaranteed by the Florida constitution, to pay memorial respects to 

their dead family members in the location they have done so for generations, 

[sic] by the City’s act of removal of the Cenotaph from the Public Square.

ECF No. 23 at 11–12. No facts are incorporated into this Count, but even considering 

facts alleged elsewhere in the proposed amended complaint, Plaintiffs’ allegation

that they will be prohibited from holding “quazi-religious” [sic] memorial 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 11 of 20
Page 12 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

ceremonies or services in Florida Square is a mere a figment of their imagination.

Id. at 7, 9. There is no allegation, nor could there be, that the City is actually

prohibiting or intending to prohibit Plaintiffs from holding memorial ceremonies, or 

from conducting any other religious activity, in Florida Square by the removal of its

cenotaph.

19 See Lyng v. Nw. Indian Cemetery Protective Ass’n, 485 U.S. 439, 451 

(1988) (recognizing, in the context of the government’s administration of its own 

property, that “[t]he crucial word in the constitutional text is ‘prohibit’: ‘For the Free 

Exercise Clause is written in terms of what the government cannot do to the 

individual, not in terms of what the individual can exact from the government.’”) 

(quoting Sherbert v. Verner, 374 U.S. 398, 412 (1963) (Douglas, J., concurring)). In 

short, disagreement with the City’s decision to remove the cenotaph alone, even 

when “phrased in constitutional terms,” does not give rise to Article III standing.

20

Valley Forge Christian Coll., 454 U.S. at 485–86 (“[T]he psychological 

19 Nowhere in the proposed amended complaint have Plaintiffs alleged that they will be 

unable to engage in their political speech or conduct their memorial ceremonies after the cenotaph

is removed. They will still be able to engage in these activities in Florida Square or, potentially, 

where the cenotaph is relocated. As noted above, any allegation that the cenotaph will not be 

properly relocated is speculative. 

20 Furthermore, Plaintiffs’ free exercise claim is conclusory and fails to adequately allege 

a “sincerely held religious belief” that Plaintiffs are acting upon. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 

662, 681 (2009); see also GeorgiaCarry.Org, Inc. v. Georgia, 687 F.3d 1244, 1256 (11th Cir. 

2012) (“[A] plaintiff must allege a constitutionally impermissible burden on a sincerely held 

religious belief to survive a motion to dismiss.”). The proposed amended complaint’s inadequacy 

leads the Court to question what religious belief will be impermissibly burdened by removal of the 

cenotaph – a belief in The South’s history? The Confederacy? The monument itself? There simply 

is no free exercise of religion claim here.

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 12 of 20
Page 13 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

consequence presumably produced by observation of conduct with which one 

disagrees [i.e., removal of the cenotaph] . . . is not an injury sufficient to confer 

standing under Art. III, even though the disagreement is phrased in constitutional 

terms.”).

Plaintiffs also assert municipal taxpayer standing through the addition of

Wesley Odom as a plaintiff. In their Motion to Amend, Plaintiffs argue that they 

have adequately alleged that Mr. Odom is a municipal taxpayer in that he resides in, 

owns property in, and pays municipal property taxes to, the City of Pensacola, and 

that removal of the cenotaph unconstitutionally infringes his free speech rights, and 

thus there is taxpayer standing. 

“It is settled law that municipal taxpayers have standing to challenge, as 

unconstitutional, expenditures by local governments.” Pelphrey v. Cobb Cty., 547 

F.3d 1263, 1280 (11th Cir. 2008); Gagliardi v. TJCV Land Trust, 889 F.3d 728, 732-

33 (11th Cir. 2018). For starters, the municipal taxpayer must establish that he is a 

resident of the municipality and that tax expenditures were used for the alleged 

offensive practice. Pelphrey, 547 F.3d at 1280; see also Doremus v. Board of Educ., 

342 U.S. 429, 434 (1952) (requiring a taxpayer’s action to be “a good-faith 

pocketbook action”). Here, although the proposed amended complaint adequately 

alleges that Mr. Odom is a resident and taxpayer of the City, it contains no allegation 

that taxpayer funds are being used for removal of the cenotaph. The proposed 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 13 of 20
Page 14 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

amended complaint states only that “the City Council voted to start the ‘30-day 

clock’ to remove” the cenotaph, that a City memorandum recommended the 

removal, and that the “City has started the removal process” by fencing the square 

and determining a removal budget. ECF No. 23 at 6. There is nothing stating that 

tax revenues will be used to fund the removal.21 “[I]f no tax money is spent on the 

allegedly illegal activity,” then the “plaintiff’s status as a municipal taxpayer is 

irrelevant” for purposes of standing. See Freedom From Religion Found., Inc. v. 

Zielke, 845 F.2d 1463, 1470 (7th Cir. 1988), cited with approval in Pelphrey, 547 

F.3d at 1281. Alleging that the City has authorized the project and is considering 

proposals to determine its cost is simply not the same as alleging that the City in fact 

is spending tax revenue on the project. See generally Patterson, 287 F. Supp. 3d at 

642–43 (finding no taxpayer standing where plaintiffs did not allege that the city 

used or intended to use tax revenues; instead, the city manager was authorized to use 

the city’s excess revenue for removal and sought private funding to reimburse the 

expenses). 

Plaintiffs also fail to plausibly allege a constitutionally offensive practice. 

Again, Plaintiffs concede in the proposed amended complaint that the cenotaph itself 

21 The Court notes that Plaintiffs attached a proposed city budget to the proposed amended 

complaint. Even considering the budget proposal, it is insufficient to plausibly allege municipal 

taxpayer standing because it does not indicate that the proposed budget would be funded by city 

tax revenue.

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 14 of 20
Page 15 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

is government property and government speech, and thus, they have no protected 

speech right in preventing its removal. Therefore, municipal taxpayer standing is 

not plausibly alleged in the proposed amended complaint, and consequently, 

amendment is futile.22 

Lastly, in their proposed amended complaint, Plaintiffs assert a claim for 

“breach of public trust agreement” against the City. More specifically, relying on 

Crapo v. Provident Grp.—Continuum Props., LLC (Crapo II), 238 So. 3d 869 (Fla. 

1st DCA 2018), Plaintiffs allege that “a public trust was formed” when the City 

originally erected and dedicated the cenotaph and that the City, as trustee, has a 

fiduciary duty to “preserve and protect” its residents’ “beneficial interest” in the 

cenotaph. See ECF No. 23 at 10–11. According to Plaintiffs, the City violated this 

fiduciary duty by “unilateral[ly] deci[ding] to remove” the cenotaph. Id. at 10.

There are several problems with this claim. First and foremost, as with the 

constitutional claims discussed above, Plaintiffs have failed to identify a concrete 

and particularized injury-in-fact to a legally protected interest in the context of this 

claim. See Spokeo, 136 S. Ct. at 1547. Thus, they are without standing to proceed 

on it. See id. Plaintiffs’ allegations also do not plausibly support any legally 

recognized cause of action. For both of these reasons—lack of standing and failure 

to assert a cognizable claim—amendment of the complaint to add a “breach of public 

22 Plaintiffs do not argue that any other individual has municipal taxpayer standing. 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 15 of 20
Page 16 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

trust agreement” claim would be futile. Only the latter reason warrants further 

comment. 

There is no recognized legal theory in Florida—none—on which relief may 

be granted for “breach of public trust agreement.” The Crapo litigation, which, 

again, Plaintiffs cite as the basis for their “breach of public trust agreement” claim, 

is not a “public trust” case at all. There, Florida’s First District Court of Appeal held 

that housing facilities legally owned by a third-party nonprofit corporation were 

immune from ad valorem taxation because the facilities were equitably owned by a 

public university. See 238 So. 3d at 869. The university’s equitable ownership of 

the property arose from a series of documents “establish[ing] the creation of a trust” 

for the university’s benefit, with the third-party legal owner of the property serving 

as trustee. See Provident Grp.—Continuum Props., LLC v. Crapo (“Crapo I”), 157 

So. 3d 409, 411 (Fla. 1st DCA 2015). Those documents were “replete with 

statements regarding the powers and duties of [the trustee] for the benefit of the 

university,” id., including provisions stating the trustee’s exclusive function was to 

acquire, develop and operate student housing facilities for the benefit of the 

university and its students; all surplus cash flow or profit from the facilities would 

be reinvested in the trust property or otherwise used solely for the university’s 

benefit; the university was given the right to approve all project plans, uses, 

financing, operations and rental terms, as well as rights to be named as an insured 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 16 of 20
Page 17 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

for the property and to condemnation proceeds if the property was taken; if the thirdparty corporate trustee ceased to exist, the trust property would be first distributed 

to creditors and then to the university; and on repayment of the facilities’ financing, 

the university (for no payment) would be entitled to a deed for clear legal title to the 

trust property. See Crapo II, 238 So. 3d at 870–71, 875. Consequently, the 

university was the equitable and beneficial owner of the property. Id. Because the 

university itself was immune from taxation, its equitably owned property was 

immune from ad valorem taxation. See id.

Plaintiffs have not even attempted to explain how or why they believe the 

Crapo litigation establishes a legal theory of liability for “breach of public trust.” 

Presumably, this is because they cannot—neither of the Crapo decisions even 

references a “public trust,” much less recognizes or discusses any legal theory of that 

nature. The Crapo litigation was solely about “the concept of equitable ownership 

in ad valorem taxation,” which “ha[d] long been a part of Florida law.” See Crapo 

II, 238 So. 3d at 876. The instant case, however, does not even come close to that. 

Therefore, Crapo I and II are wholly inapplicable here. 

To the extent Plaintiffs mean to allege a violation of the traditional “public 

trust doctrine,” that theory is likewise wholly inapplicable here. The public trust 

doctrine originated from the common law principle that sovereign governments, like 

the state, hold “all navigable waters and the land beneath them” in trust for the public 

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 17 of 20
Page 18 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

good. Murphy v. Dep’t of Nat. Res., 837 F. Supp. 1217, 1219 (S.D. Fla. 1993). As 

such, the state has a duty to protect both those natural resources and public access to 

them on the public’s behalf. See 5F, LLC v. Dresing, 142 So. 3d 936, 946–47 (Fla. 

2d DCA 2014). Importantly, the “public trust doctrine [is] a matter of state law” and 

its “contours” thus are defined by each state. See PPL Montana, LLC v. Montana, 

565 U.S. 576, 1235 (2012). In Florida, the public trust doctrine is codified in article 

X, section 11 of the Florida Constitution, see id. at 945, and explicitly applies only 

to “lands under navigable waters . . . , including beaches below mean high water 

lines,” see Fla. Const., art. X, § 11.23 Plaintiffs have identified no Florida authority, 

and the Court has found none, expanding the doctrine’s scope beyond those narrow 

confines. As this case does not involve submerged lands, or beach and shore areas 

between the high and low tide marks, held by the State of Florida, the traditional 

public trust doctrine is inapplicable. 

For the foregoing reasons, the allegations against the City in Plaintiffs’ 

proposed amended complaint do not establish standing and/or state a claim for relief 

that is plausible on its face. Therefore, denial of leave to amend is justified by 

23 Fla. Const., art. X, § 11 provides as follows:

The title to lands under navigable waters, within the boundaries of the state, which have 

not been alienated, including beaches below mean high water lines, is held by the state, by virtue 

of its sovereignty, in trust for all the people. Sale of such lands may be authorized by law, but only 

when in the public interest. Private use of portions of such lands may be authorized by law, but 

only when not contrary to the public interest.

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 18 of 20
Page 19 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

futility. The Court decides nothing more and nothing less. To be clear, the historical 

and cultural significance of the cenotaph to the Pensacola community are not for this 

Court to decide. Today’s decision is premised solely on the applicable constitutional, 

statutory and common law principles that govern the legal claims alleged by 

Plaintiffs. The Court certainly hopes that, consistent with the Mayor’s assurances to 

the Council, the City will take “the utmost care” in removing and relocating the 

cenotaph.

24 However, Plaintiffs have alleged no legal basis entitling them to block 

or interfere with the City’s removal and relocation decisions. Consequently, their 

claims against the City are due to be dismissed and leave to amend their complaint 

denied as futile.

Accordingly:

1. Defendant City of Pensacola’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. 7, is 

GRANTED. Counts One through Seven are hereby DISMISSED

WITHOUT PREJUDICE.

2. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Leave to Amend Complaint, ECF No. 20, is 

DENIED.

3. In light of the Court’s ruling on Defendant City of Pensacola’s Motion 

to dismiss and its conclusion that further amendment would be futile, 

Defendant’s Motion to Dissolve Temporary Restraining Order, ECF 

No. 8, is GRANTED, and the TRO is hereby DISSOLVED.

24 See City of Pensacola City Counsel, Special Meeting Minutes dated July 14, 2020 at 4, 

available at https://pensacola.legistar.com/Calendar.aspx (last visited August 28, 2020); see supra

n. 5.

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 19 of 20
Page 20 of 20

CASE NO. 3:20cv5681-MCR-EMT

4. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Order of Contempt, see ECF Nos. 1-1, 10, is 

DENIED AS MOOT.

DONE AND ORDERED this 2nd day of September, 2020.

s/ M. Casey Rodgers M. CASEY RODGERS

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Case 3:20-cv-05681-MCR-EMT Document 26 Filed 09/02/20 Page 20 of 20