SEE CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION

Filed 8/17/17



## IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CALIFORNIA

THE PEOPLE, ) ) Plaintiff and Respondent , ) S222227 )
v. ) Ct.App. 2/6 B249482 ) BRYAN M. PENNINGTON, ) Santa Barbara County ) Super. Ct. No. 1423213 Defendant and Appellant. )

________________________________ ____ )

Defendant was convicted of misdemeanor battery (Pen. Code, § 242) 1 of a person listed in section 243, subdivision (b), specifically a ― peace officer ‖ ( ibid. )

. W e granted review to decide whether the People proved the victim , a member of
the City of Santa Barbara harbor patrol , was in fact a peace officer

. U n like most municipal police officers and deputy sheriffs , who are peace officers by virtue of
their appointment and employment in that capacity (see § 830.1, subd. (a) ), not all harbor patrol offi cer s are peace officers

. I nstead, harbor patrol officer s are peace officers only if their ― primary duty

. . . is the enforcement of the law in or about the properties owned, operated, or administered by the harbor or port or when performing necessary duties with respect to patrons, employees, and properties of the harbor or port. ‖ ( § 830.33, subd. (b)

. ) Agreeing with People v. Miller (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 653, 665

– 668 ( Miller ) , we conclude the statutory language

1 All further citations to statutes are to the Penal Code, except as noted.2

defines a harbor patrol officer as a peace officer only if the particular officer‘s primary duty is law enforcement in either of two circumstances: when acting on or about the prope rty or when performing necessary duties anywhere in the state

. The Court of Appeal below declined to follow Miller and affirmed defendant‘s
conviction , even though the People did not prove the harbor patrol officer whom
defendant battered had the required primary duty of law enforcement. We
therefore reverse defendant‘s conviction

. 2
I. B ACKGROUND Given the narrow issue before us , the facts of the offense may be presented briefly

. The case arose from an incident at a marina involving defendant Bryan M. Pennington and officers of the Santa Barbara harbor patrol , an agency of the City
of Santa Barbara . Defendant , who possessed neither a keycard to the marina nor permission to enter, obtained access by grabbing a gate just before it closed and
locked . A manager who recognized defendant called the harbor p atrol to rep ort the unauthorized entry.
Harbor p atrol o fficers Richard Hubbard and Ryan Kelly responded to the call
in a m arked harbor p atrol truck , wearing uniforms, badges , side arms , T asers, handcuffs , and other po licing tools

. The officers saw defendant near a storage
box , holding a coiled hose over his shou lder. Officer Hubbard recognized
defendant from a prior incident at the marina

. Defendant walked towards the exit gate

. S tanding in defendant‘s path on a narrow finger of the dock, the officers
asked him to stop and told him he could not leave with the hose. Defendant
returned the hose to the storage box and walked back toward the exit , ignoring the

2 Our decision to reverse defendant‘s misdemeanor conviction for battery does not affect the order granting probation. Defendant‘s unchallenged felony conviction for resisting an executive officer (§ 69) provides an independent basis for that order.3

officers

. The officers told defend ant they needed to speak with him and ordered him to stop , but he ignored the direction and attempted to force his way between
them

. Officer Hubbard placed his arm against defendant‘s chest to stop him

. Defendant then stepped back, assumed a martial arts stance, forcefully kicked Officer Hubbard‘s upper thigh, kicked Officer Kelly‘s shin, and began to throw wild punches

. After deplo ying their T asers to no effect, the officers restrain ed
defendant with handcuffs and took him into custody. During this time defendant directed a barrage of profanity at the officers , threatened to kill them, and said they
had ―be tter get some real cops down here.‖ F ollow ing the protocol of the harbor
p atrol, which had no jail , the officers called the Santa Barbara Police Department

to take defendant into custody

. Based on these facts the People charged defendant with resisting an executive officer (§ 69), battery on a listed person (§ § 242, 243, subd. (b) [peace officer] ), trespass (§ 602, subd

. (k) ) , and attempted petty theft (§§ 484, subd. (a), 664). The charge of battery related only to Officer Hubbard. Defendant represented himself with the assistance of advisory counsel. Trial was by jury.
B efore trial, the People asked the court to rule that Santa Barbara harbor patrol o fficers were peace officers as a matter of law and to exclude any argument to the contrary

. Defendant opposed the motion. He questioned whether harbor patrol officers were p eace officers and stated he wished to examine O fficer Hubbard about ―his functions, his duties, how he came about to get that authority and how he‘s actually [ administ ering] it.‖ The court granted the People‘s motion, ruling ― it‘s not something the jury can decide, that they‘re not peace officers. It ‘s not an issue for them to decide.‖ Two of the charged offenses required proof that defendant had acted against an officer who was engaged in ― the performance of
his or her dut [ ies ] .‖ (§ § 69 , 243, subd. (b ) .) For this reason , the court explained , defen dant would be permitted to ask questions directed to the issue ―whether the4

officer was performing his lawful duty, not whether or not he was an officer.‖ But
the court continued: ― [W] hen we get to the point of closing argument, you can‘t argue that

. . . Officer .

. . Hubbard and the other folks who work for the Harbor
Patrol are not peace officers within the meaning of the law, because under the law they are designated as peace officers, as I understand it.‖ The court‘s pretrial ruling eliminated the People ‘s burden to prove Officer
Hubbard was one of the listed persons who may be the victim of a battery punishable under section 243, subdivision (b). To prove the other facts essential

to th at charge, including that defendant ― kn [ e ] w or reasonably shou ld [ have ]
know [ n ]‖ Officer Hubbard was a peace officer ― engaged in the performance of his

. . . duties ‖ ( see § 243, subd. (b) ) , the People offered the testimony of Officer s Hubbard and Kelly and also that of a harbor patrol supervisor, Officer McCullough

. Officer Hubbard testified he was ―currently employed as a Harbor Patrol Officer, City of Santa Barbara ,‖ had held that position for 12 years, and was a ―law enforcement peace officer ‖ with the power to arrest. Officer Hubbard had attended a peace office r orientation course, which he believed gave him ―peace officer status‖ under section 830.33 , subdivision (b)

. 3 Officers Hubbard , Kelly
and McCullough described the duties of harbor patrol officers

. O fficers were ―trained in a number of duties‖ including ―law enforcement officer,

. . . boating safety officer, emergency medical technician, marine firefighter, and ocean lifeguard ,‖ any of which duties an officer might have to perform ―at any time.‖

3 In fact, completion of a training course prescribed by the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training does not make one a peace officer. Rather,
a ―person described

. . . as a peace officer‖ (§ 832, subd. (a)) in the Penal Code must complete such a course before ―the exercis [ing] of the powers of a peace officer‖ (§ 832, subd. (b)(1) )

.5

O fficers also received training in ―arrest, search and seizure, [and] firearms

. . . . ‖ An officer‘s boating safety responsibilities ―on an average day‖ involved ―tow[ing] a bunch of boats broken down, nonemergency [and] emergency,‖ and addressing problems related to ―[m]arine mammals.‖ L aw enforcement duties typically concerned ―things within the marina [and] the waterfront district.‖ This
involved ―patrolling just like [the] P[olice] D[epartment] would patrol the city
streets.‖ Harbor p atrol officers w orked ―under [the] umbrella‖ of the Santa Barbara Police Department, whose chief was their ―supervisor‖ and also responsible for their training. The People did not ask any witness whether Officer Hubbard‘s ―primary duty , ‖ or that of any Santa Barbara har bor patrol officer, was ―the enforcement of
the law .

. . .‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b).)
B efore counsel presented closing arguments to the jury , t he court enforced its pretrial ruling by instructing the jury that ―[a] sworn member of the Santa Barbara
Harbor Patrol is a peace officer .‖ The People likewise told the jury that ―Officer Hubbard was a peace officer performing the duties of a Harbor Patrol officer [] , that‘s element number one. That‘s clear. ‖ Defendant , having objected unsuccessfully to the pretrial ruling, obeyed it by offering no argument to the contrary. The jury after deliberation found defendant guilty on all counts. At the sentencing hearing , t he court suspended imposition of judgment and placed
defendant on probation for five yea rs, conditioned on serving one year in county jail. Defendant appealed. Relying on Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th 653,
defendant claimed the evidence introduced at trial was insufficient to prove Officer Hubbard was a peace officer because no evidence s howed his primary duty

was law enforcement

. Defendant also contended the trial court erred by instructing the jury that members of the Santa Barbara harbor patrol were peace6

officers as a matter of law and by excluding argument to the contrary. In response, t he People contended Miller was wrongly decided, argued the evidence
was sufficient to prove Officer Hubbard was a peace officer and , while acknowledging Officer Hubbard‘s status ―was a question of fact that should have been submitted to the jury ,‖ urged that any errors in the court‘s pretrial rulings and jury instructions were harmless

. The Court of Appeal affirmed the verdict. Declining to follow Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th 653 , the Court of Appeal concluded a harbor patrol officer need

no t have the primary duty of law enforcement to be a peace officer

. On this basis , the court found sufficient evidence to prove Officer Hubbard was a peace officer
and held the trial court‘s errors in instructing the jury and restricting argument
were harml ess

. We granted defendant‘s petition for review and limited briefing and argument to the following issue: ― Did the People prove that the named victim, a harbor patrol officer for the City of Santa Barbara Waterfront Department, is a peace officer within the meaning of Penal Code section 243, subdiv ision (b), supporting defendant‘ s conviction for battery on a peace officer?‖ We answer the question negatively and reverse the Court of Appeal‘s decision.
II. A NALYSIS Defendant contends the evidence introd uced at trial was insufficient to prove
the person he battered was a ― peace officer .‖ (§ 243, subd. (b).) A simple battery, which is punishable by fine and/or imprisonment of up to six months, ―is any willful and unlawful use of force or violence upon th e person of another.‖ (§ 242.)
T he maximum term of imprisonment increases to one year ―[w]hen a battery is committed against‖ one of 14 categories of persons listed in section 243, subdivision (b), including ―a peace officer .

. . engaged in the performa nce of his
or her duties .

. . .‖ ( Ibid. ) F or these purpose s , ―  ̳[p]eace officer‘ means any7

person defined in Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2 ‖
of the Penal Code. (§ 243, subd. (f) ; see §§ 830

– 832.18 (hereafter chapter 4.5) .)
To define ― peace officer ‖ for the purpose of statutes punishing crimes against peace officers is only one of the functions of c hapter 4.5. Broader concerns related to governmental organization , and the distribution of power between state and local go vernment, expressly motivated the Legislature to add the chapter to
the Penal Code

. ―Prior to 1968, the designation of peace officers and the description of their powers were dispersed throughout the codes.‖ ( County of Santa Clara v. Deputy Sheriffs’ Ass n. (1992) 3 Cal.4th 873 , 879 ( County of Santa
Clara ).) The resulting uncertainty led the Legislature to conclude ―it was essential the law be clear with respect to  ̳who can act as peace officers, and where, and for what purposes‘ ‖ and ― to prohibit county [and other local ] authorities from conferring that status on employees not designated in chapter 4.5

. ‖ ( Ibid .) By adopting c hapter 4.5 , the Legislature brought those scattered statutes together in one place and exclusively ―defin e [ d ] peace officers, the extent of their jurisdiction, and the nature and scope of their authority, powers and duties

. ‖ (Stats. 1968,
ch. 1222, § 79 , p. 2331 [uncodified provision] .) Today, as a result of this legislation and ―notwithstanding any other provision of law , n o pers on other than those designated in this chapter [4.5] is a peace officer.‖ (§ 830.) We have held

― that the subject of who may exercise the powers of a peace officer is one of
statewide concern ‖ ( County of Santa Clara , at pp. 878

– 879) and that local authorities exceed their power s by granting peace officer status except as
authorized in chapter 4.5 (see County of Santa Clara , at p. 879 )

. C hapter 4. 5 contains over 100 sections and subdivisions a uthorizing public agencies to confer the status and powe r s of a peace officer on the members of a host of state and local personnel categories , subject to an intricate array of
conditions and limitations

. (See §§ 830.1

– 830.4, 830.5

– 83 0

. 65, 830.75, 830.15 ;8

s ee generally County of Santa Clara , supra , 3 Cal.4th at pp. 879

– 880; Service Employees Internat. Union v. City of Redwood City (1995) 32 Cal.App.4th 53 , 60 ( Service Employees )

. ) In this statutory scheme, only the Attorney General and special agents and investigators of the Department of Justice are defined as peace officers categorically, simply by reference to their office or job title and without
further conditions . (§ 830.1, subd. (b).) M ost deputy sheriffs and municipal police officers are peace officers so long as they are formally appoint ed to and actually employed in that capacity

. ( § 830.1, subd. (a) ; see People v. Lara (1994) 30 Cal.App.4th 658 , 665

– 667 .) In contrast, the Legislature has defined the vast majority of peace officers by reference to their ―primary duties‖ or ―primary function,‖ and has also impose d geographic , temporal , and other limitations on these officers‘ autho rit y. (See §§ 830.1, subd. (c), 830.2

– 830.38, 830.5 , 830.75 .)
Anoth er dozen provisions permit agencies to confer a subset of the powers of peace officers, such as the power to arrest, write citations, serve warrants, and /or carry firearms, on designated personnel who are not peace officers. (See § § 830.7, 830.9, 830. 11

– 830.14, 831

– 831.7 .) ―The plain import of this statutory system is that the Legislature intended to grant peace officer status, and the powers and authority conferred with that status in particular instances, subject to carefully prescribed limitations and conditions

. ‖ ( Service Employees , supra , at p. 60.)
A few examples will illustrate the detailed attention the Legislature has given

to the conditions under which a person may properly be considered a peace
officer

. T he members of a fire department , other than members of an arson investigating uni t , are peace officers only ―if [their] primary duty .

. . , when acting in that capacity, is the enforcement of laws relating to fire prevention or fire

su ppression‖ (§ 830.37, subd. ( b ) )

. This language has been held to mean that ― a person who does not have the primary duty of law enforcement cannot be a  ̳peace officer‘ under this statute.‖ ( Gauthier v. City of Red Bluff (1995) 34 Cal .App.4th9

1441 , 1447 ( Gauthier ) .) ―If the Legislature had meant that all firefig hters were to be peace officers it would have said so.‖ ( Id. at p. 1446.) Similarly, deputy
sheriffs in 32 named counties, employed ―to perform duties

. . . relating to custodial assignments .

. . [are] peace officer[s] .

. . only while engaged in the performance of the duties of [their] respe ctive employment and for the purpose of carrying out the primary function of employment relating to [their] custodial assignments .

. . .‖ (§ 830.1, subd. (c).) Security officers of Hastings College of the Law ―have [the] authority of peace officers only within the City and County of San Francisco.‖ (§ 830.4, subd. (c).) And c ertain investigators employed by state regulatory agencies , for example the Department o f Business Oversight and the
State B oar d of Equalization , whose ― primary duty ‖ is the enforc ement of the laws administered by those agencies, (§ 830.11, subd. (a)(1), (6)), ―are not peace
office r s but may exercise the powers of arrest .

. . and .

. . to serve [search]

warrants

. . . during the course and within the scope of their employment , if they receive a course in the exercise of those powers ‖ ( id ., subd. (a) ) , but they ―may not carry firearms‖ ( id. , subd. (b) ) . (See County of Santa Clara , supra , 3 Cal.4th

at p

. 880

. ) The People contend section 830.33, subdivision (b) , defined Officer Hu bbard as a peace officer

. T he statute , as relevant here , provides : ―The following persons are peace officers whose authority extends to any place in the state for the purpose of performing their primary duty or when making an arrest

. . . . [¶] .

. . . (b) Harbor or port police [ 4 ] regularly employed and paid in that capacity by a county, city, or district other than peace officers authorized under Section 830.1 , if

4 Defendant notes the difference between the statutory term ―[h]arbor or port police ‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b), italics added) and Officer Hubbard‘s job title, ―harbor patrol officer.‖ Defendant does not, however, argue the difference in nomenclature necessarily determines Officer Hubbard‘s status.10

the primary duty of the peace officer is the enforcement of the law in or about the

prop erties owned, operated, or administered by the harbor or port or when performing necessary duties with respect to patrons, employees, and properties of the harbor or port.” ( § 830.33, subd. (b) , italics added. ) A person‘s employment
title does not determ ine his or her status as a peace officer under section 830.33. As the Attorney General has observed, ― [h]arbor or port police regularly employed and paid as such are not necessarily peace officers.‖ ( 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 42 , 45 (1985) , interpreting f

orme r § 830.31, subd. ( h ) (Stats. 1984, ch. 211, § 1 , p. 661 ) , which is identical in relevant part to § 830.33, subd. (b) .) N either do the power s to issue citations and to arrest necessarily identify someone as a peace officer,
because l ocal governments by ordinance may authorize certain employees who are not peace officers, including marine safety personnel, to perform those act s . (See 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. at p. 45; § 836.5, subd s

. (a) , (d) ; Har b

. & Nav. Code, § 664. ) 5 Rather, a harbor patrol officer i s a peace officer only if he or she complete ly satisfies the applicable statutory requirements. ( See 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. at p. 45, fn. 7.) Neither party disputes this. The question
before us is what , exactly , section 830.33 requires

. The question has significance beyond the instant case and even the criminal
law

. L anguage identical to that which defines certain harbor patrol officers as peace officers (§ 830.33, subd. (b)) also appears in statutes governing police officers of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART), other

5 A local governmental employee whose duties include law enforcement and who is authorized to issue citations may be a ―  ̳[c]ode enforcement officer‘ ‖ (§ 243, subd. (f)(11))

— one of the 14 categories of persons who can be the victim of a battery punishable under section 243, subdivision (b). However, a person may not be both a peace officer and a code enforcement officer. (§ 243, subd. (f)(11).) No party has suggested the judgment against defendant may be affirmed on the ground that Officer Hubbard is a code enforcement officer.11

harbor districts, transit agencies, airports, and railroads (§ 830.33, subds. (a), (c)

– (e)), sergeants

- at

- arms of the Legislature, court marshals , bailiffs and service
offic ers , coordinators of security for the judicial branch (§ 830.36, subds. (a)

– (c)), and firefighter

/ security guards of the Military Department (§ 830.37, subd. (d)). Thus, the answer to the question before us may also inform the status of these
officers and the authority of their agencies to designate , as peace officers , personnel who do not have the primary duty of law enforcement

.

―  ̳ O ur fundamental task in construing ‘ ‖ section 830.33 , as with any statute,

―  ̳ is to ascertain the intent of the lawmakers so as to effectuate the purpose of the

statute. ‘ .

. . We begin as always with the statute‘s actual words, the  ̳most reliable indicator‘ of legislative intent,  ̳assigning them their usual and ordinary meanings, and construing them in context. ‘ ‖ ( Even Zohar Construction & Remodeling, Inc. v. Bellaire Townhouses, LLC (2015) 61 Cal.4th 830 , 837

– 838 .)
If the words appear susceptible o f more than one reasonable construction, we look to other indicia of legislative intent, bearing in mind the admonition th a t ―[t]he meaning of a statute may not be determined from a single word or sentence ‖ ( Lungren v. Deukmejian (1988) 45 Cal.3d 727 , 735) and that apparen t

― ambiguities often may be resolved by examining the context in which the language appears and adopting t he construction which best serves to harmonize the statute internally and with related statutes‖ ( Hsu v. Ab bara (1995) 9 Cal.4th 863, 871 ). (S ee Poole v. Orange County Fire Authority (2015) 61 Cal.4th 1378 , 1393 (conc. opn. of Cuéllar, J.) [―[U]nderstanding whether [a statute‘s] meaning is plain is not a project well served by reading statutory provisions as isolated fragments.‖]

. )
S ection 830.33 begins clearly

. The statute‘s introductory paragraph plainly
declares the Legislature‘s inten t to define categories of peace officers who possess statewide authority to perform their primary duty : ―The following persons are12

peace officers whose authority extends to any place in the state for the purpose of performing their primary duty or when ma king an arrest

. . . .‖ ( I bi d .) The ambiguity , if one exists , lies in subdivision (b)‘s statement of the condition s on which any given harbor patrol officer‘s status as a peace officer depends: ― if the primary duty of the peace officer is the enforcement of the law in or about the properties owned, operated, or administered by the harbor or port or when performing necessary duties with respect to patrons, employees, and properties of the harbor or port .‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b), italics added.)
Defendant contends the clause set out above in italics (beginning ―if the primary duty of the peace officer‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b)) means that a harbor patrol
officer , to be a peace officer, must have the primary duty of law enforcement in
two situations

— the first defined geographically (―in or about the properties owned, operated, or administered by the harbor or port‖ ( ibid. ) and the second by activity ( ― when performing necessary duties with respect to patrons, employees, and properties of the harbor or port‖ ( ibid. ) )

. To read subdivision (b) in this

manner appears to be necessary if the grant of statewide authority in section
830.33‘s i ntroductory paragraph is to be meaningf ul . A harbor patrol officer does
not need statewide author ity when performing his duties ― in or about ‖ the harbor
where he or she is employed. But an office r who must leave the immediate vicinity of the harbor to investigate a crime involving the ― patrons, employees, [ or ] propert ies of the harbor ‖ ( id. , subd. (b )) or to make an arrest for such a crime (see § 830.33 [introductory par.]) , does need statewide authority in order to function effectively.
T he People read the statute differently. They argue a harbor patrol officer
need not have the primary duty of la w enforcement to be a peace officer . Instead, they contend, the statute sets out ―alternative means for achieving peace officer status for a harbor patrol officer.‖ Under the People‘s view, a harbor patrol officer13

would be considered a peace officer under either of two conditions: ―[1] if the primary duty of the peace officer is the enforcement of the law in or about the properties owned, operated, or administered by the harbor or port or [2] when [the officer is] performing necessary duties with res pect to patrons, employees, and properties of the harbor or port.‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b).) ― Under [the] final clause, ‖ the People contend , ― a harbor police officer achieves peace officer status that is limited temporally to those times when he or she is p erforming necessary duties with respect to patrons, employees, and properties of the harbor or port , ‖ but ―aside from the limited times in which [the officer] is performing [those] necessary duties .

. . w ould not possess peace officer status or the attend ant broader statewide authority conferred on a harbor police officer whose primary duty is law enforcement

. ‖ The People defend their interpretation of section 830.33 by invoking the ―last antecedent‖ and ―nearest reasonable referent‖ canons of statutory construction. (See generally People v. Lewis (2008) 43 Cal.4th 415 , 492 [―  ̳ ―qualifying words, phrases and clauses are to be applied to the words or phrases immediately preceding and are not to be construed as extending to or including others more
remote.‖ ‘ ‖]

. ) By this the People mean the phrase

— ―if the primary duty of the peace officer is ‖

— appears closer in the sentence to the immediately following phrase

— ― the enforcement of the law‖

— and must therefore modify only that phrase and not als o the subsequent phrase

— ―when performing necessary duties

. . . . ‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b).) The People‘s fragmented interpretation of subdivision (b) is difficult to
harmonize with section 830.33 as a whole. As noted, t he statute‘s introductory
paragra ph plainly shows the Legislature intended to define a category of peace officers who possess statewide authority. Yet the People concede their interpretation of the statute would authorize agencies to appoint peace officers14

who would not be able to function in this respect as the Legislature intended
because they lack the primary duty of law enforcement on which the grant of
statewide authority is expressly predicated. Certainly the Legislature may define peace officers who possess that status only when performing their assigned duties. Security officers of the Department of Justice, for example, are peace officers only ―when performing assigned duties as security officers.‖ (§ 830.4, subd. (b).) But
section 830.33 does not speak in th ose terms. Instead, the statute define s peace officers who possess both statewide authority to enforce the law on behalf of their employing agencies (their primary duty) , as well as other specified law
enforcement powers that are unbound by time , place , or the needs of their employing agencies. For example, a person defined as a peace officer in section
830.33 has the statewide power to make arrests ―as to any public offense with respect to which there is immediate danger to person or property, or of the escape
of th e perpetrator of that offense .

. . .‖ ( Ibid

. , italics added. ) In contrast, the ―temporally limited‖ harbor patrol officer the People posit, who would be a peace officer only ―when performing necessary duties with respect to patrons, employees, and properties of the harbor or port‖ ( id. , subd. (b)), would not be able to exercise all of the powers the statute expressly grants

. That the People‘s interpretation of section 830.33 creates these anomalies strongly suggest s their interpretation is inco rrec t. A further problem with the People‘s interpretation of section 830.33 is that it would seem to grant temporary peace officer status to any harbor patrol officer regardless of the nature of his or her duties. W ere the People correct, officer s whose only assigned duties were lifeguarding or operating rescue boats , for example, would arguably be peace officer s whenever they were ― performing [those] necessary duties

. . . . ‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b)

. ) A ll public employees presumably perform necessa ry duties throughout the workday. Yet t o construe the15

statute as making an agency‘s employees peace officers on that basis alone would render the Legislature‘s reference to the ―primary duty‖ ( ibid. ) of law enforcement largely superfluous. Such an interp retation is to be avoided if at all possible. ( Mendoza v. Nordstrom, Inc. (2017) 2 Cal.5th 1074, 1087.) The People suggest no reason why the Legislature might have wanted to
confer the status and ― formidable power ‖ of a peace officer on public employee s who have no necessary law enforcement duties. ( Mary M. v. City of Los Angeles (1991) 54 Cal.3d 202 , 206 ; see id. at p. 216 [ ―  ̳police officers [exercise] the most awesome and dangerous power that a democratic state possesses with respect to its
residents

— the power to use deadly force to arrest and detain them‘ ‖ ].) Instead of attempting to justify their interpretation as serving an identifiable policy goal , t he People attempt to avoid the logical consequence s of their argument by arguing
the term ― poli ce ‖ ( as in ―[h]arbor or port police‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b)),

― necessarily connotes ‖ that harbor patrol officers must have ― law enforcement functions.‖ But the statute does not lend itself to this interpretation. T o read the ―necessary duties‖ clause in isolation from the remainder of the statute, as the People urge us to do , sever s that clause‘s grammatical connection to the only language in the statute expressly requiring a harbor patrol officer to have law
enforcement duties

. That language, of course, is the statement that a harbor patrol
officer ‘s ―primary duty,‖ if he or she is to be a peace officer, must be ―the
enforcement of the law .

. . .‖ ( Ibid. ) One cannot have it both ways.
In conclusion , defendant‘s interpretation of section 830.33 harmo nizes its various provisions

. T he People‘s interpretation does not. Instead , by treating the ―necessary duties ‖ clause ( id. , subd. (b)) as an isolated fragment, the People‘s interpretation would create the anomaly of a peace officer supposedly appointed
under section 830.33 who cannot exercise the statewide authority granted in that statute because he or she lacks the primary duty of law enforcement

. The People‘s16

interpretation would also create an anomaly with in the br oader statutory scheme
set out in chapter 4.5, in which the Legislature has defined many categories of peace officers by reference to their primary dut ies ( see Service Employees , supra , 32 Cal.App.4th at p. 60), presumably intending this requirement will b e applied consistently ( c f. Gauthier , supra , 34 Cal.App.4th at p. 1447 [ holding ―a person
who does not have the primary duty of law enforcement cannot be a  ̳peace officer‘ ‖ under a statute imposing that condition ] )

. The same question of statutory interpretation before us here also arose in
Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th 653. The defendant in that case, while driving unlawfully on a beach bicycle path and ignoring a pursuing ―  ̳harbor patrolman,‘ ‖ struck and injured a jogger. ( Id. a t pp. 656

– 659.) Based on these facts , the
defendant was co nvicted of offenses includ ing the attempt to elude a pursuing peace officer, causing serious bodily injury

. (Veh. Code, § 2800.3, subd. ( a ) ; see Miller , at p p

. 657, 660 .) The statute under which the defendant was convicted, like the battery statute here at issue, defined ―peace officer‖ by reference to chapter 4.5 of the Penal Code. (See Veh. Code, § § 2800.1, subd. (a)(4), 2800.3, subd. (a).) The defendant challenged her conviction on the ground the record

conta ined insufficient evidence to prove the person who had pursued her was a peace officer within the meaning of subdivision (b) of section 830.33. ( Miller , at
p. 665.) The Court of Appeal found insuffi cient evidence and reversed the
conviction on that ground. ( Id. at p p

. 665

– 668 .)
The court in Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th 653, summarized the evidence concerning the alleged peace officer ‘s status in this way : ―On the day of the accident, Robert Hamilton was working at the lifeguard headquarters on East Ocean Boulevard in Long Beach. Hamilton worked for  ̳the City of Long Beach Fire Department‘ and  ̳the lifeguards.‘ He first stated his job title was  ̳rescue boat operator‘ and then corrected himse lf and said it was  ̳harbor patrolman.‘ In that17

position, he  ̳work[ed] on the beach,‘ explaining that  ̳mostly, I‘m a rescue boat operator.‘ He had the authority to issue citations, detain individuals and make arrests. On the day of the incident, Hamilton was wearing a long

- sleeved white polo shirt with the fire department insignia and his name on it, red shorts and thongs.‖ While pursing the defendant on the bicycle path , Hamilton drove a red truck with ―Long Beach Fire Department rescue markings‖ and ―e quipped with a light bar on t op and a siren.‖ ( Id. at p. 658.) Considering this evidence, and o bserving ―the prosecutor never asked Hamilton to specify his primary duties‖ ( Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th at p. 667),
the Court of Appeal concluded the Peo ple had failed to prove he was a peace officer. ―[S]ection 830.33, subdivision (b),‖ the court explained, ―does not confer peace officer status on harbor or port police who engage in any  ̳policing functions‘ or who perform any duty that might also be perf ormed by a peace officer. Rather, it confers peace officer status on those whose  ̳primary duty‘ is  ̳the enforcement of the law.‘ ‖ ( Miller , at p. 667.) ―Hamilton,‖ the court continued, ―testified that he  ̳mostly‘ operated a rescue or patrol boat. From
H amilton‘s description of his duties, the jury could not conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that he was primarily engaged in the enforcement of the law.‖ ( Ibid. ) In reaching this conclusion, t he court in Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th 653, rejected the sa me interpretation of section 830.33 the People propose here, namely, that the statute defines a harbor patrol officer as a peace officer during
whatever time he is ―performing necessary duties with respect to .

. . the harbor or port‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b)) ―without regard to whether [the officer‘s] primary duty
is enforcement of the law‖ ( Miller , at p. 667, fn. 9)

. ― This definition,‖ the Miller court reasoned, ― would bestow peace officer status on a broad category of employees who perform no law enforcement functions, and cannot be reconciled18

with prior decisions‘ strict interpretation of the provisions of chapter 4.5

. . . .‖ ( Ibid .) For the reasons set out ab ove, we agree with Miller : A harbor patrol officer must have the primary duty of law enforcement to be a peace officer under

s ection 830.33, subdivision (b)

. We thus turn to the question w hether the People in the case before us proved Officer Hubbard‘s primary duty was law enforcement. The testimony concerning
hi s status differs from the testimony concerning Hamilton , the alleged peace
officer in Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th 653. While both men performed various duties related to marine safety and la w enforcement , Officer Hubbard had completed an orientation program required of peace officers, wore a badge and uniform, carried a side arm and other policing tools , patrolled the waterfront as a police officer would, and reported for some purposes to the chief of the Santa Barbara Police Department. Officer Hubbard also claimed to be a peace officer under section 830.33, subdivision (b), but incorrectly based that legal conclusion

on his having completed an orientation program. (See ante , at p. 4 & f n. 3.) In the end, t he one crucial similarity between this case and Miller , supra , 164 Cal.App.4th 653, is that , in both cases at trial the People offered no evidence

to prove the alleged peace officer‘s ― primary duty [ was ] the enforcement of the
law .

. . . ‖ (§ 830.33, subd. (b), italics added.) On appeal the People have
advanced the theor y that , ―while Officer Hubbard also had duties unrelated to law enforcement, the jury could reasonably infer that the most important purpose of his employment was enfor cement of the law in the harbor.‖ Assuming for the sake of argument the People‘s new theory reflects a valid definition of the statutory term ―primary duty‖ ( ibid

. ) , the theory would not justify affirming the conviction. ― Appellate courts are not permitt ed to affirm convictions on any theory they please simply because the facts necessary to support the theory were presented to the jury. ‖ ( McCormick v. United States (1991) 500 U.S. 257, 270, fn.19

8 ; see Chiarella v. United States (1980) 445 U.S. 222, 236 [―we cannot affirm a
criminal conviction on the basis of a theory not presented to the jury‖] .) In any

event , one searches the record in vain for evidence supporting the People‘s theory. Indeed the People had no reason to offer evidence concerning Officer Hubbard‘s primary duty because the court‘s pretrial rulings had relieved them of any burden to prove the essential fact that he was a ―peace officer‖ and, thus, one of the persons listed in section 243, subdivision (b).
B y fail ing to prove Officer Hubbard was a peace officer, the People also

― simply failed to close a sizable evidentiary gap mandated by the terms of the statute [defendant] alleged ly violated.‖ ( People v. Acevedo (2003) 105 Cal.App.4th 195, 199 [People offered no evidence police car that defendant evaded displayed red lamp as required by statute defining offense ].) Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, we cannot say any rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable dou bt this fact essential to defendant‘s conviction

. (See People v. Banks (2015) 61 Cal.4th 788, 80 4 ; Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307, 318

– 319

. See also Burks v. United States (1978) 437 U.S. 1, 18 [Double Jeopardy Clause precludes second trial once reviewing court has found evidence legally insufficient]. )20 I II
. D ISPOSITION
T he judgment of the Court of Appeal is reversed to the extent it affirms defendant‘s conviction for battery under section 243, subdivision (b). In all othe r respect s , the judgment is affirmed.
W ERDEGAR , J.

W E C ONCUR :
C HIN , J. C ORRIGAN , J. L IU , J. C UÉLLAR , J.1

CONCURRING AND DISSENTING OPINION BY KRUGER, J.

Like the majority, I understand Penal Code section 830.33 to mean that a
harbor police officer is a ―peace officer‖ under that section only if his or her ―prim ary duty‖ is ― enforcement of the law, ‖ and I would reverse the Court of Appeal‘s decision to the contrary. ( Pen. Code, § 830.33 , subd. (b) ( section 830.33 (b) ) .) U nlike the majority, however, I do not think we can decide
that the trial evidence wa s insuff icient to show that Officer Hubbard‘s ―primary duty‖ was law enforcement unless we first decide wha t the term means. This is, admittedly, not an easy task

— both because the parties have barely touched on the issue in their briefing, and because whatever we say about the issue in the context of this criminal battery prose cution under Penal Code section 243 would
also likely have ramifications for many other statutes that incorporate the very same definition of ―peace officer‖ for very different purposes

. But I do not think
we can avoid the task , as the majority does, by assuming for argument‘s sake that the People have correctly interpreted the term as refer ring to an officer‘s ―most important‖ duty, and then professing inability to find record evidence to support the conclusion that Officer Hubbard‘s ―most important‖ duty was law
enforcement. (See maj. opn., ante , at p. 18.) The People‘s argument has its problems, but it is not clear to me that record support is one of them.
T he meaning of section 830.33 (b)‘s ―primary duty‖ requirement is a difficult threshold question that warrants mo re attention than the parties have2

given it . Rather than attempt to decide the question here, I would remand to allow
the Court of Appeal to consider the question in light of full briefing by the parties.
I.
To understand the difficulties the question poses, some background is in
order. Defendant Bryan M. Pennington was found guilty of violating Penal Code section 243, subdivision (b) (section 243(b)), which provides for en hanced penalties for a person who c ommits battery against certain specified victims

— a list that includes peace officers, custodial officers, firefighters, emergency medical technicians, and lifeguards, among others . Section 243 defines the term ―  ̳[ p ] ea ce officer ‘ ‖ by reference to the definition in ―Chapter 4.5 (commencing with Section 830) of Title 3 of Part 2.‖ (Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (f)(1).) The portion of c hapter
4.5 rel evant here is section 830.33, which defines various categories of peace offi cers with statewide authority to perform their ―primary duty,‖ as well as to carry out arrests under certain circumstances. This definition includes, in pertinent part, ―[h]arbor or port police regularly employed and paid in that capacity by a county, cit y, or district .

. . if the primary duty of the peace officer is the enforcement of the law in or about the properties owned, operated, or administered by the harbor or port or when performing necessary duties with respect to patrons, employees, and proper ties of the harbor or port.‖ ( Id. , § 830.33(b).) The phrase ―primary duty‖ is used throughout c hapter 4.5 to define other categories of peace officers. (See, e.g., § 830.31, subd s . (a) , (b), (c)(1), (d) ; id. , § 830.32, subds. (a), (b); id. , § 830.33, su bds. (a), (c), (d), (e)(1); id. , § 830.34, subds. (a), (b), (c), (d);
id. , § 830.35, subds. (a), (b), (c); id. , § 830.36, subds. (a), (b), (c); id. , § 830.37, subds. (a), (b), (c), (d); id. § 830.38, subd. (a); see also maj. opn., ante , at pp. 7

– 11

. )
Secti on 830.33 (b) is not a model of legislative drafting

. What one Court of Appeal once said of a parallel provision concerning firefighters is equally true3

here: ―There are many problems with this statute. First and foremost is that it purports to define a peace officer but uses the term peace officer in the definition. Second, .

. . the various clauses can be construed to relate to different antecedents.‖ ( Gauthier v. City of Red Bluff (1995) 34 Cal.App.4th 1441, 1445 ( Gauthier ) [discussing Pen

. Code § 83 0. 37]. ) I agree with the majority, however, that the better reading of section 830.33(b) is that a harbor police officer is a peace
officer under that section only if the officer‘s ―primary duty‖ is law enforcement.
A n officer with no law enforcement

- rel ated duties does not move in and out of ―peace officer‖ status for purposes of section 830.33(b)

— with the concomitant statewide authority to perform the ―primary duty‖ and to make arrests for public
offenses

— depending on whether the officer is performi ng ―necessary‖ duties such as lifeguarding or operating rescue boats. (Maj. opn., ante , at p. 14.)
But this conclusion raises a critical follow

- on question: What does it mean to say that an officer‘s ―primary duty‖ is (or is not) law enforcement, when, a s in
this case , the officer has a range of duties, some of which involve law enforce ment and some of which do not? (See maj. opn., ante , at p. 18.) The statute speaks in terms of a single ―primary duty,‖ and not, for example, one of several ―primary
duti es.‖ 1 How is t he officer‘s single ―primary duty ‖ to be identified ? The People

assert , without elaboration , that identifying an officer‘s ―primary duty ‖ means identifying the officer‘s ―most important‖ duty. At oral argument, counsel for

1 Compare, for example, Penal Code section 186.22, subdivision (f), which defines ―  ̳crimina l street gang‘ ‖ to include certain groups that, among other things, ―hav[e] as one of [their] primary activities the commission of‖ certain criminal acts. We have interpreted that language to mean that the ―occasional commission of those crimes by the gr oup‘s members,‖ as opposed to ― consisten t [] and repeated []‖ commission of the enumerated crimes, will not render a particular group a criminal street gang. ( People v. Sengpadychith (2001) 26 Cal.4th 316, 323

– 324.)4

defendant agreed

. This is indeed a standard definition of the word ―primary,‖ but
the standard definition is not much help

. Is the importance

— the primariness

— of the officer‘s law enforcement duties to be measured by the amount of time the officer spends performing t hem ? By the qualitative significance of the officer‘s
law enforcement functions ? Or by some other measure altogether ?
As a general rule, when statutory language carries with it a range of possible meanings, we select among those meanings by considering how the language is designed to function in the context of the broader statutory scheme , as well as the purposes the statute is designed to achieve. (E.g., In re Derrick B. (2006) 39 Cal.4th 535, 539; accord, e.g., Holland v. Assessment Appeals Bd. No. 1 (2014) 58 Cal.4th 482, 490.) But when a statute adopted in one context is incorporated by reference into another, there is no single context or set of statutory purposes we can consult to illuminate the meaning of ambiguous statutory language . As a cons equence, consideration of context and purpose may do m ore to confound than to clarify

. This c ase provides a particularly stark illustration

. When c hapter 4.5 was enacted in 1968 , the Legislature specified that the purpose of the enactment was ―to  ̳define peace officers, the extent of their jurisdiction, and the nature and scope of their authority, powers and duties,‘ not to change the status of peace officers for employment benefits.‖ ( Gauthier , supra , 34 Cal.App.4th at p. 1444, quoting Stat s. 1968, ch. 1 222, § 79, p. 2331; see also County of Santa Clara v. Deputy Sheriffs’
Assn. (1992) 3 Cal.4th 873, 879; cf. maj. opn., ante , at pp. 11

– 1 6 .) Consistent with that purpose, the Legislature later added section 830.33(b) to the c hapter. (See Stats. 1989, ch. 1165, § 26, p. 4505.) But the Legislature has also deploy ed
the ―peace officer‖ definitions in that c hapter

— including section 830.33(b)

— for a wide array of other purposes, including the conferral of e mployment rights
and benefits. (See, e.g., Lab. Co de, § 4709 [scholarships for dependents of certain5

peace officers ]; Lab. Code , § 4850 , subd. (b)(11) [disability payments for, among others, ―[h]arbor or port police officers, wardens, or special officers of a harbor or port district or city or county harb or department under subdivision (a) of Section 830.1 or subdivision (b) of Section 830.33 of the Penal Code ‖ ]; Gov

. Code, § 22820 [health benefits for families of certain peace officers ]; see also, e.g

. , Gov

. Code, § 3301 [Public Safety Officers Procedural B ill of Rights Act, applicable to ―all peace officers specified in [Penal Code] Section[] .

. . 830.3 3, except subdivision (e)‖].) And t he Legislature has also , of course, incorporated the same
definition s by reference in certain criminal statutes , inclu ding section 243 of the
Penal Code. ( See Stats. 1980, ch. 1340, § 2.2, p p. 4718

– 471 9; see also Pen. Code, § 243, subd. (f)(1) ; cf. id. , § 190.2, subd. (a)(7) [murder special circumstance applicable when ―[t]he victim was a peace officer, as defined in‖ on e of several
sections of c hapter 4.5]; P eople v. Thomas (2012) 53 Cal.4th 771, 817 [discussing special circumstance]. ) What interpretation of the term ―primary duty‖ might plausibly serve in all of these disparate criminal and civil contexts? In criminal case s , the due process clause demands that the law provide the defendant ―  ̳fair warning .

. . of what the law intends to do if a certain line is passed

. ‘ ‖ ( United States v. Lanier (1997) 520 U.S. 259, 265, quoting McBoyle v. United States (1931) 283 U.S. 25, 27.) A rule of construction specific to criminal cases, rooted in similar principles of fair notice, also sometimes requires us to give a narrow interpretation to ambiguous language defining a criminal offense or the penalties to which an offender wi ll be subject. (See, e.g., People v. Avery (2002) 27 Cal.4th 49, 58.) Civil laws, by contrast, are often broadly construed in favor of a protective or remedial purpose. (See, e.g., People ex rel. Lungren v. Superior Court (1996) 14 Cal.4th 294, 312

– 314. ) And in civil cases, we often also give significant weight to an administrative agency‘s interpretation of a civil statute that the agency administers ( Yamaha6

Corp. of Am erica v. State Bd. of Equalization (1998) 19 Cal.4th 1), whereas we have no comparab le practice in criminal cases. Here, in this criminal battery case, we might be inclined to believe the Legislature intended a definition of ―primary duty‖ that trains on observable characteristics. After all, how else is a defendant to know that the pers on he is battering is a ―peace officer‖ for purposes of section 243(b) , as the provision requires ? Presumably the defendant will have no access to detailed job descriptions and no knowledge of how much time per week the officer spends patrolling the premi ses for law enforcement purposes , as opposed to, for example, engaging in marine safety activities. But for other purposes, a focus on observable characteristics might result in depriving officers of rights and benefits the Legislature intended them to en joy. In short, g iven the many different purposes to which the very same statutory definition has been put, the meaning of its reference to an officer‘s ―primary duty‖ is not readily apparent.
II. Although the parties in this case strenuously disagree whet her the evidence was sufficient to support the conclusion that Officer Hubbard‘s ―primary duty ‖ was law enforcement, neither of them gives more than glancing attention to the question of what the term ―primary duty‖ means

. This is somewhat puzzling,
since the question of what the statute means is , for obvious reasons, logically prior to the question whether the trial evidence was sufficient to support defendant‘s
conviction under the statute. A court reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence
asks whether ― any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.‖ ( Jackson v. Virginia (1979) 443 U.S. 307,
319 , italics omitted ; see also Musacchio v. United States (2016)

__ _ U.S.

_ __ ,

___ – ___ & fn. 2 [ 136 S.Ct . 709, 715

– 716 & fn. 2 ] .) Before concluding that the People failed to prove an essential element of the crime by sufficient evidence, we7

must, as a general rule, be able to say what it was, precisely, that the People were required to prove

. The majority a void s the problem by assuming, for the sake of argument, that the People are correct that ―primary duty‖ simply means ―most important‖ duty, and insisting that it has ―search[ed] the record in vain‖ for trial evidence to support the People‘s argument that Officer Hubbard‘s ―most important‖ duty was
law enforcement. (Maj. opn., ante , at p p

. 18

– 19 .) The evidence on which the People rely is, however, neatly summarized in the preceding paragraph of the majority ‘s opinion: ―Officer Hubbard had completed an or ientation program required of peace officers, wore a badge and uniform, carried a sidearm and other policing tools, patrolled the waterfront as a police officer would, and reported for some purposes to the chief of the Santa Barba ra Police Department.‖ ( I d. at
p. 18

. ) The majority does not explain why, in its view, no rational juror could decide on the basis of this evidence that Officer Hubbard‘s ―most important‖ job responsibility was law enforcement , and its reasons for reaching that conclusion

are not self

- evident. As an apparent aside, t he majority also notes that we cannot affirm a conviction based on an interpretation of ―primary duty‖ that was not presented to the jury. (Maj. opn., ante , at p. 18.) It is certainly true that ―[a]ppellate courts ar e not permitted to affirm convictions on any theory they please simply because the facts necessary to support the theory were presented to the jury.‖ ( McCormick v.
United States (1991) 500 U.S. 257, 270, fn. 8.) But it does not follow that this

court mus t invalidate a conviction on the ground of insufficient evidence because the jury was not asked to apply the correct standard at trial , regardless of whether
the trial evidence was , in fact, sufficient to meet that standard . Such an approach
would not onl y foreclose any inquiry into whether the mistake might have been harmless ( see Maslenjak v. United St ates (2017)

___ U.S.

___ , ___ [ 137 S.Ct.8

1918, 1931 ] ; Neder v. United States (1999) 527 U.S. 1, 15

– 20 ), but w ould also , at least in most cases, preclude re trying a defendant before a properly instructed jury (see Burks v. United States (1978) 437 U.S. 1, 18 [―[T]he Double Jeopardy Clause precludes a second trial once the reviewing court has found the evidence legally insufficient.‖] ; but cf. U.S. v. Ford (4t h Cir. 2013) 703 F.3d 708, 710

– 711 [discussing effect of change in law on d ouble j eopardy issue] )

. The law does not demand such a result. (See McCormick , supra , at p. 270 [―[E]ven assuming the Court of Appeals was correct on the law, the conviction shoul d not have been affirmed on that basis but should have been set aside and a new trial ordered.‖].) As I see it, t he central problem with the People‘s ―most important‖ duty interpretation is no t that it lacks record support , but rather that it raises more
q uestions than it answers. What does it mean to say that an officer‘s ―most important‖ duty is law enforcement? How is the relative importance of the officer‘s various duties to be evaluated? And, critically, under what circumstances could we expect a de fendant to know the nature of a harbor patrol officer‘s ―primary duty,‖ as section 243(b) requires? Without exploring the answers to these questions, I see no way to decide whether the trial evidence was sufficient to support defendant‘s conviction.
III
. Given the limited attention the issue has received thus far, I would remand the case for further proceedings rather than attempt to construe the term ―primary duty‖ in the first instance

. (C f. Berkeley Hillside Preservation v. City of Berkeley (2015) 60 Cal.4th 1086, 1118 [remanding for reconsideration in light of clarified legal principles]; People v. Tom (2014) 59 Cal.4th 1210, 1235

– 123 7 [same]; In re
Cabrera (2012) 55 Cal.4th 683, 692 [same]; Zengen, Inc. v. Comerica Bank (2007) 41 Cal.4th 239, 259 [s ame]; In re Emiliano M. (2003) 31 Cal.4th 510, 513 [same].) The Court of Appeal concluded that Officer Hubbard was a peace officer9

under section 830.33(b), regardless of whether his ―primary duty‖ was law enforcement, so long as he was engaged in ―necessa ry duties‖ at the time of the battery. We hold today that was error. Th e error affected several aspects of the Court of Appeal‘ s reasoning in affirming defendant‘s conviction , including the
court‘s conclusion that an erroneous jury instruction was harmle ss. (See maj.
opn., ante , at p. 6.) A remand would permit the Court of Appeal to reconsider its judgment in light of our holding . And it would further allow the parties to squarely address the follow

- on interpretive question they have, until now, largel y bypassed : H ow should the prosecution go about proving the nature of a harbor patrol officer‘s ―primary duty‖? It is true that our order granting review described the question presented in the following terms: ―  ̳ Did the People prove that the nam ed vict im, a harbor patrol officer for the City of Santa Barbara Waterfront Department, is a peace officer within the meaning of Penal Code section 243, subdivision (b), supporting defendant‘s conviction for battery on a peace officer ? ‘ ‖ (Maj. opn., ante , at p. 6.) This question, however, is essentially several questions wrapped into one, and there is no doubt that, ―fairly included‖ within it (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.516, subds. (a)(1), (b)(2)), is the question whether section 830.33(b) requires that an
of ficer‘s ―primary duty‖ be ―the enforcement of the law‖ (§ 830.33(b)). The majority implicitly agrees, as it decides precisely that question. We need not

— and, I think, should not

— decide anything more in the absence of full briefing and argument on the question of what ―primary duty‖ means. In any event, a lthough the majority‘s decision puts an end to this particular

case, the underlying interpretive question will undoubtedly recur. The Legislature10

may wish to clarify the matter, in consideration of the many provisions that incorporate the same statutory definition for so many disparate statutory purposes.

K RUGER , J.
I C ONCUR : C ANTIL - S AKAUYE , C. J.See next page for addresses and telephone numbers for counsel who argued in Supreme Court.

Name of Opinion People v. Pennington

__________________________________________________________________________________ Unpublished Opinion Original Appeal Origina l Proceeding Review Granted XXX 229 Cal.App.4th 1376 Rehearing Granted

__________________________________________________________________________________ Opinion No. S222227 Date Filed: August 17, 2017

__________________________________________________________________________________ Court: Superior County: Santa Barbara Judge: Brian Hill

__________________________________________________________________________________ Counsel:
Mark R. Feeser, under appointment by the Supreme Court, for Defendant and Appellant. Kamala D. Harris and Xavier Becerra, Attorneys General, Dane R. Gillette and Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorneys General, Lance E. Winters, Assistant Attorney General, Linda C. Johnso n, Michael R. Johnsen, Victoria B. Wilson and Theresa A. Patterson, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.Counsel who argued in Supreme Court (not intended for publication with opinion):

Mark R. Feeser 3940

- 7174 Broad Street S an Luis Obispo, CA 93401 (805) 542

- 0189

Theresa A. Patterson Deputy Attorney General 300 South Spring Street, Suite 1702 Los Angeles, CA 90013 (213) 620

- 6004